Gror9 R1rylr.r |rd fodc Rrhdqr h r'| do, o.!prrr,*L |!d .8,tcsdoajlraea (L.) Czelr & Cor& mrt;plydologt$l W|ter gtr..&

E

PlrL,tt)

A6..Lr@dblrt t r fihdotabEqdrb-! bi!. &gE of

Do.ror dru..doIT

ldt

D{rtra.attuL!&.C 8dr6'

/|rt ^gtqEF

Uit r.ft,rn'tldlrrrbr-20||0

. . /t+ tCeratllc.tton 'r -.. --- ,1i'

carificd fiar rhc coni.nr dd fom of l1l6is dirrcd gcm*li R.."ii;'J#l rlolfc R.frdoB rr tr6d.a .lh?rrr& L...d ,rst ohnc@ (L,) Can & Crs..U!d.r Pty.iotogt d W.br Srra" subEih€d by M!. lrld.u Zed h.vc b6roud etisferory for rhe E9uitu@r of rI. ph.D. rteg@,

"*_"/LAk_*-,'"**]L:,

(D.. M. Salin, Chiefsci@rin I, PARC)

-^"-^,k#-

(PDt r). R.h&afu&r)

ltlr)!qL-.r{rn

Aiid Agric'lnG Univ€EilvRaw.lpudi.(!MASAAUR)

Ar ra

Arid Agicultur. Unive6irvFiwalpindi.

DEDICATED

CONTENTS

I.INTRODUCITON

r.r ,lulslqt12 ,r,,tslct JL?ycr,t (L) czERNr.t BRASSTCIC,4MPESIRiS

I.4 WATERSTRESS

I.5 SAIINIITY STRESS

2, RE\IEW O! LIIIMIURE2.1 VAMSTRTSS2,2 SAITSIRESS

2.3 POTASSIUM

2.4 SU!!nUR2.J IEOSPI|ORUS

2.6 CArattuM

2.7 SODIIJ'lrt

3. MATERIAII AND MEtt{OD63.r souRcE oF SEEDS

3.2 SEED I1ABIUTY TEST

3,3 PREPARAITONOFNUIRIENTSOLUNON

3.4 SAIT AND WA1ER SIF:6SS.ES

3,5 MEAS'UREMENTOF OSMOT1C POTENTTAL OF IfusoLunoNs

3.6 SALT AND 1VATER SIITESS APPUCAITON 1.7CERMINAIION AND SEEDLINO STAGE

],7 TREPARAIION OI NURSERY rOR ITGETAI!?STIJDIIs

I

2

12

l6

I6

2l

25

21

!0

32

12

32

l,

].3 ATPUCATION OI SAIT AND WATER STRBSSES

AT VEGETATTVE STAGE

3.9 Optieu E&l1! &d oMoric poEDtid

3.IO IMIACT OF C{fruM ON VEGMAITYE GROWIHUNDER SATT AND VATER SIRESSES

l.ll D/PACT Or SULPqUR ON I,EGETATTVE CROW]IIUNDEf, SALT AND WATER STRISSIS

3.]2 GRO\VTE RESPONSES AND IOMC IJI-ATIONS IrrTWO

'n,1SSIdI SPECIES VNDIR MOISTIJRE

STRESS SOIL MEDIA

3.I3 MORPI{OLOCICAIANDIIIYSIOIOGICAL

TAILqM!IIRS3.13.1 Ch€niel Nrysis ordld supl€3.13.2 PEp.stioo .nd &iddiS6rimofphnrdt ri.lL13,3 Dcte@iution of atpiu3.11.4 Dc1cmiDrid of pholphos3.1!.5 DeL@iNri@ of lod chtdoptyUL13.6 M4EDdrofiw3.11,7 Detediturioo ofoit i! lle s.cds

3.r4 EIr.$CO{nErvtrCA! ANAL\TIS O! SOU,S

3 14.2 Ddftiutim of piolphoos3.14.1 Deianiution of 3dDhu

3.14.6 CdciM clrbodFr.la.7 carboet !, bislh.uc..d criotrid..L14.8 AM@ium &eLlcdt c[ble porlsiM1.14,9 Sodiu a<tsptnlD raio3.I5 STATISTIO\LAT\TALYSLS

35

t6

31

31

33

47

42

4l

45

4- RESULTS AND DTSCUSSIONS

4.I EFFECT OF SALT STRESS ON SEED

CERMINATION

4.2 EFFTCT OF WAIIR SIRESS ON SEED

GERI\,IINATION

4 3 EFFECT OI SA! T SIRESS AI !IGEI^TI!? STAG!4.4 EFIBCT O! WAIIR STRESS AT VICETAITW

STACE

..5 IM}ACT OF C.2'A!ruCATION ON WGETAII!,EGROWITI UNDER 8A!I STRESS

4.6 N/TACTOF C!} AIPUCAI1ON ON !,ECEIATryEGROW'II{ TJNDER WATEII STIISS

4,? EFFECT O! SULPI{UR A.PPUCATION ONVEGE,IA1IVE GROW'III ONDER SAAT SIABS,S

4.8 EFIICT OF SULPqUR APPIICAIION ON\,tsG!TATI!'E GROWTI{ UNDBR WATER STRESS

4.9 CROWTI{ ruSPONSBS AND ]OMC REI,T,IIONSo{ Two ,&rsos/c",t spEclrs UNDER MOTSIURi

IJTEMTURE CITED

AI'PENDICES

58

7l

8!

89

t02

106

132

Lld of A.bbrenrdou or.d tr O. th..t

ABDI?A

DM

DMIS

BCo

FM

tMrSLAl'

N.AIC

PEO

RD[d

rFxRCA

tcrcsar,sDr,t

STM

T\trs

v(a

Arid Agdqib tii'adt.@fr!tatlcbddvb*#r !dr&ai. &U

B!.rti.d odd!.rivit of&it oxlar

llir.lAati'dbtB-G!Cd!

lv.h.t.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I Fy ny gBdnr& io the c'a6r of fis uii@ .Alhtr, nd th. bl6i.gs ofHi la{ pEphd Mut@r (saw) to drry our sch a wt on ptur ,r.ci6 ri@ &I'k d ud 6dum.d by fic huD.n b.ilss .I ovd the wodd ald .ddlesin8 tn. pobldof mEr@di!sdi& pLc!

It v.s de to .Mmom&m of undeFiadins" oeNe4 $e NdiofulAgicurbd Rc&en C6t! (NARC), Lh*bd ud e And AsdcutteUijv6fty, rnhtpiDdi ( AU, rnat De dB lft drujsn d b.tw.d ll&@h ardr.!de&io .ctivili.s, It w$ my good e.d.Dic exped@ rt !6 Sradui. lercb rhli

Pccu.d.d rc !o EL arhisi@ .s.i! fd ph. D. h UAAR r d lb&lJ b n, @spelMr Dr, M. satin (cni.f s.ientili II) plkisti. Aglicul|ual Rc$.&h colncilwbo i,4ir.d D. to @y @t t!@d b 8.r pL D &ge !!d atlo povid.d leebn ilti6. My .F.id sEriudd e for pot Dr Ret6a Alghd, dy tuFrvibi, m. otby falwilc ro..t s, *{b lunbd nc duias rb. co@ vd & eu, ed s !suFffi mp..v.d 6n @@ttr My rlrlt a at o fo. ey .r'eftre D@bd!lbt D. Mllul:fud Ashrd hd pot Dr. S.fds Ali who !l*aF ooouEged E ti!iighd sirdiq &d !!s@L Si!@ lpDEilriod e for Dr. abd!.1 Wlbi4 Al*iaePoI:*o! dd Abid. rkam, A,lijlont pDft$d for {&n nmr rnd dcoun6.8

Ar NARC I @ e*ci.Iy rb.ddn ro pbr Dr. IrlDrrnhn AoD Uriv6jly ofAgricultlre! 8.ishbsd. Ec is D assel of loil chhi!!.y. ( is 6y pnvibg. th.r r h.wDca *o*ing eilh hjn ii htoErory .!d 8Go no@ .!rt gor pnciic.l .xp.ri@duits his sM( s . Saic Sciftdsr .t NARC. pro{ Dr. Maqsod A. Glr (r.r.)chot t ignoed wbo initjd.d foE&tioD of dydoFd6 sirdrcr rt NARC. I q

viii

ln Dltul io lh. DiEoior c.Md, NAIC, Dr. A. lr.iid &tr E.o@dditu .nd

aoiliEils offici.l cl..lr@. r wth !o dDr fd tujdrr hlts .!d h.tii€ Ee for

psvidins rh. l$ontory logiltje by rjr. B.H. Niui dd IJ!,Ast <t Ali. psi Dr. AaKbeh dc6rs rpFial appcntion s & nd gar civitjz.d te..h.r h!i,g pdlnt l.f.cblior for sr!&ntl ed c@@ging .rdttrd.s ao! Ey .c.&dc ah,.men6.

siM& rh.!k e. for my oolasB .!d Aiads eho dwrys wilbed foi Ey

su.4. ths iEl!&: Dr. aoE Rif, Dr tdrl{d-D4 Mr. M yoqf, Mr. Ahj.d

QuErli, Mn. S.anta Rja, Mi afar rqb.l, Mr. M. Iqbrl, tu. shdbu Ahnad, Mr.

,edd Aii M.leood rld Dr. Alu!b.& Sh.hzd

TIE pdd ot rtitrkilg ed imSiudo ries non ,ty litbd Mr. M, ].sin (hic)vio ed io lll D. 6iori6 &d tuMs.d rbc& io uiE ou rb. oo.i dry, v,,hod !!ddill nlrd mrr d roy !cr<tdi. &ti€vddb .,xr who llughr n rbc Holy e@, Mylosdeic fobd.ti@ ee l.id by nJ' el&r brrhd M!, e.@_uzjlm (kt ) *ho.rush nc F- 8lidr t nsu8c ltn.lhrs wirh.d fd ny 3u.B. My b.b,t ofLad wo.t

ooDc! too ay rot!.r Meho! Nisa wno al*!r{ @d for he .q m $c day3 of hlrdti@ or life. I .p9ei!t rhe eU *ijnj,8 &d .M!..si.E .!ftde or ME. $b-Qmd, nephews ttr. M. Arif Q.@r N,t . AhD6d Abba! eroe, to.ccs ewt_ul Aim@i. &d M.t t aadm ,4 Doha ot pni66 @ for AtEiSnty Ajr.h wb. curdSei}i ud wbojoincd @.s !y b.lovcd qift Eorly $d EFa&djy tuoeg.s nitr Dy E.deEic .nd o$q.ndob oftjfr_

I rndt atMy! b. lh.ddu io th@ pc@lc who rrinl pontwry for othft. Thcnpsitivc de& nlt rhis ar$ p.aenrl. Srch looM o! u*,oD p€no6 h.re aluysb€r o 6roe fo. tu. May AlL[ confa bL$irE olrlo*bdg. on @. (AnD}

EADR.UZ?iAMrIN

ABSTRACT

nF pEniring FoU@ orwra srs..d srtr !rr$ ffr rn 6cl(l mp6 i. rh.

wo d ud eslqhtly i, palisn' is podiMr ,/6r,& .d?6tru 6d ,, Lu@ hlw

8!D.rr @@io iiFrhre oq dk ri@ jn patilr.L Slnd:6 eE cddrcE<t r.oDw and c6p!E lle.ftd ofwat?r,n* ind slr fiBs 6epah@!y on eBwm.Dd

ellloD @o.g difi.mr joE b.t@ th.& spei6 6dd t.boEiory ard stass hoecodirioa- Th. rn!ti.* l@ .o&nE&d ui.g ryo ticlorid nndhz.d coDrLlc blckdcs'gr To iDp@ hhl sfts poty dnyh. slycol (pEC@) ws @d &d kl ieDos

dlt &s sodiM chditc u ud. t th. 6rs p.n gmi.nio ds. .ntv.s.t tiw rti!., gFfin of pb ! hdd !.lr srrs hd w.d 5r!ss v@ studicd

epht ly. s@!d pd ru tupris€d E&ndr sdg. uldd digtui Lrcls oa Cr,1

ed S uda ..lt sd qta sr.$ ,.paEt ly. ftc nd,tud, @ coduciad h sliedd &liG sodic eil uds nta,t€sd Ed @{rs!.d @ndtitu wha s. pttd.*@ elm up rjlt @r!iry.Ir @ fed rh.r s. ,fi@ 6 mE.trcid for Ed8odrBt@ porccnbs., M/ slel slio ald hi8[q cmcnr*ion of (. &d c]a:1 lhar

a &,tParir !r Fdlitrg .n8c, Udq Etsr ed ..tt lrB eldely, !t rc8cr.dw

st!g. rt Frfm.M of A. Jec.d w5 hilhd lh& r. ..,pdrd ror !h61sd Dorlagtb, t6l ud drt !4 oflhool dd ra! Elrrir gDfin EE, raf @ ntio urtElrri* ftler @tsni. of !h6r od @r. uldd w.lq st!.s u,t *lr grqE th gddlat

iet!4 ofth. .ppli@tid of Cr.+ !d S ws b.eficid for gbMn .!d io inpbw ioDic

Ellrio6tip€ i! bolb de spccn . R.ladE Coern 6!r, i!. d. or ilnlc, rrdeon ddldlianid of C.:' bd S ud.r v.cr slr.$ Dd salt strcs @!,md nigha in s iu&,4rh& A @rperrt wid gFdsl ircE$ of Car, ed S Gpenvcly jn itF ao*th

e!d@ 'p

lo . p.td.rt& bvd ft. hts of .t otub .!.t daiFd r(ne. || vln

-qldf rclitr irrc.a tbr. -.trF-&,h e r..!. Farm dd6.li!. &d rtb-.tc .oit.tda,i|n,e d.c Adttdt diii6 hb b.o ofc.*d 8 ory &o|! SFrd of ri-&!.d6r.4. rq.*ei!.gdd-d@|b@dN.',

DITRODUCIION

Lr atusstcl

,asi.c is r genu! of &e a,ad.d.?ae (cocif.@), &monry hoh 16 the

mlstlrd rdily. Ih€ Din. cDcifer coDe filD th. ,luF or ndc6, yilh four

dr!8omuy opposic pdts in rh. fom of . cr*s. Th. fdity. oi about 3?5 Ba.6 ,rd3200 Aei.!, inctu'les cEp!, condin nrs, omnentltsi .nd many s€eds. A,6ri.acoDbis .bout l0o sp6is, imtndi,g c.b6ase, dltirow.r, bro@!. rutup, hno6h ustads and w..ds (wi llis, I 97j).

A@o.diD8 io Dicl$n and

corplicacd, Th. inicftl.rioehip

chrono$no nhbeh e Sivm b€low:

,. nisfr ( n - 8), g.mnc ,

wdLa (1986) rdo.@y ot ,r6nrd is

ol the ,fdri.a spnon d.ligurioc and

R. arituta (n = tj), sn6. h.

r3 oterccu I n = 9),e.rcn

D. jt@. (r -r9:t s.nob. a,I

R. @pcttX (^ = 7o), C6ore l

3 napw (^ - r9). Eeno1e ac

Th. followirg st ,4ii.a AeiB t vc be! i .nlr)sw Equtrbg ebry!cuhiE ro obrain Fl ptan$, , .,ezz KdlL blrck ftulrard, 2n = t6t B cdituB4un,Etiiopid mulnrd, 2n = 14 j A./i@d L Cos, brch nB&q zn _ 36; a ,ap6,Swedcs Epe, Dubrg6, 2! , j8i t .d,f.rrrir, tumip Eloup dd Chiee c$bag., 2n :20:' B. olercq , cotc dnp,2n - t8.

fte sur o6j-ri6 of iii,cFcitc .lixs .6 io lrsri, s@d ctu@rB Th.amphidiploid spcci.s origer.d in Mlue from cos*s b.e€n dE elch.nhry sp€cica.

2

In , &zp6r6 cyloptsmic sqos. ij crl.d A rd !ut{ gm@ b c.ll.d 4. lo ,.J!r@ crtuplasic g!r@ G ca ed A!, .d nEt@ 8!@ft is el|d db

Thip is r .ep€sri, (sanucl d at., t979). Accordi.s b N.n (1997) B

Ju.'d n called ,Msbrd ed its s& G us€d s con.tindr ad s@. ot oil. a.a'p.n ir ts calted,C6no. M6dd,, Waler er d1.,2OOr r& sFp.d.d rh.r rhFe

Rr^tica species R. aEtu, B. atetaA, ^nd

B enpqtis (= B. tapa,toeip) hybndiz.d

Io lodlcc rhe odEr s!.ci6 i... A Ju8eo I R watu 6d A d.ps.a@*d sp€.i6 oa Cdcif@ fahily .sFcialy !rch ro. o sc.d p,oduction

hav. grii.d jnD.n!.cc all over the wo d. with lhe ieduction ofeocic.cid indgrucodrcl.les in th. ndti Ep€e.,j G. @pB r,n B. canp.scis) ba b*onc lnesrddk dird bo6r impotu vegebbt oit, .n.r $r{,cd ad pah ojl (Dowy .ndRidm.r, l99l) a.6sbdj!,.?d i6 Cmwn as rn edibl. oih..d D djflercm patu of dre

wdnd whcE saong-tr.vorcd oit is in dcrond. Aeordin8 ro arandr er 4/ ( 1999) waFr

!* cdicimy of a j!,.d,.nd .mta is d. me Hi8! waq ue cnah.r.rinic lndaeep @ung pfiem of rhc ,rdrtd sp.cica of canoh and mckrd rEkc rh.n b.fteisun.d in th. *Di-arid Egiotu (Bmdl .nd Mccesor, t 997).

1.2 RR ,JATCA ru-NCE/ (L, cjztL\rh d l&€a o( rh. lndio nustald (Bom ausLrd m Eutupe) is *ensivety

!rch in .Asi.. tatisaD, hdiq CniM, Blnglade$l !d Nepar fom dE p@iD.l gof,1hc@tE. It ir !l$ grcq ir C[ina t p.rl Cerr.t Afira. C-,]Eda, Nonh and

south.n Ru$ia and rodh oflh. Casthn Sa, tr pdmry cori ofdisin n rhought ro

be tre C.nrEr Asia, widj sond.ry colcs in c.nri,l and ll.stcm chie (pratrsh,

1930)

Ii is a self,poltiMt d cop !.d i5 co$i<tcEd ,o b€ &c ocn productivc imonssrll lh. ,rdnica spei6 jn &do-pat $bconrirenr, tt b.e lhc oh@L,5r6 of hisher

3

pr.du.rivily, wid. ad,gbbitny, b€ner roLtuce io dbuenr, ,on .nd stinity (Bhohik,20$).

Il is arodln r .!.nif, di@tic, dctic, rubefacia! ud nituLnt fo chdicatEdioB. Indid oulad i3 a fo& Em.dy for .6bri!L, fooLch. ind rlE@dsh(Kimber and McCEsor. 1995). sceds aE rd for tumon m@ r chru. rn

K.rE3, liE s& @ ed lor @ld, nEumtisB, ed srom,ch d,$(r\r. Cni*s at lh.r.aves

'n soups for bllddor jnib@tion or hcnofhaer r.ahenr. Mulrld oit ii ued

fo! skin dptions &d ul€6 (pftry, t 98O).

Ii.bour DOO, ll. nrde "oislad" *d siE. l! lh. co@cnr ndd. by nnin8hustum, which is th. L.lin wod foi unt menred sfipo juiev, wro s,ornd nustlrd

s.ds (Oplingcr €i .l t99l). MNb(t gEs ,E high jn vit.nn A .id C, rd io.. Acupfll ( I40 8n) pbvid6 d adult his Ecomcnded d.ity Viilno A snd C requiErenr

lnd lbour on .finh the EquiEd ircr li. Iar is Epoi.d r,o @nLin 24 c.lori6, 9t.8 aHrO,2.4 8 prorei.E 0.4 g f.s,4.3 g robl alnohldnirs, 1.0 g fibd, LI 8 ash, 160 ftgCa,43 ng P,2 7 ng F., 24 ftgNa,297 n! K 0.06 ng thiani,e, O.t4 me.iboflrvin

dd 73 6g 6co.bic rcid p., loog nr rct js rEFlt d lo .ontlin l8 .ddi*, 85.2 IH,o,1.9sp.or.in,0.38fa!8.8sior.lcnlolrydrare,2.oStib€r,r.sgash,InngC.,

65 ms P, 1.6 ns F., rr47 eg K O 05 ns fiiadine,0.12 ng riDonivi\ 0.7 be niacin,

and 2l m8 a$olbic .cid p.r IOO g Th.&.dGEpondroco@D6.2gH!O,246C

pbein, 15 5 g fat 23.4 g bial cahohrdBt , 8.0 g fihd, .nd 5.r g arh. Seed deEt!cdl:in t9.2olo b6i6tcrot (9_t% 66rir.d),21.6% ne cepeed (14.0.'6

cslsrified).nd J7.2% siiosr.el (55.2% isrclifi.q p€r lOOg (L.u& lero),

It is gro$ 6 an lmuai cr6p. It. heiSlt @y bc Duc @. onc neter. lsb6rch6 @ IonS dd @r. It. tur rt plll ey tulg. ion eo ro l2ftn. Indian

must rd tolcEr.s aftul pccipibtion of 5oo ro 4:00 nm, amual rftp.,a$rc of 6 !o

27'C. an! pH of 4 3 b 8.3. r! is r hqdy, coot-6oe. v.gctlblc, sIwif,g w.tr !l honlhlt

a*n3. tdnFE$Es of r 5 ro t 3.c. rt is Dod.arely tol@nt ro $il rcidity. preiefins !pH iion 5.5 ro 6.3 It L\riv.i i ar6 with hor d.ys ad c@l nignE and is fady dbusnl

Esii. (Om ed Kinq 1992).

srznica is soM is *bj crop (wi,rer cop) h Indo,pak ,ub_ contindr usins

drills lEving lG45 cE rcw lo &w dist ma ptb6 d ihim.o @ ablr t5 cn 6 rhc,b€@rc cowd.d ir dr. Ew. c,nnol otw.ds is @nrial, and I to 3 inrd_cuttihrions

nay be lccc$ary Tbe *op requircs o Sood sandy lou soit, with ab.ur 5O_7j kS N,100-150 kg phosph.k, rrd 50 75 tg podlh pd h.c6c. Ido@ or &it inpnvilgco!6 @y rls b€ us.d. A{rdirior of Nirbgq in &6a sd yicld (Hockjng .nd

B BN.$SICII C'MPESTRIS

3.4si.a canpe*i, tas gft.n tolirgc, Iaves gl.brcus or slrghdy hispid when

young, Md the nppa le€3 panialry ctlQi,s rhe sren. Th. sm ac *cu bBcbe4althou8! dE d.eE of btucLins <rcp.8b od bio!,?dvseq, &d cnvibmanalcondition6. B!@n6 on8inarc in rhe axih of rhe hish.st l.aver on oc srcm, lnd e@h

lmiu&s ir .n iDll@$.G. Tne innole@ is e .longat d I4Dq dE nows &palc yelloq, dtuly clBr.r.d !r th€ rop wnn ola flowds boft !r or abov. nhe l*t otlmi.d buds, .nd opfl lpwards don $c b& of itE r&em. (DoMey e, d., t eso).

,. .arr'erltu belo,gs ro rhe cBdGe (r6rzea.) faoir, arso *en a $.mrsbrd flhily. Thc nidc crucifs coE . iiom dje shap. of flowers, wrl\ tour

dia8@Uy oppo6ite p.tak in dE foft of ! ce$. a ard.d r. dpanz! were fEldeeribcd s hro spei6 hy Li@, *nh A zp, b.irs rtre tunip fom od ,c,rr'6t4 rhe wild w€dy fo@. MerzSq 0s31) conclud.d rha! o

Tr?iqlt, dr tugc ofr.

and monrarc eas !p to 23OO n

.@r?shi qr.nds to @t!l towred4 pLhaus, hith.

