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Prospects and Planning of
Producing Energy from Biomass and
Waste for Clean India
Dr.M.K.MohantyM.Tech(IIT,KGP),PhD(IITD)
Contents
• Energy scenario
• Biomass and Potential of biomass
• Conversion technologies
• Case studies• Case studies
• Mainstreaming challenges
• Biorefinery
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Indian energy scenario• India’s energyusagehasbeenrapidly increasingasa resultof economicgrowth in
69.3%1.9%
16.1%
12.7%
Thermal
Nuclear
Hydro
Renewable
Thermal
176,118.6
MW
Hydro
40,798.8
MW
Nuclear
4,780
MW
Renewable
32,307.71
MW
Total
254,005.1
MW
Indian Power Sector Power Installed Capacity = 253.390 GW
As of 31st August 2014
• India’s energyusagehasbeenrapidly increasingasa resultof economicgrowth inthe last decade and the large population;
• Per capita consumption of electricity in India (2.02kWh) is very low compared toCanada (51.5kWh), USA (39.25kWh) and other developed countries.
• India is one of the major coal importing nations in the world• More than 25% of primary energy needs being met by imports mainly in the form of
crude oil and gas• India is endowed with vast renewable energy resources including wind, solar,
biomass and small hydro.• India needs to develop the available renewable energy to meet its growing power
needs and ensure energy security
India’s Energy Challenge
ShortageDemand
In next 12 years India’s electricity requirement to
grow 2.5 times
Peak shortage of 2% and energy shortage
of 5.1% is expected(2014-15)**
Access
Security
Climate ChangeClimate Change is
also an important issue
India was dependent on oil imports for 71% of its
demand in 2012*
300 Million people did not have access to electricity as per the 2011 census*
*Source: http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=in; ** Source: http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/yearly/lgbr_report.pdf
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67.14%
11.84%
12.52%
8.49%
Wind
Small Hydro
Bio mass
Solar
Wind
21,692.98
MW
Small Hydro
3,826.18
MW
Solar
2,743
MW
Biomass
4,045.55
MW
Total
32,307.71
MW
7
Power Installed Capacity = 32.308 GWAs of 31st August, 2014
Renewable Power Capacity
Renewable Power Projects PotentialResource Potential (MW) Cumulative
achievement
Wind 49,500(50m hub height)102,800(80m hub height)
21,692.98
Small Hydro(up to 25MW) 19,700 3,826.18
Biomass including bagassecogeneration
22,500 4,045.55
Solar 50MWp/km2 2,743MW
Renewable Power Projects Potential
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Potential DG Sources• Diesel engines with very large storage tanks (five days are
common)
• Reciprocating engines similar to diesels that burn by biofuel
• Microturbines on gas
• Wind turbines
• Solar arrays• Solar arrays
• Geothermal
• Stream turbine from a small local stream
• Wave
• Tide
• Human or animal powered (really retrogressive)
070412
What is Biomass?
Biomass is the solar energy stored in chemical form
from living organisms in plant ,animal materials
and their by-products. It supply 14% of primary
energy consumption.energy consumption.
• Burn to produce heat and electricity
• Change to gas like fuel such as methane
• Changed to liquid fuel
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BIOMASS
Biofuels — Converting biomass into liquid a&
gases fuels for transportation.
Biopower — Burning biomass directly, or
converting it into gaseous or liquid fuels that
burn more efficiently, to generate electricity.burn more efficiently, to generate electricity.
Energy Value of biomass
– A Typical Example: 1 kg of Dried biomass gives
»3-3.6 kWh heat Energy;
or,
»0.7-0.9 kWh electricity plus 1.4 kWh »0.7-0.9 kWh electricity plus 1.4 kWh heat.
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Sources of biomass
•Crop residues
•Forest residues
•Agro-industrial residues
•Animal waste•Animal waste
•Aquatic plants
•Purpose grown trees
•Others like MSW and synthetic organics.
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Why Biomass?• An even larger contribution to global primary energy
supply;
• Significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, and
potentially other environmental benefits;
• Improvements in energy security and trade balances, by
substituting imported fossil fuels with domesticsubstituting imported fossil fuels with domestic
biomass;
• Opportunities for economic and social development in
rural communities; and
• Scope for using wastes and residues, reducing waste
disposal problems, and making better use of resources.
