program & abstracts - 19th icc international corrosion congress november 2- 6, 2014...

19th International Corrosion Congress

November 2- 6, 2014 International Convention Center Jeju, Korea

Program & Abstracts

"This work was supported by the Korean Federation of Science and Technology Societies Grant funded by

the Korean Government."

2

Table of Contents

□ Invitation ……………………...……………………………….…... 3

□ Committee………………………………………………………..… 4

□ Program …..………...…..………………………………...………... 6

□ Floor Map ……………….………………………………................. 10

□ General Information ………………………………………...…….. 12

□ Guidelines for Presentation ………………………………...…….. 12

□ Social Program …………………………………………........…….. 13

□ Exhibition …………………………………………........…….......... 14

□ Plenary Lecture …..….....……..……………………………...…..... 16

□ Oral Session

Monday, November 3, 2014 ……………………………………... 23

Tuesday, November 4, 2014 …………………………….………... 47

Wednesday, November 5, 2014 …..…………………….………... 60

Thursday, November 6, 2014 …..…………………….………... 83

□ Poster Session ………….....……..…………………………...…..... 96

□ Author Index ………..….....……..…………………………...…..... 123

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Invitation

I am pleased to invite you to the 19th International Corrosion Congress (ICC)

organized and hosted by the Corrosion Science Society of Korea (CSSK) on behalf of

the International Corrosion Council.

The conference will offer exciting opportunities for sharing and exploring new ideas,

research and issues on the science and technology of corrosion and corrosion

protection. The technical program will include plenary and keynote lectures, oral

presentations and poster presentations organized by distinguished experts.

A large exhibition will also be organized in parallel with the technical program and will feature the latest in

corrosion control products and services. Added to the conference program are plenty of social opportunities. A

welcome reception, a banquet, a farewell function, tours and sports programs will be offered for all attendees and

their spouses.

CSSK will do its best to make the 19th ICC one of the best conferences you have ever attended, and I hope this

event enables you to contribute much more than any other to the reduction of corrosion costs which currently range

from 2 to 5 percent of GDP in most industrialized nations. On behalf of the CSSK and the organizing committee of

the 19th ICC, I would like to thank you in advance for your active participation in the congress.

I am looking forward to seeing you on the beautiful island of Jeju, Korea!

Sincerely Yours,

Jong Jip Kim President, Organizing Committee of the 19th ICC

President, CSSK

4

Committee

19th ICC Organizing Committee

Honorary President: Yong Soo PARK (Yonsei University, Korea)

President: Jong Jip KIM (KRISS, Korea)

Vice Presidents: Manuel MORCILLO (President, International Corrosion Council)

Carlos ARROYAVE (First Vice President, International Corrosion Council)

Jae Bong LEE (Kookmin University, Korea)

Young Sik KIM (Andong National University, Korea)

Seong Min LEE (KOGAS, Korea)

Joo Youl HUH (Korea University, Korea)

Secretary General: Deok Soo WON (KOGAS, Korea)

Honorary Committee

Kyoo Young KIM (GIFT, POSTECH, Korea)

Nelson A. AGUILA (AGC Devt. Corp., Philippines)

Gerald S. FRANKEL (The Ohio State University, USA)

Ronald M. LATANISION (Exponent, Inc., USA)

Philippe MARCUS (CNRS-ENSCO, France)

Zehbour PANOSSIAN (IPT, Brazil)

V. S. RAJA (Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India)

Günther SCHMITT (IFINKOR, Germany)

Wen-Ta TSAI (National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan)

Tooru TSURU (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan)

David J. YOUNG (University of New South Wales, Australia)

Yu ZUO (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, China)

International Advisory Committee

Iba F. AL-ADEL (Saudi Aramco, Saudi Arabia)

Andrej ATRENS (The University of Queensland, Australia)

Alison DAVENPORT (University of Birmingham, UK)

Amir ELIEZER (World Corrosion Organization)

En-Hou HAN (Chinese Academy of Science, China)

Woon Suk HWANG (Inha University, Korea)

Joung Soo KIM (KAERI, Korea)

Hyuk Sang KWON (KAIST, Korea)

Christofer LEYGRAF (Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)

Digby D. MACDONALD (Pennsylvania State University, USA)

Roger NEWMAN (University of Toronto, Canada)

Toshiaki OHTSUKA (Hokkaido University, Japan)

Toshio SHIBATA (Osaka University, Japan)

Kwang Seon SHIN (Seoul National University, Korea)

Martin STRATMAN (Max Planck Institute, Germany)

5

Committee (cont.)

Domestic Advisory Committee

Jong Kwon LEE (Soonchunhyang University, Korea)

Young Tai KHO (Soongsil University, Korea)

Ki Chul KANG (Hansu Ltd., Korea)

Youn-Ho JUNG (Korean Nuclear Society, Korea)

Byung Sun KIM (The Korean Society for Composite Materials, Korea)

Chang Hee LEE (The Korean Welding and Joining, Korea)

Yong-Shin LEE (The Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity, Korea)

Byung-Joon YE (Korea Foundry Society, Korea)

Local Organizing Committee

Hyun Young CHANG (KEPCO E&C, Korea)

Seon-Yeob LI (GS E&C, Korea)

Han Cheol CHOE (Chosun University, Korea)

Dong Jin CHOI (Hansu Ltd., Korea)

Young Min CHOI (POSCO, Korea)

Jong Man HAN (Hyundai-Steel, Korea)

Kyeong Mo HWANG (KEPCO E&C, Korea)

Seong Sik HWANG (KAERI, Korea)

Chang Heui JANG (KAIST, Korea)

Bum Sung KIM (KCC, Korea)

Hee San KIM (Hongik University, Korea)

In KIM (Wangdo Corrosion Eng Co. Ltd., Korea)

Jong Sang KIM (POSCO, Korea)

Jung Gu KIM (Sungkyunkwan University, Korea)

Seong Jong KIM (Mokpo Maritime University, Korea)

Yeong Ho KIM (POSCO, Korea)

Young Geun KIM (KOGAS, Korea)

Jin Hee LEE (SK E&C, Korea)

Yong Heon LEE (POSCO, Korea)

Man Been MOON (Hyundai Steel, Korea)

Chan Jin PARK (Chonnam National University, Korea)

Jin Hwan PARK (Pukyong National University, Korea)

Young Bog PARK (Seoul Metropolitan Government, Korea)

Hong Kyun SOHN (POMIA, Korea)

Sunday, November 2, 2014 15:00-18:00 Registration (Main Lobby, 3F)

15:30-17:00 ICC General Council Meeting (Room 301, 3F)

18:00-20:00 Welcome Reception (Delizia, 3F)

Monday, November 3, 2014

08:00-17:30 Registration (Main Lobby, 3F)

09:00-17:30 Exhibition (Main Lobby, 3F)

08:30-09:00 Opening Ceremony (Tamna Hall A, 5F)

09:00-09:45 Plenary 1 (Tamna Hall A, 5F)

Degradation of Coatings and Coating Interfaces on Steel

Gerald S. Frankel (The Ohio State University, USA)


Role of Minor Alloying Elements and Cu in a Hyper- Duplex Stainless Steel

Yong Soo Park (Yonsei University, Korea)

10:30-11:00 Morning Break (Main Lobby, 3F)

Room Samda Hall A Samda Hall B 301 302 303 401 402A 402B

11:00-12:30

MA1 MB1 MC1 MD1 ME1 MF1 MG1 MH1

Coatings 1 Electrochemistry &

Electrochemical

Test Methods 1

Corrosion in

Oil/Gas/Pipelines 1

Corrosion in

Stainless Steels 1

Corrosion in Light

Metals 1

Corrosion in

Concrete 1

Corrosion

Monitoring and

Modeling 1

Atmospheric

Corrosion 1

12:30-14:00 Lunch (Ocean View, 5F)

14:00-15:30


Coatings 2 Electrochemistry &

Electrochemical

Test Methods 2

Corrosion in

Oil/Gas/Pipelines 2

Corrosion in

Stainless Steels 2

Corrosion in Light

Metals 2

Corrosion in

Concrete 2

Corrosion

Monitoring and

Modeling 2

Atmospheric

Corrosion 2

15:30-16:00 Afternoon Break (Main Lobby, 3F)

16:00-17:30


Coatings 3 Surface Protection

and Analytical

Techniques

Corrosion in

Oil/Gas/Pipelines 3

Corrosion in

Stainless Steels 3

Corrosion in Light

Metals 3

Corrosion in

Concrete 3

Corrosion

Monitoring and

Modeling 3

Atmospheric

Corrosion 3

7

Tuesday, November 4, 2014




Electrochemical Noise: Real and Imaginary

Bob Cottis (The University of Manchester, UK)


Innovative Alloy Design with Weak Carbide Formers for IGC Prevention

Kyoo Young Kim (POSTECH, Korea)



11:00-12:30

TA1 TB1 TC1 TD1 TE1 TF1 TG1 TH1

Coatings 4 Corrosion Problems

and Protection

Methods in Nuclear

Industry 1

Corrosion in

Oil/Gas/Pipelines 4

Corrosion in

Stainless Steels 4

Corrosion in Light

Metals 4

Corrosion in

Concrete 4

Corrosion

Monitoring and

Modeling 4

Atmospheric

Corrosion 4


14:00-15:30

TA2 TB2 TC2 TD2 TE2 TF2


and Protection

Methods in Nuclear

Industry 2

Corrosion in

Oil/Gas/Pipelines 5

Corrosion in

Stainless Steels 5

Corrosion in

Advanced

Materials (Nano &

Composite

Materials)

WCO Session

(14:00-17:30)

15:30-17:30 Poster Session

& Afternoon Break (Main Lobby, 3F)

17:30-19:30 ICC General Council Meeting (Room 301, 3F)

8

Wednesday, November 5, 2014




Corrosion Modelling of Carbon Steel

Toshio Shibata (Osaka University, Japan)


Reverse Developing of New Anti-corrosive Alloys

Carlos Arroyave (Antonio Nariño University, Colombia)



11:00-12:30

WA1 WB1 WC1 WD1 WF1 WG1 WH1


and Protection

Methods in Nuclear

Industry 3

Corrosion

Inhibitors 1

Corrosion in

Energy Systems 1

Integrity and

Lifetime Prediction

Localized

Corrosion (Pitting

& Crevice) 1

Marine Corrosion 1


14:00-15:30

WA2 WB2 WC2 WD2 WE2 WF2 WG2 WH2


and Protection

Methods in Nuclear

Industry 4

Corrosion

Inhibitors 2

Corrosion in

Energy Systems 2

Stress Corrosion

Cracking &

Hydrogen

Embrittlement 1

Corrosion in Bio

Materials 1

Localized

Corrosion (Pitting

& Crevice) 2

Marine Corrosion 2

15:30-16:00 Afternoon Break (Main Lobby, 3F)

16:00-17:30

WA3 WB3 WC3 WD3 WE3 WF3 WG3 WH3


and Protection

Methods in Nuclear

Industry 5

Corrosion

Inhibitors 3

Corrosion in

Energy Systems 3

Stress Corrosion

Cracking &

Hydrogen

Embrittlement 2

Corrosion in Bio

Materials 2

Localized

Corrosion (Pitting

& Crevice) 3

Marine Corrosion 3

18:00~ Banquet (Tamna Hall B, 5F)

9

Thursday, November 6, 2014




Recent Progress and Development of Corrosion Resistant Steels

Sung-ho Park (POSCO, Korea)



11:00-12:30

THA1 THB1 THC1 THD1 THE1 THF1 THG1 THH1

Coatings 9 (Special Session)

Asian Forum for

Materials Aging in

Nuclear Systems 1

Passive Films 1 Erosion Corrosion

& FAC 1

Failure Analysis

and Industrial

Services

Corrosion in

Cultural Heritage

Corrosion in

Industrial

Environments

Cathodic Protection


14:00-15:30

THA2 THB2 THC2 THD2

Coatings 10 (Special Session)

Asian Forum for

Materials Aging in

Nuclear Systems 2

Passive Films 2 Erosion Corrosion

& FAC 2

16:00~ Farewell Function (Delizia, 3F)

Floor Map

3F

Room Use

Samda A

Oral Session

Samda B

301

302

303

304 Secretariat

300 Preview Room

Delizia Welcome Reception /

Farewell Function

Delizia

Main Entrance

Main Lobby Registration Desk

Poster

Session

Exhibition

Samda A B

302 303 304 300 301

Escalator to 5F

Escalator to 4, 5F

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Floor Map (cont.)

4F

5F

Room Use

401

Oral Session 402 A

402 B

Room Use

Tamna Hall A Opening Ceremony /

Plenary Lecture

Tamna Hall B Banquet

Ocean View Lunch

402 A / B 401

Tamna Hall B Tamna Hall A Ocean View

Escalator to 3, 5F

Escalator to 3F

Escalator to 3, 4F

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General Information

Official Language The official language of the conference is English.

Registration Desk The registration desk on the main lobby (3F) in the venue will be open as follow:

Sunday, November 2, 2014 15:00pm-18:00pm

Monday, November 3, 2014 08:00am-17:30pm

Tuesday, November 4, 2014 08:00am-17:30pm

Wednesday, November 5, 2014 08:00am-18:30pm

Thursday, November 6, 2014 08:00am-16:00pm

Wireless Internet Access Wireless internet access will be available for all attendees during Conference dates, and this access is free of charge.

Those wishing to use this wireless network are required to use their own laptops equipped with wireless LAN card.

Guidelines for Presentation

Oral Presentation Every room is equipped with LCD projector and Windows Laptop, with PowerPoint and Acrobat PDF reader.

Please make your best to use the room laptop and upload your PPT file on it before the beginning of the session. If

you really need to use your laptop (only in the case you need special software for your presentation or in case of

major compatibility problems), check the connection with the projector before the session starts. Notice: time lost

in setting up your laptop during the session cannot be recovered: this will end up in a shorter time available for

yours presentation. Greet/meet the session chair before the session starts. Please arrive early enough, to find out the

session chair and to tell him/her your name, affiliation and the title of your paper. The presentation time is 20

minutes. This includes speaker transition, the setting of your computer (if needed), and question & answers. So

each speaker should finish his/her talk within 15 or 16 minutes to have a time for question & answers.

Time assignment including discussion is as follow:

Keynote Speech: 30 minutes

Oral Presentation: 20 minutes

Poster Display Time: 15:30~17:30pm,

Date: Tuesday, November 4, 2014

Location: Main Lobby (3F) Presenters are also responsible for mounting their own poster to the poster board prior to the opening of the poster

session. All presenters must remain by their poster during the poster session.

A. Poster Specification

Posters must be designed to fit a 120cm wide x 180cm tall board. Posters may be prepared as a single poster or as

several smaller sections (using A4 or letter sized papers) mounted together. The heading of the poster should list the

paper title, author(s) name(s), and affiliation(s). The content of the poster should include introduction, related work,

proposal, development/experimental results, and conclusion.

B. Poster Setup and Removal

Posters may be attached to the boards by push pins, which will be provided on site. Posters can be set up by

presenters from Monday, November 3. Posters must be taken down by presenters right after the session is over.

Posters not removed after the session is over will be removed by staff.

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Social Program

* All registration fees except day registration include welcome reception, banquet, farewell function and lunches.

* If needed, additional ticket(s) can be purchased.

* Required to show a ticket at the door when you attend each social program.

Welcome Reception Time: 18:00pm ~

Date: Sunday, November 2, 2014

Place: Delizia (3F)

Banquet Time: 18:00pm ~

Date: Wednesday, November 5, 2014

Place: Tamna Hall (5F)

The banquet will offer you a good opportunity to promote friendship with participants. Delicious food, and Korean

traditional performance will be offered at the banquet.

Farewell Function Time: 16:00pm ~

Date: Thursday, November 6, 2014

Place: Delizia (3F)

Lunches Time: 12:30pm ~14:00pm

Date: Monday, November 3 ~ Thursday, November 6, 2014

Place: Ocean View (5F)

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Exhibition

Time: 90:00am ~ 17:30pm

Dates: November 3 ~ 6, 2014

Location: Main Lobby (3F)

SUNG IL CO., LTD (SIM) http://www.sungilsim.com

DYCE Global http://www.dyce.co.kr

Seal For Life Industries http://www.sealforlife.com

Thermo-Calc Software AB

http://www.thermocalc.com/start

K-COTECH Co., Ltd. http://www.kcotech.com

Samwon Instruments Co. http://www.samwoninst.com

Gamry Instruments http://www.gamry.com

CD-adapco http://www.cd-adapco.co.kr

15

Exhibition (cont.)

WOOJIN INC. http://www.woojininc.com

TRENTON CORPORATION http://www.trentoncorp.com

TAE JUNG INDUSTRY http://www.arccoating.co.kr

ILSHIN AUTOCLAVE http://www.suflux.com

AT Frontier Co., LTD http://www.ATFrontier.com

F&H International http://www.funnhobby.co.kr

NeoScience Co.,Ltd http://www.neoscience.co.kr

CorRel Technology Co., Ltd. http:// www.correltech.com

16

Plenary 1

09:00am - 09:45am, Monday, November 3, 2014

Room: Tamna Hall A (5F)

Moderator: Jae Bong Lee (Kookmin University, Korea)

Degradation of Coatings and Coating Interfaces on Steel

Gerald S. Frankel

The Ohio State University, USA

The degradation of poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) coated steel during exposure to various

outdoor and accelerated laboratory environments was studied using a Scanning Kelvin

Probe (SKP), Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, and Electrochemical

Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Cathodic delamination (CD) of the PVB-coated steel in

the SKP provided an assessment of the interface stability, EIS indicated the strength of

the barrier properties, and FT-IR evaluated chemical changes in the coating. Both

degradation and improvement in the interface stability were observed for different

exposure conditions, and the influences of various factors are discussed.

Biography Gerald S. Frankel is the DNV Designated Chair in Corrosion, Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, and

Director of the Fontana Corrosion Center at the Ohio State University. He earned the Sc.B. degree in Materials

Science Engineering from Brown University and the Sc.D. degree in Materials Science and Engineering from MIT.

Prior to joining OSU in 1995, he was a post-doctoral researcher at the Swiss Federal Technical Institute in Zurich

and then a Research Staff Member at the IBM Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, NY. His primary

research interests are in the passivation and localized corrosion of metals and alloys, corrosion inhibition,

protective coatings and atmospheric corrosion. He is a member of the editorial board of The Journal of the

Electrochemical Society, Corrosion, Materials and Corrosion, and Corrosion Reviews. Frankel is a fellow of NACE

International, The Electrochemical Society, and ASM International. He received the UR Evans Award from the

Institute of Corrosion in 2011, OSU Distinguished Scholar Award in 2010, the 2010 ECS Corrosion Division H.H.

Uhlig Award, the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Research Award for Senior US Scientists in 2004, and the

2007 TP Hoar Prize from the UK Institute of Corrosion. In 2012, he was appointed by President Barak Obama as a

member of the Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board.

17

Plenary 2

09:45am - 10:30am, Monday, November 3, 2014


Moderator: Jae Bong Lee (Kookmin University, Korea)

Role of Minor Alloying Elements and Cu in a Hyper- Duplex Stainless Steel

Yong Soo Park

Yonsei University, Korea

Effects of rare earth metals, Ba (REM-Ba) and Cu additions on corrosion resistance,

mechanical properties and welding characteristics of hyper-duplex stainless steels

were investigated. The performance of the experimental alloys were compared with

conventional super duplex stainless steels such as SAF 2507 and UR52N+ when they

were exposed to solution annealing heat treatment and aging treatment. The corrosion

resistance in Cl- environments and mechanical properties of the experimental alloy

were found superior to those of the commercial super duplex stainless steel. The

addition of Ba and Cu to the base alloy retarded the formation of the brittle secondary

phases that were formed in heat-affected zone during the process of gas tungsten arc

welding compared with that of the commercial UR52N+ alloy, thereby enhancing the

resistance to pitting corrosion. The REM and Ba with larger atomic radii than those of

Cr, Mo and W may fill vacancies inside the matrix and around the grain boundaries,

retarding formation of harmful intermetallic σ and χ phases. In addition, fine REM-Ba

oxides/oxy-sulfides (1~3 μm) seemed to enhance the retardation effects. With these additions, strength and ductility

increased due to the phase and grain refinement caused by fine oxides and oxy-sulfides.

Biography Yong Soo Park is 'Professor Emeritus' of Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, where he has spent 33 and half years

since 1981. He is also current 'Honorary President of Corrosion Science Society of Korea'. Before he joined Yonsei

University, he worked as an Assistant Metallurgist at Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York, U.S.A. from

1977 to 1980, and then returned to Korea for position of Quality Control Manager at Korea Integrated Specialty

Steel Company. He was educated at Seoul National University with B. S. of Metallurgical Engineering in 1971.

One year later, he went to the Ohio State University for graduate study, and was awarded M. S. and Ph. D. under

the guidance of Professor R. W. Staehle. He is a recipient of many Technical Awards including Government's medal

for scientific contribution, and the author of over 160 papers and books in the fields of metallic corrosion and

development of High Performance Stainless Steels. Two of his invented stainless steels have been designated and

listed at ASTM-SAE. The first one designated in 1996 is 'S 32050' (SR-50A is the brand name). The alloy has been

produced more than 5,000 tons by Arcelo-Mittal, Nippon Yakin Kogyo, INCO, SeAH Steel, POSCO, Scana

Stavanger of Norway and some Korean foundry companies. The second one known as 'SR-4DX' (a Hyper Duplex

Stainless) was recently designated as '7A' in the casting section at ASTM. The duplex stainless will be ready for

mass-production at POSCO.

18

Plenary 3

09:00am - 09:45am, Tuesday, November 4, 2014


Moderator: Young Sik Kim (Andong National University, Korea)

Electrochemical Noise: Real and Imaginary

R.A. Cottis

The University of Manchester, UK

Electrochemical noise has been studied for over 40 years, although some

measurements are still being made using flawed equipment and techniques. A range of

methods have been used to interpret EN data, including examination of the time

records and various linear and non-linear statistical measures including determining

corrosion rate via the electrochemical noise resistance, shot-noise parameters, power

spectra, time-frequency methods such as wavelet analysis and chaos analyses. While

electrochemical noise resistance (and the frequency domain equivalent noise

impedance) are reasonably reliable for the estimation of corrosion rate, they are

inherently noisy, and more conventional methods are to be preferred. Of the methods

available for the study of type of corrosion, examination of the time records is

probably as effective as any when individual transients can be discerned. When many

overlapping transients occur, shot noise analysis, based on the low frequency power

spectral density seems effective, although several of the alternative methods may

prove to offer benefits that are not yet fully apparent.

Biography Bob Cottis is Emeritus Professor in the Corrosion and Protection Centre, now part of the School of Materials of the

University of Manchester. He was born and educated in the UK where he graduated M.A. and Ph.D. from the

University of Cambridge. He is the author of over 150 papers and articles, mainly in localized corrosion and

electrochemistry (particularly electrochemical noise), corrosion fatigue, stress corrosion cracking and modeling of

corrosion processes. He is Founding Editor of the open Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. His research

interests cover many aspects of corrosion. He has also been active in the development of Corrosion teaching, where

he led the development of online teaching in Manchester, and is currently leading the introduction of the Corrosion

Passport (a definition of recommended minimum requirements in corrosion for engineering courses) on behalf the

World Corrosion organization. He was awarded the Hull award of NACE in 2005 in recognition of his

contributions in the field of publications (particularly on the Internet) and he was created a NACE Fellow in 2009.

19

Plenary 4

09:45am - 10:30am, Tuesday, November 4, 2014


Moderator: Young Sik Kim (Andong National University, Korea)

Innovative Alloy Design with Weak Carbide Formers for IGC Prevention

Kyoo Young Kim

POSTECH, Korea

A new intergranular corrosion (IGC) mechanism has been proposed for IGC occurring

in low-Cr ferritic stainless steel. To confirm the legitimacy of the new IGC mechanism,

an innovative alloy design concept is evaluated by designing the alloys only with weak

carbide formers. Co-addition of weak carbide formers of Mo, Mn and Si to low-Cr

ferritic stainless steel effectively prevents IGC, whereas the alloys with strong carbide

formers of Ti and Nb are attacked severely by IGC. Transmission electron microscope

and three-dimensional atom probe analysis suggest that depletion of Cr and

consequent sensitization are greatly suppressed by formation of CMn4MoSi

intergranular intermetallic compounds.

Biography Kyoo Young Kim is Prof. Emeritus of Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH). After his

retirement in 2013, currently, he works at Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology in POSTECH as a research

professor. He earned BS degree from Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn and MS and Ph. D. degrees from University

of Connecticut. Before he joined POSTECH in 1986, he worked at IIT Research Institute in Chicago for 5 years

and at Kelsey-Hayes R&D Center in Ann Arbor for 3 years. He has published over 250 papers in the area of

corrosion mechanism study and alloy design for corrosion protection. He has made a significant contribution on the

understanding of hydrogen assisted cracking of carbon steel and intergranular corrosion of stainless steel. Currently,

he works on corrosion of highMn steel for application in energy industry.

20

Plenary 5

09:00am - 09:45am, Wednesday, November 5, 2014


Moderator: Joo Youl Huh (Korea University, Korea)

Corrosion Modeling of Carbon Steel

Toshio Shibata

Osaka University, Japan

Corrosion modelling of carbon steel in aqueous solution under the atmospheric

environment and the oxygen depleted environment has been reviewed by focusing the

cathodic reaction and the corrosion film formed on carbon steel in near neutral pH.

Development in the corrosion studies related to oxygen diffusion process by Professor

G. Okamoto in 1950s has been reviewed. In the neutral solution under atmosphere

which contains oxygen, the critical pH to form the corrosion film and the precipitation

ratio of dissolved iron ions depending on pH and the parabolic growth rate law are

discussed. Under oxygen depleted environment, H2O works as oxidizing agent to

oxidize Fe to produce the Fe3O4 film with evolution of H2 gas. At high temperatures,

the dissolution process of the Fe3O4 film controls the corrosion rate, whereas, at lower

temperatures, the film growth process controls the corrosion rate and a steady

dissolution rate of Fe3O4 film or FeCO3 film determines the corrosion rate after long

exposure time.

Biography Toshio Shibata has been Professor Emeritus of Osaka University, Japan, since 2001 after retiring from the same

university, and has been Professor at Fukui University of Technology, Japan, from April, 2001 until March,

2010.He was educated in Hokkaido University, Japan, and given Ph. D. in 1968 by the same Hokkaido University.

He has been concerned with the passivity of stainless steels and their breakdown including pitting and stress

corrosion cracking. He has made an important contribution for understanding the stochastic and statistical nature of

passivity breakdown. In recent years he has been involved in corrosion research for developing the radioactive

waste management program. He is a recipient of domestic and international Honors and Awards including

Corrosion Engineering Award, Japan Society of Corrosion Engineering (1985), W. R. Whitney Award, NACE

International, USA (1996), JSCE Award, Japan Society of Corrosion Engineering (1998). NACE Fellow Award,

NACE International, USA (2000) and Electrochemical Society Fellow Award, Electrochemical Society, USA

(2001).He had published more than 300 research and review papers and books on corrosion.

21

Plenary 6

09:45am - 10:30am, Wednesday, November 5, 2014


Moderator: Joo Youl Huh (Korea University, Korea)

Reverse Developing of New Anti-corrosive Alloys

Carlos Arroyave

Antonio Nariño University, Colombia

Since the nineteenth century, steel has been the preferred engineering material. The

development of many steel alloys, during the last 100 years, had been oriented mainly

to attend demands concerning with corrosion problems. In some cases, solutions have

been related with steels able to produce protective corrosion products in some specific

exposure conditions, such as it happens with stainless steels, weathering steels, etc.

Conventional methodologies of new alloys development are supported on empirical

approaches to design new compositions and, then, making and testing of samples,

under real field conditions of interest, or simulated ones in the lab. Sometimes, the

wholeprocess takes many years and requires very high money investments. Taking

into account that a good behaviour is closely related with some of the characteristics of

the layer of corrosion products and, considering also, that usually such characteristics

are strongly influenced by the alloy composition, here is presented a novel way of

production of new anticorrosive steels, designing the rust layer before, and then

producing the expected engineering material, through an easier, rational and cheaper path.

Biography Carlos Arroyave is titular and emeritus professor of the University of Antioquia, in Medellin, Colombia. He is

author of more than 70 papers, 52 reports on technological, industrial and university solutions, 120 communications,

and 45invited lectures, related with subjects as materials science and engineering; corrosion, anti-corrosion;

protective coatings; materials degradation; new materials; atmospheric corrosion; paints; higher education

administration; science, technology and innovation policy and management; and science and technology parks

management. He was born in Yarumal (Colombia) in 1954, and educated in metallurgical engineering (university of

Antioquia, 1979), M.Sc. on metallurgical engineering and materials science (federal university of Rio de Janeiro,

1988), Ph.D. on chemistry (Complutense University of Madrid, 1995), guest researcher (UMIST, Manchester,

1995), and post-doctoral stay (Swedish Corrosion Institute, Stockholm, 2001-2002). He was presidents of the

Colombian Association of Corrosion and Protection (1997-2001), the Ibero-American Association of Corrosion and

Protection (2006-2011). He will be taking on the Presidency of the International Corrosion Council (2014-2017).

Currently, he is a Vice-chancellor for science, technology and innovation in the Antonio Nariño University

(Colombia), where he is leading research related with atmospheric corrosion and anti-corrosion methods under

complex conditions.

22

Plenary 7

09:30am - 10:15am, Thursday, November 6, 2014


Moderator: Seong Min Lee (KOGAS, Korea)

Recent Progress and Development of Corrosion Resistant Steels

Sung-ho Park

POSCO, Korea

Corrosion is a major issue in steel industry. Steel makers have been developed

various technologies to retard or even to prevent corrosion occurrence according to

customer demands. Recently, excellent corrosion resistant and environmental friendly

steel products enlarge their market shares in global material industry. Among those

steel products, surface treated steels, structural steels, and stainless steels have been

expirenced most rapid technological development. It also means that corrosion

protection is the most important issue in these steel products. Surface treated steels

with protective coating layer such as galvanizing or post organic resin coating has

been developed various process and technology to induce high corrosion resistance

and useful functionality. Corrosion engineering is also applied to carbon steel

structural steels for shipbuilding applications, sour-resistant linepipe steels,

weathering steels, and steels for oil sand slurry pipes. Stainless steel which is not

readily corroded different from normal carbon steels tries to develop new grades of product to satisfy cheap and

stable cost requirement. Steel makers continuosly endeavor to improve process and product technology for

advanced corrosion protection, thus it would be a lasting issue for steel industry.

Biography Sung-ho Park is the Executive Vice President of POSCO and Head of Technical Research Laboratories. He was

educated at Seoul National University where he earnedB.S and M.S degree in the Department of Metallurgical

Engineering. He got his Ph.D. in Metallurgical Engineering from McGill University in 1991. He has been

elaborated for the R&D of POSCO and has made noticeable accomplishments for technological innovation in steel

industry. He is the Chairman of technical committee of World Steel Association and Director of the Korean Institute

of Metals and Material. In 2001, he also served the duty of Vice Chairman of Manufacturing & Materials Division

of the Koreans Society of Automotive Engineers. In recent years, he has achieved the outstanding performance as

the manager of steel technology department anddirector of technical research laboratories at POSCO. For the

distinguished contribution, he was awarded the Bronze Tower of Industrial Service Merit from the Ministry of

Knowledge Economy in 2012. He is also a recipient of Minister‟s Award from the Ministry of Knowledge

Economy in 2008 and Steel Material Award from the Korean Institute of Metals and Materials in 2007.

23

Monday, November 3, 2014 Samda Hall A (3F)

MA1: Coatings 1

Chair: Juergen Konys

(Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany)

11:00am-11:30am

Keynote Speech

1. Development of Electrochemical Processes for

Aluminum-based Coatings for Fusion Applications Juergen Konys (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,

Germany)

Reduced activation ferritic-martensitic steels (RAFM) are

envisaged in future fusion technology as structural material

which will be in direct contact with a flowing liquid lead-

lithium melt, serving as breeder material. Aluminum-based

coatings had proven their ability to protect the structural

material from corrosion attack in flowing Pb-15.7Li and to

reduce tritium permeation into the coolant,

significantly.Coming from scales produced by hot dipping

aluminization (HDA), the development of electrochemical-

based processes to produce well-defined aluminum-based

coatings on RAFM steels gained increased attention in

research during the last years. Two different electrochemical

processes are described in this paper: The first one, referred

to as ECA process, is based on the electrodeposition of

aluminum from volatile, metal-organic electrolytes. The

other process called ECX is based on ionic liquids.All three

processes exhibit specific characteristics, for example in the

field of processability, control of coating thicknesses (low

activation criteria) and heat treatment behavior. The aim of

this article is to compare these different coating processes

critically, whereby the focus is on the comparison of ECA

and ECX processes. New results for ECX-process will be

presented and occurring development needs for the future

will be discussed

11:30am-11:50am

2. Influence of Ti Content on Structure and

Properties of 55%Al-Zn Alloy Xueqiang Dong, Taixiong Guo (Pangang Group Research

Institute Co., Ltd., China), Feng Li (Angang Steel Company

Limited Technology Centre, China)

A laboratory CGL simulator was used to investigate the

effects of Ti content in hot dip bath on structure and

properties of 55%Al-Zn alloy coatings. The results show

that the microstructure of coating is similar to that of

solidification bath, and it is made up of Al-rich, Zn-rich, Si-

rich phases. The Ti-rich phase was found in the coating

when the Ti content was 0.34%.As the Ti content was

increased, the number of spangle cores increased, so Ti

addition can obviously reduce spangle size. The Ti content

had no significant effect on the coating formability, but the

appropriate addition of Ti would be helpful to improving the

coating corrosion resistance.

11:50am-12:10pm

3. Composite Electroless Ni-P Coatings Enhanced

with CeO2 Microparticles

Panayota Vassiliou, Jelica Novakovic, Elsa Georgiza

(National Technical University of Athens, Greece)

In the present study, electroless Ni-P-CeO2 composite

coatings on a steel substrate were prepared from an

electroless plating bath with an oxide load of 1 g/L. The

non-ionic surfactant Tween 20 (T20) was added in the bath

in three different concentrations in order to enhance particle

dispersion. Its effect on the procedure and coating

characteristics was evaluated. The obtained deposits were

studied by means of X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron

Microscope, Atomic Force Microscope, surface roughness

and microhardness tests. Furthermore, Tafel electrochemical

tests in 3.5% NaCl(aq) were performed in order to determine

the corrosion protection of CeO2 in the Ni-P matrix system.

A short-term heat treatment of the deposits at a high

temperature and for different periods of time was also tried

to study possible changes in coatings crystallinity, properties

and characteristics. The results indicate that the surfactant, in

an optimum concentration, enhances the dispersion of

ceramic microparticles in the bath as well as in the Ni-P

matrix by preventing particle agglomeration. This has an

impact not only on the surface roughness and microhardness

of the coatings but on their uniformity as well. This

improved dispersion also permits CeO2 to maintain its

property as a corrosion inhibitor when co-deposited in an

electroless Ni-P coating, as it is deduced from the positive

shift of corrosion potentials. High microhardness values,

similar to those obtained after 1 hour annealing at 400o C,

were achieved after the short-term heat treatment.

12:10pm-12:30pm

4. Effect of Static Electric Field on the

Surface/Internal Oxidation during Intercritical

Annealing of Fe-Mn-(Si, Al) TRIP Steel Chiwon Song, Seong-Hwan Kim, Joo-Youl Huh (Korea

University, Korea), Jong-Sang Kim, Jai-Hyun Kawk

(POSCO, Korea)

Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels have high

strength and ductility which make it a suitable material for

automobile applications to meet the demands for improved

passenger safety and reducing the weight of the vehicle.

These ideal mechanical properties of TRIP steels are due to

the transformation of austenite into martensite during

deformation. In order to attain a desirable amount of retained

austenite within the microstructure at room temperature, the

TRIP steels contain a few weight percent of alloying

elements, typically manganese and silicon, and they are

subjected to intercritical annealing prior to the hot-dip

galvanizing for corrosion protection. The selective oxidation

of the alloying elements during the annealing process

severely deteriorates the galvanizability of the steels.

Extensive studies have been conducted with various

annealing ambient conditions (such as dew point and oxygen

partial pressure) and alloy compositions in order to improve

24

the galvanizing quality of TRIP steels. However, the

previous studies showed that it seemed to be difficult to

hinder the selective oxidation of the alloy elements on steel

surface just by controlling the ambient conditions. In this

study, we have examined the effect of an externally applied

electric field on the external and internal oxidation of Fe-

Mn-(Si, Al) TRIP steels during intercritical annealing. The

intercritical annealing was carried out in a rapid thermal

annealing chamber with a controlled atmosphere and the

electrical potential was applied to the steel samples using a

source meter. The surface morphology and elemental depth

profile of annealed samples, depending on the polarity of the

applied electrical potential, were examined by means of

field-emission scanning electron microscope and glow

discharge optical emission spectroscopy.

Monday, November 3, 2014 Samda Hall B (3F)

MB1: Electrochemistry &

Electrochemical Test Methods 1

Chair: Herman Terryn

(Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium)

11:00am-11:30am

Keynote Speech

1. Use of Local Electrochemical Methods (SECM,

EC-STM) and AFM to Differeniate Microstructural

Effects (EBSD) on Very Pure Copper Esther Martinez-Lombardia, Iris De Graeve, Herman Terryn

(Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium), Linsey Lapeire, Kim

Verbeken, Leo Kestens (Ghent University, Belgium),

Vincent Maurice, Lorena Klein, Philippe Marcus (CNRS,

France), Yaiza Gonzalez-Garcia, Arjan Mol (Delft

University of Technology, The Netherlands)

When aiming for an increased and more sustainable use of

metals a thorough knowledge of the corrosion phenomenon

as function of the local metal microstructure is of crucial

importance. In this work, we bring together the information

presented in our last publications [1-3] to present an

overview of the different local (electrochemical) techniques

that proved to be efficient to study the relation between

different microstructural variables and their different

electrochemical behavior. The Atomic force microscopy

(AFM) [1], Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM)

[2] and Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy

(EC-STM) [3] were used in combination with Electron

backscatter diffraction (EBSD), consequently, correlations

between grain orientation and grain boundary characteristics,

on the one hand, and the electrochemical behavior on the

other hand, could be identified.

It was concluded that not only does the grain orientation

itself has an influence on the corrosion behavior but also that

the orientations of the neighboring grains seem to play a

decisive role in the dissolution rate. Regarding to

intergranular corrosion, it was demonstrated that only

coherent twin boundaries seem to be resistant against

corrosion.

11:30am-11:50am

2. Ellipso-microscopic Observation of Titanium

Surface under UV-light Irradiation K. Fushimi, K. Kurauchi, T. Nakanishi, Y. Hasegawa, M.

Ueda, T. Ohtsuka (Hokkaido University, Japan)

Ellipso-microscopic observation of titanium surface

anodizing in 0.05 mol dm-3

H2SO4 was conducted. During

irradiation of ultra-violet (UV) light with a wavelength of

325 nm, the titanium surface allowed to flow a photo-

induced current and to show a patch-like bright image on an

ellipso-microscopic view. The brightness and patch-pattern

in the image changed with flowing photo-induced current.

The changes in the brightness and the image corresponded to

formation and/or degradation of titanium oxide due to photo-

electrochemical reaction of the oxide. An in situ monitoring

using the ellipso-microscope revealed that the film change

was dependent on the irradiation light power, and applied

potential, and crystallographic orientation of the substrate.

Breakdown of the film induced in a solution containing

bromide ions was also monitored using the ellipso-

microscope. During potentiodynamic polarization,

irradiation of UV-light increases anodic current and results

in pitting initiation at lower potentials compared with non-

irradiated condition 11:50am-12:10pm

3. An Electrochemical Method to Predict Corrosion

Rates in Soils Matthew Dafter (Hunter Water Australia Pty Ltd, Australia)

Linear Polarisation Resistance (LPR) testing of soils has

been used extensively by a number of water utilities across

Australia for many years now to determine the condition of

buried ferrous watermains. The LPR test itself is a relatively

simple, inexpensive test that serves as a substitute for actual

exhumation and physical inspection of buried watermains to

determine corrosion losses. LPR testing results (and the

corresponding pit depth estimates) in combination with

proprietary pipe failure algorithms can provide a useful

predictive tool in determining the current and future

condition of an asset (1). A number of LPR tests have been

developed on soils by various researchers over the years (1),

but few have gained widespread commercial use, partly due

to the difficulty in replicating the results.

The author has developed an electrochemical cell suitable

for LPR testing of soils, and has utilised this cell to test a

series of soil samples obtained through an extensive program

of field exhumations. The objective of this testing was to

examine the relationship between short-term electrochemical

testing and long-term in-situ corrosion of buried watermains,

utilising an LPR test that could be robustly replicated. Forty-

one soil samples and related corrosion data were obtained

from ad-hoc condition assessment of buried watermains

located throughout the Hunter region of NSW, Australia.

Each sample was subjected to the electrochemical test

developed by the author, and the resulting polarisation data

was compared with long-term pitting data obtained from

each watermain. The results of this testing program have

enabled the author to undertake a comprehensive review of

the LPR technique, as it‟s applied to soils, and to examine

whether correlations can be made between LPR testing

results and long-term field corrosion.

25

Monday, November 3, 2014 Room 301 (3F)

MC1: Corrosion in Oil/Gas/Pipelines 1

Chair: M. YJ Tan (Deakin University, Australia)

11:00am-11:30am

Keynote Speech

1. An Overview of New Progresses in

Understanding Pipeline Corrosion M. YJ Tan, F. Varela, Y. Huo, R. Gupta, D. Abreu, F.

Mahdavi, B. Hinton, M. Forsyth (Deakin University,

Australia)

An approach to achieving the ambitious goal of cost

effectively extending the safe operation life of energy

pipeline to 100 years is the application of health monitoring

and life prediction tools that are able to provide both long-

term remnant pipeline life prediction and in-situ pipeline

condition monitoring. A critical step is the enhancement of

technological capabilities that are required for understanding

and quantifying the effects of key factors influencing buried

steel pipeline corrosion and environmentally assisted

materials degradation, and the development of condition

monitoring technologies that are able to provide in-situ

monitoring and site-specific warning of pipeline damage.

This paper provides an overview of our current research

aimed at developing new sensors and electrochemical cells

for monitoring, categorising and quantifying the level and

nature of external pipeline and coating damages under the

combined effects of various inter-related variables and

processes such as localised corrosion, coating cracking and

disbondment, cathodic shielding, transit loss of cathodic

protection.

11:30am-11:50am

2. Best Practice for Designing and Preventing

Corrosion under Insulation and Fireproofing Norman Subekti, Ifan Rifandi (PERTAMINA HULU

ENERGI OFFSHORE NORTH WEST JAVA LTD,

Indonesia)

Corrosion under Insulation (CUI) is caused by ingress of

water or condensation, resulting in wettingof the surface of

unprotected steel causing aqueous corrosion. Intruding water

is the key problem in CUI. Special care must be taken during

design not to promote corrosion by permitting water to enter

a system either directly or indirectly by capillary action.

Moisture may be external or may be present in the insulation

material itself. Corrosion may attack the jacketing, the

insulation hardware, or the underlying equipment.For high

temperature equipment, water entering an insulation material

and diffusing inward will eventually reach a region of dryout

at the hot pipe or equipment wall. Next to this dryout region

is a zone in which the pores of the insulation are filled with a

saturated salt solution. When a shutdown or process change

occurs and the metal-wall temperature falls, the zone of

saturated salt solution moves into the metal wall. Upon

reheating, the wall will temporarily be in contact with the

saturated solution, and stress-corrosion cracking may begin.

The drying/wetting cycles in CUI associated problems are a

strong accelerator of corrosion damage since they provoke

the formation of an increasingly aggressive chemistry that

can lead to the worst corrosion problems possible, e.g. stress

corrosion cracking, and premature catastrophic equipment

failures.This best practice applies to all insulated or

fireproofed items. It describes best design practices forthe

prevention of Corrosion under Insulation (CUI) and

Corrosion under Fireproofing (CUF) onpiping, pressure

vessels, and tanks. It can also be applied to civil/structural

assets and rotatingequipment.The following are key subjects

in CUI which are addressed in this paper:Corrosion

mechanisms, Factors affecting vulnerability of carbon and

low-alloy steels to CUI, Factors affecting vulnerability of

stainless steels to stress corrosion cracking, pitting and

crevice corrosion Design improvements, to reduce the

possibility of CUI,documentation guidelines,preventative

measures, including coating to protect against CUI of carbon

and low alloy steels and stress corrosion cracking, pitting

and crevice corrosion of stainless steel.By understanding the

types of corrosion that can occur under insulation, the proper

materials and construction can be employed to prevent them.

Intruding water is the key problem in CUI. Special care must

be taken during design not to promote corrosion by

permitting water to enter a system either directly or

indirectly by capillary action, moisture may be external or

may be present in insulation.

11:50am-12:10pm

3. An Overview of Seabed Storage Methods for

Pipelines and other Oil and Gas Equipment M.C. Fatah, A. Mills (Wood Group Integrity Management,

Indonesia), A. Darwin, C. Selman (Wood Group Integrity

Management, Australia)

In the construction of subsea oil and gas developments, it is

increasingly common that equipment will be installed subsea

well before final hookup and production. Installation of

wellheads, subsea hardware, pipelines and surface facilities

(platforms, FPSO or FLNG or connected terminal or gas

plant) are increasingly driven by independent cost and vessel

availability schedules which gives rise to requirements that

the subsea facilities must be stored in the seabed for a

specific time. In addition, schedule delays, particularly to

installation or startup of the connected platform, FPSO,

FLNG or onshore plant may give rise to unexpected

extensions of the intended storage period. Currently, there

are two methods commonly used to storage subsea facilities

in the seabed: dry parking and wet parking. Each method has

its own risks, challenges and implications for the facility life

and integrity.

Corrosion management and preservation method selection is

a crucial factor to be considered in choosing the appropriate

storage method and achieving successful seabed storage. An

overview of those factors is presented, along with a

discussion on the internal corrosion threats and assessments.

26


MD1: Corrosion in Stainless Steels 1

Chair: Hosni Zubeir (University of Bahrain, Bahrain)

11:00am-11:30am

Keynote Speech

1. The Role of Thiosulfate on the Susceptibility of

AISI316L Austenitic Stainless Steels to Pitting

Corrosion in 3.5% Sodium Chloridesolutions Hosni Zubeir, Abdulla Alshater (University of Bahrain,

Bahrain)

The susceptibility of AISI316L austenitic stainless alloy to

pitting corrosion was assessed in 3.5% chloride solutions

containing various concentration of thiosulfate ions, amain

sulfide oxidant product, at temperatures varied as 23, 50 and

80oC. The potentiodyanamic scan results indicated that low

thiosulfate concentrations promote the chloride attack and

the aggressiveness of thiosulfate species depend on

thechloride to thiosulfate ratio and test temperature.

Increasing temperature apparently promotes the ionic

activity of Cl- and S2O3

2-.Chloride to thiosulfate ratio plays

an essential role on pitting intensity of the AISI 316 SS alloy.

The chloride to thiosulfate ratio, critical for finding the

lowest pitting potential occurred at Cl-/S2O3

2- ratio of 12

regardless of temperature.

11:30am-11:50am

2. Effect of Si on Corrosion of Fe-Cr and Fe-Cr-Ni

Alloys in Wet CO2 Gas T.D. Nguyen, J. Zhang, D.J. Young (University of New

South Wales, Australia)

Model alloys Fe-9Cr, Fe-20Cr and Fe-20Cr-20Ni (wt.%)

with 0.1 and 0.2% Si were exposed to Ar-20CO2-20H2O gas

at 818 oC. The undoped alloys formed a thick iron-rich oxide

scale. The additions of Si reduced scaling rates of Fe-9Cr to

some extent but significantly suppressed the formation of

iron oxide scales on Fe-20Cr and Fe-20Cr-20Ni.

Carburisation also occurred in all undoped alloys, but not in

Si-containing Fe-20Cr and Fe-20Cr-20Ni. Protection against

carburisation was a result of the formation of an inner scale

layer of silca.

11:50am-12:10pm

3. Effects of Cold Working and Sensitization

Treatment on the Corrosion Behaviors of Austenitic

Stainless Steels KiMin Jung, SooHoon Ahn, HyukSang Kwon (KAIST,

Korea)

Cold working of stainless steel (SS) is an important way to

produce several industrial components (i.e. pipes, heat

exchanger tubes, springs, containers, etc.) and different

levels of cold working were applied to the last stages of

manufacturing. Through cold working, a few metallurgical

variables are influenced. At first, austenitic SSs were prone

to martensitic transformation induced by cold working at

room temperature, which is called the formation of

deformation-induced martensite. In addition, crystal defects

such as dislocations were created leading from cold working.

Lastly, during plastic deformation, non-metallic inclusions

formed, therefore, the matrix/inclusion interface can acts as

initiation site of microcracks. The passivity and corrosion

behavior of SSs were affected by plastic deformation. The

passive current density in acidic solution is likely to increase

with cold deformation. However the models about the effect

of cold working deformation on localized corrosion of SSs

were highly incongruent. It has been proposed that plastic

deformation decreases the pitting potential of austenitic SSs.

On the other hands, some authors observed that the increase

in pitting potential in work-hardened SS . When SSs are

exposed to the temperature range of 500-900 C̊, (i.e.

sensitization treated) it leads to a significant reduction in

corrosion resistance of austenitic SSs. Especially, Cr-

carbides easily precipitate at the interface between

deformation-induced martensite phase and austenite matrix.

Hence, it is necessary to clarify the influence of cold

working and sensitization treatment on the pitting corrosion

resistance. In this study, explores the effects of cold working

and sensitization treatment on the corrosion behaviors of

austenitic SSs.

The induced martensite content shows a monotonous

increase with cold-rolling reduction. The pitting potential

was slightly decreased with cold rolling reduction, but it was

significantly decreased when sensitized. It was found from

electrochemical noise tests that cold rolled and sensitized

304 SSs exhibited the maximum susceptibility to meta-

stable pitting corrosion, when evaluated by the event density

and peak current density for the meta-stable pitting corrosion

of the alloys . For sensitized 304 SS at 650 C̊ that had been

cold worked, anodic polarization curves were shifted in the

right direction with cold reduction, hence anodic corrosion

behavior increased with cold working for 304 SS aged for 30

min at 650 C̊. For cold worked 304 SSs, the degree of

sensitization linearly increased with cold worked % when

aged for 30 min at 650 C̊.

12:10pm-12:30pm

4. Application Limits of Austenitic and Duplex

Stainless Steels under Chloride Deposits in

Atmospheric Conditions T. Prosek, A. Le Gac, D. Thierry (French Corrosion Institute,

France), S. Le Manchet, C. Lojewski, A. Fanica

(Industeel Creusot ArcelorMittal Group, France), E.

Johansson, C. Canderyd (Outokumpu Stainless, Sweden), F.

Dupoiron (Total Petrochemicals, France), T. Snauwaert

(Stolt Tankers, The Netherlands), F. Maas, B. Droesbeke

(Belgisch Instituut voor lastechniek, Belgium)

The effect of temperature, relative humidity, composition

and amount of chloride deposits on the tendency of duplex

and austenitic stainless steels to stress corrosion cracking

(SCC), pitting and selective corrosion was studied using pre-

stressed samples with circular weld. The range of conditions

leading to SCC was significantly reduced for duplex

stainless steels compared to austenitic materials. In presence

of calcium chloride, SCC was observed at temperature as

low as 20 °C in austenitic stainless steel EN 1.4306 (304L)

27

whereas EN 1.4462 (2205) was prone to SCC only at 70 °C.

Duplex stainless steels with pre-deposited chlorides suffered

selective dissolution of the ferritic phase with at least one

order lower depth of attack. If micro-cracks developed in

austenitic grains, they terminated in the ferrite phase. The

initiation of SCC and selective/pitting corrosion was

governed by the equilibrium chloride concentration in a

solution formed by contact with chloride containing deposits

and with air at a given relative humidity. Sampling in four

marine locations showed that soluble deposits formed on

openly exposed stainless steel structures were benign in

terms of the SCC initiation. The typical amount of soluble

deposits was 0.2 ± 0.1 g/m² with about 0.01 g/m² chloride,

which was insufficient for neither SCC nor selective/pitting

corrosion initiation. Probability that the critical deposits

leading to SCC initiation would form on outdoor stainless

steel structures is considered negligible because of regular

rinsing with rain and condensate water. However, such

deposits can form under specific non-washing conditions.

Threshold levels of critical chloride concentrations, critical

relative humidity in the presence of specific deposits and

maximum temperatures for safe applications of the studied

grades were established.


ME1: Corrosion in Light Metals 1

Chair: Guy Ben-Hamu

(Sami Shamoon College of Engineering, Israel)

11:00am-11:30am

Keynote Speech

1. Corrosion of Wrought Mg-Zn Alloys – The Role

of Alloying Elements G. Ben-Hamu (Sami Shamoon College of Engineering,

Israel), D. Eliezer (Ben Gurion University, Israel), K.S. Shin

(Seoul National University, Korea)

Different amount of silicon and calcium additions have been

carried out on Mg-6%Zn-0.5%Mn alloy and its effect on

corrosion behaviour is investigated. Ac and DC polarization

and immersion tests were carried out on the extruded rods,

which contain different amounts of silicon and calcium.

Small amount of Si (0.5 wt.%) forms massive Chinese script

Mg2Si intermetallics. Addition of 1 wt.% or more Si found

to modify the Chinese script Mg2Si intermetallic into a fine

polygonal shape. However, addition of Ca to Mg-6%Zn-

0.5Mn-0.5Si found to modify the Chinese script Mg2Si

intermetallic into a fine polygonal shape. Improved

corrosion behaviour is noticed with the alloys containing Ca

addition. The polygonal shape Mg2Si intermetallics inhibit

the corrosion more effectively compared to the Chinese

script.

11:30am-11:50am

2. Growth Process of In Situ Sealing Pores MAO

Film on Mg Alloys Y.W. Song, K.H. Dong, D.Y. Shan, E.H. Han (Institute of

Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)

An in situ sealing pore micro arc oxidation (MAO) film is

investigated to protect Mg alloys. This film consists of MgO,

MgF2, Mg2TiO4, Ti3O5, and Na2MgP2O7. Besides MgO,

plenty of Ti-containing oxides are contained in the film,

which can improve the chemical stability of the film in

comparison with the traditional MAO films. Especially, the

micropores on the surface of the film are in situ sealed

during the film growth. The film formation process is

investigated by Voltage–Time and Current–Time curves, the

observation of surface morphologies and analysis of

chemical composition. It is found that the concentration of

Ti-containing oxides and the main sealing pore constituent

of MgF2 play a key role in the formation of in situ sealing

pores, which can be associated with the various solidifying

points and densities of the film constituents.

11:50am-12:10pm

3. Influence of Temper Conditions on the

Exfoliation Corrosion of AA 7085 Sheets Ajay Krishnan, V. S. Raja, (Indian Institute of Technology

Bombay, India), A. K. Mukhopadhyay (Defence

Metallurgical Research Laboratory, India)

An attempt has been made to understand the exfoliation

corrosion behaviour of sheets of a relatively new AA 7085

alloy under peak aged (PA), retrogressed and re-aged (RRA)

conditions. Potentiodynamic polarization in 3.5 wt.% NaCl

and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in EXCO

solution were carried out. RRA treatment showed increased

cathodic kinetics. Both samples exhibited a single capacitive

loop and an inductive loop. The arc radius of the capacitive

loop decreased over a period of time. It was found that RRA

alloy provided higher resistance to exfoliation corrosion than

the PA alloy. Better exfoliation resistance of RRA alloy was

attributed to the enhanced Cu content and discontinuous

nature of grain boundary precipitate which was revealed

through transmission electron microscopy.


MF1: Corrosion in Concrete 1

Chair: Hongyao Sun

(Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, China)

11:00am-11:30am

Keynote Speech

1. Status and Prospect of Test Methods of Silicone

Water Repellent for Protecting Reinforced Concrete Hongyao Sun, Zongyang Yuan, Zheng Yang, Guoliang Shan

(Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute，China), Mingxia

Shen (Hehai University, China)

Impregnated with silicon water repellent on the concrete

surface is one method of protecting concrete. Silicon water

repellent has been widely used in many engineering with its

properties such as water repel, keeping the concrete

respiratory and keeping the concrete original appearance.

The companies which can produce silicon water repellents in

28

China are listed. The test methods in the specifications or

standards about silicon water repellent in China are summed.

The test methods of durability of concrete impregnated with

silicon water repellent (such as resistant to chloride ion

penetration, resistant to alkali, resistance to freezing-thawing

and resistant to UV aging etc.) and the constructive quality

(such as water absorption rate, the impregnating depth and

the drying rate coefficient etc.) are compared and analysed.

The results indicate that there are differences among test

methods in different specifications with the same index and

all test methods except Karsten flask method (vs. non-

destructive method) are core-drilling method or done in

laboratory. Finally the future research works about silicon

water repellent while applied on concrete surface are

proposed.

11:30am-11:50am

2. Cathodic Prevention of Reinforced Concrete

Seawater Structures in Industrial Plants (10 Years

Performance Case History) Zia Chaudhary, Fahad Al-Mutlaq (Saudi Basic Industries

Corporation (SABIC), Saudi Arabia)

Premature failure of reinforced concrete seawater structures

was noted due to chloride-induced corrosion of steel

reinforcement in many petrochemical plants located in

coastal cities of Arabian Gulf. Under humid and high

temperature prevailing conditions corrosion of reinforcing

steel in chloride contaminated structures was relatively

much higher than other parts of the world. Patch repairs

lasted only 2-3 years, but cathodic protection technique

proved to very effective in controlling corrosion of the

reinforcing steel.

Taking this experience into account, two new reinforced

concrete seawater structures (Intake structure, 18.85m long,

14.7m wide, and 10.85m deep. Return structure, 8.2m long,

8.2m wide & 14.8m deep) were constructed with built-in

cathodic prevention (CP) systems to prevent corrosion of the

steel reinforcement from day one. The anode system

consisted of mixed metal oxide coated titanium mesh ribbon

and titanium conductor bar. The CP system was split into

multiple anode zones exposed to 5 different environment

conditions, i.e. atmospheric, buried, submerged, splash, and

humid.

The CP systems were commissioned in June 2000 and now

have a service life of >10 years. The performance of the CP

systems and their compliance to the specified criteria is

described and discussed. The specified criteria were met at

most of the monitoring locations. The current requirement

for sufficient protection was different in different zones and

varied between 2-10 mA/m2 of steel current density. Long-

term application of CP have resulted in shifting free

corrosion potentials towards less negative values by some

100 to 300 mV, this provides evidence that CP is effectively

controlling or preventing corrosion of the reinforcing steel

and also maintaining its passivity.

11:50am-12:10pm

3. Inhibition of Rebar Corrosion Bycarbonate and

Molybdate Anions Y.T. Tan (NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences &

Engineering, Singapore), S.L.Wijesinghe (SIMTech,

Singapore), D.J. Blackwood (National University of

Singapore, Singapore)

Bicarbonate/carbonate and molybdate anions have been

characterized for their inhibitive effect on pitting corrosion

of carbon steel in simulated concrete pore solution. It was

found that bicarbonate/carbonate has a weak inhibitive effect

on pitting corrosion that is around one order of magnitude

lower compared to hydroxide. Molybdate is effective against

pitting corrosion induced by low chloride concentrations and

increases the safety margin between the pitting potential and

corrosion potential by raising the pitting potential and

decreasing the corrosion potential. However, a reduction in

corrosion potential occurs only after the formation of a

complete CaMoO4 film on the carbon steel surface.

Monday, November 3, 2014 Room 402A (4F)

MG1: Corrosion Monitoring and Modeling 1

Chair: Alec Groysman

(Israeli Society of Chemical Engineers &

Chemists, Israel)

11:00am-11:30am

Keynote Speech

1. Corrosion Education: Present and Future Alec Groysman (Israeli Society of Chemical Engineers &

Chemists, Israel)

The aim of this work is to show how humanitarian and

interdisciplinary aspects can help in corrosion education.

The philosophy of my work is establishing of

interrelationships between humanitarian aspects, corrosion

science and engineering, studying new inspirations and

creativity in corrosion engineering, in order to show the

young generation of scientists, engineers, educators and

managers how learning of subject of corrosion can be

fascinating, creative, and productive. The results are

summarized in the books “Corrosion for Everybody” and

“Corrosion in Systems for Transportation and Storage of

Petroleum Products and Biofuels” published by Springer.

11:30am-11:50am

2. Corrosion Monitoring of the PEO-presented

Magnesium Alloys A.S. Gnedenkov, S.L. Sinebryukhov, D.V. Mashtalyar,

S.V.Gnedenkov, V.I. Sergienko (Institute of Chemistry,

Russia)

A greater corrosion stability of the MA8 (system Mg–Mn–

Се) alloy as compared to that of VMD10 (system Mg–Zn–

Zr–Y) magnesium alloy in the chloride-containing solution

has been demonstrated using the Scanning Vibrating

Electrode Technique (SVET) as well as the methods of

optical microscopy, gravimetry, and volumetry. It has been

established that the crucial factor of the corrosion activity of

the samples under study consists in the occurrence of

microgalvanic couples at the sample surface. The

29

peculiarities of the kinetics and mechanism of the corrosion

process in the local heterogeneous parts of the magnesium

alloy surface have been investigated by means of the

localized electrochemical techniques. The stages of the

corrosion process in the artificial defect in the coating

obtained by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) method at

the surface of the magnesium alloy MA8 have been also

studied. The analysis of the experimental data enabled us to

suggest that the corrosion process in the defect zone

developed predominantly at the magnesium/coating

interface. The corrosion rate of the samples with coatings

formed by the plasma electrolytic oxidation and composite

polymer-containing coatings at the surface of various

magnesium alloys has been measured. The best

anticorrosion properties have been manifested by composite

polymer-containing coatings. The corrosion rate (PН) values

for both types of the magnesium alloys (MA8 and VMD10)

were about 0 mm per year upon exposure of the samples to

the 3% NaCl solution for 7 days.

11:50am-12:10pm

3. Continuous Potential Survey and Modeling for

High Voltage Direct Current Transmission Line

Interference on Buried Pipeline Wuxi Bi, Youwen Jiang, Zhiyuan Xue, Hongyuan Chen,

Lingli Liu (Petrochina Pipeline R&D Center, China)

The principle of High Voltage Direction Current (HVDC)

Transmission Line interference on buried pipelines is

analyzed, then 4 continuous pipe/soil (P/S) potential data

monitoring devices are installed on HVDC interfered

pipeline section. Based on 4 months continuous survey data,

typical characters of HVDC interference on pipeline are

discussed. To further explore the influence of each factor in

controlling seriousness of interference, numerical simulation

with CDEGS, is used to assess the effects of pipeline coating

quality, soil resistivity, monopolar current, distance between

HVDC grounding and interfered pipe, and the resistance of

longitude of pipe. The length of involved pipe in numerical

model is 200km, with HVDC grounding site locating at the

center the pipe. The study parameters variation range are

from 3.0E3Ωm2 to 1.0E6Ωm2 for coating specific resistance,

10Ωm to 2000Ωm for soil resistivity, 1km to 30km for

distance between HVDC grounding and pipe, and 5.9E-

3Ω/km to 5.65E-3Ω/km for longitudinal pipe resistance

respectively. For each of modeling factor above, the

influence to maximal P/S potential, interference current in

pipe, current density flow in/out of pipe surface and pipe

GPR are given out. Modeling results show that the effects of

monopolar current and soil resistivity are the same, with

maximal P/S potential, interference current in pipe, current

density flow in/out of pipe surface and pipe GPR increasing

lineally with the increase of current and soil resistivity. The

most important controlling factor is the distance between

HVDC grounding and pipe, which will increase the

interference seriousness sharply when narrowing the

distance. The effects of coating and resistance of longitude

of pipe are relatively modest. Finally, impressed current

system powered by a potential controlled rectifier + galvanic

anode solution is suggested as a practical mitigation solution,

but before the mitigation installation, long-term continuous

pipe/soil potential survey, maximum drainage current

calculation, suitable type of rectifier are necessary for

mitigation safety and effectiveness

12:10pm-12:30pm

4. Numerical Simulation of Interactions between

Corrosion Pits for Stainless Steel under Loading

Conditions Haitao Wang, En-Hou Han (Institute of Metal Research,

Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)

The interactions between corrosion pits for stainless steel

under loading conditions are studied by cellular automata

model coupled with finite element method at a mesoscopic

scale. The cellular automata model focuses on a

metal/film/electrolyte system, including anodic dissolution,

passivation, diffusion of hydrogen ions and salt film

hydrolysis. The Chopard block algorithm is used to improve

the diffusion simulation efficiency. The finite element

method is used to calculate the stress concentration on the

pit surface during the pit growth, and the effect of local

stress and strain on anodic current is obtained by Gutman

model, which is used as the boundary conditions of the

cellular automata model. The transient current characteristics

of the interactions between corrosion pits under different

simulation factors including the breakdown of passive film

at the pit mouth and the diffusion of hydrogen ions are

analyzed. The analysis of the pit stability product shows that

the simulation results are close to the experimental

conclusions.

Monday, November 3, 2014 Room 402B (4F)

MH1: Atmospheric Corrosion 1

Chair: Xiaogang Li (University of Science and Technology Beijing, China)

11:00am-11:30am

Keynote Speech

1. Four-year Atmospheric Corrosion Exposure of

Non-ferrous Alloys in Tropical Marine

Environment in Xisha Islands Zhongyu Cui, Xiaogang Li, Kui Xiao, Chaofang Dong

(University of Science and Technology Beijing, China)

Atmospheric corrosion exposure test of eleven kinds of non-

ferrous alloys is conducted in tropical marine environment in

Xisha islands – a new typical exposure site of National

Material Environmental Corrosion Platform in China. The

exposed alloys include aluminum alloys (pure Al, Al-Mg,

Al-Cu, Al-Mg-Si, Al-Zn-Mg-Cu), copper alloys (QSn6.5-0.1,

QBe2), AZ31 magnesium alloy and pure zinc. The corrosion

kinetics, corrosion morphology and effect of some

environmental parameters are discussed. The results show

that weight loss as a function of the exposure time of these

alloys follows three different trends: a power law which is

suitable for two copper alloys and pure zinc, a bi-logarithmic

function that is adapt for six kinds of aluminum alloys and

an irregular tendency that is observed on AZ31 magnesium

and 2B06 aluminum alloys. According to the atmosphere

30

corrosivity classification method in ISO 9223, most of the

alloys fall into the C4 and C5, both of which are relatively

high corrosion degrees. Pitting corrosion is observed on pure

Al, Al-Mg and Al-Mg-Si alloys throughout the exposure test,

while it occurs on Al-Cu, Al-Zn-Mg-Cu, AZ31 and pure zinc

only during the initial exposure periods. As the exposure

time extends, pits on AZ31 and pure zinc coalescence with

each other resulting in uniform corrosion, while

intergranular and exfoliation corrosion are detected on Al-

Cu and Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys, respectively. During the

exposure test Cl- containing particles, which can destroy the

surface film and induce pitting corrosion, play an important

role in the corrosion process of these alloys. CO2 also

participates the corrosion reactions mainly on AZ31 and

pure zinc, on which some carbonates exists and exhibits

some protectiveness

11:30am-11:50am

2. Study on Atmospheroc Corrosion of 7B04

Aluminum Alloy in Marine Environments

Xiaoyun Zhang，Ming Liu, Feng Lu, Minghui Liu, Zhihua

Sun, Zhihui Tang (Beijing Institute of Aeronautical

Materials, China)

Outdoor exposure tests for atmospheric corrosion of 7B04

aluminum alloy were carried out in Tuandao station,

Shandong province (East of China) and Wanning station,

Hainan province (South of China). Corrosion

samples，include plate, tensile and various SCC samples,

were investigated by mass loss, SEM, mechanical property

and SCC susceptibility. The results show that at the initial

stage, pitting corrosion emerges on the surface of 7B04 alloy,

and transform into general corrosion later. Both the

corrosion rates in Tuandao and Wanning experience a

process from high to low and the mass losses vary at w=atb

(b<1). The corrosion of 7B04 aluminium alloy in Wanning is

more serously than in Tuandao station. SCC susceptibility of

7B04 aluminium alloy (forging and thick plate) is detected

in marine atmosphere exposure. Higher SCC sensitivity was

conducted in Wanning than in Tuandao station. SCC

sensitivity is much more with higher stress level.

Intergranular, trans-granular or mixture mode of cracking

can be observed in different marine exposure.

11:50am-12:10pm

3. Density Functional Theory Study of the

Adsorption of SO2 on the Hydroxylated NiO(111)

Surface Xin Wei, Chaofang Dong, Zhanghua Chen, Kui Xiao,

Xiaogang Li (University of Science and Technology, China)

DFT periodic calculations have been performed to model the

adsorption of single SO2molecule on the hydroxylated

NiO(111)(2×1) terraces characteristic of the surface of the

passive film on nickel. The hydroxylated NiO(111) is the

optimized geometry configuration of the adsorption of H and

OH on the NiO(111) surface with oxygen vacancies. The

results evidence that one of the O atoms of SO2 molecule

trends to bond with the H atoms of the NiO(111) surface.

The average distance between H-O described above is about

1.8Å . The length of the H-O bonds of the NiO(111) surface

is 0.972Å and 0.999Å (average value)before and after

adsorption respectively. Although the chemical adsorption is

not observed in the total charge density diagram, the

difference charge density diagram show that the electrons

transfer from O atom of SO2 to the H atom of NiO surface.

The Ni-O bond of surface is stretched because of gaining

electrons from SO2 corresponding to the geometry

configuration. The results of partial density of states(PDOS)

which are the occurrence of resonance peaks of O atoms of

SO2 and H atoms of NiO(111) surface can also illustrate the

interaction between them. The interaction between SO2

molecule and hydroxylated NiO(111) surface is weak which

is different from the real atmosphere corrosion of SO2 which

is the result of interaction among widest variety of gases at

real environment temperature. The simulation of adsorption

of SO2 on the surface of the passive film on nickel can

provide the theoretical foundation of atmosphere corrosion

of SO2 at atom scale which is necessary to corrosion

research.


MA2: Coatings 2 Chair: Shu-Lin Bai (Peking University, China) 14:00pm-14:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Effects of Laser Re-melting and Annealing on

Properties of Fe-based Amorphous/crystalline

Composite Coating Qin-Ying Wang, Shu-Lin Bai (Peking University, China),

Zong-De Liu (North China Electric Power University,

China) Fe-based amorphous/crystalline composite coating (F1) was

prepared on Q235 mild steel by Nd: YAG pulse laser

cladding technique. In order to investigate the effects of

laser re-melting and annealing processes, they were applied

to the as-prepared coating F1 and the obtained coatings were

denoted as F2 and F3, respectively. Then the microstructures,

compositions and anticorrosion properties of three coatings

were fully studied. The results indicate that Fe-based

amorphous/crystalline composite coating is mainly

composed of crystalline structure and adjacent featureless

amorphous structure. The crystalline phases of FeCr, Fe/CrB,

etc. are found by XRD spectra and the crystallization

becomes better from coatings F2, F1 to F3. Besides, laser re-

melted coating F2 exhibits more compact and fine

microstructure, while annealed coating F3 mainly displays

crystalline structure. The electrochemical impedance

spectroscopy (EIS) demonstrates that the radius of

capacitive loops from large to small is in order of coatings

F2, F1 and F3, implying the improvement on coating

corrosion resistance by laser re-melting. The supported

results of polarization curves show the highest corrosion

potential of -0.150 V and lowest corrosion current density of

6.389×10-9

A/cm2 of coating F2. Above studies suggest that

proper laser re-melting can refine the microstructure of Fe-

based amorphous/crystalline composite coating with higher

content of amorphous structure, but annealing process

usually promotes the crystallization of coating and reduces

the corrosion resistance.