(wisick & Fnncis, 1994), B. .ahpdkt,habe.n

5

the doniMnr sp.cies in eesreh C.s& in rh. arly l97o,s (Doncy 4 dt., 1914). Th.din A de,ipari' Frodrctim rcgjoB in C.Ert! re th. pevim. of Alb.rt , tlr peeRivq !.8ion ol Britjrn c.lubir .d rcd!.a Sjjtarch.@. tlE winEr tom rEnoE producriv. rhan the spdng fomr (Dom.) &d Robb€ren, 1989) lGdins.rd.'np4rtu $ conmonty done using lihpt. recu@nt stection prcc.duGs ro pr*ent

inbrecdin! d.pr6sion. ,. carpasrl, !hoq! coBid.rable nderosis fo! yi.ld, wirh up to

40% yictd incras (Fatt.! dr, 1998). U.dd field @n<liiios, a @Dp6hi, pola is

hsr.!r.d dom prd lo pt !t priEnry rhol8h phrsic.r conud b.B.d n iSnbo.ins

plols. Ir c.r b. lle bdfen d ovcr tongcr dniee by wind .d iMs. (CSGA,

!. ..n .#is G a planl of disturbcd habibrs. tn @mged ccosystcms ttisspccEs n.y b. corsideEd a prinary cotoniz.r, i... a plant sr€ics rhsl is th. fi6! ro t t.rdhrtrS. of djrnr6.d lad wh@ |[ay eould comp€€ .said ptels of sieih. !?csfor s?a... Url6 rtE tabitat aE dtird.d on . Esutar b6E such $ m clilt eds6,

dhr .dg6 and &. .ds6 ot pa6w.ys nadc by dimls, poputnrioG of Lle D?es orplarE will bsod. disple.d by inl@.diari.! .nd fmlly oy pEnc ftar wru fomcxmu ccologis luch d p€reMiat 8t$.r oi pninei md lE€ 6pecic!.nd pfreial

In (op p&<tmrior syslcos, p@r @scm.nr ptutjc6 &d icufci.dcsd!ft. to pod s!.erjDs @y c,@ . td8. Edlcdo. in rhe n6b.h of s..d orAda'per.,r had.sr.d This @y, .a.cialty !r high crop dmni6, causc votunrc.. @edp@blens in suce.dins c6ps md ako corEhi,crion ofsuch crops wre 6p.cr !o rhen

kd quruyi spcchly if tl€y as ,!@nr ar hiSn d.6iry. s .4'p6r, 6 not Ust d s rnonoa Ed b ttr wed s..<t Odq (1986).

a .zap.Jrrr cr b. suHivid.d i,b two: (r) rndjd toc; .rp. h?odt ru(Rorb.) Hd.li tlou 6 yettow s.&. .nd &T. dLrdioaa (Roxb.) Ha@tr. hbm 6

b.|h ionr ard bbh ffiq ar*L (2) w6rm EwF.n dd Nndr An.ricln romj s?.okvqd .iDc,) M.ee. fte .er tidc lnd ple. of doncsncarcn & unkjoM, bur

Indid Sm*rir Mitinss or 2OOo !o l5OO B.C. cfer diedy lo orjs.d , .d,p8hi and

ne.4 a do Cftck Rome ard Chi,.* witj,ss of 50o ro 2oo B.c. (Do@y..dRobb.la t989). In Ehpq doE siiqrior is b.li.aqt ro brw @cuftd n tlc alymiddle agcs {d ctu Eiat plardng! ot B. ekpqms eE Gcorded i lhe

Nt.hdlads 4s edrly $ tie t6dr ccntury At $.t tim€ r. .anpesirr o es !se,l

pnrorily for lilhtinS lmpl bre! eas ued !s ! lubricant for *q ogmcs Atidughi6 oil ha ben usd s .ddte on in &ia, ort, 6FuB6 bE ding ro. hpbrd oit qurtity

md dr dcv.loprcnr orihpovcd p.@6sins hhriqEs, it5 oil h4 B.ircd inporiame

o we$.n Dations. Sinc. E S.cond Woid Wrr,6a resuh or mpbvcdoitand oealqulry, A. .d,'?.rrrir prdduction i. Elrop. .rd Canada ns di.scd dlmticauy.chin , Idi., EuF . ud c&ad. e now tt. rop s.duc6. ^Doublc tow, collm4ialqric&s of bo6 A ra?6 .dd A .a,?6r,! dod@E rhe oilcd d$r., Drbduclid!am n develop.d couories. These ,doubl.

los,, vqieries @ cha6Eiized ,s brving aeery Iow (<l%) conrent of dcic rcid in rh. tirq/ eid pntire oi tlc se.d sto€sc tipid

3na r vcry row conis of Sleosinolacs (<r8 hol.6 pq g@ sc.d). Thc t m "@tsqu.li9 is noEatly.pplicd b s4 oit &A nat td $ch wn rB. A enpestis*irhsb,nr f.ins f@s& t tk $d r. zpB .nd sclhly Equms r.er fiod li.e days

to co@lelc irs tif. crrl6 (Do,rEy dd Robb.lcr,, t 989).

I i6 Mtivc tnousnout E@0., R$iaj C.iial Ada Md rnc N@r E*l (?€k shand Hidh" I98O), wilh Elbpe pbpo&d s onc c.bar oforie!..It Asiu lnd NaEdm ET€ @y hae eisjded ion e idclad.lt hre or digi. in Afsh&ituwhich th.n mov.n qstward 6 ii b€qm. doh.sricaled. rakah .rd Hiel! {19s0)susgested ftot , .arrdrrr d.vetoped in r$o pla*s givins nse to t\,o diff.enr iaces,

onc Eurcp.o .nd 0E othe. tunn. Tr?icaltx tle mge ofB. co,pah d&ndr to

7

@bl lowhnds, placau, tilk, ard nounhin a6. ln C.odai

h.biuts. t?ically h (oF. fiel&, sard.G. ddli(L nd raa

, .dr4rl6i witi rb€ qc.prion of th? Indio ,lllow sren fod, i, a obligltourqM duc io thc pffie of slf-ieomp.iibte s@s. wirh s. ral6, cbrivery

bjsl poller Lv.k qn rsjt n6 ,yMtro@cly btoming ,. .a,psri, fields dl rhc

concmration otpou.r, 6 indic&t d by out c@ins studies, d.cE4cs.apidry with

rnmsirg dis6nc. iion the so@. otpollcn (Sringan ald Dowry l97tj Rarey edFats 1t8). Arrorohic pmclic ofA..drg6?,:, c iniu.rc.d by d,e incEs.diy.Ercs ol $il coedaiion LsK. ,. .a,p.rr6 shows co6rd.Eblc h.letuG foryield, wid up to 40% ,leld incftdc! and $.8 is con*q@ntry a shong i.Frcsl indekroping hybrid or synl]1eiic cutlivds (F.lk .r dl,, t99s). syn&ctjc curtivars 1@ thc

ftsll of@doo driDg b€r*a *lard p.hl.r lir6, which 8.w rjsc lo toth hybrids

3rd poaay frbe madng wnnin d. s. paEnhr liG (Bua. t995a F,tu et at .1993) IX. fiBl t .d,?6ri, sFrh.tics ftc rcsiscred in C.fida rn May 1994 Dd.!unety nom.s CASH, HFri too CFslk ed sbcn*!, I996).

ftcrc ir polcniiil for ,. @p4rli, !o bdohe Brelizcd u d,ltllled h,bi6rs,sEh d r6{Gidcs, in,jGbiat sibs, e,st ple.sr ed d@ I!,& Evidocc ftr tnn co b.foud ir lhc plint Ecods oir. .,Dpa,,t trom courrie, vh.c a. .a,porat has been

hnodlced a a orop pldt a .a,?ar,b js dilrrihuied widely acos aI pevincs i!cMad! (Ienhrn rbd Mutusa4 1993).

lrl IVATER SIRISS

Wad srr.$ condiri@ My .pp.ft s a 6dr ot t&!oc eting dnsty orcumularively such as t6rjc6 Ein f.lt, s.rcc inisarjon, high .vrpo-r4pmror mG

due b elcvrd tcmpclatuE, qEided *ajlabiliry orwah und.r etr sh$ cdnd,rons,

g.netic kiabiliry rooDe cultib ofa cop ptor ofa panicullr sp€

8

holding caDrciti.s of djfmt sil. duo bo kirbl. brt@tu@ cdlr6uioccEdon otiMpprcp.i.r. pEponior .@g ios dE jo @idS $lw.r{luc nti6.

Jon.! $d Io@ 0989) &6n <t rrt r s!.s s Lck ortuun! of sil wrbrnc.dcd for plE S@*d and dev.lopm.nt *nich ih c€i.in cetG ofI planr dly lfcctvanou ncr.h.ti. prcce$es. Dsicc ion mcr$ tosins nost oi lhc poropbsmic !fE. oibull war.! lrd wivine wirll only ttc ,bdnd el.l i.€. wala ashrcd rrrh rh. c.llm.s . &vdl fom or eDvnlmdral srss sch 6 drough4 $liniry, .dl€m!.nnE lihn pter sb*tt! qutiry 6d q@tiry. cater b idbr.sbb rdnurdus ph,t phrsiological ft@tios (fnnuin ., ar, l99o). w.Er n orc of deIidnile frctoG wnich afec! i're physiologiq.t md biocnmiral p@$es aff.cring crop

pEdudiviry (BoFr, 1932). Wodd widc .op l@s dE to drotrEht probebly.xc.e,l

lo$cs clulcd by aU d. otner sres., (Mcwillilm, t986). .r.he ecunubnoi or ccrl.in

coFpounds 'D

tlrc c.ll in cpow io sr!$ is ca0..t moric .djuslFnr or dGEguh{'o (Moearl l9&{).

,fdjl , sFci6 @ gon ir Ebi !.&n 6{tq h}Fr did cliMtic con<tirions.

In lhis ind.x lh. pattem of dgr.$ n@hErq (R enshd €i aJ., 2002). MoistuE sE ss

ou.n8 &pEducriw 6ras. r6ult! in dccr@d yi.ld. Undd w&r sfts l6F! w r a,,jdic @r.r causir8

'lduced 6@hjng, pod. p.r Dld! pod teletE qn lj& ud &.d5

p.! pod. lf .t4j is diou, llqrty fomd pods tuy abor Duing rcg.rrirc@v.roph. .q eir* 6req @ Ed@ tt. are of t€.f or!.!5ion .!d l.!f!En@x rt hl.r tulcs of dewloph.ir s.v.a wrer sr* cd 6@ cl6e oi sro@h,

which Educcs COl upr,le, lnd dry hal&, ploduction. Ijwq wac! conc rcduccs p

diftrsion lh@udr sit io lhe ml lrtuc (Ei6 &d Sinsn, t 97?)

In Pakis6,L 40 % of tnc iotal 8outrd w.rcr is @blq t 7% i. elr8idl {d 4r%is hard4 (Kllrlom ,nd lai4 2OO2} In p*i.ral\ d.u cr.F G d!,ly iii$tsd by

@lqhftEr,.bo!tmdrirdof dErodcllriv .dl.ld isEhhn,which i,v.n.bb

9

and unprediciabte (co!, l9r2). of rh. br|l 6173,5 rhoumd h€cbs sludsdic soil,

culavatsn portion is 45% sdd @ulrjvdt d ronim is 55 % (cop, 20ola). Soils bavins

@inly $fa.. or p.bhy sli4iry/ !.dicity irlud* 598.? .boreld neclnc ?rd 1229.8

douead bdr&s c nod.ar.ty sljm $ik.

Ac@rdilg b yirlu d ar., (1999) cp.sd r!.hd enn tign anMt:dos(royo) of PECI-6000 irnibikn ltmimtior whir. rov pEC c@rlrion (15%)

incEs.d $ed a.nination lnd dought l()lcMc. ,,JU.ea nai,Eins nrsher lattoisorpE$trE an'l longq lafarc. dunrioi ,nd rh.cby schi.v.! gEoEi dry w.ishr and s.dyicld u&ler t@iml dburhr tun crnol, (Wn8h! ei at, t997). Niknd ?r dt (200j)

.rbblish.d g€n ric va.iation in ..nodc rdj6!::enr @ng se,og?es of B ,a/!, lnd

,./,c@ iD fictd €xp€rihens in Sourh-W.sr.h AurrElid. Thc &y Mha pDdurion is

rduEd by mr* rE$s mder dry @dirio. whi.h cdld bc dE io dnrc in 6otr rolil

l.tf wishr &lar .nd ! d..@ in nuDb.r ot eU! / uil or laf !F (Delsado 4 ar.,

Poly dhytene slycot (pEC) is !$d in hydEponics pta so*1h condirio,s l!c6t wat r slre$ cmditioG. poly.thyl.nc ltrrol notccutcs witt moreutar weight :6000 (PECm) ae ircn od non idic $at hlvo fr.quody h€eb used b induce @trsr.s i! 1t. tul haiu .d io minlain . lnjfom wrtc! polenliir (Hoht and pecr, 1991 i

Lu a(t Neu,mM4 1998). MoLcuLs ofpEc bind ward molccures ro 6top !pb*e or

wilcr by Ml hai6. llrus sdditioMt noleul., of qarer ca@t be absori€d by 60r

sysh od &e @r system of a plad i.! b t&. sat.r ft$ condirioG. Molecutes of

PEG @ e i!,1 tuush to influ.e. rha osoric Ft nlnt, but Ese mugn io &t b..bs.b.n by pLns (C.+i'a .r ,r., t979). wrr.r !r* @dii@ is di@lly pop.n,@l() tne onqEatio! of rEc in lh. ml slis.fr. Undc. coDhncd cmditim pEC is trlc<l

lo eord rhe etr.t of wrer r* d phd gwrh. pEG is pEferred on orld

lo

compoDra skh as |@i!oli s rlE foffi cmpouRt d6 u 3,+pod orft6nl

Accd.dim io p4ioF (1994. snin yi.ld ij turction or e mout orutertusprftd, aarer us efrci.ncy,.nd h.r.sl ind.x, Sincc so$rh in t€f @a iicrud€s

boln @I division ard c.lt entugndl, orc of th. cons.q!.e.s or dblghr strc$es G a

ftduction in Lrf ara. @. Coll. dd Shrmug.tn4{, 2OO2). landy a dr (t9s4b)

lomd thal incleasins drough $Es pogrc$iv.ly rc<tlced lcar ara nd sh@l dry

batid. Evidmcc in,lic&s thlr phft walar sncs hs a didl efecl on floeer wdrslaru, and flower rwtio! (W.!r!rb ed p.Een, 1993).

Moleulu wolLr hrve b..n,ucc.sftr in idc,liri,s de phrsio-@anoroeical

hirs onrollirs ptml Gpo6.s !o <trorShl sEls (tublut €r ,t , 2OO l). w&r sr6s in

!@al is a mild fom of mrr d.ticj! whi.h js ! conditj@ weE @ wr.r !r.rs o,prtu u.d.r8c Er,riwly tuI ch&g6 (BE, t994, udq noGsD* coftronEprdrs tcp t!.n wtr td4. by .dj6tins tn. *!rd condrcbe ofrh., ri$ues.

vlsbr ns@ .'d su,rit eU! Dtay.n in oi!,t otc in thn pM*. A sisnjid.odporert e c€lhtd mEr lrrspon .E Aq@pons ovt @t md Chrjspels, 20Ol).

aqupotu aE a comptd f@ity ot chmcl pd.is dEr taciribL tlF r'in+on ofMrs dons rlns4embEn. s.!.i pornrht gndi.nrs. ptlnl *aEr sft$, onq rines

au6ed by drou8lg ce harc najor ihp&rs oD pl t gowrn lnd dev.lopRni. rn4d itcomd b cbpsj planr warq stsEls crn h. tn cau$ of lowcr yi.ld6 lnd p$ibte crop

i.ilurc. The elfeE ofpbnr w.rcr !!rc$ vary bcn c.D plant species. Earty recqljrion oistter str.s syrpbn! m bc cnricrt io MintdninS thc grondr or ! cbp. ne m6rcomon sydp0on of prant err.r lfs b wil! A5 th. p,. mdcrsq wal* sr$s, r.*arer pft$uE $id. rtE lav6 d*te3 rnd thc plinr wiL.

Pl,nB l,te in wat r ntrculn rncir tur. TlE dour otfoe n d for ! pr,!tb mow sa&r ah rhc $it i! lrcu $ lha o.Ejc ,ot !rj.l. whd eil moi,rE i!

lw, pl&6 hlE ro e @E @r&' r. tqlM w.[r tlD !E &rr, thu rh. oricFcntnl it gE td, $t n rhc loit j. dr' ud l[. utlic pob rl is ltug, Dh.6 shoe

srhprom of 3res. this is tbh s th. dii..ft.cr, ptd *!i.r l'B qEd byerirc c@ditioc i. kw, s rh. Gmotic .ttd. sEE n m tu @odc .ll<r wilqq lh. 5@ ryhpioc s 316 filn rll Dric .tt r,

By vrfyir8 r!. @na!d6 &d cdposirion of 6@t!.s .r rh. crlopleic nha b6n 3nom rh.r o'!y ioic Gnolyr! &rinr. rh. ,eo (v!n d, H.id. d ar,2001). SimLn !d Ldtow (t 985) prIXEd th.t l..rEhdw uE a@d GwC) wo. b.i.r idic.ior of mt r *nr, d.! s rct poEatnt_ Ir k 8dhn, obsftld dEr

u:. hagh* tl! lql wd6 pole nl sd RtvC, rh. high.r ws !E pnoioryDd.ti dG_

wd.r slcis.d pt rE my d 8w .r rh.i. lqifruD c.r..uy (D.vi6 .trd Zh.n8

l99l ), &d hcru* tbc eciriviry oft lhnr r. ! patorb.rim d Dot !t*.ys pEDoniodl

to rhc i.hibirion in iE dI. of sowrh (Mus lq3; ADattlg l99?b). ptu& qnaly.xFrE@. nffiatiig w.ar $ppb duing d.n lif. cy.t dc 6 co jn@sty

ch&sin8 clio.lic frcd' Erci i. r@ *h.e sDMt niifitt i, Iislr usv..dbEiburio oi.n .xpo€ pLIE io Fio<tic $it dritr8 &idS rtld Z&& ID9), Ttulh.tuE dryilg.lqcring ot&it i! rb. &tu 1 sibarioi tu d 6 boln dryhnd slrd

iFi8rtid fMing (Siddj$. .r ar,, 2OOO). pl&r5 @t Eiou $rr-nta d.ficnsi.c ofh.riry cqidej, dlquaiB, &d duddm duing rh.ir !r!h sd86,

UFn qFsE !o @oric ,rr$, pL,b d!$i! . wi& E!8c or c.DoB .t rh.holcub( elhhr rdt whol.-rh!! tcrcts (HeB.*t ,r,t 2ooo), Thes icl!&, fora@pr., frorpholo8iqt rld &r.lorh.oral ch&g.s (c.g. tjf. crrc, hnibirion ofshorgD$lh &d an E.ocDi of oor gF*dr ), rdjuEm! in io. rulpon (3rc1r s rDhr..qtuaon .rxt sq@srnion of ioM) qt @obolh ch&g6 G.g. q@n @r!boti!m, d,a

q!$6tu of@p.dbt $t!E ).

l2

r.5 SAINTry STRESS

In slirc $ik !1. q!.!. ofsdinny i5 dE ,o MgCOr, N4cOr CrCq,ltBSOr dd NaCL rn eil sohrion 6e!. ioB ftare toriciry to difa.Mt .xEnrphysiologicrl imFcls in difieE"t a$ on crop Sromh (Sabolcs, 1979).

b ptac6 wb@ bod !.tinity .ad droent & tresq phn$ nd ov.rcodenatic and osmotic rorcd ro take up wai.r. f dE osooric ctrect is itions Oisn slinity).lh.n th. @ric fore (tl.ylB rlE eir) n .ds b be miniDized to cdue rtu coobi&:d.rl-t dfmltic rnd osotic forc.s. Morc wiEr nccds b b. added rd the soit bdinihiz.th..lfdrsofptr wal.r slr6 ir eli,. bik.

'ne tinc ralen b @o!?! ind rhe ew sl..<ly $ar delcnN on h. cone.rrarionot the elt blurion (Cmq .nd Bo*man t99l). Srtt tolcly .nd phrsnlbsicltryshon:se of *iEr @.es dilt &e6 i, nuhjent upkL. md m.!.botM of v.riouspr!.tsi lnon3 phnt srcic,, al dtr@t !r.8cs ofsrc{4h ofphnrs. s.it slrss tduc6phosphat uptil. rnd @umulorion in cbts stuE i, luch eil, priDariry by cdu.ingphosphare avlitibitity. Sah sli.s doniMtcd by s.dium sds nor onty redu..s C.zldritlbilitv bu! Enuq ib r{$on .od nobitity b sbwing EsioE of plr! iftcdnsthc quality oi borh vcgellriv. rnd repbduoriv€ organs. Satl 6rc$ o.n drecrty adecrnuiiar upt tc .s Na' Fdu€! (. Wrik _ Soit Ddistuc i.nuhcB m.ny pnysDtogi€t

Pr6.s dumg B'dsri, go*al) &d d.v.toplml (B.8un {d p.ut, 1993). hieationi.cErsed prod@ri@ of ,@ri& (Sha@r Dd Ku@, 1989). No sigli fitu! .fra! ofnoGture €sim. d tur lo8.t is rad jn nudd (Bqrpd er ar., lesr). Catcierc$l5i.s gurd-c. nrgor sd no@bl ip.rlue. Incc0s i, catcium coftennltionpomoEs e.D.Lt cteE !!d qlciu &ts s e*n!d in t c Esroboth opsning and cl6i.g slihdi, Tnercf@, f&t s tn@c iDrerf.re qnn erhta c.lci@hobcosrarn luv. . tur.d .tter on srouht bchlvior (Mc.insh .!d cl.yio, t996).

t3

rn rhe wond. t espeially in pdki iq $. ivaitablc war.r to( irigarion is b.in8

co ll@ted d@ lo sljDity 6 w. , or i6 qurig is d.Eriorting duc b orbq ircrsmicor oresic c@nnilrnB. wh.r noi.nE @nlmr in a @i syd.h ora ercwilg plaDt

dcpl.e and tbe d.ce4.d m.unt of mr! is not compens.d non the shundinSsuen tne plant nls to a... rm tyls ofFoblems tuch s Iow w!&r pobMr sd hrgb

DepBdiDe oD in s@lic ,ut u, ofa plonr, a ptur roy c@ll hiel:d osmoric

FE$ure by eunul.tinS orsrhic D.rabolit ! rhfr L\e sudounding ot dte roor syltch ro

'Ddkc wabr Nor .I ttE pladr miy hlvc sen ir?6 of hacdn,ms. Ljanonic .nd

.nbric Ehtionship .rd p6rord@ my .bo b. distubcd drr may dvwly afr4i lh.phydolos/ of i pl.Dt. Nutri.nt slu3 in ptMt roy be s.u8.d rrom ietd, Bb|4h Gr.and Nlient perccnias.. Ir is deFld.nr on lhe uphke ot M, demand, ulitiz5tion.gbetL and inic@rioD wilt avnoe.niil &.io6. R@/shoor hdo n ! prsrjc

drtuEr ed ir ielles *i.h low kr.. 3upply &d tow .urichr suppry

ln Pakjslar ,anta oit*ed rp.cis e .ulrivacd arc hieesl.d enhq .rv.8clltift sb8c or rl DrEity deFdins on rhc objecriG ot $c lilfu. Moslry n is

8bh fo. oils.cd ptodlcriol tn hdi.n sb+ootiM! ods..d nusEd G noc

'mpoda dq L!j. w8chbl. dd cordiMr ryFs (chen .r 41. l99r). rn pakist n rEa

of poducrion of oit&cd @p m6 694 lho@Dd hecr.B tnat was LOB p.Gnl oi thc

rodr cspped &.. nc @ ofar6ri., culrivrrjon % 17.I pctqt or llE rolil oiL..dcrDps. Ltr iolir pedErie B 55ol i!o{d ion6 Tb. @r uda ,,eiica *s 24.1

pft.nt in tlE u.-iii!!led ou ofde lod r@sr.& cuttivarcd a@. Duing &.,!ar2004'05, roEl culllvrr.d ara under ,f6i@ spccies ws 257.2 lhousand her@sContiburion of@i8. tD6 P\hjab, Sindh, NtlMrp ed B.tuchisEn B 02, 2t i 3 lnd 9p.Mr rls'.ctiEty ( COp, 2OOr b).

I4

Climie oI p*ird, i5 ropiel j, pLi6 dd subl.Prc.r in rb. noudilocEgio6. nE nonld ni6 e urc.luiD bd edric hou h slmc( an<r winrer

*4on' Rar! ot cvlpotlanspinrion En8.s beh,een IrO ro 200\] cm hnualty irdifi.Gnr patu of th. crody (Motrrdulllh, 199?).

sdr-*.ss .d &hy<tr.ri@ sr* show. hish .Lg!. ot seijndry *iri rcspetto physiolosic.l, bi@hcDical, nole.utar ind gnetc ctrcs. sub-rerhat 6ah+be$condnih is ultimiely rn .mtic effeq which i, apFEnrty shrrd io that bDuSht inby nr6 d.ficit (alrm8h .r dr., 1995).

srtinity distlrbs tn. tkls of C.rl in . planl sysl.h. the rcL of C./r 6 .soDd hEsnsd G dj5rud.4 Enltirg jD chlns6 in scnc dplKd ud h.t 6oljmin ell{feEd c s. Suryihl of cop! in ,aijE dvionftd ,,vorv6 s@bhnehNpod leadina to .xdusion .ndor compldn.ntarioo of N!, ioro. .nE

ll-anQon

n6i&Ems Eeulate ion ranspo.l in onln !o @i ri. ion loll@hsir rld n di.Eohoac ldtBlDftt vi. rh. e@u]!do.nd coo!€:r,ncnrlion or 06 wirlin rh. celt.

sodiun, dr@roc, i6 &liv.ly excruded lion rhc cyD,ot allt !.qusEd h qF vacuor.,

i6 rllowins wler t mw inio ihe aU (&itu .nd TF8i, 20(N} C.U ndborc tuynucnon elt as a @t of N!. lrpt ciDS C!r, (ClEua .qt Nits.r! 2u00). 8y i@ingMihblc lca:ld in rh. ncdia Li@ is diiul,rion ir acclhrtarion of Cf, ii rhe

hcuorcs or cclk Suppl.ncnbr Cr:. imp66 eFrdr of ,.6r@ sFc,6 rf, et,*ondnioB (Ctud, 2oO2).

A! rlMdy ncntion d Llc +pli.adon of srtphur inprcvcs ]l4rr..a gowln Tne

e of suhhrh ion d ,ulriti6 in r[. et lrsi.b my deE& rhe pH or qtim mddi!r'odi. $il in dE lhjapna..!d h.@ my &cili|!b rh..ELrahfidcs of hcieF Lnt iuhienls ar compddwry tow pH l.wls ro enh4c. gewr.

wilh €srat io wrEi slFs d{t Btinn, conditiore, A@rca @rerrtr .d,juc.a e eo.d -i.rii,6 dft ro rlen ..@6ic iDporrr&., apir eol4t Friod &d

l5

e litilL nt(c b .164 tb rMrt of ptd i. ba.ry dAdd.d 6 tbet&iny of qd6 &d riu b tu Dot lEnn !.illl@. Tb rm &E.ze.dq'!.t .bot r.adiE b r.i coddb.. V& |t_ ht6d !r.li'i!, D.r,not b. d. {c. { c|ed by @!( d.rr dt, epeiiuy h pttriologi€l lRar vtthn?..t lD @ri.d .!Lt'c, So tu t &dt tt _i.6o lh!r! t .b &. D$d.ir6rudh &.b.

".daft. .id ofi!. F a.d .!dr @ b nighrirh tb r.|.dut [ip or Dfiidoi@ it t. JuM @ t, 4a"E&rt, pld dr@ &d r! i! hEc oa sbvt! @d.(

rb{oraiqt ulr.E ThE&! 6. otj..dvr ortu ddy rE!:- E6ctofBr..n!. dtdrrrorDr6Fr!6,- e!Ln6 .els d&ftd ho 6d.r irlr Eu od dr f!r_

- try..tpf rna,6...trbdioryoemtrroca.

RXYIEW OF LITEMT,RE'ftc ELv&t li&htuE is Evicw.d as urd..

