Progress to a low carbon gsociety

低炭素社会への前進低炭素社会 の前進

European and French Experience欧州と 経験欧州とフランスの経験

Jeremie PETITEnvironment Counsellor

French Embassyジェレミー・プティ 在日フランス大使館 環境参事官

Foreword : Choices facing Japan for a t i bl l b i t sustainable low-carbon society

日本における持続可能な低炭素社会への選択肢

A precursor in the field of green growth and a technological leader…

… entering a phase of doubt and uncertainty* Whither climate policy after 2012?

• * energy mix* supply side/demand side policies

The best energy is the one we do not use!

Europe : a laboratory for policy options t d l b i ttowards a low-carbon society

欧州：低炭素社会に向けた政策オプションの実験室

Policy options examined today :

• Cap and trade carbon market (EU ETS)• Cap and trade carbon market (EU-ETS)• Carbon tax• Standards• Feed-in-tariff• Optimisation of the energy mix

No silver bullet.

O tli 概要Outline 概要

1 EU i EUの経験• 1. EU experience EUの経験• EU-ETS (2005), “3x20” climate targets (2007)

and the Energy/climate legislative package and the Energy/climate legislative package (2009)

• 2/ French Experience フランスの経験• the primacy of energy security and the Green

New Deal (Grenelle de l‘environnement, 2007)

• 3/ Future prospects for EU domestic climate • 3/ Future prospects for EU domestic climate change policy EU域内気候変動政策の今後• Getting ready for the next phase 2013 – 2020Getting ready for the next phase 2013 2020• Planning ahead: EU Roadmap 2050

EU Experience (1) : “3x20” climate targetsEU Experience (1) : 3x20 climate targetsEUの経験（1）: “3x20” （3つの20）気候目標

• The European Council in March 2007 announced its so-called “3x20” climate targets for 2020. These aimed to:

• - reach a 20% share of renewable energy in energy reach a 20% share of renewable energy in energy consumption,

• - improve energy efficiency by 20%,• - reduce GHG emissions by 20% compared to 1990. If

a satisfactory international agreement is signed, this objective would increase to -30%.j

EU Experience (2) : Energy/Climate EU Experience (2) : Energy/Climate legislative package

EUの経験（2）:エネルギー・気候包括法案経験（ ） ギ 気候包括法案

• The Energy/Climate legislative package of March 2009 establishes specific policies to reach these goals and 2009 establishes specific policies to reach these goals and distributes them to the member States (which may adopt more restrictive emission regulations if they wish).

• A key element of the European climate policy will be the extension of the European Union Emissions Trading p gScheme (EU ETS), introduced in 2005 on the same principles as the international market created by the Kyoto Protocol.Protocol.

EU Experience (3) : How the EU ETS WorksEU Experience (3) : How the EU ETS WorksEUの経験（3）:欧州排出量取引制度の仕組み

• Covered SectorsCovered Sectors• The EU ETS sets a cap to the CO2 emissions of about

11,400 industrial installations.Th i ll i bl f l 50% f h • These installations are accountable for nearly 50% of the European Union’s CO2 emissions.

EU Experience (3) : Covered sectorsEU Experience (3) : Covered sectorsEUの経験（3）:対象セクター

Currently the EU ETS only covers CO2 emissions.

The energy sector (power and heat production, refinery, coke furnaces) is the most important sector in the EU ETS coke furnaces) is the most important sector in the EU ETS. Electricity producers alone receive approximately 50% of total allocations.

• The aviation sector will• be included from 2012.• From 2013 onwards, the• emissions of N2O and SF6• from the chemical and • Aluminum sectors will also • Be covered.

EU Experience (3) : Fewer and fewer free ll iallocations

EUの経験（3）: 減少する無料排出枠Th All All tiThe Allowance Allocation:

• “trial phase” of 2005-2007 and 2008-2012. The share of auctioned allowances in the allocation is 0.13 % in phase 1 and 3.6%in phase 2.and 3.6%in phase 2.

• Phase 3: In 2013, the share of auctioned allowances will be extended to 100% of the allocation for power generators and 20% for other sectors

F h E i フランスの経験French Experience フランスの経験

• 1/ The Green New Deal• 2/ Building sector : the primacy of the regulatory

happroach• 3/ The attempt to introduce a carbon tax• 4/ Experience in introducing a feed-in-tariff• 5/ Consideration on the energy mix

France: the 5th lowest carbon intensity of OECD countries

フランス：OECD各国中、炭素強度が5番目に低い

0.7

CO2 emissions per unit of GDP, 2008

0 4

0.5

0.6

0.2

0.3

0.4

0

0.1

Distribution by Sources of C02 Emissions in Distribution by Sources of C02 Emissions in France in 2009

