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Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario Patrizia Cenci Sandra Leone Ludovico Pontecorvo XV IFAE Lecce 2003

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Page 1: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie:sommario

Patrizia Cenci

Sandra Leone

Ludovico Pontecorvo

XV IFAE Lecce 2003

Page 2: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

Quali prospettive di fisica dopo LHC?

Quali altri progetti pongono sfide intellettuali/tecnologiche?

Quali rivelatori attualmente in costruzione sono particolarmente interessanti perche`

originali o innovativiQuali sviluppi tecnologici sono promettenti per la comunita` di fisici delle particelle?

Quali applicazioni, pur non essendo direttamente legate alla hep, utilizzano le stesse tecniche o hanno tratto impulso da questa comunita`?

Page 3: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

F. PiccininiProspettive di fisica a futuri acceleratori

Page 4: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

F. Piccinini

Page 5: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

F. Piccinini

Page 6: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

Brevi richiami di fisicaP. ChecchiaRivelatore per un Linear Collider

Page 7: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

Concetti generali del Rivelatore

P. Checchia

Page 8: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

THE last results

G.Fogli et al., PR D66, 010001-406,(2002)

The LMA solution for solar neutrinos is confirmed

The L/E oscillation pattern is confirmed

S. GilardoniNeutrino Factory

Page 9: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

• Measure θ13 via P(νe→νµ) with a precision of 10-3

or setting a limit to 10-6

• Determine via MSW the sign of ∆m2

• Discover and measure the CP violation in the leptonic sector (phase δ)

P(νe→νµ) ≠ P(νe→νµ)

Need of high energy νe:µ+ →e++ νe+ νµ

Physics at a Nufact S. Gilardoni

Page 10: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

Sensitivity of Nufact

0.1o 1o 2.5o

5o

13o

S. Gilardoni

Page 11: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

µ+ → e++ νµ +νe

νµ → µ−

νµ→ µ+Oscillation

Wrong Sign muons

1016p/s

3 1020 νe/yr3 1020 νµ/yr

0.9 1021 µ/yr

S. Gilardoni

Page 12: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

Around Europe...• First possible location: Gran Sasso 732 km

• Second location: 3500 km away bestCandidates: Svalbards (Norway)

Gran Canaria (Spain)

S. Gilardoni

Page 13: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

To study gamma ray and cosmic ray in the MeV-GeV range you need to go outside the atmosphere

Why you want to study these items if you are a particle physicist?• Nature of Dark Matter (possible connection with supersymmetry)• Quantum gravity limits• Cosmic accelerators• Matter antimatter asymmetry

Basic problem: A. Morselli

Fisica delle particelle con rivelatori nello spazio:

Page 14: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

Candidates for Galactic Dark Matter• Massive Compact Halo Objects (MACHOs)

• Low (sub- solar) mass stars. Standard baryonic composition.• Use gravity microlensing to study.• Could possibly account for 25% to 50% of Galactic Dark Matter.

• Neutrinos• Small contribution if atmospheric neutrino results are correct, since mν< 1eV.• Large scale galactic structure hard to reconcile with neutrino dominated dark matter

• Weakly Interacting Massive Particles ( WIMPs)• Non- Standard Model particles, ie: supersymmetric neutralinos• Heavy (> 10GeV) neutrinos from extended gauge theories.

A. Morselli

Page 15: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

EGRET data & Susy models

~2 degrees around the galactic center

EGRET data

A.Morselli, A.Lionetto, A.Cesarini, F.Fucito, P.Ullio, 2002

Annihilation channel b-bbarMχ =50 GeV

background model(Galprop)WIMP annihilation (DarkSusy)Total Contribution

A. Morselli

Page 16: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

A.Morselli, A.Lionetto, A.Cesarini, F.Fucito, P.Ullio, 2003

~2 degrees around the galactic center,2 years data

(Galprop)

(one example from DarkSusy)

GLAST Expectation & Susy models

Annihilation channel W+W-

mx=80.3 GeV

A. Morselli

Gamma-ray Large Area Telescope

Page 17: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

GLAST

… 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 ...