31

14:30pm-14:50pm

2. Corrosion stability and Composition of Corrosion

Products of Zn-Mg, Zn-Al and Zn-Al-Mg Coatings

in Model Atmospheric Conditions T. Prosek, A. Nazarov, D. Thierry (French Corrosion

Institute, France), J. Stoulil (Institute of Chemical

Technology in Prague, Czech Republic), D. Persson

(Swerea KIMAB, Sweden), J. Oswald (Czech Academy of

Science, Czech Republic), P. Kriz (University of South

Bohemia, Czech Republic)

It has been shown that alloying of zinc coatings with

magnesium and aluminium may strongly improve the

lifetime of coated steel products, particularly in aggressive

exposure conditions characterized by high chloride loads. In

this study, the kinetics of formation and composition of

corrosion products on hot-dip galvanized steel (HDG), Zn-

5Al, Zn-11Al-3Mg-0.2Si, Zn-16Mg and Zn-1.5Al-1.5Mg

with pre-deposited NaCl was followed for 28 days in humid

air at 20 °C. The corrosion products were analysed by

Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), glow

discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES), x-ray

photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electrochemical

impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning Kelvin probe (SKP),

photoluminescence (PL) and ion chromatography (IC). The

amount of carbonate was quantitatively analysed after

conversion to carbon dioxide. The alloy coatings showed an

improvement in mass loss by a factor of 4 to 7 compared to

HDG. The lowest mass loss was obtained for Zn-16Mg.

Unlike on HDG, sodium chloride tended to stay dissolved in

the surface electrolyte on the alloyed materials. Corrosion

products on the alloyed coatings contained 2-times more

carbonates than those on HDG. Magnesium dissolved

preferentially and aluminium-enriched phases were the most

stable. Presence of Al and Mg led to formation of more

compact layers of corrosion products. Due to pH buffering at

cathodic sites, formation of zinc oxide was hindered,

electrical conductivity of the layers reduced and oxygen

reduction less efficient. Magnesium-containing products at

the metal/corrosion products interface might also have an

inhibiting effect

14:50pm-15:10pm

3. Benchmarking of Zinc Coatings for Corrosion

Protection: A Detailed Characterisation of

Corrosion and Electrochemical Properties of Zinc

Coatings Sudesh L Wijesinghe, Tan Zixi (Singapore Institute of

Manufacturing Technology, Singapore)

Zinc coatings have been used for many decades for various

applications. These coatings provide a very effective and an

economical way of protecting steel against corrosion.

There are various types of Zn coatings in the market thus, it

is imperative to study and compare the corrosion resistance

properties of some of those. There is a need to establish a

methodical approach based on reliable standardised

exposure conditions together with a set of comprehensive

evaluation techniques and methods for a study. A systematic

methodology for evaluation and validation of corrosion

protection properties of metallic coatings based on scientific

principles and international standards is introduced in this

work. According to this methodology, samples were exposed

in an advanced cyclic corrosion test chamber according to

ISO 14993 and were removed at the end of each withdrawal

for respective corrosion and electrochemical characterisation.

Both barrier and galvanic protection properties were

evaluated and compared. Corrosion protection properties of

coatings were evaluated by visual examination according to

ISO10289, mass loss and subsequent corrosion rate

measurements, electrochemical properties together with

advanced electrochemical scanning techniques to investigate

the anodic and cathodic activities. Corrosion protection

properties of a commercial Zinc Rich Coating (ZRC) applied

on AISI 1020 mild steel substrates were evaluated and

benchmarked against hot dip galvanised (HDG) in this study

due to a thriving need of Singapore industries. Results were

correlated and corrosion protection capabilities of two

coatings were compared. The zinc rich coating performed

better than hot dip galvanised coating in terms of overall

corrosion protection properties according to the exposure

and experimental conditions used in this study and proved to

be suitable candidate to replace hot dip galvanised coatings

for desired applications. Results will be discussed in detail

15:10pm-15:30pm

4. Monitoring of Degradation Process of Inconel600

and Its Aluminide Coatings under Molten Sulfate

Film with Thermal Cycles by Electrochemical

Measurements S. Take, S. Yoshinaga, M. Yanagita, Y. Itoi (National

Institute of Technology, Oyama College, Japan)

With an electrochemical cell designed for conducting

electrochemical measurements under molten salt thin film

condition, the changes in impedance behavior for

Inconel600 and Al diffusion coatings were monitored by

electrochemical impedance measurements under thermal

cyclic condition at a temperaturefrom 800˚C to 350˚C. It

was found that corrosion resistance for both materials

increased with temperature decreasing. On the other hand,

the condition of molten salt was also monitored successfully

by measuring the changes of impedance at high frequency

area which means generally the resistance of molten salt

itself. After two cycles of thermal test, both Inconel600 and

Al diffusion coatings showed excellent corrosion resistance

and the postal SEM observation and EDX analysis supported

the results of electrochemical impedance measurements. It is

concluded that electrochemical impedance technique is very

useful under molten salt film condition even with thermal

cycles.

32


MB2: Electrochemistry &

Electrochemical Test Methods 2

Chair: Jinshan Pan

(Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)

14:00pm-14:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. In Situ Study of Anodization of Al6060 by

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and

Electrochemical AFM Fan Zhang, Jinshan Pan (Royal Institute of Technology,

Sweden)

Aluminum and its alloys are widely used in a broad range of

everyday products. In air a native oxide layer is

spontaneously formed on aluminum surfaces, which

provides some corrosion resistance for the material.

However, many applications require high corrosion

resistance, which can be achieved by creating a surface

oxide layer with desirable thickness and structure using

electrochemical anodization method. Although anodization

has been used in industrial process for a long time, there are

still questions regarding the initial oxide formation,

especially on aluminum alloys, e.g., under what conditions

the barrier oxide starts to break, leading to formation of a

thick porous oxide layer. In theis study, anodization of

aluminum alloy (Al6060) was investigated by

electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and in-situ

electrochemical AFM measurements, and combined with

scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM)

characterization of the microstruture of the alloy. The Volta

potential mapping by SKPFM indicates a higher nobility for

the air-formed aluminium oxides, and a certain variations in

relative nobility of some local phases (intermetallic

particles). EIS measurements were performed at anodization

potentials, the results obtained show that the thickness of

barrier layer increases linearly with potential. However,

Nyquist plots indicate a local anodic dissolution feature,

depedning on the anodization potential applied to the sample.

The defect density of the barrier oxide layer calculated from

the Mott-Schottky plots, indicates a high density of defects

in the anodic oxide, suggesting dopping effect, probalby due

to incorporation of allying elements into the the oxide layer.

In-situ EC-AFM imags obtained reavel detailed

morporlogical changes, especially related to the intermetallic

particles, during the oxide formation/dissolution processes

of the alloy upon anodization. Moreover, the EIS

measurements in the corrosive environment suggest that the

anticorrosion properties of the Al6060 can be greatly

enhanced by the anodic oxidation

14:30pm-14:50pm

2. Electrochemical Impedance Study for Selective

Dissolution of Cu-Zn Alloy Y. Hoshi, K. Tabei, I. Shitanda, M. Itagaki (Tokyo

University of Science, Japan)

The anodic dissolution behaviour of copper and brass in the

electrolyte solution of 0.5M NaCl containing 0.5 mM

NaHCO3 was investigated by an electrochemical impedance

spectroscopy (EIS). The Nyquist plots of impedance of the

copper described the small loop in the high frequency range

and the large locus in the low frequency range. On the other

hand, the feature of the impedance spectrum of the brass was

similar to that of the copper. It indicates that the copper-

enriched layer is formed on the brass surface due to the

selective dissolution of the zinc from the surface. In addition,

the measurements of the rest potential and the anodic

polarization curve for each sample were carried out in order

to discuss the selective dissolution of the zinc from brass

surface.

14:50pm-15:10pm

3. Electrochemical Impedance of Dissolving Metals

Determined by Wavelet Transformation Masayuki Itagaki, Koichiro Isobe, Yoshinao Hoshi, Isao

Shitanda (Tokyo University of Science, Japan)

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been

used to investigate the corrosion mechanisms and to monitor

the corrosion rate. Impedance spectrum can be measured

generally by frequency response analyzer whose principle is

on the basis of Fourier transformation. In the present paper,

we focus on a wavelet transformation to determine

impedance spectra of dissolving metals because the wavelet

transformation gives the power spectrum densities with

recording the time and the time variation of the spectra can

be discussed. In the present analysis, we employed complex

Morlet mother wavelet in order to obtain the complex

number data in the frequency domain. We determine the

time-dependent impedance of the dissolving metals by

calculating cross spectrum of the wavelet coefficients of

current and potential signals.

15:10pm-15:30pm

4. Corrosion and Electrochemical Behavior of Mg-

8Gd-5Y Alloys in 3.5% NaCl Solution Yuqin Zhu (Southwest Technology and Engineering

Research Institute, China)

The corrosion behaviors of Mg-8Gd-5Y alloys were studied

by using microstructure examination, electrochemical

impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron

microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)

and for transform-infrared (FI-IR) spectroscopy. Results

show that the corrosion gradually deteriorated with the

increase of immersion time. The corrosion morphologies of

the alloy s were pitting corrosion. Gd and Y improved

corrosion resistance of MB15 alloy was that the addition of

Gd and Y refined the grain, improved the segregation of Al

element structure. The purity of the alloy and the electrode

potential of substrate were improved and the corrosion

resistance of MB15 alloy was also improved

33

15:30pm-15:50pm

5. Application of Scanning Electrochemical

Microscopy for Studying Anti-Corrosion

Performance of Rare Earth Surface Treatment on

Magnesium Sina S Jamali, Simon E Moulton, Gordon G Wallace

(University of Wollongong, Australia), Jan Weber (Boston

Scientific GmbH, Germany), Maria Forsyth (Deakin

University, Australia)

Rapiddissolution of magnesium alloys in biological

solutions limits its successful applicationas a biodegradable

implant where a controlled dissolution/corrosion

ofmagnesium along with healing of tissue is required.

Treatment of magnesiumsurface with rare earth conversion

layers has been subject of several studiesrevealing its

potential as a passivating layer. Given the biocompatibility

propertiesof such surface treatments, a rare earth conversion

layer based on Pr(NO3)3 has been studied in thispresent

work as surface treatment for AZ80X in simulated biological

(buffered)solution. Conversion layer was formed by

immersing Mg coupon in 0.05 M Pr(NO3)3solution.

Morphology and elemental composition of the conversion

layers werecharacterized by SEM-EDXS.

Scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) wasused to

investigate protective properties and degradation behaviour

of Prconversion layer on a local scale. Surface generation/tip

collection (SG/TC)mode was used to study the hydrogen

evolution rate and localization while ACmode was used to

resolve the resistive/capacitive behaviour of

conversionlayer. Self-healing properties of the conversion

layer inpresence of Pr3+

was also studied using SECM.

Results have shownthat Pr conversion layer improves

corrosion resistance in the short term by producingan

electrochemically inert and insulating layer. In the long term,

however, conversion layer shows instability in simulated

biological fluid and tends todegrade locally exposing the

magnesium substrate to corrosive media.



Chair: Jorge A. Calderón

(Universidad de Antioquia-UdeA, Colombia)

14:00pm-14:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Corrosion in Oil Well Stimulation Processes

Caused by Different Chelating Agents Based on

EDTA Compounds J. A. Calderón, F. A. Vásquez, L. Arbeláez (Universidad de

Antioquia UdeA, Colombia), J. A. Carreño

(Instituto

Nacional De Tecnologia, Brazil)

Chelating solutions are used in cleaning formations and well

stimulation, particularly in the formations that can be

damaged by strong acids during oil production. With the aim

of to design effective corrosion inhibitors and other

alternatives to corrosion control it is necessary to understand

the behavior of the system under operating conditions,

likewise understand the kinetics of the electrochemical

reactions during the corrosion process. This work looks for

to assess the behavior of P-110 steel in aqueous fluids based

on EDTA compounds under different temperature and

hydrodynamic regime conditions, in order to understand the

corrosion kinetics of carbon steel in these fluids.

Electrochemical measurements were conducted using

rotating disc electrodes manufactured from a P-110 steel bar.

The electrolytes under study were prepared using aqueous

compounds of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) like

diammonium salt, disodium salt and tetrasodium salt.

Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical

impedance were performed in order to assess the corrosion

kinetic in the electrolytes and corrosion rates were evaluated

by both mass lost and electrochemical techniques.

Hydrodynamic effects are observed only in the cathodic

branch of the polarization curves. It was proved that

hydrodynamic regime plays an important role in the

corrosion of the steel mainly in disodium and diammonium

EDTA solutions. Two cathodic reactions control the

corrosion process, where the oxygen level and pH of the

electrolyte play the most important role in the metal

corrosion. Corrosion rates in those fluids fall drastically

when oxygen concentration is reduced

14:30pm-14:50pm

2. Monitoring of the Content of Imidazoline-

Containing Corrosion Inhibitor Zadorozhny P.A., Sukhoverkhov S.V., Markin A.N., Prokuda

N. A. (Russian Academy of Science, Russia), Savin K.I.

(Sakhalin Energy Investment Company, Russia)

Qualitative composition of active components of the

corrosion inhibitor CGW-85567 was studied. It was found

that С18:2 and С18:1 imidazolines and corresponding

imidazolin-amides are the major components. The

HPLC/MS technique was developed for their determination

in the water solutions of monoethylene glycol (MEG). Low

value of the partition coefficient (0.010-0.014) of

imidazolines in the system «water solution of MEG

(concentration of MEG 62-85 % v/v) - gas condensate» has

allowed to pass on from the technology of continuous

pumping of the inhibitor into protected pipelines to the

periodic dosing technology. N, N-dimethyl-dodecanamine-1

and N, N-dimethyl-tetradecanamine-1 were identified as

major degradation products of the corrosion inhibitor CGW-

85567.

14:50pm-15:10pm

3. The Effect of Deposited Sulfur on the Corrosion

Behavior of X52 Tube Steel in Wet H2S

Environment Wang Guan, Hongying Yu, Hao Niu, Dingbai Sun

(University of science and technology Beijing, China)

As the dependence on the fossil energy of human society,

the shallow gas source was nearly exhausted, and the deeper

gas fields which contain rich sulfur element had to be carried

out. On this condition, when the source was carried up to the

ground, there will be much sulfur separated out because the

34

drop of temperature and pressure, and these sulfur will

deposit onto tubes and cause huge damage. In this paper, it

mainly focused on the reaction mechanism of sulfur

corrosion. Based on static soaking experiments with

saturated H2S solution, the corrosion behavior of X52 sulfur

resistance steel in the wet H2S environment with different

conditions of deposited sulfur was investigated. The weight

lost results indicated the deposition sulfur will take part into

the corrosion as well as the H2S. The UV and regular pH

test results suggest the first mainly reaction of the sulfur

corrosion is the disproportionate reaction, which could raise

the pH of the solution and generates SO42-. And with the

corrosion product diffused into the sulfur layer, the mixed

layer will block the ions and hydrogen atoms transport,

which makes the corrosion mechanism changed. A group of

self-made micro-pH sensors were used to show the different

pH values at the different height of the sulfur layer. The

results suggest the bottom layer near to the substrate was

very acid while the up layer near to the H2S was alkali. This

result suggests there is another key corrosion reaction with

sulfur element, steel and hydrogen atoms, which controls the

corrosion process later. By all the experiments above, they

all proved that the deposition sulfur corrosion will cause

much more serious damage to the tube steel, compared to

the regular wet H2S corrosion.

15:10pm-15:30pm

4. Hybrid-biocomposite Material for Corrosion

Prevention in Pipeline: A Review M.J. Suriani, W.B. Wan Nik (Universiti Malaysia

Terengganu, MALAYSIA)

One of the most challenging issues in the oil and gas

industry is corrosion assessment and management in subsea

structures or equipment. At present, almost all pipelines are

made by steel which is sensitive to corrosion at harsh

working environments, particularly in the presence of salty

water and sulphur ingress media. Nowadays, the most

practice solution for a damaged steel pipe is to remove the

pipe entirely or just a localized damaged section and then

replaces it by a new one or cover with a steel patch through

welding, respectively. Welding or fixing the steel patch is a

bulky process especially if the location is underground or

underwater. Numerous literatures have shown that fiber-

reinforced polymer-based composites can be effectively

used for steel pipe repairs. Then, a considerable research

also has been carried out on the repair of corroded and

gouged pipes incorporating with hybrid natural fiber-

reinforced composite wraps. Currently, with advancements

in knowledge and updated instruments and techniques

available, further research in the field may be focused on the

enhanced use of the lesser and highly explored hybrid-

biocomposite material for the development of corrosion

prevention. A hybrid-biocomposite material from renewable

resource based derivatives is cost-effective, abundantly

available, biodegradable, environmentally benign

alternatives for corrosion prevention. The aim of this article

provides a comprehensive review and fulfill the gap by

develop a new hybrid-biocomposite with a

superhydrophobic surfaces.



Chair: Yeong Ho Kim (POSCO, Korea)

14:00pm-14:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Effects of Annealing Conditiosn on the Corrosion

Resistance of Ferritic Stainless Steels in Salt

Environments

Yeong Ho Kim (POSCO, Korea)

Highly glossy stainless steels have been used for the exterior

materials of architecture, home appliances and automobiles

because of good appearance, long-time durability, and easy

fabrication. For the good exterior brightness and corrosion

resistance of stainless steels, differenct grades of ferritic

stainless steels have been developed and bright annealing

process has been improved. For the application to the

automotive exterior molding, the requirement of the

corrosion resistance of stainless steels was getting more

strict and it needed to develop the highly corrosion-resistant

steels containg medium chromium level. Recently, specific

grades of ferritic stainless steels with the chromium content

of 19 to 21 wt.% were applicable in this field.

Ferritic stainless steels of 19 wt.% Cr were cold-rolled with

fine final-roll mesh and then annealed in laboratory

annealing furnace of different kinds of the reducing gases.

Their corrosion resistance in laboratory corrosion

environment were highly dependent on the annealing

environment. When annealed in the pure hydrogen

environment, the passive film on stainless steel was

composed of the mixture of silica and chromia, and its

corrosion resistance was excellent after the combined cyclic

corrosion test. This corrosion test included the salt spray, dry

period and humidified period. But, annealed in the mixture

gases of nitrogen and hydrogen, the passive film consisted of

the mixture of chromia and iron oxide with the penetration

of nitrogen which decreased the corrosion resistance. The

silica in the passive film improved the corrosion resistance

of 19 Cr ferritic stainless steel and can be formed during the

annealing in the controlled reducing gas environment.

14:30pm-14:50pm

2. Temperature Effect on Condensate Corrosion of

Type 409 Stainless Steel in Automotive Muffler

Environments M.C. Li, Z.H. Xu, C.P. Wang, R.Y. Ma (Shanghai

University, China)

The condensate corrosion of 409 stainless steel in

automotive mufflers was investigated under different

temperature conditions by using the cyclic test of thermal

oxidation and condensates immersion and electrochemical

measurement techniques. Electrochemical impedance

spectroscopy (EIS) results indicate that the temperatures of

both oxidation and immersion processes play important role

in condensate corrosion of specimens after 5 times of cyclic

tests. The oxidized specimens have higher corrosion

resistance in the condensate solutions in the 250°C-oxidation

35

case than in the 400°C-oxidation case. As for 250°C-

oxidized specimens, the corrosion resistance decreases

noticeably with increasing the temperature of condensate

solutions from 20 to 80°C. Nevertheless, the corrosion

resistance of 400°C-oxidized specimens decreases slightly

from 20 to 40°C and then increase to a certain degree from

40 to 80°C in the condensate solution. These can be

attributed mainly to the change of the thin oxide/corrosion

products films on specimen surfaces and the chromium

depletion at the surfaces under different temperature

conditions.

14:50pm-15:10pm

3. Electrochemical Behaviour of AISI 304L

Implanted with Ruthenium F. Moyo, J.W. van der Merwe (University of the

Witwatersrand, South Africa)

This paper presents results of the synergistic benefits of

cathodic modification and surface alloying in improving the

corrosion resistance of austenitic 304L stainless steel in non-

oxidising acidic media. Ruthenium ions were introduced into

the steel by ion implantation technique. The influence of

pre-implantation surface preparation, implantation fluence

and energy on the corrosion resistance of the modified alloys

in 1 M sulphuric acid was considered. Characterisation of

the implanted alloys was done using X-ray diffraction

(XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM),

potentiodynamic polarisation and potential-time response

curves. It was revealed that the corrosion resistance of

ruthenium implanted 304L stainless steel was mainly

influenced by surface preparation and fluence. The results

demonstrated that implanting ruthenium on rough surfaces,

at low energy and high fluence significantly shifted the

corrosion potential to more noble values and increased the

passivation efficiency (PE) of the alloy by more than 95%.

The evidence presented here indicates that this approach can

be successfully implemented to improve the corrosion

resistance of 304L stainless steel in sulphuric acid and will

be used to draw up the framework for further research on

this subject.

15:10pm-15:30pm

4. Characteristics of Sn-addition Austenitic

Stainless Steel in Sulfuric Acid Chloride-containing

Solution Min Sun, Yiming Jiang, Jin Li (Fudan University, China)

Sn-addition stainless steels have attracted more and more

attentions in recent years, because they are added into a trace

of tin as an alloy element in replace of some chromium and

nickel, and remain a better corrosion resistance but with a

lower price. This work has studied the corrosion behavior of

Sn-addition austenitic stainless steel B316LX in acid

chloride-containing solutions. The corrosion resistances of

the steels were determined by critical pitting temperature

(CPT) test, potentidynamic polarization tests,

electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)

measurements, surface analysis techniques of X-ray

photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron

microscopy (SEM). The results showed that corrosion rates

of B316LX, 316L and 317L increased sharply with the

H2SO4 concentration, and the corrosion resistance of

B316LX with the addition of Sn in boiling H2SO4 increased

remarkably. Addition of Sn to B316LX favored the pitting

corrosion and a significant reduction of corrosion rate;

however 316L was a serious general corrosion, with the

corrosion rate an order of magnitude higher than that of

B316LX. In NaCl solutions, B316LX showed a higher CPT

and higher pitting broken potential Eb than 316L. Besides, a

trace of addition of Sn into B316LX promoted the pitting

heals process. The pitting resistance of B316LX was

increased because Sn oxides improved the density and

uniform of the passive film to protect the substrate from

corrosion susceptibility, and the passive film with SnO2 had

a better repair property in pitting holes.



Chair: Andrej Atrens

(The University of Queensland, Australia)

14:00pm-14:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Review of Recent Research on Magnesium

Corrosion A. Atrens, Z. Shi, F. Cao (The University of Queensland,

Australia)

Recent research is reviewed dealing with the measurement

of Mg corrosion. Measurement methods include the

traditional weight loss method and hydrogen evolution, as

well as electrochemical methods such as (i) Tafel

extrapolation of polarization curves (Tafel extrapolation,

TE), (ii) Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and

(iii) linear polarization (LP). In recent studies, EIS were

measured at daily intervals, and in one series, there were

matching measurements of polarization curves. The EIS data

were evaluated by fitting to two different equivalent circuits,

and by a simple fitting that in each case allowed evaluation

of the corrosion rate. These values were compared with

corrosion rates evaluated from TE, LP and hydrogen

evolution measurements, which were also validated with

weight loss measurements. These measurements provide

insights into the fitness of the measurement techniques.

Furthermore, these measurements allow evaluation of the

apparent valence by which Mg dissolved, and thereby

provide critical insight into the Mg corrosion mechanism.

14:30pm-14:50pm

2. Effect of Quasicystalline Phase on the Corrosion

Behaviour of a Duplex Mg-Li Alloy in NaCl

Solution Daokui Xu, Enhou Han (Institute of Metal Research,

Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)

The corrosion behaviours of the duplex Mg-6%Li alloys

containing with and without I-phase (Mg3Zn6Y, icosahedral

quasicrystal structure) have been investigated and compared.

36

Electrochemical and weight loss results indicate that the

corrosion resistance of the Mg-6%Li alloy can be improved

due to the in-situ formation of I-phase. After immersion in

0.1M NaCl solution for 5 days, the corrosion attack to the

surfaces of the alloy without I-phase is very inhomogeneous

and obviously severe pits and filiform corrosion can occur

on the surfaces. However, the corrosion attack to the I-phase

containing alloy is quite homogeneous and no severe pits

and filiform corrosion can be formed after the immersion

test. Moreover, the observation to the cross section of the

immersed samples reveals that the interfaces between I-

phase and the a-Mg matrix can act as effective barriers to

prevent the further corrosion attack. Based on the analyses to

the microstructure and the corrosion morphologies, a model

has been proposed to explain the effect of I-phase/a-Mg

matrix eutectic pockets on the corrosion resistance of the

duplex Mg-Li alloy.

14:50pm-15:10pm

3. Electrochemical Behaviors of Single Phase Mg-X

(X=Sn, Al) Alloys in NaCl Solution Jie Yang, Chang Dong Yim, Bong Sun You (University of

Science and Technology, Korea)

Electrochemical behaviors of single phase Mg-xSn (x=2,

5wt.%) and Mg-xAl (x=4, 6, 8wt.%) alloys were

investigated by electrochemical and immersion tests in NaCl

solution. The cathodic current density (ic) decreased with the

increase of Sn content, while ic increased with the increase of

Al content. The anodic current density (ia) decreased with

the increase of Sn content. With the increase of Al content, ia

decreased before passive film was broken and increased

after the film was broken. Filiform and pitting dominated the

corrosion process of Mg-Sn and Mg-Al alloys respectively.

The stability of passive film increased with the increase of

Sn content and decreased with the increase of Al content,

which was proved by the measurement of film broken

potential and the macroscopic in-situ observation. X-ray

photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed the existence of

SnO2 in the passive film on Mg-Sn alloys and Al2O3 in the

passive film on Mg-Al alloys, which influenced the

corrosion behavior in certain degree. The lower hydrogen

evolution rate and higher protectiveness of passive film

contributed to higher corrosion resistance of the alloy

containing higher Sn content. The higher hydrogen evolution

rate and lower stability of passive film resulted in lower

corrosion resistance of the alloy containing higher Al

content. Compared with Mg-Sn alloys, the Mg-Al alloys

have much higher corrosion rates. It seems that hydrogen

evolution rate plays a key role to determine the corrosion

rate of Mg alloys.

15:10pm-15:30pm

4. Corrosion Behaviors of AZx1 Magnesium Alloys

Containing Ca and Y C.D. Yim, B.S. You (Korea Institute of Materials Science,

Korea), S.K. Woo (University of Science and Technology,

Korea)

The effects of combined addition of Ca and Y on the

corrosion behavior of AZx1 magnesium alloys were

systematically evaluated via potentiodynamic polarization

and immersion tests. Average corrosion rate decreased by

addition of Ca and Y, which was well consistent with the

change of hydrogen evolution rate according to the

composition of alloys. Microstructural changes due to

addition of Ca and Y were responsible to the change of

corrosion properties. Second phases formed along grain

boundaries were finer and distributed more continuously in

the alloys containing Ca and Y, which resulted in the higher

corrosion resistance because the continuous network of the

second phases would act as a barrier to corrosion.



Chair: Jin A Jeong (Korea Maritime University, Korea)

14:00pm-14:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Evaluation of Steel Corrosion of GGBS Concrete

by Half-Cell Potential Method for Marine

Environment B.K. Lee, G.Y. Kim, R.H. Kim (Chungnam National

University, Korea), B.S. Cho (RIST, Korea)

Concrete structures exposed to marine environment are at

risk for corrosion by salt damage, and durability of concrete

is different from conditions of position which are splash

zone, intertidal zone and subtidal zone. When making

concrete structure with ground granulated blast-furnace slag

(GGBS) as admixture in marine environment, salt damage

can be prevented because pore structure becomes dense and

body of hardening fix salt penetrated into the concrete.

Therefore, this paper presents experimental results of steel

corrosion resistance of GGBS concrete considering marine

environment through half-cell potential method which is one

of the nondestructive test. Experiment variables are W/B

(0.60, 0.53, and 0.45) with replacement ratio of GGBS (0, 40,

70 and 100%). Also, marine environment condition was

divided into splash zone, intertidal zone and subtidal zone,

and half-cell potential of specimens was evaluated based on

ASTM C 876. Whether specimens are corroded was checked

from the experimental test results, and comparison analysis

was conducted by destroying specimens with results of half-

cell potential experiment. As a result of half-cell potential

experiment, it was assumed that every specimen exposed to

marine environment was not corroded, and as a result of

destroying specimens, it was confirmed that there was no

corrosion in specimens. Henceforward, evaluation on steel

corrosion resistance according to replacement ratio of GGBS

and exposure time of actual marine environment need to be

conducted by additionally measuring half-cell potential of

specimen exposed to marine environment of splash zone,

intertidal zone and subtidal zone.

37

14:30pm-14:50pm

2. Influence of Carbon Fiber on Corrosion Behavior

of Carbon Steel in Simulated Concrete Pore

Solutions Yuming Tang, Yuchao Dun, Guodong Zhang, Xuhui Zhao,

Yu Zuo (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, China)

Galvanic current measurement, polarization curves,

electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and weight loss

test were used to study the corrosion behavior of carbon

steel before and after carbon fibers coupling in simulated

concrete pore solutions, and the film composition on the

steel surface was analyzed using XPS method. The results

indicated that the passive film on the steel surface had

excellent protective property in the pore solutions with

different pH values (13.3, 12.5 and 11.6). After coupling

with carbon fibers (the area ratio of carbon steel to carbon

fiber was 12.31), the charge transfer resistance Rct of the

steel surface decreased and the Fe3+

/Fe2+

value in the passive

film declined. As the result, the stability of the film reduced

and the corrosion rate of steel increased. The decreasing of

the area ration of steel to carbon fiber from 12.3 to 6.15

resulted in the decrease in Rct and the increase in corrosion

rate. Especially in the pore solution with pH 11.6, the

coupling lead carbon steel to corrosion easily.

14:50pm-15:10pm

3. Resistance to Corrosion of Reinforcement of

High Volume Fly Ash Concrete S.O. Kwon, S.H. Bae, H.J. Lee (Andong National University,

Korea), K.M. Lee (Sungkyunkwan University, Korea), S.H.

Jung (Korea Confirmity Laboratories, Korea)

Due to the increasing of interest about the eco-friendly

concrete, it is increased to use concretes containing by-

products of industry such as fly ash(FA), ground granulated

blast furnace slag(GGBFS), silica fume(SF), and etc.

Especially, these are well known for improving the

resistances to reinforcement corrosion in concrete and

chloride ion penetration. The purpose of this experimental

research is to evaluate the resistance against corrosion of

reinforcement of high volume fly ash(HVFA) concrete

which is replaced with high volume fly ash for cement

volume. For this purpose, the concrete test specimens were

made for various strength level and replacement ratio of FA,

and then the compressive strength and diffusion coefficient

for chloride ion of them were measured for 28, 91, and 182

days, respectively. Also, corrosion monitoring by half cell

potential method was carried out for the made lollypop

concrete test specimens to detect the time of corrosion

initiation for reinforcement in concrete. As a result, it was

observed from the test results that the compressive strength

of HVFA concrete was decreased with increasing

replacement ratio of FA but long-term resistances against

reinforcement corrosion and chloride ion penetration of that

were increased.


MG2: Corrosion Monitoring and Modeling 2

Chair: Jing-Li Luo (University of Alberta, Canada)

14:00pm-14:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Detection of SCC by Electrochemical Noise and

In-situ 3-D Microscope Da-Hai Xia, Yashar Behnamian, Jing-Li Luo (University of

Alberta, Canada), Stan Klimas (Atomic Energy of Canada

Ltd, Canada)

The stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) of Alloy 600 and Alloy

800 in 0.5 mol/L thiosulfate solution during constant-strain

was investigated using electrochemical noise (EN) combined

with 3-D microscope techniques. The in-situ morphology

observation and EN results indicate that the SCC process

could be divided into three stages: passive film stabilization

and growth, crack initiation, and crack growth. Power

Spectral Density (PSD) and probability distribution obtained

from EN were used as the “fingerprint” to distinguish the

different processes. During passive film stabilization and

growth, the current noise signals resembled “white noise”;

when the crack initiated, many transient peaks could be seen

in the current noise, and the wavelet energy at low frequency

and the noise resistance also decreased. After crack

propagation, the noise amplitudes, the white noises at low

and high frequencies (WL and WH) in the PSDs increased. At

last, detection of metal structure corrosion in simulated sea

splash zone and pipeline corrosion in atmosphere is shown.

14:30pm-14:50pm

2. Effect of Lateral Diffusion on Hydrogen

Permeationmeasurementin Thick Steel Specimens A. Traidia, A. M. El-Sherik, H. Attar, A. Enezi (Saudi

Aramco, Saudi Arabia)

A finite element analysis is proposed to study the effect of

specimen dimensions on lateral diffusion of hydrogen during

hydrogen permeation flux measurements. The error of

measurement on thick specimens due to a 1D diffusion

approximation can be as much as 70%. A critical condition

for accurate measurements is to set thearea of the hydrogen

monitoring/exit surface smaller than the area of the

hydrogen charging/entry surface area. In addition, for thin to

medium thickness specimens (ratio of thickness to specimen

radius of 5:10 and below), the charging surface should be

maximized and the monitoring surface minimized. In case of

relatively thick specimens (ratio of thickness to specimen

radius above of 5:10), theuse of a hydrogen-diffusion barrier

on the specimen boundaries is recommended. It would

completely eliminate lateral losses of hydrogen, but cannot

eliminate the deviation towards 2D diffusion near the side

edges. In such a case, thecharging surface should be

maximized and the monitoring surface should be as closerin

dimension as the charging surface.A regression analysis was

carried out and an analytical relationship between the

maximum measurement error and the specimen dimensions

is proposed.

38

14:50pm-15:10pm

3. Statistical Model for Predicting Corrosion Trends

by Naphthenic Acid and Sulfur Compounds in

Refining Units Carlos Mejía Miranda, Dionisio Laverde (Universidad

Industrial de Santander, Colombia)

The depletion in the conventional light sweet crude reserves

has forced the refining industry to increase the input of

crudes with higher content in sulfur compounds and

naphthenic acids to the distillation units. These contaminants

cause corrosion problems mainly in transfer lines between

the heating furnaces and the atmospheric and vacuum

distillation units. The heterogeneity between the molecular

structures and the concentration of corrosive species present

in the crudes difficult the development of accurate corrosion

prediction tools.In this work, two models for predicting the

corrosion rate were obtained and compared statistically. In

the Model 1, the corrosion rate was correlated with the TAN

and %SUL of crude. In model 2, the information from crude

basic characterization such as the distribution of naphthenic

acids and sulfur compounds in the distillation cuts was used

to determine differentiating factors and then to establish

corrosivity trends. To obtaining the models,twenty-seven

tests were performed to evaluate the corrosion on carbon

steel, using crude oil and blends at 350 °C for 12 hours of

reaction. Randomly, twenty-two tests were used to build the

statistical models. The information of the remaining five

tests was used for the respective external validations. All

statistical parameters indicated that using the Model 2 a

good quality prediction in corrosion rate is obtained, because

is sensitive to variations in the distribution of acids and

sulfur compounds in crude oils, even if two crude oils

contain the same concentration of these corrosive species.

15:10pm-15:30pm

4. Prediction of Corrosivity of Colombian Crude

Oils in Refining Units by 1H-NMR Spectroscopy

and Chemometric Methods Carlos Mejía Miranda, Dionisio Laverde, Daniel Molina

(Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia)

Naphthenic acids and sulfur compounds in crude oil

feedstocks entering to refinery distillation units can cause

severe corrosion problems. This is an important issue that

directly impacts the refining margin, mainly because of the

associated costs to corrosion control. The heterogeneity of

the molecular structures and the concentration of corrosive

species present in the crudes difficult the development of

accurate corrosion prediction tools. Therefore, it is required

to develop fast and reliable methods to assess corrosion

trends due those kinds of compounds. In this work, integral

areas of resonance signals present in 12 chemical shift

regions of the 1H-NMR spectra of crude oils and blends was

correlated to the corrosion of carbon steel using Partial Least

Square, PLS. Forty-four corrosion tests with crude oils and

blends were performed in autoclave at 350°C for 12 hours of

exposure over rectangular coupons of carbon steel. The

surface treatment of the coupons was performed according

to the ASTM G-1 standard. Randomly, forty samples were

used for the model calibration and the other four were used

for the external validation. The methodology of "leave one

out" cross-validation was performed leading to a CV-q2

greater than 0.90. The percentage of the Root Mean Square

Error, %RMSE, for prediction and validation were 8.3 and

6.3, respectively. %RMSE values lower than 10% indicated

a very good quality for prediction of corrosion tendency due

to crude oils and blends. This research evidences the

potential application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

spectroscopy for the development of tools applicable to

estimate corrosion trends



Chair: Young Sik Kim

(Andong National University, Korea)

14:00pm-14:20pm

1. Study on Atmospheric Corrosion and Accelerated

Corrosion Evaluation Method of Aluminum

Alloy/Organic Coating Zhihua Sun (Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials,

China)

In this paper, the atmospheric corrosion and accelerated

corrosion evaluation method of 7B04 aluminum alloy

/organic coatings are studied, and two 7B04 aluminum alloy

/organic coatings are as the followings : (a) 7B04 aluminum

alloy + sulphate anodizing film +primer,(b)7B04 aluminum

alloy + sulphate anodizing film +primer + topcoating, and

the primer is Zinc yellow polypropylene, the topcoating is

Fluorine polyurethane. The outdoor exposure test is carried

out at tropic marine Wanning station, and the indoor

accelerated test including is carried out. After different

exposure time and different test cycles, the electrochemical

impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are carried out.The results

show that the impedance at 0.01Hz (|Z|0.01Hz ) is confirmed

as the aging evaluation parameter. When |Z|0.01Hz is smaller

than 106 Ω•cm

2，also as |Z|0.01Hz is at the same rank with

that of |Z|m, it is indicated that the metal under the paint is

corroded and the paint is failure. The indoor accelerated

corrosion test methods include three steps as UV

aging－cyclic immersion－temperature shock. Relationship

of outdoor exposure and indoor accelerated corrosion test is

achieved and 3.5 months indoor accelerated corrosion test is

equal to outdoor exposure 36 months, and the accelerated

ratio is about10.3.

14:20pm-14:40pm

2. Micro-indentation Techniques and Surface

Fractal Analysis O.V. Startsev, I.M. Medvedev, S.V. Panin (Akimov

Gelendzhik Climatic Testing Center, Russia)

The corrosion of B1461 aerospace aluminium alloy

exposed to Russian Black Sea Coast maritime atmosphere

was investigated. The exposure was performed at Akimov

Gelendzhik Climatic Testing Center: a branch of the

AllRussian Scientific Research Institute of Aviation

39

Materials. Corrosivity of the atmosphere in the area of

testing is classified as C3 according to ISO 9223. The

corrosion of the samples was investigated by digital image

analysis and indentation hardness measurements. Corroded

area, corrosion depth and fractal dimension were evaluated.

Image analysis data was compared with mass loss and

micromechanical properties of the surface. ASTM E2546

indentation testing was used to determine micromechanical

properties of samples by loaddisplacement diagrams.

Distributions of indentation hardness were fitted using

Generalized Lambda Distributions and the parameters of the

distribution were estimated to provide additional information

about surface hardness. Application of an automated digital

image analysis and indentation hardness measurements may

be used to provide a quantitative description of corrosion

damage. Fractal dimension estimation and indentation

hardness measurements may also be useful tools for

atmospheric corrosion studies.

14:40pm-15:00pm

3. Correlation between Carbon Steel Corrosion and

Atmospheric Factors in Taiwan C.M. Lo, L.H.Tsai (National Chung Hsing University,

Taiwan), M.D. Lin (Ministry of Transportation, China)

In this study, samples of carbon steel exposed to atmosphere

in Taiwan were analyzed to investigate the impacts of

atmospheric factors on carbon steel corrosion. Carbon steel

samples were collected from 87 experimental stations during

2009 ~2012. Statistical analysis were employed to

investigate the correlations between the carbon steel

corrosion situations and atmospheric factors such as

concentrations of sulfur dioxide or chloride, time of wetness,

rainfall, etc. The results indicate that for samples from

industrial areas, the sulfur dioxide concentration and wetting

time during fall and winter are significantly correlated to the

carbon steel corrosion situation. However, for samples from

coastal zones, the significant correlated factors are chloride

concentration and wetting time during winter. The results of

this study are useful for the development of carbon steel

corrosion prediction models.


MA3: Coatings 3

Chair: Jin Zhang


16:00pm-16:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Optimized Micro-arc Oxidation Processing

Parameters for Ti6Al4V to Combat Oxidation in

Phosphate Electrolyte Hong Li, Jin Zhang (University of Science and Technology

Beijing, China)

The oxidation of titanium alloy has constrained its wider use

at elevated temperature. Thus the anti-oxidation coating

preparation on titanium alloys attracts the interest. In this

work, oxidation ceramic coatings were prepared by MAO

(micro-arc oxidation) technology in phosphate electrolyte on

Ti6Al4V titanium alloy. The voltage, electrolyte

concentration and duration time were chosen as the coating

processing parameters and three levels for each parameter

were determined. The optimized processing parameters were

conducted through an orthogonal experiment (L9 (3)3). The

morphology of surface and interface, the phase composition

were studied by OM, SEM, XRD respectively. The thermal

shock resistances of the coatings were investigated by

heating and quenching in the water. The thermal cycling

oxidation experiment at 650 ℃ was carried out to evaluate

the oxidation resistance property. The results showed that

the optimization oxidation resistance at 650℃ was obtained

when voltage, electrolyte concentration and duration time

were 480V, 25min, 0.04 mol/L in phosphate electrolyte,

respectively.

16:30pm-16:50pm

2. Physical Properties of Polyvinylenen Fluoride

Coating by Baking Temperature as Color Paint

Coated Steel Min-yeong Jeong (Hyundai-steel, Korea)

There are many kinds of coating materials and methods for

industrial use. Among of these, coil coating process using

applicator roll is the most effective one for mass production.

The speed of manufacture is over 120 meter per minute and

the coated surface have uniform quality than spray, dipping,

casting coating method, and etc. Many types of coating

materials are using for roll coating, and most of these are

organic or organic/inorganic hybrid materials. In the case of

these organic or hybrid coating materials, it composed of

various row materials. Typically, resins or paints for coil-

coating are composed of various organic polymer binders,

additives and pigments. These coating materials are

classified as the type of polymer. There are many kinds of

polymer binders, but polyester (PE), silicon-polyester (SiPE),

polyurethane (PU), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) are

mainly used with additives and pigments because of their

proper cost and characteristics. Among these, PVDF coating

have best weatherability so it ususally warranted over 20

years. For this reason, PVDF coated steel is more expensive

than others, so we should pay a lot of expense for damage if

that caused problem. Sometimes PVDF coating disbondment

phenomenons have ocurred in using fields, but immediate

causes have not studied yet. So we have tried various

experiments to know the factors of coating disbondment and

crack of PVDF. For this study, we have researched effects on

disbondment and crack by thermal treatment. To confirm the

change of coating properties, some kind of equipment were

used for analysis such as scanning electron microscope

(SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and

etc.

40

16:50pm-17:10pm

3. Self-healing Anticorrosion Coatings for Gas

Pipelines and Storage Tanks G.E.Luckachan, V.Mittal (The Petroleum Institute, UAE)

In the present study chitosan based self-healing

anticorrosion coatings were prepared by layer by layer (lbl)

addition of chitosan (Ch) and poly vinylbutyral (PVB) on

mild carbon steel substrate. Chitosan coatings exhibited

enhanced coating stability and corrosion resistance in

aggressive environments by the application of a PVB top

layer. Chitosan layer in the lbl coatings have been modified

by using glutaraldehyde (Glu) and silica (SiO2).

Performance of different coatings was tested using

electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and immersion test.

The best anticorrosion performance was observed in case of

10%Ch_SiO2_PVB coatings, which withstand immersion

test over 25days in 0.5M salt solution without visible

corrosion. 10%Ch _SiO2 coatings without the PVB top layer

didn‟t last more than 3days. Application of PVB top layer

sealed the defects in the chitosan prelayer and improved its

hydrophobic nature as well. Raman spectra and SEM of steel

surfaces after corrosion study and removal of

PVB_Ch/Glu_PVB coatings showed a passive layer of iron

oxide, attributing to the self-healing nature of these coatings.

Conducting particle like graphene reinforcement of chitosan

in the lbl coatings enhanced corrosion resistance of chitosan

coatings.

17:10pm-17:30pm

4. Novel Zinc Primers with Enhanced Protection

and Mechanical Properties Santiago Arias Codolar (Pinturas Hempel, Spain), Jose Luna

(Hempel, USA)

Zinc rich primers are extensively used for corrosion

protection in the marine and protective industry. During the

60‟s/70‟s zinc rich epoxy (organic) primers were dominating

the market. Later zinc ethyl silicate (inorganic) primers took

over this role but nowadays it looks as if zinc epoxy primers

have made a comeback. Some of the advantages of zinc

epoxies compared to zinc silicates are the less demanding

curing conditions (epoxies will cure at low humidity), they

are easier to overcoat and they are less demanding to

substrate preparation prior to application. The latest trend

from the Owners and Fabricators is to improve the

constructability and productivity on their works; this is a key

benefit where the organic outperformed the inorganic being

this translated into improve efficient, throughput and at the

end of the day savings millions of dollars. Zinc epoxies are

typically formulated with high loads of zinc dust. According

to ISO 129448 a zinc rich coating contains more than 80%

zinc by weight in the dry film.

The protecting mechanism of zinc rich coatings is believed

mainly to be based on cathodic protection provided by the

zinc dust in the paint. When a coating system containing a

rich primer is exposed, rust creep and blistering are the most

important failure mechanism to be considered.

The increasing demands to the performance of zinc rich

primers (low rust creep) has addressed even more focus on

maximizing the utilization of the zinc dust in the paint. Is it

possible to achieve the same cathodic protection with a

lower content of zinc dust ?

The purpose of this paper is to describe the protecting

mechanisms of a new generation of zinc rich primers with

enhanced protection and mechanical properties and to set up

the design criteria for a well working system. Results from

different corrosion tests (ISO 129448; NORSOK M501

9,

Rev.6) and mechanical experiments are presented.


MB3: Surface Protection and Analytical Techniques

Chair: Du-Hwan Jo (POSCO, Korea)

16:00pm-16:20pm

1. Research on Electrochemical Migration Behavior

of PCB-Cu/ENIG under Dynamic Thin Liquid Film K. Ding, X. Li, S. Zou, C. Dong, P. Yi, K. Xiao (University

of Science and Technology Beijing, China)

Electrochemical migration (ECM) behaviour and

mechanism of copper-foil printed circuit boards (PCB-Cu)

and electroless nickel immersion gold processing printed

circuit boards (PCB-ENIG) under 0.1 M Na2SO4 thin liquid

films with different thickness were investigated. Results

showed that under an electrical bias of 12 V, the reverse

migration of ions occurred, and both copper dendrites and

sulphate precipitates were found between two PCB plates.

With the increase of relative humidity (equivalent to the

increase of solution film thickness), enrichment of different

elements on the two plates separately became more obvious.

SKP results indicated that the surface potential of the

cathode plate was lower than that of the anode plate,

showing a higher corrosion tendency, while EIS analysis

reflected the existence of corrosion products had improved

its corrosion resistance to some extent. Overall, the potential

difference between two plates enlarged with the increase of

humidity and PCB-ENIG had a smaller potential difference

and a higher reaction resistance than PCB-Cu. At the end of

the paper, an electrochemical migration corrosion failure

model of PCB was proposed. Compared to PCB-ENIG, the

accumulation of corrosion products on the anode plate of

PCB-Cu hindered the migration of Cu2+

, limiting the

migration distance of corrosion products and the growth of

copper dendrites.

16:20pm-16:40pm

2. Study oF Performance Evaluation on Electrical

Steel Insulation Coatings T.X.Guo, X.Q.Dong, P.Yuan (Pangang Group Research

Institute Co. Ltd., China), C.S.Liu (Northeastern University,

China), C.F.Liu, (Panzhihua Steel ＆ Vanadium Co. Ltd.,

China)

Based on user‟s process and combined with the actual usage

of the products, a series of parallel experiments have been

done to explore the suitable test method to evaluate the

index of corrosion resistance, the high temperature

resistance and the adhesion of environment-friendly

41

insulation coatings of cold rolled non oriented electrical steel

sheet. The results shows that, the Neutral Salt Spray (NSST)

according to the chinese national standard GB/T10125 is the

advisable test method to evaluate the corrosion resistance of

environmental-friendly coatings of cold-rolled electrical

steel sheet and the suitable evaluation index is that the

corrosion area is less than 5% after NSST/6h and the

corrosion area is less than 20% after NSST/12h; the

appropriate test method of high temperature resistance of the

coatings is determined as follows :the stacked samples are

placed in the heating furnace, after the furnace is vacuumed

and filled with nitrogen gas, the furnace temperature is risen

to 750℃ with a heating rate of about 450℃/h and held for 2

hours, then the samples are furnace cooled to 450 ℃ and

discharged, followed by cooling to room temperature in the

air. The coating is qualified to be of good high temperature

resistance if it has no blister, crack, spall and powder after

the test; the proper evaluation method of coating adhesion

consists of the following three steps: firstly, coating cracking

after 0T deformation is observed; secondly, the 3M adhesive

tape is used to stick on the bending deformation and then is

tore off to observe the spalling of the coating; finally, the

sample is immersed in the 5%CuSO4 solution, and is taken

out after 5 seconds to observe whether the deformation area

is discolored (if the coating is peeled off, the color of the

deformation area will change due to the replacement of Cu

by Fe). The coating adhesion is qualified to be good if the

deformed area has no obvious changes during the above

three step evaluation

16:40pm-17:00pm

3. Study on the Corrosion Resistance of Rust-

preventative Oil under Shipment and Storage

Condition Lin Lu, Minzhen Ding, Xiaogang Li (University of Science

and Technology Beijing, China), Baiyou Fang (Baosteel-

NSC/Arcelor Automotive Steel Sheets Co., Ltd, China)

In recent decades, automotive industry has been developed

increasingly, especially in the field of car manufacturing.

Correspondingly the demand of cold rolling steel sheet

(RDSS) has swollen remarkably. Generally speaking, the

duration for shipment and storage for RDSS is about one or

two years before the sheet is manufactured into a car. In

order to prevent the sheet from rusting before the

manufacture, a layer of rust-preventative oil has to be coated

on the sheet. In this paper, the environment of shipment and

storage had been simulated through salt spray test and damp-

heat experiment respectively, the packaging status of the

sheets was imitated by laminated sheet test as well. The

corrosion resistance and its changing principle of the oil

were thus investigated under the different environment

condition and oil contents, with the application of

electrochemical approaches, SEM and XRD.

It was found that chloride ion had more severe attacking

effect on the oil film than that of the hygrothermal condition.

As a result, the sheets with the oil content of 0.4, 0.9 and 1.2

g/m2 were corroded too severely to meet the demand of

subsequent processing after four hour salt spraying.

However, the sheets showed satisfied corrosion resistance

after three week damp-heat experiment with the temperature

of 49°C and 95%HR. In addition, it was disclosed that the

penetration of chloride ion determined the protection

mechanism of the oil. That is, at the initial, the corrosion

resistance was enhanced with the increase of oil content. as

long as the chloride ion arrived at the interface of the oil film

and the sheet, the oil distribution turned to be the

predominant factor to the protection of the sheet. The

corrosion mechanism of the steel sheet was dependent on

the stacking style of the sample. The corrosion product for

the sample open to the air was rust red with the composition

of Fe2O3; while the black product with the main composition

of Fe3O4 was found on the edge of the laminated sheets,

which was resulted from the oxygen concentration cell.



Chair: Yan Yang (Changzhou University, China)

16:00pm-16:20pm

1. Electrochemical Mechanism on Alternating

Current Corrosion of Pipeline Steel in Alkaline

Environment Yan Yang, Chuang Wen, Shuli Wang (Changzhou University,

China)

The alternating current (AC) corrosion is a significant

problem to the metal structures in close proximity to the

alternating current carrying conductors with the rapid

increases of the buried pipelines, electrified railway lines

and high voltage transmission lines in recent years. But it is

a hard work to describe the behavior and mechanism of AC

corrosion, because alternating current can change its

directions periodically with a high frequency. The variation

of the topsoil pH value in the X70 steel surface was studied

under the AC corrosion process. The cyclic voltammetry

technique was employed to investigate the AC action

mechanism on the X70 pipeline steel in a soil environment.

The results show that the alternating current has a great

effect on the surface soil PH value. The corrosion

mechanism of a metal suffered AC interference in an

alkaline environment is that the AC changes the polarization

potential and reduces the pH value of the surface soil. The

coupling potential of the mixed alternating and direct

currents presents a periodic oscillation in the electrode

surface, which destroys the passivation of the X70 steel. The

electrode surface is covered with a large amount of Fe (OH)

ads, when the potential is in the range of the active

dissolution potential of the X70 steel. In this condition, the

hydroxides and oxides will form preferentially. In a different

charge transfer process, the hydroxide, as the inhibitor of the

passivation film, has an important impact on the metal

corrosion. The increase of the corrosion rates is under the

control of the transfer process.

42

16:20pm-16:40pm

2. Effect of Alloying Elements on Corrosion

Property of High Mn Steels in CO2 Environment Jin Ho Park, Hyung Suk Seo, Jun Young Park, Kyoo Young

Kim (POSTECH, Korea)

The high manganese steel, which has very high mechanical

strength and good ductility, can be a candidate for the

material used in the oil and gas industry. For proper

utilization in oil and gas industry, however, its corrosion

property should be understood clearly in the oil field

environment. The corrosion behavior is evaluated by the

electrochemical polarization tests and electrochemical

impedance spectroscopy. The stability of surface scale is

examined by SEM and EDS analysis. The result shows that

addition of 3 wt.% Cr improves the stability of the corrosion

product formed on high Mn steel. The barrier effect of scale

formed on high Mn steel containing 3 wt.% Cr becomes

better as the immersion time is increased.

16:40pm-17:00pm

3. Characterization and Experimental Investigation

on Stray Current Corrosion of Coated Pipeline

Steel Chuang Wen, Yan Yang, Shuli Wang (Changzhou University,

China)

The risks of stray corrosion on coated pipelines are

increasing, due to the increasing cases of installing coated

pipelines in proximity to power rail transit systems or high

voltage power transmission lines. When the direct current

(DC) exists on buried pipeline, there is an industry

agreement on criteria to be used for corrosion mitigation and

international standards have been available for many years.

However, in the case of alternating current (AC) corrosion

or AC+DC corrosion, some different approaches are used

and some different opinions still exist. Experimental

investigation on coated pipeline steel was performed with

respect to induced stray current including AC, DC and the

superimposed AC+DC sources in soil-simulating conditions.

Weight loss and electrochemical methods were carried out

for the exposure period of 7 days. Pipeline steel specimens

were subjected to surface examinations after treatment with

various stray current densities from 0 to 500 A•m-2

. Surface

analysis was conducted by optical microscope and scanning

electron microscope (SEM). The distribution and depth of

the corrosion pits were analyzed by extracting the

characteristics of the corrosion images. The result indicates

that the corrosion potential and rate increases with the

increases of stray current density. The extent of corrosion

was found to be less in AC when compared to the DC

sources. When an alternating current is superimposed on a

direct current, the corrosion rate was larger than their

respective corrosion. AC corrosion on the X70 pipeline steel

presents three classic patterns, including the uniform

corrosion, ring-like corrosion and pitting corrosion

according to the geometrical shape of the corrosion images.

The corrosion pattern will transfer to local corrosion from

uniform corrosion, when the AC density increases. The

density, quantity and area of the corrosion pits arise with the

increase of the AC current density. The relationship between

the pit number or pit area and AC current density follows the

power function, y=aib.

17:00pm-17:20pm

4. Hydrodynamic Effect on the Inhibition for the

Flow Accelerated Corrosion of an Elbow L. Zeng, G. A. Zhang, X. P. Guo (Huazhong University of

Science and Technology, China)

Inhibition effect of thioureido imidazoline inhibitor (TAI)

for the flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) at different

locations of X65 carbon steel elbow was studied by array

electrode and computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

simulation. The distribution of inhibition efficiency is in

good accordance with the distribution of hydrodynamic

parameters at the elbow. The inhibition efficiencies at the

outer wall are higher than those at the inner wall, which is

associated with the higher flow velocity, shear stress and

turbulent kinetic energy at the inner wall of the elbow, as

well as secondary flow at the elbow. Compared to static

condition, the inhibition efficiency of TAI for FAC is

relatively low due to drastic turbulence flow and high wall

shear stress during the FAC test

17:20pm-17:40pm

5. Erosion and Corrosion Characteristics of

Wellbore Materials in the Presence of Sand

Particles in CO2 Environments Conditions Yuli Panca Asmara (University Malaysia Pahang,

Malaysia)

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques are used to

increase the amount of crude oil from an oil field. The types

of EOR operations are chemical flooding (alkaline flooding),

displacement or carbon dioxide injection (hydrocarbon

injection), and thermal recovery (steam flood or in-situ

combustion). When solids particles exists, iron carbonate

and iron sulphide film will be eroded followed mechanical

damaged on the material surface. The research will

investigate combination effects of corrosion and erosion rate

in CO2 artificial environmental containing H2S, HAc, and

sands particles in several pH, temperature and rotation speed.

The Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR) technique is used

to measure the polarization resistance (Rp) and to calculate

corrosion rate. Experiment with disk cylinder electrode

(DCE) is used to study flow simulating condition of pipeline.

Surface characterization is studied by using SEM/EDS,

XRD, and XPS. In this research, response surface

methodology (RSM) technique is proposed to construct an

empirical model that relates effects of HAc, temperature,

and rotation speed on CO2 corrosion rate simultaneously.

Using RSM lead to investigate effects of the variables tested

analytically. Furthermore, observation regarding individual

and combination effects of variables tested can be obtained

efficiently.

43



Chair: Koji Fushimi (Hokkaido University, Japan)

16:00pm-16:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Anodic Dissolution Sequence of Super Duplex

Stainless Steel in an Acidic Chloride Solution Jun-Seob Lee, Koji Fushimi, Takayuki Nakanishi, Yasuchika

Hasegawa (Hokkaido University, Japan), Yong-Soo Park

(Yonsei University, Korea)

Anodic dissolution of super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) in

acidic chloride solution was investigated. Potentiostatic

polarizations of SDSS at -0.377 and -0.447 VSHE

corresponded to the selective dissolution of γ- and α-phases,

respectively, and were utilized for preparing single-phase

electrodes. The higher corrosion current density and less

noble corrosion potential of α-phase by galvanic connection

with γ-phase indicated that α- and γ-phases were functioned

as the anode and the cathode, respectively, in a general

corrosion of SDSS

16:30pm-16:50pm

2. Accelerated SCC Testing of Stainless Steels

According to Corrosion Resistance Classes M. Borchert, G. Mori (Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Austria),

M. Bischof, A. Tomandl (Hilti Corporation, Liechtenstein)

The German Guideline for stainless steel in buildings

(Z.30.3-6) issued by the DIBt (German Institute for Building

Technology) categorizes various stainless steel grades into

five different corrosion resistance classes (CRCs). Only 21

frequently used grades are approved and assigned to these

CRCs. To assign new or less commonly used materials a

large program of outdoor exposure tests and laboratory tests

need to be done. The present paper shows results on stress

corrosion cracking (SCC) tests that can distinct between

different CRCs.

Slow strain rate tests (SSRT) in different media and at

various temperatures were done. CRC IV can be

distinguished from CRC II and CRC III with a 31.3 % Cl- as

MgCl2 solution at 140 °C. CRC II and CRC III can be seen

by testing in a 30 % Cl- as MgCl2 solution at 100 °C.

16:50pm-17:10pm

3. Effect of Flow on the Corrosion of 304 Stainless

Steelinhydrochloric Acid Solution Jie Zhao, Cong Qian Cheng, Tie Shan Cao (Dalian

University of Technology, China)

Effect of passive film quality and solution flowing on

corrosion behavior of 304 stainless steel in HCl solution

were investigated by coloration indicator, corrosion weight

loss measurement, electrochemical polarization and element

dissolution. A high redness degree examined by coloration

indicator suggests a low integrity of passive film for 304

stainless steel after air exposure, while the minimumredness

degree for the samples after chemical passivation illustrates

a high integrity of passive film.In the static condition, the

samples subjected to air exposure exhibit high corrosion rate

and preferential dissolution of Fe element. Chemical

passivation inhibited the corrosion rate due to its intrinsic

high structural integrity of passive film and high

concentration of Cr-rich oxides. Solution flow accelerated

corrosion by promoting both anodic dissolution reaction and

cathodic reaction. Solution flow also changes the

preferential dissolution to fast uniform dissolution of metal

elements.



Chair: Kwang Seon Shin


16:00pm-16:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Effect of Extrusion Temperature on Corrosion

Behavior of Pure Magnesium in NaCl Solution Arthanari Srinivasan, Hwa Chul Jung, Kwagn Seon Shin

(Seoul National University, Korea), Nallaiyan Rajendran

(Anna University, India)

The effect of extrusion temperature oncorrosion behavior of

pure magnesium in 3.5% NaCl solution saturated withMg

(OH)2 was examined in the present study. Pure Mg plates

were preparedby extrusion at different temperatures.

Samples for corrosion tests werepolished using silicon

carbide (SiC) emery sheets and ultrasonicated in acetoneto

remove oxides and impurities adsorbed on the surface.

Corrosion behavior ofthese samples was studied using

weight loss, hydrogen volume and polarizationstudies. The

corrosion current density (icorr) value was found to

increasewith increasing the extrusion temperature of the

samples. The corrosion rate increasedrapidly when the

extrusion temperature increased above the critical

temperature.The increase in corrosion rate is attributed to the

change in microstructureand texture of the extruded samples

at high temperatures. Surface morphology ofthe samples

subjected to corrosion tests was analyzed using optical

microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

in order to examine the pitformation and propagation during

corrosion

16:30pm-16:50pm

2. Improvement of Corrosion Resistance of

Aluminum with Wettability Controlled Porous

Oxide Films M. Sakairi, V. Goyal (Hokkaido University, Japan)

The combined process of porous type anodizing and

desiccation treatment was applied to improve wettability of

A1050 aluminum alloy. The water contact angle of anodized

samples increases considerably with desiccation treatment.

However, there was no considerable effect of polishing and

44

anodizing time. The corrosion behavior change with the

treatments also investigate by electrochemically. With an

increase in the water contact angle, there is an increase in the

corrosion resistance of the samples in 3.5 mass% NaCl

solutions. Anodized and desiccated samples showed a better

corrosion resistance than un-desiccated samples.

16:50pm-17:10pm

3. The Effects of Surface Pretreatment Methods on

Corrosion Resistance of Electropainted AZ31 Mg

Alloy Phuong Nguyen Van, Sungmo Moon (Korea Institute of

Materials Science, Korea)

The importance of magnesium alloys has significantly

increased due to their low density, high strength/weight ratio,

very good electromagnetic shielding features and good

recyclability. However, unfortunately, Mg alloys are very

susceptible to corrosion due to their high chemically

activities (E_(Mg^(2+)/Mg)^0= –2.356 V vs. NHE at 25 ℃),

hence, most commercial Mg alloys require corrosion

protective coatings. Organic coating such as painting,

powder coating and electrophoretic deposition of paint (E-

coating) is typically used in the final stages of the coating

process of Mg alloys. In this study, E-coating was formed on

AZ31 Mg alloy after four different surface pretreatment

methods: knife-abraded, SiC paper-abraded, immersed for

24 h in DI water and immersed for 24 h in 1 M NaOH

solution. The effects of the different surface pretreatment

methods on corrosion resistance of E-coated AZ31 samples

were studied by optical microscope (OM), energy dispersive

X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy

(SEM), salt-spray test (SST) and water immersed. It was

found that the corrosion resistance of E-coated AZ31

decreased in the order: SiC-abraded ≈ knife-abraded > DI

immersed > NaOH immersed. The corrosion resistance of E-

coating on AZ31 samples appeared to be primarily

dependent on the film located between E-coating layer and

metal and less dependent on the thickness of E-coating layer.

E-coating deposited on air formed oxide film covered AZ31

Mg alloy showed better corrosion resistance than that on

hydroxide film formed in DI water and NaOH solution.

17:10pm-17:30pm

4. Current Status and Challenges of Magnesium

Application in Automotive Industry Ming Liu (General Motors, China)

Increasing worldwide energy demand, environment

protection and government regulations is stimulating more

application of lightweight materials. Application of

magnesium alloys in the automotive industry is an effective

approach of improving vehicle fuel economy.

However, magnesium implementation in vehicle is facing

challenges, especially its poor corrosion resistance. The

intrinsic corrosion resistance of magnesium, the surface

protection of magnesium alloy, and the galvanic corrosion

and isolation of magnesium component, are the three major

technical barriers for further application of magnesium

component in harsh environment.

General Motors's effort on improveing the corrosion

resistance of magnesium alloy is also briefed. The corrosion

behavior of AXJ530 magnesium alloy with different iron

and manganese contents was investigated in 3.5 wt %

sodium chloride solution in order to tailor the tolerance limit

of Fe impurity in the magnesium alloy. Through a

comprehensive phase diagram calculation and corrosion

evaluation, the mechanisms for the tolerance limit of Fe in

magnesium alloys are discussed. The study adds a new

dimension to controlling the Mg alloy impurity in terms of

alloying composition design and casting conditions.

17:30pm-17:50pm

5. Oxidation and Corrosion Behavior of Non-

Flammable Magnesium Alloys Containing Ca and

Y Young Min Kim, Chang Dong Yim, Bong Sun You (Korea

Institute of Materials Science, Korea), Su Mi Jo, Sang Kyu

Woo (University of Science and Technology, Korea)

Newly-developed non-flammable Mg alloys containing

calcium and yttrium have high safety and reliability and

don‟t need to use harmful SF6 gas during melting, hot-

working, and machining. Although the addition of only

small amount of calcium and yttrium may increase material

cost a little, it can provide better performance and safety and

protect environment so that magnesium alloys can be used in

wider variety of application areas with confidence. The

combined addition of calcium and yttrium can improve

tensile properties, non-flammability, and corrosion

resistance at the same time, compared to conventional Ca-

containing magnesium alloys. The addition of Al in

conjunction with calcium and yttrium leads to the formation

of multi-layered protective oxide structure on the surface,

resulting in maximizing the efficiency of Ca and Y addition.

Corrosion behavior of calcium and yttrium containing alloys

were also investigated systematically, and show that they

have better corrosion resistance than the any other

commercial alloys or calcium containing alloys. Detailed

study on the corrosion behavior confirms that there are

optimum amount of calcium and yttrium addition to get best

corrosion resistance, and corrosion behavior of these alloys

are quite different with other alloys.



Chair: Jae-Yeol Cho


16:00pm-16:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Evaluation of the Chloride Diffusion Coefficient

to Predict Initiation Time of Steel Corrosion in

Concrete by a New Test B.S. Park, E.J. Choi, J-Y Cho (Seoul National University,

Korea), S.Y. Jang (Korea Railroad Research Institute,

Korea)

Chloride ingress is considered as a major cause of steel

45

corrosion in concrete structures exposed to marine

environments. So, prediction of chloride ingress is very

important to evaluate initiation time of steel corrosion in

concrete. In this study, a new test method was proposed to

determine the chloride ion diffusion coefficient which is a

major factor to predict the chloride ion penetration rate in

concrete. The proposed method is a kind of rapid immersion

test that can be performed with simple equipment in short

duration. To express chloride penetration in concrete

mathematically, Fick‟s 2nd law was adopted as a governing

equation and the concentration change in source solution

was incorporated as a boundary condition. To obtain

analytical solution that shows relationship between

concentration in source solution and diffusion coefficient,

chloride binding ratio in concrete was assumed to be linear.

In this study, this assumption was verified incorporating

inverse analysis and chloride concentration date measured

by validation test.

16:30pm-16:50pm

2. Reliability Assessment of Reinforced Concrete

Structures Subjected to Chloride-induced

Corrosion Using a Two-dimensional Analytical

Model Ki Hyun Kim, Seung Yup Jang (Korea Railroad Research

Institute, Korea), Soo Won Cha (University of Ulsan, Korea)

Corrosion of steel reinforcement is one of the major causes

of deterioration of reinforced concrete structures. The cost of

maintenance and repair of concrete structures damaged by

corrosion is very high and that makes the prevention of

corrosion very important. For this purpose, a numerical

model for the reliability assessment of RC structures

subjected to chloride-induced corrosion is proposed. To take

into consideration easily the faster accumulation of chloride

ions at the corner of rectangular members, and the

randomness of the location of the reinforcement steel, a 2D

analytical solution of Fick‟s second law is employed. The

corrosion initiation point is also defined and a numerical

method for locating it is presented. A factor considering the

effect of the corrosion initiation point on the corrosion rate is

incorporated in the model. As an illustration, the proposed

model is used to calculate the probability of corrosion

initiation of a rectangular beam subjected to 2-D chloride

ingress.

16:50pm-17:10pm

3. Corrosion Mechanism and Bond-strength Study

on Galvanized Steel in Concrete Environment M. Kouril, P. Pokorny, J. Stoulil (Institute of Chemical

Technology, Czech Republic)

Specialist publications have long been under discussion over

the appropriateness of the use of galvanized steel as

reinforcement of concrete. Potential of galvanized

reinforcement use over carbon steel is higher tolerance to

chlorides and resistance in carbonated concrete. Conversely

discussed disadvantages are hydrogen evolution

accompanying the corrosion of zinc in the initial activity in

fresh concrete, which leads to the formation of the porous

structure at the reinforcement - concrete interface, which

potentially can reduce the bond-strength of the

reinforcement with concrete. In the present study, the

mechanism of corrosion of hot-dip galvanized steel was

studied in detail, as in the model pore solutions and real

concrete. Calcium cathions play an important role in the

corrosion mechanism, preventing formation of passive

layers on zinc at elevated alkalinity. The corrosion rate of

galvanized steel decreases with exposure time, however, the

reason is not the zinc transition into passivity, but

consumption of less corrosion resistant phases of hot-dip

galvanizing in concrete environment. Conclusions of the

electrochemical tests have been confirmed by the bond-

strength test of reinforcement and concrete and the porosity

evaluation of the cement adjacent to the reinforcement.

Bond strength of reinforcement in concrete decrease in the

following order: carbon steel - galvanized steel – zinc.