フランスにおける発生源別CO2排出量（2009年）ラ おける発 源別 2排出量（ 年）

Distribution by Sources of C02 Emissions in Distribution by Sources of C02 Emissions in the EU in 2009

EUにおける発生源別CO2排出量（2009年）おける発 源別 2排出量（ 年）

French Experience (1) : Legal FrameworkFrench Experience (1) : Legal Frameworkフランスの経験（1）:法的枠組み

• EU Energy and Climate Change Package• Adopted under French Presidency in 2007• For France from 2005 to 2020: • For France, from 2005 to 2020:

• -21% CO2 within ETS• -14% CO2 outside ETS• 23% of renewable energy in 2020

G ll E i t• Grenelle Environnement• « Green New Deal » action plan & policy guidelines • 4 months of meetings with all stakeholders

• National and local governments• Private companies & Labor unions• Environmental NGO

• Validated by President Sarkozy in Oct. 2007y y

French Experience (2) : Use of regulation French Experience (2) : Use of regulation as a policy tool

フランスの経験（2）:政策ツールとしての規制ラ 経験（ ） 政策 規制

• The best energy is the one we do not use!• Improve energy efficiency of products (car, fridge, lights).• Reduce the needs!!! Use less transport less TV etc• Reduce the needs!!! Use less transport, less TV, etc.

• Buildings• 44 % of total energy consumption (71 Mtoe)gy p ( )• 20% of national GHG emissions• Grenelle objective: decrease building energy consumption by 40 % in

2020 from 2007• Transports• Transports

• 32 % of final energy consumption (51 Mtoe)• 26 % of national GHG emissions, • Grenelle objective: decreasing by 20 % GHG emissions in 2020 from

20072007

French Experience (2) : Standards for the French Experience (2) : Standards for the building sector

フランスの経験（2）:建築セクターにおける基準ラ 経験（ ） 建築 クタ おける 準

• Construction of new buildings• 2012: all new housing to be energy efficient (50 2012: all new housing to be energy efficient (50

kWh/m2)• 2020: all new housing to be energy positive

• Renovation scheme for existing constructions• The aim is to reduce the average consumption of the

housing stock from 240 to 150 kWh/m2 by 2020, i.e. a reduction of almost 40%. e a educ o o a os 0%

French Experience (3) : Attempt to p ( ) pintroduce a carbon tax

フランスの経験（3）:炭素税導入の動き

• Basic idea : introduce a carbon price for sectors that are not already covered by EU-ETS.are not already covered by EU ETS.

• The proposal was rejected by the constitutional council in 2009…

• but the level of taxation on fossil fuels is already • … but the level of taxation on fossil fuels is already high in France : 61% of the price for unlead gasoline (more than 1,2 USD/l) in 2008 - compared to 40% in Japan at the same dateJapan at the same date

French Experience (4) : Feed in tariffFrench Experience (4) : Feed-in tariffフランスの経験（4）:固定価格買取制度

• Adoption of the legislation in 2000

• Adoption of the first tariffs in 2001, 2002 and 2003

• Revision of the initial price in 2006,2007, p , ,2009 and 2010

French Experience (4) : Energy mix in 2009p ( ) gyフランスの経験（4）:2009年エネルギーミックス

Primary energy production 130 2 Mtoe

Primary energy consumption 259,2 Mtoeproduction 130,2 Mtoe

NuclearHydro & WindOther renewables

consumption 259,2 MtoeNuclear, hydro, wind and PVOther renewablesOilGas

15 62

120

140

Other renewablesFossil

0 8

300

GasCoal

6.415.6

80

100

120

e 82 7

3910.8

200

250

e

10740

60

80

Mto

e

16

82.7

100

150M

toe

0

20 110.8

0

50

French Experience (4) : Energy mixFrench Experience (4) : Energy mixフランスの経験（4）:エネルギーミックス

Grenelle Objectives :• - Energy saving certificates (ESC).

I l t ti f th EU’ d i th • - Implementation of the EU’s eco-design, the carbon labelling and the EU ETS

• - Development of renewable energies to 23% • Development of renewable energies to 23% of final energy consumption in 2020

Electricity mix : nuclear to remain a major pillar of French energy policy by 2025

EU domestic policy (1): Where do we EU domestic policy (1): Where do we stand?

EU域内政策（1）:現状EU域内政策（1）:現状

• Decoupling of 130

140

150

economic growth and GHG emissions is happening 100

110

120

130

99

0=

10

0)

GDP (EU-27)

Energy consumption(EU 27)is happening.