Past, Present and Future ProjectsPast, Present and Future Projects

C 94

C 97

C 98

TS 93M 89 M 91

MASS-89, 91, TS-93, CAPRICE 94-97-98 PAMELA

PAMELA

NINA-2

NINA-1

NINA-1

NINA-2

SILEYE-2

SILEYE-1

ALTEINO: SILEYE-3

ALTEA: SILEYE-

4

SILEYE-1

SILEYE-2

SILEYE-3

SILEYE-4

GLAST

WiZard Program

AGILE

A. Morselli

AMS

Page 18: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

AMS

Altezza: 320Altezza: 320--390 Km390 KmInclinazione 51.7°Inclinazione 51.7°

A. Morselli

• Protoni fino ad alcuni TeV• Antiprotoni fino a 200 GeV• Elettroni fino al TeV• Positroni fino a 200 GeV• Nuclei fino ad alcuni TeV• AntiNuclei fino al TeV

γ fino a 100 GeV• Isotopi leggeri fino a 20 GeV

Page 19: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

Cosmic raysCosmic rays

Particle Particle physicsphysics

H.E. H.E. astrophysicsastrophysics

How do particles reach 1020 eV?Bottom-up or top-down mechanisms ?

What are the origin and the acceleration mechanisms of Galactic cosmic rays ?Where does the extragalactic component turn on ?

Spectrum and composition above 1 TeV up to 1018 eV.The observed structures in the energy spectrum

...input to and from hadronic interaction models

Is there an upper end to the energy spectrum ?

A. Castellina

Page 20: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

The Cosmic Ray SpectrumDifferent techniques for different fluxes

The interesting structures

?

? ? ?

A. Castellina

Page 21: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

AGASAcorrect

No cut-offIsotropy

Clustering

UHEs come from Top-Down mechanismsUHE are not hadrons but neutrinosLorentz invariance is violated

Origin in Local Supercluster (<50 Mpc)? [Sigl]Strong magnetic field isotropyMagnetic lensing can create clustering

HiRescorrectCut-off

Origin from Bottom-Up mechanismsSources are cosmologically distributedUHEcrs are hadronsTop-Down models are excluded

Charged particle astronomy

A. CastellinaAGASA/HiRes discrepancy:

Page 22: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

AUGER ExperimentArgentina + Utah sites (each 3000 km2), E > 5 1018eV

1600 water tanks(10m2 each)

6 fluorescence telescopes(10 m2 each)

At Mendozasite (AR):

A. Castellina

Page 23: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

Physics MotivationsPhysics MotivationsIn theIn the Standard ModelStandard Model withwith massivemassive DiracDirac neutrinos neutrinos Lepton Lepton Flavour Violation processesFlavour Violation processes (as(as µ µ →→ eγγ, , τ τ →→ eeγγ, , µ µ →→ eeeeee, , µ µ →→ ee) ) are predicted are predicted atat immeasurably small levelsimmeasurably small levels ..

However,However, Super Symmetric TheoriesSuper Symmetric Theories predict predict such processessuch processesatat much more reasonable ratesmuch more reasonable rates..

Since theSince the SM background is negligible, SM background is negligible, processes like processes like µ µ →→ eγγareare clear evidences for Super Symmetryclear evidences for Super Symmetry..

Problem:Problem: are such rates are such rates experimentally observableexperimentally observable ??

( )5010−~

F. CeiL’Esperimento MEG:

Page 24: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

SUSY IndicationsSUSY IndicationsLFV processes especially sensitive to SSM grand unified theories (SUSY-GUT).LFV induced by LFV induced by finite finite sleptonslepton mixingmixingthrough through radiativeradiative correctionscorrections..

Some predictions:SUSY SU(5):BR (µ → eγ) ≈ 10-14 ÷ 10-13

SUSY SO(10):BRSO(10) ≈ 100 BRSU(5)

R. R. BarbieriBarbieri et al.,et al., Phys. Phys. Lett. Lett. BB338338(199(19944) 21) 2122R. R. BarbieriBarbieri et al.,et al., NuclNucl. Phys. . Phys. B445B445(1995) 215(1995) 215

F. Cei

Experimental Bound

Goal of MEG

Small (< 10) tan β values are highly disfavoured by recent combined LEP data. ((hephep--ex/0107030)ex/0107030)

tan β = 30

Page 25: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

Required PerformancesRequired Performances

1 x 101 x 10--1313

1.2 x 101.2 x 10--1111

4.9 x 104.9 x 10--1111

1.7 x 101.7 x 10--1010

1 x 101 x 10--99

3.6 x 103.6 x 10--99

BRBR(90% CL)(90% CL)