17:10pm-17:30pm

4. Reinforced Concrete Corrosion Protection with

Embeded Distributed Galvanic Anodes Haixue Liao (CORROSION, Canada)

Corrosion of reinforcing steel leading to structural

deterioration and failure of reinforced concrete structures is

a serious problem.Recognizing the inadequate monitoring of

impressed current cathodic protection that will make it in-

effective, the Ministry of Transportation, Ontario and Vector

Corrosion Technologies, conducted a trial using distributed

galvanic anodes in bridge deck overlay to address the global

corrosion issues in the structure in 2003. The trial had been

monitored for 10 years and was considered a success. The

newly developed distributed galvanic anode system has been

used in various applications, including abutment overbuild,

concrete deck overlay, concrete jackets for columns, piers

and marine piles around the world, especially in North

America since its inception.This paper introduces different

levels of corrosion protection and the various galvanic anode

systems used in concrete structures. The monitored

performance of the distributed galvanic anodes, and various

applications of the galvanic systems are

presented.Keywords: Anodes, cathodic protection, concrete,

corrosion, embedded anodes, distributed anodes, reinforcing

steel, Zinc.


MG3: Corrosion Monitoring Modeling 3

Chair: M YJ Tan (Deakin University, Australia)

16:00pm-16:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Monitoring Cathodic Shielding and Corrosion

under Disbonded Coatings F. Varela, M. YJ Tan, B. Hinton, M. Forsyth (Deakin

University, Australia)

This work presents a novel corrosion monitoring probe

designed for simulating the conditions developed under

disbonded coatings and for measuring current densities and

46

their distribution over a simulated pipeline surface. The

probe‟s concept was experimentally evaluated via

immersion tests under Cathodic Protection (CP) in high

resistivity aqueous solution. Under the disbonded area,

anodic currents as well as cathodic currents were both

measured. Anodic current densities were used to calculate

metal losses by means of Faraday‟s law. Calculated

corrosion patterns were compared with corrosion damage

observed at the probe‟s surface after a period of test. The

probe‟s working principles are explained in terms of simple

electrochemistry.

16:30pm-16:50pm

2. Current Status and Development Trend of

Corrosion Monitoring for Military Materiel Yuqin Zhu (Southwest Technology and Engineering

Research Institute, China)

Describes the corrosion and damage of military materiel and

components, corrosion monitoring common techniques and

development trend. Including polarization resistance

technique, polarized probe technique, impedance

spectroscopy technique, noise analysis technique, thin layer

activation technique, coupled multi-electrode array sensor

technique, image technique and so on. Focuses on the

research progress in optical fiber corrosion sensor technique

to monitor humidity, pH, Cl- and aluminum corrosion

aspects of the latest, conducted a follow-up study of its

technical principles, parameters and application performance.

It plays a vital role in reduce the risk of corrosion defects,

reduce maintenance costs and so on.Finally, the intelligent

direction of development of military materiel to detect

corrosion monitoring techniques is discussed.

16:50pm-17:10pm

3. Reference Electrode for Monitoring Cathodic

Protection Potential Z. Panossian (Institute for Technological Research, Brazil),

S.E. Abud (University of São Paulo, Brazil)

Reference electrodes are used for monitoring cathodic

protection potentials of buried or immersed metallic

structures. In the market, many types of reference electrodes

are available for this purpose, such as saturated calomel,

silver/silver chloride and copper/copper sulfate. These

electrodes contain a porous ceramic junction plate located at

the cylindrical body bottom to permit ionic flux between the

internal electrolyte of the reference electrode and the

external electrolyte. In this work, the copper/copper sulfate

reference electrode was modified by replacing the porous

ceramic junction plate for a metallic platinum wire. The

main purpose of this modification was to avoid the ion

copper transport from coming from the inner reference

electrode solution into the surrounding electrolyte and to

mitigate the copper plating on the coupon surfaces. Lab tests

were performed in order to compare the performance of the

two mentioned reference electrodes. We verified that the

experimental errors associated with the measurements

conducted with developed reference electrode will be

negligible, since the platinum surface area exposed to the

surrounding electrolyte and/or to the reference electrolyte

are maintained as small as possible.



Chair: Eiji Tada (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan)

16:00pm-16:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Galvanic Corrosion of Zn/Steel Couple in

Aqueous MgCl2 E. Tada, S. Katakami, A. Nishikata (Tokyo Institute of

Technology, Japan)

Galvanic corrosion tests of Zn/steel couples were performed

in 1 M NaCl and 1 M MgCl2 solutions to investigate the

effect of magnesium ion on the corrosion behaviour of the

couples. Two types of Zn/steel couples were used for the

measurements of open circuit potential (OCP) and galvanic

current. From the results of OCP transient of the Zn/steel

couples, the corrosion potential in 1 M MgCl2 was a more

positive value than that in 1 M NaCl during the sacrificial

dissolution of Zn. In addition, the sacrificial dissolution rate

of Zn in 1 M MgCl2 was enhanced more than that in 1 M

NaCl. These results indicated that cathodic reaction on the

steel surface of the Zn/steel couple was enhanced in 1 M

MgCl2.

16:30pm-16:50pm

2. Atmospheric Corrosivity of Carbon Steel in

Bogota John Rios, David Aperador, Carlos Arroyave (Antonio

Nariño University, Colombia)

This study presents the first integral and systematic

assessment of the atmospheric corrosivity in Bogota.

Significant facts about the study are related with some

special characteristics of the city, including both its

population (more than eight million inhabitants), and altitude

(2600 m over de sea level). Climate parameters, including

relative humidity, temperature and SO2 concentration, were

measured. Furthermore, mass loss of AISI/SAE 1006 plain

steel coupons, was measured. Coupons were exposed at six

test sites located across the city, taking into account the

characteristic microclimates previously identified. Corrosion

products were characterized by RM, XRD, SEM and EDS.

Results show that the atmospheric corrosivity is categorized

between low and medium levels, C2 – C3, according to the

ISO 9293 standard. Particulate matter is the main

atmospheric pollutant in Bogota. Nevertheless, it was found

that the industrial zone shows the highest corrosion rates,

directly associated with the SO2 levels. On the other hand,

sites with higher amount of SO2 deposited, showed

protective corrosion products layer that can be associated to

iron phases found on the rust. Finally, some of the stations

showed deviations from predictions supported on RH values

or dose-response functions.

47

16:50pm-17:10pm

3. Research on Equivalence of Marine Atmospheric

Exposure and Multi-factors Combined Accelerated

Test Yan Su (Southwest Technology and Engineering Research

Institute, China)

Influencing factors on coating environmental worthiness in

marine atmospheric environment was analyzed. Accelerated

test spectrum was designed rationally based on natural

environment spectrum. Marine atmospheric exposure and

multi-factors combined environmental test were carried out

for comparison. Grey association analysis and accelerated

switchover factors methods were applied to evaluate the

equivalence and equivalent weight accelerated relation. The

result showed that the two methods have good equivalence;

the grey association degree R10 between marine atmospheric

exposure and multi-factors combined environmental test

reach 0.7; with prolonging of test time, the acceleration rate

of multi-factors combined environmental test to marine

atmospheric exposure increases gradually.

Tuesday, November 4, 2014 Samda Hall A (3F)

TA1: Coatings 4

Chair: Sungmo Moon

(Korea Institute of Materials Science, Korea)

11:00am-11:30am

Keynote Speech

1. Anodic Oxide Coatings Formed on AZ31 Mg

Alloy by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Method Sungmo Moon (Korea Institute of Materials Science, Korea)

Anodic oxide coatings were prepared on AZ31 Mg alloy by

PEO (plasma electrolyticoxidation) method in various

electrolytes and their morphologies were observedby SEM

and CSLM (confocal scanning laser microscope). The

corrosion protective properties of AZ31 Mg alloys treated by

PEO were examined by immersion and salt spray test in

view of effects of thickness and morphologies of the PEO

films. The PEO coatings showed a number of pores and

some of them were observed to be connected from the

substrate to the air. Cracks were also observed occasionally

which could be formed by thermal stress during PEO

treatment. Type of anions appeared to determine the growth

behavior of PEO films, thereby changing the filmthickness

and their corrosion protective properties. In this presentation,

formation and corrosion behavior of PEO film-coated AZ31

Mg alloy will be presented and the problemsfor practical

applications of PEO coatings will be discussed.

11:30am-11:50am

2. Characteristics of Oxide Coatings Produced on

Aluminium by PEO at Different Electrical

Parameters W. Gebarowski, S. Pietrzyk (AGH – University of Science

and Technology, Poland)

Oxide coatings obtained in the plasma electrolytic oxidation

(PEO) are characterized by high mechanical and thermal

properties and provide good protection against corrosion of

substrate. Electrical conditions during PEO have great

impact on course of processes occurring at metal-oxide-

electrolyte interfaces and largely affect the microstructure

and phase composition of the produced oxide layer. Hence

various types of current modes are used to improve final

properties of coatings. In this work, different electrical

conditions during treatment were compared. Aluminium

samples were oxidized in silicate electrolyte using DC,

pulsed and AC, preserving same current densities. Coatings

growth rates were determined by thickness of layer and mass

growth of samples. Microstructure and phase compositions

of oxide layers are presented. The AC mode provides the

highest growth rate of layer, higher content of γ-Al2O3 and

better resistance against corrosion.

11:50am-12:10pm

3. Anticorrosion Coatings on Implant Metals and

Alloys S.L. Sinebryukhov, S.V. Gnedenkov, O.A. Khrisanfova, A.V.

Puz, V.S. Egorkin, A.G. Zavidnaya (Institute of Chemistry,

Russia)

Multifunctional corrosion resistant and bioactive coatings

containing hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 and magnesium

oxide MgO were obtained on Mg-Mn-Ce alloy by plasma

electrolytic oxidation. The phase and elemental composition,

morphology and anticorrosion properties of the coatings

were investigated. The PEO layers were post-treated using

superdispersed polytetrafluoroethylene powder, which

caused a considerable reduction of the magnesium alloy

corrosion rate (>4 orders of magnitude). In particular, the

polarization resistance has increased, as a result of such

duplex treatment, by five orders of magnitude. The

composite coatings are considered promising to induce

bioactivity and control corrosion degradation of resorbable

Mg implants. We also applied the plasma electrolytic

oxidation method for the formation of the composite bioinert

coatings at the titanium nickelide surface in order to improve

its electrochemical properties and to change morphological

structure. It was shown that formed coatings are also

significantly reducing the quantity of nickel ions releasing

into the organism.

Tuesday, November 4, 2014 Samda Hall B (3F)

TB1: Corrosion Problems and Protection Methods

in Nuclear Industry 1

Chair: Dong-Jin Kim (KAERI, Korea)

11:00am-11:30am

Keynote Speech

1. Corrosion Issue for Ni Based Alloy as

Intermediate Heat Exchanger of Very High

Temperature Reactor Dong-Jin Kim, Su Jin Jung, Byung Hak Moon, Sung Woo

Kim, Hong Pyo Kim (KAERI, Korea)

48

A very high temperature reactor (VHTR) among generation

IV nuclear power plants can generate highly efficient

electricity and produce massive hydrogen for industrial

applications such as vehicle and iron reduction. However

material challenge at high temperature should be overcome

for commercial operation of VHTR. In particular, in view of

the performance of structural materials for VHTR, one of

key components is an intermediate heat exchanger (IHX),

which is exposed to high temperature and a coolant

environment of up to 950 oC. However, the structural

integrity of the IHX material should be guaranteed for the

long-term operation of nuclear power plants under VHTR

operating conditions. Helium as a coolant inevitably

includes impurities such as the carbon monoxide, methane,

hydrogen, and water that are formed by the reaction with the

graphite in the core. According to thermodynamic prediction,

these impurities can induce various surface reactions such as

oxidation, carburization and decarburization that lead to

material property changes and hence aging problem over

time. Based on the thermodynamics and kinetics determined

by a long-term experiment, finding the range of impurity

concentration at which the material is most stable, is very

important to the optimum chemistry control for a life

extension. Another countermeasure is to improve the

material performance through alloy development. Therefore,

it is worth making the effort to find an optimum combination

of alloying elements and processing parameters showing the

best performance at 950 oC. In this work, the mechanical and

corrosion properties at 950 oC for nickel-based alloys

fabricated at a laboratory were evaluated. A corrosion test

was carried out under air at 950 oC during 10-250 hr.

Corrosion property for laboratory made alloys was

compared with those for Alloy 617. 11:30am-11:50am

2. The Oxidation Behavior of Three Difference

Zones of Welded Inconel 617 at 950 oC

Wu Kai, Wei Sheng Chen (National Taiwan Ocean

University, Taiwan), Jhih Jhong Kai (National Tsing Hua

University, Taiwan)

The oxidation behavior of three different zones of welded

Inconel 617 alloy, containing the substrate (617-SUB), the

heat-affected zone (617-HAZ) and the melt zone (617-MZ)

was studied at 950oC in dry- and wet-air (Air-50%H2O)

atmospheres. The oxidation kinetics of the three zones

followed a parabolic-rate law in dry air, however, it was

complex in wet air, which initially followed a mass-gain

kinetics up to 96 hour, and then, a slightly mass lose present

after a prolong exposure. The scales formed on the three

zones in both environments were nearly identical, consisting

of Cr2O3, NiCr2O4, MnCr2O4, and a minor amount of TiO2.

The internal-oxidation precipitates of Al2O3 were also noted

in all cases. The detail effects of water vapor on the

oxidation kinetics and scale constitution will be explored. 11:50am-12:10pm

3. Oxidation and Solution of Steels in Liquid Lead–

Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) Carsten Schroer (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,

Germany)

The performance of steels in oxygen-containing flowing

LBE has been investigated for more than ten years in the

CORRIDA loop operated at KIT, especially on 9Cr

ferritic/martensitic steels and Type 316 austenitic steels and

mainly at 450 and 550°C. The observed phenomena range

from the formation of a thin Cr-rich oxide layer, over

accelerated oxidation that results in considerably thicker

scales, to local solution-based corrosion.Subsequently to

some fundamental considerations on the interplay of

oxidation and solution in liquid metals, the important

experimental results are introduced. Possible approaches to

modelling steel corrosion caused by oxygen-containing LBE

are outlined.

Tuesday, November 4, 2014 Room 301 (3F)

TC1: Corrosion in Oil/Gas/Pipelines 4

Chair: Song Chun Choi (Samsung Electronics, Korea)

11:00am-11:20am

1. The Effect of Elemental and Mercury Compound

Presence in Solution on Corrosion Phenomena of

Aluminum and Low Carbon Steel Bambang Widyanto, Iryanni Dewi Tanto, Secta Ariardi

Aviananto (Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia)

Several studies have shown that the presence of small

amount of elemental and mercury compound in raw oil or

LNG caused a corrosion failure in oil and gas industrial

equipment.This research was undertaken to observe the

effect of the presence of elemental mercury inside the

solution and dissolved mercury compound (HgCl2) on the

corrosion phenomena occurred on aluminum and low carbon

steel.

The immersion test used in this research was based on

ASTM G 31-72 with some variation on HgCl2 concentration

and immersion time. In order to observe the effect of

elemental mercury, a solution with pH between 3 and 9 and

variation on immersion time were employed. Sample

characterization was carried out by using an optical

microscope, Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Ray

Diffraction and FTIR.

The experimental results revealed that the presence of

elemental and mercury compound accelerate corrosion rate.

The higher the HgCl2 content in the solution increased

corrosion product significantly. The corrosion rate of

aluminum was found 8.76 times higher than on low carbon

steel. On aluminum uniform corrosion and also a small scale

of exfoliation were observed. On low carbon steel pitting

corrosion was observed.The corrosion products were

aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) and iron oxide (Fe2O3)

respectively. The presence of elemental mercury in acidic

and basic solution increased the aluminum corrosion rate by

1.47 and 7.25 times respectively. Whereas on low carbon

steel, the corrosion rate in an acidic solution increased 1.4

times and 1.25 times in basic solution. In general, uniform

corrosion was observed with a tendency of pitting at the

contact edge of elemental mercury and the specimen surface.

In a basic environment a corrosion product of Al(OH)3 was

formed.

49

11:20am-11:40am

2. Modelling of Water Dispersion in Stratified Oil-

Water-Gas Flow M.A. Daas, M. Espedal (Saudi Aramco, Saudi Arabia), T.B.

Aydin, E. Pereyra, C. Sarica (The University of Tulsa, USA)

A new approach is proposed to predict criteria for the

dispersion of water film in a continuous oil phase in

stratified multiphase flow of oil-water-gas. For a given

multiphase flowof oil, water and gas, phase distribution is

calculated using two-phase (gas-liquid) models by assuming

the oil-water mixture as the liquid phase.The calculated

hydraulic diameter of the liquid phase for stratified flow

patterns is used in two-phase (water-oil) dispersion models

to predict critical liquid velocity to disperse the entire water

phase in the oil phase. The corresponding critical gas

velocity at the onset of dispersion is calculated by using

predicted critical liquid velocity, from water/oil dispersion

models, back in two-phase gas/liquid models. A comparison

between calculated critical dispersion velocities and

experimental data in horizontal multiphase stratified flow

reveals very good agreement. The proposed integrated

approach takes into account the physical propertiesof fluids,

water cut, flow rates and pipe size in setting criteria for the

onset of water dispersion when water is entirely entrained in

the oil phase;as a result, water wettability and corrosion are

minimized, in multiphase oil-water-gas stratified flow.

11:40am-12:00pm

3. Experimental Study of Chaotic Geomagnetically

Induced Currents’ Corrosion Behavior in Buried

Steel Pipelines Zhishan Liang, Peng Wang (China University of Petroleum,

China)

Geomagnetically induced currents in the oil-gas pipelines

are a manifestation of the solar activity. Geomagnetically

induced currents can contribute to pipelines‟ corrosion and

interfere with the cathodic protection equipment and

electrical surveys of pipelines. As the world long distance

transport pipeline network is taking shape along with the

increasing magnetic activity of the sun, the geomagnetically

induced currents will become one of the biggest problem of

pipelines‟ stray-current corrosion. This paper shows that the

geomagnetically induced currents have chaotic characteristic

by studying the measured data obtaining from the Chinese

west to east gas transmission pipeline and points out that the

distributing regularity of the geomagnetically induced

currents is quite different from the traditional alternating

stray currents and the direct stray currents. In order to get a

further understanding of the corrosion impact brought by the

geomagnetically induced currents, a experimental method is

designed for comparing the corrosion ability of the three

different stray currents(the direct current, the alternating

current and the geomagnetically induced current). The

corrosion spools from the experiment are analyzed and the

surface topographies of the spools are evaluated by the

image processing software and the fractal dimensions of the

spools are calculated as the corrosion criteria. The

experimental results show that the geomagnetically induced

currents have higher corrosion ability than both the

alternating stray currents and the direct stray currents and

the steel pipelines‟ corrosion has complicated relation with

the dynamic laws of currents. The conclusion is that the

geomagnetically induced currents must be taken seriously,

while the chaotic phenomenon in the geomagnetically

induced currents should be controlled and restrained.


TD1: Corrosion in Stainless Steels 4

Chair: Rongguang Wang

(Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Japan)

11:00am-11:30am

Keynote Speech

1. Influence of Ultrasound on Pitting Corrosion

Behaviors of SUS304 Steel in NaCl Aqueous

Solution Rongguang Wang (Hiroshima Institute of Technology,

Japan)

The influence of ultrasound (US) with a frequency of 19.5

kHz on the initiation, growth and repassivation behaviors of

SUS304 stainless steel in 3.5% NaCl aqueous solution was

investigated by applying constant potential and polarization.

As the result, larger pitting potential was obtained when

keeping the US from 0 mV (vs. SCE) to the end of the

polarization. The suppression effect of US on either of the

initiation, growth and repassivation of corrosion pits of

SUS304 steel was confirmed.

11:30am-11:50am

2. Evaluation of Dissimilar Metals Weld between

Austanatic Stainless Steel and Carbon Steel Mansour Alelyani, Sammy Chan (University of New South

Wales, Australia), Jeffery Andrews (Caltex Australia,

Australia)

The current work was carried out to evaluate and

characterize the dissimilar welds between 304L/316L

austenitic stainless steel and AS/NZS 3678-250 carbon steel.

Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process was used to weld

this combination with two different filler metals: ER309 and

Inco82. A composition transition region was clearly noticed

between the weld metal and the heat affected zone of carbon

steel. The microstructure, mechanical and corrosion

properties of this region differ from the adjacent regions and

it had a significant influence on the performance of

dissimilar metal welds. It shows complex microstructure and

high hardness values comparing with adjacent zones. In the

tensile tests, all samples failed in the HAZ of the carbon

steel within this fusion zone, with obviously ductile fracture.

The corrosion resistance results also show clear variation

between this zone and the other regions, due to differences

in composition and microstructure.

50

11:50am-12:10pm

3. Influence of Citric Acid on the Metal Release of

Stainless Steels N. Mazinanian, I. Odnevall Wallinder, Y.S. Hedberg (1KTH

Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)

Knowledge on metal release processes from stainless steels

used in food processing applications and cooking utensils is

essential within the framework of human health risk

assessment. A new European standard test protocol for metal

release testing of food contact materials made from metals

and alloys has recently been published by the Council of

Europe. The major difference to earlier test protocols is the

use of citric acid as the worst case food simulant. The

objectives of this study were to assess the effect of citric

acid at acidic, neutral, and alkaline solution pH on the extent

of metal release for stainless steel grades AISI 304 and 316,

commonly used as food contact materials. Both grades

released lower amounts of metals compared with specific

release limits when tested according to test guidelines.

Released amounts of metals were assessed by means of

graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy, and

changes in the outermost surface compositionwere

determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The

results demonstrate that both the pH and the complexation

capacity of the solutions affect the extent of metal release

from stainless steel, findings discussed from a mechanistic

perspective. The outermost surface oxidewas significantly

enriched in chromium upon exposure to citric acid,

indicating a rapid passivation by citric acid. This study

elucidates the effect of several possible mechanisms,

including complexation/ligand-induced metal release, which

govern the metal release process from stainless steel at

passive conditions in solutions containing citric acid.

12:10pm-12:30pm

4. Corrosion of Duplex & Super Duplex Cast

Elements in a Desalination Plant David Parravicini, Tako Heiner (Degremont Australia,

Australia)

Commissioned in November 2006 the Perth Seawater

Desalination Plant was the first large scale desalination plant

in Australia. Operated by Degremont Australia in an alliance

partnership with the Water Corporation the plant represents

17% of Perth‟s drinking water supply and has been a vital

climate independent water source for the community. PSDP

has been heralded as a leader in industry with the plant being

named Desalination Plant of the year (Water Desalination

Report, 26 November 2012), has contributed over 300

gigaliters of potable water to the Perth community and has

set a high standard in production and safety.(Averages

99.7% Availability, Over 3000 LTI Free Days).

Desalination plants often operate in harsh conditions with a

majority of large scale plants operating in coastal

environments. This coupled with the large amounts of

seawater and brine processed by these facilities, means a

high standard of materials is chosen to give optimum life.

Materials range from composites such as HDPE and GRP

piping to high alloy steels and even titanium. Even though

materials are given a large amount of respect in the design

phase, premature failure can happen and this paper seeks to

share knowledge of problems encountered and solutions

implemented.

Pumps and valves are an integral part of the desalination

process and as such a high specification of Stainless Steels

were chosen to give best whole life cost. Although these

materials have strong case histories in piping systems the

decision to cast them into complex shapes is one that must

be entered into with a complete understanding of the

challenges that can be faced. This paper will look at three

different cast elements that are in operation. This including

6 multi stage split casing pumps (SAF 2205), 6 single stage

split casing pumps (SAF 2205) and 12 guided plug type

control valve bodies (SAF 2507) This paper seeks to share

the experience of problems encountered and decisions made

to monitor, repair and control corrosion of these elements

whilst maintaining production in a facility that was designed

with little to no redundancy.


TE1: Corrosion in Light Metals 4

Chair: Srinivasan Raja Vngaranahalli

(Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India)

11:00am-11:30am

Keynote Speech

1. Precursor Events in Environmentally Assisted

Cracking Behaviour of Light Metals V. S. Raja (Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India)

Light metal alloys of Mg, Ti and Al suffer from

environmentally assisted cracking (EAC). Passive film

breakdown and pitting are not only the precursor events for

stress corrosion, but can accelerate hydrogen evolution and

there by become responsible for hydrogen embrittlement.

This has been clearly demonstrated in the case of Mg and Ti

alloys. The so called innocuous precipitates, which do not

directly participate in either alloy strengthening or EAC can

be effective precursor for initiating EAC. This aspect is

highlighted using high strength aluminium alloys. Such

behaviours lead to paradigm shift in the way alloys need to

be designed to have them resistance against EAC.

11:30am-11:50am

2. Microstructure and Electrochemical Corrosion

Behavior of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidized AZ31

Magnesium Alloy in 3.5 % NaCl Solution Arthanari Srinivasan, Hwa Chul Jung, Arumugam Madhan

Kumar, Kwang Seon Shin (Seoul National University,

Korea), Nallaiyan Rjendran (Anna University, India), Young

Hee Park (Research Institute of Industrial Science and

Technology, Korea)

Plasma electrolytic oxide (PEO) coatings on AZ31 Mg alloy

in sodium silicate bath have been developed in orderto

control the surface and corrosion properties by varying the

processing conditions.The effect of pretreatment condition

on the surface and electrochemicalcorrosion behavior of the

51

pretreated and PEO coated AZ31 has been evaluated.The

change in surface and PEO film properties was evaluated

using scanningelectron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force

microscopy (AFM). The informationabout the phase

structure of PEO coated AZ31 was studied using X-

raydiffraction (XRD). The pretreatment condition produced

significant changes inthe PEO film morphology and

thickness. It was also seen that the hardness ofthe PEO

coated AZ31 was improved and varied as a function of

pretreatmentcondition. The electrochemical corrosion

behavior of the coated samples wasanalyzed using

potentiodynamic polarization tests in 3.5 wt.% NaCl

solution.The results showed that, the corrosion rate of PEO

coated AZ31 is significantlyless compared to uncoated

samples. It is also interesting to note that thecorrosion rate

was varied with pretreatment condition. A comparison

between thesurface morphology and electrochemical

corrosion behavior is made in order tounderstand and

explain the variation in corrosion rate with

varyingpretreatment condition.

11:50am-12:10pm

3. Corrosion Study on Telco’s Copper Cable for

Remote Power Application Nabihah Hashim, Mohd Saiful Bahri Ibrahim, Muhammad

Sayuzi Abdul Rahman, Muhammad Amin Idrus, Mohd

Rezadzudin Hassan, Wan Razli Wan Abdullah (Telekom

Malaysia Research & Development Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia),

Shaiful Rizam Shamsudin (Universiti Malaysia Perlis,

Malaysia)

The demand of high power feeding for the purpose of

powering up the equipment on network elements at long

distances had become very significant in telecommunication

industries. Remote powering is a concept of distributing

direct current (DC) power over the existing twisted pairs

copper network stretching from central offices to remote

cabinets. This concept is typically used in broadband

applications with new “high-bandwidth services” such as

VDSL technology. Therefore, corrosion effect over copper

cables is one of the crucial angles to be studied before

adopting the remote powering concept in Telekom Malaysia

(TM)‟s access network. The most corrosive condition of

copper (Cu) cables due to the natural environment is usually

located close to the coastal area. Thus in this study, the

environmental testing is carried out at room temperature

using 3.5 wt. % of NaCl solution as to represent artificial

seawater environment. The effect of corrosion was further

studied under different power feeding magnitudes (60, 100,

120, 180 and 200 V) by +DC, -DC and Alternating Current

(AC) scheme. The accelerated plan interval test is studied at

200 V power feeding due to variations in the general and

localised corrosion rates over time as the test progresses

especially at the keen voltage magnitude. Stereomicroscope

technique and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to confirm

and analyse oxide layer formation on the cable surface. It

was found that at all tested power feeding magnitudes, the

positively charged (+DC) Cu cable was prone to severe

corrosion, while AC applied cable resulted to a very low rate

of corrosion reaction. In contrast, the Cu cable was found to

be immune to the application of –DC power feeding.

However, the exposed Cu cable in artificial seawater

displayed a uniform corrosion profile in which partially

protective scale of oxides were formed, namely Cu2O as the

first layer, followed by CuO as the second layer. However,

Cu corrosion activity is indeed a very slow process and is

considered not to be corroded as the protective layers exist

on the surface.

12:10pm-12:30pm

4. Roles of SiC Particulates on the Corrosion

Behaviour of Extruded AZ91/SiCp Composite Tao Zhang, Chunyan Zhang (Harbin Engineering Univeristy,

China)

Roles of SiC particulates (SiCp) in the corrosion process of

extruded AZ91 magnesium matrix composites (EX-

AZ91/SiCp MMCs) were investigated by means of weight

loss and electrochemical measurements. The results indicate

that the increase of SiCp volume fraction decreases the

corrosion resistance of EX-AZ91/SiCp MMCs greatly,

which can be explained from the point of view of

microstructure changes, that is the significant refinement of

β phase accelerates the cathodic hydrogen reduction process

and the preferential recrystallization of β phase around SiCp

results in the serious micro-galvanic corrosion of α phase

adjacent to SiCp and further drop of SiCp.


TF1: Corrosion in Concrete 4

Chair: Marina Cabrini (University of Bergamo, Italy)

11:00am-11:30am

Keynote Speech

1. Study of Chloride Corrosion Organic Inhibitors

in Alkaline Pore Solution M.Cabrini, S.Lorenzi, T.Pastore, S.Pellegrini (University of

Bergamo, Italy)

This paper compares the inhibition properties of aspartic and

lactic acid salts with nitrite ions and their effect on critical

chloride concentration. The tests were carried out on carbon

steel specimens in saturated lime solutions with pH adjusted

in the range 13 to 13.6.The critical chloride

concentrationswere estimated through multiple specimen

potentiostatic testsat potentials in the usual range for passive

rebar in alkaline concrete of atmospheric structures. During

tests, chloride salt was added every 48huntil all specimens

showed localized attacks, obtaining cumulative distribution

curves, i.e. the fraction of corroded specimens as a function

of the chlorides concentration. Furthermore, IR spectra were

recorded for evaluating the presence of the organic inhibitors

on the passivity film. The results confirm an inhibiting effect

of 0.1M aspartate comparable with nitrite ions, at same

concentration. The calcium lactate does not increase critical

chloride concentration. However, the formation of a massive

scalewas observed, containing such substance that could

reduce the corrosion propagation.

52

11:30am-11:50am

2. A Reliability-based Durability Design

Specification for Chloride Penetration to Prevent

Reinforcement Corrosion in Concrete Structures Soo Won Cha, Sung Geun Bae (University of Ulsan, Korea),

Seung Yup Jang, Ki Hyun Kim (Korea Railroad Research

Institute, Korea)

Reinforced concrete bridges in marine environment are

becoming longer and bigger. The corrosion of reinforcement

in the concrete members due to chloride ion generally plays

an important role in a durability service life of the structure.

Thus, reasonable durability design for the marine bridges

against chloride penetration should be taken. The previous

method of durability design against chloride penetration has

performed in a deterministic way. Real physical properties

for chloride penetration, however, have variability around

their means. Therefore a probability-based approach of

durability design is required. A reliability-based design

specification for long-span marine bridges has recently been

proposed. The specification includes a durability design of

concrete members against chloride penetration to prevent

reinforcement corrosion. This paper aims the introduction of

the durability design specification. The specification is

composed of presenting limit state equations, drawing the

statistics for many probability variables, establishing

durability design procedure, and describing a verification

method. A durability design example according to the

guideline for a prototype marine bridge is explained at the

end of this paper. The specification can be expanded to the

durability design for many other types of concrete structures

under chloride penetration environment.

11:50am-12:10pm

3. Corrosion Control for Civil Structures via Nano-

Materials & Pulse Technology D.A. Koleva (Delft University of Technology, The

Netherlands)

Durability and service life challenges in civil structures are

largely linked to corrosion-related phenomena at the surface

of the steel reinforcement. Damage initiation and/or

development of structural properties start on nano/micro

level. Therefore, modification of the materials‟ structure on

the nano/micro levels is more likely to effectively deal with

durability issues. On the other hand, well known and applied

engineering methodology, but sometimes ending-up with

low efficiency over service life performance, can perform in

a more efficient way if a synergetic approach is applied.

Cathodic protection (CP) for example is the only

electrochemical technique, able to minimize or stop

chloride-induced corrosion in reinforced concrete. The

conventional CP, however, has various side effects. This

paper will discuss a synergetic approach to corrosion control

in civil structures by utilising nano-particles and pulse

technology. The pulse cathodic prevention (protection),

applied at significantly lower current densities, is able to

result in the required level of protection and expected to

exert minimum or none side effects. On the other hand,

pulse CP can also provide a desired ion and water transport

in the concrete bulk matrix. This is where nano-particles,

initially admixed in the system, can also be influenced by

applied CP and are able to additionally increase steel

corrosion resistance. The result is improving the steel-

surface layer properties and the steel/cement paste interface

properties. The paper will discuss recent work on both

related to the field of corrosion control in civil structures.

Tuesday, November 4, 2014 Room 402A (4F)

TG1: Corrosion in Monitoring and Modeling 4

Chair: Yong-Moo Cheong

(Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Korea)

11:00am-11:30am

Keynote Speech

1. On-line Monitoring System for Flow Accelerated

Corrosion of High- Temperature Pipe with

Ultrasonic Waveguide Technique Yong-Moo Cheong, Hong-Pyo Kim (Korea Atomic Energy

Research Institute, Korea)

To monitor the corrosion or FAC (Flow Accelerated

Corrosion) in a pipe, an accurate measurement of the pipe

wall thickness at a high temperature is required. However, it

is not easy to measure the pipe thinning using conventional

ultrasonic methods. Conventional piezoelectric transducers

cannot be used at high temperatures because of

depolarization of piezoelectric-ceramic at temperature above

the Curie temperature, differential thermal expansion of the

substrate, and inappropriate contact between the transducer

and test piece. For monitoring the FAC phenomena in the

pipe, we developed a high-temperature pipe thickness

monitoring system. Based on the analysis of the dispersion

characteristics, a strip waveguide is optimized for a

maximum acoustic energy transfer in the waveguide. A

clamping device with a solid couplant was designed and

fabricated for stable contact between the waveguides and

high-temperature pipe. This on-line high-temperature pipe

thickness monitoring system shows a very stable operation

in a robust environment, such as a frequent temperature

variation of RT to 300°C for several months of operation.

11:30am-11:50am

2. Real-Time Corrosion Prediction as a Tool for

Enhanced Asset Integrity Amitabh Chaturvedi (Honeywell, India), EunKyoung Lee

(Honeywell, Korea)

Quantification of corrosion in refinery processes has been

found to be difficult due to the complexity of characterizing

underlying processes and developing adequate data to define

corrosion behavior. Further, the subversive nature of

corrosion damage in terms of its impact on equipment health

and performance has often meant the need for corrosion

quantification in real time. To achieve this objective there

are two major requirements that need to be fulfilled –

1. Accurate data models to predict the corrosion

2. To make these available in real time in any process plant

Honeywell has been spearheading collaborative research for

last 20 years in the form of its Joint Industry Programs (JIPs)

53

and has succeeded in developing comprehensive corrosion

data that have been used to develop refinery process specific

corrosion prediction models.

Now, to take these standalone models to real-time, these

models have been integrated with real time data delivery

tools (DCS, Historian) to make corrosion quantification

available as a process variable, akin to other key process

parameters such as pressure, temperature, pH etc. This

availability of real-time corrosion and material performance

information greatly improves asset integrity of the unit and

overall plant.

This paper briefly describes about Honeywell‟s (JIPs) for

development of predictive data models, throws light on the

newly developed framework for providing corrosion

prediction and quantification in real time, and enumerates

key benefits such real time corrosion characterization is

expected to bring.

11:50am-12:10pm

3. New Advancements in Corrosion Monitoring

Technology-On-line, Real-time for Process

Correlated Analysis EunKyoung Lee (Honeywell, Korea), Amish Gandhi,

Amitabh Chaturvedi (Honeywell, India)

Plant operations can be severely affected by corrosion; the

effects may include cost impact such as lost production and

unscheduled downtime, or in the more catastrophic cases

issues that impact health, safety and the environment.

To minimize corrosion impacts on process equipments,

operators routinely implement corrosion control measures

(for example, dosing of corrosion inhibitor treatments).

However there is rarely accurate performance data to help

confirm that the correct treatment type and optimum method

of application are being used. This is particularly seen in

chemical treatment where pipeline/equipment systems are

treated but its performance is ananlyzed with only looking at

general corrosion data; although most failures actually result

from localized (pitting) corrosion. where corrosion

measurement or monitoring are implemented, the methods

used tend to provide retrospective data rather than on-line in

real-time.

This paper describes recent advances in technology(e.g.

multiple electochemical technique incorporated in single

device with direct connection to control system-capabilities)

that have made it possible to apply a much simplified

monitoring solution to industrial applications on a real-time

basis that provide information on corrosion and pitting. This

automated, online corrosion monitoring has made it possible

to actively involve plant personnel on a real-time basis to

minimize corrosion, maintenance, failures and associated

costs. Data is presented that was analyzed on a real-time

basis and used to quickly assess corrosion and pitting

tendencies, correlate short-term changes/upsets in operation

enabling troubleshooting, and validating the effectiveness of

the existing chemical treatment and remediation programs.

12:10pm-12:30pm

4. Avoiding Common Pitfalls in CO2 Corrosion Rate

Assessment for Hydrocarbon Industries Seyed Mohammad Kazem Hosseini (Saipem Limited, UK)

Selection of materials in upstream hydrocarbon industry is

often based on prediction of CO2 corrosion rate of carbon

steel materials through using an industry-accepted corrosion

model. Several corrosion models have been developed since

1970s in order to assist engineers to design not only the

material of construction, but to determine the need for

corrosion inhibitor and to establish the corrosion

management philosophy. In the present study a survey was

conducted on a number of corrosion studies recently

undertaken in offshore oil and gas projects in order to assess

the accuracy and soundness of the predicted results. The

survey has indicated that the majority of them suffer from

different types of errors, leading to incorrect estimations.

According to the results of survey, four primary types of

pitfall are identified in the corrosion studies: 1) using a

corrosion model outside of its validity range, 2) using a

corrosion model which is known to be inaccurate within the

specific service conditions given in a project, 3)using

inaccurate input data to the model, and 4) failing to address

factors which are known to impose significant effects on

corrosion rate. To avoid the above-mentioned pitfalls, a

number of precautions were recommended. These include

guidance on how to pick a right corrosion model, how to

properly use it and how to verify the output of corrosion

models.

12:30pm-12:50pm

5. Development of Simulation Program for Anti-

Chipping in Car-Body H.M. Ahn, S.H. Ahn (Hyundai Automotive R&D Division,

Korea)

The customer field environment includes unpaved roads,

gravel roads, and application of rock-salt that causes

chipping problems of side sill, exterior chrome garnish,

radiator garnish and hood panel. In particular, side sill

stone chipping can lead to poor appearance and corrosion

issues. It is important to optimize anti-chipping tape size and

develop an optimized design based on computer-aided

simulation using design drawing factors. New concept

simulation program is based on field history, vehicle design

shape and usage of anti-chipping application. A simulation

program was developed that includes factors such as vehicle

speed and chipping stone-size based on geometry CAD data

of new model. The simulation allows changes of geometry

through mapping using CAD data, and CFD simulation

particle-method after automatic mesh making. After CFD

simulation, we can calculate impact level of stone in

chipping areas of side sill and rear door side. If there is a

chipping possibility in field, we can modify design shape to

optimize anti-chipping. After one loop procedure of anti-

chipping prediction, we can repeat with respect to anti-

chipping after changing geometry CAD data, and then

compare with initial chipping results.

54

Tuesday, November 4, 2014 Room 402B (4F)

TH1: Atmospheric Corrosion 4

Chair: Abdullah Almarshad (Al Imam Muhammad bin Saud University, Saudi Arabia)

11:00am-11:30am

Keynote Speech

1. Long Term Atmospheric Corrosion of Carbon

Steel at Marine Sites in Saudi Arabia Abdullah I. Almarshad (Al Imam Muhammad bin Saud

University, Saudi Arabia)

Atmospheric corrosion tests have been carried out at eight

marine sites representing different environmental conditions.

Environmental factors such as average temperature, average

relative humidity and deposition rates of atmospheric

pollutants (Cland SO2) were investigated. X-ray diffraction

has been used to determine the composition of the corrosion

products. Corrosion rates have been determined for each

sample at each of the exposure sites via loss of weight. The

obtained data were used for the classification of atmospheric

aggressivity according to ISO 9223. The major constituent

of the rust formed in marine environment is goethite (a-

FeOOH). Samples also show the presence of a large

proportion of lepidocrocite (g-FeOOH) and small amounts

offerrihydrite and maghemite (a-Fe203).

11:30am-11:50am

2. Copper Corrosion under Artificial Sweat Droplet Lei Wen, Litao Yin, Ying Jin, Mengmeng Cui (University of

Science and Technology Beijing, China)

Copper and their alloys are widely used in fields of 3C

(computer, communication and consumer electronics)

industry due to their excellent electrical conductivity and

mature manufacturing technology. During the service

process, copper is inevitable to contact with sweat of human

body. The sweat solution mainly consists of 0.5wt.% lactic

acid, 0.5wt.% NaCl, and 0.1wt.% urea, and pH value ranges

between 4.8 and 5.8 [1]. In this research, the effects of sweat

compositions on corrosion behavior of copper were

investigated by potentiodynamic polarization via traditional

electrode in bulk electrolyte, and the galvanic current

distribution tests by means of home-made cross array

electrode (CAE) under droplet, respectively. The results

showed that three main compositions of artificial sweat

solution played different roles during corrosion processes.

Lactic acid was a kind of strong corrosive medium, and

NaCl can induce pitting corrosion on metal surface, while

urea acted as a corrosion inhibitor. The corrosion behavior in

the artificial sweat is a coupling result, which is more than

simple accumulation of individual composition effect. For a

deeper insight for the synergetic and competitive effects

among different compositions, modeling and simulation

work based on the above experimental results were

performed.

11:50am-12:10pm

3. Real-time Monitoring of Corrosion Rate in

Atmospheric Environments Using the Electrical

Resistance Technique Masataka Omoda, Hiroki Harada, Takashi Kawano, Hiroshi

Kajiyama, Mitsuo Kimura (JFE Steel Corporation, Japan)

For the evaluation of corrosion resistance of steel sheet,

exposure tests in a real environment and accelerated

corrosion tests are commonly used. In order to estimate the

variations in the corrosion rate due to the effects of

changeable environmental conditions during these tests, a

corrosion monitoring system using the electrical resistance

technique was applied. Two kinds of corrosion sensors, an

Fe sensor (250 µm thick) and a Zn sensor (50µm thick),

were used. In the accelerated corrosion test (ISO16539

Method B), the corrosion depth as evaluated by the sensors

displayed a good correlation with that of the exposure test

samples. Thus, the variation in the corrosion rate could be

evaluated by the sensors. It was confirmed that the corrosion

rate increased during the wet stage and decreased during the

dry stage. In exposure tests in Okinawa and Kawasaki, the

variation of the corrosion rate due to the effects of

changeable environmental conditions throughout the year

could be evaluated by the sensors. The corrosion rate in

Okinawa as evaluated by the Fe sensor was greater than that

found in Kawasaki. However, the corrosion rate in Okinawa

as evaluated by the Zn sensor was almost the same as that in

Kawasaki. The corrosion sensors could clarify the difference

in corrosion behavior between Fe and Zn. Furthermore, the

relationship between the corrosion rate and the

environmental factors (temperature, relative humidity,

amount of airborne sea salt, etc.) was analyzed.

12:10pm-12:30pm

4. Corrosion Severity Monitoring in the Global

Area by Trailer Traveling S.H. Ahn, J.W. Seo, H.M. Ahn, S.J. Oh, B.H. Min (Hyundai

Automotive R&D Division, Korea), W.S. Yang (Hyundai

Steel R&D Division, Korea), J.G. Kim (Sungkyunkwan

University, Korea)

Corrosion severity in global area by trailer traveling depends

on overall road environment. The designed corrosion test

panels have been mounted on a trailer traveling in global

area. These corrosion test panels have been mounted on the

underbody of the trailers. The corrosion rate of the corrosion

coupons was calculated by weight loss after trailer exposure.

The results from monitoring have been compiled within an

interval of every one year. It was concluded that overall

analysed data of corrosion severity is applicable to make a

corrosion map and make a condition of environment socking

in proving ground test.

55

Tuesday, November 4, 2014 Samda Hall A (3F)

TA2: Coatings 5

Chair: Herman Terryn

(Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium)

14:00pm-14:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Combining Self-Healing Polymers and

Encapsulated Inhibitors in Coatings for Corrosion

Protection H. Terryn, A. Lutz, Y. Gonzalez-García, H. Simillion, I. De

Graeve (Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium)

Corrosion of metals can best be avoided using a barrier

coating preventing aggressive species from reaching the

metallic substrate. However, if the barrier is broken,

corrosion inhibitors need to foresee the protection of the

metal. Therefore, corrosion inhibitors are often incorporated

in the coating matrix. But even “smart” containers, which

leach corrosion inhibitors only when a corrosive attack takes

place, do not offer the same year-long protection of a barrier

coating. In the last decade, self-healing or self-repairing

coatings have been developed, which re-establish the coating

barrier – either autonomously or based on for example a

thermal trigger. However, for the time until the coating is

repaired or when the repair is insufficient, a corrosion

inhibition is desirable. Within this paper the authors present

examples for analysing self-healing coatings, corrosion

inhibitor screening methods and possibilities of combining

inhibitors with self-healing polymer coatings to achieve a

multi-action self-healing coating system.

14:30pm-14:50pm

2. Microstructures and Properties of Plasma

Sprayed NiCrBSi Coating on 2Cr13 Stainless Steel Li-hui Tian, Er-lin Lu, Sheng Lu, Jing Chen (Jiangsu

University of Science and Technology, China)

NiCrBSi self-fluxing high temperature alloy coatings were

prepared by atmosphic plasma spray on 2Cr13 martensitic

stainless steel. Coatings with thickness of 0.3mm and 3mm

coatings were prepared with the optimized parameters

respectively. And the remelting process was conducted to

improve the coating property. The microstructures and

mechanical properties of the coatings were analyzed by

Scanning electronic microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction

(XRD), as well as tensile and hardness tests. The corrosion

resistance of the coating was investigated by immersion test

and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at a

3.5% NaCl solution. The results show that bonding strength

of the original coating reaches 45MPa. After remelting, the

porosity of coating declines remarkably with denser

microstructure and higher bonding strength. The corrosion

resistance of the 3mm coating is the best with corrosion rate

of 0.035968 mm/a which is about 1/4 that of 0.3mm coating,

while their corrosion currents are 1.6844E-6 A.cm-2

and

6.4475E-6 A.cm-2

respectively with few difference.

14:50pm-15:10pm

3. Development of Dual Functional Galvanized

Steels for Home Electronic Appliances D.-H. Jo, J.-T. Park, J.-S. Kim (POSCO, Korea), H.-W. Oh

(Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology,

Korea)

Recently, houshold electronic industries require

environmentally-friendly and high functional materials to

enhance quality of human life. Especially customer requires

insect repellent steels to protect household microwave oven

from damage of insects such as fire ants and cockroaches in

tropical regions. Thus POSCO have developed new type of

functional steels, which is coated organic-inorganic

composite on the steel surface, for usage of cover panels in

the microwave oven and refrigerator. The coating composite

solution was prepared by mechanical dispersion of solutions

that consists of polymeric resin and a pyrethroid additive in

aqueous media. The composite solution was coated on the

steel surface by using roll coater and then cured through

induction curing furnace. The new steels evaluated quality

performances such as salt spray test for corrosion resistance,

press formability, and biological testing. The new steels with

this organic-inorganic composite coating, extraordinarily,

exhibit excellent dual functionalities of both insect-repellent

and antimicrobial activities for short term and long term

tests. Detailed discussions of coating solution and

experimental results suggest that molecular level dispersion

of insect repellent insecticide on the coating layer plays a

key role in the dual biological performances.

15:10pm-15:30pm

4. Ageing Behavior of Novel Polyurethane Coating:

Influence of Weathering Environments Dongdong Song, Jin Gao, Lin Lu, Zhichao Qian, Minzhen

Ding, Xiaogang Li (University of Science and Technology

Beijing, China)

On the basis of polyurethane coating system, the outdoor

insolated test was carried out in Lhasa, Mohe and Wanning

to evaluate the initial aging behavior of coating. Three

exposure sites have different typical climates: frigid climate,

low temperature, low humidity, strong ultraviolet ray

(Lhasa); North frigid zone type cold forest climate, typical

harsh low temperature environment condition (Mohe);

tropical humid regions, typical tropical ocean climate, high

temperature, high humidity, Strong ultraviolet ray (Wanning).

Combined surface performance characterizations, mechanics

testing and chemical analysis with environment factors, the

influence of environmental factors on the short term aging

behavior of coating was studied. After one year exposure,

the coatings in all locations exhibited good protection

performance since no rust, blister, crack or flake was

observed. The coating exposed in Lhasa and Mohe showed

better aging resistance and obvious change can be found by

eithervisual inspection or by SEM. The mechanical

properties of the exposed coatings were similar to the

original values. However, in Wanning, chalking was visible

on the coating. The mechanical properties including impact

resistance and adhesion decreased significantly. After

removal of the surface dust, serious crack distribution was

56

observed by SEM compared to the original appearance.

Thus, the results show that the degardation behavior of

coating was slight affected by low temperature, low

humidity, strong ultraviolet ray environment. Due to the

coupling effect of high temperature, high humidity and

strong ultraviolet ray, the initial degradation of coating was

aggravating. In order to determine the principal factor,

mathematical methods such as principal component analysis

were used to quantify the correlation between environmental

factors and coating degradation.

Tuesday, November 4, 2014 Samda Hall B (3F)

TB2: Corrosion Problems and Protection Methods


Chair: Mats Jonsson

(KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)

14:00pm-14:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Impact of Aqueous Radiolysis Products on

Radiation Induced Corrosion of Copper Å sa Björkbacka, Christofer Leygraf, Mats Jonsson (KTH

Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)

According to the Swedish KBS-3 concept for deep

geological storage of spent nuclear fuel, the spent nuclear

fuel will be placed in cast iron canisters covered with 5 cm

copper to provide corrosion resistance. In recent years, the

possible impact of ionizing radiation on the corrosion of

copper has undergone a renewed discussion. Radiolysis of

water in the vicinity of the copper surface will produce the

aqueous radiolysis products OH, H2O2, HO2, eaq-, H, H2

and H+. Out of these products, OH and H2O2 are

thermodynamically capable of oxidizing copper and

radiation induced corrosion of canister copper is an expected

process during the initial phase of the repository life-time.

Recent experiments on radiation-induced corrosion of

copper in pure water have shown that the release of copper

is significantly higher than expected from surface reactions

with aqueous radiolysis products. In addition, very local

corrosion features are observed, despite the fact that the

radiolysis products are formed homogeneously in solution.

To better understand the process we have undertaken a study

on the reactivity of the aqueous radiolytic oxidants towards

copper and the oxides observed in the experimental study

mentioned above, Cu2O and CuO. While the hydroxyl

radical is capable of oxidizing both Cu and Cu2O, H2O2 can

react in two different ways with the oxides. H2O2 can

oxidize Cu2O but it also undergoes catalytic decomposition

on both oxides resulting in formation of surface bound

hydroxyl radicals. The formation of hydroxyl radicals has

been quantified experimentally. The relative reactivity of

OH and H2O2 towards the different oxides and metallic Cu

will be discussed in detail and the overall impact of these

radiolysis products on radiation induced corrosion of copper

will be assessed.

14:30pm-14:50pm

2. Radiation Induced Corrosion Effects of Copper

for Spent Nuclear Fuel Christofer Leygraf, Å sa Björkbacka, Saman Hosseinpour,

Magnus Johnson, Mats Jonsson (KTH Royal Institute of

Technology, Sweden)

This is the second presentation in this session on the effect

of radiation on the corrosion effects of copper for spent

nuclear fuel. The aim is to explore the effect of total gamma

dose on the corrosion behavior of copper in pure, anoxic,

water. The total doses used were within the range relevant

for the Swedish geological deep repository for spent nuclear

fuel. Based on characterization of the corrosion products

formed on the copper surface by IRAS, XPS, AFM and

cathodic reduction, and of trace elemental analysis of

dissolved copper by inductively coupled plasma atomic

emission spectroscopy, the overall conclusion is that gamma

radiation causes significantly enhanced corrosion of copper

in anoxic aqueous solution in comparison to non-irradiated

samples. The main corrosion product formed on the copper

surface during gamma irradiation is cuprite (Cu2O), while

only a small fraction consists of Cu(II) compounds. The

thickness of the oxide layer, after irradiation at dose rates of

370 and 770 Gyh-1 and total doses of 35.5 and 74 kGy, was

measured to be 50–100 nm.Dissolution of copper during

irradiation clearly depends on the total absorbed dose. An

evaluation of the impact of aqueous radiolysis chemistry on

the process of radiation induced corrosion of copper

revealed that radiolysis of water only accounts for a very

small fraction of the experimentally observed corrosion.

Consequently, the main part of the observed corrosion must

be attributed to other radiation driven processes, presumably

of electrochemical nature. A closer discussion on possible

mechanisms will be presented.

14:50pm-15:10pm

3. Corrosion of Copper in Anaerobic Groundwater

in the Presence of SRB L.Carpén, P.Rajala, M.Bomberg (VTT Technical Research

Centre, Finland)

Copper is used in various applications, which favor the

formation of biofilms. Copper has also been the corrosion

barrier choice for the disposal canister in the Finnish nuclear

waste disposal program. The copper canisters should have

lifetimes exceeding 100 000 years to prevent the release of

radioactive nuclides to the environment.

Microbial biofilm formation on metal surfaces can enhance

corrosion in various conditions. Microbes can generate

conditions that enhance corrosion through the alteration of

pH and redox potential, excretion of corrosion inducing

metabolites, direct or indirect enzymatic reduction or

oxidation of corrosion products and formation of biofilms

that create corrosive microenvironments. Corrosion may

reduce lifetime of the equipment and structures. Microbial

metabolites are known to initiate, facilitate, or accelerate

general corrosion or localised corrosion, galvanic corrosion,

intergranular corrosion and also enable stress corrosion

cracking. Sulphate reducing bacteria that produce sulphide

are present in repository environment. Sulphide is known to

be corrosive agent for copper.

57

Here we show results from corrosion of copper in anaerobic

simulated ground water in the presence of sulphate reducing

bacteria.

Electrochemical measurements were proven to be useful in

monitoring the initiation and progression of general and

localized corrosion of copper.

15:10pm-15:30pm

4. Photoelectrochemical Protective Coating on 304

SS and Carbon Steel Used for Dry Storage System

Canisters Ching-Hsuan Hung, Tsung-Kuang Yeh, Mei-Ya Wang

(National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan), Peter-Chen (Berlin

Co., Ltd., Germany)

It is well known that stainless steels and carbon steels are

susceptible to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in certain

environments induced by sea salt particles and chlorides.

And the TiO2 coating can act as a non-sacrificial anode and

protect steel substrate cathodically under UV illumination.

In this study, the photoelectrochemical behavior of the steel

with TiO2 coating by sol-gel method was investigated to

mitigate atmospheric SCC. The result of electrochemical

analysis revealed that a decrease in electrochemical

corrosion potential (ECP) of the TiO2 coated on polished

304 SS was comparatively significant than on polished CS

in the presence of UV radiation. In addition, the oxide film

of CS would enhance the photo-effect. The oxide structure at

the TiO2/carbon steel interface would enhance the ECP

decrease with UV radiation due to the inhibition of other

metal ions diffused into TiO2 coating. In summary, these

results indicate that the TiO2 treatment in combination with

UV radiation would effectively reduce the corrosion rate of

304SS and CS in atmospheric environments.


TC2: Corrosion in Oil/Gas/Pipelines 5

Chair: Alec Groysman

(Israeli Society of Chemical Engineers &

Chemists, Israel)

14:00pm-14:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Corrosion in Systems for Storage and

Transportation of Petroleum Products and Biofuels Alec Groysman (Israeli Society of Chemical Engineers &

Chemists, Israel)

The aim of this work is to describe chemical content of

crude oils and fuels, the conditions in which petroleum

products (fuels) are corrosive to metals; corrosion

mechanisms in fuels; which parts of storage tanks containing

crude oils and fuels undergo corrosion; dependence of

corrosion in tanks on type of fuels; biofuels (bioalcohols and

biodiesel); corrosion of metals in biofuels; anti-corrosion

preventive measures; selecting of coatings for inner surfaces

of tanks containing fuels; polymeric materials and their

resistance to fuels (including oxygenates and aromatic

solvents) and biofuels. The results are summarized in the

book “Corrosion in Systems for Transportation and Storage

of Petroleum Products and Biofuels” published by Springer.

14:30pm-14:50pm

2. Performance of an Amine Based Gas and Gas

Condensate Inhibitor Tested with Two Different

High Velocity Laboratory Test Rigs A. Prethaler, G. Mori (Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria),

W. Havlik, G. Zehethofer, S. Hönig (OMV Exploration

Production GmbH, Laboratory Materials & Corrosion,

Austria), E. Rosenberg (Technical University of Vienna,

Austria)

An amine based CO2 corrosion inhibitors has been tested in

both, a two-phase laboratory flow loop system and a jet

impingement cell under conditions of a mature gas

condensate well in Austria.

After a detailed description of the experimental setups,

degradation rates of material API L-80 as function of flow

velocity and inhibitor dosage are presented. Further one the

influence of addition of sand particles on inhibitor

performance has been investigated. All results are discussed

in respect to the critical micelle concentration, which is of

central importance in case of inhibitive effect.

Analysis of inhibitors was done on the one hand with gas

chromatography to determine volatile species and on the

other hand with liquid chromatography to characterize non-

volatile species. Inhibitor exhibits as an active ingredient

alkylamine dissolved in ethylene glycol and different

alcohols.

Results demonstrate that both test rigs deliver comparable

results with respect to necessary inhibitor concentration.

Independent of superficial flow velocities (tested between 3

and 35 m/s) the alkylamine based inhibitor exhibits a good

performance, as long as dosed above its critical micelle

concentration.

14:50pm-15:10pm

3. Effects of Chemical Composition on Grooving

Corrosion Resistance of ERW Pipes W.S. Yang, C.Y. Lee, S.H. Lee, Y.D. Jung, M.B. Moon, E.Y.

Park,(Hyundai Steel R&D Division, Korea), S.H. Ahn, S.J.

Oh,(Hyundai Automotive R&D Division, Korea), W.S.

Hwang (Inha University, Korea)

The effects of the post heat treatment and the chemical

composition on two steel grades, HS380AG (developed by

Hyundai Steel Company for the grooving corrosion

resistance application, added 0.25%Cu, 0.15%Cr, 0.15%Ni

in SPHT2) and SPHT2 (normal application). Post heat

treatment of 1 minute at 900oC improves the corrosion

resistance. The weld zone of HS380AG (added 0.25%Cu,

0.15%Cr, 0.15%Ni in SPHT2) add acts as cathode (mother

material as anode), results in higher corrosion resistance of

the weld zone. The Cu-rich layer formed on the surface of

the weld zone is one of the reason of the corrosion resistance.

58

15:10pm-15:30pm

4. The Coated Steel Corroded by Anaerobic

Bacteria K.Y. Mataqi, B. H Akbar (Kuwait Institute for Scientific

Research, Kuwait)

Anaerobic bacteria (Ab) can be found in any closed system

in the absence of O2, specifically in fuel storage tanks which

can cause severe problems at local marketing, aviation

turbine kerosene (ATK), mogas and diesel refineries. Ab

growth and activity can result in the attack of the entire

storage system, including coated steel and fiberglass

reinforced plastic tanks, tank linings, elastomeric seals and

hoses, low points in the piping, leak detectors, turbine pump

components and filters and valves, including overfill

prevention devices that lead to excessive maintenance and

replacement costs. In the worst case, product leaks can also

cause environmental damage, leading to costly cleanup and

facility downtime and lost business. An examination of the

presence of such Ab in fuel storage tanks was conducted.

The isolated Ab generic distribution was found to be

Desulfovibrio desulfricans.

15:30pm-15:50pm

5. Materials Selection in High CO2 Environment:

Performance of Carbon Steel Material M.C. Ismail (Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia),

A. Nor, F. Suhor, M. Singer, S. Nesic (Ohio University,

USA)

The challenge to develop high pressure CO2 gas field lies in

the performance of the commercial carbon steel linepipe and

tubing materials in high and supercritical CO2 environment.

The standard corrosion test of both electrochemical and

weight loss methods were conducted in autoclave at high

pressure CO2 environment at pressure of 80 bar and

temperature of 25ᵒC and 80ᵒC. In a high CO2 environment

(pCO2=80 bar, T=25ᵒC), the carbon manganese steels

experienced a corrosion rate of approximately 6.0 mm/yr. At

higher temperature of 80ᵒC, the corrosion rate of carbon

manganese material increased and then reduced to a low

corrosion rate due to the formation of FeCO3 film.


TD2: Corrosion in Stainless Steels 5

Chair: Hyang An Hwang

(Samsung Heavy Industries Co., Ltd., Korea)

14:00pm-14:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Study on Surface Treatment of Stainless Steels in

Shipbuilding Industries by Using Localized

Electrocleaning H.A. Hwang, J.T. Yun, C.S.Lim (Samsung Heavy Industries

Co., Ltd., Korea)

Localized electrocleaning method which is mainly used for

surface treatment of small-sized stainless steels objectives

such as semiconductor equipment, medical devices, cooking

utensils has a rapid surface treatment rate by using portable

equipment connected in low voltage DC power source and

wastes a small quantity of electrolyte i.e. phosphoric acid. In

this paper, we applied electrocleaning as an alternative

method of harmful and inefficient acid pickling for large-

sized stainless steel objectives such as mega frame structures,

pipes and out-fittings in shipbuilding industries. In order to

take it into account of the possibility of using, not only

corrosion resistance in various types of stainless steels was

verified but also essential considerations of equipment were

adequately optimized in accordance with ship yard working

environment. With this result, it was confirmed that the

localized electrocleaning method has a great possibility of

using as an alternative for various stainless steels surface

treatment in shipbuilding industries with showing an

equivalent corrosion resistance as acid pickling, a safer work

environment as well as a higher productivity.

14:30pm-14:50pm

2. The Kinetics of Anodic Dissolution and

Repassivation on 316L Stainless Steel in Borate

Buffer Solution Studied by Abrading Electrode

Technique H.S. Xu, D.B. Sun, H.Y. Yu, H.M. Meng (University of


The capacity of passive metal to repassivate after film

damaged determines the development of local corrosion and

the resistance against corrosion failures. In this work, the

repassivation kinetics of 316L stainless steel (316L SS) were

investigated in borate buffer solution (pH=9.1) by using a

new type of abrading electrode technique. The repassivation

kinetics was analyzed in terms of the current density flowing

from freshly bare 316L SS surface measuring by

potentiostatic method. During early decay times (t＜2s),

according to Avrami kinetics-based film growth model, the

transient current was separated into anodic dissolution (idiss)

and film formation (ifilm) components and analyzed them

individually. The film reformed rate and the thickness of

film were compared in different applied potential. It is

shown that anodic dissolution dominated the repassivation

for a short time in the initial stages, and the amount of

dissolution increased with the applied potential increasing in

passive region. The film growth at higher potential occurs

more rapidly as compared to lower potential.

Correspondingly, increasing applied potential from 0VSCE to

0.8VSCE resulted in thicker passive film (0.12nm-0.52nm).

After the monolayer passive film covering the whole bare

surface (θ=1), The electric field strengths through the thin

passive film could reach 1.6×107 V/cm.

14:50pm-15:10pm

3. Corrosion Fatigue of Austenitic Stainless Steel in

Different Hot Chloride Solutions A. Visser, G. Mori, M. Panzenböck (Montanuniversitaet

Leoben, Austria), R. Pippan (Austrian Academy of

Science, Austria)

59

An austenitic stainless steel has been investigated under

cyclic loading in electrolytes with different chloride contents

and pH and at different temperatures. Testing solutions were

13.2 % NaCl (80,000 ppm Cl-) at 80 °C and 43 % CaCl2

(275,000 ppm Cl-) at 120 °C.In addition to S-N curves in

inert and corrosive media, the fracture surfaces were

investigated with the scanning electron microscope (SEM)

to analysethe type of attack. The experimental results show

that a sharp decrease of corrosion fatigue properties can be

correlated with the occurrence of stress corrosion cracking.

The correlation of occurring types of damage in different

corrosion systems is described.


TE2: Corrosion in Advanced Materials

(Nano & Composite Materials)

Chair: Raman Singh (Monash University, Australia)

14:00pm-14:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Ultra-thin Graphene Coating and

Nanocrystalline Alloy for Remarkable Corrosion

Resistance

R.K. Singh Raman (Monash University, Australia)

This manuscript describes two novel and disruptive

approaches of nanotechnology for achieving remarkable

corrosion resistance: (a) due to just a monolayer or a few

atomic layer thick graphene coating, and (b) hypothesis that

the nanaocrystalline structure can bring about remarkable

improvement in oxidation/corrosion resistance, and

validation of this hypothesis. The manuscript also discusses

the underlying mechanisms of the remarkable improvements.

14:30pm-14:50pm

2. Effect of Cerium Addition in Hybrid Sol-gel

Coatings on AA1050 M. Fedel, E. Callone, M. Fabbian,S. Dirè, F. Deflorian

(University of Trento, Italy)

In this work, organosilane-derived sol-gel films containing

different amounts of cerium ions applied on AA 1050 were

investigated. The sol-gel coatings wereprepared from 3-

glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-GPS) and

methyltriethoxysilane (MTES)mixtures with the addition of

cerium nitrate in order to achieve different concentrations of

Ce ions (from 10-5

M to 10-2

M). The effect of the cerium

load on the structure of the cured sol-gel films was

investigated by means of solid state NMR, FT-IR

spectroscopy and TGA. The corrosion protection properties

of the different sol-gel layers were investigated mainly by

means of electrochemical techniques such as

potentiodynamic curves and electrochemical impedance

spectroscopy (EIS). The comparison between the results of

physical-chemical and electrochemical characterization was

exploited to discriminate the effect of cerium ions on the

properties of the hybrid layer from their role in the

electrochemical processes occurring on the metal surface.

Tuesday, November 4, 2014 14:00pm-17:30pm Room 401 (4F)

TF2: WCO Session

1. The 'Corrosion Passport': What Engineers

Should Know About Corrosion R.A. Cottis (University of Manchester, UK)

It is known that a significant proportion of the very high

costs of corrosion (in the region of $1.8 trillion) could be

saved by the application of existing technology. It is

believed that a significant reduction in these avoidable costs

could be achieved if practising engineers had a greater

awareness of corrosion and its control, and the Corrosion

Passport is a proposal by the World Corrosion Organization

(WCO) that is intended to provide guidance to engineering

professional bodies and educational establishments for the

minimum that engineers should know about corrosion.

2. Modern Data Bases for Corrosion Protection Willi Meier (Dechema, Germany)

The ability to transform the latest results of scientific

research into useful information, and thus ultimately into

knowledge, is a criterion for success in research and industry

today. More than ever, it is necessary to be able to navigate

the flood of scientific information by an efficient use of

information systems and databases.

The DECHEMA Corrosion Handbook provides a

comprehensive collection of knowledge which is unique in

both scope as well as content and reflects the state of the are

in scientific research. It covers corrosion data and the

chemical resistance of all technically important metallic,

non-metallic, inorganic and organic materials in contact with

aggressive media. It contains information about the

resistance, reliability, durability and sustainability of

materials in view of corrosion and chemical resistance.

Furthermore, it describes methods of corrosion protections

and prevention. This makes it the prime information source

worldwide for the selection of materials for equipment in

which corrosive media are handled or processed.

Faced with the task of optimising a given environment-

material system, users of this work will find answers to the

following:

- is there information available on the behaviour of the

material under consideration in a particular medium?

- which materials are out of question for the proposed

purpose?

- which materials can be used without hesitation in the

medium concerned?

- what are the conditions under which a less resistant, less

cost effective material will give satisfactory service?

- which material offers best performance for value under the

given circumstances?

- what protective measures exist: inhibitors, coatings,

cathodic protection, etc.?

The user can browse through the entire compilation of

corrosion data. Furthermore, the database features a very

advanced full text search and an index based on key

concepts. It has a comprehensive table of contents, is heavily

60

hyperlinked and annotations can be saved throughout the

text. All of these possibilities enhance the user-friendliness

and practical value of the handbook.

3. Corrosion Research, Control and Awareness vs.

People’s Life Quality En-Hou Han (Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy

of Sciences, China)

According to the statistical results in many countries,

corrosion cost is as high as 3-5% of GNP. Especially

corrosion induced the pipeline explosion, bridge rupture,

airplane crash, even nuclear power plant accident, etc. In

people‟s daily life, drinking water was polluted by corrosion

rusts sometimes, grain and vegetables were affected by

heavy ions which comes from corrosion products in soil.

Subsequently, the people‟s safety and life quality were

strongly affected by corrosion.

As corrosion scientist or engineer, in order that we could

quantitatively predict the lifetime of engineering structures

and components, reduce resources utilization and pollution,

and improve people‟s life quality, what we need to do are to

understand corrosion mechanisms and corrosion

propagation‟s kinetics, to develop corrosion detection

techniques, and to develop corrosion control technologies

including but not limited to coatings, cathodic protection,

corrosion resistance materials, surface treatments, and

inhibitors, and to educate people to have corrosion control

knowledge from designer, manufacturer, service maintainer,

and decommissioning people. Therefore, corrosion

awareness is very important for all people in the world. To

raise the corrosion awareness should be our duty for all

corrosion scientists and engineers.

4. Can Robots Walk on the Dead Sea – Salts

Environment? G. Ben-Hamu (Sami Shamoon College of Engineering,

Israel)

The Dead Sea also called the Salt Sea, is a salt lake

bordering Jordan to the east, and Israel to the west. Its

surface and shores are 427 metres (1,401 ft) below sea level,

Earth's lowest elevation on land. The mineral content of the

Dead Sea is very different from that of ocean water. The

exact composition of the Dead Sea water varies mainly with

season, depth and temperature. The total salinity is 276 g/kg.

These results show that the composition of the salt, as

anhydrous chlorides on a weight percentage basis, was

calcium chloride (CaCl2) 14.4%, potassium chloride (KCl)

4.4%, magnesium chloride (MgCl2) 50.8% and sodium

chloride (common salt, NaCl) 30.4%. In comparison, the salt

in the water of most oceans and seas is approximately 97%

sodium chloride. The concentration of sulfate ions (SO42−

) is

very low, and the concentration of bromide ions (Br−) is the

highest of all waters on Earth.The salt concentration of the

Dead Sea fluctuates around 31.5%. This is unusually high

and results in a nominal density of 1.24 gr/cm3. Anyone can

easily float in the Dead Sea because of natural buoyancy.

Due to the chemical composition of the Dead Sea, the key

points for design machines use in this area are very different

compared to other areas around the globe.

Machine (robots) on waters is project that focuses on design

and manufacturing robots or human power machine as a

leisure device for the Dead Sea area.During the project

designer, mechanical engineering, materials engineering and

corrosion engineering were involved to find the key points

for design machine for the Dead Sea area. Thecorrosion

aspects as well as the materials selection aspects of the

design stage and the manufacturing of the robots will be

describe in details.