2,I WATERSTRESS

wrb sic$ jr saeEt is , Eitd fom of *ah d.ncir wnich is ! co.<titionwha dE v&r *n* of plDr5 ud.rgcs Ehrjrcry sm.I chag6 (smyi 1997) Jon.s.nd Jones (t989) dcfincd walf iE$ s rhe llck of mouft or s *alEr leedcd forplm. srcrin and dcclopaar kjsd, .ld Sud,m*d (2002) rcponcd t!.t dFwhls@ durng repoducrirc d.Eror@ed d.caed sd icld, sc.d lunbe..nd s..d

liinled condiriols rcduced pl.nr h.i8hq dehyed flowd hitiarion and rdkrion

'n LL nuber of tow.s in Dustant (Singh 4 z./.,2003). D.lEhid er,t. (2OOr) slEd

Lrrt yi.ld, Mb.r ot8tliB F pod ard oil i.ld ms significantly drecI.d by *.r.rsb$ f.a['enrsj bur rh.e w.s @Nignificanr .tr{l of wacr !r.e$ on looo-grdin

wciSnt dd oil peE.ohg.. Accordi,g 10 yiHq d ,t , {19919) np.sed r,.ated ,ith hisr.o@nhrion (30olo) of pEcjooo inbjbjrd !.mi,.!ion *tjL ls pEG conqhrb( ! 5%) ituE.sed s..d gcminalion and dbulh rotelue.

Accord;e b Bohner ar ar (r99J), n o @jm @tcs of warr il ptds & !s.6olvar.dd Fan$od h.dium ,rd s & ?lerd doM i! tll. phororyrtiBis E&don.Accodins b tlvi$to .nd Schu!.n (1998), droreb sr6s t.d r Edkrion ot x/@vcs*l di.net i tud a nodilicaim ofcondlcrivig, cmponors or rr.Gpihrion pdtiwry(eq sh@! ston.ia) rhrr dy anEibu& b nic edrctid or hLr flos froh @lio $@t A sisni6elr c@poMr i, ellul& m|.r r,rs?on 94 .q@pdiE (M.!re|.nd Chlit€ets, 2o0l), AquaFri4 e a .onplcx tmily or chlmd por.rN lhat

l6

\1

f&ilir.r. dr hNpon ol*rd,loDg F.nmdbEE waEr poEnr.r sRtor. Itr borh

pldt! hd dimts, crrLinc prot.!*s wcc iDvolred h pb8iammed ceu dc.1h, which

c.n b. F.vmLd b, crsr.in. pbFiMc inhibibN (Solon6 .r da L9).

M.in€mc. of c.lt tugor is . prdlqrkiie for dtu$ dy am of liic 6 itpovidcs a &*hei€l forcc td lne cxpoBio! ot tlE c.U onrcloF (p@t&, dr at,2002). Osnoiic erindd of ndbl& ,Dr.id @y b. silutr.d via: (i) ! chln8c in

c.ll turgor (ii) mechrniEl <retomatjo, of rlE n@bnrc (tu@opic ch.nr. in

6chbE@ s1ru.turc)r (iii) mechanicrr llimdq ongin.ting within tn. cxo{rcrt6kclcton of tn coUi (iv) a chus. in rh. hydlarion slar. of rlE pror€i! {inlaial dcxkml molality)r lv) dcErjo6 in lnc phFt@b@i.Fy of th. mtubnne bilay.r

(prchintipid inEmctiod); (vt a chanrc in clroplsnb jon conmration o! ionic

sF.rSdr md (vii) sFcific ftorecules inLEctils diEcdy wirh tt:c po&iD wilh eslrdio tE thrsicehdisEy of rh. trhbEn , ! Mbcr ot loFrr6 w .ffaEd s.functioD of omtic shin, ircludins bmb@ nuidiry, bit yq |rtrcknss, hyrjation sr.te

oa lipid h.adsrcups, .nd intcdq.ill p.t dty ,nd ch{se.

Th. laEdl p'eE podr. *s rhc d.prbtr€p€d.nt disfibuii@ of l.cals[c$c, wittun rhe mdbmq (Cdror, l9r9), a grobar parnn.t r lh.t is oncn disc!$.din bfrs of ,intrieic s&in. im.iNic c!flatuE,, buMturc srrr.or,eiemt t 6im,(woo4 1999) Unritc th. idi. sfr.sth iigBl f sc b b. ss.d by lftpD.xlemlly (Ro. e, ar, 2OO0), Stroml votum. Fducti@ i,.ira Ey oe a$oc,arcd wrlh

l0$ of photosydhetic c.peiry (Ajhim hd Be*owiE,1988).

Ir 6 gerentty obeEd rhli rlE hi&hd ih. raj mier F0.dir dd RWC, lb.biShc! wrs tn. phoiosynrh.ric mra (Si&riqu. dr ,1, 2oOO). A! 6Fct rerared to lclt reos pholosrntnesis. Leat&c! in<rex (t-Ar) .nd lchviry pe, uil tar.@ reE conpo..nt5

oa fald ptor6,Tthdjc Frfottrr.e (D. Cosh &d Sl&bugr0asa 2002). Bod

l3

Srowdr lrd ndi$E ..trork weE oodin.d by sdirjry, Sft$ ge@as u hb.latue

b.tvan tt eli,stnlLtid of ffiis@ ..ljvity &d jE Egut jon by tic o{E oe6.

PLnrs Nualry exp.ri.ee a flkn{ti,g *aE, slpply duins dEn lft grtc dne ro

6irinuo6ly chagi.g diqtic A.106. Eh i, 'r@ wh.E @ud ninflll i, his\

uevd dtliburion o&n dp@d pldtr !o pedodic soit dyins (r_ihg and ams,1999). TlEdbdlc dryirg.Ekrqjlg of $it *s th€ &tud s,lu.ron r...d in bolh

drylsd .nd iFisnd@ nftilg (St. dd Li,!s t999: Sirdrqu. €r,/.i 2OOO). TIE*defici.rci.q if ewE, ..n injuE cFpi .d indlce rh.h b ad.pt wilh ccrrrin

phrsiologcrt ald norphologisl p@s! (Li:ue ald ?bnr, t999) !.d iDprcv. rnc

biologicrl ftrcdoN of ftp ers ,nd tavcs duing taEr 8rcping stagEs , lrd inpD!€dfunctions can ircEe o&p yicldx cbp qu.tity, and wircr 6. lfiici .ncy (Ltrng d a! ,

2001a). Signfic.nt chrn!.s jr wai.r pot niitk i, the cnvircmed 6 jrros osmotic

ft$ to rhq shicn disrupr.d nomrl @llutu .criviri6, or.h aus.d phnt d€ih(xiong.nd Znu, 2m2). UD.n €xpoluc to osmolic sts!$, ptanls exhibir I qide rdgeofE otBartn &L.utd, @ uld ud,hoL,phd Lrcl, (Hregav^.t at.,h,.tJ).

MlimiiniDS im homosr.ds t qiric.t fo. pllnts io comb.r tugh satirry sr,6s. Ine Fbof,4dr'Axl in pt.nt s.lt rol.ranc. es dchonsrited by &c work showms h.r ir, ov.F€xr6io. conf@ $tt bt.l|@ !o Ei6g.nic .llurir,pri, per (A!sc .r .a, t999).

Tbie indiqcs rhat 0onoDl.st N.'4f lltjDon ( acliviry m.y lidit d. c.p&ily orgrycophtlrc plenls ro omptr.mntaliz Nar

wdld yid. cEp t@i d!€ ro doult pobauy cxed bss caEd by rl Ae

odd *es (Mc\i/ntiar\ t986)_ h ?.tislt4 /rO % of ln. tollr grud wat r G uebtel7z L hd€i@l and 43% j! hado6 ( K.hlou dd Kh.n,2cnz). waler i6 onc oflh€liniting frcds vhjct .fi..b 0E phydotogicn ind bi@h.s,er pr@@s .fl.dingdtp pqlucdriv (BoF, 1982). Ward !te$ rutMre .t$ htd sahriant .If.cb on

t9

sro'1h indicG tut a csp goylh Et , l€f ea ind.x, EBnw Sroqh d. {d rctBiDil.tio ate. Addjng 0o yfiu .r dr 0999) rp6ed n d vih hish

corcfrr*on (30olo) otpEo-6000 inrribjLd gffiimtion el le low pEc conc..ftii@s

{15%) ircrcAed s.d s@iMtion and dEu8ht iol@e,Dosnt is @ of rh. Eo6r co4]rlM .trvioneB eq $d ljmii

rgncultunl pr.durion world wi&. Thc .fi..cs of wd( slr.$ on prdrs mtud. clotuE

oi sloml!, EdEed !'.spiEtid Erc, r dclle in d. wiEr pol€ Dl or llut ti$ue,

drE& in phot 6ynrlBin &muhdo of orEdic co6p.r&dr et . pikisb, h.s,contiD..ul cli@te. pr.cipiuion 6i.! wnbty fion Ls rhan t25 tu !o orcr l5oonnper .6um. si\ry to 70 p.rc.nr of ln. noM! Eir is @&d ddinS th. $me!mdns to6 Juty 0o Scpcnb.r. In nintcd !6 or!.tj3tu !vsg. tuul Erlivanes from t0 io t000 hm with d av6!c ofabour 4OO mm. I\.oc ii.quftdy, dry

sp€lls in mosm dd winla Bitu lc5d !o drsgtit sGs ouug c@p 86vrh ud@v.rarcm ro Paljd& rb.d 2s% olda .uld6ad hnd (20.43 n hr) is nin,rcd.

The bulk of diese nin-fid !ft!! coroisr of.rid lnd sedi-lrid lands,

,.2 SAIT STRESS

Accodirg to Bull@ .r zt (2003) L\.@ vs dcriftar.r efect d!. to bolh

salinity and drorsht on ptim rakr sLt!!! n t phobsyrr!.lis, r..i metrbolit tcvets and

Dihrc E<leL!. !.rivity. Idisrti@ of nunrd wiil, $lie rGr bbjbiE Dh so*1t!it.bo i.htib tui..16..d dloB a 8Er.r desr of @otic .djulrnor $ Uutprers arc able !o continuc go* toneer Saliniy afi.cts plol phrsiolog Uftughch4sc of wlllr ed ioric shrc i, dE elL Gra$gle, a at , 2000). Atr iel@ inchloophyll cdht in ocLd i! o6w.d whd pt trts 4 .xrosd !o nird qicr sr.*,sv.@ wrler st'e$ and elinny !86 (vi&d €' zl, 2002). Acordins ro pard d al(2002), rll etinity EEtdat !trel.d ptlr grcl1r coMidcdbty. Th. dry eishl ofpldt tise, s..ds od sitjq@ w.jt ws ruihum d a dS fr.r, .ner which . codisht

20

&cree in d.y w.igh us c,b*sc<t s al.hred slinity lcwl5. Th* ,a ilo .d*E in phnt h.isht &d siihu.r'pbnt with d iNtw i! sdjnity. A $it n

co6iderd $lin or et{n ced wltn th. .lftr.iat co.ducrivity of sxfld non w.t F

$$mted, @r-asociar.d .oil .xceeds 4 dS m. . Tre Min rcrsd for this in idsat.,j

a4 is iL build-up of *e$ iG in 6. upFr sir p@6Ls vhil. in &n-idi8,r.d lfusur len ey b. . tow pBipibriod/.v.ronrid Etio. Tb. build-up otiorn ioN in 6.lhizosdd ililially caes injury ro pt n! rco|3, rd lnqr rhd sEd@l @uulation in

lhc.crial plrts callcs h.aq dihagc ro ptant oehbottq @ucrn! Ercfin and Feld

I4ury lo leaws du. io crces joD-remubdon nisbt b. d impon!,t f,cLr coDEo[ing

thc oc.ive sia of rh. cdopy (F@ois rnd M6, 1999). Lce*d ,aljnny hs !ninv.G Erarionship wirh lioBdat condu.t ncc ed rct pnoloEnth.ri. ar. Lopcz.t al.,

2002), Salt lolersnt plmls may dopt n.ny sraregier r!.r llrges rm mryhG

.nlom'cal ro ph'siotosic.l ard biocb.njol i. E6r (a,u, 2OOlb) id srntn6i! ofcohplriblr Moft! tor osmcprck rid (S.Lhoio ,d Muni,, 2l]O2). plunr iot E@c

lio srlinity nay bc noc clacd !o Ns'r (' Btio in ccU ln|n tlE aholulc Nar

conc.nbtion (Qie €l dt,i 200D. Redu.tid in @lcr L?6le by @r md nanp.€d c.lr-*ar.r relariod e boli duc to 6orc compoet of $rility (wrhid d aa, t999!).

Tolmt planrs !dj6t GDoriqlty by rh. sFlhgis ornishy e.kr stubte conp.riblc

Nnotica (e.& glrin b.t i@! poli@, .nd tow noleular wcight o!aN) ,!,1 minrain

tu!8o. Abo.g tn.s, pEIirc anctioru!.s slt-inducei oxidariv. diftlg. ro ndhan.s{Jain e, ar,200t). m.i .is Na'b.te. b.t*d ilr cyiopre,r:d rr mcuoL

(s!bba@ .r 41., 2001), ed potecE cyophdic l@bI?G dunng etr sd* (Rchron

,,,r,2C02; Sak moio and Mell,2OO2), ri*ewGe, bol]) Eorchg do non-Educhg

suga6 conE bu& to tur8or minteD@ und.r ,rlt d Mt r sr€ss (Osrs d dL, 2002). An

.rc6 or ioB ad@ty .fte.t d .to.g.rion ..d difi@&rion of cft ddr irtc@d6rnd $ob8€ of seos rhcrcj, (Ath,r,r dl, 2OOl).

2l

2,3I\OIASSIVM

Poraiun a%ihbilily in born rgroutiel ed M&Ft c6yrt Di t.qrendylinjts plinr gbfiL dcrctoDftr8 .!d lsducrjviry tt isn 2wl). h crDE ding l@v.nsaliniry disn:rbed lne comqlillion of K, (Jescl*. a.d wotr, 1985) xylenconhFafion of (' dalin d !o aboul hjf of dF connol v!ru6 d prsrs 8tu ar highsn coEhhrion (wotr.r oa, l99O). L. is lnc @$ rbunddt clrion in phm elb(tf,ieh, 200 t ) snd activar.! r wide rdg. oi bi@henical racuos, rnctuding n6y rhlr@ cotEl ro plin ry @hholju,rd oRNA F$latio! (M.M aar t9g5; n,.thuis.nd Sard.c l9O. po&sih id i, atso. rojor o@dc &lu., m 6pon&t 6un!,!ion !o anionic p@ls i! lhc c.I (bisL 2OOl), md ir ilqd pby. k.y Dt. h stom.ralloi n6ric mvddu dd in thbre pordi,l Erificlron o,isl\ 2OOt). wllil.tis!. [I(-l dn iluilte wnh cxt.@t (, supply, n n6 bcc@e nd.ty &c.pied dnt th.K- c@cnaltion in d. crlosl of thc pl&t ccit is nai,bin d \w,k t et al., 1996iL.igi, 2001), ,id nisn rins@x *c.rr udq condjdons or K. sr@rio!. Th.capciry ot planr, to &ai,uin r high c),ioolic K+ nraa Etio is lkely lo b. on. of the kcydeEdmtu of pt nr etr rot @. (F@.!d Anrl|m,t999} K. i! .stid to lrtplqt life, .nd ir mon Ecsni.l pre6 ed i is rhe tujor cfton c inorganic nuEidtThe @llut.! roLs $al Kr pbJa h,vc bec. filqudtly &vi.wed (rk tbuis rnd Smde6,l9%) ! {n ouEmy h. lultlet d sr ( t) chs4r h6h*ing h rhc cy{opt6fl, ,h@K is r,t. donimnt couir€r ion for lhe t4lo .x.ss of n.E6tive cb.gc on ptol'ins andnucleic ici&i (2) activadon ofcsciat .nzlDltjc edioE srch 6 @curing i, tteromtia ofpyovac; ad (3) ! sut6b!61 .drjbuti@ b tlE onorc pF$urc ofdFhcuole &d h.nc. b c.lt brigo, wnich .dtoss mntisnif.d ph cells wilh fiuchRldsidiq (Mdthuis rnd Sldtds, 1996). tn conFsg Nr. i5 only eotid for a rcwnmbe. or rrei6 (tor tn! oeslaadoD of pyflvd€ &o5! lh. chr@phsr ovelopc)wh.€ n turctjoB 6 r nicirudar h holr olhd sF.i.s Na- ds @r .c! s .

22

&Fior in 6. w rb ir t irndy .lquicd for smnh, bu rs xr:rooD ,o rh. gl!*djm.diun My pmoro srorth of n&, plols wlEo tn€ Kl eppty rs umncd flol6and L&chli, 1933) &d ir paniculd drc groeri of sajt rol.ranr lnd brophIic dmts by

conEiburrs !o tur8d fodalid Atrhough tlrc .nihbjlity of Na. $ a .cn,p,

osoticuft is s.*dlly enrl a ra.gc.re orN,- ioc oq K is &r dc6iEbt fomany rcason6 Fn$ly, rh. sinira! physico{heBical srlclurc! oi Na, and K. h.io ihat

N!' comp€rition ar t:tupon si&s for K- crhy in@ th. synpld my Buh ii K.dc6ci.my Scoddlt ctroplasoic Na, coDp.Ls fd K. bindin8 &les m<t h.nc. iihjbits

met bolic poc.ss rh.i crucidly dep.nd on K', ftefoft, Nai in the cyrsol hss lo b€

ceiocd by tinitirg tia. aFy.nd/or opaltinS u.ffricnt lfst r ro. N.,.fftu inro

rh. v&lole ft lh. atbrlsr tnieuutlr cmpdrrn nbrion ot roxrc solutcs i! a pE

icquisit for tuint i.in8 cellurd i cglity. CoDpituenrrtion of Na in the va.uolc

awidr build up of cyioplaftjc Na. &d mi6 th. crroplsnic Kl^\I!. nrio .ndconhbukl b nE v&udo osoric pore,ti.r. ln . nmb.r of sr..is a \a.4]..ntjrorl i3

pre* rn nE ionoplal which allows r.cuhul.tion ol Na. in the vacuole by u6ins rhe

ba4-brcpl4t lr Ssdi.nt s <,riving torcc (BdDa ud plntrra 1996). I0 8.eml.rorcphsr N.-44 Mtipon.ctivity jr induc.d by go*dr itr N.CI (BdUa.d p.,toj,.

1996), Up&lc md tr.nll@atjon orcariois pl.y e$mrial ol.! in pta nulririoi, stgnal

hrsducror, Foxtl! bd dcrclopnol. Nar srs ofi.n rcsuls ,n rretic,.rcy ofK,beaB ol the phFicste,icar sinit rid6 ten d N!. .nd ra (Mdthui3 and

Aitnlnn, 1999). By coDbasl, at low K. .vditabiliq, noddar. I.vets ot Nal &tlaltypioDoG pbnl gDMt by rplacins (' in iE bre 6 povid.i or tursor (Rodnslez_

N.v,m, 2000). Sel*tit i@ !pra& :d di,f@lt iM @mFtu@elErion .E frairfqtuB dut *ptain disp&iries i! !olc@. r, 6,tinjry b..rb Crycophyics and

h.lophyl.s (cftenwry rnd Mum. l98O). Salinjly afccrs nuhjenl acquisnion 6yilGrfaing wilt K' upc*. b, eicc aul ctu@rj (Me{uis uo &tum, 1999)

2'

Tnc v&hle acupi6 6 ouch 6 3o 9@/o of tb. elt rclu. in Mtuc plan els !dqdibt'rcry t@Es non ord. cen r (Lcisn ed wF ron n 1984). veuold ft rEsepoft dit .n!!r. ad.qu.c supply ro lhe cyrsot r concdhrion in vacuoles of

blrley eot vari.d poFdioMlly wilh th. ovcElr risue (r corc.nbrion, wh.Es

cylelic IC @.ir.d coNrdr ow ! *id. m8€ of rjs. K coreldtio6. At

dinidjshirg K aEit.biliiy, tne cy@tic K conenrrtid @ hi8hd thrn 6e h.@t2r

cmc..tation (walker er dt, 1996). Ciidolic Ki comentEtioo! d{lircd onty wh.n

vrcuaLr (- conc.nhtions d*6aed (Lcigh.nd wyn, 1984). rn sev*l studi.s

p€rfm.d o! slt iolcMe psvid.d by rh. ow! dpcsion of NID( genes, a g@Er

laf K'cmcdFdior w f@d &i.Ed ,idr dE !ol@r ph.@rr?c {ZhoS.!dBlumvald, 20Ol; xu. €i cr.. 2ol]4j wu .! dl, 2OO5). thu6, NBX antipon6 my ptay a

significut ole in (1 nutrition roserher wjlh ion chaDels by dpturing K' inb vlcuol*

ro! elluld sloE8c ed tulor a@Eiion .r physiotosial sb*1h cordirios (raigh ddwrl! 1934) b€id6 dcn pniecriv. nlrction und.r sx d osmric @s Ns {d ido,

1999; Blunwdd, 2000). I'cl6ins rh. Crt..Dd K'co&eniallon h k,rs ordifiercnl

crop6 ;creases thcir 8.mjDri@ in NaCl sotutioro (Lin and IGo, r99s) Satinity

cnna6 rhe conrcnl of Na' Md C.:. in pl.nrr ind dE nrio of K.4.la, dec@s

2.4 SU[XE!'R

Sulphur inprcvca K .ta seteclMry snd inceases thc caprbirity otc.rciM ion to

deEe o. iDjunos cfiets of s.dju ioG i, su,nover gbvt (Badr .r ar , 2OO2). tr

ls b..n tusedcd lhat SO; sbEd id dE v&uol6 ofmesophy cclk is only Et€{ed

under oondilioG ol polonSed S sles.nd dst dir r€lw G io. llow r. suppoi nev

gio!.1h (B.ll ./ d1, 1995). As a Etult, thc d.v.topinc lsvcs aE th. 6st ones to show

synptoms ofs deficitu, wl,e, rhe,oung.sr l?arcs e s d.ficicng lnc n,jor 6.cdon

or s ir in por.in. Sutpt.t , rbe mjor s@ of sulphu fd pt4r5, is Rdlccd i, .

24

durtisbp palhmy, pEdomimttt i, lh. chldoptdts, to bhid._ !r lna combircs io

lod .)ibirE, ol which h. b qvdlAt b ncllioirc o. gurlh,orc; r[. ldrcr i. th.

Djdiod and FaBpotubt€ fom otmn-potein Educqt sullhu. (r.6rek .nd Sa,!o,

1 999; H.wk*ford and wmy, 2OOO). fta on gi! of !h. S prduc rrcn ,n prants n.y bc

Iiom giutltnide or cyllcin desE&lion or nom ondrion ot lujphide s a by_pedrcr

Sultur t & cs$nl .ltur for SDwrh sd ptysiotogjcd tumtioins of ph nhokq, its conlrnr srllgly Eis h.tu.cn spc.i6 ud n m86 ilm O. r to 6 % or d.dry nK (D€ Kok e, dr., 2oo2). Sulfat htcn up by th. 6ois ,6 th. naror sltur souic.

id sbrrb th.ugh it hs !o b€ r€d!.€d 10 luuid. befo€ it b ffrih.r trlabolizd. phn6

coLn a laqc van.tt ot ort€r oeuic oltur mpourds, c rhiols Glut thid.),sulrolipids ed secondsry 5uttu c@poun<!, (iltiiE, gluco6mracsi phrloch.t|tiB),

which pl.t an inport nt rot. in physiolosy ind pote.tion o8rinsl frviomolal stc$And p..t {Dc Ko& .r ct,. 2002). nr. uphk. ot surrare by th. @r5 and j ed!c!i@ md

tunlE einiLijon ir dE sh@s, is undd no@r @ndirio6 niehly r.ellat d on "rwhol. plai lcrcf'.nd it is in toe wiii ito rc$.1sdfi! EqDihmt of a plot spci.slorbid8podlcdon(DcKok,rar, 2OO2).

sdete is rt n up 6y rhe er wn bgn !6niry o.t lli. qdr irli't lprak

6!e s gmlly dlEdy Erh.d .t p.d6ph.ric tulfaE l.v.ts of O I &V &d lowcr

(HawLelfod and Wray, 20OO). The upr.lc of surfaL by lh. rco6 lno G bmpon io thc

sh@t is sdiclly contlolLd &d n alpas lo b. o,. of dE primry Eauhuy lrlEr or

sulftrainil"don. Sufat is etiEty 6td up rDs lb€ Dl@. MlIu orm. etc.ll3. suhs.q@ny b.d.d inlo dE xyrcm v@ls ed ra$loed b $..bd by rh.rdnqaior sh.m. Th. uplat dd lreport oasulfic i! encBy dcp.nd.ni (drivh by

r poDod chdicnr ecnani.d by AT?e) ilbush ! pDto./atflE oMum.ty 3H,/sor:l c@rrrtod (Ct rkon .r ar, l9r.

Disrinct sulflE [€rslotu proEiG hcdi.b ltte upLke, cn$on lnd $bceuuts

disrriburior of !ulf!te. A€o.dins 0o dEn c.Iutu ahd srb.e ul.r cxpE*ion, and

pNiblc tuturionins th. sultaL r?sDodc6 scn famiry lt s be! oleificd in up b 5

dilf*nt srup! (BrchE e! dr, 2oo.r). Soh. sEups @ qpEls{t axctsiv.l, i! th.