20052005

1999199919861986

1979197919771977

19771977

YearYear

1001002.5 x 102.5 x 107719190.1540.8MEGMEG

(6..7)(6..7)2.5 x 102.5 x 108817171.61.64.54.51.21.2MEGAMEGA(6..9)(6..9)4 x 104 x 105587871.31.38888Crystal BoxCrystal Box

6.46.42.4 x 102.4 x 105537371.91.9888.88.8LANLLANL1001002 x 102 x 1055--6.76.78.78.71010TRIUMFTRIUMF

1001005 x 105 x 1055--1.41.49.39.38.78.7SIN SIN

Duty Duty cycle (%)cycle (%)

Stop rate Stop rate (s(s--11))

∆θ∆θeeγγ

((mradmrad))∆∆tteeγγ(ns)(ns)

∆∆EEγγ //EEγγ

(%)(%)∆∆EEee//EEee

(%)(%)Exp./LabExp./Lab

Experimental sensitivity limited by spill-in of background (especially accidental) into signal region high resolution measurements are needed. The accidental BR is

To obtainTo obtain BR BR ((µ µ →→ eeγγ)) ≈≈ 1010--1313 we must havewe must have BRBRaccacc ≈≈ 33••1010--1414 and this requires:and this requires:eγeγγeµacc ∆t∆θ∆E∆ERBR ××××∝ 22

FWHMFWHM

F. Cei

Page 26: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

Experimental StrategyExperimental Strategy

Use a high-intensity muonbeam and µ-decay at rest;Measure γ time, energy and angle by using a fast & high-resolution e.m. calorimeter;Measure e+ momentum by using a high-resolution spectrometer;Measure e+ time by using fast counters (scintillator bars);Use a trigger scheme based on the e+-γ coincidence.

1m

e+

Liq. Xe ScintillationDetector

γ

Drift Chamber

Liq. Xe ScintillationDetector

e+

γ

Timing Counter

Stopping TargetThin Superconducting CoilMuon Beam

Drift Chamber

800 l of Liquid Xenonequipped with ≈ 800 PMTs;Homogeneous detector;Only scintillation light;Large light yield (~ NaI).

LXeLXe Calorimeter PerformancesCalorimeter Performances

Full MC simulationMC simulation

PositionPosition resolutionresolution::

Corresponding to:Corresponding to:

ZZ--coordinatecoordinate resolution: resolution:

mm 5≈≈ yx σσ

mrad 756 ÷≈≈ .σσ ϕϑ

mm 5≈Zσ

F. Cei

••

Page 27: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

“Golden modes”

Quattro “super-clean” inputs dalla fisica deiK e dei B contribuiscono a verificare la descrizione

della violazione di CP e il mixing dei quarks

dd

ss

d

s

BBBB

xx

−=

ννπ→ 00LK

E787/E949 (BNL)CKM (FNAL)KOPIO (BNL)E391A (KEK)

BABAR, BELLECDF, LHCB

ννπ→ ++K

sd KB Ψ→

dd

ss

d

s

BBBB

xx

−= CDF, LHCB

BTeV

|V*ts Vtd|

Im (V*ts Vtd) ∝ η

sin 2β

|Vts /Vtd|

G. AnzivinoL’esperimento KOPIO

Branching ratio previsto dallo SM (3 ± 1) x 10-11

Limite attuale < 5.9 x 10-7 (KTeV) (da π0 → e+e-γ)

Page 28: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

Il decadimento KL → π0νν

Sfida sperimentale posta da KL → π0ννSegnatura sperimentale molto debole

Solo due fotoni rivelatiA priori non è noto il vertice di decadimento nél’energia del K

Fondi da controllare:• Decadimenti del KL

34% dei decadimenti del KL ha almeno un π0, per esempioKL → π0 π0 (BR = 9.3 x 10-4), KL → π+ π− π0 (BR = 1.25 x 10-1)

cattiva identificazione, es. KL → π− e+ ν (BR = 3.9 x 10-1)• Fondo di neutroni del fascio• Decadimenti di iperoni, e.g. Λ →π0 n