5. Corrosion Awareness Education; A Key for a

Better Environment A. Eliezer, G. Hays, E.H. Han, E. Leining, W. Burns (World

Corrosion Organization, USA)

Corrosion affects the lives of every person, often

significantly. If not controlled, the consequences of

corrosion can be disastrous for human health and safety and

the environment.The key to addressing corrosion is, in fact,

to increase awareness of the issue. As long as modern life

develops, corrosion costs will exist; therefore, the main

challenges are to increase the awareness of corrosion costs

among governments, define international corrosion

standards, promote corrosion prevention world-wide, and

incentivise corrosion prevention activities by government

agencies, corporations and research organisations.For

exampleto achieve longer-term cost savings there has also

been growing use of assessment tools to predict maintenance

schedules based on past performance. “Previously, paint on

bridges, for example, was automatically done at a set period

of time and all parts were coated. Today, owners are looking

to paint assets on a schedule that prevents significant

corrosion, and if corrosion occurs, to target the repair of only

the sites that require repainting.In order to achieve such

goals corrosion education awareness suggested program

should be applied within high school students and especially

focus on undergraduate students. The program also suggests

including innovative thinking skills and entrepreneurship

education due to the need of creative innovative tools and

systems in order to apply advanced corrosion prevention

technology.

Wednesday, November 5, 2014 Samda Hall A (3F)

WA1: Coatings 6

Chair: Kun Zhang

(Southwest Jiaotong University, China)

11:00am-11:20am

1. Structure and High-temperature Behavior of Sol-

gel Derived Al2O3/YSZ Multi-laminated Coatings Kun Zhang, Qi Hu, Yanfei Guo, Lixin Dong, Jing Han,

Junwen Zhao (Southwest Jiaotong University, China),

Xuebin Zheng (Key Laboratory of Inorganic Coating

Materials, China)

Al2O3/YSZ multi-laminated coatings with different

structure, i.e. permutation and combination of Al2O3 and

YSZ layers, were prepared by a sol-gel technique. The total

61

thickness of the coatings, with smooth surface and uniform

thickness, is about 200 nm after 16 cycles of dipping

processes. High-temperature cyclic oxidation test was

applied in air at 910℃ to evaluate the effect of the structure

of the multi-laminated coatings on their oxidation resistance.

The results show that the as-prepared Al2O3/YSZ multi-

laminated coatings perform better oxidation resistance and

scale spallation than those of Al2O3 or YSZ coatings

derived from the same times of dipping processes. In

addition, high-temperature oxidation resistance of the multi-

laminated coatings is also influenced by their structure. For

the coatings with the same number of Al2O3 and YSZ layers,

the thicker the thickness of oxygen diffusion barrier, the

better the high-temperature oxidation resistance is.

11:20am-11:40am

2. New Method on Coating Survey of Underground

Pipeline Hamidreza Ettelaie, Siamak Seyf (IOPTC, Iran), Fatemeh

Faraji (Armin Sanaat, Iran)

AbstractCoating survey of underground pipelines is very

important to prevention of corrosion. According to NACE

SP0502 standard, there are 3 famous methods for coating

survey: DCVG, CIPS and C-SCAN. Other methods (ACVG,

PEARSON, …) aren't conventional. All methods have some

advantages and disadvantages individually that limit their

application. Combined method of DCVG and CIPS has

developed to distinguish coating defect locations and

cathodic protection level. In the beginning , results of the

first project (180 km of 30” gas pipeline) show the disability

of one coating survey method and concluded that

disadvantage of method could effect on distinguish of

coating defects. There are sever coating damage that only

could be found by C-SCAN or some defects that were found

by DCVG or CIPS. To find the reasons of these shortage, we

did some tests on high pressure transmition gas pipeline for

4 months as well as negotiation with researchers and

manufactures. Finally, we concluded that survey by only one

method has some mistakes to distinguish coating defect

locations because of their original recognize procedure

differences. This means that some defects are hidden by

magnetic method (c-scan) or potential method (DCVG &

CIPS).Then, the best way is that combination of these 3

methods. These methods were combined together according

to Fuzzy logic and a function ("Severity Function”) was

defined to regard each point by a number.Categorization and

rehabilitation of coating damage and covering of all coating

defects without any error are some of excellent advantages

of this function.At first, this method was applied to 20 km of

pipeline and after excavations, function was corrected by

some parameters and coefficients. Survey of 350 km of gas ,

oil and water pipelines and their results show reliability of

this method. Full report has many examples of sever coating

damage with corrosion signs. Key words: pipeline coating,

corrosion, coating survey, cathodic protection, DCVG, CIPS,

C-Scan, Severity Number, Severity Function.

Wednesday, November 5, 2014 Samda Hall B (3F)

WB1: Corrosion Problems and Protection Methods


Chair: SangYul Lee

(Korea Aerospace University, Korea)

11:00am-11:30am

Keynote Speech

1. The Effect of Zn Nanoparticle Addition on the

Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistance of the STS

304 Stainless Steel Sang-Yul Lee, Seong-Cheol Kim, Sung-Min Kim, Chan-Su

Kim (Korea Aerospace University, Korea), Shimpei Nemoto,

Tetsunori Morishita (Nagoya University, Japan)

Many studies have reported that Zn

2+ injection effectively

mitigates the primary water stress corrosion cracking

(PWSCC) of 304 stainless steel since composition and

structure of oxide films can be modified by Zn. However,

other corrosive ions (OH- and CO3

2-) can be generated when

Zn injection was conducted by using Zn precursors such as

dimethyl zinc, diethyl zinc, zinc hydroxide, and zinc

carbonate. In this study, Zn nanoparticles as protective agent

of PWSCC were synthesized by the method of plasma

discharge in aqueous solution. The synthesized Zn

nanoparticles in solution were applied for the treatment of

304 stainless steel at simulated pressurized water reactor

(PWR) environment (300 ℃, 150 bar). To clarify the effect

of zinc treatment on the characteristics of the oxide films

formed on 304 stainless steel, the structures and chemical

compositions of oxide films were investigated using X-ray

photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffractometry

(XRD) techniques. Also, the anti-corrosive behavior of Zn

treatment has been confirmed in the presence of etchant

solution containing Na2S 9H2O of 1.0 M and NaOH of 1.0

M. Based on observations, it appeared that zinc injection to

the simulated primary water enhanced the formation of a

stable and dense oxide film composed of a spinel structure

of ZnCr2O4. As a result, Zn nanoparticles treated samples

exhibited higher corrosion resistance than untreated samples.

Additional experimental results will be presented

11:30am-11:50am

2. Three Dimensional Computational Modelling

and Simulation of Intergranular Corrosion

Propagation of Stainless Steel M. Yamamoto, T. Igarashi, A. Komatsu, T. Motooka, F.

Ueno, (Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Japan)

It is known that stainless steels in oxidizing nitric acid

solutions present intergranular corrosion. The intergranular

corrosion was accompanied by grain dropping and changes

in corrosion rate. For safety operating of reprocessing plants,

we should understand mechanism of intergranular corrosion

propagation of stainless steels in oxidizing nitric acid

solutions. In this study, we constructed three dimensional

computational model using cellular automata method to

simulate the intergranular corrosion propagation of stainless

steel. In the model, the computational system was

62

constructed by three types of cells: grain (bulk), grain

boundary (GB), and solution cell. By the simulation using

the model, we verified the relationship between surface

roughness during corrosion and dispersion of dissolution

rate of GB. The relationship was investigated by the

simulation applying constant dissolution rate for GB cells

and distributed dissolution rate of GB cells. The distribution

of dissolution rate for GB cells was derived from

intergranular corrosion depth obtained by corrosion tests.

The constant dissolution rate of GB was derived from

average of dissolution rate. Our simulations revealed that the

surface roughness calculated by the model adopted

distributed dissolution rates of GBs was greater than that

adopted constant dissolution rates of GBs. The cross-

sectional images obtained by our simulation were

comparable with that obtained by corrosion tests. These

results indicate that the surface roughness during corrosion

relates the distribution of corrosion rate.

Wednesday, November 5, 2014 Room 301 (3F)

WC1: Corrosion Inhibitors 1

Chair: Guenter Schmitt (IFINKOR, Germany)

11:00am-11:30am

Keynote Speech

1. Corrosion Inhibitors and Flow Guenter Schmitt (IFINKOR, Germany)

In flowing media corrosion inhibitors can mitigate flow

induced localized corrosion (FILC) not only by adsorption

on solid surfaces but also by decreasing the friction (wall

shear stress) between solid surfaces and the fluid. Due to

the drag reducing properties of some corrosion inhibitors the

critical wall shear stress for the initiation of FILC can be

increased. The mechanism of this effect is explained

by the “Freak Energy Density” approach developed in our

laboratory. It assumes that high-energy near-wall turbulence

elements create freak events which impinge the surface

vertically with forces higher than the fracture stress of

protective scales. It was proved that corrosion inhibitors can

reduce the impact energy of such freak events below the

fracture stress of scales thus preventing initiation of FILC.

Mechanistically this phenomenon is explained by flow-

induced concentrating and aggregating of inhibitor

molecules in or near the viscous sublayer of the turbulent

boundary layer causing a cushion effect for impinging

near-wall turbulence elements. Demands for the molecular

structure of drag reducing organic molecules are discussed.

11:30am-11:50am

2. Localized Electrochemical Study of Corrosion

Inhibition on Al2Cu and Al3Fe Phases by Cerium

Cinnamate Hongwei Shi, Fuchun Liu, En-Hou Han (Institute of Metal

Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)

In the present work, the pure intermetallic phases in

aluminium alloys, Al2Cu and Al3Fe, were prepared. The

galvanic corrosion of the coupled Al2Cu and Al, Al3Fe and

Al in 0.005 M NaCl in and without the presence of cerium

cinnamte as an inhibitor was studied to simulate the

corrosion of the two types of intermetallic particles in

aluminium alloys. Localized electrochemical techniques,

Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique (SVET) and

Scanning Ion-selective Electrode Technique (SIET) were

used to measure the current densities and pH distribution on

the surface of the coupled electrodes. According to the

results, cerium cinnamate was found to successfully inhibit

the coupling corrosion for both the two coupled systems. It

was also found that cerium cinnamate inhibited the galvanic

corrosion of Al3Fe-Al of by stabilizing pH on the electrodes

in near neutral ranges, thus keeping the corrosion activity on

a very low level.

11:50am-12:10pm

3. Characterization and Adsorption and

Thermodynamic Studies of Inhibition Products of

Thiophene Methanol on 13Cr L80 Steel in 15%

Hydrochloric Acid Rajeev P, Surendranathan A O, Murthy Ch S N (National

Institute of Technology Karnataka, India)

The inhibitive action of a selected inhibitor, thiophene

methanol (TML) on the corrosion behaviour of 13Cr L80

steel in 15% HCl solution was investigated. Fourier

Transform Infrared Spectroscopic analysis and Nuclear

Magnetic Resonance study were performed on the surface

products deposited on the metal surface in the presence of

optimum concentration of the inhibitor at room temperature

to characterize the inhibition products. Thermal stability of

the inhibitor and the compounds formed on the metal surface

after 6 hour exposure in the acid in the presence of TML at

room temperature was examined. Experimental isotherms of

adsorption equilibrium results were validated by various

adsorptions models. The apparent activation energies,

enthalpies and entropies of the dissolution process and the

free energies and enthalpies for the adsorption process were

determined and discussed. The fundamental thermodynamic

functions were used to evaluate important inhibitive

properties of TML.Key words: Inhibitive action; Thiophene

methanol; Characterization; Thermal stability; Adsorption

isotherm.


WD1: Corrosion in Energy Systems 1

Chair: Hyun-Young Chang (KEPCO E&C, Korea)

11:00am-11:30am

Keynote Speech

1. Effect of Heat Treatment on Corrosion of Low

Alloy Steel for Induction Heated Bent Pipes in

Power Plants H.Y. Chang, K.S. Kim, H.B. Park (KEPCO E&C, Korea),

Y.S. Kim (Andong National University, Korea), M.C. Shin,

G.H. Sung (Sungil SIM, Korea), Y.Y. Jang (ANSCO, Korea)

63

In many plants including nuclear power plant, pipe line has

been mostly connected by the fittings such as flanges,

elbows and etc. Use of fittings increases welding points and

then the number of inspection also increases. Induction

bending process applies high induction heat and slow stain

to pipes. This study focuses on the effect of post-bent heat

treatment on corrosion including boric acid corrosion of

ASME SA335 Gr. P22 after induction heat bending process.

Microstructure analysis, hardness measurement, immersion

corrosion test were performed. Among the induction heat

bent areas, the hardness was greatly reduced in the extrados

area of ASME SA335 Gr. P22. Microstructural analysis and

post-heat treatment showed that the decreased hardness was

induced by locally slow cooling rate in bending process and

then the coarsening of pearlitic phase. On the other hand,

every area of induction heat bent pipe suffered high

corrosion rate in boric acid corrosion test. This behaviour

was due to the enrichment of phosphorous in ferritic phase

during induction heat bending process and the ferritic phase

acted as the corrosion initiation site, but the properties was

recovered by re-annealing and rapid cooling.

11:30am-11:50am

2. Corrosion Characteristics of Ferritic-martensitic

Heat-resistant Steel Exposed to Supercritical Water

Environments X.Q. Wu, X.Y. Zhong, M.C. Sun, E.-H. Han, W. Ke

(Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences,

China)

In the present work, detailed investigation was first

performed on the oxide scales on a ferritic-martensitic (F-M)

heat-resistant T91 superheater tube after 12956 h service in

an USC power plant. The oxide scale on inner wall of the

tube was a multi-layer structure with porous outer layer

consisting of magnetite and some hematite, and compact

inner layer consisting of Cr-rich (Fe, Cr)-spinel. Cracks and

exfoliation were observed at the interface between Fe-rich

outer layer and Cr-rich inner layer. Corrosion behavior of a

F-M P92 steel exposed to SCW up to 500 h was investigated

in temperature range of 400oC-600

oC by gravimetric

analysis, SEM-EDS, XRD, EPMA and TEM. It was found

that the mass gain obeyed a parabolic law, in agreement with

the Arrhenius equation. The surface morphology of the

oxide scale changed from dense particles to porous network

structure with increasing exposure temperature or time in

SCW. The oxide scale also showed a multi-layer structure,

consisting of hematite, magnetite and spinel oxide. The

exfoliation occurred at the Fe-rich layer/Cr-rich layer

interface and the Cr-rich layer/metal interface of the oxide

scale after 500oC and 550

oC SCW exposure. The possible

growth processes and exfoliation mechanisms are also

discussed

11:50am-12:10pm

3. The Effects of Sulfur on the Oxide

Microstructure of GTD-111 during the Cyclic

Oxidation at 1100 °C Dae Won Yun, Young-Soo Yoo, Hi-Won Jeong, Seong-Moon

Seo (Korea Institute of Materials Science, Korea)

The detrimental effect of sulfur on the cyclic oxidation of

chromia and alumina forming binary or ternary alloys has

been studied by many researchers. Although it is well

accepted that sulfur promotes the spallation of oxide scale,

there is controversy in the literature on whether sulfur exists

on the metal/oxide interface to reduce the bonding

strengthbetween oxide and metal or on free surface such as

void and crack surface to induce the formation of void and

crack. In this study, the cyclic oxidation behaviour of

commercial nickel base superalloy GTD-111 with various

sulfur content was investigated at 1100 °C up to 200 1h-

cycles to found out the effect of sulfur on the oxidation

kinetics and the spallation behaviour. Surface and cross-

section of oxide scale were observed by SEM to conduct

quantitative analysis on the void fraction and distribution

and to locate the crack initiation site for spallation. At the

initial stage, the oxidation kinetics was similar in all tested

alloys regardless of their sulfur content. Only spallation area

increased with the sulfur content. However, the oxidation

rate constant of the alloys with high sulfur content was more

than five times larger than that of the alloy with low sulfur

content at the later stage. Spallation also increased in the

alloys with high sulfur content. In SEM observation, it was

found that the area fraction of void in the oxide scale

increases with the sulfur content. Sulfur seems to induce the

formation of void by reducing the surface energy, resulting

in spallation of the oxide scale. Spallation induced the

depletion of Cr, so that the oxidation rate increased at the

later stage of the cyclic oxidation.

12:10pm-12:30pm

4. Effect of Mixed Addition of Oxygen Active

Elements on the Microstructure and Electrical

Property of Oxide Scale Formed on the Ferritic

Stainless Steel for SOFC Interconnect Hyung Suk Seo, Kyoo Young Kim (POSTECH, Korea)

Most of the alloy candidates of ferritic stainless steel (FSS)

for SOFC interconnects contain rare earth elements such as

La and Y to improve oxidation resistance of steels through

the reactive element effect. However, these candidates are

considered “specialty” alloys, because the addition of rare

earth element requires extra process such as high vacuum

melting and they are not inexpensive or readily available for

general steel making process. Therefore, new alloying

elements which can play a role similar to rare earth element

without extra process are necessary. The beneficial effect of

reactive element on the oxidation behavior of FSS are

caused by its segregation behavior near the scale/alloy

interface. Therefore other oxygen active elements can play a

role similar to rare earth elements when they tend to

concentrated in specific site of scale. In this study, the

oxidation behavior of FSS with oxygen active elements such

as Nb, Al, Si and Ti has been investigated in terms of

oxidation resistance, Cr evaporation rate and electric

conductivity. Co-addition of oxygen active elements

interrupt or enhance the accumulation behavior of each

element in the scale. Ti-Nb co-addition enhances selective

oxidation of Ti at the scale/alloy interface, and improve both

the electrical conductivity and Cr evaporation resistance of

FSS. On the other hands, the interaction between alloying

elements can have beneficial function to reduce negative

64

effect of impurity element such as Si on electric conductivity.

Both Si-Nb and Si-Al co-addition suppress the interfacial

precipitation of SiO2 and increase electric conductivity of

oxide scale.


WF1: Integrity and Lifetime Prediction

Chair: Deok Soo Won (KOGAS, Korea)

11:00am-11:30am

Keynote Speech

1. Buried Pipeline Lifetime Assessment with an

Economical Point of View Deok Soo Won, Young-geun Kim, Seong-min Lee, Jae-

young Her (KOGAS, Korea)

Every pipeline owners are interested in the remaining

lifetime of their pipeline as they are getting older. The

damage by a failure of pipeline will depend on the

transmitting material and the criteria to assess the lifetime of

a pipeline shall be different with system conditions. If a

pipeline is carrying non-hazardous material such as water, a

leak may not be a big deal to maintain pipeline integrity. In

that case, we can extend the lifetime of pipeline with

conventional repair and replacement. So the remained

lifetime can be estimated by economical point of view with

the total repair costs vs. the construction costs.For the

natural gas pipeline, however, a leak can cause a serious

explosion with enormous damage for lifes and facilities not

to speak of other damages. So accurate estimation of the

status of natural gas pipeline with proper maintenance for

integrity is very important. In this case a lifetime estimation

with economical point of view may not be applicable.

However, if we consider some damages with metal loss as

leak points, the lifetime estimation with economical point of

view can be applicable to natural gas pipeline with safe.In

order to secure pipeline integrity, various survey methods

are normally applied to detect defects of the pipeline such as

ILI, DCVG and CIPS, etc. Among these survey data, ILI

data for the piggable pipeline were used to assess the

lifetime of a section of pipeline. In this study, we analysed

ILI data for some section of pipeline and classified

anomalies. If a anomaly is long or deep, so is classified to be

repaired to secure pipeline integrity. Every defects that can

be a threat in the future are basically repaired before next ILI

survey. Even though there was no leakage in a section of

pipeline, we can apply above method to calculate remained

lifetime of a pipeline, regarding the anomaly as a leak point.

From this study we found that gas pipeline can be used

several times longer than design life if the pipeline was

constructed in sound condition and maintained properly. The

economical model to estimate the remained life of a pipeline

was applicable to natural gas pipeline without any leak.

11:30am-11:50am

2. AREVA Software Platform for Degradation and

Corrosion Assessment André Zander (AREVA GmbH, Germany)

A Plant-wide and systematic Aging and Plant Life

Management is essential for the safe operation and/or

availability of nuclear power plants. The Aging Management

(AM) has the objective to monitor and control degradation

effects for safety relevant Systems, Structures and

Components (SSCs) which may compromise safety

functions of the plant. The Plant Life Management (PLM)

methodology also includes aging surveillance for availability

relevant SSCs. AM and PLM cover mechanical components,

electrical and I&C systems and civil structuresAll Aging and

Plant Life Management rules call for a comprehensive

approach, requiring the systematic collection of various

aging and safety relevant data on a plant-wide basis. This

data needs to be serviced and periodically evaluated. Due to

the complexity of the process, this activity needs to be

supported by a qualified software tool for the management

of aging relevant data and associated documents (approx. 30

000 SSCs).In order to support the power plant operators

AREVA has developed the software platform. This software

platform with its integrated AM modules enables the design

and setup of a knowledge-based power plant model

compatible to the requirements of international and national

rules (e.g. IAEA Safety Guide NS-G-2.12, KTA 1403). In

this process, a key task is to identify and monitor

degradation mechanisms. In case of mechanical components

degradation models have been developed for 15 different

types of corrosion, e.g. flow accelerated corrosion, general

corrosion, fatigue, strain-induced corrosion cracking, pitting

and creep. The probability of occurrence of damage can also

be calculated for various forms of stress corrosion cracking

(IGSCC, TGSCC and PWSCC) and for microbiologically

induced corrosion. Furthermore, a combination and

interaction between different corrosion mechanisms can be

evaluated.

11:50am-12:10pm

3. Simulation Based on Cellular Automata for

Uniform Corrosion Process of Carbon Steel Anqi Wu, Hongying Yu, Dongbai Sun (University of


Uniform corrosion is a common corrosion damage type for

carbon steel with complexity chemical and physical

processes and random reaction position change. A simple

computational model based on cellular automata (CA)

approach is proposed to describe the uniform corrosion

reaction on the surface of material by using local rules to

govern the electrochemical reactions, and simulate the

corrosion system as a discrete dynamical system. Computer

simulation is a new research approach for corrosion science.

A simple model is proposed to describe uniform corrosion

process which is a common corrosion failure type for carbon

steel. As a lot of chemical and physical processes take place

during corrosion reaction with complexity and random, we

have to simplify the complex process to establish a math

model which is suitable for a simulation calculation. The

computational model based on cellular automata (CA)

approach uses local rules to govern the electrochemical

reactions, and simulate the corrosion system as a discrete

dynamical system. As a result the simulation computational

solution is compared with experimental data in this work,

65

both of which show the same characteristics of data

distribution. The results presented the feasibility of the

cellular automata approach to simulate the corrosion process

and to describe change of surface topography in company

with the increase of corrosion quantity. to identify the

corrosion model is effective and practicable Working on a

mesoscopic scale, three main influencing factors are mainly

considered in the model: material microstructure, solution

properties and corrosion potential

Wednesday, November 5, 2014 Room 402A (4F)

WG1: Localized Corrosion (Pitting & Crevice) 1

Chair: Changheui Jang (KAIST, Korea)

11:00am-11:30am

Keynote Speech

1. High Temperature Pitting Behavior of Duplex

Stainless Steel for Nuclear-Desalination Plants Junho Lee, Jong-Dae Hong, Changheui Jang (KAIST,

Korea), Yongsun Yi (Khalifa University, United Arab

Emirates)

A desalination plant coupled with a nuclear reactor has been

considered as one of the promising options for the provision

of clean water. In nuclear-desalination plants the structural

integrity of the heat exchangers is a critical issue because of

the longer design life and strict safety requirements of

nuclear reactors. Since sea water flows through one side of

the heat exchangers, localized corrosion (pitting) caused by

chloride ions in sea water could be a main degradation

mechanism threatening the integrity of the heat exchangers

operating at temperatures as high as 130˚C. In this study,

using one type of duplex stainless steel (UNS S31803)

which is a strong candidate material for the heat exchanger,

the effects of chloride ion and temperature on pitting were

investigated. Potentiodynamic polarization tests were

performed in 3.5 wt.% sodium chloride (NaCl) and 4.9 wt.%

sodium acetate (CH3COONa) solutions over the temperature

range of 25 ~ 130˚C. After the tests pits and surface oxides

were analyzed using SEM-EDS (scanning electron

microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) and XPS

(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). Based on the results,

the roles of temperature and chloride ion in the pitting

phenomenon on the duplex stainless steel are discussed.

11:30am-11:50am

2. Can the Point Defect Model Explain the

Influence of Temperature & Anion Size on Pitting

of Stainless Steels Daniel J. Blackwood (National University of Singapore,

Singapore)

The pitting behaviours of 304L, 316L stainless steels were

investigated a wide temperature range from 3oC to 90oC in

1 M solutions of NaCl, NaBr and NaI by potentiodynamic

polarization. The temperature dependences of the pitting

potential are found to vary according to the anion, being

near linear in bromide but exponential in chloride. As a

result at low temperatures grades 304L and 316L are most

susceptible to pitting by bromide ions, while at elevated

temperature both stainless steels were more susceptible to

pitting in by the small chloride anions than the larger

bromide and iodide. Thus increasing temperature appears to

favour attack by smaller anions. This paper will attempt to

rationalise both the above findings in terms of the point

defect model. Initial findings are that qualitatively this

approach can be reasonably successful, but not at the

quantitative level, possibly due to insufficient data on the

mechanical properties of thin passive films.

11:50am-12:10pm

3. Corrosion Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel in

Simulated Oilfield Produced Water Yanli Zhang, Min Du (Ocean University of China, China)

Corrosion behaviour of 316L stainless steel in oilfield

produced water was studied by weight loss, the anode

polarization curve and scanning electron microscope

methods. Effects of temperature, HAc concentration and

CO2 partial pressure of 316L stainless steel on the corrosion

behavior were discussed. The results showed that the pitting

corrosion is the main behavior to 316L carbon steel in the

simulated oilfield produced water. Corrosion rate increased

firstly, then decreased with the increasing of temperature,

HAcconcentration and CO2 partial pressure. The maximum

depth of pitting corrosion was 0.145 mm at 60 ℃in oilfield

produced water, with the addition of 1000 ppm HAc and 0.1

MPa CO2. The break potential and protection potential

decreased, which the susceptibility to pitting initiation

increased at a certain temperature, however as the

temperature was increased further to 80 ℃, the corrosion

product film with protective function is formed, and the

pitting sensitivity decreased. The lower HAc concentration

could damage passivation film easily. The break potential

decreased firstly, and then increase with the increasing of

HAc concentration. When the CO2 partial pressure was 0.1

MPa, the passivation film appear “glitches” phenomenon,

and the passivation film was not stable, the corrosion rate

had the max now.

12:10pm-12:30pm

4. Current Transients of Metastable Pitting for Al-

Mg-Si Microelectrodes Associated with the

Cathodic Particles L. Guan, B. Zhang, J.Q. Wang, E.-H. Han, W. Ke (Institute

of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)

Metastable pitting as a precursor state to stable pitting is

usually characterized by tiny anodic current transients under

an applied anodic potential. To date, metastable pitting of

aluminium and its alloys has been extensively investigated.

It has been reported that by using a microelectrode, the

individual pitting current transient can be distinguished from

the background current so that pit events can be identified.

However, little attention has been paid to the origin of

pitting current, especially those associated with cathodic

particles. Herein, current transient measurements are used to

characterize the metastable pitting events for Al-Mg-Si

microelectrodes (diameter 50 µm) in deaerated neutral 0.5 M

66

NaCl solution. The results are compared with those obtained

by atom force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

The pit number determined by current transient analysis at

constant potential (slightly above OCP) is significantly less

than that determined by image analysis. At -0.6 V (SCE),

small charge of several pC associated with nano-pits that has

not been identified by SEM and AFM can be detected by

current transient measurements. However, for pitting

initiated at the cathodic Fe-rich particles, the current

transient measurements do not fully detect the true

metastable pitting charges and events.

Wednesday, November 5, 2014 Room 402B (4F)

WH1: Marine Corrosion 1

Chair: Heesan Kim (Hongik University, Korea)

11:00am-11:30am

Keynote Speech

1. Effects of Chromium and Manganese on

Corrosion Resistance of Steels in Chloride Solutions Youngmin Hyun, Heesan Kim (Hongik University, Korea),

Soongi Lee (POSCO, Korea)

Energy crisis and environmental concerns raised by CO2

require that steels have increased strength and toughness for

automobile and exploitation applications. The improved

mechanical properties can come from incorporating a high

percentage of manganese. However, corrosion properties of

these steels have not been researched in varying

environments. The goal of this research is to understand the

effect of manganese and chromium as alloying elements on

corrosion resistance of the high-strength steels in chloride

solutions by using electrochemical tests, prediction of phase

stabilities, XRD, and FIB-TEM analysis. The corrosion

behaviours of all the steels are parabolic in nature

independent of alloying elements or their concentration,

meaning that the corrosion rate is controlled by the transport

of ions across a rust layer. According to the results,

manganese improves corrosion resistance in 3.5% NaCl

solution only while chromium improves corrosion resistance

of steels in both 3.5% chloride solution and synthetic

seawater. The analysis of rust layers make clear that , the

effects of alloying elements on corrosive resistance are

attributed to the change in composition and crystallinity and

thickness of the trust layer. The effect of alloying element

on steel in chloride solution will be described in details on

the presentation.

11:30am-11:50am

2. Study of Corrosion Mechanism and Protection

Measures of Marine Reinforced Concrete Structure Jinping Chen, Xuesong Zhang (China University of

Petroleum (East China), China)

The corrosion of marine reinforced concrete structure is a

very common problem. In this paper, the corrosion

mechanism of marine reinforced concrete structure is

analysed in details. It indicates that the main factors of

corrosion, among which the two major factors are

reinforcement corrosion and salt erosion. So based on this,

this paper has put forward some basic and specific measures

of corrosion protection. And it also points out that under the

condition of current science and technology, it is impossible

to just take one single anticorrosion measure to solve all the

corrosion problems of marine reinforced concrete structure.

Besides, it presents the significance of complete sets of

anticorrosion technology study. Hopefully, it can provide

references for better anti-corrosion protection measures.

11:50am-12:10pm

3. Corrosion and Protection on Chloride Ions in

Marine Concrete Structures Xuesong Zhang, Jinping Chen (China University of

Petroleum (East China), China)

Premature failure of reinforced concrete structures in marine

environment has become a world common concern and an

increasingly prominent disaster. In our country, the corrosion

of reinforced concrete structures that caused by marine

conditions is equally serious. This paper analyses the

hazards of concrete structure under the action of chloride

ions and the pathways, erosion mechanism and factors of

marine concrete structures and limited value of chloride ion

content in concrete structures, etc. On this basis, with the

current research results, the paper introduces the

corresponding protection methods, and pointed out that the

use of high performance concrete and concrete coating is

more economical and effective measures to extend the

marine concrete structures‟ service life.


WA2: Coatings 7

Chair: S.V. Gnedenkov (Institute of Chemistry Far Eastern Branch of

Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia)

14:00pm-14:20pm

1. Composite PEO-coatings as Defence against

Corrosion and Wear S.V. Gnedenkov, S.L. Sinebryukhov, V.I. Sergienko

(Institute of Chemistry Far Eastern Branch of Russian

Academy of Sciences, Russia)

The earlier developed approaches to the formation of

composite polymer-containing coatings by plasma

electrolytic oxidation (PEO) using various low-molecular

fractions of superdispersed polytetrafluoroethylene (SPTFE)

have been summarized. A unique method for the formation

of a composite polymer-containing coating at the surface of

magnesium alloy MA8 has been suggested. The

improvement in the corrosion and tribological behavior of

the polymer-containing coating can be attributed to the

morphology and insulating properties of surface layers and

solid lubrication effect of SPTFE particles. Such

multifunctional coatings have high corrosion resistance (Rp

= 3.0×107

Ω cm2) and low friction coefficient (0.13) under

dry wear conditions. The effect of dispersity and -potential

of the nanoscale materials (ZrO2 and SiO2) used as an

67

electrolyte component for plasma electrolytic oxidation on

the composition and properties of the coatings was

investigated. It was established that improvement of the

protective properties for coatings with the incorporated

nanoparticles has been explained by the greater thickness of

the protective layer, relatively low porosity and presence of

narrow non-through pores. The layer with zirconia has a

impedance modulus measured at low frequency (|Z|f=0.01 Hz =

1.8×106 Ω·cm

2) on more one order higher than the PEO-

coating formed in the electrolyte without nanoparticles

(|Z|f=0.01 Hz = 5.4×104 Ω·cm

2).

14:20pm-14:40pm

2. Corrosion Resistance of Novel Hybrid Sol-Gel

Coating on Mild Steel in 3.5% NaCl Solution Rami Suleiman, UbongEduok, Bassam ElAli (King Fahd

University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Saudi

Arabia)

Novel hybrid coating based on dimethoxymethyl-n-

octadecylsilane precursor was synthesized through a sol-gel

technique. The resulted coating was applied on mild steel

sheets and its corrosion protection performance has been

evaluated using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

(EIS) and DC polarization techniques. Electrochemical

analyses revealed that the hybrid film provided good barrier

and corrosion protection in comparison with untreated mild

steel substrates following long term immersion in 3.5%

NaCl. The corrosion resistance properties of the newly

developed coating over mild steel substrates found to be

greatly enhanced upon mixing it with the commercially-

available Moly-white corrosion inhibitor, while opposite

behavior was observed upon doping the new coating with

the commercially-available Zapp corrosion inhibitor.

14:40pm-15:00pm

3. The Service Performance, Failure Mechanism of

Organic Coatings under High Hydrostatic

Pressures Ying Li, Ying Liu, Yu Cui, Li Liu (Institute of Metal

Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)

For polymers, serving as a protective coating on metals is its

old and irreplaceable application. With the expansion of

marine-resources exploration, the organic coatings have to

serve in deep sea water and to endure the high hydrostatic

pressures become a new challenge for organic coating. In

this research, we put focuses on the service performance and

failure mechanism of the epoxy resin under high hydrostatic

pressure (3.5MPa, corresponding to 350m-deep sea water).

First of all, we found that degradation processes and failure

mechanisms of epoxy resin painted on steels were changed

by high pressure resulting in failure before their lifetime.

High hydrostatic pressure accelerated the diffusion of water

through coatings by altering the diffusion mechanism from

ideal Fick diffusion at ordinary pressure to S type adsorption

non-ideal Fick diffusion at high pressure. The

Electrochemical impendence spectra analysis results showed

the barrier and protective properties were deteriorated under

the synergic effect of high pressure and water solution. The

pull-off test showed that the degradation of bonding between

epoxy and steel was much more severely under high

hydrostatic pressure due to the acceleration of de-adhesion

effect of water on epoxy/steel interface. The failure of

coatings was dominated by losing of wet adhesion. The

tensile test showed that the strength for epoxy decreased

with the increase of immersion time, but to be slower under

high pressure than ordinary pressure, and the reason for this

phenomenon is probably the “closure effect” caused by high

pressure to coating cracks, which decreased the crack

propagation under external force. The elongation was

increased under high pressure, because of the “plasticization

effect” caused by fast water transportation at high

hydrostatic pressure.




Chair: Hansub Chung

(Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power, Korea)

14:00pm-14:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Shallow Cracks Masked Undetected by Sludge

Deposit at Nuclear Steam Generator Tubes Hansub Chung, Hong-Deok Kim, Yong-Seok Kang, Minwoo

Nam, Kukhee Lee (Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power, Korea)

It has been found in a Korean nuclear power plant, HB4, that

extensive number of cracks may be undetected by eddy

current in-service-inspection because of the masking effect

of sludge deposit covering the cracks. Stress corrosion

cracking at the outside surface of the steam generator tubes

is a major concern when the tubing material is Alloy 600

mill annealed. It has been known that the susceptibility of

the Alloy 600 tube depends on the microstructure, so that

continuous distribution of coarse carbides along the grain

boundaries makes the tube less susceptible to the stress

corrosion cracking. The tubes in HB4 have excellent

microstructure so that the detection of the stress corrosion

cracks has been delayed substantially compared to other

similar units. The number of cracks detected by the eddy

current inspection jumped drastically when inspected after

the sludge deposit had been removed by chemical cleaning

of the steam generators. The purpose of the chemical

cleaning was to mitigate the stress corrosion cracking by

removing heavy sludge deposit, since corrosive environment

is formed in the occluded region under the sludge deposit. It

was found that the cracks in HB4 were shorter and shallower

than other similar units so that sizes of most cracks were

below the detection limit of the eddy current inspection prior

to the chemical cleaning. Probability of detection curves

depending on both the size of the crack and sludge

deposition demonstrated quantitatively that the sizes of most

cracks in HB4 were below the detection limit of pre-

chemical cleaning inspection. It is understood that the sizes

of the cracks are smaller when the tubes are less susceptible

to stress corrosion cracking.

It is believed that the structural integrity and leakage

integrity of the tubes are not threatened by the short and

shallow cracks. It is a regulatory requirement, however, that

68

every crack should be repaired once detected irrespective of

its size. Serious under prediction of the number of cracks to

be detected by the post chemical cleaning in-service-

inspection can be caused if the sizes of the cracks are not

considered. Prediction of the future trend of the development

of ODSCC is of prime practical importance, since the

decision of the steam generator replacement should be made

a few years in advance before ODSCC is developed in too

many tubes. The projection using Weibull probability

density function is a dependable method predicting the

future development of degradation.

Keywords: steam generator, Alloy 600 mill annealed tube,

ODSCC (outside diameter stress corrosion cracking), eddy

current inspection, steam generator chemical cleaning,

sludge deposit.

14:30pm-14:50pm

2. SRB and Methanogens in Corrosion of Steel in

Anaerobic Water P. Rajala, L. Carpén (VTT Technical Research Centre of

Finland, Finland), M. Raulio (TIKKURILA Oyj., Finland)

During the operation, maintenance and decommissioning of

nuclear power plants contaminated waste is produced. This

waste is disposed of in underground repository 60–100

meters below the ground surface. The metallic waste

consists mostly of carbon steel and stainless steel.

A long-term field exposure show high corrosion rates,

general corrosion up to 29 μm a-1

and localized corrosion

even higher. Corrosion rates this high are possible if

microbes are present and produce corrosive products or alter

the local microenvironment to corrosion favoring. The

bacterial and archaeal composition of biofilm formed on the

surface of carbon steel was studied using 16S rRNA gene

targeting pyro-sequencing followed by phylogenetic

analyses of microbial community. The functional potential

of microbial communities in biofilm was studied by

functional gene targeting quantitative PCR. The corrosion

rate was analyzed with weigh loss measurements and the

deposits on the surfaces were analyzed with SEM/EDS.

Our results demonstrate that the bacterial diversity on the

surface of carbon steel and their functionality is vast. Our

results suggest that the role of methanogenicarchaea in

corrosive biofilm, in addition to sulphate reducing bacteria,

could be greater than previously suspected in these nutrient

poor conditions.

14:50pm-15:10pm

3. Effects of Aluminum Alloy Corrosion on Sump

Strainer Clogging C.B. Bahn (Pusan National University, Korea)

Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) has performed nuclear

regulatory-sponsored research related to the sump strainer

clogging issues after a loss-of-coolant accident, especially

on the chemical effects. Since potential chemical effects on

the head loss across the debris-loaded sump strainer under

the post-accident condition were experimentally evidenced

by small-scale bench tests, ANL has conducted vertical loop

head loss testing. The tests were performed with 6061 and

1100 aluminum (Al) alloy plates immersed in borated

solution at pH=9.3 varying the loop water temperature. The

head loss testing with in-situ Al alloy corrosion suggested

that not only aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) precipitation

due to corrosion but also intermetallic particles embedded in

the aluminum alloy matrix could increase the head loss

across the fibrous debris bed on the sump strainer. That

means the potential for corrosion of an Al alloy to result in

increased head loss across a glass fiber bed may depend on

its microstructure, i.e., the size distribution and number

density of intermetallic particles that are present in Al matrix

as FeSiAl ternary compounds, as well as its Al release rate.

Long-term aluminum hydroxide precipitation testing was

also conducted using static glass cells. The borated solution

was heated, Al ions were added into the solution, and the

solution temperature was decreased as visually observing the

change in turbidity of the solution due to the precipitation of

aluminum hydroxide. After combining the data from the

vertical loop head loss testing and the long-term aluminum

hydroxide precipitation testing, it was suggested that the

effective solubility of Al(OH)3 is apparently reduced when

intermetallic particles are present.



Chair: Dun Zhang

(Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)

14:00pm-14:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Synthesis and Controlled Release Anticorrosion

Characterization of Benzoate Anion Intercalated

Layered Double Hydroxides Yi Wang, Dun Zhang (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)

The degradation of metallic substrates by corrosion

processes is an economic problem of huge proportions.

Corrosion inhibitor technology is an effective and economic

way for protecting metal from corrosion, which is already

widely used in many industries. However, in some special

fields, it‟s very important for controlling releasing speed of

corrosion inhibitors. A possible strategy to overcome this

problem is the use of inert “host” systems of nanocontainers,

loading them with the desired inhibitors. The layered double

hydroxides (LDHs) are anion exchange substances

consisting of stacks of positively charged, mixed-metal

hydroxide layers between which anionic species and solvent

molecules are intercalated. They have been considered for

the delivery of drugs at the cellular level, with several

studies showing their low toxicity, together with the ability

to control the release of active species under certain

circumstance. In this paper, the Zn-Al LDHs has been

brought in to solidify corrosion inhibitor, benzoate anion, in

order to prolong the releasing time of it. The release

behavior and the kinetic have been studied. The performance

parameters on protecting Q235 carbon steel from corrosion

in 3.5% NaCl solution were calculated by polarization curve

and electrochemical impedance spectra methods. The results

showed that the benzoate anion released into the solution

from Zn-Al LDHs host could well protect Q235 carbon steel

from corrosion.

69

14:30pm-14:50pm

2. Experimental and Quantum Chemical Studies on

Corrosion Inhibition Performance of Quinoxaline

Derivatives for Mild Steel in 1M H2SO4 Saranya Jagadeesan, Chitra Subramanian, Parameswari

Kandasamy, Sounthari Palanisamy, Kiruthika Ayyasamy,

Saranya Govindarajan, Yuvarani S (India)

The inhibitory effects of quinoxaline derivatives such as N-

[(2E)-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-

ylidene]hydrazinecarboxamide and N-[(2E)-3-oxo-3,4-

dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-ylidene]hydrazinecarbothiaamide

were investigated using gravimetric, thermometric,

potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance

spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, scanning

electron microscopy and quantum chemical approaches.

Results obtained from gravimetric and thermometric

measurements indicate the increase in inhibition efficiency

with increase in inhibitor concentration but a decrease in

inhibition efficiency by rise in temperature. Langmuir

adsorption isotherm model was used to describe the

adsorption process. Changes in the impedance parameters

suggested a physisorption of these compounds onto the mild

steel surface, leading to the formation of protective films. A

theoretical study was carried out by density functional

theory (DFT) calculations, the B3LYP functional with the 6-

311G(d,p) basis set was used to perform the investigations.

The studies showed that the inhibition efficiency of these

compounds depend on some basic molecular descriptors

including: energy gap ΔE = ELUMO - EHOMO, dipole

moment , Mulliken atomic charges, Hardness, Softness,

Electron affinity, Electronegativity, Ionization potential and

the fraction of electrons (ΔN) transferred from the

compound to the metal. The prediction of the inhibition

efficiencies of these compounds matched the experimental

measurements.Keywords: Quinoxaline, mild steel,

polarization, density functional theory, hardness.

14:50pm-15:10pm

3. The Study on the Inhibitory Properties of

Benzothiazole Derivatives on Corrosion of Mild

Steel in Acid Media Hemapriya Venkatesan, Parameswari Kandasamy, Chitra

Subramanian (India)

Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in the presence of different

concentrations of synthesised benzothiazole derivatives

(ASA,ABA) in 1 M H2SO4 solution has been studied using

the weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization techniques.

The effect of temperature on the corrosion behaviour of

carbon steel has been studied in the temperature range 303-

333 K. The inhibition efficiency increases with increasing

inhibitor concentration but decreases with increasing

temperature. The activation energy and free energy for the

inhibition reactions support the mechanism of physical

adsorption. The adsorption of inhibitors on mild steel

surface is endothermic, spontaneous and consistent with the

Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The potentiodynamic

polarization measurements indicate that the inhibitors act as

mixed type. Surface and protective film analysis have been

carried out using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), scanning

electron microscopy (SEM)and Fourier transforms infrared

(FT-IR) spectroscopy which reveal the adsorption of

inhibitors on the mild steel surface. Quantum chemical

calculations have been performed at B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)

level to calculate the electronic properties of the molecules

in order to complement the experimental

results.KeywordsCarbon steel; Corrosion inhibition;

Benzothiazole; Thermodynamic parameters; Polarizatiom;

Impedance.

15:10pm-15:30pm

4. Banana Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite as

Potential Inhibitor for Acid Corrosion of Low

Carbon Steel Kiruthika Ayyasamy, Sounthari Palanisamy, Parameswari

Kandasamy, Chitra Subramanian (India)

Background: Use of natural fiber as reinforcing material is

the latest invention of polymer science in order to get higher

strength with lower weight composite materials having

several applications. In the present investigation banana

fiber, a natural fibre is used as the reinforcing material.

Banana fibres which are obtained from the dried stalk of

banana trees, a waste product of banana cultivation offer

good specific strength and low density comparable to other

conventional fibres like glass fibres.Experiment: A novel

polyester-banana fibre composite was prepared and

evaluated as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acid

medium by various corrosion monitoring methods viz.

gravimetric, potentiodynamic polarization and

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The polymer and

the composite were characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM

techniques.Results: The composite shows excellent

corrosion inhibition compared to the polymer. The inhibition

is due to adsorption on mild steel surface forming a

protective monolayer which obeys Langmuir isotherm.

Electrochemical studies show that the composite is a mixed

type inhibitor.Conclusion & significance: Banana fibre is

potential bio filler that can be used efficiently for synthesis

of polymer composites and the composites represent

excellent inhibitors for mitigating the corrosion of mild

steel.Keywords: Banana fibre, polymer composites,

Langmuir, mixed type inhibitor.



Chair: Qunjie XU

(Shanghai University of Electric Power, China)

14:00pm-14:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Corrosion Protection of 304 Stainless Steel

Bipolar Plates of PEMFC by Coating SNO2 Film Hongtao Pan, Qunjie Xu (Shanghai University of Electric

Power, China)

SnO2 film was successfully coated on surface of austenite

304 stainless steels (304SS) by combining sol-gel dip-

70

coating method with alcohol thermal method. The coated

SnO2 film was used to enhance corrosion resistance of

304SS bipolar plates in a simulated proton exchange

membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) environment. Bared 304SS

and SnO2 coated 304SS were investigated via EIS,

potentiodynamic polarization curves and potentiostatic

polarization curves measurements in a simulated PEMFC

cathodic, anodic environment, respectively. Compared with

the bared 304SS, the corrosion current density for the SnO2

coated 304SS was decreased significantly from

33.22μA/cm2 to 0.1327μA/cm

2 in a simulated cathodic

environment, and from 75.079μA/cm2 to 0.1581μA/cm

2 in a

simulated anodic environment. Surface structure and

chemical composition of the samples were obtained by SEM,

EDX, AFM, XRD and XPS. The result showed that a

uniform and compact SnO2 film was coated on the surface of

304SS, which enhanced the corrosion resistance of 304SS in

a simulated PEMFC environment.

14:30pm-14:50pm

2. Effect of Antimony on Rust Layer Property for

Cu-containing Low Alloy Steel in a Flue Gas

Desulfurization System Seon-Hong Kim, Sun-Ah Park, Jung-Gu Kim

(Sungkyunkwan University, Korea), Kee-Sam Shin

(Changwon National University, Korea), Jung-Bong Yoon

(POSCO, Korea)

The alloying effect of Sb on a flue gas desulfurization

materials, which has 0.35 wt.% Cu content, was investigated

using electrochemical methods in the modified green death

solution. The 0.1 wt.% Sb steel represented higher corrosion

resistance than the 0 wt.% Sb due to the formation of the

densely formed surface layer. The Cu content of the surface

film increased with immersion time due to the selective

dissolution/re-deposition mechanism and the rust layer was

destroyed whre the Cu content of rust layer exceeds the

critical Cu content. The rust layer on the 0.1 wt.% Sb

specimen had superior durability in modified green death

solution since it had lower Cu content than those of 0 wt.%

Sb steel.

14:50pm-15:10pm

3. Exfoliation Issue in the Fossil-fuelled Power Plant

Tusimice II (CZ) T. Popela, E. Krecanova, M. Zychová (Research Centre Rez,

Czech Republic), Z. Skoumalova (UJV, Czech Republic), J.

Macak (Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Czech

Republic)

A big operational issue of today‟s fossil-fuelled power plants

operating at supercritical conditions is the material

exfoliation that causes the blockages in different power

plants piping systems. This work focuses on the fossil-

fuelled power plant Tusimice II, Czech Republic where we

would like to avoid the clogging of piping for superheated,

reheated and the reversible steam by selection of proper

material that wouldn‟t exfoliate or by finding the way how

to predict and suppress the exfoliation process. Nowadays in

the Tusimice II power plant the X6CrNiMo17-13-2 (1.4918,

CZ 17341) austenitic stainless steel piping is used and the

oxide layers formed on this steel tend to exfoliate. A

replacement of the current piping material with shot peened

X10CrNiCuNb18-9-3 (1.4907, Super 304H), a material with

higher corrosion resistance, is considered. Both materials

were exposed at supercritical water conditions (600 °C, 25

MPa). Their corrosion resistance was evaluated and

compared. The nature of oxide scales formed on their

surface was evaluated by SEM-WDS, XPS, Raman

spectroscopy and impedance measurements.

15:10pm-15:30pm

4. Corrosion Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel in

Condensate of Blast Furnace Gas Pipeline in a

Power Plant Hong-Hua Ge, Zhi-Hao Jin, Wei-Wei Lin, Yu-Zeng Zhao

(Shanghai University of Electric Power, China), Yang-Wei

Zong (Power Plant of Baoshan Iron & Steel Co., Ltd.,

China)

Severe corrosion of 316L stainless steel occurred in the

expansion joint of blast furnace gas (BFG) pipeline after

booster fan in a power plant. The condensate of BFG

pipeline was collected and examined by ion chromatography

and plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The behavior of

electrochemistry corrosion of 316L stainless steel in

condensate were analyzed through electrochemical

impedance spectroscopy (EIS), polarization curve, confocal

microscopy, and scanning Kelvin probe. The results reveal

that the condensate is a kind of strong electrolyte solution

with low pH and high concentration of chloride. There exists

no passive area in polarization curve of 316L stainless steel,

and shows the characteristics of active dissolution. Along

with the increase of immersion period, the impedance of

316L stainless steel electrode decreases dramatically, and

impedance spectroscopy experiences such a procedure that

single capacitive reactance arc gradually develops into the

contraction of inductive reactance, and then tends to be two

capacitive reactance arc, which indicates that pitting

corrosion transfers from induction period to evolution period

until metastable pitting translates into stable pitting. SKP

results indicates that the distribution of Kelvin potentials on

the surfaces of stainless steel moves positively with the

exposure time, and tends to be non-uniform with larger

variance. The anodic and cathodic regions distinguished

evidently from each other after a certain exposure time when

the stable pitting occurs.Keywords: 316L stainless steel,

blast furnace gas (BFG), condensate, pitting corrosion,

electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning Kelvin

probe.


WE2: Stress Corrosion Cracking &

Hydrogen Embrittlement 1

Chair: Ji Hyun Kim (Ulsan Nation Institute of Science and Technology, Korea)

71

14:00pm-14:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Effects of Dissolved Hydrogen on Iascc in

Austenitic Stainless Steel K.J. Choi, S.C. Yoo, T.H. Kim, S.H. Kim, J.H. Kim (Ulsan

National Institute of Science and Technology, Korea)

Irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking has affected

reactor core internal structures fabricated from austenitic

stainless steels in pressurized water power plants. The

general failure pattern of such cracking indicates that, as

nuclear plants age and neutron fluence increases, austenitic

stainless steels can become susceptible to intergranular

failure. Of the observed types of radiation damage, it has

been shown that radiation-induced segregation, second-

phase hardening, and radiation-induced hardening increased

the susceptibility to intergranular stress corrosion cracking,

which generally occurs at doses between 0.5 dpa (for boiling

water reactors) and 2–3 dpa (for pressurized water reactors).

Recently, domestic nuclear power plants (NPPs) arrived at a

state of long-term operation, and some of these plants have

been irradiated with more than 3 dpa. Thus, the affected

NPPs were exposed to the risk of irradiation-assisted stress

corrosion cracking. Furthermore, there has been a recent

trend to increase dissolved hydrogen in the primary section

of pressurized water power plants up to approximately 50

cc/kg dissolved hydrogen (DH), in order to reduce

susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking in Ni base alloy.

However, increasing DH to this level may detract from the

resistance to cracking in stainless steel. To address this issue,

the final objective of the present study is to evaluate the

integrity of internal structures by investigating the

characteristics of irradiation-assisted stress corrosion

cracking and determining a relationship between dissolved

hydrogen and environmental factors, the stress intensity

factor K, and crack growth rate. In particular, this study

focuses on the relationship between stress corrosion crack

growth and DH in as-received austenitic stainless steel based

on crack growth measurement. The results show that

increasing DH makes crack growth more active by arresting

the phase transition of Ni/NiO or Fe2O3/Fe3O4, and a peak in

crack growth rate exists near the transition.

14:30pm-14:50pm

2. Study of Hot Salt StressS Corrosion Crack

Initiation of Alloy IMI 834 by Using DC Potential

Drop Method Mangesh D. Pustode, Bhupendra Dewangan, V.S. Raja

(Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India), Neeta

Paulose, Narendra Babu (Gas Turbine Research

Establishment, India)

DC potential drop technique was employed during the slow

strain rate tests to study the hot salt stress corrosion crack

(HSSCC) initiation at 300 and 400 °C. Threshold stresses for

HSSCC initiation were found to about 88% of the yield

strength at both the temperatures, but the time from crack

initiation and to final failure (Δtscc), decreased significantly

with temperature, which reflects larger tendency for brittle

fracture and secondary cracking. The brittle fracture features

consisted of transgranular cracking through the primary α

grain and discontinuous faceted cracking through the

transformed β grains.

14:50pm-15:10pm

3. Hydrogen Induced Ductility of X70 Pipeline

Steels and its Effect on Stress Corrosion Cracking

in Simulated Soil Environments Zhiyong Liu, Xiaogang Li, Xianzong Wang, Cuiwei Du


Stress corrosion cracking of underground pipeline steels has

been greatly concerned throughout the last decades. One of

the most interest issues is the relationship between the

initiation and/or growth of cracks and the cathodic potential

conditions. This work confirms an effective potential scope

of hydrogen induced ductility with low SCC susceptibility

for pipeline steel under various cathodic potential conditions.

There exists a particular cathodic potential range that the

specimens show some toughness, lower SCC susceptibility,

as compared with the results at more negative or positive

potential conditions appliedand. Similar phenomenon is

found in compact tensile specimens under cyclic loading

crack growth test, which indicates that pre-cracks at a

roughly same applied cathodic potential range propagate

much slower than that at more negative or positive potential

conditions applied. Furthermore, pre-cracks under constant

loading propagate much faster than that under cyclic loading

condition within the similar cathodic potential range.

Hydrogen is assumed to play an important effect on metal

matrix within this potential range.

Generally, hydrogen evolution is considered to be

responsible for the SCC initiation and thus results in

hydrogen embrittlement for the operating pipelines when

cathodic potential is applied. In this work, however,

hydrogen was supposed to release the stress concentration at

the place where cracks initiation and then decrease the stress

intensity of SCC. As a result, the specimens demonstrate a

unique phenomenon of ductility or hydrogen induced

ductility, which decrease the SCC risk for the pipeline,

within a particular cathodic potential range applied as the

results show in tensile tests and crack growth tests.


WF2: Corrosion in Bio Materials 1

Chair: Amir Eliezer

(Sami Shamoon College of Engineering, Israel)

14:00pm-14:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Advanced Bio-Active Coatings of Titanium and

Magnesium Alloys for Biomedical Applications A. Eliezer (Sami Shamoon College of Engineering, Israel),

L. Heimann, C. Sattig, D. Zukowski, E. Dingeldein (aap

Biomaterials GmbH, Germany), K. S. Lips (Justus-Liebig-

Universität Gießen, Germany), C. Gasqueres, T. Batsch

(aap Implantate AG, Germany)

72

Over the past few years, progresses in orthopedic surgery

have helped to improve the quality of life of thousands of

persons. Nowadays, more than 4.5 million procedures

related to joint replacement and fracture repair are

performed worldwide each year. However, serious

complications still occur mostly due to implant loosening or

infection. Surface treatments and coatings have been major

research axes to address those problems. In particular great

emphasis has been put lately on the development of

antibacterial coatings that could prevent implant

colonization by microorganisms and formation of bacterial

biofilm. Therfore today there is a demand for coatings on

both nonderedable long lasting implants as well as

degradable for shorter terms. Degredable materials such as

magnesium and magnesium alloys are of special interest as

structural materials, since their high specific strength enables

them to be applied as implants. The main problem is that

these materials are very reactive and may undergo

environmentally induced degradation during service Surface

treatments and coatings have been major research axes to

address the ability of a controlled degradation biomaterial

behaviour.

In this study, the development of a titanium medical grade

Ti-6Al-4V alloy bio-active oxide coating containing silver

particles and the development of a CaP bio-active oxide

coating is reported. Both materials coatingswere obtained by

Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO).

During this research, corrosion of magnesium W4 alloy was

investigated in vitro by electrochemical methods in solutions

replicating the body's environment [1]. In addition also gas

formation of W4 was also quantified.In order to correlate in-

vitro corrosion to in-vivo degradation a pilot animal study in

sheep was performed. Furthermore [2], a dedicated approach

to identify and construct suitable traumatological implants

made of magnesium as well as was undertaken and a

suitable manufacturing process on an industrial scale was

established.

14:30pm-14:50pm

2. In-vitro Degradation Behaviors of As-extruded

Mg-5Sn-xZn Alloys S.K. Woo, C.D. Yim, B.S. You (University of Science and

Technology, Korea)

Magnesium is one of the constituents of human body and it

has many advantages as biomedical implant material.

However, fast degradation of magnesium and excessive

hydrogen evolution due to degradation may result in

decrease of load-bearing capacity and tissue damage during

a healing period. An addition of alloying element to

magnesium is one of methods to control kinetics of

degradation and hydrogen evolution. Among various

alloying elements, Sn and Zn are known as the effective

elements which can suppress hydrogen evolution and

improve a protectiveness of surface film. They are also

essential and non-toxic in human body. In this study, the in-

vitro degradation behaviors of as-extruded Mg-5Sn-xZn

alloys were evaluated systematically by electrochemical and

immersion tests in Hank‟s solution. The changes of

microstructures and composition of surface film by addition

of Zn strongly affected the corrosion behaviors of Mg-5Sn-

xZn alloys. The increase of ZnO in the surface film was

beneficial to corrosion resistance while higher fraction of

Mg2Sn particles was detrimental to corrosion resistance

with increasing Zn content. The size of Mg2Sn particle also

affected the corrosion behaviors strongly.

14:50pm-15:10pm

3. Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of Sodium

Bicarbonate Conversion Coated AZ31 Magnesium

Alloy in Simulated Body Fluid Solution Srinivasan Arthanari, Rajendran Nallaiyan (Anna University,

India), Shin Kwang Seon (Seoul National University, Korea)

Development of AZ31 Magnesium (Mg) alloy as

biodegradable implant device for biomedical applications is

one of the promising areas of current research. Since the

degradation rates of AZ31 Mg are high in physiological

environment, it doesn‟t allow the implant to accelerate the

bonding ability when it is in service. Hence it is essential to

control the degradation rate of AZ31 Mg during service to

improve its bone bonding ability. The present investigation

deals with the development of bicarbonate conversion

coatings over AZ31 Mg at ambient temperature since it is

one of the cost effective and cheap surface modifications

methodologies. The effect of bicarbonate concentration on

the surface and electrochemical corrosion performance has

been evaluated. The formation of MgCO3/ Mg(OH)2 layer

on the surface of AZ31 Mg was identified by X-Ray

diffraction and attenuated total reflectance infra-red (ATR-

IR) studies. These results indicated the formation of

conversion layer on the surface of AZ31 Mg. Surface

morphology and composition of the bicarbonate conversion

coated samples were analyzed using scanning electron

microscopy (SEM) attached with energy dispersive X-Ray

analysis (EDAX). The formation of mud crack pattern was

ensured from the SEM morphological observation.

Electrochemical corrosion behavior of the samples were

studied in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution using open

circuit potential (OCP) measurement, potentiodynamic

polarization (PDP), linear polarization (LP) and

electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) studies.

From the results it is seen that the corrosion resistance of

bicarbonate conversion coated samples was found to be high

compared to uncoated AZ31 Mg. In addition to that the

increase in corrosion resistance was observed when the

concentration of bicarbonate is increased up to 5 wt% and

further increase in concentration led to decreasing trend up

to 9 wt.%. A correlation is made between the surface and

electrochemical studies to explain the change in corrosion

resistance of the BCTM samples.

15:10pm-15:30pm

4. Microstructure and Bioactivity of Bio-ceramic

Coating Fabricated on ZK60 by Constant Current-

Constant Voltage Composite Power Mode Jing Chen, Lei Xu, Sheng Lu, Cui-lin Du, Ze-xin Wang

(Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, China)

MAO coating with lower degradation rate and higher

bioactivity bio-ceramic coatings was prepared on ZK60 Mg

alloy in a basic biologic electrolyte composed of Na2SiO3,

Ca(Ac)2, (NaPO3)6, NaH2PO4 and NaOH by the composite

73

power mode of constant current-constant voltage. The

microstructure and corrosion resistance of the bio-ceramic

coating were investigated by scanning electron microscopy

(SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive spectrometer

(EDS) and immersion corrosion test. And the bioactivity of

the coating was tested in vitro simulated body fluid (SBF)

soaking at 37℃ for 7 days and 14 days respectively. The

results indicated that some granules were induced on the

coating after 7 days‟ immersion.Calcium-phosphorus

compounds with the Ca/P molar ratio reached 1.3 were

found on the surface after 14 days‟ immersion which

presents good bioactivity and osteoinduction.



Chair: Kewei Gao


14:00pm-14:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Study on Crevice Corrosion Behavior of Q235

Weld Joint Q. Yu, C. Liu, X. Pang, Q. Liu, K. Gao (University of


The crevice corrosion behavior of carbon steel Q235 weld

joint was studied in simulated underground water containing

different oxygen concentrations at different temperatures.

The results show that there was no crevice corrosion at 25oC,

while the crevice corrosion occurred at 90oC. Oxygen

promoted corrosion process both inside and outside the

crevice, but suppressed the corrosion at the crevice edge.

The microstructure of WM was coarse Widmanstatten

structure, and many corrosion holes appeared after immersed

in the simulated solution at 90oC. The microstructure of FZ

had a lot of clustered ferrite, a long string of pits appeared at

high temperature and it was the most severely damaged

region in the whole weld joint. Both HAZ and BM shared

relatively uniform and fine structure, and underwent slight

corrosion.

14:30pm-14:50pm

2. Sensing Oxygen Gradients during Localized

Corrosion Processes by Using a Novel Scanning

Micro-optrode Technique: A Proof of Concept Y Gonzalez-Garcia, H. Terryn (Vrije Universiteit Brussel,

Belgium), J.M.C. Mol (Delft University of Technology,

Netherlands), E. Karplus (Science Wares Inc., USA)

The ability to measure oxygen fluxes in aqueous solutions

non-invasively is a very important aspect of research for

physiology, biology and corrosion studies. Electrochemical

methods have long been developed for oxygen detection but

have several disadvantages, such as slow response times,

cross-sensitivity to other species, susceptibility to fouling

and influencing the system under study. Fiber-optic

microprobes (optrodes) have been developed more recently

for measuring oxygen in a wide variety of biomedical and

environmental applications. In general these systems require

one-point measurements of oxygen concentration over the

specimen. Oxygen fiber-optic sensors are used in industry to

monitor and control corrosion processes at a large scale.

However the use of micro-optrodes is absent for detailed and

mechanistic studies of localized corrosion events. These

types of processes require high spatial resolution and fast

response times from the sensors. In this work we introduce a

scanning micro-optrode (~ 20 μm diameter) to detect in real-

time oxygen gradients during localized corrosion processes.

This is a novel method in which the micro-optrode is

controlled by a 3D manipulator that enables automated scans

in 3D space. This work shows the capabilities of the system

to monitor the gradients of oxygen during corrosion of an

iron sample in chloride containing aqueous solution. Its

resolution and the accuracy of the measurements are

compared with the measurements using the scanning

electrochemical microscope (SECM). Experiments consisted

of monitoring the oxygen concentration in solution by the

reduction reaction of oxygen at the SECM microelectrode.

Furthermore the measured values of oxygen concentration

are validated with the concentration obtained by simulation

of the corrosion case using a numerical multi-ion transport

and reaction model (MiTReM). This model represents the

homogeneous reactions taking place in the solution and the

transport of species considered.The use of micro-optrode

sensors as non-invasive probes for sensing oxygen, pH and

other ions may provide further valuable and detailed

information about the mechanism of localized corrosion

events such as pitting and microbiologically influenced

corrosion (MIC) of metal alloys in the future.

14:50pm-15:10pm

3. Corrosion and Repassivation Behavior of

Stainless Steels in Chloride and Thiosulfate

Containing Environments Y.S. Wang, P.M.Singh (Georgia Institute of Technology,

USA)

In this study, the combined effect of chloride and thiosulfate

ions, the effect of ratio of these two ions, on passivation

behaviour of 304L, 316L, and duplex stainless steels 2101,

2205are investigatedwith potentiostatic scratch tests. Cyclic

polarization and potentiostatic scratch tests were used to

understand the role of anions on localized corrosion in these

systems. It was found that the thiosulfate pitting started at a

lower potential for 2101 than 304L in 0.6M NaCl + 0.03M

Na2S2O3 solution. The pit morphology for 304L, 316L, and

2101 in 0.6M NaCl + 0.03M Na2S2O3 solution is very

different from one another. Results indicate that the pitting

mechanism switches from thiosulfate pitting dominated

process to chloride pitting dominated process at

approximately 0.1V.

15:10pm-15:30pm

4. Microbiologically Induced Corrosion of Three

Tubular Materials S. Mukadam, A. Al-Hashem (Kuwait Institute for Scientific

Research, Kuwait)

74

The performance of C-90, L-80 and N-80 tubular materials

were evaluated in a synthetic brine inoculated with

sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) in the absence and

presence of biocides. Flow loop was used in the evaluation

of the three alloys. Morphological examination of the alloys

surfaces after exposure to SRB and after biocide treatment

was made by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to

determine the nature of possible localized corrosion attach.

SEM of the coupon samples showed a marked difference

between the biocide treated and untreated samples. Small

pits were observed on the ultrasonically cleaned surfaces of

the three alloys after exposure to SRB. The biocide

treatment was capable of reducing the SRB bacteria from the

surfaces of these alloys. Results indicated that C-90 and L-

80 alloys exhibited better MIC resistance than N-80 under

the conditions of testing of this study.



Chair: Wen-Ta Tsai

(National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan)

14:00pm-14:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Effect of Hydrodynamic Condition on the

Electrochemical Behavior of Various Metals in 3.5

wt% NaCl Solution Szu-Jung Pan, Samuel-Sudibyo Hadinata, Ruey-Chy Kao,

Wen-Ta Tsai (National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan)

The electrochemical behaviors of various metals with and

without diamond-like-carbon (DLC) coating in 3.5 wt%

NaCl solution were investigated. The effect of

hydrodynamic condition was focused by employing rotating

disc electrode (RDE). The experimental results showed that

a more positive corrosion potential and a higher corrosion

rate of each bare metal were observed due to enhanced

oxygen transport at higher rotating speed of RDE. DLC

coating caused a substantial increase in corrosion resistance

of all metals studied. However, localized corrosion was still

found in the DLC-coated metal at the sites where deposition

defects existed. Surface morphology examination after

electrochemical test was performed to confirm the roles of

hydrodynamic condition and DLC coating.

14:30pm-14:50pm

2. Corrosion Behaviour of DH36 Steel Used for Oil

Platform in Splash Zone J.G. Liu (China University of Petroleum, China), Y.T. Li,

B.R. Hou (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)

The splash zone is the most corrosive area of the marine

environment and the corrosion of steel structures exposed in

this area is a serious concern. DH36 steel is one of

commonly used steels for offshore oil platform in China, the

corrosion behaviour in splash zone was studied in this paper.

The polarization curves were obtained from the corroded

steel exposed in this area while the morphologies and rusts

of the rust steel were characterized with scanning electron

microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Double rust layers were

formed in splash zone. The inner layer contained magnetite

and fine flaky lepidocrocite, the outer layer was composed

of accumulated flaky lepidocrocite and a little of goethite. In

wet period, the iron dissolved and reacted with lepidocrocite

and magnetite appeared while magnetite was oxidized to

lepidocrocite again during dry period. Electrochemical

reduction and chemical oxidization were circulated in

intermittent wetting and drying, and magnetite and

lepidocrocite were involved in the reduction reaction and

lead to serious corrosion.

14:50pm-15:10pm

3. Tests of Corrosion Stability of Aluminum Alloys

under Marine Atmospheric Conditions V.I. Sergienko, V.G. Dobrzhansky, D.V. Marinin, V.S.

Rudnev, E.E. Dmitrieva (Russian Academy of Sciences,

Russia)

Coastal marine areas of subtropics and tropics regions of

South Asia (China, Vietnam, and India) are characterized by

the most severe conditions of operation and storage of

aviation equipment. Transport and passenger aircrafts

operated in tropical and marine climate undergo especially

serious corrosion damages. The main reason of corrosion

damages consists in contact corrosion between materials of

different nature and in emergence of contact pairs of similar

nature having different degrees of plastic deformation and/or

thermal treatment.

In Russia, the southern climate conditions with respect to the

atmosphere corrosion potential can be adequately simulated

only at the Primorsky Territory: the city of Vladivostok,

Russkii Island, Marine Corrosion Center (MCC) of

FEBRAS (Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of

Sciences). The comparison of main climatic and

aerochemical characteristics demonstrated that the corrosion

potential of the MCC atmosphere was high higher than that

in Nha Trang (Vietnam), Gelendzhik (Russia), and Batumi

(Georgia).

Comparative tests of general corrosion stability of 1441 and

1163 aluminum alloy (Russian standard) samples with

deposited protective coatings (coating was deposited by

anodic oxidation, without lacquer-paint coating (LPC)) have

been performed. This approach was caused by the necessity

of taking into account possible coating (LPC) damage during

operation.

Samples were produced at the aircraft production plant from

aluminum sheet materials directly in the process of hull skin

parts manufacture. Anodic oxidation was carried put in

accordance with the technology applied at the plant. The

coating thickness was 8-9 µm. No lacquer-paint protective

coatings were applied.

The tests, to make the conditions more severe and accelerate

the process, were carried out at a relative humidity of 95-

98 % and a temperature of 292°С. The UV radiation dose

corresponded to the summer day at the south Primorsky

Territory latitude (Far East of Russia). Samples were

pulverized by low-dispersed flow (fog) of natural seawater

thrice a day. The samples were placed into a semi-immersed

position: the lower sample edges were immersed into

seawater at a depth of 8-10 mm. The corrosion test period

75

was 21 days. Besides, the tests for corrosion cracking

through stretching at a constant deformation rate were

carried out. Flat cylindrical samples made of V95 and D16

aluminum alloys (Russian standard) used in aircraft industry

were tested.