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Composition of Biomass
Elemental (ultimate)
– Carbon: 49%
– Oxygen : 44%
– Hydrogen: 6%
– Other : 1%
Structural composition
– Cellulose : 40-50%
– Hemicellulose : 20-35%
– Lignin : 15-35%
– Other : 1%
Non essential structural components– Extractives (e.g oleorisins, polyphenols)– Inorganic compounds (ash): calcium, silicon,
magnesium, manganese
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Limitations
• Crop residues generated in country side—Low in bulk density
• High transportation costs• Seasonal availability• High moisture content, high bio-degradability • High moisture content, high bio-degradability Therefore• De-centralised utilisation preferred• Dedicated system for single biomass is questionable due to
seasonal availability, R & D on multi-fuel flexibility• Should be called “feedstock”for fuels rather than “fuel”
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Biomass Transformation As Energy
Direct Combustion
Thermo chemical
Transformation
Gasification
Thermal Cracking
Direct Liquefaction
Heat, Power
Generation
(Fuel) Gas
Synthetic Gas
Liquid Fuel
Biomass
Biochemical
Transformation
Others
Low Temperature
Gasification
Anaerobic
Digestion
Aerobic Pyrolysis
Fermentation
Hydrogen, Methane
Methane
(Compost)
Ethanol
RDF, Carbonization, Bio-Diesel
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Biomass Briquetting – A Value Adding
Technology for Green coalTechnology for Green coal
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Briquettes•Briquetting is the process of densification of biomass toproduce homogeneous, uniformly sized solid pieces of highbulk density which can be conveniently used as a fuel.•Briquetting is one of the several compaction technologies inthe category of densification.•The process of briquetting consists of applying pressure toamassof particleswith or without a binderand convertingitmassof particleswith or without a binderand convertingitinto a compact product of high bulk density, lowmoisturecontent, uniform size and shape and good burningcharacteristics.• Briquettes can be produced with the density of 1.2 to 1.4g/cm3 from loose agro residues with a bulk density of 0.1 to0.2 g/cm3.
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Advantages
•The process increase the net calorific value ofmaterial per unit volume
•End product is easy to transport and store
• The fuel produced is uniform in size and quality
•Helps solve the problem of residue disposal•Helps solve the problem of residue disposal
•Helps to reduce deforestation by providing asubstitute for fuel wood.
• The process reduce/eliminates the possibility ofspontaneous combustion waste
• The process reduces biodegradation of residues
Dryingcollection
Compaction
Shredding machine
size reduction
Briquetting machine
Compaction
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Gasification
Thermochemical process that converts
biomass into a combustible gas called
Producer gas.
• Producer gas contains
– Carbon monoxide,
– Hydrogen,
– Water vapor,
– Carbon dioxide,
–Tar vapor and ash particles
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D r y in g Z o n e u p to 1 2 0 0C
P y r o ly s is Z o n e 2 0 0 0 - 6 0 0 0C
B IO M A S S
O x id a tio n Z o n e 9 0 0 0- 1 2 0 0 0C
2 0 0 - 6 0 0 C
P r o d u c e r G a s
A ir A ir
S C H E M A T IC D IA G R A M O F D O W N D R A F T G A S IF IE R
A sh
A s h P it
R e d u c t io n Z o n e 9 0 0 0 - 6 0 0 0 C
G r a te
H e a r th
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Gasification (Contd.)
• Use of Gasifier gas
• Variety of thermal application including
• Cooking
• DryingThe Heating value of gases
rages from • Drying
• Water heating
• Steam generation
• Mechanical / Electrical power generation
• Fuel for Internal combustion engine
rages from 4000 – 5000 kJ/kg
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Gasification
• Fuel for Gasifier:
– A wide range of biomass materials can be used for Gasification
– A Typical Example: 1 kg of Dried biomass gives – A Typical Example: 1 kg of Dried biomass gives
»3-3.6 kWh heat Energy;
or,
»0.7-0.9 kWh electricity plus 1.4 kWh heat.
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7 kWe mobile power plant at Dhanwas, HaryanaPower generation
Salient features:• All sub components assembled on trolley making
it an mobile source of power• Used for more than 5 years (1989-1994, about 2000 hrs) for
• community lighting in village• for converting local mustard stalk into briquettes
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10 kWe system (TERI): System Specification
• Power output:10 kWe
• Fuel: Wood/Charcoal
• Gas cooling
–Water cooling (direct/indirect)
• Gas cleaning• Gas cleaning
Combination of cyclone, Venturi scrubber,
gravel, fabric and paper filters
• Engine: Kirloskar RV-3 (modified for operation
on 100% producer gas by TERI)
• Initial starting: Pedal, DG set, Battery/inverter
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Anaerobic digestion
• Biochemical process in which particular kindsof bacteria digest biomass in an oxygen-freeenvironment.
• Several different types of bacteria work• Several different types of bacteria worktogether to break down complex organicwastes in stages, finally resulting in theproduction of “Biogas."