I@ or snoos or .rpEss.n borh in r.t rcoB &d sh@ts. ceup r & lign ad,mity

sulfiE irds?on.6!, ehich aE invdtrcd in rh. uptake or slltat b, rh. Nors. cbup 2

m v@urn tsusponeE iid @ 1ow lmnity $l|aE rdsponch,. croup I is lh. so-

czrred lat g!dt, rEy.rcr, jifi lidlc ir tDoh :hout th€ cb,Eccrndcs of this 8np.omup 4 FdElorh m, bc jnblv.d in rhc r?slon of$lf.ia id|o lh. pl6lnk prid ro

ils adwtio\ rhd6 iiE tumdon of Goup 5 sdfare lranspond is ,or knon rr

Resulrtion dd crpcsion ot Lt ejorily of surfale rhlporcE aE cmroled

by lhr sultu tuiritiomt sbr4 ofrhe ptrnLr. Upm srlfrb d.p.iv.rion, rh. dpid dawi. @t $lfalc G Egul&ty &comp.lied by. strDndy dnac.d cxpE*ion of n6rsulf,b llnspori.r 8ens (BuchM ,r,t., 2004). Th€ mobiliz.ton ind r.dislr,bution

or$c vduolar sllfar rcsw€s 0pD.as lo b. orhcr slow dd sultu.d.ficiql pla smysiill @ntlin dcr.chble lewk ofsulfa& (Buchft!,r at., 2004). Cystcine is lultu do.or

fo. lle sFIh6is of ft.rhjo.jE, th. ejor olhd $ltuHodioiDg qho .cd p@r m

plan6 (Noji dd S.iro, 2001). CleciDolrlcs e Gpo6ibt€ td dE naq poFrii6 or

Braicsea. tnd rcentty hare @..ircd rncrtid jn view of th.n ,.renti.lantioarcird8cnic prop.rri6 (Csd et alj ?,AOI pet$e" et ot., ZOO2; Rcicherr er ,J,2u42)

2.5 PHOSPEOTUS

h nd caa, eliriy dc|€@ ln. cornFjtion or p i, pl.nr ise (cme, .,al., 1999), bur ti. ftsut! ofs@ sludics indic.t d saliniry cirhe! &rss.d or lEd no

.ller on P upoL. PhoQhoes (p) i3 onc ot lT.senrial etd.nts Equircd for ptet

26

smwrh (F4torln@, t99). prdts h.rc cvotv.d n o br@s sBEs,.6 ror p.cquisition

ind e in .unicnr-liDitiDs ..vibd.nb (l) 6os. ain€d ar ooeranon ofu*; and

(2) thos di@ud ros.rd eltdrcd rcquisir'o, or Dpbre ( Eo6t erdl, 2o0lj vaftq2001). Plcss dBr cotl*@ d. @ otp jrrclE dEtu sM n6, mcss.dgotr F.r untt of p uprrke, Mobiliation of inrem.t p,, no<tific.doc in carbo!

melabolism lhat br!6 pjcquinns sepq and .trmrive Espimiory psrhways

/Schachmn.rat,Ioo8, plen and Cr6w.ll. t9o9r B! comp&en. Fo!.k. rhiltad !o .Dn nccd upi!*e irctude i&e$d Dbduclion ed edon of phorphrbs,endari@ of organic lcids g@Er @t lbwdr .long with nod i.d @r archiectua,

exp&6ion of rcor sud&e aaa by prorir. d.lelopnflt or rcor MrN, ed edanc.dexpEsion ot p E!$porft {Gilmy and Joncs, 20OOj L)th and Bown, 2001).

Ahliouch beyond the sope of ttis r*i.*, dE nd prerdar evoruroury adapaijo.

by Imd DL s (809,0 ofa spei6) Ior &quinng p is lbousn n)@lrnial rynbiB(Koi{r. i(l K1bn, 2Oo0; Snirh 4,1, 2oooi Bud.igh e, dr, 20or; Ttbcr {d Sdd,,s,2002). Ph6phoc k t km up by pletj in lhc on!@h6ph.re {p) rons H1po. and

HPo;, vhich dcur in soit sorution! !! very tow concmnatuns (0 r-r0!M)( Hinsirger, 2001). A pH oprinuh foi !, $l!kc of 4.5-5.0 indiqtcs prcf.hfiat planl

upL&c oa HrPOr' ovq rn 'C4!

Gjghottd, lr99). Up ro h,lf rh. $it p s b. orsaa;q

ddiv.d frod pttut 6idc lrd en ot3&istu. O,rdic p 6N e Errcdlizd b€foE ncd b€ hketr up by tl.,ts (so$l .r at, tOOt )

The ractions co rolline nte .mouns of p in sluhon hctudc djslulion-pEcrp ahoo or P,b.dds Dindts, ad&arion-dcsoetioD ofpnosptuE on loil luriaces,a.d rh. hydotysis or orsdic u.Lr (Hi6in8.r, 2ool). r{os e,th rh. tyDes andamums o{ cl.y !tur n bl orid6, p lhitibitity i, .lso @nrolt.d by pH oi $irsolur'on ionic !n f,eth, concdFarios of p and n tels (F., Al dd c.) lnd rtE pl€qceof competi.S anioc, ifttuding orCeic eids (Hi$[ger, 2oorl. n.cau5. of iE 6bons

27

turo6 witr $it @epo.lrsi pi L pdrciFtt sp!ri.<t !o per e6 by drsi6i6Ess rbrd @s fo* (Co6.rtod, 1998; Hinsinsd, 2OOl). rsaliarion ofplrd whtsysms r tn rlhg*r Esion! of @r5 rnd in 6. mt hrns is nosl .ffecliv. fo.

@v.r7 of NrieDrs iion udat.tcd bil (snid .lat, 2ool). ptmr bots lrlialyrespond ro P dcficiehcy 6rcu8h all@.rion ot norc q6on to i@!sl Esultins in an

incE.se Dot sro*1]1, enn ncd br.d i@l fomrlion, gE.t4 expbntron or lhe srface

sod. incEeerl lensth ard ru6b.r of rcor hiis (Cilby .ffl Jones,200OiLiaoerat.,

2001). CsfttidEd dtE$ion oa ptrnt g.e! wjlhin a sircn enviro@et risssbi(he6icr! cmi! rhar giw !ir. !o pL orgsc ud rhsues (cilBy.nd Jfts. 2oo0).

In 36srird, +iuch, ud ioMto, eor h,n l.,gn and,uob.r rft inwely Elar.n to

lne P coMF.tion i! d. pr6l (ts$k, 2oOl), tn Atubidops^, Nl h.n dcsiry and

erdsaxor e Esutlrcd by p .qihbitiq (Btas .nl LFch. 2OOO). NndcDr srN,particuLrly P i.d F., aft tloM !o stimLt anyt.ft gutlcrion (w.t6 and Bldini2O0O; ry4h ard Bo*r,200t).

2.6 CAT CIUM

c.lci@ is & Mrial pl{r lutsi.nt. Ir k Equicd for Eious sturel bl6 in

tne c.ll ell &d nmb6.s ud il i5 . couDE,{.iiod fd inotEmrc uq orsoc .n16D rhe @uoL ed lh. clroot (phjlip .d aro.dt.y, 2OO3). tuEdal suppried ca,, h.3

b€en shom ro deliora& lh. .dv.e .fier of ,aliniry i. pm6, pEsuhabty by

ra.ililating hiehtr K'Nir scleclivirt (H6cgaw! , a1, 2OOO). M0jiliinins an dequab

suppl, of Ca:l salir. loit solutioB i! in impo,rrrt tacror in conrrourns the sev.iiry otspacific ion ioxicitie!, patticut.rly in cop! *hich tE !u!c.ptibl. to sod,l4 dd chlodde

injury (M6, 1993). Erierul Crr'lupply h rhc $tirc @1m.dru tu mpbve planr

so*1n by its dEl eflcts: G) ihpo!€funt in eit sEuctuE.nd,mrim of sjl (!)Esh.r CalNa'Erio .!d .nne.d Nrr *lusjon lbitig ot pLr 006 b suppre$ Nr-

ed cl r4por !o t.!c (Buul! d dl,. I99r). Crrciu jnpoc K1a!., *tcclivigo,

23

4dblla (MrehM, t995) rod pc@ll oil fr6 inEim of ioxic i@ (Comr .rd/ , I987). Cahiu upr,te i5 @.nr on dG Mturc of dc saljniq. 16 npta*. t hiShd

with bdiun sulphrc du sodium chhid. (B!dr .r at. 2oo2 b). tsorrtion of douSnr .dhigb{.ll-indlced .xpE$ion of calciumd.p.nd.nr potein tius (CDp(s) jD pla.ts

povidq indier €vid.ne fd ! ol. of c,lcium si9.lli.g {Um ei at. 1994). C.lciun irat.n up by e6 non !b. $il $lulioD ,nd &liv.i.d to rh. shoor vE uE xyr.m. Ir nlyhv* dF Ml.irts rDlgn .nc cnopLo oa ccls ljlt d b, pt4eo{t snr. (rh.

srhDi.n) d lnou3n th€ sps6 b.Ncn c.lts (r.i. .pophst). ]lrc Et.tjrc c@liburioB

of lh. lpopl.dic and slEplastic plLt*ays io lhe d.livery or Ca lo lh. xytcn !eunbom (Wiite, 2001), How.vq, the movahcDr of Ca 6mugh tnes pllhw.F mulr b.lin.ly b.leced !o allow sot c.lk !o sig,.t usins cylo&tic Ca?l coDccnFdtion, to

conrll rhc me of c! deliv.ry ro d. xyld, and r, pevar rre aemul&io of boxic

catotu iD thc sh6r Calciq ..a6 Dbr etk h@sn Ca,r_ldha6le i6 chrbak iilh.n plaM hcDbl:c or'biG, 2OOO} Si*. . hiA lcazlq is cyt iori., IsbmnFmoh [c.:']$ is @i.r!iEd i, uDsriDlhLd ccUs by Car,_ATpe! ,nd

H'/Ca:'6tipon€6 (sa e, at., 2OO0), Th.e cn4re! Emove crtosoric Crr to.irtfilh. lpoplasi or lhe tunm or irEe.Iuhr organ. 6, sch 6 tne racuote or endoplasmic

rct'culun. Qldun is .cquift! from ihc oil lolution by llc @r syr@ !d lrtutocft.dk) rh. rh@r vh the xyt d Thc cr nq !o thc xrld i! bjsh (*,titq 1998), TIE &liEryof C. io lh. iyLm it lMiced jo d..l'rD. @t tiD ed ro EeoE n wh,ch tlhlMrs .c h.ins iririrEd (Ctdtsn, l99l; lvhit , 2OOr). rn ln6. agions a conriguos,

Clsr.nan b.nd b.sr.n eldod.@t ells k ab.hl or dispt d, a{ror tn. .ndo&@l..lls $@undnS th. stete .c xnrubqircd. ft. C.sldim band 6lncE fi. dpophstic

hov.hcnt of eluEs (tvhir., 2c9l) .nd lub€nziion DEv.nts c.l innux n, cndod.mal

c.ll3 {M6E r ar,2002). Ttc* ob&udons sugSlst lhlt Car nlgnr uch dE xyt.m

loLly vi! ln. lFdar in Egios vhft rtE CaFrim bsd i,b*Dt o! djtuprd, or

ciaunmt tt€ C.!p..iu bald by 6tcrj,s dE cyiQtas of u@h.dzd crd.d.@l

cells whd the Csprdd b.nd is pes.nt (Whjb, 2OOt). ft.!. @ ref.ftd ro ri rhc

atoplstic dd syDlh$ic plrhwats! E pedv.ly. Sffil lims ot evidde sgg6t in r

borh lp.plaric ad srrpt nic patin s mribnte ro C. &liwry b lllc rytd.C.lciun is deli@d ro th. xylen in Egiod of dE mr ehc€ ttE clslarhn hud is

tully d.vdoped ed aloplanic Ca r".nspon i! ..sr'icted, snc Cs:l ftislt brle rh.

clspdian bd(t rhn8h dr. q/roprism of .rdod.ml c.ll! Ovnitc 2oo l) S.condry,

lllhougn C.:' ciamb rad C!:'-ATpsc! .E plwnl dd thcmodynmi€ y c!p!bl.

oa cllalysing Ca" inllu and efilu @s$ $e plsm ne6b6n or mt endod.mat

cclls, it lEs ha s8e6Ld lhll theE is iNmciat AI? to poe. (Flow rd y@.

t92) $d iEuficidi toci$ to €bbs (wbilij, 193, 2oot ). nirdu if c.,' Eah.d

tne xyl.m $lely by . syDplatic Flrhway, its 4cudrhdon in the shoot soutd be

cxtecd b show rh. hauturk of pFr.irsr.lyed uuspoi, ehich it ds mt. For

@plc, bodr Cf cblrlEb iI rtc pLs ddbdE of @! elrs .nd C.r'-ATp6

dierimiMll b.tqeen divil.ntetioE, bul n\.e $em b be no dkcrinimrion b.r*ec!

c.!', Aaz'Md Sl" in ln.n Erncpolt io tlE rhsl (\I/hiE, 2OO I ), IE Ca cmcqrorion in

rylm sp G influ€@d gsrly by rL di.dl rpplotion of C.r' dd (whje 4 ,1.,

1992). CrM is found ir dc rpopl6! .nd in thc ctloeli ER .rd rucLDs of plant c.ll6

wirhin lh. cyrosol lnc .srihat.d caM cm.nElrim b 5 ro 40 uM (zi.licki, 1998).

Crlnoduli! hrs bai intlicd.d itr Cltn.Fndar E+oEs !o fisn! Srviry,

nehdical sEesi phttohofroG, !.tbogs, osmtic stE$, elinity, h.rv7 n.rds,

renobioiics, amoxi4 oxiddrive she$, hal ook hd chiltirg (F6!N et ot.j 2@2).

Cahlodulh is r lmll (17 tI}!), hishty c@Fd, icidic poci! wid *o eloburir

rioD.ic *h contrini.g ivo EF bmG c.|eLd by a fldibt. Fh.lidt 5F@r (LM,

2002). A CazrrcaM coDpl.x gc&mty inr.tur! wilh tdscl pEr.iN, aldousn th.e aG

30

.xepiioN, such a r.'r. inre@tion of myosi,Jite prci.ins eith CaM atd€ (R.ddy,

200t).

2.7 SODM(

In n6y plini!, a ldge cooDor.nr of lole@ce to tongr.m expos@ 10 Ni- c.n

b. .rlibured b rbc lbilily ofplarb !o eKludc Na. fr@ ltE 3h6l (MuM, 2002; T6r.r.nd DaEDoo4 2003). Th. 6d sGp i! rh. Do@6t or Na, nlh d. $il $lurjon !o

th. rh@l is &e iniridt dry ofNa' inro tlE cel5 oidE @l epidctuG ed cor!,x, This i3

tcm.d (unidie.tionat) Na'influ, dd it h distinct ton nct inoux (or iccmulation),

whrch i5 tl:e dd Esulr of tE pe.ss of bolh innui and cfl]u. tr ,s pmposed dD[h.iririal irlu 9l.p is r t y det friur of ov.nl st@t li.. acdnulluon (S.hub.n and

Liuchli, 1990i Divcnpod rnd T6b, 2OOO). In paniculd, n is .D&ry.d m wh.al (and

m!.y orher pLnls) L\rt ca} inhibition of iiitial Na' innux is dr€uy corelakd wiitj u]to

C!"-indEed d.cc6. in snst Na. &cumltaliorl dd ltu* rG con taed wilh rEludjon ir a@wlh innbidon 6y Na. upon addnid of c.r- (Cme(, 2002). Th.

p.$wrys for initial N.' idnux aE slilt rcr identited. Te$.r r.d Daklpon OOO3)

propo*d thEs padways for \a' inlux. Two poi€in-ncdihd parhways .in b.

disli4uisncd by rh.ir sirivity io !h. lddilion of efteclluld Ci:r, and a drid

P.otuy rpp€6 io t du. !o "rejt!g.' iDio ihe mr vi! rh. rpoptosr Thc Etariv.

co.libution of .ach of rtEe padrwryE van.! wid spdies ond 8ow cond lorFto!cxmple, mo* Na' innux inlo ricc appcrE ro be se,lidl.d by an apopraltlc pathmy

iY.div er ar, 196). Dlrnp.rl rld Tsr!, eOOO) poFsd inr| UE p&tiar silivity ro

CaL or a mEtdriv. drior chanct jn wh.!r @rs povided cvidcm. coDsisldl with

th.se chaDch b.in8 lhe prinrry pabeay tor bofi C.:'-sl!v. &d i4ensirivc

conpdenis of pobin-nediat d Nr. innu. How.wr, !h. nol.cutd idenlity olnmektve c,ron chDrcb Imi6 obeE (Dcsidchjt d dl, 2oO2), ,ith litrcly

crndi'LB includils crclic n@l{rid.-g.r.<t chlmts (Mdtnujs tud s.ndm, 2ool).

3t

Tn r rc &v.Bl ot!.r oudidlle lalhwarr for iniriat Na, intu, evER.,r by TesEfund

Dawnpon (2003), @hbry ttKTt (Rs er at., 2C{l) dd LcTl (MtunD ,, dr., zool).

In@etjD8ly, .he ELrio6nip c.h6.!.d i, 'fuy

pta8 b.t*En (Cr:'.eBirive)

Na' GMuhrion tud (Cf*rjaul!E<r) ld.fu€ itG nor rrpd. 6 bold ror Miz mnce. I. mi2., .r6ougn c:,'alt vinr.s N!' lo:icity, go*dr innrb(on s comtaLd widrhe *nsitivity o f lcaf .xlensiod to qtt_stihulrt d im.les in abscElc ao id (ABA) 6$ert1nn Lhc cxt nt of Nr. &cumul.tio, (Cnnq ldd Qutri.,2002). Tnu!, in @i2., tne

Ca?' .llcvirtid of Na. bncig is .pp@ndy duc to .lr*s of Crr- on ABAa4@ur.rion, nrtE ttan or N.- accumullrior. tn .icc N.. eclmutrtim and

sdsiriyig .rc .ofthE4 bd l[.y ar inftitiv.lo Car, (yadlv ?, dt., 1996). n s

b.bavior, ehich is noE remini*dt of th.Nll idponses of Mz lhln of wh.ar, rice,

md m&y .rh( pldls, also app6B lo 6c €I.ct d in lnc rack of cofthlion found by

bnc wo*.E b.twd totel!@ !n<i th. d.gE of Nr, acunuratio . in ,t6ie spp.

(u...d Clftr, l9r). UD6ut GroB of ed. ret, spp. ro d,. t&njo. orca?-

s afo noewnn, wirt eme wor*6 Rn<tins dut .d,cirio. olcl:, i, eljn. conditions

did not rcduc. shoot Na' corcedalion bur tftpov.d sowth (Hu.ne rnd Redm!ft,

19951 or did not ifrp@ve gsr1!.r aU (S.hnidr., zl, 1993), r @s h 5om. eecies

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.r soLRcE oi SEEDS

Scds of ,br,.atu.& (c,. BARD_D rfur?a e,p8rB ( cv, BSA) wde

obbined froh Oik.n prcseme ar N$ionat Agriculhral Redrcn ccnrrc, Ghnabad

PaLisan. ft. cullies BARD,I dd BSA i@ .prroved v&ierics !r.t aE b.in8 us?d to!

cullivlioD in P.lisI.r Tb.e a widcly dilh.but d EnlaB e Ep@dr rhc

chaEGristi6 of rlE eei6c A{i6.3.2 SEED I'f,{BILITY TEST

Tcn !c.ds pd petridish (dia: llcm) in qurdrplicatr pff{ od crrcular filter

paper wcE moistercd widi dniite<t d.-ionjz.d war.r. Th€ p€&idishes wcE pt&.d in tnc

d,* d r.nFntuE 25 t "C. An€r .h. cn r8.E ot rhe Edrcr., gmiMEd *dsw@ 6urd Th. p€Ed68e of Smiudo, 6 calculaird by lh. fouowing

c.miDltion p.renaB€ - (Nunb.( ois.oiuted 6eed, x IOO/ Tor.l numher of

33 TREPA.RATION Or NUTRIEM SOLI].TIO'I

NuEi.nr $brion reo.dins ro H@stand sDd Aood (19J0) w6 prp.rld usi.s

dilytic.l SEdc chdicits. pII xs o,i lin d rt 6.0 4 0.2 .,tna wirh HCI or KOH.

Duin3 lnc gewlh peliod ofth. pldrs pH wss monitoEd dd adjusLd wh.n r.quiEn

3.' SAIT A]\D WATER STRESSES:

PlanE 9@ *IlM 6d.r $n .rd eler 3rBq in tydropolic

32

3l

To imp@ slt srq!, Holatand.s turidl blllio @,46itioncdrimg t 5, 30, 60 lnd 90 dM $diuh cnbd& s.a pEp.Ed epeier.

To inpoe vlt r sE4, HqStdd.s olrri.nt stlli@ corbbis 5, 10. 15 .nd 20

% (v/, poly dhyGrc slycol (pEO) (e/v) v.& pEprftd s.recry.

3,5 MEASUREMIIII OF OSIVIOTIC POTllrTL{I, OF THT SOLUTIONS

Omotic poEntiats ot 4. solurios wc6 neglrcd usins vapour pre$tre

omoneLr, v!pb, wescor (Model 5520), Thc d.uit of sodloc @ srven n

3.6 SALT N\D WATER STRFSS AIPLICATION AT CETL{L\ATIO\ A\DSEIIDLI\*C STAGE

S€.& of borl +etu kE r.!r.d sirh I % Sqti@ hr?o chtdib fd L niturs(Bndo and Krodct ., 2m2). Thc e.ds e@ th.n *.d.d dE tin6 wit! dG.iled

Mrq for dh dituios @h. T.. s.cd, rca pt@<t on tircr FF E lehdish (l lcD

di!) in qudnplicares To orc el ot.xpc.im.6, str scss wc impos.d. Five nl oinurrnt sorunon @ntaini.s 15, 30, 60 lnd 90 mM Nacl havj.s omoric potenti.t -

0.19, - 0 27, - 0.1I dd .0 42 Mpa FsF.tivcly wc .pplGd.

To the otber sel ut€r lrcs w.r inpo*<t 6ing !!G 6000 @ j, t|), 15 and 20

terert (/v). in nuFie $lutioD havir8 osmotic,ot.nriat - 0.2r, -0.24, 4.s6 sd -

0.76 MPa Fspecrjv€ty. To .aoh pcr.idi$ 0tcn diq), 5 n or dE EsD.ctive

conce!@nd (Eah'eDt) a .!pued.

Pelidi.l'6 of borh etr .d w&r i!!s eaft.nts wft cokr€d !fter cdinaand plad in rlE &ik a! 20"C GhiMrcd s..dr y@ cout d @ ld, 46, .nd 5. d.y

.nd smiMtion peEdbe. *s c.lcubr.d. An r 5b d.y et.mEl6&d by .ppling dtrilt d kt r. On 66 .trd 7u dly S.diErion ws asain @rd.d

J4

To Gord th. .f4r ofsrility {d *!r.r sdqs d 8€min.riod oilbe &e,! dE

following plan % p.A&d &d follow.d. Th. cxFrin nl was coducred u$ng

3.7 PREPARATION OT NURSERY FOR VECETATTYE STTJDTES

Q@r sad! w.! 6lr6r.d 6oh Sdgo<rha {tisficr Tt tu 16 tuted dn ro

p€cnr Hcl fq 8 ho6 rb.! wlEd *il[ t p ytr.r $vdl dc.!d rely w,sn€d

vilh dislill.d <teionzcd wi.r unrit it *s chtorid. td whd t*cd ynn ACNor . Itessnr B d rLied unda $n.

In tte plasric !!y! 1.5 imh dicl( l.yd of diicd land s pbced add 6o6tued

eilh {tidill.d deioniz.d val.r, rn. lhntz.rt ecd! w.c aprcad on lhe $rf.ce oI L,r

noist ,ed sad coveEd witn . rhin t6rr! of dncd end, IE !ppe! tayd orbd w.s

moNteftd c€rdy knh dbriUcd dcioniz.d waEr Th. h:y! werc pteed in d.lt ior wdsmiDl'm. Aner h,o d.y! of S.miMtion, rtE !..d! w.rc cxpos.d !o Lght.]lE sand

v6 noist€..d ,h6 &quircd. Wirt in lan <!.ys . N6.ry ot !@dlings @ pEplEd fol

osnotiom i .. FDly .rhyl.n glycol (PEC-6OOO) rn<r s.<tiun chbndc (Naclt

Tl0f2 TII

rt2Tl3

T5 PEG 20% wt rl,tT6 Tl5

6' 7T9 Tt8

!.E APILTCAIION Of SATT AI\ID WATIR SrR!SSE8 Ar VBoITATIVE

STACE

fa d.F old *.dli!8! e@ f@du!8.d i! ti& of pLnic po6 @6i.in8

conbDuosly 6d 2,5 I_ of tuEidr Fturio. T!. 6Bt nurid slliioo ws epbcd,cHy.To@srof pot for gI fi* NrCt btutjo B.ppli.d @ 15,tO,60rld

90 n . To thc orha r.l for w.r!r rrs, j, lO, l5.dt 20 % loly.lhyt e gt)@t (pEC

6000) nr rlpli.rl Th. [aEEn!! wF |!pti.d i! qudlptic.Ei TIE ,hn! *@glDB for 42 .Lr! .na @irg. Thc Do! e@ pL..d i! rh. gls tole ,!d4 s, rlEpH of tn. orurid E .djud.d to 6.0 wit Hcl d (oH md @ lmiid.d aBut.dy.

Trc hrGn r@ t.rd 6 l?..!d42dd,y r&r wirg io pors

3.9 OPTTMUM CROWIE AND OcMOIIC PIOTENTTAL

Or d. b.d! of 6q! {d &y oe oherE4.l$ioDs t virg 6OoM NlCt .!dl0 p.Mt PEC *ft *h.Ed &t tuiha.tlda

3.r0 lr,FAcT oF c^aqttv oN vEcatarryE cRowTE UNDERS LlA\D WATER STRTSSES.

To !tudy lnc .tf*r of Crl !rd6 {tr !t!e(Hd8hnd .!d AnoD, l95O) ltorB *i$ 60 oM oa N.Cl

6lciu a C.SOi.2II,O 9s pcFEd

condlid Nridt elurion

.rd 2,4,6 E .!d lon

II BA.RDI Tt0 BSA't2 PEE 5%wtr Tu PEG 59i w/VPEO lei v Tl2

l1 Tl3 PEO 15 % *&PW, ZA% slv Tta PEC 20% */v

Tr5'tl Tl6 N.Cl3ODnlT8 TI?T9 118

36

To mtb.. *r of FiE ro $dy r!. .Ccr of C.2, !!dd w.fr s@$ o,xrirj@

nut i.,t slurion (H gLnd dd A@n, l95O) alons wi$ l0 yo (wv) poty Erhyl*GIycol a.d 2, 4, 6, 8 .!d lorM elcium s CiSO+2FZO *.G pEpaEd,

To botn dlc et' of !116.6 ri. rah.nts *@ .!ptj.d in quadflptiqt s Orc

w.* old sc.dlings y.E f@o-plug8.d in lI. lidr of pBnc Do6 onhrning

conrinroBly .eElcd 2.5 L of th. nuliic sotutiol I1. fr$ nrhenl otuiion ulephc.drekly.Th.pot! 9R pbc.d in rtE 8hshoe u tdsdisltr Th.,H oan\c

etunon % adjurs.d 1o 6.0 wirh HCI or KOH dd ns dooiloed r.8ulrty. Two

h.*.srs wcr. bken on l Tri rnd 42"d d.y lfrer sowing.