G. Anzivino

Page 29: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

Concetto dell’esperimento

fascio primario impulsato

impulso del KL con TOF π0 da KL → π0νν è ricostruito

G. Anzivino

Page 30: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

Risultati attesi: 41 eventi su 18.9 di fondodal “draft TDR”, per 500 gg di presa daticon 7 × 1013 pppSES ~ 10-12

Successive analisi indicano un miglioramento ~ 25% legato a tecnicalitàdel fit geometrico

G. Anzivino

Page 31: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

L. GrandiWARP

Page 32: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

L. Grandi

Page 33: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

L. Grandi

S1

S2

Drift time

Page 34: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

L. Grandi

14 MeV neutron gun measurements

Page 35: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

M.I. MartinezSi Drift Detectors di ALICE

SDD Layers– Anodes along z– Drift along rφ– 22 x 8 detectors in the outer layer– 6 x 14 detectors in the inner layer

Si Drift DetectorsSDD)– r = 14.9, 23.8 cm → 1.3 m2

– 133 Kchannels– rφ resolution 35 µm– z resolution 23 µm

Silicon wafer: 300 µm thick 7.5x7 cm2 active area, 35 mm max drift length

Page 36: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

Detector operation

Collection

bias HV divider

ionizing particle

M.I. Martinez

Page 37: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

ResolutionBeam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode

axis from 2002 data

417 V/cm

667 V/cm

292 V/cm

542 V/cm

M.I. Martinez

Page 38: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

Il sistema di TOF in ALICE

• Il TOF di ALICE identifica k, π, p prodotti nella regionecentrale con impulsi da 0.5 a 2.5 GeV/c

• Caratteristiche fisiche del rivelatore:– Risoluzione temporale <100ps– Alta efficienza >95%– Alta granularità 105 canali in modo da consentire bassa

occupancy 15%– Garantire il funzionamento in presenza di rate elevati

50Hz/cm2– Coprire un’area di circa 150m2

Scelta su rivelatori a gas MRPCScelta su rivelatori a gas MRPC

A. Margotti

Page 39: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

Perche` un MRPC a doppio stack?

Piazzola catodo segnalePiano resistivo (catodo)

Piani di vetroPiano resistivo (anodo)

Piazzola anodo segnale

6 gaps

3 gaps

3 gaps

Soluzione:MRPC a doppio stack

VANTAGGI:• Tensione di lavoro bassa• Impronta lasciata dalla

carica sul pad più concentrata

Piazzola catodo segnalePiano resistivo (catodo)Piani di vetroPiano resistivo (anodo)Piazzola anodo segnalePiano resistivo (catodo)Piani di vetroPiano resistivo (anodo)Piazzola anodo segnale

-HV

-HV

+HV

0

-HV

A. Margotti

Esempio di MRPC a 6 gaps

Page 40: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

Risultati del test beam – Ottobre 2002

Ottima uniformita` di prestazione in efficienza e risoluzione temporale

Efficienza ~ 99.9%

Risoluzione temporale ~ 55 ps

Scan in tensione su una strip per verificarnel’uniformità in diversi pad.

Il plateau si raggiunge oltre i 12 KV:

A. Margotti•Ogni strip è composta da 96 pads disposti su due file di 48 ciascuna. •Le dimensioni di ogni pad sono 37x25mm e coprono un’area attiva di 1200x74mm.

Page 41: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

Transition Radiator Detector (TRD)X Detectors (MWPC Xe-CO2)

Regular radiator: foils regularly spaced (CH2,Mylar)

Irregular radiator: foam or fibres (C, CH2)

N. Mazziotta

Page 42: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

TRD applicationsParticle IDParticle ID: is based on the threshold properties of the TR

Energy measurementEnergy measurement: if the mass is known, the energy can be tagged only in the limited range between γth and γsat, and above γsat (below γth) it is possible only to set a lower (higher) limit

Charge measurementCharge measurement: charge identification of high energy nuclei in particle astrophysics

N. Mazziotta

Page 43: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

Sci-TRD (proposed by B.Dolgoshein et al.)Possible solution to improve TRD rejection powerPossible solution to improve TRD rejection power

