properties of drilling fluids ＆ evaluation 钻井液性能及其测试 chapter 2 principles of...

Properties of drilling fluids

＆ evaluation钻井液性能及其测试

Chapter 2

Principles of Drilling Fluids钻井液工艺原理

Prof. Dr. Xiuhua Zheng E-mail: [email protected] Dept. School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences(Beijing)

中国地质大学 ( 北京 ) 工程技术学院勘查教研室

mailto:[email protected]

钻井液 Drilling Fluids2010 中国地质大学 ( 北京 ) page 2

China University of Geosciences (Beijing)§2Properties of drilling fluids ＆ Evaluation

Glossary of §2

1. Drilling Fluid (Mud)

2. Viscosity

3. Marsh funnel

4. Gel strength

5. Bentonite

6. Hydrate

7. Free water

8. Water loss

9. Yielded

10. Makeup water

1. 钻井液（泥浆）2. 粘度3. 马氏漏斗4. 凝胶强度5. 膨润土6. 水化7. 自由水8. 失水9. 造浆10. 配浆水



Contents

1. density of drilling fluids 钻井液的密度

2. Viscosity and Gel Properties

粘度和凝胶性能3. API Filtration

API 失水4. Solids Content

固相含量5. Bentonite Content of Mud

泥浆的蒙脱石含量



Contents

6. The API Sand Test API 含砂量7. Hydrogen Ion Concentration pH 值的确定8. Filtrate Analysis 滤液分析9. Resistivity 电阻10. Electrical Stability of Emulsions

乳状液的稳定性11. Treatment of Make-up Water 配浆水的处理12. Pilot Testing 先导实验



1. Density （密度）

① Density, or Mud Weight （泥浆比重） , is determined

by weighting a precise volume of drilling fluid and

dividing the weight by the volume.

② Density is expressed in g/cm3, lb/gal.

Fig.1-1. Mud Balance1-Arm; 2-Knife; 3-Cup; 4-Lid of the cup; 5-Calibration tank;

6-sliding weight(rider); 7-; 8- Fulcrum; 9-



1.1 Density and Pressure Control （压力控制）• Formation indigenous pressures ， including, • 1) Formation overburden pressure （上覆地层压力） ; • 2) Formation pore pressure （地层孔隙压力） ; • 3) Formation matrix stress ( 地层基岩压力 ); • 4) Formation fracture pressure （地层破裂压力） . • Engineering operational pressures, including, • 1) Mud hydrostatic pressure （钻井液静液柱压力） ; • 2) Mud circulating pressure （钻井液循环压力 ); • 3) Swab and surge pressure due to pipe movement （钻具运

动激动压力） ; • 4) Surge pressure due to pump starting （开泵激动压力） ; • 5) Shut-in drill pipe pressure (SIDPP （关井钻杆压力） ); • 6) Shut-in casing pressure (SICP) （关井套管压力） .



1.1.1 Formation Overburden Pressure （上覆地层压力）

• Where,

• P0 --Overburden pressure, kg/cm2;

• H--True vertical depth, m;• --Average density of rocks of overburden

formations, g/cm3;• --Average porosity of overburden formations, %;• --Average density of fluids contained in

overburden formations, g/cm3.

fr HHP 1.0)1(1.00

r

f



1.1.2 Formation Pore Pressure （地层孔隙压力）

• This is the pressure of the fluid contained in the pores of

the formation, generally called formation pressure. The

formation pore pressure can be divided in three

categories--normal pressure （正常压力地层0.100~0.107 kg/cm2/m ） , abnormal pressure （异常高压地层 0.107~0.231 kg/cm2/m ） and under-normal

pressure （异常低压地层 0.055~0.093 kg/cm2/m ）） according to its pressure gradient （地层压力梯度） .



Fig.1-2 Correlation between pressures underground



1.1.3 Formation Fracture Pressure （地层破裂压力）

• A formation can be fractured and begins to absorb fluid from well bore when the mud density is high enough and the pressure in the well bore is raised up to a certain value.



1.1.4 Drilling Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure ( 钻井液静液柱压力 )• Hydrostatic pressure of the mud in well bore is the

pressure exerted by the mud column on the bottom.

• Where,

• PH --Drilling fluid hydrostatic pressure, kg/cm2;

• --Density of the fluid, g/cm3;

• H--True vertical depth, m.