15:10pm-15:30pm

4. Revisiting Hot Corrosion and its Persistence into

the Future D. A. Shifler (Office of Naval Research, USA)

High temperature applications demand materials that have a

variety of properties such as high strength, toughness, creep

resistance, fatigue resistance, as well as resistance to

degradation by their interaction with the environment. Fuel

contaminants or the lack of contaminants from fuels has

often been considered to strongly influence coating and/or

materials performance in high temperature combustion

environments such as observed in marine gas turbine

engines. Sulfur in the fuels has often been a main

contaminant leading to Type I or Type II hot corrosion. With

recent international environmental regulations, oceangoing

vessels operating in areas with air quality problems,

designated Emission Control Areas, sulfur in fuels will be

required to be less than 1,000 ppm sulfur. Additionally, the

U.S. Navy will soon designate that fuel sulfur be no more

than 15ppm. This would seem to suggest that sulfur-

derived hot corrosion would disappear. However, unfiltered

air quality may contain up to 2600 ppm Na2SO4, 19,000 ppm

NaCl, and other seawater-derived species that further

contributes to the environmental corrosive impact on

materials in shipboard marine gas turbines that can lead to

deposit-induced hot corrosion. The source of the corrosive

deposit is possibly from atmospheric particulate matter,

which is highly variable in concentration and composition

worldwide. Particulate matter in polluted air can be a main

source of the sulfate deposits found on attacked engine

components. Meanwhile, the presence of SO2 in polluted air

can accelerate the deposit-induced corrosion attack. In some

polluted areas around the world, SO2 in the air can average

0.055ppm.

With the ever increasing demand for higher engine

efficiency, increasing engine temperatures may lead to

chloride-induced CMAS attack at lower temperatures than is

observed in aero engines. Understanding the global

variations in corrosivity and the mechanistic complexities

that these atmospheric (i.e.SO2, particulate matter, chlorides)

variations project, will guide alloy/coating selection and

development.


WA3: Coatings 8

Chair: Seok Hwan Seo (Volvo, Korea)

16:00pm-16:20pm

1. The Influence of Wet-dry Cycle on Degradation

Process of the Organic Coatings under Alternate

Wetting and Drying Environments X.H. Zhao, S. Qu, Y. Zuo, Y.M. Tang (Beijing University of

Chemical Technology, China)

The influence of dry-wet cycle on the failure processes of

the acrylic polyurethane heat-reflection coating and thick

epoxy antirust coating in simulated sea water under the

conditions of wet-dry alternation was studied by EIS, FT-IR

and SEM. The results show that the degradations of the two

coatings are mainly due to the reaction of functional groups

in coatings with the electrolyte solution. Furthermore, owing

to the physical effect of wet-dry alternation, the fillers in the

coating surface layer may fall off and result in micro-pores,

which could multiply the defects in the coating and

accelerate the coating degradation. However, the dry-wet

cycle has an obvious influence on the failure rate of the

coatings. When the coatings undergo the same period of

experiment, prolonging the wetting times in one wet-dry

cycle will accelerate the coating degradation although the

total wetting times may be equal. A possible reason is that

the water absorption of the coating is lower due to a shorter

wetting period in one wet-dry cycle, and can be almost

completely evaporated during the following drying process,

resulting in the lower degree of hydrolysis of the coating. As

the wetting time in one cycle increases, the water absorption

of the coating cannot be completely evaporated during the

drying period, and will accelerate the coating degradation. In

addition, during the drying period, oxygen accelerates the

reaction on the cathode, resulting in a relatively quick

corrosion of metal matrix and decrease of the coating

adhesion.

16:20pm-16:40pm

2. Properties of Siloxane Based Waterborne

Polyurethane Coatings Mohammad Mizanur Rahman, Gasem Zuhair (King Fahd

University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia)

Coating industry is facing a huge challenge due to restriction

of toxic compounds and organic solvents. The toxic

compounds which were found to be severely harmful to the

non-targeted organisms accumulated in the environment.

Another big concern is toxic volatile organic solvent (VOC),

which is being used in commercial coatings. This VOC

mixed in the atmosphere during the drying stage. This

harmful VOC also threatens the human body. Therefore, the

coating must be made environmentally friendly as well as

free from all kinds of pollution. Waterborne polyurethane

(WBPU) consists of mainly urethane and urea groups. Water

is the main solvent during synthesis of WBPU. Only water

evolved from WBPU at drying stage of coatings. Thus this

process is environmentally friendly and free from pollution.

WBPU is now being widely used as coating materials in the

automotive, construction, textiles, paper, and footwear

industries. WBPU is boost of soft segment (polyether,

polyester and silicon based polyol) which has less free

energy. This soft segment can migrate to the surface to

enrich silicon (when we used silicon based polyol) which

can make the coating surface more hydrophobic. This

76

advantage makes WBPU as a promising environmentally

friendly coating for corrosion protection of mild steel. In this

work WBPU dispersions were synthesized through a pre-

polymer process using different siloxane content. The

dispersions were used as a coating material onto mild steel.

Good corrosion protection was observed using WBPU

coating when it contain optimum siloxane content.

16:40pm-17:00pm

3. New Universal Thin Organic Coatings (TOCs)

for Galannealed Steel or Galvanized Steel HanJoong Kim, DongYun Kim, MyungHee Choi (NOROO

Coil Coatings Co., Ltd., Korea)

Many steelmakers constantly have been demanding an

universal thin organic coatings (TOCs) for not only

galvannealed steel but also galvanized steel. However, that

issue, which is looming up, has not been an easy problem to

solve because different plating components are effects on

characteristic properties. For instance, if GI TOCs is applied

to GL panels, GL panels may be easily exhibited some

blackening in SST (salt spray test, ASTMB117): on the

contrary, if GL TOCs is coated to GI panel, GL panel was

completely covered with corrosion product after only 72

hours. The universal TOCs has been developed based on

newly modified urethane dispersion that figure out the gap

in same anti-corrosion performance between galvannealed

steel and galvanized steel and even surpasses each products

in some categories. In this current work, properties of

universal TOCs have been studied over a variety of metal

substrate.

17:00pm-17:20pm

4. Preparation and Characterization of Coating

Solution Based on Waterborne Polyurethane

Dispersion Containing Fluorine for Primer on

Electro-Galvanized Steel Sheet Chung Keun Jin, Sung Hyung Lim (Buhmwoo Institute of

Technology Research, Korea)

The purpose of this research is to synthesis fluorine

modified waterborne polyurethane dispersion (F-WPU) by

soap-free(internal emulsifier) emulsion polymerization

techniques, to prepare coating solution based on fluorine

modified waterborne polyurethane dispersion(F-WPU) and

to compare their chemical and thermo-mechanical properties

on the electro-galvanized steel sheet. Environmentally

friendly F-WPU was prepared with a fluorinated polyol

having 60wt% of fluorine. There were various ways of

combining a wide variety of fluorinated polyols and

diisocyanate in order to exhibit novel properties of

waterborne polyurethane dispersion. Components of coating

solution were largely divided into four kinds, which were F-

WPU, acrylic emulsion, silane coupling agent, colloidal

silicate. Properties of the coating solution compared to

others using a general waterborne resin on the electro-

galvanized steel sheet showed that corrosion resistance,

alkali resistance and heat resistance were excellent by using

F-WPU. We expect that the prepared coating solution

present reliable effect from the fluorine atoms incorporated

even at a small amount of F-WPU.




Chair: Damien Féron (CEA, France) 16:00pm-16:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Nuclear Corrosion: Achievements and Challenges Damien Féron (CEA, France) Corrosion science faces new challenges in various nuclear

environments. Three main areas may be identified where

increases of knowledge and understanding have been done

and are still needed to face the technical needs: (i) the

extension of the service time of nuclear power plants from

40 years, as initially planned, to 60 years and probably more

as expected now, (ii) the prediction of long term behaviour

of metallic materials in nuclear waste disposal where the

corrosion processes have to be predicted over large periods

of time, some thousands years and more, (iii) the choice of

materials for use at very high temperatures as expected in

Generation IV power plants in environments like gas

(helium), supercritical water, liquid metals or salts. Service

time extension, deep geological waste repositories and high

temperature reactors sustain researches and developments to

model corrosion phenomena at various scales, from atoms to

components. 16:30pm-16:50pm

2. Assessment of Relative PWSCC Susceptibilities

Depending on the Location and Orientation in an

Alloy 600/182 Weldment Yun Soo Lim, Seong Sik Hwang, Sung Woo Kim (Korea

Atomic Energy Research Institute, Korea) Stress corrosion cracking tests using small U-bend

specimens of an Alloy 600/182 weld were performed at

325 ℃ in a simulated primary water environment of a

pressurized water reactor. The Alloy 600 base metal had a

homogeneous microstructure with intra- and inter-granular

chromium carbides. The Alloy 182 weld metal showed a

well developed dendritic solidification microstructure with

precipitation of several types of tiny carbides and oxides.

The stress corrosion cracks were found only in the regions of

the Alloy 182 weld metal of Alloy 600/182, which suggests

that the PWSCC susceptibility of the Alloy 182 weld metal

can be higher than that of the Alloy 600 base metal. The

cracks were initiated at the grain boundaries on the surface,

and also propagated along the random high angle grain

boundaries of the Alloy 182 weld metal in the present study. 16:50pm-17:10pm

3. High Temperature Oxidation Behaviour of Al/Si-

containing Stainless Steels for Nuclear Fuel

Cladding Application KkochNim Oh, Richard T. Hoffman III, Chaitanya S. Deo,

Bojan Petrovic, Preet M. Singh (Georgia Institute of

Technology, USA), Paolo Ferroni (Westinghouse Electric

Company LLC, USA)

77

The influence of Al and Si on the high temperature oxidation

behaviour of stainless steels such as DSS2101, APM, and

Fe-20Cr-5.5Si was investigated using thermogravimetric

tests and compared to that of Zirlo® alloy. For the latter, the

increase in temperature from 400 ºC to 800 ºC was

accompanied by a drastic increase in weight, and specimen

failure was observed at 800 ºC due to complete oxidation in

roughly 10 hours. With respect to the high temperature

oxidation behaviour of Si/Al-containing stainless steels, an

increase in the weight gains was observed with the

temperature increase from 800 ºC to 1100 ºC, but their

oxidation rates were significantly lower than those for Zirlo®

alloy. The oxide film on DSS2101, Fe-20Cr-5.5Si, and APM

was composed of Cr-oxide, (Cr, Si)-oxide, and Al-oxide,

respectively. Among these stainless steels, APM showed the

best performance with respect to the high temperature

oxidation, and the lowest activation energy. 17:10pm-17:30pm

4. A Root Cause Analysis of Corrosion at the Tube

Sheet of Heat Exchanger in a Nuclear Power Plant K.H. Na, S.K. Cho, J.G. Lee (Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power

Co., Korea) In nuclear power plants, there are many heat exchangers

using seawater for cooling medium. To prevent accelerated

corrosion induced by seawater, all heat exchanger parts,

exposed to seawater but susceptible to corrosion, were

coated with corrosion resistive resins. However, in one of

our plants, corrosion was observed at the tube sheet of a heat

exchanger. It seemed that corrosion initiated at the carbon

steel base material through the crack of coating layer and the

amount of corrosion was more increased by undermining the

coating layer. As a part of preparing a counterplan, we

carried out root cause analysis on this corrosion

phenomenon and designed a careful experiment to prove the

verification of some assumptions we made during the

analysis. The experiment was composed of the field and

laboratory experiments. In the field experiment, carbon steel

disks, coupled with titanium disks, were manufactured for

investigating galvanic effects according to the area ratio of

carbon steel to titanium. In addition, by coating the whole

surface of the disks with resin except some locations

representing artificial defects, the real corrosion rate was

measured on these local defects. In all experiments, the disks

were immersed in the seawater near the intake for about

three months and then, took out for examination. In the

laboratory experiment, potentiodynamic polarization

experiment was performed for carbon steel and titanium for

determining corrosion rate for each material and at the same

time, investigating galvanic effect between carbon steel and

titanium. From the experimental results, we determined the

root cause for this corrosion phenomenon and drew the

practical solutions for mitigation.



Chair: Christofer Leygraf


16:00pm-16:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Molecular Studies of Self Assembled Monolayers

as Corrosion Inhibitors for Copper Christofer Leygraf, Saman Hosseinpour, Magnus Johnson


The study demonstrates how molecular insight can aid in

clarifying the actual role of corrosion inhibitors for copper.

This has been accomplished by adsorbing a series of self-

assembled monolayers of alkanethiols (CH3(CH2)xSH) with

varying chain length.

16:30pm-16:50pm

2. 1, 3, 4-Oxadiazoles Dimers: New and Effective

Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel in Sulphuric

Acid Solution Sounthari Palanisamy, Chitra Subramanian, Kiruthika

Ayyasamy, Parameswari Kandasamy, Saranya Jagadeesan

(India)

The corrosion inhibition property of 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles

Dimers were demonstrated for mild steel in acidic

environment using gravimetric method, Tafel polarization,

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy(EIS), Scanning

electronic microscope(SEM), Atomic Absorption

Spectroscopy (AAS) and Adsorption Isotherm. The results

revealed the 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles Dimers had excellent

corrosion inhibition for mild steel in 1M H2SO4 acid media

and its inhibitive efficiency was more than 98% even with a

low concentration of 1000ppm.The adsorption of the organic

compounds on the mild steel surface obeyed Langmuir‟s

isotherm. Using IR spectra and SEM it was proved the

adsorption of organic inhibitors and the formation of

corrosion products on the mild steel surface. Keywords:

1,3,4-Oxadiazoles Dimers, Mild steel, Potentiodynamic

polarization, EIS,SEM,IR.

16:50pm-17:10pm

3. Zwitterionic Gemini Surfactant as Efficient

Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in 0.5 M HCL Mohd. Mobin, Sahar Noori (Aligarh Muslim University,

India)

The paper investigates the adsorption and corrosion

inhibition behaviour of Zwitterionic gemini surfactant, 2-

Decyl phosphate, 1-(N,N-dimethyl, N-tetradecylammonium)

ethane on mild steel in 0.5 M HCl in the temperature range

of 25-65°C. The Zwitterionic gemini containing phosphate

and quaternary ammonium head groups designated as (10(-)-

2-14(+)) was synthesized, purified and characterized using

nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Weight

loss measurements, potentiodynamic polarization

measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

(EIS) and thermodynamic/kinetic parameters were applied to

elaborate the adsorption and corrosion inhibition mechanism

of the surfactant. The surface morphology of the mild steel

specimen corroded in unihibited and inhibited acid was also

evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The

inhibitor molecules were adsorbed onto the mild steel

78

surface according to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The

inhibition efficiency of the compound was found to vary

with inhibitor concentration and temperature. The

calculated thermodynamic/kinetic parameters indicated that

adsorption of surfactant on steel surface is spontaneous and

follow typical physisorption mechanism.



Chair: Da Quan Zhang


16:00pm-16:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Corrosion Behavior and Oxide Film Formation

of T91 Steels under the Different Cycle Water

Chemistry Operation Conditions D.Q. Zhang, T.F. Xia, L. Zhang, L.X. Gao (Shanghai

University of Electric Power, China), K.Y. Lee (Dalian

University of Technology, China)

The corrosion behaviour of a ferritic/martensitic steel T91

exposed to water aqueous containing chloride and sulfate

ions are investigated in the stimulated all-volatile treatment

(AVT) and oxygenated treatment (OT) conditions. The

results show that the corrosion under OT condition is heavy

compared that under AVT condition. Chloride and sulphate

ions have antagonistic effect for T91 steels corrosion in both

AVT and OT conditions. Microstructure and composition of

the corrosion specimens of T91 steels were characterized

using the scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-

ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and the X-ray diffraction

(XRD). T91 steels suffer pitting corrosion. The pre-corroded

specimens was conducted a high temperature oxidation test

at 500℃. The relationship between the structure of the oxide

film and the corrosion products of T91 steels are discussed.

16:30pm-16:50pm

2. Analysis of Oxide Scale on Alumina-Forming

Austenitic Stainless Steel Jun-Yun Kang, Heon-Young Ha, Min-Ho Jang, Joon-Oh

Moon, Tae-Ho Lee (Korea Institute of Materials Science,

Korea)

The evolution of oxide scales on an alumina(Al2O3)-forming

austenitic stainless steel was investigated. A steel ingot of

0.08C-2Mn-14Cr-20Ni-2.5Mo-0.9Nb-2.3Al composition

was fabricated by vacuum induction melting. It was reheated

to 1523K, hot and cold rolled, by which the thickness was

reduced by 80%. The rolled plate was annealed and

homogenized at 1523K for an hour, then water quenched.

Small cubic samples whose surfaces were polished and

cleaned were submitted to isothermal exposure to 1053K in

dry air for varying duration. The mass change was measured

and the microstructural evolution on the surface was

observed using electron microscopes in comparison with a

conventional chromia(Cr2O3)-forming austenitic stainless

steel whose chemical composition was 0.06C-1.2Mn-25Cr-

20Ni-0.45Nb-0.14N. The alumina-forming alloy showed

smaller weight gain caused by oxidation and its continuous

alumina scale was even thinner than the chromia scale

formed on the chromia forming alloy. After 336 hours of

exposure, the former was 0.3mm thick while the latter was

2mm. Conglomeration of oxide particles on the basal oxide

layer was observed in both types of alloys while it was more

substantial and even the onset of exfoliation was detected in

the chromia-forming one. Some globular oxides which

formed the conglomeration in the alumina-forming alloy

was analyzed in detail, which revealed that they were M4O3

oxide in which Cr, Mn and Fe mostly constituted the M site.

Coarse MC carbide in which M was mostly Nb were

frequently found beneath very large globular oxides

although the continuous alumina layer still ran beneath the

globular oxides. It was considered that the primary MC

carbide near surface could provide the nucleation site for the

conglomerated globular oxide which would cause the

exfoliation in prolonged oxidation process.

16:50pm-17:10pm

3. Optimization of Ferritic Steel Porous Supports

for Protonic Fuel Cells Working at 600°C S. Molin, M. Chen, N. Bonanos (Technical University of

Denmark, Denmark)

Porous alloys are used as supporting structures in high

temperature fuel cells. A novel concept is to fabricate metal

supported protonic conducting fuel cells working at 600°C.

This fuel cell type offers several advantages for using porous

alloy substrate in comparison to an oxygen conducting solid

oxide fuel cell. In this work corrosion properties of a

Fe22Cr0.4Mn alloy in porous form are evaluated in

humidified hydrogen at 600°C and a method to improve its

corrosion resistance is reported. Supports in the not modified

state corrode rapidly by formation of dual phase oxides

whereas after the modification by preoxidation supports

offer high corrosion resistance allowing construction of fuel

cells.

17:10pm-17:30pm

4. Corrosion Behavior of Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 Glass

Ceramics for Lithium-air Batteries Harsharaj S. Jadhav, Ramchandra S. Kalubarme, Yong-Han

Kim, Chan-Jin Park (Chonnam National University, Korea)

High specific energy density batteries are attracting growing

attention as possible power sources for electric vehicles

(EVs). Lithium–Oxygen (Li-O2) batteries are the most

promising system, because of their far higher theoretical

specific energy density than conventional batteries. However,

rechargeable Li-air battery technology is still in

development stage. Mainly Li-O2 battery composed of

oxygen electrode (cathode), electrolyte and Li-metal as an

anode. To develop high performance Li-O2 secondary

battery, a number of problems needs to be resolved related

to the each part of Li-O2 battery. Among these Li-metal is

highly active in nature. The non-aqueous electrolytes, gel-

type polymer electrolytes and solid electrolytes are stable in

contact with lithium metal. However, instability of non-

aqueous and gel-type polymer electrolytes to moisture from

79

the air is an issue. In the protected lithium technology, the

use of solid electrolyte is the new trend, which is more water

stable and also useful to suppress the lithium dendrite

growth. In order to use solid electrolyte in oxygen electrode

/aqueous electrolyte/solid electrolyte/Li-metal system, needs

to check it‟s stability in different aqueous electrolytes.

In the present study, The B2O3 added

Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4) (LAGP) glass ceramics with highest

conductivity of 6.9 x10-4

S.cm-1

(at 250C) was prepared by

melt-quenching method. The stability of B2O3 added LAGP

solid electrolyte in contact with lithium, different types of

aqueous electrolyte and non-aqueous was examined after 1

and 3 weeks. The samples were immersed in distilled water;

aqueous 0.1 M and 1 M LiOH, aqueous 0.1 M and 1M LiCl,

aqueous 0.1 M and 1 M LiNO3, aqueous 0.1 M HCl and non-

aqueous LiTFSI - TEGDME at 25 0C. The XRD analysis

evinces that no significant difference in patterns of pristine

LAGP and after its immersion in the distilled water (pH=7)

and LiNO3 (6). However samples immersed in 1M LiCl

(pH=6), 0.1 M HCl (pH=1) and 1 M LiOH (pH=14) showed

major changes in XRD pattern. This indicates that the glass

ceramics gets corroded in strong alkaline/acidic solutions.

The SEM analysis was carried out to investigate the pitting

effect on glass ceramic in presence of alkaline and acidic

electrolytes. The pitting effect is more pronounced in the

presence of Cl-_ions compared to NO

3- ions, because

chlorine ions are more corrosive than nitrate ions. The solid

electrolyte observed more stable in LiTFSI-TEGDME

electrolyte even after 3 weeks. Furthermore the AC

impedance measurements of all immersed samples were

carried out using the ZIVE SP2 instrument in the frequency

range 1 Hz ~ 1 MHz at voltage amplitude of 100 mV. In

addition, Li-O2 cell test was successfully carried out to by

employing B2O3 added LAGP as a protective interlayer. In

conclusion the B2O3 added LAGP glass ceramic is found to

be unstable in strong acidic and alkaline media, but it can be

acceptable in neutral and weak alkaline and acidic media.


WE3: Stress Corrosion Cracking &

Hydrogen Embrittlement 2

Chair: Jianhua Liu (Beihang University, China)

16:00pm-16:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Bifurcation Behavior in Stress Corrosion Crack

Propagation of Ultra High Strength Steel

23Co14Ni12Cr3Mo Jianhua Liu, Chen Wen, Mei Yu, Songmei Li (Beihang

University, China)

As a crucial mode of failure, stress corrosion crack (SCC)

has to be considered before any new class of materials can

be utilized in corrosive environment. The susceptibility to

SCC of ultra-high strength steels increased with increasing

stress level. Therefore, SCC is an important issue for steel

23Co14Ni12Cr3Mo before its application. As a local

corrosion process, SCC is characterized by the initiation and

propagation of cracks. The crack follows a general

macroscopic path which is always normal to the tensile

component of stress but can be affected by many factors

such as microstructures, internal or external hydrogen, crack

tip conditions, pH of solutions and Cl-. The SCC behaviors

of ultra-high strength steel 23Co14Ni12Cr3Mo were

investigated by SCC test method using double cantilever

beam (DCB) specimens in 3.5 w% NaCl solutions. It is

found that the crack propagates to bifurcations. The crack tip

is coarse at prophase of SCC crack propagation, which is

caused by mechanical force. As the effect of mechanical

force reduces and the corrosive force enhances with the

increasing time, the crack tip develops in a tortuous and fine

path. The SCC morphology was observed by using scanning

electron microscopy (SEM) and the composition of

corrosion products was analyzed by using X-ray diffraction

(XRD) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS). The

results showed that the fracture morphology is

transgranular(TG) brittle cracking at prophase of crack

propagation, TG cracking along with intergranular (IG)

cracking factors in some regions，especially some second

cracks at metaphase, and TG and brittle cracking at anaphase.

The corrosion products are consisted of Fe, Cr, Co oxides.

Effects of the elements Co, Cr, Ni, and Mo on the crack

propagation were discussed.

16:30pm-16:50pm

2. Hydrogen Induced Stress Corrosion Cracking of

Advanced High Strength Steel DP1000 Roland Scharf (CEST Kompetenzzentrum GmbH, Austria),

Andreas Muhr, Gerald Luckeneder, Ronald Baiger, Johannes

Rehrl, Klemens Mraczek, Karl-Heinz Stellnberger, Josef

Faderl (Voestalpine Stahl GmbH, Austria), Christoph

Holzer, Gregor Mori (Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria)

Due to the reduction of mass and an improved crash

performance advanced and ultra-high strength steel grades

(AHSS/UHSS) are commonly used in automotive

industry.Thus anappropriate evaluation of hydrogen

embrittlement (HE) resistance for potentially critical body

parts has to be taken into account. In this paper delayed

fracture due to hydrogen induced failure was investigated by

using a very severe and detrimental constant load testing

(CLT) device with punched specimens. The hydrogen

embrittlement resistance of bare and electrolytically

galvanized dual phase steel with an ultimate strength level of

1000 MPa or more (DP 1000) under different corrosion

conditions was characterized. Different stress levels were

applied and hydrogen charging was started by adding 5 %

NaCl solution. In order to record hydrogen entry by time of

immersion by thermal desorption analysis (TDA), special

emphasis was made to hydrogen analysis in order to record.

A change in HE resistance was observed for fluent and

stagnant corrodent.

16:50pm-17:10pm

3. Stress Corrosion Cracking Susceptibility of Ti-

6Al-4V Alloy in Ionic Liquids Wen-Ta Tsai, Chang-Liang Lin, Szu-Jung Pan (National

Cheng Kung University, Taiwan)

The corrosion behavior and stress corrosion cracking (SCC)

susceptibility of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in aluminum chloride 1-

80

ethyl-3-methylimidazoliumchloride (AlCl3–EMIC) ionic

liquids (ILs) with different Lewis acidity were investigated.

The experimental results showed that Ti-6Al-4V alloy

exhibited quite different corrosion and cracking behaviors in

the ILs studied, comparing with those found in aqueous

environments. Ti-6Al-4V alloy could not be passivated but

was immune to SCC in Lewis-acidic AlCl3–EMIC ILs. In

both Lewis-neutral and Lewis-basic AlCl3-EMIC ILs,

however, Ti-6Al-4V alloy was susceptible to SCC. The roles

of chemical composition difference between the constituent

phases in Ti-6Al-4V alloy and the types of ionic species

present in ILs on corrosion and SCC behaviors will be

discussed.

17:10pm-17:30pm

4. SCC Behavior of X80 Pipeline Steel under AC

Application in Carbonate/bicarbonate Solution Min Zhu, Cuiwei Du, Xiaogang Li, Zhiyong Liu (University

of Science and Technology Beijing, China)

With rapid development of electricity, petroleum and

transportation industry, a growing number of pipelines are

buried in parallel with electric power lines or electrified

railways due to the limitation of available space to construct

these facilities. On such pipelines, AC current would transfer

between soil and pipeline at the coating defects, leading to

AC corrosion. It is reported that, AC could induce pitting

corrosion on pipeline steel. It is acknowledged that SCC

cracks can be easily initiated at the pitting corrosion. Thus,

AC corrosion may induce and facilitate the occurrence of

SCC failures of pipeline, constituting a significant threat to

safe operation of buried oil/gas pipelines. However, there

has been no relevant research at present. Thus, it is

necessary to investigate the influence of AC on the SCC

behavior of pipeline steels in concentrated

carbonate/bicarbonate solution.

Therefore, in this work, SCC behavior of X80 pipeline steel

under the application of various waveforms AC was

investigated in carbonate/bicarbonate solution by

electrochemical measurements, immersion tests and slow

strain rate tensile tests. The results show that under the

application of AC current of various waveforms, the

corrosion potential shifts negatively and the passivity of the

steel degrades severely. Superimposed AC results in an

increase of corrosion rate, and the corrosion rate of the steel

under square wave is the highest, next the triangular wave,

the least sine wave. The steel mainly experiences localized

corrosion under various waveforms AC, in particular at the

square wave AC, the pitting occurs more apparently. AC

superimposition enhances the SCC susceptibility of the steel

in the solution, especially at square wave. At a short term

effect of AC interference, the fracture mode is intergranular,

and the SCC behavior of steel is affected by the anodic

dissolution for steel with or without AC application.


WF3: Corrosion in Bio Materials 2

Chair: Her-Hsiung Huang

(National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan)

16:00pm-16:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Using Simple Hydrolysis-condensation Process

for Production of Ta2O5 Coating on Ti Surface to

Enhance Corrosion Resistance and Biological

Responses Ying-Sui Sun, Her-Hsiung Huang (National Yang-Ming

University, Taiwan)

This study used a simple hydrolysis-condensation process at

room temperature to prepare an amorphous Ta2O5 coating on

titanium (Ti) for enhancing corrosion resistance and

biological responses. Surface characteristics of the

specimens were analyzed using scanning electron

microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray

photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared

spectroscopy, glancing angle X-ray diffractometry, and

transmission electron microscopy. Coating adhesion was

evaluated according to ASTM D3359 specification.

Potentiodynamic polarization curves of test specimens were

measured in simulated blood plasma (SBP); the release of Ti

ions from the specimens was measured following immersion

for 5 days in SBP. The cytotoxicity of the specimens was

determined according to ISO10993-5 specification.

Biological responses, including protein adsorption and

human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, were then

evaluated. Results demonstrated that the non-cytotoxic

Ta2O5 coating, accompanied with submicroporous

topography and dense inner layer, provided good adhesion to

the Ti surface. Compared with the uncoated Ti surface, the

Ta2O5 coating increased the corrosion resistance and reduced

the release of Ti ions in SBP, and significantly enhanced the

protein adsorption and cell responses, including cytoskeletal

arrangement, adhesion, and proliferation. This Ta2O5 coating

on Ti surface has considerable potential for bone implant

applications, in terms of good corrosion resistance and

biological responses.

16:30pm-16:50pm

2. Biodegradation of Secondary Phase Particles in

Magnesium alloys: A Critical Review M. Bobby Kannan (James Cook University, Australia)

Magnesium alloys have been extensively studied in recent

years for potential biodegradable implant applications. A

great deal of work has been done on the evaluation of the

corrosion behaviour of magnesium alloys under in vitro and

in vivo conditions. However, magnesium alloys, in general,

contain secondary phase particles distributed in the matrix

and/or along the grain boundaries. Owing to their

difference in chemistry in comparison with magnesium

matrix, these particles may exhibit different corrosion

behaviour. It is essential to understand the corrosion

behaviour of secondary phase particles in magnesium alloys

in physiological conditions for implant applications. This

paper critically reviews the biodegradation behaviour of

secondary phase particles in magnesium alloys.

81

16:50pm-17:10pm

3. Improvement of Corrosion Resistance and

Bioactivity of AM60 Anawati Anawati, Hidetaka Asoh, Sachiko Ono (Research

Institute for Science and Technology, Japan)

The effect of alloying element Ca (0, 1, and 2 wt%) on

corrosion resistance and bioactivity of the as-received and

anodized surface of rolled plate AM60 alloys was

investigated. A plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) was

carried out to form anodic oxide film in 0.5 mol dm-3

Na3PO4 solution. The corrosion behavior was studied by

polarization measurements while the in vitro bioactivity was

tested by soaking the specimens in 1.5xSBF. Optical

micrograph and elemental analysis of the substrate surfaces

indicated that the number of intermetallic particles increased

with Ca content in the alloys owing to the formation of a

new phase Al2Ca. The corrosion resistance of AM60

specimens improved only slightly by alloying with 2 wt%

Ca which attributed to the reticular distribution of Al2Ca

phase existed in the alloy that might became barrier for

corrosion propagation across grain boundaries. Corrosion

resistance of the three alloys was significantly improved by

coating the substrates with anodic oxide film formed by

PEO. The film mainly composed of magnesium phosphate

with thickness in the range 30-40 µm. The heat resistant

phase of Al2Ca was believed to retard the plasma discharge

during anodization and, hence, decreased the film thickness

of Ca-containing alloys. The highest apatite forming ability

in 1.5xSBF was observed for AM60-1Ca specimens (both

substrate and anodized) that exhibited more degradation than

the other two alloys as indicated by surface observation. The

increase of surface roughness and the degree of

supersaturation of 1.5xSBF due to dissolution of Mg ions

from the substrate surface or the release of film compounds

from the anodized surface are important factors to enhance

deposition of Ca-P compound on the specimen surfaces.

17:10pm-17:30pm

4. Growth of Titania Nanotube Arrays (TNTA) via

Electrochemical Method for Implant Applications Simi VS, Nallayan Rajendran (Anna University, India)

The demand for medical implants in humans is increasing

rapidly each year due to the loss of body functions caused by

aging process and accidents. Corrosion of these implants

inside our body is a problem of concern. The selection of

bioactive and electrochemically stable materials for implants

having effective corrosion resistance during long term use in

the body is essential. The best choice for long term

replacement of hard tissue, such as hip and knee joints is the

metal implants, because of their excellent mechanical

properties. Titanium and its alloys are widely used as

Orthopaedic metal implants owing to their good corrosion

resistance and biocompatibility based on their chemical and

mechanical properties. However, being bioinert metallic

materials, they cannot bond directly to living bone after

implantation in to the host body. Therefore, surface

modification is essential to enhance the biocompatibility and

corrosion resistance of titanium implants. Nanotubular TiO2

is a promising biomaterial with proven biocompatibility,

corrosion resistance and thermal stability. In this work the

synthesis of Titania Nanotube Arrays (TNTA) by

electrochemical anodization process has been explored. The

morphology of the as prepared TNTA was characterized by

Attenuated Total Reflectance-Infra Red Spectroscopy (ATR-

IR), X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD), Scanning Electron

Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy

(SEM/EDAX) and Atomic Force Microscopy(AFM).

Biocompatibility of the TNTA was evaluated by immersing

the specimens in simulated body fluid (SBF) for a period of

7 days. The corrosion resistance of the TNTA was studied

using electrochemical experiments such as open circuit

potential, potentiodynamic polarization and impedance

spectroscopy in SBF and then compared with the untreated

titanium. The average tube diameter and roughness of the as

synthesized TNTA were found to be 45.5nm and 14.6nm

respectively.

17:30pm-17:50pm

5. Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Behavior

in Stainless steel for Waste Water Treating Facilities

in Un-Aerobic Environment Nobuyasu Shinoda, Toru Shimada (JFE Techno-Research

Corporation, Japan)

In order to understand the corrosion behavior of a type-304

stainless steel (type304SS) used in waste water treating

facilities, the corrosion product and the microorganisms

were analyzed and electrochemical properties of the

stainless steel in a solution containing HS- ion was

investigated. It was found that general corrosion occurred

around deaerated area. Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) was

detected in the corroded area and sulfide was formed in the

corrosion product. Type304SS has biologically active state

in HS- ion solution. It was concluded that the general

corrosion of type304SS was caused by HS- ion produced by

sulfate reducing bacteria.



Chair: Lijie Qiao


16:00pm-16:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. CS-AFM Study on Localized Corrosion of 2507

Duplex Stainless Steel Lijie Qiao, Meichao Lin, Liqiu Guo (University of Science

and Technology Beijing, China)

The resistance to corrosion of stainless steels depends on the

passive film formed on the surface in air or solutions.

However, localized corrosions, such as pitting, crevice

corrosion, grain boundary corrosion and stress corrosion

cracking often occurred. This may be due to the

inhomogeneous of the passive film. It was found that most

of pitting occurred in austenite or grain/phase boundary in

duplex stainless steel. The electric property of passive film

82

on duplex stainless steel was investigated by current sensing

atomic force microscopy (CS-AMF) and x-ray photoelectron

spectroscopy (XPS). The electric resistance of the film

formed on austenite, ferrite and the boundaries is different.

The resistance of the film formed on the austenite is lower

than that on the ferrite and it is lowest near the boundaries.

This explained why pitting occurred in boundary and

austenite phase. I-V curves show that the passive film is p-

type semiconductor.

16:30pm-16:50pm

2. Crevice Corrosion Study in Marine Environment

of Different Materials for Propulsion Applications F. Deflorian, S. Rossi, M. Fedel, C. Zanella, D. Ambrosi

(University of Trento, Italy), E. Hlede (Wärtsilä Italy S.p.A.,

Italy)

The present work deals with crevice and galvanic corrosion

processes occurring at the cylinder head gasket/cylinders

head interface and cylinder head gasket/cylinder liner

interface of four stroke medium speed diesel engines for

marine applications. The contact between these systems and

the marine environment, can promote the formation of

demanding corrosion conditions, influencing therefore the

engine components lifetime. The electrochemical behavior

of various metals and alloys used as head gasket materials

(both ferrous alloys and copper alloys) were studied. The

addition of specific corrosion inhibitors was considered,

comparing the electrochemical behavior with and without

inhibitors. In particular crevice corrosion process has been

studied through electrochemical tests using a proper

experimental set-up developed starting from the

requirements of the ASTM G-192-08, adapting the test to the

specific conditions peculiar in this application. In addition to

the crevice corrosion resistance, the possible problems of

galvanic coupling, as well as corrosive reactivity, were

evaluated using electrochemical tests, like potentiodynamic

measurements. It has been possible to quantify, in different

cases, the corrosion resistance of the coupled different

materials, and in particular the resistance to crevice

corrosion, placing an important basis for an optimization of

the choice of materials for this specific application.

16:50pm-17:10pm

3. Atomic-scale Decoration for Improving the

Pitting Corrosion Resistance of Austenitic Stainless

Steels Bo Zhang (Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of

Sciences, China)

Stainless steels are susceptible to the localized pitting

corrosion that leads to a huge loss to our society. Studies in

the past decades confirmed that the pitting events generally

originate from the local dissolution in MnS inclusions which

are more or less ubiquitous in stainless steels. Although a

recent study indicated that endogenous MnCr2O4 nano-

octahedra within the MnS medium give rise to local nano-

galvanic cells which are responsible for the preferential

dissolution of MnS, effective solutions of restraining the

cells from viewpoint of electrochemistry are being

tantalizingly searched. Here we report such a galvanic

corrosion can be greatly resisted via bathing the steels in

Cu2+

-containing solutions. This chemical bath generates Cu2-

δS layers on the surfaces of MnS inclusions, invalidating the

nano-galvanic cells. Our study provides a low-cost approach

via an atomic scale decoration to improve the pitting

corrosion resistance of stainless steels in a volume-treated

manner.



Chair: Daniel J Blackwood

(National University of Singapore, Singapore)

16:00pm-16:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Corrosion of Titanium Alloys in High

Temperature Seawater J.J Pang and D.J. Blackwood (National University of

Singapore, Singapore)

Materials of choice for offshore structures and the marine

industry have increasingly been moving towards materials

that offer high strength to weight ratios. One of the most

promising family of light-weight materials are titanium

alloys, but these do have two potential Achilles‟ heels: (i) the

passive film may not form or can be unstable in low oxygen

environments leading to rapid corrosion; and (ii) titanium is

a strong hydride former making it vulnerable to hydrogen

embrittlement (cracking) at high temperatures in low oxygen

environments. Unfortunately, such environments can exist at

deep sea well-heads, e.g. temperatures can exceed 120oC

and oxygen level drop below 1 ppm. The present paper will

present the results of investigations into the corrosion

behavior of a range of titanium alloys, including newly

developed alloys containing rare earth additions for refined

microstructure and added strength, in artificial seawater over

the temperature range 25oC to 200oC. Tests included

potentiodynamic polarization, crevice corrosion and U-bend

stress corrosion cracking.

16:30pm-16:50pm

2. Wire Beam Electrode Technique for Investigating

Galvanic Corrosion Behavior of Hot-dip

Galvanized Steel When Spot Deffect Occurred Dalei Zhang, Xiaorui Guan, Yan Li (China University of

Petroleum, China)

Microelectrode array, also known as wire beam electrode. It

is the combination of an electrochemical sensor arranged

according to a certain way by multiple tiny metal or alloy

wire electrode (microelectrodes). Each micro-electrodes may

be the use of large area of the metal electrode as a whole

when coupled together. It can be used to obtain the electrode

/ solution interface electrochemical corrosion-related

average information. Three kinds of wire beam

electrodes(WBE) composed by zinc and mild steel wires

were developed, which was used to simulate hot-dip

galvanized steel with spot coating defect in different

83

dimension, to obtain the spatial distributions of potential and

current density and their variations with time during the

galvanic corrosion. The electrochemical characteristics

among these WBEs were also investigated. The results

showed that zinc wires within the WBEs could provide

enough cathodic protection to steel wires after immersed in

seawater, with surface area ratio of zinc wires versus steel

wires as 1:120, 9:112, and 25:76, respectively. The potential

and current density distributions were found to be

inhomogeneous among zinc wires; firstly, main anodic areas

shifted randomly among the zinc wires adjacent to steel

wires, then transferred to the direction away from steel wires,

and finally occurred on the zinc wires farther. The similar

heterogeneous phenomenon also appeared on steel wires

surface on which hydrogen evolution might take part in the

cathodic process occurred. The current density of water

molecule reduction reaction, along with dissolved oxygen

reduction reaction, decreased with the ratio of the surface

area of steel wires versus zinc wires rising.

16:50pm-17:10pm

3. Physicochemical Corrosion on Public

Transportation Pavement in Marine Environments A. L. Barbosa, R. Torres, G. Barboza, A. Restrepo-Suarez, W

Villa, R. D. Tatis, M. Marrugo (University of Cartagena,

Colombia)

This paper presents a physicochemical characterization of

concrete pieces, present in avenues of public transportation

from Soledad village, Barranquilla – Colombia, with the

objective of finding the degree of marine corrosion. An

inventory of 4946 concrete pieces under daily vehicular

traffic was done, and their damage was classified as

moderate, mild and severe. 22 Concrete cores were analysed

by stereoscopic optical micrographs for textural and surface

morphology analysis, petrographic analysis and XRD for

analysis of damage depth. The results of FT-IR tests, allow

observing the silicic group (siloxane unit), hydroxyl,

carbonate and the presence of organic additives of the

concrete. In terms of chemical composition by atomic

absorption, calcium percentage ranged from 61.48 % to

53.73 % for samples with slight damage. This decrease

was weathering indicative. The presence of iron oxide was

found in all tested samples, with a percentage between 2%

and 3 %; aluminium remained around 4 % to 5 %; the

percentage of magnesium is almost imperceptible as

potassium with lower percentages of 0.5 %, which indicated,

very low resistant in marine environments mixture.

Electrolyte conductivity, porosity and strength showed that

the deterioration reached not only the surface (Polishing and

wear), but there were other components such as high

porosity and disintegration of the components in the

mixture; high carbonation and high conductivity indicated

susceptibility of disaggregation due to external factor, such

as sandblasting, sedimentation of material, filtration and

runoff, that accelerate the deterioration. Given the results

and the influence of environmental variables in the study

area, actions are postulated to decrease the corrosion process

and test others concrete mixtures to increase the duration.

Thursday, November 6, 2014 Samda Hall A (3F)

THA1: Coatings 9

Chair: Stefano Rossi (University of Trento, Italy)

11:00am-11:30am

Keynote Speech

1. The Corrosion Behavior of Anti-graffiti

Polyurethane Powder Coatings S. Rossi, M. Fedel, F. Deflorian, A. Feriotti (University of

Trento, Italy)

In recent years the anti-graffiti coatings have become more

and more important. These coatings are requested both in the

transport industry and for urban design application, as well.

For this type of coatings different properties are important at

the same time. The layers have to guarantee excellent

properties in terms of corrosion protection in aggressive

environment and, at the same time, graffiti have to be easy-

to-remove from the coatings without reducing the protection

and the aesthetic properties. Moreover, color and gloss

should not be changed due to natural weathering. It is not

easy to find an ideal organic coating that meets all these

requirements. In this work the anti-graffiti and corrosion

resistance properties of two anti-graffiti polyurethane

powder coatings are studied. The layers, with the same color,

were deposited on aluminum substrate with a thicknesses of

60 μm. Two different surface finishes, smooth and wrinkled,

were considered in order to evaluate the influence of the

roughness on the graffiti removal action. Following ASTM

D6578-08 standard, the action of four different removers are

investigated. For this purpose graffiti were drawn on the

coatings by means of a red acrylic sprayed paint. In the same

time gloss, color changes are collected to evaluate the

damage of removal action on the organic coatings. Methyl-

ethyl-ketone (MEK) and a “commercial” remover resulted

the most effective solvent in terms of graffiti removal

capability producing a limited change in aesthetical surface

aspect for the smooth finishing. On the contrary, the

wrinkled surface resulted less resistant in particular against

the MEK action. Corrosion protection properties after the

removal action and contact with remover were evaluate by

electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Following the

ASTM D1308 standard it was possible to observe, the

change of color due to the contact with the remover just after

few hours. After about 5 hours the coatings result no more

protective due to the formation of defects and modification

of the organic matter. To simulate the weathering effect, UV-

B cyclic test (4 hrs. of UV exposure followed by 4 hrs.

saturated humidity at 50°C) were carried out following

ASTM D6578 for 2000 hours. Gloss and color changes were

measured after aging and after graffiti removal.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measures were

carried out to highlight the effect on the protection

properties of coating.

84

11:30am-11:50am

2. Evaluation of Corrosion Performance of Organic

Coated Steels Using Surface Potential Measurement H. Katayama (National Institute for Materials Science,

Japan), K. Seki, I. Shitanda, M. Itagaki (Tokyo University of

Science, Japan)

Surface potential measurement has been applied to estimate

corrosion performance of organic coated steels. Model

specimen for under-film corrosion was prepared by spraying

organic coating on substrate with deteriorated area. Almost

the same area as the actual deteriorated area was detected by

surface potential measurement regardless of organic coating

colors. Furthermore, surface potential distribution was

measured for degraded behavior of organic coated steels in

wet-dry cyclic corrosion process. The change in surface

potential was observed on a part of the surface after 3cycles,

and the area grew up with an increase of wet-dry cycle

number. It is concluded that the surface potential

measurement is a valuable tool for degradation estimation of

organic coated steel

11:50am-12:10pm

3. Advantage of Super-hydrophobic Surface as a

Barrier to Atmospheric Corrosion Induced by Salt

Deliquescence Peng Wang, Dun Zhang (Chinese Academy of Sciences,

China)

Super-hydrophobic surfaces are attracting much attention for

their potential applications in corrosion protection, but the

feasibility of their application as barriers to atmospheric

corrosion is still unknown. In this paper, super-hydrophobic

films were fabricated electrochemically over copper (Cu).

The resultant films are composed of Cu(Ⅱ) tetradecanoate

complex, and they present super-hydrophobic properties

with a water contact angle of 165.2±3º for sheet-like

structures. The deliquescence and slipping process of a NaCl

particle on the resultant super-hydrophobic surface in

environments with relative humidity of 90% was elucidated

by comparison with the cases on hydrophilic and

hydrophobic surfaces. It is found that the NaCl particle

transforms into saline solution and remains steadily on

inclined hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. Unlike in

these two cases, a NaCl particle can slip off a super-

hydrophobic surface inclined at ~20º, before it transforms

into a saline droplet, and this behavior can suppress the Cu

erosion by deliquesced salt. The synergistic effect of the

following two processes is considered the main contributor

for this phenomenon. Firstly, the NaCl particle is raised up

by the underlying film of saline solution for high water

surface tension, and the contact mode between the NaCl

particle and the super-hydrophobic film transfers from solid

/ solid mode to solid / liquid / solid mode. The film of saline

solution between the NaCl particle and the super-

hydrophobic surface then acts as a lubricant that reduces

friction between the two solid surfaces. Secondly, low

apparent contact area and low surface energy of the super-

hydrophobic film result in reduced attraction between the

saline solution and substrate, and the presence of an air film

between the saline solution and the super-hydrophobic film

can further reduce this attraction. Electrochemical

measurements were used to evaluate the barrier effect of the

super-hydrophobic surface to atmospheric corrosion.

Because of the presence of an air film trapped in the super-

hydrophobic film, the super-hydrophobic film acts as “super

barrier” to erosion of underlying Cu substrate by the saline

solution droplet or the deliquesced NaCl particle.

Thursday, November 6, 2014 Samda Hall B (3F)

THB1: (Special Session) Asian Forum for Materials

Aging in Nuclear Systems 1

Chair: Seong Sik Hwang (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Korea)

11:00am-11:30am

Keynote Speech

1. Effect of Proton Irradiation on IASCC of 316

Stainless Steels in PWR Water S.S. Hwang, Y.S.Lim, S.W. Kim, M.J.Choi, H. H. Jin, H. O.

Lee (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Korea)

The IASCC initiation susceptibility of a reactor internal

material was studied in PWR simulated conditions. Type

316L stainless steel specimens were irradiated with the level

of 1, 3, 5 and 10 dpa with protons at the Michigan Ion Beam

Laboratory. Grain boundary chemistry was characterized

using TEM and EDS, and crack initiation susceptibility was

evaluated using SSRT in PWR simulated conditions with

various dissolved hydrogen concentrations. Preliminary

results for evaluating the DH effect on the IASCC initiation

under the PWR condition were described. Dose profiles

show a plateau of up to 25 m deep on the proton irradiated

specimens. A micro void was seen in a 1 dpa sample and no

voids or pores were observed in 3, 5 and 10 dpa samples. A

summation of the total crack length at the side surface seems

to be a better procedure of IASCC initiation susceptibility

evaluation on surface damaged specimens.

11:30am-11:50am

2. Effect of Gamma-Ray Irradiation on Corrosion

of Low Alloy Steel in Neutral Water M. Yamamoto, J. Nakano, A. Komatsu, T. Satoh, T. Tsukada

(Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Japan)

After the accident, reactor cores of Unit 1to 3 in Fukushima

Dai-ichi nuclear power station were cooled by a large water

loop via reactor pressure vessel (RPV) and primary

containment vessel (PCV). The chloride ion concentration of

cooling water at the early stage after the accidentwas

relatively high value. At the present time, chloride ion

concentration of the cooling water stays at relatively low

level. Nevertheless, some radioactive elements are included

in the cooling water. Corrosion protectionof RPV made of

low alloy steel (RAS) and PCV made of carbon steel (CS) is

an important issue for the long term maintenance until the

end of the decommissioningprocedures. One of the uncertain

factors for the issue is an effect of radioactivity on corrosion

of LAS and CS.Corrosion tests using LAS and CS were

85

conducted in 60

Co gamma-rays irradiated condition. Test

solution was chosen the recent cooling water condition with

air or nitrogen atmosphere. Oxygen and hydrogen peroxide

(H2O2) concentrations in the water were measured after the

tests. Corrosion test results indicated that the amounts of

corrosion increased by gamma-rays irradiation both air and

nitrogen atmosphere. And also corrosion amounts increased

with gamma-ray dose rates. Electrochemical analyses

indicated that cathodic reaction of H2O2was controlled by

diffusion process. Cathodic reaction of oxygen in CSwas

well-known to diffusion controlling process. The measured

diffusion constant of H2O2 was about 0.75 times to that of

oxygen. From these results, it is estimated that corrosion of

LAS and CS in gamma-ray irradiated condition was

evaluated by the cathodic reduction reaction of oxidant.

11:50am-12:10pm

3. In Situ Raman Spectroscopic Study of Oxide

Films on Zirconium Alloy in Simulated PWR Water

Conditions T.H. Kim, K.J. Choi, S.H. Kim, S.C. Yoo, Ji Hyun Kim

(Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Korea)

A high hydrogen concentration appears to be beneficial for

preventing stress corrosion cracking in nickel-based

structural materials. However, relatively little is known

about the effects of this condition on the integrity of fuel

claddings used in pressurized water reactors (PWRs). In this

study, the effects of changes in the dissolved hydrogen (DH)

concentration on the oxide layer formed on zirconium alloy

(ZIRLO) claddings under PWR conditions are investigated

using Raman spectroscopy. The Raman spectrum

corresponding to normal PWR conditions (25 cc/kg and 325

C) indicated that an oxide layer grows at the water-

zirconium interface. As the DH concentration is increased,

the positions of the Raman peaks corresponding to

zirconium oxide change, indicating that the phase of the

zirconium oxide changes with the water chemistry, namely,

with the increase in the DH concentration.

12:10pm-12:30pm

4. Standardization of UCL Test Methods in High

Temperature Water R. Ishibashi (Hitachi, Ltd., Japan), Y. Watanabe (Tohoku

University, Japan)

We have been promoting standardization of the methods for

uniaxial constant load (UCL) testing, which is one of the

SCC initiation tests, in simulated light water reactor (LWR)

environments. Existing standards of the UCL test methods

such as ISO 7539-4 and ASTM G49 describe few details of

the test methods under simulated LWR conditions. Thus, we

discussed proper methods under practical test situations in

high-purity water at high temperatures using an autoclave

and a recirculation loop. We suggested the procedures of the

UCL testing, dimensions of specimen, test environments for

acceleration and evaluation of test results.

12:30pm-12:50pm

5. Corrosion Behavior of Ni- and Mo-based Alloys

in High Temperature Molten Salt Environments P.H. Lin, T. K. Yeh, M.Y. Wang (National Tsing Hua

University, Taiwan)

The corrosion behavior of Ni- and Mo-based alloy structural

materials in molten salt environment is a crucial research

subject for molten salt reactor (MSR) development. The

primary corrosion phenomenon in an MSR environmentis

enhanced general corrosion in the presence of impurities.

This type of corrosion is mainly caused by impurities such

as water and oxygen in non-purified molten salts. In addition,

HF gases would form with molten salts at high temperature

tofurther corrode the metallic elementsin alloys.The purpose

of the research is to explore the most suitable material

among three candidate alloys in the high temperature molten

salt environment. Hastelloy N, Hastelloy B3, and TZM

specimens were immersed in the FLiNaK molten salts at

700 ℃ for 100, 200, 500, and 1000 h.A dry Ar gas stream

was injected into the autoclave to maintain an inert surface

environment for the molten salt and to carry possible

gaseous HF away from the autoclave.After the corrosion

tests, the retrieved samples were cleansed to remove residual

FLiNaK salts and the changes in weight of samples were

measured using an electron balance. Microstructural

evolution and elemental composition of the samples were

examined using scanning electron microscopy and energy

dispersive X-ray analysis.

Thursday, November 6, 2014 Room 301 (3F)

THC1: Passive Films 1

Chair: Yu Zuo (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, China)

11:00am-11:30am

Keynote Speech

1. Effect of NO2- on Passivation of Mild Steel in CO2

Solution Y. Zhou, Y. Zuo (Beijing University of Chemical

Technology, China)

The passivation behavior of mild steel in CO2 saturated

solution was studied with methods of polarization, EIS,

SEM and XPS. By addition of NO2- in CO2 saturated

solution, the polarization behavior of mild steel alters from

active dissolution to passivation. With the increase of NO2-

concentration from 0.005 M to 0.05 M, the total anodic

reaction rate accelerates and the activation/passivation

transition potential moves to the negative direction. The

critical NO2- concentration for passivation of mild steel in

CO2 saturated solution is about 0.05 M. In CO2 saturated

solution with NO2-, a FeCO3 + Fe2O3 composite film is

formed on mild steel surface instead of the single FeCO3

film in the same solution without NO2-. The outer layer is

composed of FeCO3, and the inner layer is composed of

Fe2O3.

86

11:30am-11:50am

2. Intergranular Corrosion of Steel in CO2 + NaNO2

Solution Y. Zhou, Y. Zuo (Beijing University of Chemical

Technology, China)

Intergranular corrosion (IGC) is observed on mild steel

surface when steel is polarized to passive potential zone in

CO2 + NaNO2 solution. The methods of potentiodynamic

polarization, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and

scanning tunneling microscope (STM) were applied to study

the phenomenon. Intergranular corrosion mainly happens as

the steel is polarized into the active-passive transition zone,

and the width and depth of the corroded grain boundaries

increase with potential in the zone. When the potential enters

the passive region, the depth of IGC shows only very slight

change. The IGC observed is due to the combined action of

CO2 and NaNO2 in solution. NO2- promotes passivation at

the grain surface but CO2 induced corrosion at the grain

boundaries.

11:50am-12:10pm

3. Effect of the Potential on Passive Properties of an

Ultra High Strength Stainless Steel Huiyan Li, Chaofang Dong, Kui Xiao, Ping Zhong,

Xiaogang Li (University of Science and Technology Beijing,

China)

The effect of the potential on passive properties of an ultra

high strength stainless steel was investigated by X-ray

photoelectron spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance

spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization curve and Mott-

Schottky measurements. The potentiodynamic polarization

curve contained a wide passivity section indicated that the

ultra high strength stainless steel showed good

electrochemical characteristics in 0.1M Na2SO4 solution.

According to the polarization curve, 0.6V(at the passivity

section), 0.1V(at the anodic dissolution section changing to

the passivity section) and -0.45V(at the cathodic section)

were selected to be the film formation potential. The

electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Mott-Schottky

measurements after samples were immersed in 0.1M

Na2SO4 solution at these potentials for 1 hour showed that

the corrosion resistance of the test sample at 0.6V was better

than the samples at low potential and the thickness of its

passive film was 0.9nm which is larger than the other‟s. The

property of passive film formed without applied potential

was worse than it formed at the passivity potential, but better

than it formed at the cathodic section and anodic dissolution

section. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results

showed that the passive films formed at different potentials

were composited of Fe2O3, FeOOH, Cr2O3, Cr(OH)3 and

CrO3. The Mott-Schottky measurement results showed that

the characteristic of passive films formed at different

potentials was n-type and p-type semiconductor at potentials

-1.0V to 1.5V. The stability of the passive film formed at

0.1V is worse than others for some anodic dissolution was

happened. The passive films formed at passivity potential

and without applied potential showed better properties than

it formed at anodic dissolution potential and cathodic

potential.

12:10pm-12:30pm

4. Steam Generated Conversion Coating on

Aluminium Alloys Rameez Ud Din, Morten Jellesen, Rajan Ambat (Technical

University of Denmark, Denmark)

Aluminium and its alloys are widely used in aerospace

industry owing to their high strength to weight ratio. The

surface of aluminium under normal conditions has a thin

oxide film (2.5-10 nm) responsible for its inherent corrosion

resistance. This oxide film can further be converted or

transformed into functional conversion coatings in order to

enhance corrosion resistance and adhesion to paint systems.

Chromium based conversion coatings have been extensively

used on aluminium alloys to improve adhesion of

subsequent paint layers and corrosion resistance. However,

the use of hexavalent chromium is strictly regulated due to

its toxic nature and suspected carcinogenicity. So, it is

highly imperative to develop other alternatives for chrome

conversion coatings. Treatment of aluminium with natural

water at elevated temperatures results in the formation of

different forms of aluminium oxide (γ-AlO(OH) , Al(OH)3)

depending on the preparation parameters/conditions.

Moreover, with the knowledge of factors controlling film

growth, composition and morphology, such oxide layers

carry huge potential for practical applications. Pure

aluminium (AA1090, 99.94 wt. %) and other aluminium

alloy surfaces were exposed to high pressure steam produced

by an autoclave at a temperature of 107 – 121 °C and

pressure of 15 -17 psi for 10 minutes to produce a thin

coating of aluminium oxide. The aim of this study is to

understand the effect of high pressure steam with and

without different chemical additives on surface morphology

and growth of oxide film on different intermetallic particles

and corrosion behaviour of such alloys.Surface morphology

was observed by using FEG-SEM, EDX and FIB-SEM.

Metal oxide surface characterization and compositional

depth profiling were investigated by using XPS and GD-

OES respectively. Potentiodynamic polarization

measurements and acid salt spray testing were used to study

corrosion behavior of the produced coatings.


THD1: Erosion Corrosion & FAC 1

Chair: Cong Qian Cheng

(Dalian University of Technology, China)

11:00am-11:30am

Keynote Speech

1. Use of Color-change Indicators to Quantify

Passive Film on Stainless Steel Cong Qian Cheng, Tie Shan Cao, Jie Zhao, Guan yu Song

(Dalian University of Technology, China)

The quality of passive films in manufacturing is important

for the safe application of stainless steel facilities in nuclear

reactors and chemical industries. Inspecting and

characterizing passive films are critical processes in stainless

87

steel manufacturing. Although various inspection techniques

can be applied to characterize passive films such as ferroxyl

test, moisture rust, electrochemical measurement and XPS,

developing convenient and highly sensitive techniques for

large-scale detection is a necessary. As recommended by the

ASTM A 380 standards, the ferroxyl test is a highly

sensitive test that can be used to determine the quality of

passive film. However, the test results can easy to be

affected by human intervention-related factors, making the

findings difficult to quantify. The present study applied a

newly developed phenanthroline solution as a colour change

indicator for the evaluation of passive film and proposed a

quantification method based on the coloration reaction and

on the subsequent colour change measurement. The ferroxyl

test was also applied for comparison. The electrochemical

corrosion behaviour of 304 stainless steel and its relationship

with the detection results were also examined. The

quantification of colour change in various conditions (e.g.

different pH values of test solutions, colour reaction times

and storage periods) illustrates that phenanthroline solution

as a indicator is superior to ferroxyl solution in determining

colour reaction. The quantification of colour change using

the phenanthroline solution demonstrates that the measured

a* increases with decreasing integrity of passive film.

However, cyclic voltammetry and cathodic polarization

reveal that the preferential dissolution of outer Fe-rich

oxides at a potential region below -0.7 V(SCE) can also

affect the reaction, and inner Cr-rich oxides in the passive

films are critical for the measurement. Based on the

electrochemical behaviour and XPS spectra, the corrosion

resistance increases with decreasing a* value. The best

corrosion resistance of the samples at the region of a* < 2

may be attributed to the high ratio of Cr/Fe in oxides and the

high structural integrity of the passive films.

11:30am-11:50am

2. The COMSY - Code for the Detecting of Piping

Degradation due to Flow-Induced Corrosion André Zander (AREVA GmbH, Germany)

Statistics show that most cases of damage to power plant

piping can be attributed to flow-induced corrosion, FIC (e.g.,

flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC), cavitation erosion, liquid

droplet impingement corrosion (LDI)). This degradation

mechanism can lead to large pipe breaks instantly without a

preceding 'leak before break' indication.FIC is a degradation

process resulting in wall thinning of piping, vessels, heat

exchanger and further equipment made of carbon and low

alloy steel. The FIC/FAC degradation mechanism occurs

only locally under specific condition of flow, water

chemistry, temperature and materials applied.The FAC

degradation process can be characterized as a mainly

chemical corrosion process (assisted by fluid dynamic

mechanisms) which is caused by intense mass transfer due

to highly turbulent flow keeping the metal surface in a

permanent state of elevated reactivity. Cavitation may occur

when the local static pressure in a fluid reaches a level

below the vapor pressure of the liquid at the actual

temperature. According to the Bernoulli equation this may

happen when the fluid accelerates, e.g. in a control valve.

The damage is not caused by vaporization itself but rather

occurs when the vapor spontaneously collapses at the inside

wall of a pressure retaining structure.LDI is a degradation

mechanism caused by the collision of high-speed droplets in

a wet steam flow. Pipe wall thinning by LDI is observed

very locally in wet steam piping systems, e.g. in heading

steam lines. In some cases combined effects can occur.

These are, under single-phase flow conditions, FAC and

cavitation corrosion or, under two-phase flow conditions, the

combined appearance of FAC and LDI.For this purpose

AREVA has developed the computer code COMSY, which

utilities more than 30 years of experience resulting from

operational experience and research activities. The COMSY

code provides the capability to establish a program guided

technical documentation by utilizing a virtual plant model

which includes information regarding thermal hydraulic

operation, water chemical conditions and materials applied

for mechanical components. It provides the option to

perform a plant-wide screening for identifying system areas,

which are sensitive for degradation mechanisms like

FIC/FAC.If a system area is identified as being susceptible

to degradation, a detailed analysis function enables the

condition-oriented service life evaluation of vessels and

piping systems in order to localize and conservatively

quantify the effect of degradation. Based on these forecasts

with COMSY, specific strategies can be developed to

mitigate the effect of degradation and inspection activities

can be focused on degradation sensitive areas.

11:50am-12:10pm

3. Numerical Study of Flow AcceLerated Corrosion

in Two Adjacentelbows H. Yun, K.M.Hwang (KEPCO E&C, Korea), S.J. Moon

(Hanyang University, Korea)

Flow Accelerated Corrosion (FAC) is a well-known

degradation mechanism that attacks secondary piping in

nuclear power plants. Since the event of Surry unit 2 in 1986,

most nuclear power plants have implemented management

programs to deal with the damages in carbon and low-alloy

steel piping. Despite the utmost efforts, the damage induced

by FAC still occurs over the world. In order to predict FAC

wear, some computer programs were developed such as

CHECWORKS, CICERO, and COMSY. These programs

are needed to input various data; chemicalcomposition for

secondary piping, flow operating conditions and piping

geometries. A prediction program, CHECWORKS,

developed by electric power research institute (EPRI)uses

geometry code for calculating the geometry

effects.Relatively simple geometry codehas a limitation on

acquiring the accuracy of FAC prediction. In this study,

numericalsimulationswereperformedfor two adjacent90°

elbowsand observed the proximityeffect between the two

elbows.

12:10pm-12:30pm

4. The Effect of Microsturcture on the Cavitation

Erosion Behaviour of Ni-resist Alloy in Seawater H. Tarish, A. Al-Hashem, N. Tanoli (Kuwait Institute for

Scientific Research, Kuwait)

Ni-resist alloy (UNS F41003) of known microstructure was

exposed to cavitation conditions using a vibratory cavitation

88

testing apparatus in seawater. The work also included

measurements of free corrosion potentials, and mass loss in

the presence and absence of cavitation. The cavitation tests

were made at a frequency of 20 KHz and at temperatures of

25oC. Cavitation conditions caused a noble shift in the

free corrosion potential for this alloy. Cavitation also

increased the rate of mass loss of this alloy by several orders

of magnitude with respect to stagnant conditions. Another

set of cavitation experiments was also carried out for this

alloy in a distilled water in order to distinguish between the

mechanical and electrochemical factors that contribute to

metal loss. Results indicated that the mechanical factor has

an over-riding role in metal loss of this alloy. Cavitation

made the surface of this alloy very rough, exhibiting large

cavity pits in the middle region of the attacked area as

revealed by the scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Mechanical, electrochemical and metallurgical factors were

determined to be the leading cause of metal loss.


THE1: Failure Analysis and Industrial Services

Chair: Ebrahim Khayer

(Iranian Offshore Oil Company, Iran)

11:00am-11:30am

Keynote Speech

1. Eavaluation & Failiure Analysis of Fuel Elemnts

Afftecting on the F.S.U Soorena Main and Auxiliray

Boiler Damage Mechanisms E. Khayer (Iranian Offshore Oil Company, Iran)

The F.S.U Soorena is a 2,200,000 bbl floating storage unit at

Iran Soroosh oil filed to store and export of the crude oil of

Soroosh & Nowrooz Oil Fileds.The exporting cargo pumps

are steam drive and steam is supplied with main boiler &

auxiliary boiler. These boilers have a vital role at steam

cycle, exporting duration & subsequent demurrage costs but

several damage mechanisms cause to failure these boilers.

The inspection results show that there is no internal

corrosion and damages are external type which result from

improper fuel quality. In this paper we describe the effect of

fuel elements such as sulfur, vanadium, potassium and

chloride and threshold amount of this elements which may

cause the damages. Damages observed are fluxing, flue gas

dew point corrosion, flue gas corrosion and some

carburization are most damaging mechanism. Also we

discus useful methods of fuel monitoring, inspection,

prevention and mitigation of damage result from fuel.

11:30am-11:50am

2. Corrosion Failure Analysis of a Hydrocarbon

Transporting Pipeline Riser, Located in an Offshore

Platform in the Gulf of Mexico Gerardo Zavala Olivares, Mónica Jazmín Hernández

Gayosso (Mexican Petroleum Institute, Mexico), Carlos

Cano Gurrión, César Armando Romero Hernández (PEMEX,

Mexico)

A failure analysis is presented in this work, regarding to a

loss of containment occurred in an oil-gas transporting

pipeline riser. The riser is located in an offshore platform

located in the Gulf of Mexico. As the corrosion failure was

repaired immediately, a complete field inspection and

sampling could not be carried out. According to the failure

repair report, an isolated pinhole of approximately ¼ “ Ø

was identified, which exhibited spray gas flow and oil

blooding. This condition increased the wear and corrosion

rate of the riser steel.

The corrosion mechanism for the failure was determined,

considering available information and bibliographic

references. For this particular case, four conditions were

combined and leaded to the corrosión failure: a coating

damage that increased the localized corrosion process, due

to high temperature and heavy tide and surf conditions. The

size of the metallic liner, which was found to be not good

enough to prevent contact between the riser steel and sea

water. The anticorrosive covering system specification,

which did not meet the temperature operating conditions.

Problems occurring during the coating application, because

of temperatura differences between the recommended

application conditions and operatingconditions. It is

assumed that if only one of these conditions were present,the

failure should not occur.

11:50am-12:10pm

3. A Study of Hose Clamp Corrosion and

Improvement B.S. Kim, B.H. Min, S.J. Oh, E.C. Sung, I.W. Oh, J.I. Kim,

Y.S. Bang (Hyundai Automotive R&D Division, Korea)

A Hose Clamp prevents leaking with clamping hose and

pipe connecting many systems of engine, intake, exhaust,

brake and fuel each other. It is said that the Hose Clamp is

not just clamping component but safety part, because hot

and high-pressure fluid like gas, water, oil, fuel flows

between hose and pipe. These Clamps have many corrosion

problems and field claims in these days. So the purpose of

this study is to define the problem and cause of clamp

corrosion and find out their solutions.

12:10pm-12:30pm

4. The Development of Part Corrosion Test Method

Capable of Reproducing Field Problems J.S. Kim, Y.B. Shim, S.J. Oh (Hyundai Motor Group,

Korea)

The developing process of vehicle part corrosion test needs

reliability verification to prevent the corrosion problem in

the field. Parts in a vehicle experience corrosive damages in

different forms and amount. For example, the parts of

underbody take much more corrosive damage by salt, stone

chipping, heat and influence on the various corrosion

mechanism than the parts inside. And the surface treatment

of the parts gets damaged during an assembly process.

Recently most of part corrosion tests is just salt spray test for

evaluation of material and surface treatment. However, its

capability has some limit in verifying and reproducing

corrosion phenomenon in the field. The object of this study

is to analyse field corrosion mechanism of some parts and

89

develop part corrosion test methods that can reproduce field

corrosion problems.


THF1: Corrosion in Cultural Heritage

Chair: Jae Bong Lee (Kookmin University, Korea)

11:00am-11:30am

Keynote Speech

1. A Study on Desalinization Processing Methods of

Salinized Archaeological Iron Artifacts Jae Bong Lee (Kookmin University, Korea)

Iron artifacts excavated in buried environments should be

handled by conservation treatments to prevent more

corrosion. However, iron artifacts could be re-corroded

even after conservation treatment processing, causing fatal

damage to iron artifacts. Therefore, it is especially

important to effectively remove chloride ions within

corrosion products formed on iron artifacts, because they

may cause the possibility of re-corrosion. In order to remove

chloride ions, there are various kinds of desalinization

methods such as NaOH, intensive washing and auto-clave

methods etc. Although there are some difference between

corrosion products, depending upon burial environments,

most of corrosion products formed on iron artifacts consist

of namely amorphous or crystal oxyhydroxides ((α-FeOOH

(Goethite), β-FeOOH (Akaganeite), γ-FeOOH

(Lepidocrocite), δ-FeOOH (feroxyhite)) or iron oxide

(Fe3O4(magnetite), Fe2O3 (hematite)) etc. Akaganeite

is particularly called attention to, because its crystal

structure has the tendency to be easily stabilized under the

chloride ion environments, showing the increase in the

possibility of re-corrosion. Therefore in this work, various

corrosion products were investigated, using the intentionally

salinized iron artifacts. The desalinized processes such as

NaOH, intensive washing and auto-clave methods were

compared in terms of the effectiveness. The relationship

between the conditions of Akaganeite formation and re-

corrosion was also examined.