(.) Ca6 C.SO.2l{ro O)oedic@: {t NiCl l|&a{,

(iD. Plc 6000 l0 % (wv)

3,II MPACT OF SUT.IEUR ON VECETATTIE CROWirl UN,DER SALT

AND *ATER STRESSES.

To stody lh. dn*r of $lphur ust r slt 9!6(I]@tlDd and Am4 l95o) llone with 60 dM of N.Cl

slpl'& a CNII , SO. kE pEpdd

condilid nutridt $lurion

lnd 2, 4, 6, 8 rnd lonl,!

TI lt2Tll IEG + Z tu\1 CrT,.tTl5

PEG + 3 or,!C:Tl7Tl3

NrCl +4 mMC.19 llqcl+6nll.'lc. r20T2tTll fr2 !!cl +lodvG

'1

To rnothcr sr of poLl ro study rir. .ffcl of sutplDr b&, w.r.r srEs condition

rufri.nt soluton (Hoastand ad Aho,,l95o) alons w'th lO y. (rv) poty etnybne

glycol at'<l sulphu! 6 G{Ha} SO. @ 2, 4, 6, 8 rld I Od}r ere pEpat d.

'IL naEEnB ftc.pticd i. qqdruplidE' Ta d.rs old redlngs kEfm-plnaad in r!. ti& of plasric po6 conr.iri.g a in@ly ..Et d 2 5 L ofnuiient solution. T1E ftsn Nsiml &hrid w6 @ptaced w*kly, Thc pors *ee plac.d

in Ll. glas hou!. uftls sulighr Th. pH otth. jolutim wa adjur.d to 6.0 wjth Hcl

or KOH md w Eonitold Egulart. Teo rd.sr, ww bt n on l7a .nd 42d d4y

lfiqF|rpbnr ion b !oc.

s s O"tL): SOr O)otuoticu i... (i)N.ct 6onM.

(ii) PEo 6000 10o/o ( *r)

TtlT] 1t4

n6Tt7

TI Tr3TI9T20T2l

Tll tzz

3 2 GROWTI{ RISPONSES A]\D IONIC RELATIONS IN rWO 'N,{JAIC,{

SPECIES TJNDER MOISTURE STR.ESS SOIL MEDIA

Noml soit wa oll.di! noh ln.6.ld ru of Nalioo.t Agi.utoDl R.sa.h

Cente, klrobd, P.lisrar dEr iJ sirri.d r .bout r (n doq st r.n of R!y.t Dan

ildg rde Lh hil of Koftng riwr, foms r p.n of$. pot*E upbtut hlviD8 sub.'tubid

clinat (Anonyno6, 19?6.). According ro Richords (t954) wnd ECc ofa soit is

s@k rian 4.0 dshr ud pE is l* rte 8 j, n is eu.d ! slirc eil, wlEn ECc ofa

eil t g@la $:n 4.0 dsnn .d pq is hiSia r|i! s.5, ir js canqr a $li& sodh eit.'ft. slirc $il ws co[..ed t@ pidr D.d\h (t& tqEd h dE e]t tus. or pllitrwh@ sho&g. of itrisation Eh is lh. najor frcior timilins lle ogricultuRl peduoiion

1. th. ri.a (Aronlmous, l9?5) ftc eik wG d! d!i.d, cnshed, g&und and si*cd

tlmud 2 md po€6. Tb.d $il $mpl6 k.rc phrsico{h.nielty ch.Ect riad

touo*i.g Rym d ar. {2OOt). phjtic poE of 8 Ks sil aFocir, *m Ncd for dE.xFiimab. E&h pot Es iEigri.d -cdr[!S b irs w.d hottirg qp&iry usjng

disrilLd w{.r, Ar .dequc wjsrlE coldirid e.ds ofa r@& &d ''

.@?.,r&ws. som, I! pots wft dividcd ido n o srdp!: Watd 5i6.d (WS), .n<t rcn w.rs

sF.$cd (NwS). To lle sn-wat ! !dr$.d pors, e.ter @ id\den s p.! war.r holding

capadty of uE 6p4ifio soil. To th€ war.r sr!$od pors, wr,r w6 supplied !r lo'i drtrtcr $*in! whft plu6 jst b.son !o wilt. Moisnrf skes cmdrd wd c@t d *h.ngmrdEd e.dlinas wft &n.hy5 of .g.. tt. s@ dicria fd @i$ft sE s ssnrilbin d drcu€n out rhe stMn Fiiod tor tb. sr.r sfrsed prin!, Sh@rs ot dr.

pldr l* h.rcst d at 42d ed 84d dly ai.r bwin8.

2 2l l

t52l

Bl0 B 2

B lt2 Bll B

BIt aI6 B

c

39

l8 c 2I9 c l20 c2l c22 c 213 c I24 c

21282930]I12tl B!4 a 2.t5 B l

B31 B33 239 I

c42 c 2

c 3ccc 2c 3c

C = Sdi& bdi. Soil

Ursr6s€d = No@l ftisrtionSrBed - r.is ion *hd la$ b€d, oo 3tow

wilrinS 9_pbc.3.r3 MORPEOLOGIq{I tA.I' PqISIOLOGrcAL ?ARd\,iETER

Itl. lcnsth ofshools ald r@ts e.F tuisuEd. FEsh @ss of shoor md @r w!!Ecodcd Thc plml tupl4 serc dri.d al 7OoC. Retarive waid conLob (RwC) *.rccalcultbd eordinE io Nalan ed Dwidi (2004) by ln. Ioluh:

RWC(%)=[(FM DM)fM]IIOO

Wh.n,FM=Fctlls ;DM=Dryrc

40

Drf tls oi@h sEplc @ Eordld. Re./sh6t 6tio s$ arcuj.bd. R.Ltjv.

8o*d nE (RCR) and r4f @ nrio (t-AR),4 €bDr.kd s sircn by F6kli,.!dt (1985) uirg &e folo*ils fo@uta.:

LAR - L.af Alt Dry m.$

Lerf r@ ws @6uEd on Ldf t@ n.ter (C!202, CiD, Lr. USA).

RoR _ I( ln N.tz _ h M,y((T:_r,)l

\l1l.E, M: !d M, e iL dry nles of .ith.( shoots d @lj d n:r6 dh. T,

d Tr lesp..rirely.

:t,l3.r Ch.bicrl Ardlsjr of llu. Srbpt.,

Th. chcnical mry€s of Lh. ptant sftpl.s wft caied on 6 to ows:

3,13.2 Pr.p..ador itrd Actt Dtgeldo! 0f pt.ot Mrrerirl

Abour 100 to 500 ms ot <Licd tis. spte *6 Brcr.d lo finc F.wrG! *iL\

Fsoc Dd noll!_ ctuod sepl6 of el lnd !h&t *.@ *paFi.ry dig6d in 2:t

!.rhroric-nitic di-eid nntoe Ry& .r dr., 2cot). ft. &ied os ot rh. sh@B .nd

@tr w.e dis.sr.d in e eid DiitoE lotor: Hcloa (2: D.

3.13.3 Det.rElmtior of Sulphor

In 5mlof acid dieesLd natqi.li i mixtu€ (0.2 s Baclr.2tro + I mtofo 5%

CUEAc&ia+2nr 6N HCr) I addcd in r tcsl tob€. The $Dron Ecn torbid

.46 . f.w minutci Th.n rb6orb.!€ of rh. $btion % eorded .t 470 m oD a

s!.ctlphoton fi CJMCODsn4ll0J9) (VcinB,erdt., t977).

3.13,{ D.t.rormtiotr orPtosphoh,

Firc dl or &e prepaEd @lori4 sg.Dij (emoniDn nolybed.re hixed wi$

lndnony pot!$iue tatute dis$lwd in niEic &id) v$ nned wirh 5 ml .ach of lhe

plot di8.nd micrial in a tesl rrb.. Ator 2j DiNre. !!6ot6@ w4 God.d at 470

m oi ! speiopnoioreld crNtco M4l ro39) (cll.pne ed lEn, r%r).

3.Bl DerdbiErno! ot Tor.l Ct|oreDn IFe detemiuti@ of lod cbtoEphy 0.058 of d. rrah rsf 6,rriar rc

fthcd.nd Eir.d i! 30 % e@ b ! rct@ up !o 5 ol. An r 15 nimtqs bhlcbl@phytl ws dei.frin d.l66l M on sF.rophotoncrn (UMCo Dso4llolg).

Calculatio6 reE cani.d our s siEn by Mchchre ad Llrtq (1961) Gins th.

Told chloDpnyt (ng Ln) - 20,2 x 8645 + 8.0x E663

3.13.6 M.lru€rctrt of Iou

Tl€ conqratiois of N6'. (. !d Cs,. we dcl. niDa m amrc absoenon

sF.lrophooonecr (Pdkin _Elrnq 4OOO) i. thc dilaled plant tupE6 6 slvo ,n d&

setion I3.2. Av.nsc na ot ion in rlt d"J ty @E and spedic uhlidion Bte

(n-J rs alcuhrcd s Eivcn by Huir (t97S)_ A!.ne. at of ioi r?6pon (fr_)

% olcdar.d @ordirs io pirM (t 972) Bins rh. fouowins aomuh.:

GJ = (a QD 0!RMr hAM 4tr, -Tt (RM, _RM,)l

Wh.E RM, ard RM, & rh. roLl d.y njlg, er lrd e a€ dE iobr io.coRmiitioB in Dt4l ar rirlc Tr .nd T, Gsleriv.t,

(0 = t(M: -M, (1, D: _ ln DDy tcr _rD (tl' _ Dr)i

wlEE, Mr ud M: @ loht dry h.$.5 u<t D, dd D: .c loht .D, io6 i,plant al r'@ Tr Md T, r.sp.criv.ty

(("J=(G-a,) ft U - In M,)t4( rr -r, (M1_M )l

wleE, CD and cr e rhc ,c' ion coicenrrtion of shoor .ry mrss at rfte TL

md Tr E6!eti!cly.

3.13.7 D€rerDtr.tio! o,O|r b tr€ S..dg

o& gm of s@flt 6..ds ws DL..d i. r e ut@ rhjnblc. ar n elvelt 30 otor D.tolcm .rlEr w6 .rtdc<l ir r n.llic bqr6 @d eighcd (w l). rhc tninbre qslL.chcd sith 6. g's chanbr &d FEot.uD .rhd 6.biDi.g mehlllc baler w4

pl@d o tlE l€:tils pta of S.xE sr.t r, Th. @ld m@r w4 pasg rEush llrsy!E4 I1r. srsrqtr B st .r boirilg !.i!r fo. 45 dnut.. Ator 45 dinB rt€

:pprEtu 6 i,sd old rh. bc.t w6 Emovld too rte *tu,!d 6. klob *4clo6.d. nE cond..!€d ethr 6 .oltct d for 'l@. Minr of btve @.v.ponred in ih€ ob ar I05 .C to! t hou,, rn. b?atc E @led in , desicoror and

aeislEd {w2). Oit codr.nr w4 c.lcular.d by rh. 8ivc, fomlld, (AACC. Z0o0):

w2-wt- %oil=( ------*------) loo

weisht of &hpb

3.I4 PEYSICO-CEEMICAI AN I,YSIS OF SOII,S

fte $il tupl6 ww .dlrzd tu Dhysical aD{t chdicd pFp€rtics

(App€.dt [tr)- nE lEdods fottoetd w.E s un&c

409 of air &i.d eil wq mix.d witi I50 Dt oa di*ill.d qd dd b€n 4{J tr j

or L0 p.ent sdiu hce.ra ph6?h.i, s .d{kn. nc eit wa $en w.lhed inb

a d'sp€Eion cI9 vid sulici.Dt quniry of w.td. Th. eDpl* w dispec.d wirb

a srirer ror 5 ninuicE dd poue<t inlo . on. titd 8nduEd cytind€r. TIE hydrcrerer

w6 plic.d in the cylirdcf hd qdinS wa rlk D rthr 4 ninul€s. Al dE ene lin.de &mpmrue ofthe nntuF @ eoord.d Aier 2 houc Eoding ofttE hydrcneld

v6 eoded asai! along wih ltrcm@t4 crding. pcre chy, sik .nd ldd w.re

c.lcllalad nld tlle E.dhs ot rt. hyd!.h.Fr using t mp€nntE coGtion ( Tahir

l-r4.2 Det€rriudor ot phdDtoru!

son @pb {2.5g) ws .&Ld b tO nl of O,5M $tutim of Na.HCo} Art r @noG sh,Iins, il b 6r!.cd qiog wh.oun 6tEt pqp.r No,42_ Corodns qso6(Almonim Moly6€dlt on.d win Andnoy pdasiu brrlta di$lwd i!,N

4a

tl,so. alons *irn $iorbic &iO ns nn d *irh I dl of dE dtud anquor D a Esn'b.. A&r 15 dirurd .bbrbes. *s Ecod.d .l 88Om on a sper{?biorct.(UMCO Ds04l l03q (Cnr9@ .rd !bn, r 96l ). Th. *lcltatitu w* @ied oul s per

stand&d clm prcld.d &d KH,PO..

3.143 Det.reh.rto! of Sutphur

Son tupb {2,5s) w.s .ddcd b 50 nl of O.5M blution or NaHcor, sh@k for

one hour. ed filteEd usins whllnd fitrlr prp€i No 42. In lh. s hl otire frlrat a

nirture i0.2C BeCt:.2H,O + I mt of O.s% cun Aceir +2 mt 6N HCI) m ldded in a

b* nrb.. nie $luiion b€de lurbid an.. . fcw minulas, TtEn abelboe w qord€d

at 470 n side sF.tophoioecb! (UNICO rN4 O39) (vcm4 "r

dt., 1977). The

calculalim w@ adied out s Fl 3rm&nr cuft pEp!rcd nom GrHr)zsO..

Soil enpL ot 20 g w 6Ud .rd slrLD for oe hou in 40 , d,<iled

deioDjzd @icr in I l0o !t conicj n6t. n!. DH ottE etutron b eoded usng

pH neter (nrcm ton, TIOA). Ill.n tn eit $luri@ *.8 chcifra.d ar 5000

Erclutio p€r hbula !si!s €nl.jtu& (B{kDd, J2.21)_ C.n!.itus.d slurioE wcE

filreted. EldEical condutiviry was h..suEd h d:. fitht sins ECe @t r (Tlmo

Orydi. nltlla *6 ddemincd rs givcn by Ryrn er at, 20Ol . tn a bil sampte of

2.0 3 , 10 ml oi lN (1C{O, rtong wiil) I O ht corccnE Ed H,SOa wrs add.d. The nek

ws *htled s€ lt thlic. and Lt tor 30 Dinui4 tor rktion and coolins. Addei 50 dofeld.lone wirl5 nlofoDcar.rEd phosphoric.cid. FiitcEd r ed ldded I Dr of

diDhcnyl eirc i.diEkr. Ad.r.d sirnd.itizd (lN) a.SO. $lution drcp wise urit6lou ch.nged io S@. Or86ic mrEr w.j olculau:d by th. f.Io*iD3 fofrula :

oM (9o) = J ryt -12) X 0.6989 []

vt = voluo.( nt) orN IGC(,O,

\,2 = Voh@( nl) of N F.so.w=wcientG)ofens.

3.1t.6 Cdciu Crbo!.t

Soil @ple or 2.0 I w4 trtd in. 1Oo 6t 6atqmd.dded 2oht of

iDndardned 0.5N HO. Tn cont nl of t\. bc.ka k& sddy boil.d to! s ninut s.

Af.er cmling the DntuE, ir wa! filteed .nd wahed llt eid ftod he so k$ disriled

waie iD I l2sml conicat na6k. Tihar.d cxcc$ mou oi HCI vrh srand{dized 0.5N

NiOH urile phemlphth.Lin indic!1or. CICOI m.q % ns otcutaed by ihe foflowils

foft ula {Fjcbldr, lgta):

nEq= N r al of eid or b&c.cor .q % = [( ocq HCt Led _ n .! NIOF Ed )jx5/ Soil wislt (s)

3,lil.7 Crbobt r, Biqlhoqrd ud Chtortdd

Firc nl oftur.re obr.i..d fiw dE sclim Llir.4 ws pilFed or in ! 25 otmical nasl Om dop oa ph@tphth.lciD idistor w$ ad,.Ln hio t c n6k. wtEn d.extur es turn€d pirtq 0.001N 3ED<,.!diad HrSOa ws add.d dDp by d@p u it rh.

colour dispp€Ed. Th€ rc.ding ws fccord.d noh lhc bu&n ind desismbd $ y.

Two &oFs of netiyt o.sgc w.ic.dd.d .nd rihr.d wnh..ne t:SOa untit odn8€

colou appeord dd d.rigut d n!:a @w Eldilg oitn eid .s z. r. anoltH ?5 nl nask

5 ml ofltc fltsats idn rh. Fdon t.14.4 qr |rk.n oncdropoat ntofKrCroaw.s

&rdd wbilc sririls iitdred !irb4.0?5 N aSNo! tw. l0 or@m btElte @ril lh.

66t F@trDr Eddisb bou.orou rrF{dt (Ricb!e. rer4). cllbdut E

bic.utxEr* ed cbtori.b wc otd!.Ld 6 fottoq:

CO; o.q Lr' = t 2y r NdD.lity ofHrSO. x IOOOj/ Dr or drqbtHcor' neq L' = ftz- 2y) x Nomliry of H,SO. x toooy ol ofaliqe.

15

Cl _E qL" - [ Et ofAsNOr usd r Nodliry ofAd{O: r I(,OO] /bt of

diqud

3,r4, AoeduE Ac.trt. trirrd.bt. lotrsllD5s of soil whknj!.25Omt c6id na*.nd 50 d ofrN omo,ium

a€rar€ sluion w$.ddd.*t dE! rhrhn &rotu hor, T!. conte.ts oflhe dakw4filbrd wirh eh.he filEr lipcr No. 40. lotsiuo ws dd.frrd 6ina A0onic

Abolptim Sp.crDphobhlG! (path EtDq aOOO) (&ch&&, 1954).

3.lai Sodi!6 Adroq'do! idoh ihe $n oG&t &d .e&n 3,14,4, d.!tui!.d N.., c.,'!n Me! d

Abeic Ab$Orio SlarlD&oroGt.r lxt qlcdt|d SAR ! folor (Richrd& t954).

SAR - NJI(C. + MS)tJn D tut ti3.rssr4 sIIc lal{lJ,Yslll

It dltt l@ {rirdctly .lrlyed *ddilg !o rwo ncror RCBD .d [aftartrrlc *@ c!q.!d uiie rsD lgl (cm* .Dd con 2, | 984).

ch,pe, IRXSULTS AND DTSCUSSIONS

dl EFIECI Of SAI,r STR.ESS ON SEED GER.IL\ATION&fecb ofNacl ,t s on san s.friturio! ofr,a

ws. stoded. rt *s si&ificurry ,* o.or7 ,noo"*o'l'"o "o*ut^ "^ " ''n"".

.4,p4r''r.t-'-o.re M?r th. s.rn,*r""_" rr"""::":X; ;*:, ":;day od IOO !@ar o, 5a day r&r inbihiriotr Al v,,.0.27 tvpa rhe Sedi@rioEnaied 80 p.Edt o, 3d xd,{6 d.y.nd 90 p.E.at onsx stless *i.l disrir.d-n ao.i&d."_* r"-,*ooo *

t *t *n u*,.,*o"

% O3l M".rt:. gponurionrBrr""-,_r,", ;:ff:;;:;pd€ o 5" d:y. Th.! i&. E|ejing !r,E$ ir h.ircd ,ase. inbibirion. Ar v, - 0.42 *" * *_,_o- *_ rt

**or d 66 ard / dav

.ndBopqhrd16d.y.An rc,** ",,""*;;;:;;:,T:,:

- t B. ju@,r\y, -0.19 rd-0.27Mpa d. &budon ws tooFrcord

3' d,y. Ar v,, - 0.3 r Lf, th. 8fridrio. ws ,O p.Edt on jd dly and n ,s rooF.r@ror44 d.y. Al,y,-0.42 Ml. dE slhidtion ws 7Jit w6 80 p€rc.nt q 5d d.y. Anc, "rr', ;;;;:;":-#:;l@i*d 90 pdcar on 6$ ed 76 &y .Iicr ihbibnion. With an Inc@. in oftotic

:otelra' 3e@i@rio' pc*hr.sc *s d@Er!.d. ft war hieher in ,. aarya,,,$a a j,,.@. A nild s[ 6t€$ eM!.d 8c(jDation in

Eleqine pbc.s'. Ephco.nt or &tr ".,,

,.il;:;T;::,worrabbatloqerva Roho ed H!&*!hp (1987) fobd ttut &tiniry, hduccd delinein e.ei@doo ,a 6uly du. ro onty o6hotic .t&.& &r h.bphyt 6, ,t.q6

47

gllco.hrft G froE lk ,y bdh,bnrdddoul bi bxicri,

Fqh @$ @tsh@t nrjo (!MRS) aid d.y d$ r@vsD@l Erio (DNTRS)

w@ dgnnc& y O<0.0r) djtfGt jn borh lh.,p.rj.5 lrudj.d undcr !.tl 3r!sconditioc (T.bl. 2). b a ..,lpsrd, FMRS srs d..G!*c by 13,4.t,4! .nd iOpd@l lt4 dE contbl rt % _ 0.19, _ 0.27, - O.3l ed _ 0.42 Mp. elperihlr, In rhc

smc T€ies DMIS @.t cr.!&<t by tO,2l, j0.!d 48 !.E..t tbtu d!. @nr.t .r% - 0.1q. 0.27, - 0.3r &d - 0.42 Mpr cs?etiEly_ h rr!&.2 FMRS wa imftrj.dbyitpcrchtt rth.cd!.1!rvr .o.lgMp.whjlciiesdaF.&dby2l,2l.d56

F@r drD $. @aEEt d q,, 4.2?, {.]l .nd 4.it2 M?. rBrccrrcrr. rr 0l. @.Eei6 DIYRS ws iMrascd by I F6l rb.n rtE coDlDt.r %-0.t9Mp. to,4..it wa dcEls.d by 28, J5 .!d 52 Fent ri., lnc @nrot .r V! {.27, 4.3t tt4.12

S.I sr* @y Edle pLrr gF*{h ((rrr .r at, 2002) lo}!w b lnis stu{,y nw6 roud rh.r lhjs Ederjon in gb*rh w, turrion oadirl.@r N.cl @Mrrti@lpplicd. this ph.mG@ hls b..n nlPFrcd by Rid .id Smu! zooq MUm,2002

der discp.&i.s cald b. du. b difi@l NaCt co@.rrii6. r.* tcv.t oa v, -

0.19 M?. in tJrdd oy hcEe FMRS ad DMRS. tn l!tr lpeB. mjld slhirysi.es wa h.lpftl ro hrildup ds euu]lrid ws |!€l.d by LEna (t9s?) lrlrsh srEs @nr,i!.d botn d.r(ri@ .!d @6euc!iE .lmi!

wi6 e ilcMe i' tNr'li , tlE comdtrtid of K. Dd C!1. i, sh@l rnd @ror boln Acai6 b.6eE<t d&ifiqDrty (p<o.Ot) (IiS,I).In Edn@Ls.ndMt3ofa .,t?6ttr, wid e iet@ of N.. @M!:tion, K, !d C.:. hch!:ti@d..Ead Endq[y. h shoo& of ,./u..4 C!,. M.ircd in edgodfic Ehli6tupwirh Na', h dE she$ ed es of Ajo..d Kr corcat iom iEra&d.l0.64 .d0 70 pca.nt of Nal Elp.crivcly. !n rco& of, ./de Carr @amd a rinL bit hiln bul.&r 0.70 p.rc.nt ot tNa.l d it b.srn !o delin..