• Two-component heterogeneous scintillation detector: small high Z (BGO) micro-granules into scintillation plastic bulk

• TR photons are absorbed mainly in high Z scintillation medium, but ionization from primary particle and long-range δ-rays is shared between the high Z and the plastic scintillator

• The signals from BGO and plastic can be separated due to big difference in decay times

• The Sci-TRD is interesting for space experiments because “no gas”

N. Mazziotta

Page 44: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

Si-TRD (proposed by P.Spinelli et al.)High Z gas detectors are typically used to detect TR X-rays

Background = ionization energy loss of (non-)radiating particles

Few 10 µm pitch silicon strip det (SSD) can be used to well separate the particle from photons in short distances

Separation of the TR X-ray from the charged parent particle track by means of a magnetic field

B field region

radiator X-ray

particle

N. Mazziotta

~10 cm

B ~ 1Tradiator

z axis

y ax

is Si thickn.≈ 300 ÷400 µm

Silicon single side

Page 45: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

b-Physics with Particle Identification

Bs K+K-

Purity=13%Purity=84%

Efficiency=79%

No RICH With RICH

T. BellunatoRICH di LHCB

Page 46: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

radiator CF4n (600 nm) 1.0005pthreshold (π) 4.4 GeV/cNp.e. 24σθ 0.58 mradp (3 σ) 100 GeV/c

RICH 1 RICH 2

radiator C4F10 Aerogeln (600 nm) 1.0014 1.03pthreshold (π) 2.6 0.6 GeV/cNp.e. 32.7 6.6σθ 1.45 2 mradp (3σ) 50 10 GeV/c

RICH layout

Flat mirror

PD plane

T. Bellunato

Page 47: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

Aerogel as Cherenkov Radiator

Rayleigh scattering

linked network of SiO2 particles

density = 0.15 g/cm

hygroscopic or hydrophobic

3

T. Bellunato

Page 48: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

10

102

mm

mm

π run 30k events

9 GeV/c π

10

10 2

mm

mm

6 to 10 GeV/c π / proton

The Beam

π/p 6 GeV/c 30k events

Particle Identification Performance

T. Bellunato

Page 49: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

Rivelatori Rivelatori BolometriciBolometrici

bagno termico

termometro

cristalloassorbitore

particellaincidente

debole accoppiamentotermico

∆T=E/C

Clattice ∼ T3 Celettroni ∼ T

T ∼ 10 mK

dielettrici e diamagnetici

Bassa C

C. Bucci

Termometri:termistori Ge NTDFilm Superconduttori

Decadimento Doppio Beta:

Violazione del numero leptonico

Page 50: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

Mibeta Mibeta ((130130Te)Te)

5 moduli, 4 rivelatori ciascuno,alloggiati in una struttura

a torre (6.8 kg)

Dito freddo: 7 mK

La torre era circondata dauno schermo interno di

piombo Romano

Ogni rivelatore è un cristallo 3x3x6 cm3 di TeO2 (340 g)

C. Bucci

Page 51: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

RisultatiRisultati

Spettro di fondo in anticoincidenza dei 20 cristalli nella regione intorno all’energia del DDB0ν

Statistica totale ∼ 4.3 kg x y.

⋅≥ CLanni %901008.2 230

2/1

ντ ( )CLeVm %90*3.29.0 −≤ν* In dipendenza dei valori adottati per le matrici nucleari

C. Bucci

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CuoricinoCuoricino

Sezione pianaDito freddo

Torre

Schermo di Pb

Mixing chamber

This detector will be completelysurrounded by active materials.

Substantial improvement in BKG reduction

11 moduli4 rivelatori ciascuno

Dimensione: 5x5x5 cm3

Massa: 790 g

2 moduli9 rivelatori ciascuno,

Dimensione: 3x3x6 cm3

Massa: 340 g

Total mass40.9 kg

C. Bucci

Page 53: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

• Sensor element: Standard CMOS:

• (High-resistivity silicon) (Low-resistivity silicon)

L. Servoli: Sviluppi recenti degli “Active Pixel Sensors

IFAE – 23-26 Aprile 2003 - Lecce

How to implement a Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (MAPS) ?