11:30am-11:50am

2. Nanotechnologies for the Preservation of Historic

Artefacts J. Rathousky, M. Remzova, R. Zouzelka (J. Heyrovsky

Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Republic)

This communication is aimed at the development of

nanomaterials for the preservation and consolidation of the

materials of cultural heritage objects, mainly the artefacts

from limestone, sandstone and marl. A cleaning agent was

elaborated based on the joint action of micelles of a non-

ionic surfactant, a co-surfactant and a specific solvent

selected according to the substances to be removed, which is

able to effectively remove and solubilize their coatings on

the surface of historical artefacts. A simple procedure was

developed, which provides nanoparticles of calcium

hydroxide, whose size is as small as about 10 nm, suitable

for the consolidation of weathered stones with narrow pores.

By adding nanoparticles of silicon dioxide and suitable

surfactants, especially alkylamines, modified ethylsilicate

gels were obtained exhibiting only very small shrinkage due

to the syneresis and drying, which substantially limits their

cracking and enhances their strength. The modified gels are

suitable for the consolidation of weathered sand- and

limestones.

11:50am-12:10pm

3. Corrosion Prediction of Metallic Cultural

Heritage assets by EIS E. Angelini, S. Grassini, M. Parvis (Politecnico di Torino,

Italy), F. Zucchi (Università di Ferrara, Italy)

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) has been

employed to predict the corrosion behaviour of metallic

Cultural Heritage assets in two monitoring campaigns, the

first one on an iron bar chain exposed indoor from over 500

years in the Notre Dame Cathedral in Amiens (France) and

the second one a large weathering steel sculpture exposed

outdoor from tens of years in Ferrara (Italy).The portable

instrument employed is battery operated and may work

either as a stand-alone device, storing the results into its

memory, or in conjunction with a personal computer

allowing to record the impedance values as the measurement

proceeds. The results of the EIS measurements evidenced

how employing a simple test, which can be performed in situ

without damaging the artefacts surface, it is possible to gain

quickly a knowledge of the artifact conservation state

highlighting potential danger conditions

12:10pm-12:30pm

4. Degradation of Nano-alumina Acrylic Coatings

on Silver J. Novakovic, E. Georgiza, P. Vassiliou (National Technical

University of Athens, Greece), V. Gouda (National Research

Center, Egypt)

Acrylic coatings based on Paraloid B72 and Paraloid B44

were modified by adding 2% nano-alumina pigment in order

to obtain transparent, non-yellowing, chemically stable and

protective coatings. Plain and as-modified coatings were

applied on sterling silver (92.5% Ag, 7.5% Cu) coupons

surface and left on display, at indoor conditions for six years.

All the coupons were examined on both displayed and

undisplayed sides using a scanning electron microscope

(SEM). The composition of the surfaces was found by

employing energy dispersive analyzer (EDS). Degradation

processes and polymer cracking are observed on the

displayed side of the plain coatings while the nano-alumina

modified ones seem to be in a better condition. Elements

associated with surface contamination by particulate matter

(dust), containing silicon, aluminium, sodium and calcium

are detected on the coupons surface. The coated silver

coupons were scanned by an atomic force microscope

(AFM) and the AFM images indicate a relatively good

condition of the coatings on the undisplayed side and

formation of nano-alumina agglomerates throughout the

coating. Corrosion products detected by XRD measurements

appear to be mainly chloride based. The protective coatings

seem not to be physically deteriorated on the undisplayed

90

side but FTIR measurements reveal that chemical

degradation has proceeded at almost the same extent for all

coatings on the both sides.

Thursday, November 6, 2014 Room 402A (4F)

THG1: Corrosion in Industrial Environments

Chair: Rajan Ambat

(Technical University of Denmark, Denmark)

11:00am-11:30am

Keynote Speech

1. Electrochemical Migration in Electronics: Effect

of Contamination and Bias Conditions Rajan Ambat, Morten Jellesen, Vadimas Verdingovas

(Technical University of Denmark, Denmark)

The size of the components and the distance between them,

presence of dissimilar metals, voltage, and temperature

gradients on the printed circuit boards – all together

influences susceptibility of electronic printed circuit board

(PCBA) assemblies to corrosion. As number of reliability

issues are caused by the corrosion failures operating under

mechanisms different from the conventional corrosion due

to specific aspects of PCBA. For corrosion reliability in a

humid environment, the cleanliness of the PCBA becomes

essential, since corrosion related failures in electronics can

occur at extremely low levels of moisture and contamination.

A synergetic effect of the aspects mentioned above makes it

challenging to predict the lifetime of electronic device.

The aim of this work is to investigate corrosion influencing

factors, which at the later stage could improve capabilities of

predicting the functioning and herewith reliability of

electronics under certain climate, contamination, and bias

conditions. The climate conditions tested in this study are

water droplet and humidity elevation at room temperature,

effect of ionic contamination such as NaCl and weak organic

acids. Effect of organic acids are investigated as they are

used in no-clean solder fluxes. The DC and square wave

(unipolar and bipolar) voltage was applied on the surface

mount chip components and/or surface insulation resistance

pattern. The effect of pH and tin ion dissolution on the

probability for electrochemical migration was studied on the

surface mount chip components as a function of applied

potential under water droplet condition. The leakage current

and impedance was studied on the surface insulation

resistance patterns precontaminated with NaCl and weak

organic acids.

The results from pH and tin ion dissolution study under

water droplet condition showed electrochemical migration

dependence on duty cycle and cycle timing, which was

dependent on the amount of NaCl in the water droplet.

Overall the tendency of increase in time to electrochemical

migration with decrease of duty cycle was observed. The

testing of the printed circuit boards under humid conditions

showed a correlation between the hygroscopic property of

contaminants and leakage current measured on the boards. A

significant increase of leakage current was observed at the

humidity levels close to the critical or deliquescence of the

contaminants.

11:30am-11:50am

2. Thermal Fatigue Cracking on Cold H2 Mixing

Point Piping of Hydroprocessing Unit Jae-Woong Kim, Mock Huh, Choon-Woo Kim, Jeung-Gug

Gong (SK Innovation, Korea)

Crack was found in the cold quench hydrogen injection

nozzle in Hydro-Treating system that is susceptible to be

suffering from thermal fatigue. First FE (Finite Element)

Stress Analysis for Low Cycle Fatigue simulation was

doneand actual cutting sample test of both microstructural

observation and dye PT (penetrant test) was performed in

consecutive order. This paper explains how crack occurred

and where is most dangerous site, and also proposes the

countermeasure to the point of design and configurations.

11:50am-12:10pm

3. Abrupt Corrosion Problems in Fractionation

Section due to Sour Water Entrainment Hyun-sik Hwang, Ki-won Park, Jeong-Hyeon Ha, Ji-Chul

Jung (SK Innovation, Korea)

Refineries have tried to prevent incidents with various

methods from routine activities such as corrosion control,

inspection/maintenance and process monitoring to

systematic approach such as risk management, HAZOP,

RBI/RCM and MOC (Management of Change).

Despite of these kinds of efforts, incidents are still

happening due to different reasons in which unaware or

misevaluated process changes take much part.

These incidents would have been prevented if corrosion

HAZOP and MOC had been done in depth and timely with

competence for the material/corrosion knowledge as well as

process understanding.

I will review some critical cases occurringfrom unpredicted

and unexperienced areain refineries related to unconscious

process changes especially tracing back to revampand then

suggest recommendations for preventing recurrence of

similar ones.

Thursday, November 6, 2014 Room 402B (4F)

THH1: Cathodic Protection

Chair: Seon-Yeob Li (GS E&C, Korea)

11:00am-11:20am

1. Practice and Discussion on Cathodic Protection

System's Problem Diagnosis and solution of Long-

distance Buried Pipelines Yong-fei Zhang, Shu-li Wang, Yan Yang, En-tian Li, Shu-

hua Zhao (Changzhou Univercity, China)

Impressed current cathodic protection technology is the most

cost-effective method of preventing galvanic corrosion for

the buried oil and gas pipelines, and has been widely used in

China's long-distance buried oil and gas pipelines. However,

due to outside interference, special construction methods and

other factors, pipeline cathodic protection potentials often

91

appear less protection, over-protection and unusual

fluctuations and so on.. By using close-interval potential

survey / DC voltage gradient measurement(CIPS / DCVG)

and pulse current measurement (PCM +) and other non-

excavation of buried pipeline NDT techniques, a

comprehensive on-site fault detection and diagnosis has

been done for the cathodic protection system of a long-

distance buried oil pipeline. Besides,the located soil‟s

corrosion and the coating of the buried pipeline have been

tested and assessed . The results showed that the cathodic

protection potentials measured from some potential test piles

along the pipeline beyond the cathodic protection potential

criterion range (-850mV ~-1200m) ;Some cathodic

protection potentials of the pipeline showed frequent

abnormal fluctuations; Coating detect multiple damage

points, and some appeared positive corrosion activity; It was

found that some coatings have been damaged or peeling

occurred by the excavation for part of the pipeline. The

discovery showed that a section crossing under the concrete

used the casing protection, and some power plants, power

substations, high voltage transmission lines, subway , high-

speed rail and so on were built later and located nearby the

pipeline,existing paralleling or crossing somewhere. The

detected pipeline has serviced for about ten years, according

to the ‟ bathtub curve‟ that almost of all the pipelines abide

by, if absence of timely and effective maintaining and

management, corrosion problems will be increasingly severe,

which lays great security risk to the normal pipeline

transportation. At present , AC and DC stray current is the

main factor that interfere the CPS of oil and gas

transportation pipelines.The cathodic protection potential

shielding, stray current interference and other issues will be

discussed, and reasonable drainage measures and sacrificial

anode will be proposed. In addition, based on the application

in site, a set of effective CPS problem diagnosis and

troubleshooting guidelines of long distance buried pipeline

will be put forward.

11:20am-11:40am

2. DC Interference Mitigation Case of Buried Steel

Pipeline Jun Zhao, Meng Liu, Zhi-yuan Xue, Hong-yuan Chen, Ling-

li Liu (Petrochina Pipeline R&D Center, China), Xing-tao

Zhou, Mo-xi Ye, Bo Wang (Petrochina Pipeline Company

Dalian Oil & Gas Transportation Sub-company, China)

Buried pipeline will be subjected to DC interference when it

„closes to‟ or „parallels to‟ DC electricity facilities such as

DC electrified railway,mining system HVDC transmission

lines, etc. The DC stray current may flow into/discharge

from pipeline through coating holidays, And then pipe to soil

potential will change.If the pipe to soil potential (OFF

potential) is more positive than -850mV,corrosion will occur

on the pipeline. And if the pipe to soil potential(OFF

potential) is more negative than -1200mV, there will be

cathodic disbond risk of pipeline coating.There are several

methods to mitigate DC interference. However, these

methods could not work effectively especially when the pipe

to soil potential(OFF potential) is more negative than -

1200mV. This paper discusses application, advantages and

disadvantages of some DC interference mitigation methods

and proposes mitigation method for pipeline whose

potential(OFF potential) is more negative than -

1200mV.Case study is included with DC interference test

and survey, mitigation design and implementation,

effectiveness assessment of post mitigation measure and

comparative analysis of different mitigation methods.

11:40am-12:00pm

3. Corrosion Protection of Steel Members with a

Porous Sintered Plate and Fiber Sheet under

Atmospheric Environment S.Ishihara, D.Uchida (Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding

Co., Ltd., Japan), S.Kainuma (Kyushu University, Japan),

A.Kaneko (Nippon Light Metal Company, Ltd., Japan),

T.Yamauchi (Japan Exlan Co., Ltd., Japan)

Most of corrosion in the steel structure under the

atmospheric environment were caused by poor substrate

treatment on application of paint coating. The purpose of

this study is to investigate the fundamentals of a corrosion

protection method with a sacrificial anode applied to steel

components in an atmospheric environment. In this method,

a porous sintered Al–Zn plate was used as a sacrificial anode,

and a cross-linked chemical fiber sheet was also used as a

material which has properties of continual water absorption

and retention needed for the sacrificial anode reaction. In

order to investigate the anticorrosive effects, electrochemical

measurements, the effective range of corrosion prevention

and atmospheric exposure tests were carried out. Thus the

anticorrosive effects were confirmed in all tests applied this

method, and the dominant feature not to have for the

conventional painting was found.

12:00pm-12:20pm

4. Long-term Cathodic Disbondment Tests in

Three-layer Polyethylene Coating Denise S. de Freitas, Gustavo Xanchão, Eduardo G. B. Leite

(National Institute of Technology, Brazil), Simone L. D. C.

Brasil (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Jorge F.

Coelho (Petrobras, Brazil)

Frequently, Three Layer Polyethylene (3LPE) coating has

been used on cathodic protected buried pipelines. The

cathodic current applied is significantly influenced by the

characteristics of the soil, resistivity and coating efficiency.

3LPE is a high efficiency coating but in the presence of

some occasional failures, a high cathodic potential can be

verified in these small areas promoting the disbondment of

the coating. To verify 3LPE behavior as a function of the

applied potential, long-term experimental tests were carried

out for more than a year in 1.5 m long coated tubes. Aiming

to represent cases such as new threads of tubes with high

performance coatings are replaced in aged pipelines, tests

were conducted using 3LPE and coal tar, with heat-

shrinkable sleeves on the welded joint. The coated tubes

were submitted to three different cathodic potentials (-0.80, -

1.1 and -1.5 VCu/CuSO4), two types of soil and the

disbondment of the coating was analyzed at the end of the

tests. Although cathodic disbondment is generally attributed

to very high cathodic potentials, in this study this process

was observed in tubes submitted to potentials in the usual

protection range. The characteristic of the soil seemed to be

92

an important factor in the process as the cathodic

disbondment was more significant in tubes buried in a most

aggressive soil.

Thursday, November 6, 2014 Samda Hall A (3F)

THA2: Coatings 10

Chair: MinYoung Shon

(Pukyong National University, Korea)

14:00pm-14:20pm

1. Effects of Soluble Salt on Coating Performance of

Epoxy-coated Carbon Steel ChulJung Kim, SangKi Ji, TaeJin Oh (Samsung Heavy

Industries, Korea), PyoungHwa Shin, DuckHwan Bae,

MinYoung Shon (Pukyong National University, Korea)

The corrosion protectiveness of epoxy-coated carbon steel

was investigated. The carbon steel surface was subjected to

different contamination concentration of water soluble salt.

In order to examine the effect of contamination, pull-off

adhesion test was conducted. The corrosion protectiveness

of the epoxy-coated carbon steel was further examined by

electrochemical impedance spectroscopy combined with

immersion test of 3.5 wt% of sodium chloride solution.

From the EIS test, it was clearly indicated that the epoxy-

coated carbon steel by contaminated with water soluble salts

didn‟t affect the corrosion protectiveness of coated carbon

steel specimens such as occurrence of osmotic blistering and

rust.

14:20pm-14:40pm

2. The Coating Mixed Inhibitor Alkyl

Triphenylphosphoniumbromo Acetate 1M

Sulphuric Acids Corrosion Resistance in Mild

Carbon Steel N.Palaniappan Singaram, Man Singh, Raju Chowan, Sameer

Karpe (Central University of Gujarat, India)

The coating mixed inhibitor alkyl

triphenylphosphoniumbromo acetate 1M sulphuric acids

corrosion resistance in mild carbon steelAuthor ;

N.Palaniappan, Mansingh,Raju chowhan ,Sameer karpe

[email protected] construction and

material manufacturing company almost used mild carbon

steel because it is economically favor for the peoples. The

problem is the mild steel easily affected by the environment.

The phosphonium ylides highly corrosion resistance

properties, the triphenylphosphonium based ylides these are

prepared in the inert atmosphere to mixed and with stirring

methylbromo acetate and ethyl bromo acetate, benzyl

triphenylphosphonium bromo acetate with

triphenylphosphonium to formed phosphonium ylides. The

conventional methods for purification and UV, FTIR, NMR

study for functional group conformation. The anticorrosion

activity study on the mild carbon steel the ethyl

triphenylphosphonium bromo acetate ,

ethyltriphenylphosphonium bromo acetate has taken w/w

gram benzene based epoxy powder mixed with w/w gram

methyltriphenylphosphonium acetated mixed with ethyl

methyl ketone and with help of draw down glass rod coated

in mild steel coupon and unhealing is 600C temperature for

two days. The same way mixed with

ethyltriphenylphsphoniumbromo acetate has good anti

corrosion behavior in 1M sulphuric test solution in room

temperature, the coupon size is 1cm × 1cm square as per the

ASTM rule and 1mm thickness and surface cleaning is first

machine grinding and different grate silicon emery paper

from 600, 800, 1000, 1500 and sonication with Millipore

water and washed with soap solution then acetone. The

metal coupon has been one side is cover by the araldite resin.

The coupon has been immersed in100 ml 1M sulphuric acid

in the room temperature regularly after 24 hours carried in

electrochemical analysis like potentiometric methods open

circuit potential, polarization methods, electrochemical

impedance, and electrochemical noise measurement. Key

words; methyl, ethyl, triphenyphosphoniumbromo acetate,

mild carbon steel, electrochemical technique.

Thursday, November 6, 2014 Samda Hall B (3F)

THB2: (Special Session) Asian Forum for Materials

Aging in Nuclear Systems 2

Chair: Yutaka Watanabe (Tohoku University, Japan)

14:00pm-14:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Evaluation of Crevice Forming Materials for

Creviced Stress Corrosion Cracking Tests in

Oxygenated High-temperature Water H. Abe, J. Ishikura, Y. Watanabe (Tohoku University, Japan)

An alternative to graphite fiber wool (GFW) as a crevice

former, and the suitable crevice conditions for the creviced

bent beam (CBB) experiment have been investigated to

develop a highly reliable stress corrosion cracking (SCC)

experimental method. CBB experiments for sensitized

stainless steel in high temperature water with several crevice

conditions are carried out. Although some specimens with

crevices (without crevice formers) showed susceptibility to

cracking, the reproducibility of those tests was considered to

be inadequate. Since a significant deposit of iron oxides was

observed on the surface of the specimen tested with stainless

steel wool (SSW), it is possible that evaluation of the effect

of actual crud on corrosion and SCC susceptibility requires a

suitable composition of metal wool as a crevice former.

Apparent density of the crevice former strongly affected the

cracking behavior of the specimens with GFW and SSW

crevice formers. The same degree of acceleration in SCC in

the CBB experiment seen when using a GFW crevice former

was seen when using SSW, and a stable crevice geometry

during long-term experimentation can be expected. SSW

with the appropriate crevice spacing could be an alternative

crevice former to GFW.

93

14:30pm-14:50pm

2. Effects of Surface Machining by a Lathe on

Microstructure of Near Surface Layer and

Corrosion Behavior of SA182-304 in Simulated

Primary Water Zhiming Zhang, Jianqiu Wang, En-hou Han, Wei Ke

(Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences,

China)

In order to find out the proper lathe machining parameters

for SA182-304 stainless steel, 6 kinds of samples with

different machining surface states were prepared by a lathe.

The surface morphologies and the microstructures of the

near surface deformed layers on different samples were

analysed. The surface morphologies and chemical

composition of the oxide films formed on different samples

in the simulated primary water with 100 μg/L O2 at 310 °C

were characterized. The results showed that the surface

roughness were mainly affected by the lathe feed. The

surface machining caused the grain refinement at the top

layer and a severely deformed layer with different thickness

was formed on all samples. In addition to the high density

defects caused by the surface deformation, the phase

transformation, residual stress and strain could also affect

the oxidation behaviour of SA182-304 in the studied

solution. The machining parameters used for the 2-2 and 3-2

samples were suggested to be proper for the lathe machining

of SA182-304ss.

14:50pm-15:10pm

3. The Effects of Hydrogen on the PWSCC

Initiation Behaviors of Alloy 182 Weld in PWR

Environments J.-D. Hong, J. Lee, C. Jang (KAIST, Korea)

Alloy 82/182 weld metals had been extensively used in

joining the components of the PWR primary system.

Unfortunately, there have been a number of incidents of

cracking caused by PWSCC in Alloy 82/182 welds during

the operation of PWR worldwide. To mitigate PWSCC,

optimization of water-chemistry conditions, especially

dissolved hydrogen (DH) and Zn contents, is considered as

the most promising and effective remedial method. In this

study, the PWSCC behaviors of Alloy 182 weld were

investigated in simulated PWR environments with various

DH content. Both in-situ and ex-situ oxide characterizations

as well as PWSCC initiation tests were performed. For ex-

situ analysis, SEM/EDS, TEM, and XRD techniques were

used. For in-situ analysis, oxide characteristics were

analyzed by EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy)

test. To reflect loading effect, EIS test was performed on the

tensile-loaded specimen. PWSCC initiation tests were

performed using spring loaded U-bend specimens. Based on

the quantitative tests and in-depth analysis of oxides,

optimum DH content will be derived.

15:10pm-15:30pm

4. High Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Nickel

and Iron Based Superalloys in Helium Containing

Trace Impurities C.J. Tsai, T. K. Yeh, M.Y. Wang (National Tsing Hua

University, Taiwan)

A high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) is

categorized as the best candidate reactor for next generation

nuclear reactors. Helium is used to be the coolant in the core

of the HTGR and expected to exceeda temperatureof

900 °Cat the core outlet. Several iron- and nickel-based

superalloys, including Alloy 800H, Hastelloy X, and Alloy

617, are potential structural materials for the intermediate

heat exchanger(IHX) in an HTGR.The oxidation behavior of

three selected alloys (Hastelloy X, Alloy 800H, and Alloy

617) was investigated at four different temperature from

650°C to 950°C and underhelium environments with various

concentrations of O2 and H2O.Preliminary results

showedthat chromium oxide as the primary protective layer

were observed on the surfaces of the three tested alloys.

Based on the results of mass gain and SEM analyses,

Hastelloy X alloy exhibited the best corrosion resistance

under all corrosion tests. Furtherdetails on the oxidation

mechanism of these alloys would be presented in this study.


THC2: Passive Films 2

Chair: En-Hou Han

(Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)

14:00pm-14:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Corrosion Mechanism in High Temperature

Pressurized Water in Nuclear Power Plant En-Hou Han (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)

The austenitic stainless steels are widely used as piping

materials in nuclear power plants due to combined good

mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. However,

with their use in such conditions some localized corrosion

problems, such as pitting corrosion, intergranular corrosion

and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) can still be observed. It

was generally recognized that the nucleation and

propagation of localized corrosion was strongly related to

the properties of the oxide film formed on the metal surface.

A considerable number of investigations have been devoted

to the identification of the thickness, composition and

structure of the oxide film formed on stainless steels in high

temperature water. Unfortunately, it is not always possible to

establish direct correlation between the protective quality of

the oxide film and a well defined chemical or structure factor.

Moreover, the oxide film formed in high temperature water

is difficult to characterize using surface and microscopic

analysis techniques due to its thin film. People believe that

the corrosion of metals and alloys in high temperature water

is an electrochemical process in nature. Therefore, it is

possible to investigate the electrochemical and electronic

properties of the oxide film in high temperature water by

94

electrochemical measurements technique, which is expected

to be of crucial important in the understanding of the

protective properties of the film. The objective of this work

was to investigate the effects of temperature on the

electrochemical behavior and the oxide film properties of

stainless steel in lithium borate buffer solution and

oxygenated solution by means of in-situ potentiodynamic

polarization measurements, electrochemical impedance

spectra (EIS), Mott–Schottky plots and ex-situ X-ray

photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The related

growth mechanisms of the oxide films were also

discussed.

The paper mainly investigated the oxide film properties of

the 304SS and 316SS in lithium borate buffer solution and

the oxygenated solution by electrochemical measurements

and XPS analysis. As temperature increased, the protective

property of the film degraded and structure varied from a

single layer to a two-layer. Whatever the temperature, the

oxide film exhibited an n-type and p-type semiconductor in

the potential range above and below the flat band potential,

respectively. The electronic properties were assigned to a

Fe–Cr spinel inner layer and a defective Fe–Cr oxide outer

layer. From outer to inner layer, the oxide scale consists of

faceted spinel particles, irregularly shaped hematite particles

and a compact layer of nano-sized spinels. Some outmost

spinels formed on top of other particles are depleted in Cr,

while the hematite particles tightly embedded into the inner

layer contain more Cr in the inner than in the outer part. The

inner nano-sized oxide grow inwards directly from the

bottom of outer particles. The related growth mechanisms of

the oxide film were also discussed.

After Zn injection, the corrosion rate of SS in high

temperature water is lower than that in the Zn-free solution

with the pH value ranging from 6.9 to 7.4. The characteristic

of oxide films formed on SS change significantly due to the

Zn incorporation in the Zn-injected solution. The solubilities

of oxides are related to the variations of oxides formed on

316L SS in aqueous solution within a suitable pH range. A

modified duplex-layer model has been proposed to describe

the joint contribution of Zn injection and elevated pH value

to oxide structures in high temperature water. It is our

opinion that the optimized water chemistry of pH elevation

and Zn injection strategies should be arranged properly in

actual PWR plants in order to maximize the advantage.

14:30pm-14:50pm

2. Effects of Mo on the Localized Corrosion and

Repassivation Kinetics of Fe-20Cr-x Mo (x = 0, 2, 4

wt. %) Stainless Steels SooHoon Ahn, KiMin Jung, YoungJun Kim, HyukSang

Kwon (KAIST, Korea)

As ferrite (BCC structure) former, molybdenum (Mo) is

added to stainless steel (SS) to increase high-temperature

strength [1] and to improve the corrosion resistance. [2, 3]

Mo in SSs, particularly, is found to have a significant

influence on the localized corrosion in a chloride solution;

Pit initiation frequency of Mo addition SSs is lower than that

of general SSs [4, 5] and Mo in SSs increase repassivation

rate. [6] Also the active dissolution rate in the pits decrease

as increase Mo. [7]

Because of its scientific and industrial importance, numerous

theories and models have been proposed to explain the

mechanism of improve localized corrosion resistance;

According to the result of S. Maximovitch, [8] Mo

competitively adsorbed with Cl- and blocks Cl- adsorption.

It makes insoluble species acts as pitting corrosion inhibitor.

D. D. Macdonald proposed [9] the solute-vacancy

interaction model (SVIM). Mo6+

in the passive film

electrochemically interacts with mobile cation vacancies

(VMd+

), resulting in decrease of activity of VMd+

and a shift of

Epit to positive potential. However, there are large

discrepancies have existed for the theories and models.

Hence in this study, we elucidate the influences of Mo on

the localized corrosion behavior of Fe-20Cr-x Mo (x = 0, 2,

4 wt. %) SSs, by examining effects of Mo on the film

breakdown, repassivation kinetics and dissolution process of

the alloys. And then we examine the structure, composition

and in-situ thickness of the passive film formed on the alloys,

with a focus on the effects of Mo on the passive film.

14:50pm-15:10pm

3. Direct Observation of Oxide Formation on

Copper in Alkaline Solution by TEM Junsheng Wu, Xiaogang Li (University of Science and

Technology Beijing, China), Yizhong Huang (Nanyang

Technological University, Singapore)

The formation and structure of the passive oxide layers on

copper and it‟s electrochemical behaviors in aqueous

solution have attracted considerable interest in the past

several decades for this material plays an increasingly

important role in many industrial fields. The oxidation

processes and the structure of oxide layers on bulky copper

surface during anodic oxidation in the aqueous solution have

been extensively studied using electrochemical and surface

analytical techniques. However, there are still many

different opinions with regard to the formation of oxide

layers on the copper surface during the electrochemical

oxidation and reduction in alkaline solution. In this paper,

we demonstrate a controllable and reproducible method to

fabricate electron transparent needle shape specimens for

transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. A perfect

ultrasharp copper needle specimen with diameter of several

tens nanometers in tip has been fabricated successfully

utilizing an argon ion beam milling technique. This

proposed sample preparation procedure is applicable to a

wide variety of sharp needle shape samples for TEM

observation and other associated characterization method

such as scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM),

electron energy-loss spectrometry (EELS) and energy

dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Using the fabricated

copper needle specimen, the structure of oxide layers formed

on pure copper surface after electrochemical oxidation in

different limited anodic potentials in 0.1 M NaOH solution

was investigated by TEM observation directly. When anodic

potential sweeping end to lower potential (-0.25V), a poorly

crystallized and epitaxial Cu2O layer was observed to form

on the copper matrix. After electrochemical oxidation at

higher anodic potential (0.40V), it is evident that only the

stratification of Cu(II) species were found on the copper

surface. The Cu(II) layers consist of a well crystallized and

epitaxial CuO baselayer, a polycrystalline Cu(OH)2 outer

95

layer with random orientation, and an outermost scattered

deposit of the finger-like crystalline Cu(OH)2 nanoneedles,

here, the copper hydroxide was presumably formed by a

dissolution-precipitation mechanism.

15:10pm-15:30pm

4. Effect of Area Ratio on the Polarity Reversal of

Titanium-coupled Brass in 3.5 wt% Nacl Solution Kadek Trisna Surya Hariyantha, Szu-Jung Pan, Wen-Ta Tsai

(National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan)

Polarity reversal on the galvanic corrosion behaviour of

titanium-coupled brass in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution was

investigated. The roles of dissolved oxygen in the solution

and cathode/anode area ratio were explored in terms of the

changes of electrochemical polarity and the magnitude of

galvanic current. The presence of dissolved oxygen caused a

decrease in galvanic current compared with that measured in

de-aerated solution. Furthermore, a reversion of

electrochemical polarity was observed by varying the area

ratio of the coupling metals. At a higher titanium/brass area

ratio, titanium acted as an anode, while it became the

cathode at a lower area ratio owing to rapid passivation.


THD2: Erosion Corrosion & FAC 2

Chair: Kyeongmo Hwang

(KEPCO E&C, Korea)

14:00pm-14:30pm

Keynote Speech

1. Pipe Wall Thinning Management Life Cycle in

Korea K.M. Hwang, C.K. Lee (KEPCO E&C, Korea)

A number of piping components installed in the secondary

system of nuclear power plants are exposed to aging

mechanisms such as Flow-Accelerated Corrosion (FAC),

Cavitation, Flashing, and Liquid Droplet Impingement

Erosion (LDIE). Those aging mechanisms may lead to

thinning of piping components and eventually replacement

of the wearing piping. Experience has shown that pipe wall

thinning at nuclear power plants caused by the aging

mechanisms can also lead to costly outages or repairs and

can affect plant reliability and safety. To manage the pipe

wall thinning in the secondary system of nuclear power

plants, Korea employs five wall thinning management stages,

such as the design, construction, pre-operation, commercial

operation, and experience feedback stages. This paper

describes the major features and contents in each stage.

14:30pm-14:50pm

2. Evolution of Surface Morphology during FAC Hong Pyo Kim, Myeong Jin Kim, Dong Jin Kim (Korea

Atomic Energy Research Institute, Korea)

Flow accelerated corrosion (FAC) of pipe is one of the most

frequent degradation mechanisms in nuclear and fossil

power plants. FAC may directly lead to a failure of a

secondary pipe in pressurized water reactor, for example, in

the Surry nuclear power plant in 1986 and Mihama 3 nuclear

power plant in 2003. Scallop pattern was developed on inner

surface of the pipes which were exposed to flowing single

liquid phase. The scallop pattern were reported for removed

tube which served for many years in plant or exposed to

laboratory FAC test facility for long time at high fluid

velocity. However, evolution of surface appearance

during early stage of FAC has not been paid attention to

probably because sound pipe may be not removed from

plant or FAC test should be interrupted to observe evolution

of surface appearance. In this work, evolution of surface

appearance was studied using rotating cylinder on which

FAC test specimens were attached to. 5 kinds of specimen

were used with chromium content ranging from 0.02 to 2.25

wt.%. To observe surface appearance during FAC, FAC test

was interrupted and then specimens were detached from

rotating cylinder and then examined with optical microscope

and SEM. It was found that non-metallic inclusion corroded

firstly and formed corrosion product of non-metallic

inclusion on specimen. And then the corrosion product of

non-metallic inclusion dissolved and left pit like

morphology. Finally, bulk materials began to corrode, which

was developed to scallop pattern.

14:50pm-15:10pm

3. Evaluation Method Using Limit Load Analysis

for Circumferential Weld Attack Caused by FAC in

Nuclear Power Plant Piping Dae Young Lee, Heung Bae Park (KEPCO E&C,, Korea),

Keun-Hyung Bae, Yoon-Jae Kim (Korea University, Korea)

Flow Accelerated Corrosion (FAC) is the main wall thinning

mechanism in secondary piping system of nuclear power

plant. FAC mechanism is that iron ions of oxide film on

metal pipe are dissolved in pipe flow and its dissolution is

accelerated by diffusion effect. In this dissolution process,

the chromium on oxide film has a strong role in prohibiting

the dissolution of metal pipe. 0.1% chromium in pipe

drastically reduces the wear rate of wall thinning caused by

FAC. Therefore, small difference of chromium contents in

the dissimilar metal weld makes the critical distinction in

wear rate of wall thinning. Chromium dependent wear rate is

called the Entrance Effect in FAC theory. Lower chromium

in weld compared to pipe makes the metal loss of notch type

in weld. In this paper, we suggested the evaluation method

for metal loss of notch type in weld using the limit load

analysis.

15:10pm-15:30pm

4. Cause Analysis of FAC&EC Cases in Korea NPPs Y.S. Lee, S.H. Lee (KHNP-CRI, Korea), K.M. Hwang

(KEPCO-E&C, Korea)

Significant piping wall thinning caused by Flow-Accelerated

Corrosion (FAC) & Erosion-Corrosion (EC) continues to

occur, even after the Mihama Power Station unit 3

secondary pipe rupture in 2004, in which five contract 2

96

workers died and 6 were seriously injured. Nuclear power

plants of many countries have experienced FAC & EC-

related cases in steam cycle piping systems. Korea has also

experienced piping wall thinning cases that include the

straight pipe downstream of a check valve in a feedwater

pump line, the elbow downstream of control valve in a

feedwater flow control line, and the straight pipe failure

downstream of an orifice in an auxiliary steam return line.

Cause analyses were performed by the review of thickness

data using the UT (Ultrasonic Techniques), SEM (Scanning

Electron Microscope) image for the failure pipe, and

numerical simulation results to analyze the cause of FAC &

EC cases of Korea Nuclear Power Plants. As results of cause

analyses, it is concluded that the main cause for the pipe

wall thinning downstream of a check valve is FAC caused

by the water vortex flow due to internal flow shape of a

check valve, the main cause for the elbow wall thinning

downstream of a control valve is FAC caused by a thickness

difference with the upstream pipe, and the main cause of

wall thinning for the pipe downstream of an orifice is FAC

& EC caused by the liquid droplet and vortex flow. In order

to investigate more cases, additional analyses were

performed by the review of a lot of thickness data for

inspected pipes. At the results of additional analyses, pipe

wall thinning was also affected by operating condition of

upstream equipment. Management of FAC & EC based on

these cases will be focused on the piping downstream of

abnormal or unusual operated equipment.

15:30pm-15:50pm

5. Thinned Pipe Management Program of Korean

Nuclear Power Plants S.H. Lee, Y.S. Lee, S.K. Park, J.G. Lee (Korea Hydro &

Nuclear Power Co., LTD, Korea)

Local wall thinning and integrity degradation caused by

several mechanisms, such as flow accelerated corrosion

(FAC), cavitation, flashing and/or liquid drop impingements,

is a main concern in carbon steel piping systems of nuclear

power plant in terms of safety and operability. Thinned pipe

management program (TPMP) had been developed and

optimized to reduce the possibility of unplanned shutdown

and/or power reduction due to pipe failure caused by wall

thinning in the secondary side piping system. This program

consists of several technical elements such as prediction of

wear rate for each component, prioritization of components

for inspection, thickness measurement, calculation of actual

wear and wear rate for each component. Decision making

associated with replacement or continuous service for

thinned pipe components. Establishment of long-term

strategy based on diagnosis of plant condition regarding

overall wall thinning is also essential part of the program.

Prediction models of wall thinning caused by FAC had been

established for 23 operating nuclear plants. Long term

strategies to manage the thinned pipe component were

prepared and applied to each unit, which were reflecting

plant specific design, operation, and inspection history, so

that the structural integrity of piping system can be

maintained. An alternative integrity assessment criterion and

a computer program for thinned piping items were

developed for the first time in the world, which is directly

applicable to the secondary piping system of nuclear power

plant. The thinned pipe management program is applied to

all domestic nuclear power plants as a standard procedure

form so that it contributes to prevent the similar fatal

accident occurred in Mihama unit 3.

Tuesday, November 4, 2014 15:30pm-17:30pm Main Lobby (3F)

Poster Session

1. Standardized Technology for Buried Pipe Aging

Management of Korean Nuclear Power Plants S.K. Park, Y.S Lee, S.H. Lee (Korea Hydro & Nuclear

Power Co., LTD, Korea), B.T. Lim, K.M. Hwang (KEPCO-

E&C, Korea)

Degradation of buried pipes is a significant issue facing in

nuclear industry. Unlike aboveground piping systems, buried

pipes are corroded and fouled from the fluid inside piping

and corroded or experienced mechanical damage from the

soil outside piping. This continuing degradation is

challenging to assess since the buried pipes are difficult to

reach for inspection. Small leaks can be difficult to locate,

access, and repair in a timely manner. All types of leaks can

be also expensive to repair due to accessibility issues. KHNP

has developed a program for buried pipe ageing

management of Korean nuclear power plants based on the

BPWORKSTM Software. This paper represents the

standardized technology of Korea for buried pipe aging

management including the status of aging management

through the world, the construction of database, the risk

ranking methodology, and the inspecting and repairing

methodologies for buried pipes.

2. Corrosion Behaviors of Carbon Steel under 3.5%

NaCl Liquid Film Li Yang, Xiuzhou Lin, Xuejun Cui, Yue Li, Yong Du,

Mingjun Gu, Min Gong (Sichuan University of Science and

Engineering, China)

Corrosion behaviors of carbon steel under 3.5%NaCl thin

film were researched using a thin liquid film corrosion

experimental device of a three-electrode system. The

corrosion in different thickness of a thin liquid film was

measured using AC impedance and polarization curve

technique. The results of polarization curves showed that the

corrosion current density of carbon steel under the thin

liquid film is higher than that in full immersion condition, so

the corrosion of carbon steel under the thin liquid film is

more severe than that in full immersion condition. Data for

AC impedance show that corrosion process under the thin

liquid film is mainly controlled by the concentration

polarization and activation polarization control. When the

liquid film thickness is thinner, the corrosion process of

carbon steel is mainly controlled by the process of oxygen

diffusion control. Under the thick liquid film, corrosion

process turned to be mainly controlled by the activation

polarization control. The resistance of the solution reduced

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quickly with the increase of film thickness and then the trend

becomes slow, finally tends to be stable.

3. Corrosion of Hot Dipped Zinc Coatings in Humid

Tropical Atmospheres Nguyen Nhi Tru, Le Khac Duyen, Tran Mai Han (Vietnam

Institute for Tropical Technology & Environmental

Protection, Vietnam)

Comparative results of corrosion testing in humid tropical

atmosphere in rural and coastal areas for hot dipped zinc

coatings are presented. The test was conducted in outdoor

conditions for four years. Mass loss and other performance

characteristics of two types of zinc coatings were determined

and discussed in relation with climatic and environmental

parameters.

Corrosion rates of the coatings in coastal conditions were

about three times higher than the rates in rural conditions.

The data show that the corrosion process obeys an equation

of the form M=Atn, where M is the loss of metal and t is the

time of exposure. A and n are constants which values

depend on the environmental characteristics and the

physicochemical behavior of the corrosion products

respectively. Corrosion is strongly influenced by

atmospheric time of wetness (TOW) and airborne salinity.

Nature and structures of corrosion products are also

considered. Simonkolleite, is a major crystalline phase,

found in the zinc corrosion products exposed at coastal

condition while zinc hydroxide and zinc hydrosulfate are

popular in rural condition.

4. Corrosion Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel

Exposed to Qinghai Salt Lake Atmosphere in China Zhenyao Wang (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)

The atmospheric exposure test in Qinghai salt lake region of

China with duration of 96 months for 316L stainless steel

was performed, the corrosion behavior of 316L stainless

steel exposed to the atmosphere were investigated by SEM,

EPMA，IRS, XPS, and the relations between the corrosion

dynamics and the rust composition and structure were

researched, and the corrosion evolution process was

discussed. The results showed that the pitting corrosion of

316L stainless steel exposed to Qinghai salt lake atmosphere

for 6 months was observed, and corrosion rate of them

decreased with exposure time. The rusts, which were mainly

composed of β-FeOOH, γ-FeOOH, α-FeOOH, δ-FeOOH,

Fe3O4 and the compounds containing Cr, suppressed the

anodic and cathodic reactions and caused the increase of the

value of charge-transfer resistance Rt. The dust and

deposition containing Cl- on the surface of samples

promoted the pitting corrosion of 316L stainless steel.

5. Peculiarities and Uncertainties of Mild Steel

Corrosion in Very Severe Marine Atmospheres M. Morcillo, B. Chico, J. Alcántara, I. Díaz, J. Simancas, D.

de la Fuente (National Centre forMetallurgicalResearch,

Spain)

Corrosion of carbon steel in marine atmospheres of different

aggressivities has been the subject of very many research

studies. Nevertheless, in very severe marine atmospheres

numerous issues remain unexplained and more basic

knowledge is needed in order to further our understanding of

corrosion mechanisms in this type of atmosphere. This paper

describes the peculiarities of mild steel corrosion in very

severe marine atmospheres and points out a number of

uncertainties that still need to be explained. The present

work addresses these questions in the light of results

obtained in a study of mild steel atmospheric corrosion

carried out in two very severe marine atmospheres at

CaboVilano, Spain.

6. Effect of Tropical Atmosphere on Corrosion of

Different Metals Sudesh Wijesinghe, Tan Zixi (Singapore Institute of

Manufacturing Technology, Singapore)

Atmospheric corrosion is clearly the most noticeable of all

corrosion processes. Tremendous amount of economic losses

are caused by atmospheric corrosion. Thus it is imperative to

know the level of atmosphere‟s aggressiveness or in other

words “corrosivity”, before anyone designs or plans any

corrosion prevention strategy. Corrosivity values were not

recorded before in Singapore though those were measured

and recorded in other countries. In the aim of filling this gap,

three test sites were setup at three locations of Singapore to

represent marine, industrial and urban atmospheres or their

mixtures. Subsequently, corrosivity readings were measured

and recorded according to ISO 9223:2012 for the first time

in Singapore. Salient atmospheric constituents or parameters

like time of wetness (TOW), Cl-, SO2, NO2, O3, HNO3 have

been measured in all sites over a period of time to categorise

corrosivities of particular atmospheres. The effect of

atmosphere on corrosion of steel, Cu, Al and Zn also has

been investigated and quantified. “Estimated” and

“determined” corrosivities were quantified and compared

according to ISO 9223 standard. Results together with final

corrosivity measurements will be presented and discussed.

7. A Study on the Corrosion Behavior and Lifespan

Prediction Methodology of Galvanized Steels with

Outdoor Exposure Test for 24 months

Jin Woo Kim, Young Sik Kim (Andong National University,

Korea), B. J. Goo, M. B. Moon (Hyundai Steel Company,

Korea)

Generally, the atmospheric corrosion is an electrochemical

degradation of the metal that can be caused by various

corrosion factors of atmospheric component and weather, air

pollutants. In particular, the moisture and particles of sea salt,

sulfur dioxide is a major factor in the atmospheric corrosion.

Galvanized steel is one of the most efficient ways to protect

iron from corrosion by zinc plating on the surface of the iron.

Galvanized steels are being widely used in automobiles,

building structures, roofing, and other industrial structures

due to their high corrosion resistance compared to iron.

Atmospheric corrosion of galvanized steel is shown complex

corrosion behavior depending on Plating, coating thickness,

and atmospheric environment, air pollutants. In addition,

98

corrosion products are produced differently types and kinds

for environment. Also lifespan of galvanized steels may vary

depending on the use environment. Therefore, this study did

a research on the corrosion behavior of galvanized steel

under atmospheric corrosion for six locations in Korea and

the possibility of life prediction of galvanized steel by

approaches to the acceleration test and electrochemical test.

8. The Atmospheric Corrosion of Zinc under

External Electric Field Junxi Zhang, Xujie Yuan, Shiming Zhang, Qimeng Chen


The effect of external DC electric field on the atmospheric

corrosion behavior of zinc under a thin electrolyte layer

(TEL) was investigated by open circuit potential

measurements, cathodic polarization and electrochemical

impedance (EIS). Results indicate that the external DC

electric field can accelerate the corrosion of Zinc in a

simulated atmospheric environment. The application of

external DC electric field resulted in a negative shift of

corrosion potential of Zinc, and accelerated the diffusion of

dissolved oxygen.

9. Weathering Steels: Atmospheric Behavior in a

Wide Range of Alloying Elements Concentration H. Cano (University Antonio Nariño, Colombia), M.

Morcillo, I. Díaz, D. de la Fuente (National Centre for

Metallurgical Research, Spain)

The High Performance Steels (HPS) are showing an

increasing development worldwide, especially those called

Weathering Steels (WS), also known as low-alloy steels,

with a carbon content of less than 0.2 wt.% to which mainly

Cu, Cr, Ni, and P are added as alloying elements to a total of

no more than 3–5 wt%. It is interesting to advance in the

development of these weathering steels in order to

understand their atmospheric behaviour in a wide range of

alloying elements concentration, as well as to study its

influence acting jointly. In particular, it is of great

importance to study, in the case of advanced weathering

steels, the effect of Ni at higher concentrations (1-3 wt%).

All the weathering steels used in the present research have

been manufactured at the National Centre for Metallurgical

Research (CENIM). Starting from a reference copper steel

(Cu 0.29 wt%), its composition was modified for Cu

(0.29-1.06 wt%), Cr (0.08-0.54 wt%) and Ni (0.12-2.92

wt%) contents in order to study the effect of different

alloying elements, acting either singly or in combination,

trying to find synergisms in its behaviour. This research has

been conducted into a broad spectrum of atmospheric

conditions, from the less aggressive (rural and urban

atmospheres of El Pardo and Madrid respectively) and

industrial atmospheres of Aviles and Kopisty (Czech

Republic). The results obtained in this research indicate that

no substantial differences were observed in the resistance to

atmospheric corrosion by increasing the copper content of

the alloy from 0.29 wt% to 1.06 wt% or chromium from

0.08 wt% to 0.50 wt%. This is not the case of nickel,

particularly for 2-3 wt% content of this element.

10. Study on Problems of Off Potenial by

Comparing CIPS with Coupons Feng Zhang (Petrochina Pipeline R&D Center, China)

After field survey using CIPS equipments and coupon has

been done,the different results of two methods leads to a

confuse.After analysis by electrostatics theory and numerical

simulation,a conclusion could be made that while off

potential of CIPS reaches -850mV,the real potential of

protected pipeline may nearly reach its on potential

especailly for 3LPE pipeline.Not the evaluation of protection

level but coating holiday finding should be the main purpose

of CIPS.Also,from numerical simulation,it is found that a

rectifier could provide protection accross its adjacent rectifie

along the pipeliner when they are all turned on.But during

the on and off interruption circle in the CIPS survey,if only

two adjacent rectifiers are interrupted which is a common

practice in recent ECDA practice in China ,the remote

rectifiers nearby would provide protection-on potential

instantly reaching the pipe section between the interrupted

rectifiers which indeed produce a large IR drop error not

eliminated such as 200mV in the survey results.The field

experiment and numerical simulation have been done to

illustrate the phenomenon.

11. Regional Cathodic Protection Design of a

Natural gas Distribution Station Yabo Hu (Petrochina Pipeline Company Shenyang

Longchang Pipeline Survey Centre, China), Feng Zhang, Jun

Zhao (Petrochina Pipeline R&D Centre, China)

Regional cathodic protection has great impact on pipeline

integrity management. After risk analyses of a newly built

gas distribution station constructed in area with large

dwelling density, the risk score was high because of a

potential threat caused by galvanic corrosion. Except the

reinforced steel in concrete, there are four kinds of metal

buried under earth: carbon steel, galvanized flat steel, zinc

rod and graphite module. In order to protect buried pipeline

from external corrosion, the design and construction of

regional cathodic protection was put forward. BEM method

was used to calculate the current requirement and optimize a

best anode placement during design. The anode grounding

resistance and earth potential gradient was also calculated.

12. Optimal Approach to Secure Long Term

Integrity of Steel Piles Buried at Reclaimed Shore

Area HongSeok Song, YoungGeun Kim (Korea Gas Corporation,

Korea)

Steel piles to support LNG storage tank have been buried at

reclaimed shore area. Landfill soils consist of either onshore

soil or drudged soil. The chloride content in reclaimed soil is

relatively higher than that in onshore soil because landfill

soil is put in sea water. The oxygen content in the reclaimed

soil is also higher than that in undisturbed soil. These two

factors are contributing to increase corrosion rate, so,

cathodic protection has been adopted optionally. However,

thickness compensation method could be an alternative in

99

the condition corrosion rate is tolerable within given

compensated thickness over lifetime since required cost of

thickness compensation method is cheaper than CP method.

In order to establish adequate measures coping with

corrosion problem of steel piles buried reclaimed shore area,

corrosivity test like soil resistivity measurement with depth

and SRB concentration test were carried out, and literature

and case histories were reviewed. Computer simulation

using commercial package has been done to get

economically and technically effective CP design. The

comparison has been performed between CP and

conventional thickness compensation in terms of cost,

lifetime. The concluded optimal way to secure long term

integrity of steel piles buried at reclaimed shore area will be

presented.

13. Study of Sacrificial Anodes to Mitigate Galvanic

Corrosion of SnPb Solder in Crystalline Sillicon

Photovoltaic Module Wonwook Oh, Soohyun Bae, Haeseok Lee, Donghwan Kim

(Korea university, Korea), Nochang Park (Korea Electronics

Technology Institute, Korea)

Investigations of the degradation of photovoltaic (PV)

modules have been widely performed under various

conditions to provide the insights for enhancing the

reliability and durability of PV modules. Accelerated stress

tests become increasingly important for PV modules to

ensure the reliability for over 25 years. To identify the

degradation or failure modes of PV modules, damp heat

(DH) tests are commonly performed to evaluate the effect of

degradation by corrosion. Lower performance is usually

observed after long-term DH test. It is known that the

phenomenon of degradation results from fill factor (FF) loss

by high series resistance. The cause for the series resistance

increase is reduction of PV ribbon on front Ag busbar after

DH test. We focused on the mitigation of corrosion of Sn

and Pb on to the Ag busbars of crystalline Si solar cells in

photovoltaic modules. The solder ribbon releases Sn and Pb

via galvanic corrosion. In order to mitigate the degradation

by galvanic corrosion, sacrificial anodes were attached on

the PV ribbon. After damp heat test for 2000h, we measured

L-IV, EL, SEM & EDX. Solar cells which attached

sacrificial anodes were less degraded. As the sacrificial

anodes, Al, Zn, Al alloy and Zn alloy were used by

attachment on PV ribbon. Additionally, Zn was sprayed on

PV ribbon at back side of solar cells in order to apply easily

lamination process of PV module.

14. Cold-Spraying of Al-Zn Coating: Coating

Characteristics and Heat Treatment Xiaoyun Zhang, Feng Lu, Bo Yu, Zhihua Sun (Beijing

Institute of Aeronautical Materials, China), Xiaorong Zhou

(The University of Manchester, UK)

There sets of Al-Zn coating were prepared using Cold Spray

(CS) process. Microstructure of coatings was investigated to

understand the properties of coating produced by CS and

improve the CS technology parameters. The effect of

technical parameters on surface morphology and interface

integration of coating was analysed, coating micro-hardness

were also characterized. The results show that the coatings

are very dense and no significant inherent defects. The

coating/substrate interface exhibit excellent bonding without

voids or areas of delamination. The salt fog test results were

consistent with the result of electrochemical measurement,

Anti-corrosion performance of Al-Zn coating is decreased

with increasing of Zn content in coatings.

15. Evaluation of Steel Bridge Maintenance Coating

Performance with Surface Preparation Conditions C.Y. Lee, T.S. Chang, B.D. Lee (Korea Expressway

Corporation, Korea)

Generally, surface preparation is the most influential factor

of all such as paint type, film thickness or number of coat,

and surface preparation on coating performance. In steel

bridge maintenance coating, there are a lot of cases that

surface preparation is not carried out perfectly, because

maintenance coating is absolutely field work whereas new

coating is carried out in factory for most procedures. If

abrasive blasting is carried out for perfect surface

preparation, tremendous cost will be required for

containment facility to protect environment. Accordingly,

power tool or hand tool cleaning is generally carried out

simply in most of maintenance coating, and therefore

decline of coating performance often occurs by poor surface

preparation. In this study, surface-tolerant maintenance

coating systems, performance of rust converters, and new

surface preparation methods were investigated. From the

study results, superior maintenance coating systems were

derived, and applicability of rust converter and 2 kinds of

new surface preparation methods was verified. In the near

future, new guidelines for steel bridge maintenance coatings

will be established that can provide against fast-growing

steel bridge maintenance coating quantity on the basis of this

study results.

16. Corrosion Behavior of Metal Substrate under

Water Repellent H. Saito (Tokyo Denki University, Japan)

A paint film or coating protects a metal substrate from

corrosion. Since a water-repellent coating is hydrophobic,

the coating must serve as higher barrier than other

conventional coatings. We electrochemically investigated

the steel corrosion under water-repellent coating and that

water penetrates into water-repellent coatings as well as

conventional coatings and the steel substrate is corroded. In

this report, we show the same phenomenon of zinc substrate,

though the oxide film on zinc substrate is more compact than

that on steel.

17. Oxide Nanolayers Grown on New Ternary Ti

Based Alloy Surface by Galvanic Anodizing –

Characteristics and Anticorrosive Properties J. M. Calderon Moreno, P. Drob, C. Vasilescu, S. I. Drob, M.

Popa, E. Vasilescu (Institute of Physical Chemistry,

Romania)

100

The surface of new Ti-15Zr-5Nb alloy was processed by

galvanic anodizing in 0.3M H3PO4 solution at a current

density of 10 mA/cm2 for 45 min. SEM micrographs showed

that the electrodeposited nanolayer has hill-like

protuberances (wide 5-10 µm) and nanotube like porosity

(diameter hundred nanometres). The chemical analysis by

EDS determined that the anodizing nanolayer contains

significant amount of P and O, as well as the alloying

elements; Raman micro-spectroscopy identified TiO2

anatase oxide and phosphorous as P2O74-

ion in

phosphotitanate compound. It results that the obtained

nanolayer having porosity and comprising phosphorous ions

can provide bioactivity and bone cell attachment.

Electrochemical cyclic potentiodynamic curves in artificial

Carter-Brugirard saliva of acid (3.96), neutral (7.84),

alkaline (9.11) pH values and doped with 0.05M NaF (pH =

8.21) revealed a nobler behaviour of oxidizing alloy due to

the thicker, more compact, resistant nanolayer. The corrosion

rates for the processed alloy are lower than those of the bare

one, even in more aggressive saliva of acid and alkaline pH

values or doped; implicitly, it resulted that the covered alloy

released less ions into saliva, having more reduced toxicity.

High values for the alloy polarization resistances attested the

protective, barrier character of the electrodeposited

nanolayer. Impedance Nyquist spectra as open arches had

bigger curvature radii and Bode phase angle spectra revealed

higher angles for the anodizing alloy in comparison with

bare one; these facts ascertain a thicker, more protective,

insulating nanolayer existing on the processed alloy surface.

The electrodeposited film consists from two layers: an inner,

compact, barrier, resistant layer and an outer, less protective,

porous layer. For 1000 immersion hours in Carter-Brugirard

saliva, the open circuit potentials more ennobled over time

for the anodizing alloy, indicating the thickening of its

passive layer; SEM analysis confirmed new depositions on

the covered alloy surface, namely, its bioactivity.

18. Hydroxyapatite Coating for Long-term

Corrosion resistance and Bioactivity of Ti Alloy Monica Popa, Cora Vasilescu, Silviu Iulian Drob, Jose Maria

Calderon Moreno (Institute of Physical Chemistry,

Romania)

Hydroxyapatite (HA) coating was deposited on the new Ti-

15Zr-5Nb alloy surface by chemical method. The formation

of HA was proved by Raman micro-spectroscopy and X-ray

photoelectron spectroscopy, which identified the

characteristic features for the crystalline HA. This coating

has optimal microstructure and morphology (from scanning

electron microscopy). Also, pronounced roughness was

indicated by 2D and 3D atomic force microscopy images

suggesting a very proper surface for the adherence of bone

cells. In Ringer physiological solutions of different pH

values, the main electrochemical parameters for the coated

alloy had more favorable values showing that the HA

coating thickened the alloy native passive film and together

acted as barrier layer against to the attack of the aggressive

ions from biofluid.The HA coating reduced very much the

corrosion current density and total quantity of the ions which

cross through it, conferring to the new alloy very low

toxicity; also, the higher polarization resistance values for

the covered alloy revealed a higher protection degree of HA

coating.The impedance spectra depicted an electric

equivalent circuit with two time constants for the bare alloy

and with three time constants for the HA protected alloy.

Parameters, which characterize the electric equivalent circuit

for the covered alloy showed that the HA layer is porous,

permitting the interactions with the species from the human

biofluid, namely, bioactivity.The more positive values and in

time ennobling of the open circuit potentials proved the

thickening of HA coating and its superior protective

characteristics.All results confirmed that the HA coating on

the new Ti-15Zr-5Nb alloy surface has strong passivation

ability, protects the surrounding tissues from ion release or

harmful compounds, avoiding the adverse reactions,

stimulates alloy stabilization within the bone and shortens

the ossteointegration time.

19. Effect of the Chemical Composition on the

Corrosion Resistance of the Zn-Mg Thin Films JoungHyun La, KyuSung Kim, HoeKun Kim, SangYul Lee


The Zn coating on steel has been widely used to protect the

surface of steels against the corrosive environment. However,

the Zn coating shows relatively poor corrosion resistance in

harsh environments. Recently, various binary alloy coatings

containing Zn such as Zn-Al, Zn-Ni, and Zn-Mg have

attracted much attention for the enhanced corrosion

resistance. In this work, Zn-Mg coatings with various Mg

contents were synthesized using unbalanced magnetron

sputtering process and their microstructure, crystal phase,

and corrosion resistance were investigated by field emission

scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and salt

spray test. As Mg content of Zn-Mg coating increased, the

microstructure gradually changed from open woollen-like

microstructure to featureless microstructure. The Zn-Mg

coatings with high Mg content exhibited higher corrosion

resistance than those with low Mg content since dense and

featureless microstructure blocked the corrosive pathway.

The formation of Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O phase (simonkolleite)

was confirmed from the corrosion product of the Zn-Mg

coatings after corrosion test. It was noted that the

simonkolleite improved the corrosion resistance of the

coatings by forming a dense and stable protection layer on

the surface of the Zn-Mg coatings.

Acknowledgement

This study is financially supported by the Smart Coating

Steel Development Center, WPM (World Premier Materials)

Program of the Korea Ministry of Knowledge Economy.

20. Local Electrochemistry Study of the Acrylic

Polyurethane Coating after Exposure to Ultraviolet

Radiation Jin Gao, Hongxia Jiang, Yingchao Li, Yingchao Li, Lin Lu,

and Xiaogang Li (University of Science and Technology

Beijing, China)

Acrylic polyurethane coating is exposed in artificial

weathering environment produced by a fluorescent

UV/condensation weathering device. In our work, the

mechanism of failure of coating under the UV conditions

can be revealed by using Fourier transform infrared

101

spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM)

and scanning Kelvin probe (SKP). The results show good

uniformity between the different measurements. The

tendency of the Kelvin potential reveals the three stages of

coating aging process. During early aging stage, with the

effect of UV light irradiation, polymer degradation occurs

which results in the density of the coating decreasing. Water

and corrosive medium seep into the inner coating via holes

which form by coating degradation and then corrosion

reaction occurs. In the mid-term, the corrosion product

accumulated forms rust layer which thickens with exposure

time increased. During the later stage, the corrosion reaction

is more serious. Defects form as the degree of aging

increases. Meanwhile, the surface morphology, gloss and

chemical structure of the aging coating show a good

correlation with the Kelvin potential. The results measured

by FT-IR, gloss loss and SEM indicate that under the

irradiation of UVA-340, more free carbonyl groups form

either through the direct chain scission or from radical-

induced process.KEYWORDS organic coatings; acrylic

polyurethane coating; anticorrosion protection; accelerated

aging; scanning Kelvin probe.

21. Field Joint Coating with HSS Based on

Mechanized Equipment Lin Zhu, Shubin Bai, Changxue Xu (Pipeline Research

Institute of CNPC, China)

HSS is widely used in field joint coating for 3 layers

polyethylene (3LPE). The similarity in structure compared

to 3LPE coating and the compatibility are the most notable

advantages for the using of heat shrinkable sleeve (HSS) in

3LPE field joint coating. With the development of large

diameter and thick wall thickness 3LPE coated pipelines,

issues on field joint coating adapting to 3LPE such as HSS

are increasingly reported. In recent years, investigations

revealed the failure in HSS field joint coating, which have

drawn attention of the constructors and the operators. HSS

application quality is one of the important factors that

influence the long-term reliability. To solve this problem

with application methods, a set of equipment has been

developed, which has mechanized the processes of blast

cleaning, preheating, shrinking and post heating. The quality

of field joint coating using HSS can be guaranteed with this

set of equipment. This article presents the developing of

field joint coating with HSS based on mechanized

equipment.

22. Bilayer Conducting Polymer Coatings for

Corrosion Protection of Carbon Steel in Different

Media Florina Branzoi (Institute of Physical Chemistry, Romania),

Viorel Branzoi, Zoia Pahom (University Politehnica of

Bucharest, Romania)

Bi-layered composites of polydiethylaniline (PDEA) and

polypyrrole (PPY) were investigated for corrosion protection

of carbon steel. In this work, PNDEA, PPY and PNDEA-

SDS/ PPY coatings have been electropolymerization on

carbon steel by potentiodynamic and galvanostatic synthesis

techniques from aqueous solutions 0.1 M diethylaniline,

0.1M pyrrole, 0.05 M sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and

0.3 M oxalic acid. In order to include dodecyl sulphate ions

as dopant in the diethylaniline, SDS was also added to the

polymerization solution of diethylaniline. Characterization

of monolayer and bilayer polymer coatings was carried out

by cyclic voltammetry, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)

spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

techniques. Corrosion behaviour of PDEA-SDS/PPY coated

carbon steel was investigated by potentiodynamic

polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

(EIS) techniques in 0.5M H2SO4 solutions. The results of

the corrosion tests showed that PDEA-SDS/PPY coatings

ensure good corrosion protection of carbon steel in

aggressive media. Bilayer coatings revealed better corrosion

inhibition efficiencies than monolayer coatings.

23. Modified Electrodes with Nanocomposite Films

Based on Conducting Polymers and Functionalized

Carbon Nanotubes Florina Branzoi (Institute of Physical Chemistry, Romania),

Viorel Branzoi, Zoia Pahom (University Politehnica of

Bucharest, Romania)

Conducting polymers can be doped and dedoped rapidly to

high charge density and as a result are potential active

materials for use in various electrochemical

applications. Thus an important application is the

fabrication of modified electrodes. For this reason, the

nanocomposite materials based on the functionalized carbon

nanotubes, conducing polymers and different anionic

dopants (sodium dodecyl sulphate -SDS, sodium dioctyl

sulfosuccinate - AOT) were grown electrochemically onto a

platinum substrate from an aqueous solution of 0.1M LiClO4,

functionalized carbon nanotubes, surfactants and the

corresponding monomer (3,4 ethylen-dioxythiophene). All

the obtained composites showed improved mechanical

integrity, higher electronic and ionic conductivity and

exhibited larger electrode specific capacitance than the

polymer alone. The negatively charged FCNTs served as

anionic dopant during the electropolymerization to

synthesize PEDOT/FCNTs composite films. The synthetic,

morphological and electrochemical properties of

nanocomposite materials type PEDOT / FCNTs / surfactants

were compared. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

(EIS), cyclic voltammetry and scanning electron microscopy

(SEM) were used to investigate the electrochemical

properties of the composite films.

The specific electrochemical capacitance of the composite

films is a significantly greater value than that for pure

polymer films prepared similarly. Using these composite

films, the modified electrodes with improved properties

were obtained.

24. Evaluation of the Micro Oxidation Treatment

Effect on the Anticorrosive Performance of a Mg-

Rich Epoxy Coating on AZ91D Magnesium Alloy Xiangyu Lu, Sheng Lu (Jiangsu University of Science and

Technology, China), Xingguo Feng (Hohai University,

China), Yu Zuo (Beijing University of Chemical

Technology, China)

102

A micro-arc oxidation (MAO) film is prepared on AZ91D

magnesium alloy and the effects of the micro-arc oxidation

treatment on the performance of the Mg-rich primer on

AZ91D alloy are studied. After micro-arc oxidation

treatment, an oxidation film with high porosity forms on

magnesium substrate. Therefore, the adhesion of the Mg-

rich primer to AZ91D substrate increases obviously. The

micro-arc oxidation significantly improves the performance

of the Mg-rich primer on AZ91D alloy, which is attributed

to the corrosion resistance of the MAO film. The coating

system with micro-arc oxidation pre-treatment had good

barrier effect after 2400 h of salt spray test and could

provide good protective performance to AZ91D alloy.

25. Effect of Annealing Ambient Condition on

Transition of External to Internal Oxidation of Fe-

Mn-(Si, Al) TRIP Steels Seonghwan Kim, Joo-Youl Huh (Korea University, Korea),

Jong-Sang Kim (POSCO, Korea)

Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels possess

high strength and high formability. Thus, TRIP steels are

suitable for the automotive industry as producing lighter car-

bodies. In order to use TRIP steels for automotive

application, the corrosion resistance by means of hot dip

galvanizing has to be achieved. However, it is well known

that the selective oxidation of alloying elements such as Si

and Mn is occurred at steel surface during inter-critical

annealing prior to hot dip galvanizing and the surface oxide

deteriorates the galvanizability of TRIP steels. Therefore,

there are many studies on selective oxidation of TRIP steels

to improving galvanizability of TRIP steels. However,

though the oxygen source for selective oxidation could be

both of oxygen and water vapor, these studies explain the

selective oxidation mainly focusing on oxygen partial

pressure. Thus, this study examined the each effect of PH2O

and PO2 on selective oxidation behavior and transition of

external to internal oxidation of Fe-Mn-(Si, Al) TRIP steels

using varied dew point and H2/N2 ratio. The PO2 of

annealing ambient condition was controlled by mainly H2

addition. By addition of H2, the PO2 was reduced as several

orders. Especially, the samples annealed under high PO2

with low dew point and the samples annealed under low

PO2 with high dew point will be compared to examine that

which one is predominantly influenced on the external to

internal oxidation transition of Fe-Mn-(Si, Al) TRIP steels.

In addition, the galvanizability of Fe-Mn-(Si, Al) TRIP

steels was examined after inter-critical annealing under

various annealing ambient conditions.

26. Anti-corrosion Coating Optimization by Self-

assembled APTS Monolayer Joo-Young Lee, Joo-Hyung Lee, Yong-Kyu Lee, Joon

Hwang (Korea National University of Transportation,

Korea)

3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (coded as APTS) was utilized

for improving anti-corrosion on Zn-Al thermal diffusion

coated substrates. The experiments were carried out by

Taguchi method under L9 orthogonal array for optimization

of anti-corrosion coating process experimental factors. In

this study, the method of forming self-assembled monolayer

(coded as SAM) has been used for creating monolayer on

substrates. We found that APTS coated substrates were

improved against corrosion. The formation of APTS

monolayer on substrates was analysed by environmental

scanning electron microscope and EDX analysis. And anti-

corrosion property of APTS monolayer was checked through

salt spray test for 300 hours. In a word, additional coatings

using chromate solution as environmental regulation

material were replaced with APTS monolayer so we can use

non-chromate solution for providing good anti-corrosion.

We have also confirmed better anti-corrosion of APTS

monolayer against Zn-Al thermal diffusion coating layer in

moist environmental like a seawater.

27. Anticorrosive Pigments Based on Smart Silica

Nanocontainers D. de la Fuente, R. Barranco, C. Zea, B. Chico, J. Simancas,

M. Morcillo (National Centre for Metalurgical Research,

Spain)

Nowadays there is a special interest to study and develop

new smart anticorrosive pigments in order to increase the

protection life time of organic coatings, and simultaneously,

to find alternatives to conventional toxic and carcinogenic

hexavalent chromium compounds.

In this respect, the great development of nanotechnologies in

recent years has opened up a range of possibilities in the

field of anticorrosive paints through the integration of

encapsulated nanoscale containers loaded with active

components into coatings. By means of a suitable design of

the capsule, the release of the encapsulated corrosion

inhibitor can be triggered by different external or internal

factors (pH change, mechanical damage, etc.) thus

preventing spontaneous leakage of the active component and

achieving more efficient and economical use of the inhibitor,

which is only released upon demand in the affected area.

In the present work, the improved anticorrosive behaviour

achieved by encapsulated mesoporous silica nanocontainers

filled with an environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor

has been evaluated. It has been proven that a change in the

pH allows the rupture of the capsules, the release of the

inhibitor and the successful protection of the carbon steel

substrate.

28. Characterization of the Amorphous NiP Alloy

Thin Film Prepared by Electroplating Thuy Hoang, Tung Mai, Huyen Nguyen (Hanoi University

of Science and Technology, Vietnam)

NiP alloys were electrodeposited from sulfate electrolyte

baths at various sodium hypophosphite concentrations.

Influences of hypophosphite concentration and temperature

on the plating process were investigated. Electrochemical

behavior of the plated thin films was characterized by

potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical

impedance spectroscopies (EIS). The composition,

morphology and structural properties of the thin films were

analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-

dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction

(XRD) measurements. Mechanical properties of the plating

103

such as adhesion, hardness, wear were also tested.It was

seen that the current efficiency of electroplating was

decreased with the increase of sodium hypophosphite

concentration. Increasing temperature increased current

efficiency but dendrite arose at the higher temperatures. The

properties of the NiP alloy thin films were strongly

influenced by sodium hypophosphite concentrations in the

electrolyte. This is attributed to the fact that the increase of

sodium hypophosphite concentration led to a change of the

structure of plating thin film into amorphous. The effect of

hypophosphite concentrations on the composition,

electrochemical and structural properties of the NiP alloy

thin films is discussed in this paper.

29. Evaluation of Niobium Pentoxide Coatings

Applied by Thermal Spraying Eduardo S. A. Conde, Simone L. D. C. Brasil, Ladimir J.