4a

Artrsorkric ctstiGtip ot N.. vnh Ci. i! !668 @ @rs or bod da5!d6 E a@.d'D3 io ti. firiing 6:r @&r slt srrw @dni@ dr@ @ a

de@ in th. c.lciun/$diun Erio in dD @r avitu !r whch afi@s .db'eprcpdi$, dE to dispL€ncd of ndbnrc*@irr.d c.1. by Na,, tcadiry b .dituption of nftbBft inrs,ig dd et4tivirt (cmd er dt., 1985; Ki@ide, l99s).

ln sh@ts a.d i@lr poriio. of both rh. sFcio! K. coi@n[diG immed invmcd widl

Na-. I q6 &oo.dirg to Epst iD (1998) it.t rh. jncee ofNi' insid€ ihe celrs 6utdch&se dzrmc &tiviry resullins in c.lt ncrltotic rl&fttionsi disnrlbine i, K+ upr.ke

ard panitiobjig in lhe elts {d d&lghout d& Dle! ih.! My cvm lnaol slomhl

opening. nowerer in thjs study it w fourd ih,t in !h@rs oRt r@rs ot B juceo at ^

cerlain lore! levcl ol Na' cofthlr(ion, Kl co@drnrion w6 i!@,s€d. ri hls b€en

su33.:tel rhr in fi. plK of.drp[tio, ro $ll sr6 o( sutijnjle ol tusor, tr mybft a ok ro Nnift rn bricny ofN.. (TohG lld Lrigb 1999)

b th. pled shdy ir s f@!d {Er t jl,td % 16 su$€lnAb io slr sir$s cd'p3r!d to t ar',p.r'il und.. sh sr!$. Wnn lh. Fsg. of tim rhe toiciry of$n @ d.d@d but !r rngh.r c@catFrion ir FBillcd itr s. d,!p.rtu.4.2 EFIECI OF WATER SIREISS ON SEED CENMINATION

EFe6 of poly d[yGnc gblol (pEC) sd!$ oo lcd S.mEnon or,aracanpeetis 6d D. jncu weE !r!dicd. S..d g.@iurion w4 sisnifice y(p<0.01)

iniutued by mte! sn s using pEC (Tlble 3) rn A .a,rp4,fd d \tr! -o.2r Mpa the

Cemlron was 60 pq.cnr on 3{ rLr, 90 pcrcc on 4,h <Lyand IOOperc{ton 5'r d.y

aii.r imbibirion. Al % -0.24 Mp! $c g.min.tion wle 20 FEat on 3r d!y, 80

p.@r on 4d d.y dd 90 p.ffir on 50 d.y. Tnff lna EIe6h8 u,Er .Ess Md

dttillcd-n ioojzd wr.. dE SmiBrion Fqtrgc w IOO p.unt on 66 day_ At %

I].56 M?a lh. cmimio w 5 FG.r on 3d,4i Dd js day. Tt n an( deins*.s n 6 30 FED| d 6u ed ?6 dr, lna irbjbirior At % _0.76 Mp! rlc

49

T$L l: Efct etN.Cl lra o! ..d g.rEtutto! or

va,"-"-ie*,|" bff dm;a ddl.F;;;E rnii

T!b|.2: R@r/ d@t nrh. h r6i.d,petB rd.rdtl!.s .r !..dtbg .t F

t;*-rdmf

ffi -l-'e:-Ji14-!!g-I-o&o-lb-

0.6t2 cd0.288 c

4.31 0.505.f0lJrd

4.214.31-0.42 0.402 te

f:#i"qm b tui{h'Idh"d""'d',,.,',s"''-*v

m-o "

Aloo.-ri6;-{19 100 !427-0lt 90b

t6;-r4.19

4.lt4.42 80c 90b

50

Natr6)olE 0a 1.t T.3 t3

e0ei0r

0I

FliuE |: Rlt non olnh',itl |. $d Ct& b,dE/c. e$.tu rd,,./&@o.d.r sx rtrB r efLa tl.tc

'

8lmidtioo % 5 pEnolr o 3d, 4d Dd 56 d!y. Aft.r ELlring {tt !!.s n rctui@d20 !.r.nt d 6d .!d ?c dry,

rn t. lu^c.a .t \t, -0.21 Mp. rhc s.oidtion ,s ?O p.rcht on 3d d.y bdI00D.Ean m40 dty, Arv,{.24 Mp. ttu !.Didd@ ws lO p.&.Dt on Jd d.,,80p@at on 4d drt dd IOO p@6r on 5n .by, At V! .0.56 Mp! ln. &min.tio w jp@c @ 3d d.t lO F.at 6 46 .!d 5d d!y. An r r.pr,cils pEC wftn dilrilhrr* .r dE 8hi6rion lfuin d jO Ft at d 6d Dd 74 dly. Ar V, 4?6M!.lpdiutid I 5 pc@nt on 3d, 4d, .nt 5d d., T16 r&i Er*itr8 hi.r !16Scdi[lid a ,t0 Fq! d 6d ud f d!y,

widr e iBt4 in 6oric porlrj4 BhjEdd FraEg. ws d_c!j.d.h wa highcr in A &hp6r,i, rh.! t j!,ld. Src$ cloling De* i_.. rlpt e@tof PEC win di6ritLdn idizld ql4*s *o.Lbt..t to@ %.lr is Do$6L rhlt toqbEl of qa fi d. f@ of pEO @y oor h. d.ri!.rnl rontn! Emiatid !{l)q,tlo@r lighq t rck of vr i! dE fom of pEG *r iijuiru br S.hidri6 pda.Th. oir i|rdo of pEG i! io tqt id rh. flow of *.8. row.los pj{! ri!@, yiHu .rar, O99) fould tn.t np6..d rsbd wir! hiSi @@omdoB orpEc-6ooo htibit dgmiMtid whilc to* pEG hdn.rid iEo*d €d 8mjdi6.

FEsb d6 @/!hoor nrjo GMrs) &d dry Ds 6or3h@r nrjo (DMRS) re5i8ni6.stly (p<0,0D dif.E t i! ho6 rh. sF.iB $di.rl 6da *rq !G! condroB(TahL 4).In, @par?i lttRs ss de@3.d by 5, lt, l8 md 25 p.@,r th,n rh.

cdhr.r % -0.21, -0r4. {.j6 .nd -0,76 M?. epdriEly. In r[. $e Sdi6DMXS B dau!.d by 7,It,21.ftt24F@!ttlh!.th.d@r.r rtr _0,21,-

0.2d - 0.56 lDd . 0.76 Mt. Elpetjrcty. h r,.lnlrce FMRS w ir&$cd by 0.,p€rccnt o& llE collol .r rt, - 0.21 M?. whiL ir ws d..@d by 6. 24 .nd 29 Fr.,tth.n lh. o[.l .l % .0,24, 4.56 .nd 4.?6 Mp. sFcriv.ry. r, rhc s. sp.ci6

DMRS *s ietled hy t5 ald 12 D.rdt thln tnc conrol.r % {.2t ind _ 0,2.i

MPr ho*ftr n was dec@ed by 9 rnd 14 ,.8.,t rha. L\€ cotul er % .O 56 {d -

wrer sr.s my Rtlce plel gb*h (K$. €, dl, 2OO2) and in thc pElcnr

study n u$ foud dlt tti! Educlio iD gofin ws , hRron or dif@t pEG

conmr1jm rpplie.L roF tElorv, _0.2t MPr in, j@my imta FMIS

.nd DMrs. In Inis sFci6 a njld wacr E$ % hctpil ro buildup nB&cuhut.ron *hich w6 accordi,S io lhc fidirgs of t!rcber (r9s7) llal *atq sr$cmt iftrt boli deslEiire rr<l coGtrktiv. .l.ncnts.

Wnh an irccs. i! e.e! sbc$ i, $. fom of pEc apptied iD lhe Nr !yst.6,rh. cotu.nhrioB of Kl dd C!r. in !h@rs i*t @s of bou Aec6 wrs dr..rrdsignifidody (P< o.Ol), tFig 2). ID ih. !h@ts ed M& or, .epanz:,, wirn rhc

ircEe of,.t?r s[6 (. and C.1. @@n!.jlion dde*d sEdEuy. r! $hr rnd

@E of , ./ie@, Cl' @in d in e lnbSonisric ehtiorhip with yar.r srss. tn

|n.516r.qt mt of , jia@ n 5 FE.Dt of pEC lpptied I. conqiadoBir(.!s.rt bul .t 10, t5 ud 20 FN.nt ot pEO, Kr rm.ined in drasonistjc chtion

In rhi! stldy il v.s ohqv.d nht in sh@ls and r@s of a..fu,ca .l ! c.rLinloE lcvcl of prc cdqrltio,! K' @,Fnr.tjor @ i.cEsd. UDd.r low t.rcl ofv! , K- mAy d s otuEgut.io! s (. i! u6.d fo. cni,ing ol usor tlond & L.idI99). (iish (200D found thar (. is .tb . tujd ofurjc $lure, aD imrort@r c@ncr

id !o 3nionic p@ts in 6€ ceU.

In this sllrdy n k fo!:d &.r t Jo4c w!! t.s s&@hble !o wai., sr6 ecomplcd ro , .d'?4f,r,. Howsr I in D. .onpskis wirh rE pese of irc, rhc

cfi.clsoflow '],! tl ninder sb$rh w6 d.cri*d but rt tisha vr il p€rsi5tcd.

5l

T$k J:-Eficr of,.t r lE& oh r..d g.rbh$to! ot rwo

Ms l|l.,r"g ,i,rl", rd&(") r" . "or_"

d;;;;;rs;;i;. 0 0r

TlbLa: R@t/ shoot rrdd h t o,6i.s rGt6udtr nt r !a6.. $.dn!e.t r.;

(M P!)q d.v

{.zll0O r

{.56 5d 30d5f

!.i!E:9l00 r

{21-0.24 30d l00r4.56 5f l0d

5l

Fr6t Ror/Shoor;[;

0.568cd

0.727 |

y;;:Hf"?*F-*-;*r;

5a

L

aI e

I

FtrF2: &r b! b.tn .! tc.d C.& b &.!dd. {rg.rrs.id !,rM.E. n!] a4..! r.qul 63a

'--i\

.I EFF8CI OF SAIT STRESS Ar VECETATIVE STAGf,

t6a.b ot N,CI !t:6 on EgaorjE StMn o, ,Er@ @rp.rtu ,rd ,jnca se *\died. B. .anp6t i, bd A./!&a ,fr !'rM for 42 &r5 u.dd N.Cl

srF$atvl 4.19,{.2?,4.lt ud 4.42 Mp.. A siSoinc.,t(p <0.01) differerc. w6ob$&!d in grcfrtr a*i ioDic c@ntndo6 oiborrr d& s!.cies

Shot lensrh ofa &rp.rint wi! d.cE.!cd 2t, 12,46 dd 60 percar,\s rhe

conEol al qr, -0.19, -0.27,4.31 ind.O.42 Mp. cp.ctively (Tabte 5). Shool l{srh ot,J!4.d @ ft@$d tl pcrc.lr rlEn r.\. con!,ol .l %.0.19 Mpa bur ws dem&d

20,38 and 58 p.renl a dpdcd io rtE contol !t \ur - 0.27, ,0.3r ,nd _ 0.42 r,rpa

csperwry. Th. @r ldgrt ol, .aapartr w6 deBod t5, 3j,4t &d 65 percert

tna 6e conlml al '1,

{.19. -0.22,4.1 rflt {.42 Mk spetiftty.llE @r ldBil ot,/!,c€4 % ire dde{*d tt, t7,.13 rnd 64 D.E.Ir !r qr, .O.tg, 4 2.j, 4..1t

^d 4 42

h t d?ar6 stbt 66h !s (SFM) q desed 23, 41 55 and ?3 pde.rdn ib€ cmtul !t \,,4.r9, {.27, -0.3t sd.0.42 Mp! 6Fcliv.ry.In r. ir@ SFM

v6 m6ed l0 p€Edr.! Vr 4.t9 MPr b[t n wa d..Eed 4,9 dd 32 percdr than

ti€ conrol o1 % -0 27, .O.I .nd - 0.,12 Mps rc$.crivcty. tr ,' apsrrs rcot 6esn

na$(RFNov$d*Eaed 36,63,80and9lpcEenrnl.nlhecmtural%-0.r9,{27,-

0ll ed - 0.42 Mra Esp@tirly, In, J!,.4 RFM w.lso deored 2r, 54, 69 od34 p.rcent than r]lc cdnrll !r %4.r9,4.27,-o3ldd .0.42 Mp5 Espectjv.ry rn,.d,'patit shoot d.r n4s (SDM) w$ d.cF.ed 12, 23, 3j sd 53 pc@t 6nn rtE

conrol .t v, -0.r9, -0.27, 4.31 .d 4.42 Mp! EQ*riwl' nolffi I o B j,ncu sDil/

re im!€d 7it3,27r.dtO p.@! |l {r. {.t9427,4.3t,rn 4.42 W.cpetiEly. In, .drp6rir et {jty Ds (RDM) ,s rrecMed 19, 36, 54 dd 3j

F rnt rbtu 6c @lt!l.r vr {.19, {.2?, {.31 rxt {./r2 Mpa E+enwr't s. ja@a

RDM wad.@!.d 17,32,52 dd Tt p.ic.nl th& rh. @nbl ar {rr-O.l9i-0.2?i4lland -0.42 ML EEEtivet.

L a .d'p-,r& sh@t &d mt l.ngth, SFM, RFM, SDM rnd RDM w.E

d.cGa&d witn !n i@u. in *rr 3rs. I! A /k.& | tow V, (4.19 Mpa) clued a

slisht i&!@ ir 3hoot lclgrn &d SFM, In dF s. 3p.cie SDM w jmq..n { V,.0.19 ro 4.a2 MP!, b th. p@nr $dy i!oEcj,8 lrt 3ft$ <tcos!.d sD*rh,Irird.cre in ltu*,lh wa hjShcr jn ,. @pesbk tan B. ju.ea. A@inin8 !o Butu.! dr. (2oor) rh@ i3 dcfin nrd .tnd of stinjiy on sF*rh ot sbropb&s du? ro

Einrtio! i, tl&r v.Er 6trh5 n r lnoioq n6i!, laf D.rlbolie rak e.r Djr.E

'ldlcbs etivity. H@ jr Ai5 sordy a je@ ctu lo b. i* 3w?rbt. towrG

slr str dE. A .e?6/'t'

In A @rp6rdr sb@r cLtirc sFwln nt (sRcR) *s &.*d 2, 4, 6 .nd

3 F@nr !r v, {.r9,4,2?, -o.ll Dd _ 0.42 Mp. csTerirct} G$t 6). r, L jnaaSRGR *s ieusn 0.6,2,.d3 Fe.r th& l!. conftl r !,r {.te,.0.27.!d -

0.3 I Mi. Elr6rircty no|rtq SAGR ws d.ces.d 2 p.shr .r v, - Or2 f/?s. r, ,'.dp6rnir @t ELriE s6*1h EE (RXOR) *6 d.cEj.d l,2,14ed2j Frccnl

in r|h.c@rol .t vr {.19, .0.2?, 4.J1 &d .0.42 Mlr ,BDerjrcty lrtd d$ id ajz,e" RRGR wa d..@d t, 3, 15 &d I? Frcd rh& d. c@rtot in {E s@eq!.d. of

'yr E+.ctircty.

h a @,,panr taf .s 6iio (LAX) B d6!!@d 2,6. 8.tut ll Flmt&.r rbc co ot ar v, 4.19, .0.27, .0.31 !!d 4,42 Mpr €dp.cdv.ly, h ,../r,eLAR @ d..q!.d 8, 2t, 2t.Dd t4 p?.6r !h$ d. @nr.l o @ !@ s.q@.f

'r, EsreltEly. In a .arpsr& dbot EhdE ulcr co.lsd (SRVC) ws d*E.ert 2,

l, 5 .nd 8 Frccnr tbn lh. cdtrot rt %.0.t9, .0,27, _o.]l and -0.42 Mtr

El?.cnrcly In , Jud& SRWC w.s ircF&d O I p@.Dt rhtu th. .ontsol r| v, .

0 19 MPa bu| ir ws daE!*n 6y 2, ,1 .trd 6 p.lqt dun G con@r dr ,r! -0.27, -

0 3 | .nd { d2 M!" csF.rvely. tn A cdrp4fs roor Rl.r ,e wih conrenr CR.RWC/

w4 dccrced 3,7i 1j and t5 D.4d ih.n rh. conlrol !t \r,0.t9,-0.27,.03t And-

0.42 MP3 E+€lircty tn B. Jh.rd RRWC ws d.c@d i, 4, 5 rd 3 pdc. lh.n

1". Mldh d. soe equ.e oav| 6ledEly.

Id a cr,'!perh:, *j!i d ie!4 i! v! SRGR. RRO& LA& sRwC ,!d RRWC

*.r. rtcEa!.d. In t./ue SRGR qf gEdMlly ircEasn ,nn a imue in v,hoevd.r {.42 V! n @ decE&d. In rhis ,pdia LAR artd RRWC reE &eE.$d

vrlh b ircras. in %. A! loK % (.O.l9Mp.) SRWC fts Elishlty i.cEa6ed in,Jun.tu t}Lrn B canpqiis. A yriarion in ktu oa RGR s$ obsftd r botl1 th.

!p.ct.r und$ slh 6e* Ttis arpqr *6 moE pom.nen( .. B .@?6,8 rhrn B.

/r".&. Ille tui.tio. j! RGR i! bodr ilE spebs EE sinil& io tn. findings ofP@n.r (1939) *hih enphaial 6 a vi& rnatiod in Etnrive sm*n nc ,h.nplsr s!..i6 @ gFm ulda elr 3r!$ coditior. SD.lt l.rcI of elinity ugfarcdbl. to ill:re water dlert i, shooE of ,. ,,ft4 tnw rcEt of elinityrarcad an hcft.e in SRWC. nlis ph.Mdon my b. &@ding io aru (2003) lh.rvacuorri scqle6rralio. of Na. Dot onty lowoE Na. ooncdrlri4 in lh. crroptasm but

lho coDEibrhs io osmoric adjuhcnl b ei .jn warer upr,Ie ron el,ne $tutions.

r\ B. .MpatB ana R. juca .lfijM id hld er.gonjsdc rLrioc wi6 (.,C.'-, Ped S.(Fi&3)- tuie jo!hrd *g.tirc tjMrbli@ yi6 (., Cr,., p sDd

S. How?q itr sb@t or s. /u,@ f B ieE sd by apaqt$.n dr @hr.t072 p.rcd ti.L'l wilh @ imc!& i, N.., K. i@ itr e sn6r ad @t wedelased ftc nigh coMrrtion of N!. wE mr flvmbte to iMr.& in K.conenkrrion in stboLs and @tr lti! My b. lccodj,s no g6ega w et al. (2OoA)

eho .xplaided lh.t $diuE ion sLc6s di!rurrd (. uprate by el axs whcn Na.

cD@Ed €lh lnd aconulaled ,o hi8! l.Eb, il hde. bxjc to enzrr.6. Th, dloFion

58

ofK. h e. fom of db8@isli. El.lion wirh Na'@ ohs.ed nr..a,vEsfn. hshets of , Jiee4 ar lo@ t.rct of %, Kr wb i@ar.<L fti! 6ndi,g my be

acordry b au Gc'01) $.r udlr *rr str!$ .t r low comohnm or Na jn dE

cytosot planis nainLid . hiSn co,ccnFltion ot K. tud |ney do rnis by €eura ng tne

.rpe$io!.!d aclivity of(r ind Nr. rnsDotus hd oa H. pmps rhar sen@b rh.

driving loRe for ftEpon.

ExleMl appliarion ot NaCI ril.cE,l pla gro*tn .d nisner ionic

ihbalorcing in a .&,/l'*ft conpaEd to, ./r,..a was obftd ta R. jb.ea,rv,

0.19 MPa fawEd &cunut tioD of K. lnd inE4d in dry ms dons e,rh hlsha

r.it EITECI OF WATER STTESS At VECETATT\aE SI^GE

Efia6 of polt cthyld slycot (pEG) s!6 o, rcs.l:tit gDnjd oa s'6ricacanp8tit ! d B jn@ wG 3rrdi.d. , .r,rp4r6 .nd ,. ria.ed s@ ErcM fo,

42 ditr ato. bwin3 und.r wrt r srs.r vj {.21i {.24,.0.56.nd _ 0.76 Mt. 6irgPEG. A riificot (D <O.OD ditt@rc. els ob@.d u a!fr add jonic

c(reftaro$ of borh in spei6.

Sh6l lengd of, .4,p4r,i, ws desed 2?,3s,51 .nd ?8 p.rceDt dh !h€

conlrol at vr, i.21,4.24, .0.56 &d 4,76 Mp. frsp.crircly (t$rc 7). shoo! tdgtn orsj/n.& u .Ls de&asd 25, 32,45 ad 6{ p..cnr Lttn tnc conEol i! lh. en€lncrasng orda ofv, Gsp.ctively. Thc @! l.n8rh ofB ca,per,u was d*Ea5€d t 7,

rl,45 ed ?5 pcrcent ihar $c conrrol d! r{t -0.21, -0.24 -0.56 jbd -0.76.M!a

EsF.nvely. The oot lds{r ofr. /u..a was.to <tccE6.d 14, I?,33 dd 64 p€rcdr

'nsdeoddof V, Bp..rjEty.

ira @,rarrr sh@t n6! lB (Stro w6 dftar&d 4?, 72,98 ed 99 p@eDt

tE tnc @nrol.t !,, {.2r, {.24, {.J6 ed.0,76 Mts E$adED. Ir,jac@ sFM

*sm@d 4Feotc@p.cdbrh.cmrot.lv!{.21 M}!bu.n%dd:M$d

T&L 5, a@atfuaa \n B- turatn 8l0,l! ud.r N.cl !n6

vala-.a&n,r" r.ftN,." I coruni do rd drE, Ie,1.d.ir,r F 0u:

MA6duiigs'rLrrci<trnisofi;A;?EG,rr{ s;06

Trble 6: Efi..r of N@ric p..od.t ud.r NrCt .ort|cldor o! rebry.gd6 ne (RGR! t .tlq n6o (LAR) rd rdtriE,.bolt€ r (RwC) h ted.../!'d .nn A..rp6rtsROR (pe sr' d'

A ehNtu0,l8ob

{19-0)1{.ll 0.257. 78.91

91.5 i 0250f 81.3. 76.8 f0)98a

{.19-0.27 0216i-0.31 0,211h 87.2cd442 8t.7d 0.198i

(M Pr)

l2.tb 2.90 d 216.1f4.19 10.5d 2_22. 242.3 t

t Tlf 2ll.6h.o.ll 3.5f 1.Jl 0.r8 i 180.1i0.78 h 0.t I i l]0 tj r05 i

3.95 b I25..0.19

J88.2d 224 2b421 12.8c{.ll Lot f 462.3 a l12.6f

68c 5ls 2.69d o.Jl h

60

3

i

€r2

I *Q:='\-__:-_

risufe 3: R.Ltio! b€rw!.n lodtrn io!.nd !rrrt.!6 id lhoor udt6t ot at@be cohtp2tttb .nd L/d..a ud.r NlClstrs i! rt. roor Dd uD,

6l

72, 95 .!d 98 Frd! r!.! rh. 6!0l .r ,{l {.24, a_56 !n .{,.26 Mp. ,6r-riwly. h,' &,p6rtr eor 6qh E@ (RF[0 w dF6!.d 48, 7t,98 rrd 9 !.rd. tnr, r,E

@nEol.tq,!{.21, -O.24, 4.56 .Dd .0.76 M?r €pdriwty. L tJ@.a RFivt q.t$&ft.!.d 22, 66, 98 !n 9 F6t rh.. rh. c@Eol .t v, {21, .0.24, 4.16 rnd .0.76

M!. es!.c.iftlr. h a drparir doot &y t@ (SDM) w deE ..d 35, 5j. 90 .trt94 tcMr tb.n rh. conmt |l q4 4,2 t, 42d {.16 !d {,76 Lf. GFjicty .!d.tsir r. Jiu.a SDM w des.cd 20,60,80!d87in rh.t@equ4.or%.r!a.r'pattr @t drt Ia (AI]M) b &.t*d J5, 57, 90 .!d 95 D.@r rlu dE

htll .t \4 1),21! {.24, 4.56.nd {.76 Mp. GFtiwty. At5o i! Ajm.& RDM wddE !.d 17, 4?, tl !*t 96 pcMt rh.n rha @!d in rh. s@ oda of q,, r.sr.criEly.

I! R d'ssn& lhoor &d root r.n8rtr SFM, RFM, SDM .!rd RDM ,.EdcE.cd,ilh u i@tu in *rEr s[ls ID r. j!&e llFot od or b.8dj. RFM,

SDM ud RDM *@ .te d..as.d wftn iE4ing w.t r sr6. I! t Jd@ SFM

w ir@d .r low V! ({.21 Mft} A4odilg io ktcDb.., al 0998) iDbibirion

slpFrB.lotr8r.id of dsc .!d €lt .xlui@ rbalfG A ju@ nieh n.w t d.Uc !o ru!8! Io* l4l of nEt 3rq b @uut.E hrr. i! rh. door qiion, No

3igrifior.ficr of mi$@ Eri@ d @1, hnS$ * foud i! Eusnld (B.jp.i d ar

l98l). b rhjr lddy @r rld.h6r bngrh r@ deE dsil!& i!.@ io ht.rtls in botn th. .!-i.., A @npdrlr, wB r<! ds.ltibtc ro rrr.r $s 6r gowrh

tl!! r.r'u@ 6 er9orbd bt ri. fiding, of Th6d6G ud Xr (2OOO) .h.r unda

n!.r &nci4r, sFvrb i! Edity inhibiLd.d @ric rdiqbrdr @uR slowty .D.t

w.ll loenilg rlili.y cirtd ds lol ia|l& $b6rDd,!t e !.ndt, d..Far|adn|l b n *cd gbwth iibbiri@

In t @rp.!n!r 3t or r.lltiw gowtb d. (SROR) m daE!.d 9, tJ, t6

.nd,16 F@r du! t!. @Io1 rl vr {.21, 4,24. {.55 .!d _0.75 M?. Gqbdd,(rob 8),In t,l@ SRGR E i@E5.rt j Frar rhe 6. @.!ol !r %.0,2t MIt

but SROR % &c@*d 9, 30 .nd t6 FEdt.r % {.2a, {_56 lrld {.76 Mpa

EsF.tiv.ly. !r ,. .z,4sri! ral Et rir gF*rh ai. ERGR) w$ d@s€d 9, 19,

39 dd 5l peacnr.t{ 6.6td .t V! 4.2t,.0.24, {rJ6.nd 4.76 Npi

E+€tiEIy. hr.]'@ RRCR q i6u*rt I F|at @@cdr.l!r v,, -

0.21 MP..nd it wa &G$d 13, 32 !d 43 p.Eat tur tE cdtur .r ry, -0.21, -

0.24, -0.56 md 4.76 M!.. h & .ep8r& lhoot eLtivc,!Er c@Edl (SRWC) eEdecE6.d 2,7,47ed67pftmr dun thr conlol.tVr.O.2l, {,24, -0.56and -0.?6

M!! EslEtiwly. tn r,Jri.ea SRWC ws irce6cd j p@enr db rhe mntrol ar v,_

0.21 M?. but it *.s dec@d 4, 38 r.d 56 pcrc.ni th.n rh. @r,ol d vr: _0.24, {.56

and i.?6 MP! 6p*tiv.ly. Ir , .da?4rri, @l Ehriv. wlid @!teD! (Riwc) wd

d@scd 2,3,44.d118 pcE.lrdE! dFonrol at V, 4.21, j.24, {.56 lnd {.76

M?! Bleriv.ly &d llb i! t Ji@ RRWC *s .t .s!.d 1,6,41.nd47 p€clrour tu @or!l in de 5m !.qu.@ oa vr Bpedwly.

In, (upari! SRG& RRGR a.d SRWC ,d RRWC w &cusd wnn an

eI!@in %.lr t jir,.& SRGR, RRGR &d RRWC ircE ed only.t loq v, (,0.2t

MP!). Tne vei,tion in RCR in bott rh. 'tdiq w.c aGordils 0o rhe findins oa

P@d.r 0989) that tnq. @ wi<r. vilirion in Ehtir grc*r! Be whd ptmi aeci.!w.r. Sovn uder srres4d conditio@.

Ia D. unpqtit t d e6 ndo (LAR) ws &cE@d by 4, t2, 24 ,!d 88

pe@l thd the conhol d V,4.21,j.24,.0,J6rnd4,76M& Esp..iiwty (Fig.4).