HPH 1.0



Fig. 1-3 Determination of drilling fluid density according to formation overburden pressure and

formation fracture pressure



1.2 the affection for ROP

随着泥浆比重的增加，钻速下降，特别是泥浆比重大于 1.06~1.08 时，钻速下降尤为明显。



2 、 Viscosity and Gel Properties

2.1 Marsh Funnel （马氏漏斗） The Marsh Funnel is useful on the drilling rig, where it enables

the crew to periodically report the consistency （粘度 / 稠度） of the mud, so that significant changes may be noted by the mud engineer. It consists of a funnel and a measuring cup (Fig.2-1), and gives an empirical value for the consistency

Fig.2-1. Marsh Funnel



2.2 Direct-Indicating Viscometers( 直读式粘度计 )

These instruments are a form of concentric cylinder viscometer that enables the variation of shearing stress（剪切应力） with shear rate （剪切速率） to be observed. The essential elements are shown in Figure.2-2 ， 2-3. A bob suspended from a spring （弹簧） hangs concentrically in an outer cylinder （外筒） . The viscometer has 6 rotational speeds -- 3 rpm, 6 rpm, 100 rpm, 200 rpm, 300 rpm and 600 rpm, 1rpm= 1.703s-1.



Fig.2-2. Schematic diagram of the direct indicating viscometer. The deflection in degrees of the bob is read from the graduated scale on the dial

Fig.2-3. Fann direct indicating viscometer



3. API Filtration

• 3.1 introduction of API Filtration

API （美国石油学会） filtration can be measured using API filtration press (Fig.3-1 Low Pressure filter tester 低压失水仪 ) under a pressure of applied with nitrogen gas and a proper 9 cm filter paper.



4. Solids content

4.1 introduction of solids content

Solids contained in drilling fluaid include bentonite, weighting materials and drilled solids (drilled cuttings of formation rocks or formation detritus derived from sloughing or collapse). Weighting materials have higher density (usually>4.0g/cm3) and are called high-density solids, and bentonite and drilled solids have lower density (usually<2.7g/cm3) and are called low-density solids. Weighting materials and bentonite are useful solids and drilled solids are useless or harmful solids.



4.2 the affections for ROP

图 4-1 固相含量对钻速、钻头用量和钻机工作日的影响 1- 钻头用量（个）；2- 钻机工作日（天）； 3- 钻速（ ft/d)（ 1ft/d=0.3048m)

图 4-2 固相分散性对钻速的影响 1- 聚合物不分散体系； 2-分散体系（膨润土与低造浆粘土之比均为 1 ： 1



Fig.4-3. Retort for determining oil and water content of muds

The volume fractions of oil, water, and solids in a mud are determined in a retort such as that shown in Figure 4-3. t is important that any air or gas entrained on the mud be removed before retorting; otherwise, the solids content will be in considerable error.

4.3 the Retort



5.Bentonite Content of Mud

5.1 Methylene Blue Test and Cation Exchange Capacity Equipment and Regents:

When the blue tint spreading from the spot is detected and the blue ring again evident after two minutes ,then, Report the cation exchange capacity of the mud as the methylene blue capacity, calculated as follows:

33/cmcm , mud of ml of No.

blue methylene of ml of No.capacity blue Methylene



亚甲基蓝　　中文名称：（无水）亚甲基蓝　　英文名称： Methylene Blue trihydrate

　　系统命名：氯化 3,7- 双 ( 二甲氨基 ) 吩噻嗪 -5- 鎓　　分子式： C16H18N3ClS2

　　分子量： 351.91

　　 CAS 号： 61-73-4

• 性质：金红色闪金光或闪古铜色光的粉状物，溶于水，稍溶于酒精则呈蓝色；遇浓硫酸呈黄光绿色；稀释后呈蓝色；水溶液中加入氢氧化钠溶液后呈紫色或出现暗紫色沉淀。

• 用途：可用于麻、蚕丝织物、纸张的染色和竹、木的着色。还可用于制造墨水和色淀及生物、细菌组织的染色等方面。它可与碱性紫 5BN 和黄糊精以 78 ：13 ： 9 的比例拼混成碱性品蓝。

http://imgsrc.baidu.com/baike/pic/item/d872d6954cc49458d1135ebf.jpg



Procedure of methylene blue test and determination of the end point

亚甲基蓝试验和终点的确定



• 钻井液的阳离子交换容量通常又称做亚甲基蓝容量，其含义是：每 100mL 钻井液所能吸附亚甲基蓝的毫摩尔数。由于 1mL 标准溶液中含有 0.01mmol 亚甲基蓝，因此试验中所消耗标准溶液的毫升数在数值上恰好等于钻井液的亚甲基蓝容量。