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Solar energy
Animal husbandry
Crop harvesting
Industrial processing
Human consumption
Photosynthesis
H2O
CO2
Biogas Cycle
Electrical and/or
thermal energy
Biofertilizer
Organic
wastes Anaerobic
digestion
Biogas
Human consumption
Energy
crops
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TECHNICAL DETAILS OF 1 CUM FAMILY SIZE BIO WASTE TREATMENT PLANT
• Waste Treatment Capacity - 2 Kg Solid waste
• Waste Water 20 – 30 Litres
• Volume of Digester - 1000 Litres
• Suitable for - 3 - 5 member family
• Space required for the installation - 1. 25 Sq Mtrs.
• Gas generation per day - 1 Cum Biogas
• Liquid fertilizer - 20 Litres per day
• 1 Cum Biogas - 0.5 Kg. LPG
• Annual income in the form of
gas &manure - Rs. 12,000/-
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TOILET LINKED BIOGAS PLANTS
(ECO FRIENDLY TOILET)
• The human excreta (night soil) discharged from the domestic
household are converted into bio gas by applying anaerobic digestion
.
• For the people living in coastal areas, marshy lands and high water
table places, this type of toilets are suitable. Here also the
construction of separate septic tank can be avoided.construction of separate septic tank can be avoided.
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GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY FROM WASTE
• The organic waste generated from public institutions like Market
and slaughter houses etc can be used for the generation of
electricity through the installation of treatment plants.
• 1.5 KW electricity can be produced from one cubic metre of
biogas. The main advantage of waste to electricity project is
that, no external power is required for the operation of thethat, no external power is required for the operation of the
plant.
• The power generated in the treatment plant can be utilized to
meet the in-house requirements and also for providing lights in
the markets and streets.
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• Raw Feed (solid concentration : 235.0 tonnes/day
16%)
• Location : Ludhiana, Punjab
• Type of digester : BIMA
• Digester Retention time : 27 days
• Biogas produced : 9116.0 m3/day
Case study 1 : Large AD system based on cattle dung
• Biogas produced : 9116.0 m3/day
• Biofertilizer Production : 47 tonnes/day
• Auxiliary power requirement : 2600 kWh/day
• Energy generation from plant : 19800 kWh/day
• Power to be exported to grid : 17200 kWh/day
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Biogas collection
Two BIMA Digesters and the Gas Holder Gas engine with associated piping networkTwo BIMA Digesters and the Gas Holder Gas engine with associated piping network
Layout of the
Process Plant
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• Two fuels dominate fuel market:
– Diesel
• Biodiesel can be used to supplement or replace
diesel fueldiesel fuel
– Gasoline
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WHAT IS BIOWHAT IS BIO--DIESEL ?DIESEL ?
BioBio--diesel is Vegetable oil processed to resemble Diesel diesel is Vegetable oil processed to resemble Diesel
Fuel. Fuel. Rudolf Diesel (1912), Inventor of Diesel engine Address to
the Engineering Society of St Louis, Missouri in 1912
“ The use of vegetable oils for engine may
Rudolf DieselRudolf Diesel
Paris, 1912
“ The use of vegetable oils for engine mayseem insignificant to-day, but such oilsmay become in course of time asimportant as petroleum and the coal tarproducts of the present time ”
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What type of oil is most biodiesel
made from?Edible
– Soybean oil in the USA
– Rapeseed oil in Europe
– Palm oil in Malaysia
– Coconut in Indonesia
Non Edible
• Karanja, Jatropha,
Polanga, Mohua,
Seemarouba, – Coconut in Indonesia
• The use of edible vegetableoils for biodiesel productionhas recently been of greatconcern because theycompete with food materials.
Seemarouba,
Castor, Neem,
Cotton etc.
• 26 non-traditional
plant seed oils
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Development status of the main upgrading technologies (green),
biomass-to-heat technologies (red) and biomass-to-power and CHP
technologies (blue).
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Development status of the main technologies to produce liquid and gaseous biofuels.
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Bio-refineries
• A biorefinery is the processing of biomass into a spectrum of marketable products and energy.
• are a cluster of facilities, processes, and industries;•are sustainable: maximising economics, minimising environmental impacts, replacing fossil fuel, while taking socio-economic aspects into account;•contain different processing steps: upstream processing, transformation, fractionation, thermo chemical and/or biochemical conversion, extraction, fractionation, thermo chemical and/or biochemical conversion, extraction, separation, downstream processing;• can use any biomass feedstock: crops, organic residues, agro-residues, forest residues, wood, aquatic biomass;• produce more than one product, each with an existing (or shortly expected) market of acceptable volumes and prices;•can provide both intermediate and final products, i.e. Food,eed, chemicals, and materials; and•can co-produce energy as fuels, power, and/or heat.
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