In &Jtn.a L"{R v6 d.@sd by 5,r,25 &d 40 p!r6t rh& dE cdbll in lhe $mc

s.qu@ or'y' creriEly. rqtrEisrnlulbl. jnd.x in id.aliryinc pidt sowrh

rd d.ElopEdr Il is rtso Erncd ro light ilErcptidr. rr6riEliq,, !.d ploroqntlEh

.nd dc ir ir @sidad 6 rh. eod iopoinDr ,indc &raridlr of dly drt&r

lemql"tim rldyi.ld (cho.r dl. t98). raf 6 6tio @.ftd.d in s.6r.rrt

and a .!rce *hich is dc nsuE of th. popoilioD of dE pEnr tut b .ngascd i,phol0dy'nn6is (Nosslc &d FriE. 1983). w.i.r sr* q@d. f6nc dtcl€e in lcaf

'E tn<t sh6t lcnalb' pobably dk io . d..@ in &tl ctrhlg.t'd (Ilriao, t9?1). ha./r'@ ELriv.t DoE L.I @ 6,tnlund iw(ds !n i&I@ in dry n4 scomp{d b ,. dp6ri,, Lt.f b ftir. of ddbotic ptu* Drcjid in

photoqrbesis ed ruick (1979) tou.<r th,r srwit ecm only in livins €Us by

mebbolic p@ses involvd in d. synit si! of pot iG, nuLic acids, tbids, ind

.dbohydnics at lh. dpe6. ot ftt bolio .nd!y piorided by phorosl,nrh.6is and

Espifttion llEeiorc lhe diff.rcnc. in LAR of botn lhc sp€.ies my b€ dE to

dd€fue in serelic Drke up.

ttB @pabi' u\d B. juEa {, C!:., p.nd S hnd antasonisric EIatioN wiih

!r 'Glw in uter sfe (Fi& 5). H@cvd i, dr@b oft Ji'c€a r B irc@*d {p.e'r dEr ihe colrbl rr v, {tl tvtlr, hmbof ,.,!r& K% jncE&d ale

8 Ftur tar lb. contsol.r v, {.2t Mpa. Th. nryof *0d oot4ul6 j.iojrialy a

Fsire rrspo.r Adje r.tupon ot nt r c@tn s vill mhiotic pccg ol

8rcelh. Reduc.d ftly ol w.t!r noleulcs n.y b.com. ! caue of lov co,Mratid olCal, K., S and P in rh. rtr@l rnd @! lrsr.m t Jrr.ea eay hsve rne abniry !o

sccunubE r ions in sh@l and Eot D.njons .r a low Mlq srrcs is rdcke .. dr

(1994) round th.t €pid@l c.ll6 6re virturlly uBbte !o peduce orgnic stutes and

rely havily on i@rsmic ions (nainly Kt) for o!6otic ldj6rnent. T,rbofi dd Z€iBd

(1996) also round ed spporlcd rhrt potllliuh upbke @ll@ dlmg slob.bl

opeDjrg bul !t nighq w.c. strs 6is lbiliry wu t6t

I} applidid of pEO gcFncd crb,lj Gnorjc slK on g16 a(thGlcr iolic iDb.rae in B. c.npsh, hn t i!d,_ n @ b. .$ncd tb4lcsr.v.ilabiliry of w.id caus.it tcsr 0d of !uri.,r. io th. !b@t sysi@ lilD @r

64

rior.E i!, /ka.r kry V, s@ri of !ho.t rnd tui in th. tim ordry tu$ adK'cdEihtrioo w inp@v.d.

.I.5 IMPACT OF C.I'APTLICATION ON VECETATTVE GROWIIT UNDERSALT SITISS.

1l..f.c$ of qlci6.pptjqtjd wirh NrCl6 sFrd of s@,@.a,,p6,ri,

rd a j@a vd shdi.d, TtE EgEt tiE 8r"rh Md ioDc c.@DE non or sh@6.ild

@i3 of ,6'e er96r&.!r<t r./ue eF.ft.r.d.i8nif6Uy (p< O.Ol) sr 2, 4,

6, 8 ed l0EI,l qlci@ .!'pli*doo & C!SO12HO .n<t 60 ,M of N.Ct 316 rt 42d

Th. sn@. klgrh ofa.z,96lru w imd:!..t t.4, t.8,2.!,2.8.rxt 3.1 tord,

dun dE @.otl .t 2, + 6, 8 rnd lO &M C.r lrpli{rio rw*tirty (rrbl. 9). Sh@r

baBnotE.rm@ 'rulLo icq..n t.4,2,2,2,6"3.0,rdt,6 rj@ rbe th. coltlt

.r rtl 5@ eqwe of ircE sd crl. co|eErio esperiwry. R6s hngn of ,

.@?6rE wa iERsd l_4, L7, 2.l, 2,5 rd 2_8 rj@ dD rh. coodol !1 2, a, 6, 8 Dd

l0 aM qP rrFlic.rio! .!*.critrlr, R@t kndn ofAj@ 6.r$ Dcr4.d b,

1,4,1.6,l.q2.4.d 2.6 ric rh., rh. cdrot i! t!. 5@odd of itue,.d C.r.

comra.du '!3Fctiwv.

L r. .a,p6,,ir rh@r 6qh is (SFM) E iEeed 1.5, 2.8, 4.9, 8,0 .nd

ll.7li@ rh.n rlt 6n!!l .12,a,6,E.d lO nM C.t'lPlisrio! n+.clircty. b,'Jre.a SFM ms ircE&d LC 3,4, 5.0, 8.4 .d I LO rie rt! d. @rd !r rh.

s.motddof ie&!.d C.r' radi{don Gspetjwly. Irr.anp6r,irMr ftdr ns(&fM) w ie@ed 1,9, 3.3. 5.0, lO.5 &d tj.8 rin6 rbe rt c6r!t .t 2,4,6, 8

.!d l0 mM Crr'.ppli,.rion s!€liEly,In Alq.e RFM w.s rrclwd 16,3.6,

6.r, I0.4 &d I2.5 folt rh&ln.cdr!1hlh.$e &q!*. of i*R.5.d C.,i@De!t tio. rBlotircly, I! r. .4,rF r& dh6t d,y nB (SDM) w istuen by

L.l, 2.q 3.2,4.9.id 4,7 ri@ te dN @niDl .t 2. 4, 6, 8 &rt lO nM C!:r.ppli.d

asr.ctiEly. In tl@.@ SDM es iofl!.n I.4,2,5,1.45,1.rd5.0 tiru rhntn.

ran.hri! M'L ke{r rr r d;;;;Aift,;oi i-qdr;i; odi

TtnL E: Ef@r ofht r.ntr ol4t dr. ,.,tt nr.GGR) .!d r.Ldv. i.r.r 6!r.!r aRwc) oft6rr! J!'d rld t e6{r

rl(a ildir h'r't.,Eld n;@r-6-6;;iE;;rro;ti

Trbf. ?: reric. .otpqdt.d & h,e. 3ns6 r!d.ri.G trg,

(r1?4

I.lb 2.39 L 212.Eb i32,8c-0.2t 10.5c 0,73 d l?6.8.

- 0.21 9.3 d 121.2..0.56 7.t f 26.3 h-0,16 t.2\ ,.8h 0.02 f 0.01 I12.6. 2.17. 217.t..0.21 10,8L 1,62. 1,70 b 280,4 b 176.1b

- 0.u 10.2c 8.4 d 0.99 d l38.ld llt_2d.0,56 6.9f ot6 f 10.5 f 18lrl.th 0.0t I 0.@ f 9.5h

RGR(rus'd)

B.@ti:t

-0.21 92.2& 89.7b E8,t.b E8.3.b-0,u 80.3 c 84,6 b 81,7b.0,56 11.8.1-0_76 48.6 f 30., f

B-.)!!!q90,2.

-0.2t n.!.86.5 bc 86.1b E5. | .b

.0.56 10.2 d-0_16 56.7.

6

4 o.r

t3ou

ngrF a: lltd oar.!.r rhs o. h.t .E nato (I,/|t) trDBtdcu'.,'b''d,.jtu

o-&!c-rqrt c'6|'rdrrd

II!

{'

3L..f t.-r-ar

c6t {rl {ra "oJ5 !.?a

lr.;l'!u

F8!F 5: Nrrri.li r.hd@ h A c!,4ei, &d ,. /e.., .!d.r r.l.i ,rrs

c@r j.2| {r. {Ja {ft

68

dtol in ttc se di of C.! .pptid6 cFliwty. L t e,gdr,i, tuE dry

.c (RDi4 @ idE!.d L6, 2,2, 2,8 4,j &d 4,3 ri@ rlo e co.rot r 2, a, 6 8

ud l0 DM Ct:'+Dli..rj@ E.p.cdrty. Lr tr@,ooc d,y o& (RDM) Iieu..d lJ, 2.5, 3.5, 5,1 ud 4,9 ri@ tbr tbc @rol ,n or .e ..em. of

ircEred C.t' rDltidid GpedEty.

b ar@i.a .anpat& sd L jwa.n@t .!td mt t ngt SFM, RFM, SDM .nd

r.DM w@ i!c&<l grrdldb widr & ieE.s.d Crt. .pglidion i, tnc 6t Gdim.Ir ,' /4e u @prd b ,. @parrr, sh@t .d rar tdgrt! SfM, Rru, SDM !!dRDM rcF hish*. In tni. tndt ir s to{d $.t th. lppli{ti@ ofc.i. ro .uni, dE

!!s of Nrr ru b.efti.t &r b.8o*lh" Cddut ii.!t& ofcr} up b l0 EM sqSO.. 2IIO Gnbdc.d t!. glvlh grdully. B.rh-u-Z.lfu d zl, 2OOJ fohd L\rr

lodim i@ i! rlE fom of N.Ct ircss.d o,mlic poL.dd of iuria! stution of.gE rh n diun {d atrc.d Lrcl oa c.lciq ion .p?lic.rio! h tn. roor n dilnd..aG.d dloric .lrcd of eh 3r.s on sFwtt of gtrrophyr.s. KiMid. (lq8)

Eloi.d $d uir cf.d of C.q @ & M'up6r..r bjsn C.., c@mE tioi *& d..kcishric d!!pt..4nr of N.'ten rb. $rne of pLs @Dbnd. !t,t mb

8Dm wi6 $ldcMd crr'00 6It fi!.1 cffiErtb.) wid.d ,lhity htrl ltighdy

Edu.d ell LDg6..ot rld b @.o6b in @ 3$dy (Aaiah., dr_, 1992) ud *@Dt difcEnr frq @rd! ii .mds (zidr! .r ar., l99o). tr w .ko !u8g6t .l d.I d.lldiri@ of qlciu io th. @r .nvio.lMr of N.Ctded pl!!t wtd h.l, olmic

ell|. .@mubd@ io tlE mb, *hicb @uld c@riblia 0o e6 amdc djqlndtnBing dF oi!Et!@ of pt nr-ubr t L,e .!d S@rh (Cidj. d ar,2(,O2). Hfrh thi. rudr 5rpplcftndl iE(s of.dcium in dr F*E ofDitd $lr 5rK esh.ft6ci.l for go*ih in a./@ rh& ,. .,r,u6rri,,

b t @p.Jr,ir tDot aldiE gbirh Eb (SRGR) E i!.s,.d LOA 1.t7,

1.34, !.a9.ti 1.42 6E rb.! d. @rot tr 2, a, 6, 8.d tO ! C.r..pDticlrio

69

Esrarircry (IabL 10). rn r,Jil,..d sRcR *s itue&.d by Ltl,r.3l,r43and1.55 tincs thm Lle contot in ri. otu odd ot iDcea*d Ca,, concentr.tion

rcspeotiv.ly, In a .4rp4rrir @r Ehrivc gowh sc (RRCR) wis iNrced t.2r.

1.34, 1.39, 144 atrd 1.38 rim3 thlr thc conlFt ai2,4,6,8 rnd lO mM Carr rppticarim

Fslechvely. In &Jtr.e RRGR ss incEa3.d by Ll5,l.4j, L58, 1.62 {d 1.57

hnes lhan th. conkol in d. sD. ordd ot inclcaed Carr conccntlarion r6!€ctiv.ty

In D canpdtris av@g. Erc of Crtl iDEk (i:r) wis .lccea.d 6.4 tin.s rho de

contol al2 nM C.zi atpti.d. !r *6 i@ft&d 14 3,25 1,69 9 rld 68.5 dnes tnan tne

cd .or d 4, 6, 8 md l0 nM C.- .pptiorion Es?.clivety. rn t. j,r.a L *6ircE i.d4.9,20 9,3J.3,49.8 ud 5t.O rirc! rhdln.coNol it 2,4.6,8rn<rlOnV

c.:' appli.ario. GFcricly. rr ,. .,,96rri! .@E! nG of Ca2. btn$on G a) bsh@t va d*crs.d 0.92 rin6 d.r 0E cofiot .r 2 trLV C.1. .!pri.d tt q.s incE!.d

1.2, 1.3,2 | e.t 2.2lin6 l!.! 6c ord d 4, 6, 8 ud tO nM C.1'appliation

'6te!tv.ly IrtJlda &. us im@d 1.2, I.tt,2.2,2.3,!d 2.7 ri46 rh,n lllc

.ontd .r 2, .r, 6, 3 ed lO Du Ct ltptiorjm EspariEty. r, , @ardbi s?ei6c

nrilianion nG (i.J e&iel4d4.8, |O.O,23.1,90.5A 39.5 riFcs lh,! ,t conrol

at 2, 4, 6, 8 ed r0 mM Clzl lppti.d Mg;tiy.ty. h a. juncea u.. w4 ,ncBed r.3,

15.9,22.2,23.9 sd 25.i rift.s dln {E co.nol jn dE tuc pbgqsjon or C.}

ln BBsi@ canp8ttis tjd B Jun.e SRGR, RRGR lnd n t wtrc i,cEa*d

Bnd@lly silh .n incE.sd C.r'lppticdion, In ,. .aup€rrir ic. oa fu. *"de@ed 5 lnd 8 Frc.Dt rhan rh. .dlrol at Z rjl,f Ca1. .pplioatio4 horev.r, nrese h,o

parmeLE *ept on irccqsing wirh u incFiscd C.:r appli.arion in the r@l medi@.

In a i,ra€d i.. and fu. kopr on ircr@ing wirh !n incaas in dE .ppli.d Car'

conmtrtio6. Relative gDfih 6lc i! . dry tu$ &clnubri.n .s a tunction of tioe

period dldie lnc n rabotic p@e, n is po$ibL rnlt r.J!ia.a @y b. r.$ pom io

1A

Na'ooxiciv due to cllciphitic ch&&rE TtcEfoc, th. utiiialion ofcala in th€ shoot

slsteo *$ suppo.d by its inb&. dle!& lI. mr ,'sEn, ll. 'Rlls .bbin d

E'nfosc the idcr th.t dE b.D.6cial cft ct6 of stcih on gros4h of N.Cl.srr*dpldr. Mll onry .ppa. ia rh.y srpdad &e deLtqios .rcc6 .5si4d witn .!incr6. in tohl elt conce.!.ario6 ot tbc eor nedi! i e., omotic cfetj asulting noftde d..rce i, osetic po&ltirt of 6. nuEi.nt sluion Ecid {d sniit\ 20Oi])

In a. cd,pdr,r, Iaf &a Etio (LAR) *$ jDc@s.d 22,33,6r,12atu94

!m€ rh,r th. Mbol { 2, {, 6, 3 ad rO nv Ca,. +pticarion esFdiEty (Fi& O.In -8.Jt&e t-AR wrs also im€en tj,27,35,42ind50F€rccD!11@lh.conEoli!

th. se $qu€&e of itrltdd cr conc.nF.dd.gpticd aFqvery.Th. rchtive 8ro*h mE of ,horc lhet raf ru @ d.t mined by rhe lef

!d elp&sim 6e ot indivtdull IaB, and dE nt .r which Ew lars ewrg.(Bulq,nck cr zt,, 1999). L dk stldy tbe .pptic0tion ofca,, a6 caSO. 2gro up !o 10

bM i, dc p@n@ of NaCt srls Imircn tucdstut !o iec& LAR . ltis iDctu*w6 moE pBnou.c.d in r.J.!r.r, 6 omp.Ert b a .4rperr6.

tn B. anp8hx ann B. j@ Ci, hld lnhsoidic Gtariods wirh Na,vh.r6 potlssim ioD dd sulphu w@ in lrrcrsistic relation,hjp wid Cd., (Fig. ?)

In rb. sh6t md et olboth ttE s!ei6 K &d S eE in podxrc tr@ aLlio6hipwith Ca:r white Nil wrd in,cgarir li@r corchtion wit! Car,. h li. tineu.quiionrk

'nt rccpr valu. s histl d.yt due to hish valu. ofNi. in rh. sh@t !r th. iniliar

leveh of rhe Eelrncnlr, tn, Jr,c,, co@cffiation of K, rend.d ro be nidj who tlrco@Ifr.lid ofc!.'*s abor 29s % in tn jh@r As botn d:€ spei.s eglycQnyb dftaoG, &cmut.tid of Na. B udeda6id. plani ld.r,talion io slst $ inrclrd sisoifitut.epo8h@irB, otKr ch,el Cm.xp6ioa .sricialtyD $e lc.rcs ed iDchd.d stsong and progrsjr ift@e b Lt leiet oa AtKCI|r.eipr (Pnor d al, 2oo3). ptotocyslrd-fl (pS-!) oxidiG wrc! o squalnl

7l

@ti4, plodEing oxysm, prcroc ad.lccfos. It .letuN e ev.ntullly pased

b Dranogu'none. c|lcib pl.y! m iEDotu rclc i, qtlr oxid.tion (B.ny d a/.,

2005). So<tib !.duc6 mbb@- .!si.t d C. ..d dE citcr 6f suppLfrdtal

caErn on !.lr srrsscd @$ h,s b..n Ehed to lnc io, &riviti* in rh. .xr.mlotut'on (Y.miyahu ./ dt., 1997). tlbflnd B@r.in (1999) h.v? rro round d.t N5.

upd. .nd oecrrhdm i4Et!.d .rd ci. upt l€ &d @nbrrb6 d6l@d iiplinl cells {d rislcs as rh€ .xlcml Na coenrltion imr@s. The sone obemrios*ft k qr&ty in.hee sF.i6.

Er'lunad lev.l ofc!,r rpplicltion iD $e Eot nediuq ora c4npqtns qd B.

j@ bali* nuuifyi,s r6c ioxiciry oaN.r b lh. pL,t risnc, phrld prr6t Ek in d.8tuslh. In thG snldy il s6 obede<i lhal Dt. of C!,i ion ws nore ponounced h,

Ju,.ea It a. urgstt. CaJciM ion hld Dosiliv. .fiiqcy win SO.n .d I. dujDS

lne ksebtiv. srowth ofborh sp.cies.

.L6 L!IPA AECT OF Crr. a.ppllcATtoN oN vEcEtATM GROI,rIE U:{DER

'nr. cfler5 ot {lci@ lpptiEtio wi|! poly .lhyr* srycol {pEc) @ sb*d ofRruti.a cakpestit

^nd D jurcea ser itudied. Thc vcgerlrivc srow$.nd ionic

coMtftion of sh@r dd oor ot tr&i., dpatB and s_ jun@ w.E atre.icd

signifi€n y (r< 0,0 r ) !r 2, 4, 6, 8 dd I OmM crlciun appti€rion .s CrSO+ 2qOulter l0 p.@nr tEG ln6.1 42d &y.na t:l4liltsrid

ft. lhoot l€nglhofa.d,ra6 wa imt@d 1.4,1.9,2,4,2.9andj.4 tiD.!hdE cdlot ar2,4,6,3 !d to @v crr-.!rli6ti6 ctcrvdy(rirbl.lt).IlE$oot lenSrh oru Jr,.€o ws.!so iDft .!cd 1.1, r 8, 2.3, 2.7 rnd 3.L tin ! rhin g.conbl !r dE se equ.c of iE@ed Clr @knt lijoo Espqtiv.t, Th. @rlen8th ofr..a'?art w6 imG$.<t t_2, l.j, 1.7,2.r and 2.6 liDcs rld li. connol at2, a, 6, 3 sd Io oM C.r' .pptic.tid Es!..rjvcry. Roor tasd or s../r,.ea ws d$

72

Trbl.9: R.spd*orr[oo. rdd roott.!grh! frs!ro L.- .ppllqdotr ud.. NrO do tr

jLr r,i<r h r -inm-6;;16;G.jf;6;;TTi

r,ble l0: E(..tofCr rpplcrdoo ud.r N.cl lcer o!nrc (RGRI N.rrg. nt otc! brrl. by MrnE or Lr F|lrpon b ,[@t o.Jrd rE.t6c(u.r, |! rro t4rt 4 ,Mr!.

rcJ.tlre gromh

i,ft, (qs ptart )

029i 0,12i 91.2 i2 13.2 f 0.21hi t20 2 tn 9r6al5l.f 0.81h q.|0 aB 190.1f

22.rd l.4l f r663d3 2.31d t.26 dr0 25.3 b 2643.

ro-' r -l r0Jh I 017i 031gh r0l,6hi2

22.4 d 1.Il d 258.9.,0.1d

8r66.8b

24.1b 3.2\btB3;

RGR

l9I r t)]6 j 008n2!,!!sr.57t 032il86f3

!&{lc;Eoil nti -r qfgch4trl!=-l

20.38b t.49 fgaa E

a-i;8 20 9l 0,72 bt0 0,86.@n n I ..rhn do id rn -6; ;tt;Gnnl

7J

ng!rc5: Etter olC.r. o! tef rtu hdo !.d.r Nr, itr6. cunpetlrb ta.t B, juc.L

. K* lYrr,_0r.4|9a -0e*s,6 lY,.!l?+0a( ,.0r,+d.e! lyr1r,.0q4 !..0J'

i

+Kn lr1(- 0'tsolqx, r.0!s

-s* IF=0!+0..( ,.0e,

+xarh" |lr.0r4 , -.0e3

€

E

016 r11 ts l?. t.r 203

+(16lYr..oe+oro( r.o$+e3lY!.0.l:+0o( r09,+ndqYra'6.0.,( F.0e

N.'ud.r !..d.d rpptiqno! ot Cr,.t J@... Cmu tud€r N.Ct rrGs.

riglE 7: R.triior o, ClL ,ilt Sr lC .!d|n n@i .!d et otr. .c?,rr6rt .rd

15

ieE 5.d L2, 1,5.2.0,2.1 ald 2.5 ri@ rhh nE c@lrll in rt6 l@ odd o,imesdCa:r corcmtarioD Bp€ctivcly.

h a .drp6rn $@t 6!sh c (SFn/f) B iMa*d t.r, 2.9, j l, 8.,i .,tt12.4 fol(G 0@ th. cmrll ar 2,4,6,8 and lO mM Car. rppirc$on tupeciv.ly In a.

Jae sFu E incalcd 1.7,3_5,5.2. 5.2.,{t Il.5 lin6 rh,, th. @rd h 6.smc order of Car' .pplio.rion EQelircty. tn r. cd,re,ris r@l li!,h ns (RFM)

*a iME.ed 1.9,1.5.69, rO.3 &d i6.9 riss tha ttE coD&r.r ?,q6,8hdtodM C!:'appti.d caectiwly. rn s.Ji!,c& RFM w.s inceed 1.9,3.9,10.3,174

.bd 20.9 dn6 Ltlh dE con[ol iD dE !e scqu.na oa in Iwd C!?, ctu.,!"tioncQ.ctiwly. Ir, .ar6,rj !h@t &y h6 GDn4 ws inc&s.c l.:1,2.2,3,6, j7and 5.5 limi ihe t e.dol !t 2, 4 6, 8 rnd t0 DM Cr,+ 4pxcd espe€tjr.ry. in ,./0..a sDM b ielwd t.4,2_7,3.8, 5.7 ad 5,7 tin6 dEn ri. @ftot in d1€

s@c ode! oi iMl!&d Car. arptic?.rio, r.sretiely. In B. @p6r.6 tul dry h6(RDM) we ilaG8cd t.?, L?, 2.7, a.O, 5.6 ,rd 8.8 tine rld 0E cont$l al 2, 4, 6, 3

md I0 DM Cs:'lppriqtion Bpe.l.:lraty. tn B. jurc.a @r dr' ms (RDNO wsinc4ld 1.7.2.8,53,92and IO.4 tiia Lhn dE condd 4 o. sme s€qudE ot

Ca:' .pplicarion @6p.cri@ty.

tn 8r@i.a .antetui, qd B. j,n..e st6r _d @r l'ngo! Salu, RFM .fl,RDM ws ino!@cd wnn m incsen Cal, appricarion in th. roor mcd,un. rn bori Lle

spcias SDM ,s ircM.d *ith e i!cl@ of C.:. llptiqlid u b el ec<rirh up

lo 3oM bul .l lO nM of C!:. il w,s d.q.!s.d rr ,, j!,.a .s compaEd b s'd?6t4 6. iftr@ j! sh@t ed @t tcnsib. SFM, RFM ,!d pOM @ hiSlEr dth.n csF$iw Ca.'arpti6rjoD. wir! d imese in sEGIIls erwh ws d.cEis.d4 rdlehd by YoftLrcv ,t dl (2003) bd& m&t sfts d..re.g qd por.rtill oftn fisa ln lnc pllsr slld, ni&t war.r stre B appli.d ro cobpiE tnc

p€dofttue or two ojl seed cop6. pta,t @rs sbu wirh suppr€mdd Ca,, OO mM

76

6Ml com.nhrion) virhour $Unjry h.d rlightty Ed(cd ccrr lenern 6 conpaed io

.onrols in on srudy (Aaizh er dl., 1992) and *eE not diif@t 6on @!nib iD

anorhd @d:r.r al, t94O). Ar ojld qr4 tu th€ .pplicatio, oac..: upio lOnMq$ rlvorable to ircrcrse sDv!1h p@@teN.

h a @!Bra sh@t Erdirc gF*ih Bre (SROR) B i,c@sd Loj, I l j,1.20, 123 and Ll7 lin6 &.n rhe conFol rt 2,4, 6, I .nd 10 mM C.:i applioabon

tsF.rivcly G!bl. l2). hAla.ez SRGR w6 iMrtsd l l4,l.2l,l.26l.27rdl.2l lin.s d,re contill in th. !.m. ord.r o, ircrBsed Ci,apprcanon re6pechvoly In

t ddr?6rs @t El*ile gbwll ntc {RrcRi 6 iFE ed 1.25, 1.26, 1.29, l.t2ad Ltl3 tides lh.n tn€ conk l rt 2,.1,6, 8 ud lO mM Ca,. ipplic.rion EsD.cnv.ty.

h, Jr,cea RRCR ** inc@sd 1.26, 1.27, l.jt, l.l5 tud I 4l tines lhb lhe

cdEol in d. 3@ odd of iEdsed C.,- rpplnalio! Es?€@vcrr, rn a &4Bri:,rveBs. BE or Clzt int le (l.J Bs inc@d 1.8, 2.55, 3.9t, 6.55 rn{i r 5 a tire u\ar

lte contDr.t 2, 4, 6, 3 ad ro n U Clt apptiotjo! Gsp.crivcly. rn s. jircea 1., *sincrcrlcd l.?7,2.88,4.04, t7.8dd26.3 tines dh the.ofirDl at 2,4, 6, 8 !ftt lO mMc." rprlied ElFctivcty. In s. .@rsrir !!frce Er. ot C,? Fanspd (R.J ro sh6rw.6 hc@sn t,2, t,8,2.5 2.9.nd 2,7 iinc! 6d rhe co,eol at 2, a,6, 8 md lO nMca".ptli€iion

'Blerivcly. n s j* Ao ws irc@ed r.a7, 2.06, 2.82, 3.29

rnd 3.12 dhes lhh rhe conrrot rt Z,4,6, 8.rd t0 hM C!r,.ppncation espectircly.