• 为便于计算，一般情况下假定膨润土的阳离子交换容量等于 70mmol ／ (100g) 。

LgCECf mc /)(3.14



Contents of Bentonite in Drilling Fluid-fc

• If : 100g (Bentonite), 70 mmol(CEC); then (CEC)m, x g(Bentonite in 100 mL tested Drilling Fluid)

70

)(100 mCECx

Then, 1000 mL drilling fluid, fc:

mm

c CECCEC

f )(3.14100010070

)(



三水合亚甲基蓝

　　英文名称： Methylene Blue trihydrate;tetramethylthionine chloride

　　系统命名：三水合氯化 3,7- 双 ( 二甲氨基 ) 吩噻嗪 -5- 鎓

　　分子式： C16H18N3SCl·3H2O

　　分子量 : 373.89

　　 CAS 号 : 7220-79-3

　　熔点 : 190-191℃

　性质：为发亮的深绿色结晶或细小深褐色粉末，带青铜光泽，无气味，在空气中稳定，能溶于水，具碱性，水溶液蓝色。水中溶解度≥ 10g/100ml at 22 ℃ 。

　用途：化学试剂（酸试滴定 ) 、化学染剂（碱性染料 ) 、医药 ( 重金属盐解毒 , 比如利用其与血红蛋白结合能力强在一氧化碳中毒可以用静脉注射亚甲基蓝的方法来救治 ) ，杀菌、杀虫剂。避免皮肤和眼睛接触。



5.2 Bentonite Content of Mud

• the bentonite content of the mud can be estimated as follows:

Bentonite content of mud in kg/m3=14.25×methlylene blue capacity



6. The API Sand Test （含砂量）

Fig.6-1. Standard API sand sieve

6.1 introduction of API sand Test The sand content is a measure of the amount of particles lager than 200 mesh present in a mud. Even though it is called a sand test, the test defines the size, not the composition, of the particles. The test is conveniently made in the apparatus shown in Fig.6-1.



7. Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH 值的确定 )

The significant influence of the hydrogen ion concentration on the properties of drilling fluids has long been recognized and has been the subject of numerous studies. Hydrogen ion concentration is more conveniently, expressed as pH, which is the logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration in gram mols per liter. Two methods for the measurement of pH are in common use: (1) a colorimetric method （比色法） using paper test strips impregnated with indicators, and (2) an electrometric method using a glass electrode instrument.



8. Filtrate Analysis( 滤液分析 )

Some chemical tests are made on mud filtrates to determine the presence of contaminants, such as salt or anhydrite, or to assist in the control of mud properties; for example, the test for alkalinity in high pH muds. The same tests can be applied to make-up waters, which in some areas contain dissolved salts which materially affect mud treatment. The equipment generally used for filtrate analysis includes automatic burette, reagent bottle, dropper bottler, casserole, graduated cylinder, graduated pipette, and glass stirring rod.



9. Resistivity( 电阻 )

9.1 the introduction of Resistivity Control of the resistivity of a mud and mud filtration

while drilling may be desirable to permit better evaluation of formation characteristics from electric logs. The determination of resistivity is essentially the measurement of resistance to electrical current flow through known sample configuration.



10. Electrical Stability of Emulsions ( 乳状液的电稳定性 ) The electrical stability test indicates the stability of emulsions of water in oil. the stability can be tested by the emulsions tester



11. Treatment of Make-up Water ( 配浆水的处理 )

• In areas where only hard water is available for mixing mud, the yield of the clay can be increased and the water loss decreased by removing the dissolved calcium and magnesium. Soda ash is added to form a precipitate of calcium carbonate while caustic soda will be required to precipitate magnesium as the hydroxide.



12. Pilot Testing

• Certain suggestions as to pilot testing procedures will be helpful as a guide in determining the appropriate treatment to condition a mud. For example, confusion can be avoided by recording the results of pilot tests in field units.

• It is important when making pilot tests to consider the order and manner in winch materials will be added under field conditions



Discussion

A. The properties and their relationship to the drill operations? E.g. the roles of the density and how to design and adjust density?

B. How about viscosity, filtration, yield point, pH?

properties of drilling fluids ＆ evaluation 钻井液性能及其测试 chapter 2 principles of...

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