• Since 2009, EU economy faces a

70

80

90

Ind

ex

(19 (EU-27)

CO2 emissions (EU-27)

GHG/GDP (EU-15)

GHG/GDP (EU 27)economy faces a deep economic and financial crisis.

50

60

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

GHG/GDP (EU-27)

EU domestic policy (2): Next stepsEU domestic policy (2): Next stepsEU域内政策（2）:次のステップ

EU Emissions Trading System• Auctioning: mainly for the

f power sector, use of auctioning revenue (eg NER 300)

CO2(Energy 300)

• Benchmarking to avoid carbon leakage in industries at risk

( gyproduction, refineries, industry (steel leakage in industries at risk

• Registries• Inclusion of aviation

(steel, cement etc.),Aviation);• Inclusion of aviation );N2O (fertilizer)

EU domestic policy (3): Next stepsEU domestic policy (3): Next stepsEU域内政策（3）:次のステップ

S t t id th ETSSectors outside the ETS• Implement national targets

(Effort Sharing Decision)(Effort Sharing Decision)• Emission performance

standards for cars and light d t ehicles fo 2020duty vehicles for 2020

• Common accounting for land use, land use change and

CO2(Households, g

forestry• Recast of F-gases regulation

Transport White Paper

Services, Transport),CH4 (Waste, Agriculture) • Transport White Paper

• Energy Efficiency Directive

Agriculture),N2O (Agriculture)

EU domestic policy (4): Next stepsEU domestic policy (4): Next stepsEU域内政策（4）:次のステップ

Additional legislative proposals• Updating Monitoring Mechanism Regulation• Proposal for mainstreaming climate into next EU Multiannual • Proposal for mainstreaming climate into next EU Multiannual

Financial Framework 2014-2020: min 20% of expenditure climate related• Regional funds• Regional funds• Common Agricultural Policy• Research and Innovation• Transeuropean infrastructure (energy and transport)• Development cooperation

• Maritime transport• AdaptationAdaptation

• Clearing House Mechanism• Adaptation Strategy in 2013

EU Roadmap 2050: Setting the level of p gambition on the basis of science

EUロードマップ2050：科学に基づく野心レベルの設定

• Globally halving emissions by 2050 cp to 1990• EU objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions EU objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions

by 80-95% by 2050 compared to 1990, in the context of necessary reductions by developed countriesNeed for a low carbon 2050 strategy as framework • Need for a low carbon 2050 strategy as framework for longer term action

• Need to fix intermediary stages towards reaching the 2050 objective

• Need to keep developments under review on a regular basisregular basis

EU Roadmap 2050 - a cost-efficient pathway

EUロードマップ2050 費用対効果の高いシナリオ

100% 100%

P S t

80% domestic reduction in 2050 feasible

60%

80%

60%

80%Current policy

Power Sector

Residential & Tertiary

feasible•with currently available technologies

40% 40%

Industry

T t

technologies• If all economic sectors contribute

0%

20%

0%

20%

Non CO2 Other Sectors

Transport

Non CO2 Agriculture

Efficient pathway:-25% in 2020-40% in 2030 0%

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

0%240% in 2030-60% in 2040

EU Roadmap 2050:pBenefits for growth and jobsEUロードマップ2050:成長と雇用便益ド ッ 成長と雇用便益

• Shift from fuel costs to i t t dit

GDP and GHG decoupling220

investment expenditure• Innovation in key growth

sectors crucial for future 160

180

200

0%sectors crucial for future

competitiveness• Potential net job creation

t 1 5 illi b 2020100

120

140

19

90

= 1

00

up to 1.5 million by 2020• GDP more secure from

energy price shocks 40

60

80

gy p1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

GDP GHG emissions

C l i 結論Conclusions 結論

• Credibility of the UNFCCC depends on (i) swift progress in the implementation of pledges under the Cancun agreements, and (ii) on identifying new mitigation initiatives to close the ambition gap by the end of 2013.g p y

• The success of the negotiations under the Durban Platform will hinge on the collective capability to design and implement a new legally binding agreement that is implement a new legally binding agreement that is environmentally effective, economically efficient, fair and politically acceptable.

• EU will push ahead on designing and implementing domestic climate policies. EU climate policies demonstrate that, if designed in a smart way, GHG emissions can be , g y,reduced while growing the economy in a sustainable and resilient manner.

International challenge: The GapInternational challenge: The Gap国際的な課題：ギャップ

Thank you very much!Thank you very much!ありがとうございました。

• More information

• Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and energy :www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr

ADEME (F h E i t d E M t A )• ADEME (French Environment and Energy Management Agency)• www.ademe.fr

• European Commission• European Commission• http://ec.europa.eu/clima/news/index_en.htm

• European Environment Agency• European Environment Agency• www.eea.europa.eu