Carvalho (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)

Niobium, whose largest ore reserves are found in Brazil,

presents high corrosion resistance due to the formation of an

oxide film. In aqueous environment, the most

thermodynamically stable oxide is niobium pentoxide

(Nb2O5). Aiming to protect steel structures against corrosion,

the use of this oxide as a barrier is a possibility. The oxide

can be applied by thermal spraying and the film usually

presents good adhesion and very protective features.

Experimental tests were carried out to evaluate niobium

pentoxide as a coating and its corrosion resistance. A set of

AISI 1020 carbon steel coupons, previously prepared in

accordance with current standards, was coated with Nb2O5

by thermal spraying. Different substrate roughness profiles

were used to verify the anchoring of the coating and, to

assess the porosity of the sprayed layer, different thicknesses

were considered. Adhesion (pull-off) test, scanning electron

microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS),

allowed the evaluation of niobium pentoxide coating. The

results showed that it is possible to obtain coatings of

niobium oxide with high mechanical strength, proper

morphology and corrosion resistance, and thus, niobium

oxide is a good alternative to protect carbon steel.

30. Corrosion Properties of Zn Alloy Coated Steel

Sheet for Automotive Pannels B.J. Goo, B.R. Lee, M.B. Moon (Hyundai Steel Company,

Korea), S.J. Oh (Hyundai Motor Company, Korea)

Since the consumer needs to extend anti-corrosion warranty

period for automobile body were continuously grown up in

these days, highly corrosion resistant Zn-Al-Mg alloy coated

steel has been focused as a good alternative materials. In this

work, phosphated or electro-painted on phosphated hot-

dipped Zn-Al-Mg coated and galvannealed steel sheet were

investigated for comparison of their corrosion properties.

The results show that electro-painted Zn-Al-Mg coated steel

has a weak paint blistering resistance compared with electro-

painted galvannealed steel because of the fast delamination

of phosphate coating layer and poor electro-paint adhesion

due to low surface roughness of phosphate coating.

31. Structure Change and Corrosion Properties of

Al Films Prepared by Oblique Angle Deposition Jae-In Jeong, Ji-Hoon Yang, Jae-Hun Jung, Min-A Song,

Sung-Hwan Kim (Research Institute of Industrial Science &

Technology, Korea)

Oblique Angle Deposition (OAD) is a physical vapor

deposition (PVD) method which utilizes non-normal angle

deposition between the substrate and the vaporizing source.

It can be used to control the morphology and is expected to

be able to prepare the very dense film structure, which

results in the enhancement of film properties. In this study,

OAD has been applied to prepare single or multi-layered

aluminum (Al) films by un-balanced magnetron sputtering.

The change of microstructure, optical properties and

corrosion characteristics of the prepared films were

investigated according to the deposition conditions. The Si

wafer, cold-rolled steel sheet and stainless steel sheet were

used as the substrates. The incidence angles between the

substrate surface and vapor were 30, 45, 60, and 90 degree,

respectively, and normal deposition was also carried out to

compare the structure and the properties of the films. The

microstructures, orientations and pore densities of the

prepared films were investigated using scanning electron

microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Ferroxly

test, respectively. The density of the film was also calculated

from the deposited Al weight and the mechanical thickness

measured with SEM or stylus profiler. Salt spray test (SST)

was employed to investigate the corrosion properties of the

films. The films grown at oblique angle showed very dense

structure, increased reflectivity, and decreased roughness. At

the salt spray test, the Al film prepared with OAD has been

found to show the increased outbreak time of red-rust.

32. Study on Corrosion Resistant Cr-free-coated

Zn-Ni Electrodeposits for Autumotive Fuel Tank

Applications Moonjae Kwon, Jong Sang Kim, Du-hwan Jo (POSCO

Technical Research Laboratories, Korea), Jong Myung Park

(POSTECH, Korea)

For a fuel tank material, a Pb-Sn alloy-coated steel (which is

known as terne sheet) has been widely used in terms of

reliable corrosion resistance and press formability, etc.

However, due to strict regulations on the use of lead, other

alternatives such as Sn-Zn, Al-Si and Zn-Ni have been

proposed recently. In this study, a Zn-Ni alloy-coated steel

sheet with environmentally friendly Cr-free coating to

achieve excellent corrosion resistance was investigated. The

electrodeposited Zn-Ni alloy followed by 1μm-thick Cr-free

coating as a post-plating treatment was fabricated. It is well

known that the overall properties of electroplated Zn-Ni are

strongly dependent on the phase structure of the deposit

layer and the pure γ-phase is preferred due to its good

corrosion resistance, formability and paintability. From this

point of view, a Zn coating alloyed with 10wt% Ni was

investigated in this study. To investigate the fuel tank

application of the Zn-Ni electrodeposits with Cr-free

treatment, fuel resistance in a typical gasoline-ethanol

mixture was verified and extremely low dissolution rates of

metal elements were obtained. Especially, the corrosion

behaviors of Zn-10wt% Ni indicate that improved corrosion

104

resistance is obtainable due to the main corrosion product of

Zn (OH)2, and delayed dehydration of Zn(OH)2 to ZnO

which accelerates the corrosion rate. On the contrary, in

lower Ni content specimen, the time to form a conductive

corrosion product, ZnO, was relatively shorter than Zn-

10wt% in salt spray test, which may explain their different

corrosion behaviors.

33. Mechanical Property of Ni-Mn Electrodeposed

Layers from a Sulfamate Bath Ji Wung Shin, Seung Gi Yang, Woon Suk Hwang (Inha

University, Korea)

Nickel sulfamate bathhas several benefits such as low

internal stress, high current density and goodductility.

Generally in nickel deposited layers, sulfur induces

hightemperature embrittlement. Sulfur makes Ni-S

compounds which show lower meltingpoints than nickel. Ni-

S compounds lead to embrittlement above 200℃.To

improve this problem, adding manganese,magnesium or

zirconium is one of the good methods. Instead of nickel,

theseelements make sulfate having high melting point above

1500℃.This study deals with mechanical properties and

effect of improvingembrittlement of Ni-Mn deposited layers

with process variables. As increasing Mn (NH2SO3)2,

internal stress and hardness wereincreased. And contents of

manganese and sulfur in nickelelectrodeposited layers were

increased. According to increasing bathtemperature from 45

to 65℃, internal stress and contentsof manganese and sulfur

were decreased. By increasing current density from 1A/dm2

to 5A/dm2, internal stress and hardness were decreased.

34. A Study on Cu Separation and Recovery from

Cu/Ni Electroplating Scrap Seung Gi Yang, Ji Wung Shin, Woon Suk Hwang (Inha

University, Korea)

The Cu/Ni electrodepositions have been applied to several

components industry for corrosion resistance and wear

resistance. However, the development of those industries

inevitably induces the formation of Cu/Ni scraps. Therefore,

the recycle of Cu/Ni scraps would provide the advantage of

environmental and economic aspects. (NH4)2S2O8 is an

effective and fast etchant for copper. Thus,

(NH4)2S2O8 could be possible to dissolute copper selectively

from the Cu/Ni scrap by controlling the pH of etchant.

Copper was dissolved more 104times than nickel in pH2

condition. To improve the recovery efficiency of copper

from the solution, the influences of applied current density

and bath temperature were investigated. In accordance with

decrasing current density, the recovery efficiency of copper

was increased. Besides, as the bath temperature was

dropping, the recovery efficiency of copper was increased. It

was possible to increase the recovery efficiency of copper,

when the current density was controlled according to the

residual copper concentration in the bath, without the copper

oxide formation which depends on overvoltage.

35. Electrochemical Evaluation of Corrosion

Inhibition Property of a Schiff's Base in the

Corrosion of Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid

Medium Kumaravel Mallaiah, Thanapackiam Palanisamy,

Rameshkumar Subramaniam (India)

The Schiff base, 1, 3-bis (2-aminobenzilidineimino)ethane

has been synthesized and its corrosion inhibition

performance on the corrosion of mild steel in 1MHCl has

been studied by electrochemical methods. It has been

observed that the inhibition efficiency increased with

inhibitor concentration and showed maximum inhibition

efficiency of 94% at an optimum inhibitor concentration of

600ppm. Tafel polarization curves showed that the Schiff

base was mixed type inhibitor. The adsorption of the

compound on the mild steel surface obeyed Langmuir

adsorption isotherm. The potential zero charge was

measured to find the corrosion inhibition mechanism in the

corrosive medium.

36. Synergistic Effects Cystein - Ammonium

Heptamolybdate and Cystein - Natrium Molibdate

Mixtures as Carbon Steel Corrosion Inhibitor in

NaCl 1% Solution Sarah Fauzani (Institute Technology Bandung, Indonesia)

Carbon steel is the material that is used in many industries

especially used as material oil and gas pipelines. The carbon

steel pipe corroded vulnerable from the internal surface due

to the flow of the oil is a multi-phase and contain dissolves

salts. The corrosion from the internal surface can be

prevented using an inhibitor. This study examined the

efficiency of inhibitor cysteine, ammonium heptamolybdate

and sodium molybdate. The influence of cysteine,

ammonium heptamolybdate and sodium molybdate on

inhibition of carbon steel in NaCl 1% saturated by CO2 was

investigated by weight loss, Electrochemical Impedance

Spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization

(Tafel). The investigation was conducted by varying the

concentration at temperatures 25°C and 65°C. Weight loss

measurement at 65°C, showed that inhibition efficiency of

cysteine 25 ppm reached 72.6%, ammonium heptamolybdate

50 ppm reached 96.3% and sodium molybdate 50 ppm

reached 67.4%. The experimental result showed that the

inhibition efficiency increases while increasing the inhibitors

concentrations. Potentiodynamic polarization (Tafel) curve

showed that cysteine, ammonium heptamolybdate and

sodium molybdate acted as anodic inhibition in NaCl 1%

saturated by CO2, however, cysteine became a cathodic

inhibition at higher temperature. The increasing of

inhibitions efficiency was supported by EIS measurements.

Thermodynamic function of adsorpsion processes were

calculated from weight loss methods that cysteine,

ammonium heptamolybdate and sodium molybdate are

chemical adsorpsion processes. Inhibition efficiencies of

mixed inhibitors were also calculated by weight loss

methods. The results showed that at 65°C cysteine 25 ppm

and ammonium heptamolybdate 25 ppm reached 84.97%,

cysteine 15 ppm and sodium molybdate 35 ppm reached

99.2%. According to the results, it has been concluded that

there is a synergistic between mixed inhibitors of cysteine –

105

ammonium heptamolybdate and also cysteine – sodium

molybdate compared with single inhibitor.

37. Corrosion Inhibtion of Carbon Steel by Using

New Organic Polymers as Green Inhibitors for

Cooling Water System Florina Branzoi (Institute of Physical Chemistry, Romania),

Viorel Branzoi, Mihai Iordoc (University Politehnica of

Bucharest, Romania), Angela Stanca (Energy Research and

Modernizing Institute, Romania)

Pure metals and alloys react chemically/electrochemically

with corrosive medium to form a stable compound, in which

the loss of metal occurs. The compound so formed is called

corrosion product and metal surface becomes corroded.

Among the several methods of corrosion control and

prevention, the use of organic corrosion inhibitors is very

well known.

Using the microwaves energy new organic polymers were

synthesized by radicalic polymerization. These new organic

compounds have anticorrosive and antiscale properties and

for this reason, were used for cooling water systems

protection. The inhibition activity analysis of these new

organic polymers was made by assuming that the

mechanism of inhibition by organic molecules is

chemisorptions and that the energetic of the corrosion

process per se is unaffected by the addition of substituents

on the parent compound. We presume that, these new

organic polymers inhibit corrosion of carbon steel by a

protective mechanism, forming insoluble iron complexes

and repairing the porous oxide layers. The methods

employed were potentiodynamic polarization,

electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron

microscopy (SEM) and metallurgical microscopy techniques.

The addition of the organic inhibitors led in all the cases to

inhibition of the corrosion process. The inhibition efficiency

was high in all the studied cases. The corrosion parameters

obtained from polarization curves and from EIS spectra are

in good concordance and point out the inhibitory action of

these new organic polymers. The adsorptions of the organic

compounds on the carbon steels surface obeyed Langmuir‟s

isotherm. Further characterization using Fourier transform

infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) demonstrates the adsorption

of organic inhibitors and the formation of corrosion products

on the carbon steels and the brass surface.

The inhibition process was attributed to the formation of the

adsorbed film on the metal surface that protects the metal

against corrosive agents. The EIS measurements have

confirmed this protection and pointed out the formation of

adsorption layers on the electrode surface.

38. Corrosion Behavior of New Advanced Ti-15Ta-

5Zr Alloy in Oral Environment Silviu Iulian Drob, Cora Vasilescu, Paula Drob, Jose Maria

Calderon Moreno, Ecaterina Vasilescu (Institute of Physical

Chemistry, Romania)

The new Ti-15Ta-5Zr alloy with low density, proper elastic

modulus, suitable mechanical properties was elaborated.

Optical and SEM micrographs revealed homogeneous bi-

phase, α + β microstructure with lamellas of α and β phases

(thickness of tens nanometers). Alloy native passive film

contains both Ti2O3 and TiO2 oxides and very resistant

Ta2O5 and ZrO2 oxides; the thickness of this film was 8.5

nm (XPS data), thicker than that on Ti surface. All main

electrochemical parameters in artificial Carter-Brugirard

saliva of different pH values and doped with 0.05M NaF had

more favorable values comparing with Ti and other implant

alloys (Ti-xTa for example), due to the Ta and Zr alloying

elements, which contributed with their protective oxides to

the passive native layer and due to the alloy very

homogeneous microstructure. The corrosion current

densities decreased of about 10 times for alloy in

comparison with Ti and similar alloys, as result of the alloy

more resistant passive film; correspondingly, the total

quantity of ions released into Carter-Brugirard saliva was

very low, namely, Ti-15Ta-5Zr alloy has a much reduced

toxicity. The acid, alkaline pH and the existence of fluoride

ion in Carter-Brugirard saliva conducted to the slightly more

unfavorable values of corrosion parameters as result of the

interactions of these saliva with the passive layer; however,

the alloy remained “Perfect Stable” in these environments.

Nyquist and Bode spectra indicated a passive film formed by

two layers: an inner, insulating, barrier layer that assures the

high corrosion resistance and an outer less protective, porous

layer that permits the absorption of ions and species from

surrounding environment into its pores, favoring

bioactivity.The continuous increase of the alloy open circuit

potentials shows that its passive film is resistant to the attack

of the aggressive ions from Carter-Brugirard saliva and

thickened over time.

39. Synthesis, Characterization and Anticorrosion

Performances Study of Different Acid Dopping

Polyaniline Hong Wang, Min Gong, Ying Wang (Sichuan University of

Science & Engineering, China)

Different polyaniline micro/nanostructures were prepared in

by oxidative polymerization doped with different acids like

H3PO4, HCl and citric acid (C6H8O7). The samples were

characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV–

visible spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry

(DSC). The nanoparticles and hollow microspheres of

polyaniline could be synthesized by different doting, and is

different from nothing doting. The corrosion studies were

carried out on steel plates coated with epoxy coatings

containing polyaniline prepared with acid doping and no

acid doing. Corrosion protection of these epoxy coatings

containing prepared polyaniline (PANI) on steel was studied

by Tafel polarization test in 3.5wt% sodium chloride (NaCl)

aqueous solution. The results indicated that coatings

prepared from acid doped polyaniline particles were found

to exhibit excellent corrosion resistance much superior to no

acid doped PANI in aggressive environments, and the epoxy

coating containing PANI obtained in HCl doping had the

best performance of the corrosion protection in all systems

under investigation. Moreover, the effects of doping

concentration on the Corrosion protection performance of

the products were also investigated. The possible protective

mechanism of PANI was discussed.

106

Acknowledgements: This work is supported by NSF of

China (51272165 and 51303115).

40. A Rapid and Facile Method for Measuring

Corrosion Rates Using Dynamic Light Scattering

and Standardization Sungnam Kim, Dong Gil Lee, and Jaihyun Park (Research

Institute of Industrial Science & Technology, Korea)

A dynamic light scattering (DLS) method was adopted for

measuring the corrosion of iron nanoparticles. The average

diameter of the nanoparticles in a sodium chloride

suspension increased linearly with time as iron oxide layers

formed around the nanoparticles. The nanoparticle corrosion

rate determined by DLS was found to be almost identical to

the value obtained by conventional immersion tests (ASTM

G31). The DLS method offers the advantage that

measurements may be completed within several hours under

natural corrosion conditions whereas the conventional

immersion method requires several months. Application of

the DLS method to alloy nanoparticles with a variety of

chromium compositions showed that the nanoparticle sizes

changed nonlinearly over time, and the curves were best fit

by a first order exponential function. The first order time

constants were found to be linearly related to the corrosion

rates determined by ASTM G31.

41. Surface Modification of ZrO2 Nanoparticles

with Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate and the

Effect on the Corrosion Behavior of Epoxy Coating X.Zhao, B.R. Hou (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)

The surface of ZrO2 nanoparticles was modified by sodium

dodecyl benzene sulfonate to improve the dispersion and

interaction of ZrO2 nanoparticles with epoxy coating. The

modified effect and microstructure of nano-ZrO2/epoxy

coating were analyzed by Fourier transformation infrared, X-

ray diffraction. The modified ZrO2 nanoparticles were used

as an additive in epoxy coating. The corrosion behavior of

nano-ZrO2/epoxy coating on mild steel was evaluated in

neutral 3.5 wt% NaCl solution using electrochemical

impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Both the coating capacitance

and coating resistance fitted by the equivalent circuit from

EIS were used to evaluate the protective performance of

mild steel. The results showed a superior stability and

efficient corrosion protection by the modified ZrO2

nanoparticles. Epoxy coating with 1 wt% modified ZrO2

nanoparticles presented the best corrosion performance

among all the coating specimen.

42. IR Thermography Evaluation for Corroded

Steel in Concrete S.Y. Jang (Korea Railroad Research Institute, Korea), K.T.

Park (The Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building

Technology, Korea), Y.Y. Kim (Chungnam National

University, Korea), S.-J. Kwon (Hannam University, Korea)

A system with electromagnetic heat induction and infrared

(IR) thermography is proposed for corrosion detection in RC

(Reinforced Concrete) in the present paper. Inductive heater

is developed to remotely heat the steel rebar from concrete

surface, which is integrated with an IR camera. RC member

samples with different cover depths are prepared. Each RC

sample is embedded with a single steel rebar in the middle,

resulting an identical cover depth from the front and the

back surfaces, which enables heat induction from one

surface and IR thermogrphay from the other simultaneously.

Through impressed current method, steel corrosion is

accelerated and IR video images are recorded during both

heating and cooling periods. The corroded RC samples show

higher rates of heating and cooling as well as a higher peak

IR intensity than those of the non-corroded samples, which

shows a feasibility of corrosion detection.

43. Tensile Strength and Oxide Analysis of Carbon

Steel in Concrete Exposed in Atmospheric

Environment for 53 Years Xingguo Feng, Da Chen (Hohai University, China), Xiangyu

Lu (Jiangsu University of Science and technology, China),

Yu Zuo (Beijing University of Chemical Technology,

China)

The tensile strength of a corroded rebar in a 53-year-old

concrete structure was studied. The microstructure of the

metallic substrate, the fracture surface, and the corrosion

product layers were investigated. The tensile test results

indicated that the corroded rebar presented low strength and

elongation. In addition, the fracture surface of the rebar in

the tensile test displayed dimple fracture behavior. The

Raman spectroscopy results indicated that corrosion

products at the general corrosion zone are obviously

different from those at the localized corrosion zone.

However, the general tendencies that the corrosion products

were constituted of a mix of oxides and hydroxides, the

oxides mainly existed in the internal part and the hydroxides

more presented in the external layer have been observed.

44. Diffusion Characteristics of Concrete for Using

Anticorrosion Material and under Several Curing

Conditions Seung Bong Shin, Gyu Yong Kim (Chungnam National

University, Korea)

Factors such as the surface chloride content, the critical

chloride content for steel corrosion, and the diffusion

coefficient for chloride ion in concrete may significantly

influence the service life of concrete structures exposed to

chloride environment. In this paper, the effects of water-

cement (W/C) ratios on the critical chloride content for steel

corrosion and the diffusion coefficient for chloride ion were

investigated through the laboratory of artificial accelerating

method. For this purpose, the test specimens were made of

concrete with W/C ratios of 28%, 35%, and 50%, and then

chloride ion diffusion and critical chloride content tests were

carried out for them. It was observed from the test result that

both the critical chloride content for steel corrosion and the

diffusion coefficient for chloride ion were strongly

influenced by W/C ratio. Finally, the service life of existing

concrete structures was predicted by using the measured

values for the chloride ion diffusion coefficient and critical

chloride content.

107

45. Raman Spectroscopy for Iron Phases Detection

in Ancient Metal Artifacts A.L Barbosa, C.Jimenez, J.A. Mosquera (University of

Cartagena, Colombia)

Iron artillery pieces from Cultural Heritage, they are

exposed to atmospheric corrosion after to be excavated or

subtracted from shipwrecks. Its impairment is associated

with the presence of oxyhydroxides type -FeO(OH), α-FeO

(OH) and oxyhydroxides nonstoichiometric Fe (II +/III

+),

which they are earlier corrosion indicators, whereas the

presence of maghemite magnetic is characteristic of high

corrosion in marine environment, which is difficult to

determine in actual samples. For this reason that in this work

we synthesized lepidocrocite phase which is a precursor of

maghemite, studying its decomposition by Raman analysis,

with the purpose of determine their presence in

archaeological samples excavated in insular zone of

Bocachica-Colombia. For analysis Raman microscopy

spectra pellets of archaeological samples made from powder

were measured using an InVia Renishaw Ramanscope

system. The measurements were carried out in air using the

He-Ne excitation line of 633 nm, the power of the laser

source on the sample was about 0.24 mW to avoid structural

transformations of the iron phases due to laser. Analysis

showed that the layers of corrosion products in the ancient

samples consist of a goethite matrix that contains small

quantity of lepidocrocite and akaganeite are characteristic of

earlier corrosion. The decomposition of lepidocrocite phase

examined by Raman showed the following sequence -

FeO(OH) → α-FeO(OH) + -FeO(OH), →–Fe2O3+ Fe3O4.

46. The Study of Anti-corrosion Structure of GFRP

Chimney Liners J.N. Liu, R.G. Hou (East China University of Science and

Technology, China), D.S. Li (East China Electric Power

Design Institute, China)

Sulphur dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants is

one of the reasons for the formation of acid rain, which plays

an important role in global environmental pollution. At the

same time, with the gradual improvement of the worldwide

environmental standards and environmental protection

consciousness enhancement, the world are carrying out wet

flue gas desulfurization process, in order to achieve the

requirement of the permitted emission levels. Since

chimneys are necessary facilities to discharge flue gas, their

inner surface also corroded by the wet flue gas or sulphuric

acid in the process of desulfurization. In the face of the new

technology, the traditional material is hard to meet the anti-

corrosion requirements, chimneys in the power plants are

faced with new or replacement by more anti-corrosion liners.

Glass fiber reinforced plastics(GFRP) as one kind of

composite material, it possesses many advantages such as

strong design ability, light weight, high specific strength,

excellent corrosion resistance to acid, alkali, oil, excellent

manufacturability, reasonable performance-price ratio and

other excellent performance, so GFRP is one of the ideal

materials for chimney liners. It is against above background,

combined with the actual situation of a new 2 × 660 MW,

double row pipe power plant project, selection of epoxy

vinyl ester resin as matrix, boron-free and alkali-free glass

fiber as the reinforced material, through the scientific

experiment, this paper studied the anti-corrosion structure of

GFRP chimney liners. For the problems that encountered in

the production and installation process of GFRP chimney

liners, we proposed the corresponding solutions.

47. Effect of Induction Heat Bending Process on the

Properties of ASME SA106 Gr.C Carbon Steel

Pipes Ki Tae Kim, Young Sik Kim (Andong National University,

Korea), Hyun Young Chang, Young Jin Oh (KEPCO E&C,

Korea), Gi Ho Sung (Sungil SIM, Korea)

Recently, the bending process is greatly applied to fabricate

the pipe line. Bending process can reduce welding joints and

then decrease the number of inspection. Thus, the

maintenance cost will be down and saved. Induction heat

bending process is composed of bending deformation by

repeated local heat and cooling. By this thermal process,

corrosion properties and microstructure can be changed.

This work focused on the effect of induction heating

bending process on the properties of ASME SA106 Gr.C low

carbon steel pipes. Tests were performed for base metal and

bended area including extrados, intrados, crown up, and

down parts. Microstructure analysis, hardness measurement,

immersion corrosion test were performed. Microstructure

was analyzed using an optical microscope and SEM.

Hardness was measured using a Rockwell B scale. In order

to determine corrosion resistance, a boric acid corrosion test

was done, and also anodic polarization test was performed in

boric acid solutions. The hardness was similar to that of base

metal. Every area of induction heat bended pipe revealed

low boric acid corrosion rate and the boric acid corrosion

rate was similar to that of base metal.

48. Effect of Induction Heat Bending Process on the

Properties of ASME SA312 Gr.TP304 Stainless Steel

Pipes Nam In Kim, Young Sik Kim (Andong National University,

Korea), Kyung Soo Kim, Hyung Young Chang, Heung Bae

Park (KEPCO E&C, Korea), Gi Ho Sung (Sungil SIM,

Korea)

Since many industries such as automobile, aerospace,

shipbuilding, and chemical plants need the application of

pipings, the usage of bending products recently have

increased. Bending process is one of the inevitable steps to

fabricate the facilities. Induction heat bending is composed

of compressive bending process by local heating and cooling.

This work focused on the effect of induction heat bending

process on the properties of ASME SA312 Gr. TP304

stainless steel pipes. Tests were performed for base metal

and be`nded area including extrados, intrados, crown up, and

down parts. Microstructure was analyzed using an optical

microscope and SEM. In order to determine intergranular

corrosion resistance, DL-EPR(Double Loop Electrochemical

Potentiokinetic Reactivation) test and ASTM A262 practice

A and C tests were done. Every specimen revealed non-

metallic inclusion free under the criteria of 1.5i of the

standard and induction heat bending process does not affect

108

the non-metallic inclusion in the alloys. Also, every

specimen showed finer grain size than ASTM grain size

number 5 and thus its grain size is acceptable even induction

heat bending process. Hardness of transition start, bend,

transition end areas of ASME SA312 TP 304 stainless steel

was a little higher than that of base metal. Intergranular

corrosion behavior was determined by ASTM A262 practice

A and C and DL-EPR test and respectively step structure,

corrosion rate under 0.3 mm/y, and DOS(Degree Of

Sensitization) 0% were obtained. That is, induction heat

bending process didn‟t affect the intergranular corrosion

behavior of ASME SA312 TP 304 stainless steel.

49. Degradation Behavior of a Polymer Electrolyte

Membrane Fuel Cell Employing Metallic Bipolar

Plates under Reverse Current Condition KwangSup Eom, MinJoong Kim, EunAe Cho (KIST, Korea),

BoKi Hong, YooChang Yang (Hyundai-Kia Motors, Korea)

To examine durability of metallic bipolar plates (BPs) under

reverse current conditions, the degradation of PEMFC

employing graphite, bare 316L, and MN-coated 316L BPs is

investigated via a 1.4 V pulse cycling test. After 20 cycles,

the average voltage decay rate at 160 mA.cm-2 is 6.8, 16.8,

and 12.0 mV/cycle for the single cell using graphite, bare

316L, and MN-coated 316L BPs, respectively. SEM, EPMA,

and TEM analyses of the cathodes that experienced an

extraordinary high voltage of 1.4 V show that carbon

corrosion and Pt migration/agglomeration occur similarly for

the single cells, irrespective of the bipolar plate material. In

contrast, in the membrane tested with bare 316L and MN-

coated 316L, Fe and Cr are detected; the amounts of Fe and

Cr in the membrane are higher for bare 316L than for MN-

coated 316L. The membrane contamination results in a

decrease in the ionic conductivity of the membranes, which

mainly contributes to the faster performance decay of the

single cells employing bare 316L and MN-coated 316L

bipolar plates. Thus, if automotive PEMFCs using metallic

BPs are exposed to reverse current conditions upon start/stop

cycles, metal contamination of the membrane could

accelerate the performance decay in addition to the cathode

degradation, such as carbon corrosion and Pt

migration/agglomeration.

50. Performance Degradation of Polymer

Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell through Fuel

Starvation Induced by Anode Flooding Namgee Jung, Mansu Kim, KwangSup Eom, MinJoong Kim,

EunAe Cho (KIST, Korea), BoKi Hong, YooChang Yang

(Hyundai-Kia Motors, Korea)

Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack in a

fuel cell vehicle can be exposed to the flooding conditions

induced by direct flow of condensed water into the

electrodes through the cooled gas lines during winter.

Therefore, the anode flooding was intentionally and

repeatedly caused by introduction of the condensed water

through the cold anode gas line during long-term operation,

which resulted in considerable performance degradation of

PEMFC. After the long-term test, the anode thickness was

decreased, and the ratio of Pt to carbon in the anode was

increased. In addition, the simulated and repeated fuel

starvation situation in half-cell made the carbon surface of

Pt/C catalyst severely oxidized due to induced high potential

(> 1.5 VRHE). The cyclic voltammogram (CV) of the anode

in the single cell after long-term test under the anode

flooding condition indicated similar feature of oxidized

carbon surface like the CV in the half-cell. Therefore, the

repeated fuel starvation by the anode flooding generated the

severe carbon corrosion in the anode since the electrode

potential locally rose up higher than 1.0 VRHE.

Consequently, the tri-phase boundaries were reduced due to

the carbon corrosion in the anode.

51. Effect of Carbon Corrosion on Electrochemical

Performance of Lithium-air Batteries Ramchandra S. Kalubarme, Yong-Han Kim, Ga-Eun Park,

Chan-Jin Park (Chonnam National University, Korea)

The rechargeable Li-air battery is an attractive energy

storage device for the application in electric vehicles due to

the high theoretical energy density of the battery. In contrast

to fuel cell applications where only the properties for oxygen

reduction are important, the catalytic behavior for oxygen

evolution is one of the major challenges in rechargeable Li-

air cells, because the electrochemical decomposition of the

solid lithium peroxide product involves a large anodic

polarization even at moderate current density at very high

discharge capacities. Lowering the anodic overpotential

during charge is of prime importance in order to avoid

carbon corrosion and to diminish electrolyte oxidation.

Hence the use of an active cathode catalyst would reduce

both discharging and charging over voltages by facilitating

the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) during discharging and

the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) during charging.

Although carbon is generally considered as a good electrode

material in lithium–air batteries, it may undergo corrosion/

oxidation at high potentials and result in some possible side

reactions in discharge/charge process in lithium–air batteries.

In the present work, the effect of bifunctional catalyst on the

corrosion of carbon substrates in an aprotic electrolyte is

studied. The electrodes for the experiments are prepared on a

carbon substrate using a hydrothermal synthesis. The cyclic

voltammograms were recorded for carbon electrodes with

and without catalyst at various temperatures, to investigate

the carbon corrosion potentials and rate. The changes in the

microstructure and the composition of carbon electrode

during cycling process were monitored. The effect of carbon

corrosion on the performance of the Li-air cells was

systematically analyzed and presented.

52. Electrochemical Carbon Corrosion of the

Commercial Carbon Support in Proton Exchange

Membrane Fuel Cell by Electrochemical Quartz

Crystal microbalance Method Chih Cheng Hung, Jiann-Ruey Chen, Han C. Shih (National

Tsing Hua University, Taiwan)

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a

promising alternative energy for use in applications such as

stationaries and automobiles. Carbon black is the most

commonly used as a support for the nanoparticle catalyst for

109

the PEMFC. However, researches on the PEMFCs have

found that corrosion of carbon support caused problems for

the performance and lifetime of PEMFCs.The purpose of

this study was to investigate the effects of electrochemical

carbon corrosion for commercial carbon support XC-72. We

applied a unique technology by using an electrochemical

quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) combined with cyclic

voltammetry (CV) method. The experiments were conducted

in 0.5M H2SO4 solutions to simulate the environment in the

cathode of PEMFCs. The results of mass change indicated

that the weight loss rate was increased due to the

electrochemical carbon corrosion which was accelerated and

shifted to an earlier onset potential at 0.87 V by increasing

temperature from ambient temperature to 60℃. The

electrochemical carbon corrosion behaviors were only

slightly different in the nitrogen purged and oxygen purged

0.5M H2SO4 solution separately. The result indicated that

the oxidation source of the electrochemical carbon corrosion

was from water instead of gas in the solution. Due to the

hydrophobic surface which lowers the mass transfer, the

carbon film covered by PTFE binder has a higher corrosion

onset potential at 1.15V and shows an obvious resistance to

corrosion. The solution temperature and carbon surface

condition were discovered to be associated with the

electrochemical carbon corrosion. Carbon support

electrochemical stability has been recognized as a key issue

for the commercialization of the proton exchange membrane

fuel cells (PEMFCs). This study may be of importance in

providing a better understanding of the electrochemical

carbon corrosion behavior for the PEMFCs by a simple and

time-effective screening method.

53. Environmental Effects on Chemical Reaction

Mechanisms of Printed Ag / Polyimide Films Byung Hyun Bae, Min Su Jeong, Young Bae Park (Andong

National University, Korea), Chung Ham Kim, Joung Hoon

Choo, Eun Kuk Choi (HICEL, Korea)

Future flexible electronic devices have increasingly expected

to require fabricationtechnology of micro-scale active or

passive components on flexible organic substrate. Polyimide

has properties of flexible, high temperature resistance,good

mechanical strength, good chemical stable and low dielectric

constant. Therefore metal thin film/polyimide structure

systems are commonly used as PrintedPatterned Flexible

Circuit (PPFC). Therefore, polyimide, as flexible substrate,

has been investigated for the development of low-cost

flexible electronicsystems. Silver is one of the best

conductor in electronic systems, but during silver

metallization on polyimide substrate, silver/polyimide

structure has poor interfacial adhesion. Alsothere is the other

largest problem during developing this technology, which is

long-term interfacial adhesion and reliability. Therefore, in

this study, in order to understand the effect of annealing and

temperature/humidity treatments, the interfacial adhesion

energy between screen-printed Ag film and

polyimidesubstrate structure was evaluated by 180º peel test.

The temperature/humidity treatment in previous reports was

performed mostly at 85ºC/85% relative humidity as an

acceleration test tosimulate a long-term. The annealing

treatment was carried out at 200ºC. The measured peel

strength values were decreasing after annealing and

temperature/humidity treatments. The major reliability

concerns of the metal/polyimide systems are the degradation

of the interface adhesion after annealing and

temperature/humidity treatments. In order to understand the

interfacial adhesion mechanism of screen printed Ag

onpolyimide after annealing and temperature/humidity

treatments, the peeled surfaces of metal and polyimide

substrate are analyzed by energy dispersivespectroscopy

(EDS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray

photoemissionspectroscopy (XPS). Additionally, in order to

understand the correlation between microstructure and

electrical properties as increasing annealing time, resistivity

of the screen-printed Ag surface was measured by 4-point

probe tests.

54. Evaluation of Corrosion Resistance by

Electrochemical Method for Metals Used in Road

Subsidiary Facilities T.S. Chang, C.Y. Lee, N.Y. Kim, J.W. Shim (Korea

Expressway Corporation, Korea), K.Y. Yeau, M.H. Noh

(POSCO, Korea)

Hot-dip Zn-coated steel sheets are usually used in road

structures and subsidiary facilities. In recent years, the

frequency of heavy snowfall events and the amount of road

de-icing salt have been increasing in Korea. Extensive use of

road de-icing salt is the source of substantial cost penalties

due to their corrosive action, and the corrosion of some

metals makes it hard to reach target service life of road

facilities. In order to establish the guidelines for corrosion

resistance of metals used in corrosive road environments

such as costal area and heavy snowfall region, we have

conducted accelerated test involving cyclic exposure to salt

mist up to 2,000 hours for hot-dip Zn-Al-Mg alloy-coated

steel sheets. A conventional Hot-dip Zn-coated steel sheet

was also tested for comparison. The analysis of the surface

condition of specimens was carried out with visual

inspection. Corroded areas were obtained by digital image

analysis for each specimen. And, potentiodynamic

polarization was used to measure their corrosion rates. Red

rust occurred on the surfaces of Zn-coated steel sheets and

Zn-Al-Mg alloy-coated steel sheets after 260 hours and

1,100~1,500 hours, respectively. Corrosion rates of Zn-Al-

Mg alloy-coated steel sheets were much lower than those of

Zn-coated steel sheets.

55. Effects of Operation Parameters on the

Galvanic Corrosion of Coupled Cu-Au in Organic

Surface Preservative Process of Printed Circuit

Board Manufacturing Young Jun Kim, Se Kwon Oh, Hyuk Sang Kwon (KAIST,

Korea), Min Young Shon (Pukyong National University,

Korea)

In present study, composition of electrolytes, anode to

cathode area ratio and stirring condition were considered to

evaluate the galvanic corrosion of Au-Cu coupled system in

organic solderability Preservative (OSP) and organic

solderability preservative soft etching (OSP S/E) solution of

print circuit board (PCB) fabrication process.

Electrochemical polarization test, zero rate ammeter (ZRA)

110

test and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation

were conducted to evaluate the corrosion behavior of Cu and

Au-Cu coupled system. The higher corrosion rate of Cu was

observed in immersion of OSP S/E solution rather than OSP

solution due to the Oxone (KHSO6). The higher corrosion

rate of Cu was monitored in OSP S/E solution with higher

concentration of H2SO4 and KHSO6. And the increase of

Au to Cu area ratio showed higher corrosion rate of Cu in

Au-Cu coupled system in OSP S/E solution. Finally, it was

confirmed that the initial increase of stirring speed mainly

affect the corrosion rate of Cu in OSP S/E solution.

56. Corrosion Behavour of Steel-alluminium Sheet

Produced by Roll Bonding in a Chloride Influenced

Medium Nhi Tru Nguyen, Phuong Chien Tran, Quoc Nghiep Pham

(Vietnam Institute for Tropical Technology &

Environmental Protection, Vietnam)

The composite sheet, produced by roll bonding, is consisted

of nickel-chromium steel (approx. 18% Cr, 10% Ni) and

high magnesium aluminium alloy (>6.0% Mg) components

with thin pure aluminium layers at metals interface and on

the outer surface of aluminium alloy substrate. Physico-

chemical properties and chemical contents of the sheet

determined by standard methods show high bond strength

between layers and good weldability of the substrate metals

to the ship structuresCorrosion behavior of the sheet in a

3.5% NaCl solution was investigated. The changes in

structure and composition of the layers were characterized

by visual appearance observation as well as by different

techniques such as metallography, XRD analysis. A

corrosion attack at pure aluminium intermediate layer of the

sheet is caused by a galvanic effect of steel and aluminium,

and due to presence of various intermetallic compounds

along steel aluminium interface. Meanwhile, the pure

aluminium layer on the outer surface can serve as sacrificial

anode to mitigate corrosion at steel-aluminium interface,

thereby protect the sheet from damage during application in

a chloride influenced medium.

57. Effect of Iron Dilution on the Corrosion

Resistance for Alloy 625 Overlay Weld Rock-Hoon Jung, Hyo-Jin Song, Dong-Hee Jung, and Hak-

Soo Shin (Samsung Heavy Industries Co., Ltd, Korea)

Overlay welding of nickel alloys on the carbon and low

alloy steels is a widely used process for corrosion protection.

One of the major concerns in weld overlay is the iron

dilution or the change in chemistry of weld metal by mixing

with backing steel. It is necessary to keep the overlay layer

as thin as possible to reduce cost while it may result in the

changed chemical composition of cladding material. The

changed chemical composition of the cladding material will

reduce the corrosion resistance. For the present work,

several specimens having different iron dilution are prepared

by single layer Electro Slag Welding (ESW) on carbon steel.

The pitting potential test with 3.5% NaCl solution was

carried out. The corrosion resistance depending on the iron

dilution will be discussed.

58. Oxidation and Embrittlement Behavior of a γ-

α2 Titanium Aluminide Alloy at High Temperature Elvira Alexandrescu (Romanian Research and Development

Institute for Gas Turbines COMOTI, Romania), Alexandra

Banu (POLITEHNICA University from Bucharest,

Romania), Maria Marcu (Institute of Physical Chemistry,

Romania), Alexandru Paraschiv (Politehnica University

from Bucharest, Romania)

The oxidation behavior of a titanium aluminide alloy, during

exposure to heat treatment temperature (1350oC) was

evaluated. The scale oxides identification was made by

SEM+EDS and RAMAN spectroscopy, in transversal

section and on external surfaces. The embrittlement due to

the oxygen and nitrogen absorption was determinated by

microhardness indentation, below the oxides scale.This

study intends to evaluate the oxidation phenomena that

occur during two steps heat treatment, at temperatures of

1300-13500C and to estimate the embrittlement effects, in

depth of the material, starting from the exposed surfaces.

Chemical composition of studied titanium aluminide is

presented in the table 1.Table 1. Chemical composition of

the titanium aluminide alloy used in this studyElem. AlK

NbL TiK VK FeKAt % 40,27 4,70 52,36 2,48 0,19Two

steps of heat treatment were applied, acc. Table 2, in air.

Table 2. Heat treatment parametersStep ParametersHT1

1310oC/2h/furnace coolingHT2 1354C/1h/air coolingAfter

each step, a spalled oxide foil resulted. Both material and

scale foil were investigated by scanning electron microscopy,

using a field emission gun FEI Inspect F 50 SEM, associated

to an EDAX EDS spectrometer. Identification of oxides

were performed with a Horiba Jobin Yvon La. Ra.HR

Raman, on scale foil and on an adherent portion of the scale

on the metal.SEM-BSE image showing the internal surface

of the spallated scale. Lamellas of Al2O3, formed by the

oxidation of Υ and particles of TiO2+ Al2O3, formed by

oxidation of α2 phase.The results of microhardness tests

made on transversal section of the high temperature exposed

samples show that the embrittlement of titanium aluminide

is cumulative for diferent heat treatment stages, in the range

of 1300-13500C. Selected ReferencesC. Leyens, "Oxidation

of Orthorombic Titanium Aluminide Ti-22Al-25Nb in air

between 650 and 1000oC, JMEPEG, vol. 10(2), 2001.

59. Corrosion Behavior of PEO Film-covered AZ31

Mg Alloy Sungmo Moon (Korea Institute of Materials Science, Korea)

Corrosion behavior ofAZ31 Mg alloy covered with anodic

oxide films prepared by PEO (plasmaelectrolytic oxidation)

method was investigated in view of the role of second-

phaseparticles and passivation under wet and dry conditions

of various electrolytes ofdeionzed water, 1 M NaF and 1 M

NaOH solutions. Gas evolution on the AZ31 Mgalloy

surface was observed during the immersion in the solutions

and salt spray test and potentiodynamic tests wereconducted.

Gas evolution in deionized water was observed tooccur very

slowly over the entire specimen surface but it was

generatedrelatively fast in 1 M NaF and 1 M NaOH

solutions. The gas generation in 1 MNaF solution occurred

uniformly over the entire surface, while it occurredlocally in

111

1 M NaOH solution. Large size second-phaseparticles were

observed at the sites where gas evolved locally and

continuously. The second-phase particles wereobserved to

contain large amount of Fe which act as effective cathodes

duringthe immersion in 1 M NaOH solution. In this

presentation, corrosionbehavior of AZ31 Mg alloy will be

discussed in detail.

60. Effect of the Concentration of Impurity

Elements on the Corrosion Resistance of

Magnesium Alloy Byoung-Gi Moon, Sang-Eun Lee, Bong Sun You, Yu-Dong

Hahn (Korea Institute of Materials Science, Korea), Ki-Ho

Koh, Keun Yong Sohn, Won-Wook Park (Inje University,

Korea)

The application of magnesium in the automotive industry

has been expanded by the growing necessity of automotive

weight restrictions and reduction. With the increased use of

magnesium for automotive components, the development of

more effective magnesium recycling technology for all types

of scrap becomes more important. Thus far, magnesium

recycling for magnesium alloy production is done only for

clean scrap, which is also referred as Class-1 scrap,

consisting of sprues and runners from magnesium die casters.

Most end-of-life scrap has been used for desulphurization of

steel and the alloying of aluminum because of the high

concentration of impurity elements. The recycling of

magnesium alloys contaminated by impurity elements such

as iron, copper and nickel is very complicated. For

successful pyrometallurgical refining of contaminated

magnesium alloy with additives, the refining agent must be

able to form intermetallic compounds with the impurities of

the contaminated magnesium melt. The typical additives

available for eliminating iron are manganese, beryllium, or

boron additives. Manganese can be added as a metallic form

such as pure manganese or Al-Mn master alloy, or as a

reagent form such as manganese chloride (MnCl2), whereas

boron can be added as boron oxide (B2O3). In this research,

the variation of iron concentration with the amount of three

types of additives, Al-10Mn master alloy, MnCl2, and B2O3

and its influence on the corrosion resistance of commercial

pure magnesium and magnesium alloy containing high

concentration of iron were investigated. The corrosion

resistance was measured by immersion test in NaCl 3%

aqueous solution for 72 hours. The effect of another

important element, nickel, was also analyzed. Commercial

pure magnesium and magnesium alloy containing high

concentration of nickel was treated by zirconium or misch

metal in order to reduce the concentration of nickel. The

effects of the concentration of nickel and residual zirconium

or misch metal on the corrosion resistance were analyzed by

the same method.

61. Determining Factor for the Corrosion Rate of

Extruded Mg-5Sn-(1-4)Zn Alloys Heon-Young Ha, Jun-Yun Kang, Chang Dong Yim, Bong

Sun You (Korea Institute of Materials Science, Korea)

The effects of Zn addition on the corrosion behavior of

extruded Mg-5Sn-(1-4)Zn ternary alloys (TZ51, TZ52, TZ53

and TZ54, respectively) were investigated using an

immersion test, a zero resistance ammeter (ZRA) technique,

and a potentiodynamic polarization test in 3.5 mass% (0.6

M) NaCl solution. The corrosion type and dissolution rate

(or weight loss) of the alloys were evaluated using the

immersion test. The corrosion of the alloys was initiated in

the pitting corrosion and progressed in a mix of pitting and

filiform corrosion. In addition, the lowest dissolution rate (or

weight loss per unit area) was observed in TZ52 among the

alloys. The polarization tests showed that passive current

density and H2 evolution rate were changed with increase in

the Zn addition. The addition of Zn enhanced the

protectiveness of the passive film, which was confirmed by

continuous decrease in the passive current density as a

function of Zn content. In addition, the hydrogen gas

evolution rate initially decreased with the Zn addition of up

to 2 wt% (TZ52) and then increased with further addition.

The ZRA results presented that all the alloys exhibited

passivity at their open circuit potential, and the induction

time to passivity breakdown gradually decreased with

increase in the Zn addition. In this presentation, the results

from the electrochemical tests were analyzed in

consideration of the microstructure characteristics, and we

proposed the determining factor for the corrosion rate of the

TZ51-54 alloys.

62. Corrosion Resistance of Thermally-Coated

Layers in Non-Flammable Mg-Al-Ca-Y Alloys Su Mi Jo (University of Science and Technology, Korea),

Young Min Kim, Heon-Young Ha, Bong Sun You (Korea

Institute of Materials Science, Korea)

Newly-developed non-flammable Mg alloys have high

safety and reliability and don‟t need to use harmful SF6 gas

during melting, hot-working, and machining. It was

confirmed that the combined addition of cacium and yttrium

into magnesium alloys was able to lead to the formation of

multi-layered protective oxide layers consisting of CaO,

Y2O3 and MgAl2O4 on the surface of a melt, resulting in

effectively preventing the reaction with oxygen in the air. In

addition, according to the potentiodynamic polarization test,

cacium and yttrium can reduce the hydrogen evolution rate,

and resultantly the corrosion current density become much

lowered. Therefore the magnesium alloys containing

calcium and yttrium have excellent non-flammability and

corrosion resistance. In this study, we have investigated the

effect of calcium and yttrium on the corrosion resistance of

magnesium alloys thermally-coated at the range of 200-

500℃, putting more attention to investigate the

characteristics of the oxide layers containing calcium and

yttrium. The corrosion behavior of such oxide layers was

examined by potentiodynamic polarization test and the

cross-sectional analysis was also performed by using

electron microscopy.

63. Corrosion Behaviors of High-strength Pipeline

Steels in the Circumstances of China Typical

Littoral Saline-sodic Soil FangWei Luo, Shuang Liang (CNPC Research Institute of

Safety & Environment technology, China)

112

Large numbers of high-strength pipeline steels have been

used in the construction of new pipeline engineering with

the expanding of China‟s oil-gas import scale. The soil

corrosion behavior of this kind of pipe has became research

hotpots increasingly. The method of simulating soil

corrosion circumstance in the laboratory is adopted in this

paper to study comparatively the corrosion behaviors of two

kinds of high-strength pipeline steels, X70 and X100, in the

circumstances of China typical littoral saline-sodic soil.

After 1400-hour immersing experiment and based on the

research tools of electrode voltage, polarization curve and

alternating current impedance, research has shown that:

X70‟s electrode voltage is about 4mv less than X100‟s; both

of them are uniform corrosion; the rate of corrosion in

saline-sodic soil of X70 is slightly higher than that of X100.

64. The Specific Case Analysis of Biomineralization

Induced by Sulfate Reducing Bacteria Hongwei Liu, Shuang Qin, Chaoyang Fu, Fei Xiao, Deli

Wang, Hongfang Liu (Huazhong University of Science and

Technology, China), Xia Han, Tianli Wang (Sinopec

Oilfield engineering design Corporation, China)

The effect of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) on the

corrosion and scaling of the Q235 carbon steel has been

investigated in the simulated sewage water and oil field

gathering pipelines production water, using scanning

electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray

spectrometry (EDS) and three-dimensional stereoscopic

microscope. Results indicated that the amounts of SRB

reached the maximum value at ninth day and amounts of

sheets scaling was observed on the surface of specimen in

the simulated sewage water. In the oil field gathering

pipelines, amounts of scaling and mineralization of mineral

salts and thick deposition of extracellular polymeric

substance (EPS) layers were observed on the surface of

specimen, and the thickness of biofilm was about 245 μm

within 30 days. However after adding microbicides, the

thickness of corrosion products film was only up to 48-106

μm within 30 days, which suggested that SRB could induce

the biomineralization. In addtion, under-deposit corrosion

morphology was uniform in the absence of microbicides,

and local corrosion was observed in the presence of

microbicides.

65. Deterioration in Seismic Performance of

Telecommunication Conduits Akira Ito, Katsumi Sakaki, Kouji Tanaka (NTT, Japan),

Takanobu Suzuki (Toyo University, Japan)

To take efficient earthquake countermeasures, deterioration

in seismic performance due to corrosion must be taken into

account. Old standard conduits, of which many remain in

use, consist of steel pipes and screw joints. It is well known

that joints are weaker than pipe bodies against earthquakes;

therefore, the seismic performance of conduits depends on

joints performance. We conducted preliminary joint

experiences to examine the axial direction strength of screw

joints that had been buried for 30-49 years. According to the

results of these experiments, the seismic performance of

some screw joints deteriorated. The test pieces that exhibited

overall corrosion on the inside of pipe exhibited about 89%

performance compared to that of screw joints without

corrosion. It is clear that there is a relationship between

water level in a manhole and corrosion state. In addition,

corrosion tended to occur in conduits near ducts.

66. Influence of Microstructure on Stress Corrosion

Cracking of Electrical Resistance Seam Welded

Pipeline Liwei Wang (Beijing University of Technology, China),

Xiaogang Li, Zhongyu Cui, Zhiyong Liu, Cuiwei Du, Lin

Fan (University of Science and Technology Beijing, China)

The electrical resistance seam welded pipes are made by

rolling a plate between clamps and pushing the two edges

until electric contact is made. Stress corrosion cracking

behavior of electrical resistance seam welded X60 pipeline

steel in an acidic soil simulation solution was investigated

by scanning vibrate electrode technique and in-situ scanning

electron microscopy observation. The microstructure of the

welded steel was observed by scanning electron microscopy

and the micro-hardness was measured. It is demonstrated

that electrical resistance seam welding deteriorates

microstructure of the X60 steel, which has a typically ferrite

and pearlite microstructure. The heat affected zone has

larger ferrite grain size and more defects (inclusions, hook

cracks) than the base metal. The micro-hardness of the

welded steel decreases from the base metal to the heat

affected zone. Scanning vibrate electrode measurement

results show that maximum current is observed in heat

affected zone, and increases with the increase of applied

stress. In-situ SEM observation illustrates that no apparent

differences are observed in the welded steel before and after

immersion in the acidic soil simulation solution for 15 days.

The heat affected zone has higher plastic deformation than

the base metal before and after immersion and stress cracks

prone to initiate from heat affected zone. The non-metallic

inclusions, the ferrite/pearlite phase boundaries and the

sliding bands are the crack nucleation spots.

67. Effect of Ca Teatment on Hdrogen Iduced

Cacking of High Strength Low Alloyed API Steels in

Acid Sour Media Joonoh Moon (Korea Institute of Materials Science, Korea),

Seong-Ju Kim (Hyundai Steel Company, Korea)

Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) is one of main failure of

API linepipe steels used for oil and natural gas

transformation related with exposure to H2S-containing sour

media. In this study, the effect of Ca treatment on HIC of

API steel was explored through HIC tests in acidic condition

according NACE standard. The results clearly showed that

HIC resistance was very sensitive to Ca/S ration, i.e. if Ca/S

ratio was lower than stoichiometric ratio, HIC occurred

regardless of the S content. SEM observation indicated that

Ca addition can improve the HIC resistance by formation of

spherical CaS inclusions instead of elongated MnS

inclusions.

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68. Evaluation of the Corrosion Rate of an A335-P9

Steel Gradeused in Processing Opportunity Crudes J.A. Sanabria, D.A. Laverde (Industrial University of

Santander, Colombia)

In this research, the effect of the percentage by weight sulfur

opportunity crude was determined in the corrosion rate of

the steel grade ASTM A335-P9 by gravimetric technique

and electrochemical measurements such as electrochemical

impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The temperatures used for all

techniques were: 200, 230, and 260°C, with exposure times

of 3, 6 and 9 hours respectively. Electrochemical and

gravimetric tests were conducted on a glass system that

simulates processing an opportunity crude, they were made

with a single 1,5 weight percent sulfur and a single agitation

speed of 15 [RPM]. It was determined the morphology of

the layer of corrosion products of ASTM A335-P9 steel

grade using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron

microscopy, under the conditions described above. The

results of gravimetric and electrochemical impedance

spectroscopy represented by Nyquist diagrams showed an

increase in the corrosion rate of ASTM A335-P9 steel grade

with increasing temperature. The system has gas washing

bottles, of which the mass of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was

determined produced in developed experimental tests.

Electrochemical techniques currently have little application

in the evaluation of corrosion rates at high temperatures, this

being a possible tool to determine in-situ corrosion

mechanisms.

69. Smart Gas Grid Design for Optimization of

Operation Cost and Efficiency Youngsuk Lee, Seongmin Lee, Younggeun Kim (KOGAS,

Korea)

Gas Smart Grid was proposed to introduce new possibility in

traditional natural gas distribution system by employing

progress of information, communication and computing

technology. The optimization of operation cost and

efficiency is the main goal of these activities. Four subjects

were proposed to materialize the gas smart grid. Those are

the intelligent platform for pipeline data management,

integrated structure health management system, pipeline

operation system based on sensor data network and

integrated energy solution for building. The feasibility of the

proposed technologies was estimated and summarized.The

every country has unique energy industry structure. In Korea,

Electric smart grid has been a hot topic of study. Many

aspect of smart grid technology have been developed and

implemented in large scale demonstration complex. The gas

industry has not been a member of various consortia for

smart grid technology. The role of natural gas in smart grid

is important in many other demonstration complexes. More

flexibility can be introduced in the energy system by

employing gas as a combined source of energy. The market

environment was studied to understand the difference in

Korea. The possible road map to develop all the aspects of

smart gas grid bas been proposed.

70. A study on Corrosion Factors of Steel Pipes in

Agricultural Water Young-Wha Kim (Korea Rural Community Coorperation,

Korea), Dal-Sik Woo, Hak-Soo Lee (Korea Interfacial

Science and Engineering Institute, Korea)

With the frequent unusual weather such as global warming

due to dire environmental pollution, the difficulty in water

resources is on the rise. Thus, various research and

development on water resources technology is under way,

and most of them is about the investment for maintenance

technology which can minimize the loss of water. While the

maintenance technologies such as corrosion resistant, leak

detection, etc have been developed and applied focusing on

water supply, as the percentage of water for living only

accounts for about 23% of the total water resources in Korea,

it still has a certain limit as an alternative for water resources.

On the other hand, agricultural water accounts for

approximately 48% of the total water resources, so the

application of maintenance technology for water resources is

deemed necessary. According to the recent diversification of

land use, the agricultural water supply system is being

changed from the form of open channel to pipe channel with

the change from the paddy field irrigation system to upland

irrigation system, and steel pipes are being widely used

accordingly, thus, in this study the corrosion characteristic of

steel pipe by agricultural water is investigated. Consequently,

fresh water shows the highest corrosion rate, followed by

reservoir, river water and groundwater. Therefore, it means

the pipe channels applied to reclaimed land are more

susceptible to corrosion.

71. High Temperature Sensitization of Low Carbon

Ferritic Stainless Steels to Intergranular Corrosion A Banu (Politehnica University from Bucharest, Romania)

The aim of present work is to study the effect of dislocation

density accumulated by dislocation motilities, at the

interface on the phase precipitation of new phases of two

ferritic stainless steels (FSSs) in heat-affected zone (HAZ),

especially on intergranular corrosion, because of interaction

between dislocation density and chemical composition of

alloys. The Heat- affected zone (HAZ) was simulated using

thermal shock by a welding simulating machine, the

electrochemical and corrosion properties of sensitized

samples were checked using electrochemical devices and

procedures (Gamry potentiostat reference 600, anodic

potentiokinetic polarization and electrochemical

potentiokinetic reactivation methods) and the structural

changes after high temperature heat treatment were analysed

by transmission electron microscopy and XRD technique.

The most important conclusion of this study is that the

intergranular corrosion failure of ferritic stainless steels

occurs in the heat affected zone due to nano and

microstructural changes that take place in these areas during

welding.

114

72. Improvement on the General and Pitting

Corrosion Resistance of the Hyper Duplex Stainless

Steels by Addition of Cu and Ce Soon-Hyeok Jeon, Hye-Jin Kim, Yong-Soo Park (Yonsei

University, Korea), Do Haeng Hur (Korea Atomic Energy

Research Institute, Korea)

Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) have been used for various

industrial applications such as power plants, desalination

facilities and chemical plants due to the excellent

combination of mechanical and corrosion properties [1-3]. In

a heat exchanger application, the pitting corrosion resistance

of super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) is insufficient for a

higher temperature service or for a longer service life, so

materials with the even higher resistance to the pitting

corrosion are needed. Hence, hyper duplex stainless steels

(HDSSs) were developed to meet the industrial demands for

higher operating temperatures and longer run times, and to

replace the costly super austenite stainless steel (SASS) that

has high levels of Ni and Mo contents [4].Effects of Cu and

Ce addition on the general and pitting corrosion resistance of

the HDSSs were investigated in sulfuric acid solution and

high concentrated chloride solution using electrochemical

tests, a scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive x-

ray spectroscope (SEM-EDS) and an X-ray photoelectron

spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. In sulfuric acid solution, Cu

and Ce addition to the alloy improves the general corrosion

resistance compared with that of the base alloy due to the

addition of noble Cu. In neutral chloride solution, Cu and Ce

added alloy increases the pitting corrosion resistance

compared with that of the base alloy and Cu added alloy due

to the formation of stable Ce oxides. An improvement of the

corrosion resistance in both media was observed with

addition of Cu and Ce. In considering the wide application

of industrial products in various severe corrosion

environments such as the sulfuric acid and the chloride

solution, it is certainly worthwhile for industrial purposes if

the both the general and pitting corrosion resistance can be

improved through optimizing alloy design by the addition of

Cu and Ce to HDSS with a PREN value above

45.References [1] J. Olson, S. Nordin, in Duplex Stainless

Steels Symp. Proc., The Hague, 1986, pp. 219.[2] E.

Perteneder, J. Tosch, P. Reiterer, G. Rabensteiner, in Duplex

Stainless Steels Symp. Proc., The Hague, 1986, pp. 48.[3] J.

O. Nilsson, Mater. Sci. Technol. 8 (1992) 685.[4] J. Olson, S.

Nordin, in: Duplex Stainless Steels Symp. Proc., The Hague,

1986, pp.219-225.

73. Investigation of the Sensitization and

Intergranular Corrosion of Tube-to Tube Sheet

Welds of Hyper Duplex Stainless Steel Using an

Electrochemical Reactivation Method Hye-Jin Kim, Soon-Hyeok Jeon, Soon-Tae Kim, In-Sung

Lee, Yong-Soo Park (Yonsei University, Korea)

Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) have been increasingly used

for various applications such as desalination facilities, power

plants, off-shore petroleum facilities and chemical industries

owing to their high resistance of corrosion in the harsh

environment and great mechanical properties [1-3]. Hyper

duplex stainless steels (HDSSs) are defined as highly

alloyed DSSs with a pitting resistance equivalent number

(PREN = wt.% Cr + 3.3 (wt.% Mo + 0.5 wt.% W) + 16

wt.% N) of 45-50 [2]. Regardless of the superior corrosion

property of HDSSs, their resistance to corrosion is

significantly deteriorated in HDSS welds during

solidification after welding. In the heat affected zone (HAZ)

and the weld metal (WM), the microstructure undergoes

rapid heating and cooling cycles, which results in excessive

ferritization. Furthermore, undesirable phases such as

chromium carbides, chromium nitrides [4,5], are prone to be

formed during the welding process.In this work, to elucidate

the sensitization and intergranular corrosion of tube-to-tube

sheet welds of hyper duplex stainless steel, thermodynamic

calculations of the phase diagram and equilibrium fractions

of each phase, optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction

(XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) attaching the

energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission

electron microscopy (TEM) analyses of the Cr2N

precipitates and a DL-EPR test were carried out. The

susceptibility to sensitization of the hyper duplex stainless

steel tube-to-tube sheet welded with an Ar shielding gas

supplemented with N2 decreased owing to a decrease of the

α-phase fraction and chromium nitride quantity, thereby

increasing the interganular corrosion resistance. The

interganular corrosion in the hyper duplex stainless steel

welds was selectively initiated at the Cr-depleted regions

adjacent to the chromium nitride precipitates in the α-

phases.Reference[1] J. Olson, S. Nordin, Duplex stainless

steel ‟86, The Hague, Netherlands, 1986. pp.219-225.[2] H.

Okamoto, Applications of stainless steels ‟92, vol. 1,

Stockholm, Sweden, 1992.pp. 360-368.[3] S.T. Kim, S.H.

Jang, I.S. Lee, Y.S. Park, Corros. Sci. 53(2011) 1939-

1947.[4] S.D. Brandi, A.J. Ramirez: Duplex Stainless Steels

‟97, Proc. Conf., KCI, Maastricht,The Netherlands, 1997, pp.

405-410.[5] H. Kokawa, E. Tsory, T. H. North, ISIJ

International 35 (10)(1995) 1277-1283.

74. Ivestigation of the Phase Transformation and

Localized Corrosion of Tube-to-tube Sheet Welds of

Hyper Duplex Stainless Steel in Chloride

Environments In-Sung Lee, Soon-Tae Kim, Yong-Soo Park (Yonsei

University, Korea), Kwang-Tae Kim (POSCO Technical

Research Laboratories, Korea), Young-Sub Kim (Research

Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Korea)

To elucidate the phase transformation and localized

corrosion of tube-to-tube sheet welds of hyper duplex

stainless steel (HDSS) in chloride environments, a

potentiodynamic polarization test, critical pitting and crevice

temperature tests, scanning electron microscope and energy

dispersive spectroscope analyses, a scanning Auger multi-

probe analysis of the γ-phase and the α-phase, and a

transmission electron microscope analysis of Cr2N

precipitates were carried out. The localized corrosion

resistance of the HDSS tube-to-tube sheet welded with an Ar

shielding gas supplemented with N2 increased greatly due to

a decrease in the α-phase fraction and Cr2N, and a decrease

in the pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN)

difference between the α-phase and γ-phase in the weld

metal and heat-affected zone. The localized corrosion in the

WM and HAZ in the HDSS tube-to-tube sheet welds was

115

selectively initiated at the Cr-depleted zones around the α-

phases. The localized corrosion was finally propagated from

the α-phase to the γ-phase because the PREN value of the γ-

phase is much larger than that of the α-phase, irrespective of

the shielding gas composition.

75. The Influence of Heat Input and the

Composition of Shielding Gas on Corrosion

Resistance of TIG Weld Metal of New Lean Duplex

Stainless Steel S82441 J. Niagaj (Institute of Welding, Poland), Z. Brytan (Silesian

University of Technology, Poland)

This paper presents results of investigation of microstructure

and pitting corrosion resistance of the welded lean duplex

stainless steel S82441, performed according to ASTM G48,

where autogenous TIG welding process was applied using

different amounts of heat input and shielding gases like Ar

and Ar-N2 and Ar-He mixture. Stainless steel type S82441 is

one of the recently developed and introduced to the steel

market grade of a lean duplex stainless steel. The results of

pitting corrosion resistance of the welded joints of lean

duplex stainless steel S82441 were studied in as weld

conditions and after different mechanical surface finish

treatments.

76. Corrosion Behavior in the Weld Heat-afftected

Zone of a Nitrogen-alloyed Fe-18Cr-10Mn-N

Austenitic Stainless Steel Joonoh Moon, Heon-Young Ha, Tae-Ho Lee, Chang-Hoon

Lee (Korea Institute of Materials Science, Korea)

Recently, a high-nitrogen stainless steel (HNS) has been

developed as a possible candidate for substitution of a

commercial austenitic stainless steel. In this study, a

metastable high-nitrogen Fe-18Cr-10Mn-N austenitic

stainless steel was fabricated by a commercial pressurized

vacuum induction melting, and its weld heat-affected zone

(HAZ) was simulated with different peak temperatures by a

Gleeble simulator. δ-ferrite was formed in the HAZs and its

volume fraction increased with increasing peak temperature.

The pitting corrosion and interphase corrosion behavior of

the HAZs were evaluated through electrochemical tests. The

results showed that both pitting corrosion and interphase

corrosion were seriously deteriorated by δ–ferrite formation,

while their aspects were different with increasing δ–ferrite

fraction. That is, the pitting corrosion resistance didn‟t

depend on δ–ferrite fraction, while the interphase corrosion

resistance was continuously decreased with increasing δ–

ferrite fraction.

77. Increased Hydrogen Gas Evolution Rate of Ni-

Free Fe18Cr10Mn-based High Nitrogen Stainless

Steels by Carbon Alloying Heon-Young Ha, Tae-Ho Lee (Korea Institute of Materials

Science, Korea), Sung-Joon Kim (POSTECH, Korea)

In order to substitute commercial austenitic stainless steels

containing high content of nickel (8~12 wt%), high

interstitial alloys (HIAs) have recently been proposed. HIA

is defined as iron-based alloy with substantial amount of

interstitial alloying elements, nitrogen and carbon. Similar to

nitrogen, carbon is a strong austenite stabilizer and

beneficial to increase the mechanical properties including

wear resistance. In addition, the addition of carbon to

nitrogen-bearing stainless steels would retain the high

nitrogen content up to approximately 0.4 wt% by avoiding

the formation of ferrite during the solidification, hence, it is

possible to produce the HIAs containing approximately 0.4

wt% nitrogen via the conventional melting process without

pressurizing process. Generally, the amount of carbon in

stainless steels has been strictly restricted so far, in spite of

its desirable effect on characteristic properties of the steels,

because carbon is easily combined with M to form M23C6

(M: metallic constituent, usually chromium or molybdenum)

that degrades the mechanical as well as corrosion properties

of the matrix. For this reason, only a limited work has been

conducted on the role of alloyed carbon in the corrosion

properties of stainless steels.Recently, the authors reported

that the solutionized carbon improves the resistance to

localized corrosion of Fe18Cr10Mn0.4N-based stainless

steels in aqueous chloride solutions. In addition, we also

found that the alloying carbon was revealed to be beneficial

to increase the general corrosion resistance of the stainless

steels with less than 2 wt% nickel in highly acidic solution.

In this presentation, the effects of solutionized carbon on the

H2 evolution rate and corrosion potential of Fe18Cr10Mn-

based stainless steels with carbon (more than 0.15 wt%) and

nitrogen (more than 0.33 wt%) were closely investigated.

78. Catalytic Effect of Pt, Pd and Pt-Pd

Nanoparticle on the Hydrogen Water Chemistry Ah Rong Cho, Sung Min Kim, Ki Tae Bae, Sang Yul Lee


Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of alloy 600 in the nuclear

power plant is closely related to the increment of

electrochemical potential (ECP) with high oxidizer

concentration such as O2 and H2O2 generated by radiation.

In order to mitigate SCC, the most effective way is to reduce

the ECP by the modification of water chemistry which

includes the injecting H2 into the feedwater, so called

hydrogen water chemistry (HWC). However, a lot of

hydrogen injection for protecting the internals of reactor

vessel will cause steam activity levels that result in an

excessive operational exposures and unacceptable radiation

levels outside the plant from direct radiation. Noble metal

chemical application (NMCA) is a method for preventing

the SCC by adding noble metals (Pt, Pd, Rh, Os, and Ru)

with low hydrogen concentration. Especially, Pt and Pd

nanoparticles can catalyze the recombination of oxygen and

hydrogen peroxide with hydrogen, resulting in the reduction

of the ECP.

In this study, Pt, Pd and Pt-Pd nanoparticles for the

application of SCC mitigation were synthesized using arc

discharge method in aqueous solution between two

electrodes composed of Pt and/or Pd. The morphology and

structure of Pt, Pd and Pt-Pd nanoparticles were

characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electrocatalytic activities

of Pt, Pd and Pt-Pd nanoparticles were investigated by cyclic

voltammetry (CV), ECP, and Tafel analysis in the presence

116

of H2O2. The minimum ECP value of alloy 600 was

observed when Pt-Pd nanoparticles were injected in water

containing H2O2. The detailed results will be presented.

79. Prediction of the Degradation of Thin Organic

Coatings by Galvanic Corrosion Fan Hu, Zhao Li, Fa Huang (Baosteel Group Corporation,

China)

In the present work, the corrosion performance of anti-

fingerprint thin organic coating on a hot dip galvanized steel

sheet was evaluated by both salt spray test (SST) based on

ASTM B117 and galvanic coupling corrosion/Zero-

Resistance Ammeter (ZRA) technique. For SST, the

corrosive failure time is used to assess the corrosion

resistance of the coating, which is defined as the time when

5%-10% area of the coated specimen surface is covered by

white rust. For ZRA test, the quantity of electric charge (Q)

is used to estimate the corrosion resistance of the coating.

The greater the Q is, the worse the corrosion performance of

the coating is. The tested corrosion resistances of several

different coatings were compared. It showed that the results

derived from the two mentioned test methods are consistent.