High-resistivity substate((good for good for standard standard siliconsilicon sensorssensors) )

modificationmodification of CMOS of CMOS technologytechnology

((only small structure only small structure ~~1 mm1 mm2 2 active active area)area)

Low-resistivity substate(standard CMOS (standard CMOS technologytechnology) )

modificationmodification of of signal signal generationgenerationand and collectioncollection..

((current current working working techniquetechnique))

Sviluppi di Active Pixel Sensors L. Servoli

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How APS works: the sensor side.How APS works: the sensor side.

L. Servoli: Sviluppi recenti degli “Active Pixel Sensors”

IFAE – 23-26 Aprile 2003 - Lecce

80 e/h pairs /µm200 - 2000 pairs

L. Servoli

Page 55: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

Why we need (mayWhy we need (may--be) APS in HEP?be) APS in HEP?

Violazione del numero leptonico

L. Servoli: Sviluppi recenti degli “Active Pixel Sensors”

IFAE – 23-26 Aprile 2003 - Lecce

L. Servoli

APS characteristic (1):APS characteristic (1):Lower power consumption (~~ 100 mW for ~~1Mpixel);

Spatial resolution (~~ 1 µm with analogue readout);Radiation tolerance (inherent to deep submicron technology);Low noise due to the closeness of the signal generation to the amplification stage;Very low multiple scattering possible, reducing the thickness of the substrate.Standard CMOS technologies (for mass-market consumer use:videocameras, camera-on-a-chip) low cost , wide wafers (8” or 12“);High integration (reduces fabrication complexity allowing the integration of several components on a chip);Random pixel access (allows fast windowing on regions of interest)

Page 56: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

The RAPS sensor.The RAPS sensor.• Same general line of APS with the following peculiarities:

• 0.18 µm CMOS technology;• No epitaxial layer;• Modified readout scheme

(WIPS);

L. Servoli: Sviluppi recenti degli “Active Pixel Sensors

IFAE – 23-26 Aprile 2003 - Lecce

AB

No -

Epi

With

- Epi

L. Servoli

Page 57: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

DELOCALIZZAZIONE e BAND-GAP

Nonostante siano diversi dai cristalli inorganici, i semiconduttori organici possono anch’essi essere rappresentati da:

h+

e-

Eg

- livelli energetici (banda di valenza e di conduzione) separati da un gap energetico

- 2 portatori di carica, elettroni e lacune

M. SampietroRivelatori basati su semiconduttori organici

- Carbonio ibridizzato sp2 , struttura planare- Legami σ nel piano e legami π fuori dal piano

.compartecipazione (delocalizzazione) degli elettroni π

.conduzione nel piano

Page 58: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

PERCHE’ USARESEMICONDUTTORI ORGANICI ?

• Flessibilità meccanica,

• possibilità di coprire grandi superfici,

• emissione di luce nel visibile (… schermi),

• proprietà modificabili per via chimica,

• facilità di deposizione virtualmente su ogni tipo di substrato, anche attivo,

• buon matching dell’indice di rifrazione aria-rivelatore

M. Sampietro

Page 59: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

CrAu

quartz

VBIAS

lightRF

CF

VOUT

dithiolene

RIVELATORI per radiazione infrarossa I.R.

Layout

M. Sampietro

Ditioleni

SVILUPPI 2003Il picco della risposta può essere spostato con modifiche della struttura chimica

800 1200 1600 2000

0

20k

40k

60k

80k

abso

rptio

n [a

.u.]

λ [nm]

Pd neutral

PdreducedNi

reducedTunable response

( Matching con la 2° e 3° finestra delle fibre ottiche )

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2µs light pulse @ 470nm, VBIAS=70V, L= 12µm

CrAu

quartz

VBIAS

lightRF

CF

VOUT

dithiolene

FOTORIVELAZIONE NEL VISIBILEM. Sampietro

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Cristallo scintillatore

Fodera difotodiodo(evenutalmente pixellata)

Il cristallo scintillatore (e quindi il fotorivelatore)può avere forma inusuale.

La struttura a pixel permette di acquisire anche lacoordinata longitudinale di interazione

APPLICAZIONI con CRISTALLI SCINTILLATORI

M. Sampietro

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Ruolo della Fisica per i Beni CulturaliRuolo della Fisica per i Beni Culturali

• importanza in fase di conoscenza e diagnosi

• anche in fase di intervento sull’opera

datazioni

analisi di composizione dei materiali

imaging

diagnosi dei problemi di deterioramento

quasi tutte le tecniche fisiche sono non invasive: possibilità di indagine senza effettuare prelievi o

comunque danneggiare l’opera

N. Grassi

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Fisica Nucleare e Beni CulturaliFisica Nucleare e Beni Culturali

• Ion Beam Analysis (IBA)con acceleratori o

sorgenti• Fluorescenza X (XRF)

analisi di materiali

• Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)

datazioni con 14C

N. Grassi

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Galileo: alcuni fogli Galileo: alcuni fogli manoscritti non manoscritti non datatidatati……

note di esperimenti e calcoli…

…teoremi in bell’ordine, glosse, sottolineature…

…sequenze di numeri e calcoli in

disordine…

…correzioni e cancellature

N. Grassi

Page 65: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

……e uno datato: note di spesa nele uno datato: note di spesa nelMsMs.Gal.26.Gal.26

N. Grassi

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““Datazione” Datazione” del f.128del f.128 f.128

Ms.Gal.72

18/10/1604

v(s), v(t), s(t)

N. Grassi

Page 67: Progetti futuri e nuove tecnologie: sommario - INFN … · • Nature of Dark Matter ... Beam test results for the resolution along the drift axis and anode ... – Alta granularità

Progetto SPARC e Proposta SPARXper un SASE FEL

• Program for an Italian Coherent X-ray Source

• 1st phase(R&D): the Project SPARC @LNF-INFN 150 MeV Photo-injector R&D Project (LINAC) to investigate High Brightness e- Beam Production

• 2nd phase: Proposal for a X-Ray laser SPARX: (ENEA/CNR/INFN/Tor Vergata Univ.) aiming at building a 2.5 GeV Linac driving a 1.5 nm SASE-FEL

L. Serafini

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What is a SASE-FEL Radiation Source?a Bright Electron Beam propagating through an Undulator

Spontaneous Radiation:peaked at λr ≅ λu / 2γ2(1 + K2) ; γ ≥ 2.103

Beam rms divergence σ’ ≅ 1/γ ≅ 1 00 µrad(Compton Backscattering of undulator virtual photons)

I r ≅ Ν e ; Ν e number of electrons per bunch (≅ 109)

Interaction of a bright electron beam with a strong optical field in an undulator magnet results in a density modulation of the electron bunch at the optical wavelength. This leads to COHERENT EMISSION

L. Serafini

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L. SerafiniInteraction of e- with Spontaneous Radiation causes Microbunching

and SELF-AMPLIFICATION of Spontaneous Emission (SASE)

In the SASE mode the Intensity: I ph ≅ Ν eα α > 4/3;Ν e number of electr.(≅ 109)Amplification gives extraordinary High Photon Flux (diffraction limited beam)Beam rms divergence σ’ ≅ λ / 2πσe ≅ few µrad

- Free Electron Lasers operate routinely in the IR and UV region of the spectrum with optical resonators- For wavelengths < ~ 200 nmthe reflectivity of mirrors deteriorates- Self-Amplified- Spontaneous-

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SASE-FELs will allow anunprecedented upgrade in

Source Brilliance

Why a Coherent X-ray Source in Italy ?

Covering from the VUV to the 1 Å X-ray spectral range:

new Research Frontiers

SPARX

Intermediate between TTF-FEL (90-5 nm) and

TESLA-FEL (1 Å)

TTF

12.4 1.24 0.124 λ (nm)

L. Serafini

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This Ultra-Bright Coherent Radiation (high peak brightness, ultra short(< 100 fs) radiation pulses) opens up newResearch Frontiers in several fields:

• Atomic physics• Plasma and warm dense matter• Femtosecond chemistry• Life science• Single Biological molecules and clusters• Imaging / holography• Micro and nano lithography

X-rays are the ideal probe for determining the structureof matter on the atomic and molecular scale

“Science with Soft X-Rays”, Nevill Smith, Physics Today, January 2001

L. Serafini

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Un ringraziamento particolare a tutti gli speakers, che sono stati tutti bravissimi

Un ringramento agli Organizzatori, che hanno reso possibili queste due giornate di interessanti discussioni.