The results of ZRA for several different coatings were

observed. It was found that the Q vs. corrosion time curve is

not linear at the initial stage. This relationship becomes

linear after about 2 hours or later. If the initial stage is

ignored, the corrosion rate is constant. Therefore, short term

(about a few hours) ZRA could be used to predict Q of the

future. By fitting the linear relationship between Q and

corrosion time obtained from short term test, the linear

equation of the two quantities could be obtained. By

bringing corrosive failure time of the coating derived in SST

into this equation, Q is extrapolated. The calculating results

indicated that Q value of different coatings is similar at that

time when the coatings just started corrosive failure. This

means, when Q reached this value, the corrosion degree of

ZRA is equivalent to the corrosive failure time of coatings in

SST. Therefore, short term galvanic coupling corrosion test

could be used to predict the degradation of organic coatings.

80. The Critical Pitting Temperature of the Multi-

component High Entropy Alloy:

Al5Cr12Fe35Mn28Ni20 in Aqueous Environments HanChang Shih, ChuenHuei Tsau, ShengKun Chen,

BoChen Lee, WeiChen Lin, SzuYen Lin (Chinese Culture

University, Taiwan), ChunWei Yeh (National Tsing Hua

University, Taiwan)

Multi-component high entropy alloys (HEAs) have been

known for their unique properties in mechanical strength,

crystalline structure, especially the corrosion resistance and

therefore have various potential applications in materials

technology. In this study, a multi-component alloy of

Al5Cr12Fe35Mn28Ni20 was designed and fabricated using

vacuum arc melting, and subsequently tested in aqueous

environments of SO42-, Cl-, F-, as well as the cations of

Na+ and NH4+ .The results indicate that a cold reduction up

to 60% of this particular alloy system can be achieved in

attempt to homogenize its cast structure. General corrosion

is significant as compared with the conventional stainless

steels in all these environments. The pitting behaviour

however is most severe in Cl- and in F- environments. No

effect of cold work on anodic dissolution was observed in

SO42- environments, and owing to its low passive current

density(~4μA/cm2) it is possible to be used as an efficient

anode material for the production of oxygen in fuel cells.

Cold work effectively increases the critical pitting potential

notably in Cl- and particularly in F-environment. The pit

size and its distribution decrease as the increase of cold work.

The critical pitting potential notably in Cl- and particularly

in F-.The NH4+ could readily complex the elements of this

HEA, thus reducing the relevant ion‟s activity and extending

the passive potential to 0.3V in a temperature range of 20-

80℃. Two distinct anodic peaks in the passive range prior to

the O2 evolution were observed particularly pronounced in

F- environments. Deaeration could reduce the corrosion

potential of form 0 V(aerated) to -0.5V,thus promoting the

passivity to a range of 1.8V.The critical pitting temperatures

(CPT) are less pronounced in Cl- was,i.e., no substantial

change in varying with the temperature, However, such

difference in F- are quite significant, e.g., the CPTs take

place at 65℃ for 0% cold work, but increases to 75℃ at

60% cold work. Cold work on this particular alloy of

A15Cr12Fe25Mn28Ni20 enhances the CPT accounting for

the microstructural changes of the cast structure. Keywords:

High entropy alloy , Aqueous environments , Critical pitting

temperature Y.L. Chou, J.W. Yeh, H. C. Shih,”The effect of

molybdenum on the corrosion behaviour of the high-entropy

alloys Co1.5CrFeNi1.5Ti0.5Mox inaqueous environments”,

Corros Sci.,52(2010)1581Y. Y. Chen, T.Duval, U.D.Hung,

J.W.Yeh, H. C. Shih,”Microstructure and electrochemical

properties of high entropy alloys a comparison with type-

304 stainless”, Corros.Sci.47(2005).

81. New Test Method for Critical Crevice Corrosion

Temperature Measurement of Stainless Steel

Showing Tubular Shape or Round Bar Hae Woong Kim, Young Sik Kim (Andong National

University, Korea), Hyun Young Chang (KEPCO E&C,

Korea)

Stainless steel has excellent corrosion resistance by a passive

film formed on the surface. However, the passive film can

be locally destroyed by chloride-containing environments

and then pitting or crevice corrosion occurs. In general,

crevice corrosion occurs by anodic reaction in corrosive

environments if there is a crevice. ASTM G48 standard

method is commonly used to determine CCT (Critical

Crevice Corrosion Temperature). However, this standard can

not be applied to test crevice corrosion of tubular shape or

round bar. Therefore, this study focused on the fabrication of

test kit for crevice corrosion determination of stainless steel

round bar. 3 kinds of stainless steels showing different PRE

(Pitting Resistance Equivalent) numbers were used - SR-

50A(PRE 52), D2002(PRE 47), D2300(PRE 43). Specimen

shapes were plate and round bar. CCT determination for

plate specimen was done by ASTM G48-03 and the test

condition was modified to find that CCTs of the plate and

the round bar can be same value. Also, stress analysis to find

the condition showing the homogeneous stress distribution

on round surface was performed. This work derived new test

117

method showing the same CCT value for the plate and the

round bar of different PRE‟s stainless steels.

82. SEM Analysis of Pitting Morphologies for

Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel Y.T. Tan, D.J. Blackwood (National University of

Singapore,, Singapore), S.L. Wijesinghe (SIMTech,

Singapore)

Pitting that occurs on carbon steels and stainless steels have

different morphologies and mechanisms. Pits on AISI 1020

low-carbon steels were broad and shallow, becoming

interconnected when the areal pit density was high. The

lateral growth of pits on carbon steel may be due to a form

of crevice corrosion underneath porous pit covers. SEM

analysis of AISI 416 stainless steel samples,where the

sulphide inclusion sizes were varied through the use of laser

surface melting, showed that pitting initiated in regions with

large sulphide inclusions while regions on the same sample

with smaller sulphide inclusions did not pit. Pits were

narrow and deep with each pit spatially separated from one

another. The SEM images offer support that the MnS

inclusions play a major role in the pitting of stainless steels

and are consistent with the hypotheses where sulphide

dissolution leads to pit initiation.

83. Passive Film on New Ti-15Zr-10Nb Alloy

Surface – Characterization and Electrochemical

Behavior in Artificial Saliva Paula Drob, Cora Vasilescu, Silviu Iulian Drob, Monica

Popa, Ecaterina Vasilescu, Jose Maria Calderon Moreno

(Institute of Physical Chemistry, Romania)

The new Ti-15Zr-10Nb alloy has α + β Widmanstatten type,

biphase microstructure with good compositional and

structural homogeneity demonstrated by optical microscopy,

SEM and XRD. The new alloy revealed very good

mechanical properties: Young‟s modulus of 64 GPa, very

close to that of the human bone; superior ultimate tensile

strength, appropriate 0.2% yield strength and strain to

fracture to those of Ti. XPS analysis identified that the

native passive film on the new Ti-15Zr-10Nb alloy surface

contains very protective TiO2, ZrO2 and Nb2O5 oxides and

has a thickness of 5.5 nm that is higher comparing with Ti

and other similar alloys.The electrochemical behavior of this

passive film in Carter-Brugirard artificial saliva of different

pH values (3.96, 7.84, 9.11) and doped with 0.05M NaF (pH

= 8.21), simulating the real oral environment was examined.

The anodic polarization curves presented a large current

plateau that denotes a progressive thickening of the passive

film; also, better values of the electrochemical parameters

characterized a lower electrochemical activity of the Ti-

15Zr-10Nb alloy in comparison with Ti, due to the

reinforcement of the alloy passive film with protective

oxides of Zr and Nb alloying elements. The pH value and

presence of NaF slightly negatively influenced the alloy

behavior.Impedance Nyquist spectra showed that the passive

film on the alloy surface is like an insulator with higher

dielectric properties than those of Ti. Bode phase angle

spectra displayed two distinct phase angles with higher

values for alloy, indicative of the higher protective passive

film. Impedance values had very high values for alloy,

which represent a more resistant passive film.Monitoring of

the open circuit potentials denoted the thickening over time

of the alloy passive film; SEM micrographs and EDS spectra

detected the deposition of the phosphates, precursors of

hydroxyapatite, the main inorganic component of the human

bone, proving the alloy bioactivity.

84. A Comparison of Diamond-like Carbon Films

Properties Obtained by Plasma Enhanced Chemical

Vapor Deposition and Electro-deposition J. Wang, N. Wang, B. R. Hou (Chinese Academy of

Sciences, China)

This paper compares the microstructure and electrochemical

properties of the diamond-like carbon films obtained by two

different deposition methods - microwave electron cyclotron

resonance plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition

(MWECR-PECVD) techniques and electro-deposition –

chosen for their low cost and capacity to produce films. The

microstructure of the DLC films are investigated by Raman

spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and electrochemical

behavior is investigated by potentiodynamic and

electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Raman

spectroscopy indicates that all the films deposited by

different techniques show amorphous structure and typical

characteristic of DLC film. FTIR spectrum results indicate

that these DLC films are a-C:H films. As a result of EIS, the

DLC films made by different methods showed obviously

different electrochemical characters. The obtained results

show that the DLC films deposited using the PECVD

methods provided the better results, presenting a high

corrosion resistance , high adherence to substrate, and a

denser and more uniform surface.

85. The Effect of Cathodic Potential on Stress

Corrosion Cracking Behaviors of E690 Steel in

Simulated Seawater Hongchi Ma, Zhiyong Liu, Cuiwei Du, Xiaogang Li,

Shengrong Wang (University of Science and Technology

Beijing, China)

With the extending exploitation of ocean resources, steels

used in ocean engineering have been continuously

developed towards the goals of high strength, large size,

good welding performance and high corrosion resistance.

E690 steel, mainly used for ocean platform, is a newly-

developed high-strength steel with a low carbon content and

high yield strength over 690MPa. However, little research

has been reported so far on its corrosion and stress corrosion

cracking (SCC) behaviors in seawater.Electrochemical

measurement, slow strain rate test (SSRT) and fracture

morphology analysis were used to study the SCC behaviors

of E690 steel in simulated seawater containing the main

species in natural seawater, . Particularly, the influence of

cathodic protection potential on SCC susceptibility and

mechanism was studied. The aim of this work is to provide

guidance for choosing the optimal cathodic protection

potential and for other applications in natural seawater.SSRT

experiments in dry air and in simulated seawater in open

circuit potential and in an applied potential of -1050mV

118

(Vs.SCE) have been finished. The results showed that the

elongation and percentage reduction of area are respectively

9.7% and 58.8%, while those of E690 in simulated seawater

in open circuit potential are 8.6% and 43.5%, revealing that

the E690 steel has a considerable SCC susceptibility in

simulated seawater. The elongation in an applied potential of

-1050mV was 11.1%, which was even a little larger than that

in dry air. This may be explained by the effect of hydrogen

which was reported to have the effect of hydrogen-enhanced

local plasticity. The true reason and the SCC behaviors in

other cathodic potentials are to be studied.

86. Effect of Microstructure on Hydrogen-induced

Cracking in TM210 Maraging Steel G. Wang, J.X. Li, Y. Yan, Y.J. Su, L.J. Qiao (University of


Due to the ultra-high strength, the maraging steels are more

prone to suffer hydrogen embrittlement (HE). The effect of

the strength and the content of the reverted austenite on

hydrogen induced cracking in a maraging steel was studied

in this paper. For SSRT during charging, the specimen failed

in the elastic range, and all of the mechanical properties

have a dramatic reduction compared with that in air. The HE

susceptibility does not increase with increasing of the

strength. The relative elongation loss has the same value for

three aging conditions. However, the relative loss of

reduction in area and the relative strength loss were the

smallest which indicated that the over-aged condition

exhibiting the best resistance to HE. It suggested that HE

susceptibility of the maraging steel does not depend on the

strength, but rather on the content of reversed austenite

content. The hydrogen concentration, observed by scanning

Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM), was enriched in

the reverted austenite at the grain boundaries and martensite

lath boundaries, resulting in hydrogen-induced cracking

initiated from the surface, and propagated along the grain

boundaries and martensite lath boundaries.

87. Study of the Effectiveness of Different Types of

Surface Protection Materials Applied in Concrete

Structures Eliana Monteiro (Universidade de Pernambuco, Brazil),

Kalline Almeida (Faculdade Mauricio de Nassau, Brazil),

Manuela Oliveira (Instituto Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil)

Nowadays one of the main problems encountered in

concrete structures is corrosion, usually caused by the

ingress of aggressive agents from the outside environment.

This has led to the development of products designed to

prevent the penetration of these agents, one of which is the

surface treatment of concrete. Within this context, we tried

to analyze three types of surface protection systems (water

repellent, pore blockers and film formers), usually applied in

reinforced concrete structures located in marine

environments. Water absorption tests by immersion and by

capillary action were used, and accelerated corrosion tests in

order to compare the performance of materials. With this

adopted procedure, clear advantages were found for using

the water repellent as a surface product protection in the

structures. It also showed that the water repellent

performance was comparatively better than other materials.

88. The Composition of the Rare Earth Based

Conversion Coating Formed on AZ91D Magnesium

Alloy Menglei Chang, Jianfeng Wu, Dongchu Chen, Shulin Ye

(Foshan University, China)

Rare-earth based conversion coating on AZ91 magnesium

alloy was prepared in the ceric sulfate and hydrogen

peroxide contained solution. The element composition and

valence as well as their distribution in the coating were

analyzed with the equipments of energy dispersive X-ray

spectroscopy (EDS), Electron probe micro-analyzer(EPMA),

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), and the effect of

treating process on the element composition were also

studied. It was found that the conversion coating surface

consists of Mg, Al, O, Ce, and the weight content of Ce in

the coating is affected by the treating solution concentration

and immersion time; The Ce element distributes in the

coating nonuniformly, and exists in the form of Ce+3

and

Ce+4

, while the O element existing in the form of OH-, O

2-,

H2O. Based on the microscopic analysis results, the

electrochemical deposition mechanism on the micro-anode

and micro-cathode in the process of the coating growth was

suggested.

89. Surface Protection Obtained by Anodic

Oxidation of New Ti-Ta-Zr Alloy C. Vasilescu, S. I. Drob, J. M. Calderon Moreno, P. Drob, M.

Popa, E. Vasilescu (Institute of Physical Chemistry, Romania)

The surface of new Ti-15Ta-5Zr alloy was protected by

anodic oxidation in phosphoric acid solution. The obtained

oxidation layer has a thickness of 15.5 nm (calculated from

XPS depth profiling spectra) and contains both protective

TiO2, ZrO2 and Ta suboxides and PO43- ions (high

resolution XPS spectra) incorporated from the solution. The

AFM analysis determined a high roughness and SEM

detected pores (20-50 nm diameter); these characteristics

and presence of PO43- ions favour the reactions of ion

exchange and electrostatic bonds with the ions and species

from the human fluid, inducing the growth of the bone cells

into pores and their strong adhesion. The electrochemical

studies of the bare and anodically oxidation Ti-15Ta-5Zr

alloy in artificial Carter-Brugirard saliva of different pH

values and doped with 0.05M NaF evinced a nobler surface

for the protected alloy due to the thicker, denser

electrodeposited oxide layer that acts as an effective barrier

against to the aggressive ion entrance through it. A

pronounced decrease of the corrosion current densities and

total quantity of ions released into the oral environment

resulted for the oxidation alloy in comparison with bare one,

due to the higher polarisation resistance and protective

capacity of the electrodeposited layer. Impedance data

revealed a bi-layered oxidation film formed from: a dense,

compact, barrier layer in contact with the metallic substrate,

capable to decrease the potential gradient across the

metal/oxidation layer/solution interface, so, reducing the

anodic dissolution; a more permissive, porous layer in

119

contact with the electrolyte that activates the adhesion of

cells. The open circuit potentials for the protected alloy

shifted to nobler values, showing the thickening of the

oxidation film that means long-term protection,

minimisation of the adverse reactions. Taking into account

the dual character of the oxidation layer of barrier and

porous layer, it results its protective and in the same time

bioactive abilities.

90. Evaluating Internal Corrosion Control for

Water Distribution System Byung-Gi Hwang (SangMyung University, Korea), Dal-Sik

Woo (Korea Interfacial Science and Engineering Institute,

Korea)

A numerical model was developed to evaluate the effect of

internal corrosion control for water quality stabilization. The

model that composed of eight sub programs is capable of not

only calculating principal indices, but also can calculate the

effects of various conditioning chemicals for the water to be

stabilized. The model was applied to evaluate water quality

parameters including acidity, C2, alkalinity, pH, and calcium

ion for raw water and to predict the variation of water

quality for interim water according to injection of stabilizing

chemicals in case the water is corrosive. If slightly more

than 10 mg/L of calcium hydroxide is injected as a

conditioning chemical, the optimum condition for the

interim water is satisfied and the water turns out to be non-

corrosive. In case of using sodium hydroxide as conditioning

chemicals, the amount of more than 10 mg/L is necessary to

satisfy the optimum water quality condition. Both chemicals

are possible to use for caustic water to be noncorrosive by

the formation of a protective film. Conclusively, the

developed program can serve as a useful tool for controlling

internal corrosion in water distribution system.

91. Characterization of Tribocorrosion Behaviour

of CoCr Alloy by Electrochemical Techniques in

Several Corrosive Media I. Díaz, M.L. Escudero, J. F. Martínez Lerma, R. Montoya,

M.C. García-Alonso (National Center for Metallurgical

Research, Spain)

As permanent biomaterials in the substitution of hip and

knee joints CoCr alloys are characterized by their high wear

resistance, good biocompatibility and excellent mechanical

properties In the specific case of trying to simulate the real

case of joints, wear-corrosion tests must be considered.

The objective of this work is the study of the tribocorrosion

behaviour of the CoCr alloy by the measurement of the

friction coefficient and the application of electrochemical

techniques in several corrosive media. Tribocorrosion tests

were carried out on a pin-on-disk tribometer with an

integrated electrochemical cell. The counterpart (pin) was an

alumina ball. A normal load of 5N was applied on the

counterpart. Rotation rate of 120 rpm was selected. The

corrosion potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

and anodic polarization curves versus immersion time were

performed on the CoCr alloy in different corrosive media: 1)

NaCl 0.9%, 2) Na2HPO4 0.91 mM, CaCl2 1.8 mM (PBS)

and 3) hyaluronic acid 0.3% in PBS. The results show that

as a result of wear-corrosion the passive film is always

destroyed independently of the corrosive media, but it is

quickly formed when the wear is finished. This result is

verified by the recovery of the corrosion potential values and

the increase in the impedance modulus at the end of the tests.

The main conclusion is that CoCr alloy immersed in PBS +

hyaluronic acid shows the best tribocorrosion behaviour.

This corrosive medium properly simulates the synovial fluid

of the joints.

92. Corrosion Characteristics of Ti-25Ta-xHf Alloys

for Dental Applications Jeong-Jae Kim, Yeong-Mu Ko, Han-Cheol Choe (Chosun

University, Korea)

1. Introduction

Commercial pure titanium (CP-Ti) and Ti-6Al-4V ELI

alloys have been used as implant materials due to their very

good mechanical and corrosion resistance and

biocompatibility. However, the Ti-6Al-4V alloy may have

toxic effects. This newly developed Ti-25Ta-xHf (x = 0, 3, 7,

10, and 15 wt.%) alloy is expected to demonstrate better

biocompatibility because it is composed of non-toxic and

non-allergic elements such as Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Mo, and Sn. In

addition, its mechanical compatibility is better than that of

the Ti–6Al–4V alloy. Ti–25Ta alloy exhibits the best

mechanical compatibility among Ti–Ta alloys and is a

promising candidate for future metallic biomaterials. Hf

belongs to the same group as Ti in the periodic table of

elements, so Ti alloyed with this element is expected to

demonstrate good corrosion characteristics.

In this study, Ti-25Ta-xHf alloys are chosen as sample alloys

in order to investigate the effect of Hf on the corrosion

resistance of Ti-25Ta-xHf alloys and to examine their

potential use in biomedical applications.

2. Experimental Methods

Ti-25Ta-xHf alloys (x=0, 3, 7, 10, and 15 wt.%) alloys were

initially formed in arc-melting vacuum furnace,

homogenized for 2 h at 1000 ℃ in argon atmosphere and

followed by water-quenched. The electrochemical

potentiodynamic polarization and AC impedance studies for

corrosion characteristics were carried out in 0.9% NaCl

solution at 36.5 ± 1 °C using a potentiostat. The

potentiodynamic polarization test with a scan rate of 1.67

mV/s was carried out from −1500 mV to 2000 mV and AC

impedance was performed at frequencies ranging from 10

MHz to 100 kHz. The crystallinity and morphology of

surface were examined by OM, FE-SEM, EDX, and XRD.

3. Results

From the study of corrosion characteristics of Ti-25Ta-xHf

alloys for dental applications. Electrochemical

characteristics of Ti-25Ta-xHf alloys were improved with

increase in Hf content and it can be an important factor for

the improvement of corrosion resistance. (This work was

supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea

(NRF:No.2008-0062283:[email protected]*).

References

W. G. Kim and H. C. Choe, Appl. Surf. Sci. 258 (2012) 1929.

120

Y. L. Zhou and M. Niinomi, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 29 (2009)

1061.

93. Electrochemically Approached Estimation of Ti-

(10~50) Nb Alloys for Biocompatibility In-Seop Byeon, Han-Cheol Choe (Chosun University, Korea)

1. Introduction

Commercially pure (CP-Ti) titanium alloys are widely used

as dental implant materials, especially the Ti-6Al-4V alloy

(α + β type) are the most attractive biocompatible alloys

due to their favorable mechanical properties, excellent

corrosion resistance. For this reason, Ti alloys and CP-Ti is a

good material for surgically implanted parts and good

biocompatibility. However, the V element in Ti-6Al-4V

alloy has been found severely to react with tissues in humans

because of toxicity. Also, the Al is has Alzheimer‟s disease

effect. Therefore, to solve this potential problem, we need to

improve this effect by manufacture of Ti-type alloys

consisting of non-toxic elements such as Nb, Ta, Zr, and Hf

alloying elements. The β-titanium alloys have lower elastic

modulus, and recently, new β-titanium alloys made up of

non-toxic and β-stabilizing elements such as Nb have been

developed as alloys. Also, Nb is found to reduce the

modulus of elasticity when alloyed with better corrosion

resistance due to the formation of a stable oxide surface

layer. Especially, the low elastic modulus for an orthopedic

implant is desired to minimize bone resorption from stress

shielding, which results from bone supporting a much

smaller portion of functional stress than the surrounding

metallic implant.

In this study, in order to improve the corrosion

resistance of bio-implant for biocompatibility, we

investigated the electrochemical behaviors of Ti-Nb(10%,

20%, 30%, 40% and 50% in mass fraction) alloys.


In this study, Ti-xNb alloys were melted to improve

chemical homogeneity in a vacuum arc melting furnace.

Heat treatment was carried out at 1000℃ for 2h for

homogenization in argon atmosphere. Microstructures of the

alloys were examined by optical microscope (OM) and field

emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). In order

to identify the phase constituents of the Ti-xNb alloys, X-ray

diffractometer (XRD) with a Cu Kα radiation was used. The

corrosion behaviors were investigated by potentiodynamic,

potentiostatic and galvanostatic methods using potentiostat

(Model 2273, EG&G Co., USA) in NaCl solution at

(36.6±1.0)℃. A conventional three-electrode system with

high-density graphite as counter electrode and saturated

calomel electrode (SCE) as reference was used. After

corrosion test, all morphologies were by FE-SEM.

3. Results

The microstructures of the Ti-xNb alloys with different Nb

contents(10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt. %) show that the apparent

volume fraction of martensite decreased with increasing Nb

content in the Ti-xNb alloys. And Icorr for the samples

decreases with increasing Nb content, and the lowest Icorr

observed for the Ti-50Nb alloy. The increase in corrosion

resistance with Nb content is attributed to rapid formation of

a passive mixed TiO2 and Nb2O5 film of a few nanometers

thickness on the specimen surface.(This work was supported

by funds from NRF: 2013 R1A1A 2006203).

References

S. H. Jang, H. C. Choe, Y. M Ko and W.A. Brantley, Thin

Solid Films. 517 (2009) 5038.

V. S. Saji, H. C. Choe, Corrosion Science. 51 (2009) 1658.

94. Effects of Nb Content on the Corrosion

Behaviors of Ti-35Ta-xNb in Simulated Body Fluids Chae-Ik Jo, Yeong-Mu Ko, Han-Cheol Choe (Chosun

University, Korea)

1. Introduction

The Ti alloys and Cp-Ti were widely used for biomedical

implant due to its excellent strength and low density.

Especially, Ti-6Al-4V alloy was widely used for an

orthopedic and dental implant material because this alloy has

excellent combination of biocompatibility, corrosion

resistance, and mechanical properties. However Ti-6Al-4V

alloy has some problem to biomaterials because it has

potential cytotoxic and allergy. Recently, β-type Ti alloys

were applicable to biomedical materials because of their

superior properties such as low Young‟s modulus, super-

elasticity, and good biocompatibility.

In this study, effects of Nb content on the corrosion

behaviors of Ti-35Ta-xNb in simulated body fluids was

researched using various experiments.


Ti alloys containing 35 wt.% Ta and Nb up to 0 wt. %, 5

wt. %, 10 wt. % and 15 wt. % were melted ten times to

improve chemical homogeneity in a vacuum arc melting

furnace. Heat treatment was carried out at 1000 ˚С for 12 h

for homogenization in argon atmosphere. The samples for

electrochemical test were prepared by using SiC paper grade

#100 ~ #2,000. Microstructures of the Ti-35Ta-xNb alloys

were examined by optical microscope (OM) and field

emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). In order

to identify the phase constituents of the Ti-35Ta-xNb alloys,

X-ray diffractometer (XRD) with a Cu Kα radiation was

used. The corrosion behaviors were investigated using

potentiostat in simulated body fluid solution at 36.5 ˚С. A

conventional three-electrode cell, with a highly dense carbon

as counter electrode and saturated calomel (SCE) as

reference electrode, and sample as working electrode,

connected to a potentiostat, was used to conduct the

potentiodynamic test. AC impedance test was performed

from 10 mHz to 100 kHz in 0.9% NaCl solution at 36.5 ˚С.

An equivalent circuit was assigned for the acquired data, and

the data were curve fitted using ZSimpWin software. After

corrosion test, surface characteristics were investigated by

FE-SEM, EDS, and XPS.

3. Results

Microstructure of Ti-35Ta-xNb alloys were changed needle-

like structure to equiaxed structure. The β-peak of XRD

result increased, also, corrosion resistance increased as Nb

contents increased.(This work was supported by the National

Research Foundation of Korea (NRF:No.2008-

0062283:[email protected]*).

121

References

W. G. Kim and H. C. Choe, Appl. Surf. Sci. 258 (2012)

1929.

Y. H. Jeong, H. C. Choe and W. A. Brantley, Appl. Surf. Sci.

258 (2012) 2129.

T. Ozaki, H. Matsumoto, S. Watanabe and S. Hanada, Mater.

Transact. 45 (2004) 2776.

95. Research for Field Corrosion and Test Method

of Chassis Press Part S.S. Kim (Hyundai Motor, Korea)

The chassis press part of vehicle such as sub frame or lower

arm is generally made from press forming the hot rolled

steel plate. After forming the plate it is commonly produced

by arc welding and painted with electro deposition coating

to get corrosion resistance. But in the field it is corroded due

to the weak area such as welding point. In this research the

corrosion origin of chassis press part is surveyed and

tendency of field corrosion is analysed the. And the complex

corrosion test method is developed for simulating this field

corrosion in the lap.

96. Study on Relationship between Free Chloride

and Total Chloride Diffusivity in Concrete Congtao Sun, Baorong Hou (Academy of Sciences, China)

The diffusion properties of free chloride andtotal chloride in

concrete with different water-binder ratio and different

volume offly ash were studied by natural diffusion method

in our laboratory. The results show that,water-binder ratio

has no significant influence on chloride content in

adsorption zone, but the contents of both free chlorideand

total chloride in diffusion zone increase with the water-

binder ratio. The volume of fly ash also has no significant

influence on chloride content in adsorption zone, just

theopposite for chloride content in the initial section

diffusion zone. The contents of both freechloride and total

chloride increase with the volume of fly ash, but

theinfluence declines with the depth. Both the

relationshipbetween free chloride and total chloride content

and the relationship between freechloride diffusion

coefficient and total chloride diffusion coefficient are linear.

The relationship coefficientbetween free chlorideand total

chloride content decreases with the increase of water-binder

ratio orwith the increase of volume of fly ash when the

volume of fly ash isnot high than 30%, but soakingtime has

no significant influence on the coefficient. The attenuation

index of free chloridediffusion coefficient is similar to that

of total chloridediffusion coefficient. The influence of water-

binder ratio on attenuation index isnot apparent, and

attenuation index increases with the volume of fly ash. The

relationship between attenuation index of chloridediffusion

coefficientand volume of fly ash can be expressed as:

me =0.0126f +0.182

ma=0.0105f+0.2278

where me is attenuation index of free chloridediffusion

coefficient; mais attenuationindex of total chloride diffusion

coefficient; fis volume of fly ash.

97. Design of Corrosion Control System and

Computer Simulation of Buried Pipes for Nuclear

Power Plant Hae Woong Kim, Ki Tae Kim, Nam In Kim, Jin Woo Kim,

Young Sik Kim, (Andong National University, Korea),

Hyun Young Chang, Bu Taek Lim, Heung Bae Park

(KEPCO E&C, Korea)

Since the operating time of nuclear power plants has

increased, the degradation of buried pipes gradually

increases and recently it seems to be one of the emerging

issues. Maintenance on buried pipes needs high grade‟s

management system because outer surface of buried pipe

contacts the various soils but inner surface reacts with

various electrolytes having the velocity. In the USA,

USNRC and EPRI have tried to manage the degradation of

buried pipes. However, there is little about the inspection

procedure and test and program in the domestic plants. This

paper focused on the development and build-up of real-time

monitoring and control system of buried pipes. Pipes to be

tested are tape-coated carbon steel pipe for primary

equipment cooling system, asphalt-coated cast iron pipe for

fire protection system, and pre-stressed concrete cylinder

pipe for sea water cooling system. Cathodic protection

control system was installed on every pipeline and

monitored and controlled. For the calculation of protection

range and optimization, computer simulation was performed

using COMSOL Multiphysics (Altsoft co.).

98. Anodization of Aluminium Samples by Fabry-

Perot Interferometry Farzia Karim (Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand),

Khaled Habib, Fathi Al-Sabti (KISR, Kuwait), Waleed

Mohammed (Bangkok University, Thailand), Joydeep Dutta

(Sultan Qaboos University, Oman)

A novel experimental scheme for real time measurement of

aluminium oxide film during anodization was developed for

the first time. The scheme was established based on a

combination of a fiber optic sensor of Fabry-Pérot

interferometry and direct current (DC) electrochemical

methods. The scheme was assembled in a way to

simultaneously anodize the aluminium samples and to

measure the thickness of the aluminium oxide film. The

anodization process of aluminium sample was carried out in

4% sulphuric acid (H2SO4) solution by the DC methods at

room temperature. The estimated thickness of the aluminium

oxide film by the novel scheme was verified by scanning

electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemistry

measurements. This study shows that real time measurement

of the thickness of aluminium oxide film is feasible as it

closely matched the thickness determined by SEM and other

electrochemistry techniques.

122

99. Corrosion Characteristics of Water Pipe

Material According to Corrosive Water Control in

Metal Coupon Test D.H. Kim, S.M. Bae, I.S. Kim, D.H. Choi, D.C. Ryu (Busan

Water Authority, Korea)

The objective of this study is the corrosive water control and

the research of characteristic for metal pipe using calcium

carbonate precipitation potential (CCPP) in lab scale coupon

test reactor by air contact or not. The corrosion rates for

galvanized steel pipe coupons were faster than other

coupons. But, the corrosion rates for stainless steel pipes

were slower than others. The corrosion characteristics of

metal pipes were different according to CCPP concentration.

The range of CCPP concentration for effects of corrosion

protection were between 0.0 ~ 1.5 mg/L. The release of

metal concentration decreased at above pH 8.0. The release

of copper, zinc, and iron concentration were decreased in the

positive concentration of CCPP (CCPP ≥ 0.0 mg/L). The

CCPP concentrations were correlated with copper, zinc, and

iron release in coupon test.

123

A

Abdul Rahman, Muhammad Sayuzi TE1-3

Abe, H. THB2-1

Abreu, D. MC1-1

Abud, S.E. MG3-3

Ahn, H.M. TG1-5, TH1-4

Ahn, S.H. TC2-3, TG1-5, TH1-4

Ahn, SooHoon MD1-3, THC2-2

Akbar, B. H TC2-4

Alcántara, J. P-5

Alelyani, Mansour TD1-2

Alexandrescu, Elvira P-58

Al-Hashem, A. WG2-4, THD1-4

Almarshad, Abdullah I. TH1-1

Almeida, Kalline P-87

Al-Mutlaq, Fahad MF1-2

Al-Sabti, Fathi P-98

Alshater, Abdulla MD1-1

Ambat, Rajan THC1-4, THG1-1

Ambrosi, D. WG3-2

Anawati, Anawati WF3-3

Andrews, Jeffery TD1-2

Angelini, E. THF1-3

Aperador, David MH3-2

Arbeláez, L. MC2-1

Arroyave, Carlos Plenary-6, MH3-2

Asmara, Yuli Panca MC3-5

Asoh, Hidetaka WF3-3

Atrens, A. ME2-1

Attar, H. MG2-2

Aviananto, Secta Ariardi TC1-1

Aydin, T.B. TC1-2

Ayyasamy, Kiruthika WC2-2, WC2-4, WC3-2

B

Babu, Narendra WE2-2

Bae, Byung Hyun P-53

Bae, DuckHwan THA2-1

Bae, Keun-Hyung THD2-3

Bae, Ki Tae P-78

Bae, S.H. MF2-3

Bae, S.M. P-99

Bae, Soohyun P-13

Bae, Sung Geun TF1-2

Bahn, C.B. WB2-3

Bai, Shubin P-21

Bai, Shu-Lin MA2-1

Baiger, Ronald WE3-2

Bang, Y.S. THE1-3

Banu, A P-71

Banu, Alexandra P-58

Barbosa, A. L. WH3-3, P-45

Barboza, G. WH3-3

Barranco, R. P-27

Batsch, T. WF2-1

Behnamian, Yashar MG2-1

Bender, Roman TF2-2

Ben-Hamu, G. ME1-1, TF2-4

Bi, Wuxi MG1-3

Bischof, M. MD3-2

Björkbacka, Å sa TB2-1, TB2-2

Blackwood, D.J. MF1-3, WG1-2,

WH3-1, P-82

Bomberg, M. TB2-3

Bonanos, N. WD3-3

Borchert, M. MD3-2

Branzoi, Florina P-22, P-23, P-37

Branzoi, Viorel P-22, P-23, P-37

Brasil, Simone L. D. C. THH1-4, P-29

Brytan, Z. P-75

Burns, W. TE2-5

Byeon, In-Seop P-93

C

Cabrini, M. TF1-1

Calderon Moreno, Jose Maria P-17, P-18, P-38,

P-83, P-89

Calderón, J. A. MC2-1

Callone, E. TE2-2

Canderyd, C. MD1-4

Cano Gurrión, Carlos THE1-2

Cano, H. P-9

Cao, F. ME2-1

Cao, Tie Shan MD3-3, THD1-1

Carpén, L. TB2-3, WB2-2

Carreño, J. A. MC2-1

124

Carvalho, Ladimir J. P-29

Cha, Soo Won MF3-2, TF1-2

Chan, Sammy TD1-2

Chang, Hyun Young WD1-1, P-47, P-48,

P-81, P-97

Chang, Menglei P-88

Chang, T.S. P-15, P-54

Chaturvedi, Amitabh TG1-2, TG1-3

Chaudhary, Zia MF1-2

Chen, Da P-43

Chen, Dongchu P-88

Chen, Hongyuan MG1-3, THH1-2

Chen, Jiann-Ruey P-52

Chen, Jing TA2-2, WF2-4

Chen, Jinping WH1-2, WH1-3

Chen, M. WD3-3

Chen, Peter TB2-4

Chen, Qimeng P-8

Chen, ShengKun P-80

Chen, Wei Sheng TB1-2

Chen, Zhanghua MH1-3

Cheng, Cong Qian MD3-3, THD1-1

Cheong, Yong-Moo TG1-1

Chico, B. P-5, P-27

Ching-Hsuan Hung, TB2-4

Cho, Ah Rong P-78

Cho, B.S. MF2-1

Cho, EunAe P-49, P-50

Cho, J-Y MF3-1

Cho, S.K. WB3-4

Choe, Han-Cheol P-92, P-93, P-94

Choi, D.H. P-99

Choi, E.J. MF3-1

Choi, Eun Kuk P-53

Choi, K.J. WE2-1, THB1-3

Choi, M.J. THB1-1

Choi, MyungHee WA3-3

Choo, Joung Hoon P-53

Chowan, Raju THA2-2

Chung, Hansub WB2-1

Codolar, Santiago Arias MA3-4

Coelho, Jorge F. THH1-4

Conde, Eduardo S. A. P-29

Cottis, R.A. Plenary-3, TF2-1

Cui, Mengmeng TH1-2

Cui, Xuejun P-2

Cui, Yu WA2-3

Cui, Zhongyu MH1-1, P-66

D

Daas, M.A. TC1-2

Dafter, Matthew MB1-3

Darwin, A. MC1-3

de Freitas, Denise S. THH1-4

De Graeve, Iris MB1-1, TA2-1

de la Fuente, D. P-5, P-9, P-27

Deflorian, F. TE2-2, WG3-2, THA1-1

Deo, Chaitanya S. WB3-3

Dewangan, Bhupendra WE2-2

Díaz, I. P-5, P-9, P-91

Din, Rameez Ud THC1-4

Ding, K. MB3-1

Ding, Minzhen MB3-3, TA2-4

Dingeldein, E. WF2-1

Dirè, S. TE2-2

Dmitrieva, E.E. WH2-3

Dobrzhansky, V.G. WH2-3

Dong, C. MB3-1

Dong, Chaofang MH1-1, MH1-3, THC1-3

Dong, K.H. ME1-2

Dong, Lixin WA1-1

Dong, X.Q. MB3-2

Dong, Xueqiang MA1-2

Drob, P. P-17, P-38, P-83, P-89

Drob, S. I. P-17, P-18, P-83, P-89

Droesbeke, B. MD1-4

Du, Cui-lin WF2-4

Du, Cuiwei WE2-3, WE3-4, P-66,

P-85

Du, Min WG1-3

Du, Yong P-2

Dun, Yuchao MF2-2

Dupoiron, F. MD1-4

Dutta, Joydeep P-98

125

E

Eduok, Ubong WA2-2

Egorkin, V.S. TA1-3

ElAli, Bassam WA2-2

Eliezer, A. TF2-5, WF2-1

Eliezer, D. ME1-1

El-Sherik, A. M. MG2-2

Enezi, A. MG2-2

Eom, KwangSup P-49, P-50

Escudero, M.L. P-91

Espedal, M. TC1-2

Ettelaie, Hamidreza WA1-2

F

Fabbian, M. TE2-2

Faderl, Josef WE3-2

Fan, Lin P-66

Fang, Baiyou MB3-3

Fanica, A. MD1-4

Faraji, Fatemeh WA1-2

Fatah, M.C. MC1-3

Fauzani, Sarah P-36

Fedel, M. TE2-2, WG3-2, THA1-1

Feng, Xingguo P-24, P-43

Feriotti, A. THA1-1

Féron, Damien WB3-1

Ferroni, Paolo WB3-3

Forsyth, Maria MB2-5, MC1-1, MG3-1

Frankel, Gerald S. Plenary-1

Fu, Chaoyang P-64

Fushimi, K. MB1-2

Fushimi, Koji MD3-1

G

Gandhi, Amish TG1-3

Gao, Jin TA2-4, P-20

Gao, K. WG2-1

Gao, L.X. WD3-1

García-Alonso, M.C. P-91

Gasqueres, C. WF2-1

Ge, Hong-Hua WD2-4

Gebarowski, W. TA1-2

Georgiza, E. THF1-4

Georgiza, Elsa MA1-3

Gnedenkov, A.S. MG1-2

Gnedenkov, S.V. MG1-2, TA1-3, WA2-1

Gong, Jeung-Gug THG1-2

Gong, Min P-2, P-39

Gonzalez-Garcia, Yaiza MB1-1, TA2-1, WG2-2

Goo, B. J. P-7, P-30

Gouda, V. THF1-4

Govindarajan, Saranya WC2-2

Goyal, V. ME3-2

Grassini, S. THF1-3

Groysman, Alec MG1-1, TC2-1

Gu, Mingjun P-2

Guan, L. WG1-4

Guan, Xiaorui WH3-2

Guo, Liqiu WG3-1

Guo, T.X. MB3-2

Guo, Taixiong MA1-2

Guo, X. P. MC3-4

Guo, Yanfei WA1-1

Gupta, R. MC1-1

H

Ha, Heon-Young WD3-2, P-61, P-62,

P-76, P-77

Ha, Jeong-Hyeon THG1-3

Habib, Khaled P-98

Hadinata, Samuel-Sudibyo WH2-1

Hahn, Yu-Dong P-60

Han, En-Hou ME1-2, ME2-2, MG1-4,

TF2-3, TF2-5, WC1-2,

WD1-2, WG1-4,

THB2-2, THC2-1

Han, Jing WA1-1

Han, Xia P-64

Harada, Hiroki TH1-3

Hariyantha, Kadek Trisna Surya THC2-4

Hasegawa, Y. MB1-2

Hasegawa, Yasuchika MD3-1

Hashim, Nabihah TE1-3

Hassan, Mohd Rezadzudin TE1-3

Havlik, W. TC2-2

Hays, G. TF2-5

Hedberg, Y.S. TD1-3

126

Heimann, L. WF2-1

Heiner, Tako TD1-4

Her, Jae-young WF1-1

Hernández Gayosso, Mónica Jazmín THE1-2

Hinton, B. MC1-1, MG3-1

Hlede, E. WG3-2

Hoang, Thuy P-28

Hoffman III, Richard T. WB3-3

Holzer, Christoph WE3-2

Hong, BoKi P-49, P-50

Hong, J.-D. THB2-3

Hong, Jong-Dae WG1-1

Hönig, S. TC2-2

Hoshi, Y. MB2-2

Hoshi, Yoshinao MB2-3

Hosseini, Seyed Mohammad Kazem TG1-4

Hosseinpour, Saman TB2-2, WC3-1

Hou, B.R. WH2-2, P-41, P-84

Hou, Baorong P-96

Hou, R.G. P-46

Hu, Fan P-79

Hu, Qi WA1-1

Hu, Yabo P-11

Huang, Fa P-79

Huang, Her-Hsiung WF3-1

Huang, Yizhong THC2-3

Huh, Joo-Youl MA1-4, P-25

Huh, Mock THG1-2

Hung, Chih Cheng P-52

Huo, Y. MC1-1

Hur, Do Haeng P-72

Hwang, Byung-Gi P-90

Hwang, H.A. TD2-1

Hwang, Hyun-sik THG1-3

Hwang, Joon P-26

Hwang, K.M. THD1-3, THD2-1,

THD2-4, P-1

Hwang, S.S. THB1-1

Hwang, Seong Sik WB3-2

Hwang, W.S. TC2-3

Hwang, Woon Suk P-33, P34

Hyun, Youngmin WH1-1

I

Ibrahim, Mohd Saiful Bahri TE1-3

Idrus, Muhammad Amin TE1-3

Igarashi, T. WB1-2

Iordoc, Mihai P-37

Ishibashi, R. THB1-4

Ishihara, S. THH1-3

Ishikura, J. THB2-1

Ismail, M.C. TC2-5

Isobe, Koichiro MB2-3

Itagaki, M. MB2-2, THA1-2

Itagaki, Masayuki MB2-3

Ito, Akira P-65

Itoi, Y. MA2-4

J

Jadhav, Harsharaj S. WD3-4

Jagadeesan, Saranya WC2-2, WC3-2

Jamali, Sina S MB2-5

Jang, C. THB2-3

Jang, Changheui WG1-1

Jang, Min-Ho WD3-2

Jang, S.Y. MF3-1, P-42

Jang, Seung Yup MF3-2, TF1-2

Jang, Y.Y. WD1-1

Jellesen, Morten THC1-4, THG1-1

Jeon, Soon-Hyeok P-72, P-73

Jeong, Hi-Won WD1-3

Jeong, Jae-In P-31

Jeong, Min Su P-53

Jeong, Min-yeong MA3-2

Ji, SangKi THA2-1

Jiang, Hongxia P-20

Jiang, Yiming MD2-4

Jiang, Youwen MG1-3

Jimenez, C. P-45

Jin, Chung Keun WA3-4

Jin, H. H. THB1-1

Jin, Ying TH1-2

Jin, Zhi-Hao WD2-4

Jo, Chae-Ik P-94

Jo, D.-H. TA2-3

127

Jo, Du-hwan P-32

Jo, Su Mi ME3-5, P-62

Johansson, E. MD1-4

Johnson, Magnus TB2-2, WC3-1

Jonsson, Mats TB2-1, TB2-2

Jung, Dong-Hee P-57

Jung, Hwa Chul ME3-1, TE1-2

Jung, Jae-Hun P-31

Jung, Ji-Chul THG1-3

Jung, KiMin MD1-3, THC2-2

Jung, Namgee P-50

Jung, Rock-Hoon P-57

Jung, S.H. MF2-3

Jung, Su Jin TB1-1

Jung, Y.D. TC2-3

K

Kai, Jhih Jhong TB1-2

Kai, Wu TB1-2

Kainuma, S. THH1-3

Kajiyama, Hiroshi TH1-3

Kalubarme, Ramchandra S. WD3-4, P-51

Kandasamy, Parameswari WC2-2, WC2-3,

WC2-4, WC3-2

Kaneko, A. THH1-3

Kang, Jun-Yun WD3-2, P-61

Kang, Yong-Seok WB2-1

Kao, Ruey-Chy WH2-1

Karim, Farzia P-98

Karpe, Sameer THA2-2

Karplus, E. WG2-2

Katakami, S. MH3-1

Katayama, H. THA1-2

Kawano, Takashi TH1-3

Kawk, Jai-Hyun MA1-4

Ke, W. WD1-2, WG1-4, THB2-2

Kestens, Leo MB1-1

Khayer, E. THE1-1

Khrisanfova, O.A. TA1-3

Kim, B.S. THE1-3

Kim, Chan-Su WB1-1

Kim, Choon-Woo THG1-2

Kim, ChulJung THA2-1

Kim, Chung Ham P-53

Kim, D.H. P-99

Kim, Donghwan P-13

Kim, Dong-Jin TB1-1, THD2-2

Kim, DongYun WA3-3

Kim, G.Y. MF2-1

Kim, Gyu Yong P-44

Kim, Hae Woong P-81, P-97

Kim, HanJoong WA3-3

Kim, Heesan WH1-1

Kim, HoeKun P-19

Kim, Hong Pyo TB1-1, TG1-1, THD2-2

Kim, Hong-Deok WB2-1

Kim, Hye-Jin P-72, P-73

Kim, I.S. P-99

Kim, J.G. TH1-4

Kim, J.H. WE2-1

Kim, J.I. THE1-3

Kim, J.S. TA2-3, THE1-4

Kim, Jae-Woong THG1-2

Kim, Jeong-Jae P-92

Kim, Ji Hyun THB1-3

Kim, Jin Woo P-7, P-97

Kim, Jong-Sang MA1-4, P-25, P-32

Kim, Jung-Gu WD2-2

Kim, K.S. WD1-1

Kim, Ki Hyun MF3-2, TF1-2

Kim, Ki Tae P-47, P-97

Kim, Kwang-Tae P-74

Kim, Kyoo Young Plenary-4, MC3-2,

WD1-4

Kim, Kyung Soo P-48

Kim, KyuSung P-19

Kim, Mansu P-50

Kim, MinJoong P-49, P-50

Kim, Myeong Jin THD2-2

Kim, N.Y. P-54

Kim, Nam In P-48, P-97

Kim, R.H. MF2-1

Kim, S.H. WE2-1, THB1-3

Kim, S.S. P-95

Kim, S.W. THB1-1

Kim, Seong-Cheol WB1-1

128

Kim, Seong-Hwan MA1-4, P-25

Kim, Seong-Ju P-67

Kim, Seon-Hong WD2-2

Kim, Soon-Tae P-73, P-74

Kim, Sung Min P-78

Kim, Sung Woo TB1-1, WB3-2

Kim, Sung-Hwan P-31

Kim, Sung-Joon P-77

Kim, Sung-Min WB1-1

Kim, Sungnam P-40

Kim, T.H. WE2-1, THB1-3

Kim, Y.S. WD1-1

Kim, Y.Y. P-42

Kim, Yeong Ho MD2-1

Kim, Yong-Han WD3-4, P-51

Kim, Yoon-Jae THD2-3

Kim, Young Jun P-55

Kim, Young Min ME3-5, P-62

Kim, Young Sik P-7, P-47, P-48, P-81,

P-97

Kim, Younggeun WF1-1, P-12, P-69

Kim, YoungJun THC2-2

Kim, Young-Sub P-74

Kim, Young-Wha P-70

Kimura, Mitsuo TH1-3

Klein, Lorena MB1-1

Klimas, Stan MG2-1

Ko, Yeong-Mu P-92, P-94

Koh, Ki-Ho P-60

Koleva, D.A. TF1-3

Komatsu, A. WB1-2, THB1-2

Konys, Juergen MA1-1

Kouril, M. MF3-3

Krecanova, E. WD2-3

Krishnan, Ajay ME1-3

Kriz, P. MA2-2

Kumar, Arumugam Madhan TE1-2

Kurauchi, K. MB1-2

Kwon, HyukSang MD1-3, THC2-2, P-55

Kwon, Moonjae P-32

Kwon, S.-J. P-42

Kwon, S.O. MF2-3

L

La, JoungHyun P-19

Lapeire, Linsey MB1-1

Laverde, D.A. P-68

Laverde, Dionisio MG2-3, MG2-4

Le Gac, A. MD1-4

Le Manchet, S. MD1-4

Le, Khac Duyen P-3

Lee, B.D. P-15

Lee, B.K. MF2-1

Lee, B.R. P-30

Lee, BoChen P-80

Lee, C.K. THD2-1

Lee, C.Y. TC2-3, P-15, P-54

Lee, Chang-Hoon P-76

Lee, Dae Young THD2-3

Lee, Dong Gil P-40

Lee, EunKyoung TG1-2, TG1-3

Lee, H. O. THB1-1

Lee, H.J. MF2-3

Lee, Haeseok P-13

Lee, Hak-Soo P-70

Lee, In-Sung P-73, P-74

Lee, J. THB2-3

Lee, J.G. WB3-4, THD2-5

Lee, Jae Bong THF1-1

Lee, Joo-Hyung P-26

Lee, Joo-Young P-26

Lee, Junho WG1-1

Lee, Jun-Seob MD3-1

Lee, K.M. MF2-3

Lee, K.Y. WD3-1

Lee, Kukhee WB2-1

Lee, S.H. TC2-3, THD2-4,

THD2-5, P-1

Lee, Sang Yul WB1-1, P-19, P-78

Lee, Sang-Eun P-60

Lee, Seong-min WF1-1, P-69

Lee, Soongi WH1-1

Lee, Tae-Ho WD3-2, P-76, P-77

Lee, Y.S. THD2-4, THD2-5, P-1

Lee, Yong-Kyu P-26

Lee, Youngsuk P-69

129

Leining, E. TF2-5

Leite, Eduardo G. B. THH1-4

Leygraf, Christofer TB2-1, TB2-2, WC3-1

Li, D.S. P-46

Li, En-tian THH1-1

Li, Feng MA1-2

Li, Hong MA3-1

Li, Huiyan THC1-3

Li, J.X. P-86

Li, Jin MD2-4

Li, M.C. MD2-2

Li, Songmei WE3-1

Li, X. MB3-1

Li, Xiaogang MB3-3, MH1-1,

MH1-3, TA2-4,

WE2-3, WE3-4,

THC1-3, THC2-3,

P-20, P-66, P-85

Li, Y.T. WH2-2

Li, Yan WH3-2

Li, Ying WA2-3

Li, Yingchao P-20

Li, Yue P-2

Li, Zhao P-79

Liang, Shuang P-63

Liang, Zhishan TC1-3

Liao, Haixue MF3-4

Lim, B.T. P-1

Lim, Bu Taek P-97

Lim, C.S. TD2-1

Lim, Sung Hyung WA3-4

Lim, Y.S. THB1-1

Lim, Yun Soo WB3-2

Lin, Chang-Liang WE3-3

Lin, M.D. MH2-3

Lin, Meichao WG3-1

Lin, P.H. THB1-5

Lin, SzuYen P-80

Lin, WeiChen P-80

Lin, Wei-Wei WD2-4

Lin, Xiuzhou P-2

Lips, K. S. WF2-1

Liu, C. WG2-1

Liu, C.F. MB3-2

Liu, C.S. MB3-2

Liu, Fuchun WC1-2

Liu, Hongfang P-64

Liu, Hongwei P-64

Liu, J.G. WH2-2

Liu, J.N. P-46

Liu, Jianhua WE3-1

Liu, Li WA2-3

Liu, Lingli MG1-3

Liu, Ling-li THH1-2

Liu, Meng THH1-2

Liu, Ming ME3-4, MH1-2

Liu, Minghui MH1-2

Liu, Q. WG2-1

Liu, Ying WA2-3

Liu, Zhiyong WE2-3, WE3-4,

P-66, P-85

Liu, Zong-De MA2-1

Lo, C.M. MH2-3

Lojewski, C. MD1-4

Lorenzi, S. TF1-1

Lu, Er-lin TA2-2

Lu, Feng MH1-2, P-14

Lu, Lin MB3-3, TA2-4, P-20

Lu, Sheng TA2-2, WF2-4, P-24

Lu, Xiangyu P-24, P-43

Luckachan, G.E. MA3-3

Luckeneder, Gerald WE3-2

Luna, Jose MA3-4

Luo, FangWei P-63

Luo, Jing-Li MG2-1

Lutz, A. TA2-1

M

Ma, Hongchi P-85

Ma, R.Y. MD2-2

Maas, F. MD1-4

Macak, J. WD2-3

Mahdavi, F. MC1-1

Mai, Tung P-28

Mallaiah, Kumaravel P-35

Marcu, Maria P-58

Marcus, Philippe MB1-1

130

Marinin, D.V. WH2-3

Markin, A.N. MC2-2

Marrugo, M. WH3-3

Martínez Lerma, J. F. P-91

Martinez-Lombardia, Esther MB1-1

Mashtalyar, D.V. MG1-2

Mataqi, K.Y. TC2-4

Mathan, Bobby Kannan WF3-2

Maurice, Vincent MB1-1

Mazinanian, N. TD1-3

Medvedev, I.M. MH2-2

Meier, Willi TF2-2

Meng, H.M. TD2-2

Mills, A. MC1-3

Min, B.H. TH1-4, THE1-3

Miranda, Carlos Mejía MG2-3, MG2-4

Mittal, V. MA3-3

Mobin, Mohd. WC3-3

Mohammed, Waleed P-98

Mol, Arjan MB1-1

Mol, J.M.C. WG2-2

Molin, S. WD3-3

Molina, Daniel MG2-4

Monteiro, Eliana P-87

Montoya, R. P-91

Moon, Byoung-Gi P-60

Moon, Byung Hak TB1-1

Moon, Joonoh P-67, P-76

Moon, Joon-Oh WD3-2

Moon, M.B. TC2-3, P-7, P-30

Moon, S.J. THD1-3

Moon, Sungmo ME3-3, TA1-1, P-59

Morcillo, M. P-5, P-9, P-27

Mori, G. MD3-2, TC2-2, TD2-3,

WE3-2

Morishita, Tetsunori WB1-1

Mosquera, J.A. P-45

Motooka, T. WB1-2

Moulton, Simon E MB2-5

Moyo, F. MD2-3

Mraczek, Klemens WE3-2

Muhr, Andreas WE3-2

Mukadam, S. WG2-4

Mukhopadhyay, A. K. ME1-3

Murthy Ch, S N WC1-3

N

Na, K.H. WB3-4

Nakanishi, T. MB1-2, MD3-1

Nakano, J. THB1-2

Nam, Minwoo WB2-1

Nazarov, A. MA2-2

Nemoto, Shimpei WB1-1

Nesic, S. TC2-5

Nguyen Van, Phuong ME3-3

Nguyen, Huyen P-28

Nguyen, Nhi Tru P-3, P-56

Nguyen, T.D. MD1-2

Niagaj, J. P-75

Nishikata, A. MH3-1

Niu, Hao MC2-3

Noh, M.H. P-54

Noori, Sahar WC3-3

Nor, A. TC2-5

Novakovic, J. THF1-4

Novakovic, Jelica MA1-3

O

Odnevall Wallinder, I. TD1-3

Oh, H.-W. TA2-3

Oh, I.W. THE1-3

Oh, KkochNim WB3-3

Oh, S.J. TC2-3, TH1-4, THE1-3,

THE1-4, P-30

Oh, Se Kwon P-55

Oh, TaeJin THA2-1

Oh, Wonwook P-13

Oh, Young Jin P-47

Ohtsuka, T. MB1-2

Oliveira, Manuela P-87

Omoda, Masataka TH1-3

Ono, Sachiko WF3-3

Oswald, J. MA2-2

131

P

Pahom, Zoia P-22, P-23

Palanisamy, Sounthari WC2-2, WC2-4, WC3-2

Palanisamy, Thanapackiam P-35

Pan, Hongtao WD2-1

Pan, Jinshan MB2-1

Pan, Szu-Jung WE3-3, WH2-1, THC2-4

Pang, J.J WH3-1

Pang, X. WG2-1

Panin, S.V. MH2-2

Panossian, Z. MG3-3

Panzenböck, M. TD2-3

Paraschiv, Alexandru P-58

Park, B.S. MF3-1

Park, Chan-Jin WD3-4, P-51

Park, E.Y. TC2-3

Park, Ga-Eun P-51

Park, H.B. WD1-1

Park, Heung Bae THD2-3, P-48, P-97

Park, J.-T. TA2-3

Park, Jaihyun P-40

Park, Jin Ho MC3-2

Park, Jong Myung P-32

Park, Jun Young MC3-2

Park, K.T. P-42

Park, Ki-won THG1-3

Park, Nochang P-13

Park, S.K. THD2-5, P-1

Park, Sun-Ah WD2-2

Park, Sung-ho Plenary-7

Park, Won-Wook P-60

Park, Yong-Soo Plenary-2, MD3-1,

P-72, P-73, P-74

Park, Young Bae P-53

Park, Young Hee TE1-2

Parravicini, David TD1-4

Parvis, M. THF1-3

Pastore, T. TF1-1

Paulose, Neeta WE2-2

Pellegrini, S. TF1-1

Pereyra, E. TC1-2

Persson, D. MA2-2

Petrovic, Bojan WB3-3

Pham, Quoc Nghiep P-56

Pietrzyk, S. TA1-2

Pippan, R. TD2-3

Pokorny, P. MF3-3

Popa, M. P-17, P-18, P-83, P-89

Popela, T. WD2-3

Prethaler, A. TC2-2

Prokuda, N. A. MC2-2

Prosek, T. MA2-2, MD1-4

Pustode, Mangesh D. WE2-2

Puz, A.V. TA1-3

Q

Qian, Zhichao TA2-4

Qiao, L.J. P-86

Qiao, Lijie WG3-1

Qin, Shuang P-64

Qu, S. WA3-1

R

Rahman, Mohammad Mizanur WA3-2

Raja, V. S. ME1-3, TE1-1, WE2-2

Rajala, P. TB2-3, WB2-2

Rajeev, P WC1-3

Rajendran, Nallaiyan ME3-1, WF2-3, WF3-4

Rathousky, J. THF1-2

Raulio, M. WB2-2

Rehrl, Johannes WE3-2

Remzova, M. THF1-2

Restrepo-Suarez, A. WH3-3

Rifandi, Ifan MC1-2

Rios, John MH3-2

Rjendran, Nallaiyan TE1-2

Romero Hernández, César Armando THE1-2

Rosenberg, E. TC2-2

Rossi, S. WG3-2, THA1-1

Rudnev, V.S. WH2-3

Ryu, D.C. P-99

S

Saito, H. P-16

Sakairi, M. ME3-2

132

Sakaki, Katsumi P-65

Sanabria, J.A. P-68

Sarica, C. TC1-2

Satoh, T. THB1-2

Sattig, C. WF2-1

Savin, K.I. MC2-2

Scharf, Roland WE3-2

Schmitt, Guenter WC1-1

Schroer, Carsten TB1-3

Seki, K. THA1-2

Selman, C. MC1-3

Seo, Hyung Suk MC3-2, WD1-4

Seo, J.W. TH1-4

Seo, Seong-Moon WD1-3

Sergienko, V.I. MG1-2, WA2-1, WH2-3

Seyf, Siamak WA1-2

Shamsudin, Shaiful Rizam TE1-3

Shan, D.Y. ME1-2

Shan, Guoliang MF1-1

Shen, Mingxia MF1-1

Shi, Hongwei WC1-2

Shi, Z. ME2-1

Shibata, Toshio Plenary-5

Shifler, D. A. WH2-4

Shih, Han C. P-52

Shih, HanChang P-80

Shim, J.W. P-54

Shim, Y.B. THE1-4

Shimada, Toru WF3-5

Shin, Hak-Soo P-57

Shin, Ji Wung P-33, P-34

Shin, K.S. ME1-1

Shin, Kee-Sam WD2-2

Shin, Kwagn Seon ME3-1, TE1-2, WF2-3

Shin, M.C. WD1-1

Shin, PyoungHwa THA2-1

Shin, Seung Bong P-44

Shinoda, Nobuyasu WF3-5

Shitanda, I. MB2-2, MB2-3, THA1-2

Shon, MinYoung THA2-1, P-55

Silviu Iulian Drob, P-38

Simancas, J. P-5, P-27

Simillion, H. TA2-1

Sinebryukhov, S.L. MG1-2, TA1-3, WA2-1

Singaram, N.Palaniappan THA2-2

Singer, M. TC2-5

Singh Raman, R.K. TE2-1

Singh, Man THA2-2

Singh, P.M. WB3-3, WG2-3

Skoumalova, Z. WD2-3

Snauwaert, T. MD1-4

Sohn, Keun Yong P-60

Song, Chiwon MA1-4

Song, Dongdong TA2-4

Song, Guan Yu THD1-1

Song, HongSeok P-12

Song, Hyo-Jin P-57

Song, Min-A P-31

Song, Y.W. ME1-2

Srinivasan, Arthanari ME3-1, TE1-2, WF2-3

Stanca, Angela P-37

Startsev, O.V. MH2-2

Stellnberger, Karl-Heinz WE3-2

Stoulil, J. MA2-2, MF3-3

Su, Y.J. P-86

Su, Yan MH3-3

Subekti, Norman MC1-2

Subramaniam, Rameshkumar P-35

Subramanian, Chitra WC2-2, WC2-3,

WC2-4, WC3-2

Suhor, F. TC2-5

Sukhoverkhov, S.V. MC2-2

Suleiman, Rami WA2-2

Sun, Congtao P-96

Sun, D.B. TD2-2

Sun, Dingbai MC2-3, WF1-3

Sun, Hongyao MF1-1

Sun, M.C. WD1-2

Sun, Min MD2-4

Sun, Ying-Sui WF3-1

Sun, Zhihua MH1-2, MH2-1, P-14

Sung, E.C. THE1-3

Sung, G.H. WD1-1

Sung, Gi Ho P-47, P-48

Surendranathan, A O WC1-3

133

Suriani, M.J. MC2-4

Suzuki, Takanobu P-65

T

Tabei, K. MB2-2

Tada, E. MH3-1

Take, S. MA2-4

Tan, M. YJ MC1-1, MG3-1

Tan, Y.T. MF1-3, P-82

Tanaka, Kouji P-65

Tang, Y.M. WA3-1

Tang, Yuming MF2-2

Tang, Zhihui MH1-2

Tanoli, N. THD1-4

Tanto, Iryanni Dewi TC1-1

Tarish, H. THD1-4

Tatis, R. D. WH3-3

Terryn, H. MB1-1, TA2-1, WG2-2

Thierry, D. MA2-2, MD1-4

Tian, Li-hui TA2-2

Tomandl, A. MD3-2

Torres, R. WH3-3

Traidia, A. MG2-2

Tran, Mai Han P-3

Tran, Phuong Chien P-56

Tsai, C.J. THB2-4

Tsai, L.H. MH2-3

Tsai, Wen-Ta WE3-3, WH2-1, THC2-4

Tsau, ChuenHuei P-80

Tsukada, T. THB1-2

U

Uchida, D. THH1-3

Ueda, M. MB1-2

Ueno, F. WB1-2

V

van der Merwe, J.W. MD2-3

Varela, F. MC1-1, MG3-1

Vasilescu, C. P-17, P-18, P-38, P-83,

P-89

Vasilescu, E. P-17, P-38, P-83, P-89

Vásquez, F. A. MC2-1

Vassiliou, P. THF1-4

Vassiliou, Panayota MA1-3

Venkatesan, Hemapriya WC2-3

Verbeken, Kim MB1-1

Verdingovas, Vadimas THG1-1

Villa, W WH3-3

Visser, A. TD2-3

VS, Simi WF3-4

W

Wallace, Gordon G MB2-5

Wan Abdullah, Wan Razli TE1-3

Wan Nik, W.B. MC2-4

Wang, Bo THH1-2

Wang, C.P. MD2-2

Wang, Deli P-64

Wang, G. P-86

Wang, Guan MC2-3

Wang, Haitao MG1-4

Wang, Hong P-39

Wang, J. P-84

Wang, J.Q. WG1-4

Wang, Jianqiu THB2-2

Wang, Liwei P-66

Wang, M.Y. THB1-5, THB2-4

Wang, Mei-Ya TB2-4

Wang, N. P-84

Wang, Peng TC1-3, THA1-3

Wang, Qin-Ying MA2-1

Wang, Rongguang TD1-1

Wang, Shengrong P-85

Wang, Shuli MC3-1, MC3-3, THH1-1

Wang, Tianli P-64

Wang, Xianzong WE2-3

Wang, Y.S. WG2-3

Wang, Yi WC2-1

Wang, Ying P-39

Wang, Ze-xin WF2-4

Wang, Zhenyao P-4

Watanabe, Y. THB1-4, THB2-1

Weber, Jan MB2-5

Wei, Xin MH1-3

134

Wen, Chen WE3-1

Wen, Chuang MC3-1, MC3-3

Wen, Lei TH1-2

Widyanto, Bambang TC1-1

Wijesinghe, S.L. MA2-3, MF1-3, P-6,

P-82

Won, Deok Soo WF1-1

Woo, Dal-Sik P-70, P-90

Woo, S.K. ME2-4, WF2-2

Woo, Sang Kyu ME3-5

Wu, Anqi WF1-3

Wu, Jianfeng P-88

Wu, Junsheng THC2-3

Wu, X.Q. WD1-2

X

Xanchão, Gustavo THH1-4

Xia, Da-Hai MG2-1

Xia, T.F. WD3-1

Xiao, Fei P-64

Xiao, K. MB3-1

Xiao, Kui MH1-1, MH1-3, THC1-3

Xu, Changxue P-21

Xu, Daokui ME2-2

Xu, H.S. TD2-2

Xu, Lei WF2-4

Xu, Qunjie WD2-1

Xu, Z.H. MD2-2

Xue, Zhiyuan MG1-3

Xue, Zhi-yuan THH1-2

Y

Yamamoto, M. WB1-2, THB1-2

Yamauchi, T. THH1-3

Yan, Y. P-86

Yanagita, M. MA2-4

Yang, Jie ME2-3

Yang, Ji-Hoon P-31

Yang, Li P-2

Yang, Seung Gi P-33, P-34

Yang, W.S. TC2-3, TH1-4

Yang, Yan MC3-1, MC3-3, THH1-1

Yang, YooChang P-49, P-50

Yang, Zheng MF1-1

Ye, Mo-xi THH1-2

Ye, Shulin P-88

Yeau, K.Y. P-54

Yeh, ChunWei P-80

Yeh, T. K. THB1-5, THB2-4

Yeh, Tsung-Kuang TB2-4

Yi, P. MB3-1

Yi, Yongsun WG1-1

Yim, Chang Dong ME2-3, ME2-4, ME3-5,

WF2-2, P-61

Yin, Litao TH1-2

Yoo, S.C. WE2-1, THB1-3

Yoo, Young-Soo WD1-3

Yoon, Jung-Bong WD2-2

Yoshinaga, S. MA2-4

You, Bong Sun ME2-3, ME2-4, ME3-5,

WF2-2, P-60, P-61,

P-62

Young, D.J. MD1-2

Yu, Bo P-14

Yu, H.Y. TD2-2

Yu, Hongying MC2-3, WF1-3

Yu, Mei WE3-1

Yu, Q. WG2-1

Yuan, P. MB3-2

Yuan, Xujie P-8

Yuan, Zongyang MF1-1

Yun, Dae Won WD1-3

Yun, H. THD1-3

Yun, J.T. TD2-1

Yuvarani, S WC2-2

Z

Zadorozhny, P.A. MC2-2

Zander, André WF1-2, THD1-2

Zanella, C. WG3-2

Zavala Olivares, Gerardo THE1-2

Zavidnaya, A.G. TA1-3

Zea, C. P-27

Zehethofer, G. TC2-2

Zeng, L. MC3-4

Zhang, B. WG1-4

Zhang, Bo WG3-3

135

Zhang, Chunyan TE1-4

Zhang, D.Q. WD3-1

Zhang, Dalei WH3-2

Zhang, Dun WC2-1, THA1-3

Zhang, Fan MB2-1

Zhang, Feng P-10, P-11

Zhang, G. A. MC3-4

Zhang, Guodong MF2-2

Zhang, J. MD1-2

Zhang, Jin MA3-1

Zhang, Junxi P-8

Zhang, Kun WA1-1

Zhang, L. WD3-1

Zhang, Shiming P-8

Zhang, Tao TE1-4

Zhang, Xiaoyun P-14

Zhang, Xuesong WH1-2, WH1-3

Zhang, Yanli WG1-3

Zhang, Yong-fei THH1-1

Zhang, Zhiming THB2-2

Zhang，Xiaoyun MH1-2

Zhao, Jie MD3-3, THD1-1

Zhao, Jun THH1-2, P-11

Zhao, Junwen WA1-1

Zhao, Shu-hua THH1-1

Zhao, X. P-41

Zhao, X.H. WA3-1

Zhao, Xuhui MF2-2

Zhao, Yu-Zeng WD2-4

Zheng, Xuebin WA1-1

Zhong, Ping THC1-3

Zhong, X.Y. WD1-2

Zhou, Xiaorong P-14

Zhou, Xing-tao THH1-2

Zhou, Y. THC1-1, THC1-2

Zhu, Lin P-21

Zhu, Min WE3-4

Zhu, Yuqin MB2-4, MG3-2

Zixi, Tan MA2-3, P-6

Zong, Yang-Wei WD2-4

Zou, S. MB3-1

Zouzelka, R. THF1-2

Zubeir, Hosni MD1-1

Zucchi, F. THF1-3

Zuhair, Gasem WA3-2

Zukowski, D. WF2-1

Zuo, Y. WA3-1, THC1-1,

THC1-2

Zuo, Yu MF2-2, P-24, P-43

Zychová, M. WD2-3

program & abstracts - 19th icc international corrosion congress november 2- 6, 2014...

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