'l a' .zrpqrlir 3p.cific utiizdon aie (n J ws icR$.d l_16, 2.09, 3_j6, 5.90 ud

6.91 rid.s rban tn. com.ol al2,4, 6, S a.d lO nM C!2. rpplicanon rcspccdvely Ir,/!,c€d tG w6 incEed 1.21,2.tj,j 52,5.62a!d5j2. tjn6 tun I[e co,ftl jn

i\e s. pi.gE$ion of Crr.,ppliqtion G!p..tiwl,

lnB ccnpettit dA B. jub NACR ad L ws j&rcdwlh dirct@inC5' .wlt ati6. tn s @pati, SROR, io ld ,c, ws ircwd up to 8nM of C.z.appricrtion bur !t r onM of C!11 .ppliarion thes w@ d.cttag. h s. Ji@€d SRGR

ws i@c!s.d with d imc& in C!! ippli.{ion_ ttr rhe wc speies no.!d 0.. rciffi..*d W ro 3 nM oICi:' .!?riatio. bur d-@scd d lOnM ofc.!. lpplic.iid. hthis 6tdy rhe pc.l@.@ of a. j,,.& s$ moc pmouc.d lhh ths t or Icadpdtr,dd A /rrde ftnen io b. moE rolemt io sr* co.dilior M@c d dl { 1995) tuund

posrlv. coEtarion for g€ci.s bl@t io stEs rtar h!v. . d.hydnriE compondi tn

h prc5cnr study !l mild w.r.r srss thc spplicatjon oi Ca,, in dE Sowrn h.diunqunnficd lbslurc SbEt ptueieE.

r^ I canpqtis .nd t. j@ Cr:. h6d ,ynelgislic ,tatjo6 vit! Fb$iunon and sulphur at 4dclaL elf $B condidon dd ei$ rn hoiuing cal- ion

lppliqtio. in $. et syslm (Fjs. s). r! ihc $st ed tui or borh tb€ speci.. K. .nd

S @E in posirirc lil@ Etarioctip vitn Cr,'. C.tcib en0,c rh. ptarn @lk Utuehc.r,.Fmcsbl. io. chao.k jn fieir pkha mdbEn.s (wniE, lr,\]01. For c.lciun mdpo6$iun FIc.i@ D. Ber (1999) for t ihlt Ca,. innux dftusn KoRCs ftish.idd$d lc.z-ld io c@diME io r.1610( D.tabotia do Eene cxpE$ron and

co.nll th. loddins or Kl into thc mt iylo by KORCS. pla a@pEdon b lax stre$

i.rclrcd silnifiart !+bes@ins, ot Kr+hoEr geD. qpBioD, .speia y in166 arxt ircludcd srus rrd pDeBiw irc'@ in rh. t.El of AtKcr f.nenpr(Pilot er dl., 2003). phoios)sicm-n Os-[) oxidizes watd in lbur equeDti.l @rio,6,prcdlcing oryg.r! p6k)B Dd .ter.$. tt. .Lcr@ e cwnrually p6&d iopbi.quu@. Cdci@ plrtd b ioportur ot. i, Eleroxid.rion (B!dy€, ar.! 2Oo5)

Tnd.for in rhc pr€ient srudy unda mjld w.r* !!e$ dE ,pptic.tjon of Ca,, s CISOa.

2Il:O wa hoa bft€ficjrl to, rhc gb rlhot R. jtu@Ihan A. canpstis.

"frTifii^?l ""yHff AprlrcarroN o\ vEcEr^rrvT cRowrH

Tt. cfi€& of sulthur ippricatim with NlCl o. go{ah of ,rori.a ddh?at i,0!d J./ia@ w@ su|died Tb. EseladE 8rcwrl ed ioi coE.!!ri@ of,h6t rfttrrrotota6sic. cznpatilr. B.jn.a w.E.ftcr.d signific.nuy (P< 0.01) d 2,4,

73

Trbb rr: asd., .!,vErrt d & /!&.. gro,tb *t(h crrcruD .pptisdou

TBri- l-o-r I ! 75.2h ll.6h8.6hz 93.8d!

lt.6 | 019 t 0.r8fs l65.lfl9.tf3

l0 27.5b 27.6b

9'4i --l 3tlsh 503 cn0lsE--l12.3h ll.8f 0.5813 0.32 E l22Js 3?3fs

,8.1.t.3ld 2.95 b

t0*,r,-q,*,'"hAti";;i*C"dd-rr.=simfr

';;i.0lT.bl. | 2: Ettrr of C.:'rppt|orio! ,t.L I ()% pf,c o! r.hdr

E& orc. bb!. by-@ri L r r.-" -"., ".'ffi";,;;i-r.|krr{d.pdn! otri4dor nr.(no,b a.d/6rt rd ariu.4

(mM)RCR

(4s r'' d 't, OG

t5l.8d ttu-t-- 0.15 92 0.18g0 t6 ls 0.21(

l18c

t2l d I 0)6 "-----2 0.25 t

3

igtuir, reo h I e|um G;'air.,ie-i6rtFij

3

e

2

e

r

t,

!ua'

oe t4 7.| 79 19 )^

&:!!6+0r(..0t1

Fi!|E 8: n b&. .r Cr* ri.| S_rd (-i! rld adret of,rlir ..,,f.d&.m (,/bM .rd4 q' .ppdotbr ed , .r ,F6 @dtdo..

30

6,8 rnd toDMsubnur.ppliation 4 Nn !SO. lrdd60 r \,r orNacl srrs.t 42d

day on r[a!s!.d j@

Th. !h@r lergtb ofa .z,',6ri, es i!@.d L5, 2.0, 2.6, Ll .nd l.? fotds

b $c conrol .i 2, 4, 6, 8 ind lo dM s a!9li..tion Esp.crircly Crabr. r j). sh@t

Lngd oftJapd wsrts ift|t*d L4,2,3,2.7,1.t m.t36 rn6 rh!. itr cdrrol

.l lne w *qu.e ol inded S comnhtid Bpecdvely. R@t la€in ot,ca,p5ri, we rcRa3ed r t, L6i L9, 2.1 .nd 2.7 md 2.s rides thrn d€ co.Eol ar 2, a,

6, 3 and l0 mM S applicatio. respctiv.ty. Root l.ngrn ot B r,,cea @ d$ ucE.6ed

r-3,r.5,1.92.2Md2j lindth&t contol in tic tu orda of inceed S

commihtios €spectiwty.

h B caresrir sb@r fiqh ns (SFM) ws inftsed L5. 2 9, 4.1, ?.0 lnd

8.7 rimes in n lh cotrtsol .t 2,4,6, 8 $d lO mM S lpptidim qpdiftly L,J!e@ SFM wa ifte*d 1.9,4.0, 6.j, 7.4.nd l2.l tiD6 de 0E @olbl ar rh.

en. order of ift€sd S co66F.tion ,lfcrircly. In A .d,p6rro mr t!6h @(RrM) *a iftiasd 1.6, 3.& 7.8, l2,O and t5,O aold, rtu! r[. con@r at 2, 4, 6, B.rdl0 nM S apgliFtior E+ecrircly, In A j!,.& RFM @ imre.sd by t.6, 4.1, 9.4,

I{,1 ed 19.8 ti.6 th& lh. conrot i, Li. !tu s.quac. or ircM.d S

coiccnhion rcspdtrwly, In A. 4on?.ffr, shoor dry nas (SDM) w,s incHsd L3.

2.1,t.1,4.6uld52 dDe! d'!n tlE connol ir 2,4,6,3.nd lOnM S appticarjon

rcrp.c.iacly. ln A. jtrcea SDM wa ircEr*d L7. 2.7, 4 3, 4.S .nd 6.9 lines tn$ UE

co.Eol in the sft€ ordr oi imhsd S lppti€rion EQddvcly. In, &Dr4ri,hi dry t@ (RD[o 6 im!@d t,5, 2 9, 5. l, 7.O.nd 8.5 tin6 than the cmrol a!

2,4 6, 3 ad t0 aV s aplliqtion E+dliv.ly. In A Jitra @r dry 6 {RDrv,

,6ilcra*d1.6,3.6?_3,9.1lrdll,6im rb& tn Mllol i! tne w seq@e of

S .ppli@tid lesretirly'

8l

rn 8. .a p$tr& 6d R.ju.a sh@l .nd bot tcnsr\ S!M, p.!M sd t-DM w.EincEr&d with e inc@* i! S @&el6.rid appli€d in lhe rou( neorm. tu conpard

to B. cahpati!', 'nR.juca

dE i&e& in thc rbovc erom p,mebs E h,shc

.r th.n E Fcrive s .pplieiior. Accoding io Hr&g!w. d da, 2ooo elin,ty hld an

.fiet on pld pttsiolog/ rh@gb chr86 oa w.Er 6d ionic slfu u rh. c.lts. I! th.pRnt nldy de .trcr of N.ct es 8rdruy d..@scd ern e bcte in soncmhtio! in de Sr*1h nEdim s supFd.<t by r. inc@ in @b of th. .bs.l!E

noMh ,mnees. D. (ok .r ,t. (2002) foun<t rtEr tn. upt ke of surfac by lhe rcor,

and 'E

r.ductio dd tutrhe! asimitarion in lh. shools, L !(t€, nomd condirions

hiShly rcgulaed on,r whol. plant lev.t,,.n<t il i5 in tun wnb tn lctu.l $lturrcqui@l of . pl$l spe.i6 ror biotu podlction. tn rhe p€st study it *sEsl.d ttlt id bod ihe 5'ei6 ttEc w s intsgErd.@rdimtioD mong ti. pl!

!€iB s <n Bb*i! par@rcr ws ict*d vitn thc iftIw in S c@ntrti@Thb ch.hftnstic eaed b b€ mc r'@i6l i. a./!,&d $a A .dpras.

Ina cdrpshi, sh@r Eluiw 8b*d E@ (SR6R) w6 i'cas<l LO?, t.32,

1.38, 1,61 .nd l.64 tiIB $a th. conrol .r 2! 4, 6, 8 lnd ru oM s applierion

rcsFcnv.lyiTabl€ l4).hr../b.e SROR wa incEs.d I 16, 1.41, 1.59, l.6l and

I 35 tincs tlEd ltc conlrot in rnc sam. od.r of S rpplication Hp.ctiver. In scdrr'4r.6 @r Erdik s!*'th nt (RRGR) ws it@ed r.r5,\_12,2.|.2.24,nd

2.40 dn6 dEn lhe cotbt aI2,4,6,8.nt lO raM S spplisrid Esp€tir.lr. rna

i!,.aRiGR wa incBe{t L162.12,2.r5,2.t0!!d2.lo dm tta, |I. conriol in

$.eof,taof S ,lptiqrjon lsp.criEly. ln t. ahpat .vsaS. ae of S

iD[r. ds) @ ircFa*d 1.9, I ].9, 4l.7, ?7,9 .nd I 14.9 tifts tJE! @ cotuor !l z, 4, 6,

3 Dd nM S appliatio! r!3p.clircly , t^ S, ju,..a ls w$ i@.d 2.0, t j ?, 46.6,

75.0 hd 104.2 tines dm $e @nrol sr 2, 4, 6, 3 and lo oM s apptic.tioD

sspoctirely Id ,. .aup4rfir .wE8c raL ofs imspon 6s) b lhoot w6 incs$d

LI3. 49, 9.?5, It.t ..d l7_B tiD6lhD rh. @rol ar 2, 4, 6, 3 a.d tO nM S

.lFlicarion Espcrircl, tnB. j,"ea U *e iftas€d L07,4.48,12.8, 12.6.d16 8 tim. tnM d. coneol it 2,4 6, 8 rnd lO nM S applicarion rcsr€crivety rn &.a,p6rir sp.cific uriliaiioo €c (nd w6 inc@*d L t, 5.s, r 2.3, 22.0 &d 26. r tin6tlrc cdrd !r 2.4,4 8 dd t0 rM S .pptic..jo Esperircly. tn B. j@a u., *sincnas€n 1.4, 5.0, 10.7, 13.9,nd 20,8 ti@. tnm 6e mdor r th. s. p@gEssion

of S ,pplic.rion clp€div.ly

ta8. ekpatts and R.jw RRCR, SRG& is fu md us qs ruEasd sitn&i@i. S co.c.Dhtim h d. pEnt 3riy rhe F.fodec ot s jtua esnoc pb@uc.d lh& d.t of t c,r/r6ri, .rd r. /ir,@a tus b @

':@ iol@nr ro

sEas condition in tn. pc@e or S appli.alion in lh. gro*r! 6ediuh, Cla*sn ., ar

( l 99r) roud thEt th€ upr.le md r!,!pon of sl f e is enqsy dcpcnde ({Livd by a

pbd studt 8cmnt i by AI?&s) thngh a polo/$tat (pq@bry 3rf/Sor :lcet&ror! Ir rpp.!6 lh,r rh. c6es ofslr lrs o@@ by endut inc]te ofslpplicalion up ro l0 nM. R€sd.tjon .flI dpr.sio. of tn. h.jonv or $li.Gft,6lort 6 rrc @nrellcd by d. 6uhr Du!.jrioral starts of t\c ph.ts iDd LT.n sutfah

deFihrion, r,\. npid d.@ in @t !ulf!r. i, ESuri.ly rccomDerd Dy o sronsty

.nb.r.d qDBion of nosr sulflG FlnsFre. gm (rrn*t6fod, 2ooo) h dEpEht sl'rdy .nh.n .d S coEeohtion in LrE eot nediu night hrw phy.d . posirive

ble in r!j. aspet & $c S +plic.rion ws rc! doficim.

rnJ &rsdl.ir taf ea Etio (l-AR) @ jEHj.d hy 9 pcrc..t dhln.cdEol { 2 sM S Dd 14 rEMr du coo!.I rr 4, C 8 d t0 mM S .Dpriaronctp€twly (Fis. 9)_ t! ,'./,I@ r_A! ss !l!o iE6*d by a ftt 9 F@ tju, dr€

contol rt 4 and 6 nM S cdce Eton whar! ir wrd ircEaed by 17 pdal !t s&dl0 nllf S oon@ntsltion. Tlc EtrtiE 8o*ri nlc of whot. sh@t t.rf oE as

d.Emined by rh.laf @ 4lFndon dr. of i,nividual laks, e o. EE al eh{h

33

mq @Es 6.Ac (a'nq,rcl 4 .t., rrr). raf .u ws I c@roftnts orphotosr L.ric p.rfomtu. (De C.6l|.d ShlDuga$4.a 2OO2). & surptur i. an

impotunt coGritu.lt oa !@e of vil.l lDino acids tlereroe, under su sft$conditiob highar applic.rion or S miSnt h!v. b.h bmftial tor lnc sb*rh of lsw6.

l^R. ffipa* wA B. jua S had elzsdijic Eliroc wid| :.r1. st r4K'a{t Cr" ftE in sycrsistic Etatid snip *ilh S Gig. lo). tn rn. !ho.k dd mE olbolh rie s!.cis K' and Ca,' eE in pNiriv. tiner ielatio.ship wirh S while Na, was

n negat'v. lh.r coftt.tion wirt s. phtrl lolesce ro sliniry roy Dc m@ Et.ed io

rn Na': K. ndo i. dE etk 6d dE ,b$tuE N!. cr)I@n oo! ((lq d ar, 2ml).How*. ir rhc pcMt nudy lhc idio corcfrrarioN srpporrcd ln fa.is oEt ir dEpE*nce of s in rhc roor ed sh6r portio, |ni! lotemce nay also b. €br€d ro lireai

lrend ol Kr lnd Ca :'. Badr €, al., 2002 6lso found Ujat surphu! inproves K.,Ila

slcrivity ald inc@! ln. c,pabiriiy of crlciun ion to dcclte $c n qios efers ofediM io6 id glFopnyte

Ennft.d t*.1 oi S ,ppli@rion jn rh. root nediun of A c4rp6rri a.d A

ria.ed b$ide! luttiSins lhe bnciry of Nar !o lh. ptdl ti$ue, praycd pircrd &b in

tne g@fin. h $h 6tudy it ws dso obswcd rhl Blc of S ion @ nor dstid in ,.l@ der. @,tPsrB. Sutptu appliedon h.d posirirc.ffiocy wirh C!..nd (,b d ard sh@t wiri mild ,.lr sltrs duilg rh. rcScradv€ grc*rh orboth sF.i6.*

1flr1T$l#lt*|f. "LrcArroN oN vEGErArrvE GRowrE

The cffet ofsulphur apliodon yith Fty.rlyrtu gt rot {pEc) on sb}ltr oa

8lain a,,,stttt tDJ B. j@ v6 sMi.d TIE !€scativ. 8o*rlj md imiccmentrhon of sh6r lnd @i ot B6,ica cak?6t/i, sA B. jM.& eft afdredsignificmily (F< O,OD ar 2, 4, 6, s id tOnM subhu apptic,tion s Nrir),SO. uiddl0p@eDtPlO.t 42rd dly rnq t:.nspkrlliim,

84

or $oot u.t i@t t.o8tb tr.!h E.$ rdto S rppti..tlo! ud.r NrCt .t .$ jr tro

Trbl. 1t: Efan-of S .pptierior udd:{rct.tts or R.t rv.3r_o'o rr.., .rd8. ru. of s bd. by r@r G, rv.lq ncor 5 hapon to .r@t (&F!d ,p.dn( !drE6o! Er {t!)

kru shri|g imih t.h.(.) h r c.r@n dod-;i6;;;fi:fr;;Eoal

s

9.2 j 0.29i 0.08 i 38.6h126 i u7i 0.11i 121.6r 58,1h

0.8.1h 20J.6 i llZlg21.5d 18.2f I 25r 0.62f 294.9 z t971t25.9c 2t Jd

l0 1.20 d 326.14

l0.5ij 0.,15 i2 rJ.6n

21.6 d | 79t 0.65 tt9.8 b J.3l b 2.12b

RGi . IS 0s

{;e "e a"v

F.r --ol3l- 024 | 0.53 i2 0.25 i 021t 0.60 i

58.9d r.8l h 1.18. l0935.42 f

8 7o.r b 10.D.7r.!b

o.2110.55 i 1.60 h6r.l c 3.713

r2.58d 11.98 d3 7l.l b 2o25b i

)s'lr" -t31.8. ,lJ4!d!.8 m,rr kid,h i a@i. "d

d-,8 ,piia;r riii

85

025

E

015

005

6

s {%)

rigcE 9: Eter or gnd.d rpptirilotr ot ldptu r.d.r ,Jt lrd o!r..f rr.. ndo oax) |! s! !|4!i.' 'ed&

86

a'5

Figur. 10: f,fidt of&tphur cotranft o!16r in 8rc14a .,,np.eth .Ed

L

LE

o! N.', L rrdct:'offioorrlda /a,c.a qidcr lrk str@.

87

Sh6r lclgrn ot& .a,,p.r,i, w ie..d Ld 1.5,2 1,2.7 ard Lt riG d$6. c6tol.! 2,4, 6, 8 .!d t0 DM S.rrli{tio, c1€tjdy GabL rr. Sh@r k.ssoftJi@ w6.t$ ircq&d t.4,1.1,2_2,2,1r.Ar.1 rilG lre l1). @dr.l at dE

larc s.q@. orirc@!.d S c@.nr.rjo. csetiwlr. R@t rensrh ora .z,rsri,v6 ince*rt I 4, !.7, 1.9, 2.4 lnd 2.8 dm6 t, rhc conhl ar 2, 4. 6, 8 md t0 nVS applidtion rcsp{tiv.tr R@t l6gh ofs./!,c,a B al$ itur@s.d 12,t.?,r.9,

2.3 and 2.9 rihes urM lhe conftl in rh. snc od.r ot irftsrrg s concmhtion

Espernrcly. Ir , .a'p.slr& shoot tulh M$ (SrM) ws ituese,l 1.5, j.8, 6,5, 9.1

and l0.9 tiDes than $. conEol rt 2,4,6, 8 aid lO mM S spplicarion R-stdrively !n

, Jr,&o SFM @ incu$d 2.0,4.5,7,1,7.8and 8,1tibe! lne the @ntul al lr.tue ordaor S 0pdnadd &$..riwty. In A. e,?6r,jJ,oot fiB[ ns Erir] wsirc@s.d 1.8, 4.0, 3.8, 13.8 Dd l7.J nG rn n $. coDrnt d z, a, 6, 3 and lO mM S

qpli€rion Erpeliv.lt rn A Joca RFM *6 hcus.d b, 2.r, 5.s, I Ll, t6.3.nd

19.3 tirc rhrn th. co.tsol in dF s. !.qu.ne o{ itffiing S comendtion

EqeiEly. h a carp"rri .h@r dry t6 ISDM) 6 inftlscd j.3, 2.s, 4.8,5.7

ad 6.6 tic th& rh€ colrol !l 2,4,6,8 {d lO tuV S alptiation Ep.criv.ly. bB. jnM sDM ws iD4c.d l.z,2.9, 4.6, 4.8 rDd 5.0litu. than ih. co,rd in tn.

s.nc o.ds of S rypriqtjon Es?..riwty td4. cadpstris tootdty n6s (RDM) wsinc&ased Ll, 1.3,3,1, 3.3.nd 3,9lins r.\.n thc corlrot at z,4, 6, 3 and lO ml!{ S

lpplicalion rc+eriv.ty. In rjmc.a sordrym.s (RDM/ *es r@ased l,?,3.6,

5.7, 3.8 add 9.9 rim6 tni. th. @DEol i, rh. mc $quee or S applicarid

tt B. .Mp*t* tti B. j^a .h@r &d &or Lngrh, SFM, RFM ,nd RDM

'me!€d witb in imt4 i. S .r?tiotid in rha .oor oedid. rn A rrr@ s

coE .lrd to A .,,!p6rir, rb. iEle in dE lboE Sowrh Flm.E6 ws higna,r

lh.n cperiE S !pplic.ri@, Xi@g .d au COO2) EFn d et ssDlli@t ch.re6

38

in wtcr polcnrisls in th. dviFm. c.n in o!. onolic rr.ss !o plurr, whicrl

drspr3 rcmlr 4 d[ &rivitie, or oh ces ptid &rtn. In d. ,r.&t sirdy hitdw.t r snc$ (l@,n p!O) w idFed in d. go*dr nqtrq M d Dctle tr s.ttliation Digh taE c5u&d e id@ j! pLnr gEql! lD ddirion yiHu er,t.,(1999) foun<r th.t iip€.cd rlqrd *i!h tnd! corcdrltio* (ro"/.) of pEG-60@

inhibitd Shietion wliL low pEO co@.nrrtim (rs9l,) ircE&d $.d !tuintion{d &seh bltuq nr@foF tr low nr.r .rs $ptiqlo oa S in thc Ebell,n diuh .a. our !o b. b.a.fi.i.l fo goMn otborh th. spdi6.

In r. .dp"#':r sho.{ El.lirc 8o*1h nr. (SRGR) w i@Esd Ll6, r.s7.

1.82, 1.8.1 hd 1,92 liDc rl& dE conrot .t 2, 4, 6, 8 .nd lO hM S .pptic.rion

EsP..ndy Glbl. 16). h r../r,@ SRCR w{ iElgsd r.29, t.j8,1.4r,1.44od

1.46 tin6th& rb.@drDt ind. s.od6otie6s.dS .pptiqdor rcslcriEly.In,'.,rydrrr r6tEldhlo*in .GRGR)ws iEEred t.rs, 1.72!2.16,2_39

sd2.52 dn6 rt r rh. hnd !12, 4, 6, 8.nd lO mM S Tpliclrior Esp..rircly. L,.j6.@ Rr,cR I im6!.d 1.25,1.?J,2.l|,2.3?.!d2.a6.d2.rO dDe rhrdF conhr in rh. tu oda of S |ppti{tjon cr..tiv.ty. r, B. Mpair ,\dal.d&ols idhr. (ls) *s irctq&d 2.0, I1.5,4l_1, 74,5 ldt t2J.5 iins rt& t co tll.12,4,6,8 rllll DI,t S rpdisrion EQ+tiv.ly. In r.jr,@d I ws irci@d 3.],

l4.q 36.1,68.5 .rd 87,1 tiG tllr d. @mot .t 2,4 6,8.!d rO oM S.pptic.d6Es!..ti4ly. In A ..rp4r'i' !v.F!. nr. oas u?.spon {Sj) b s!@t ws,m@!.dL45, 10.8,22.?, 23.9 rld 3l.J rins tl& ln. @ndol rr 2,4, 6, s ud IO nV S

.tplielid Elletiwly. h ajud fs b imF$d 1.4,4.r, s.4. ro.9 tnd l2.O

I'mo tllrn .hc cmirot r 2, 4, 6, 8 .rd lO DM S .pplic.rioD E$enrdy. rn a.

d4?4fr& epcifE utiliarion nj. (0d wi hcd*d L3, 5.9, t8. i, 20.I D,t !4,6 rimcs

Llan 0E @nEol at 2,4,6,8rd lO oM S lppli{tjoD EQerircly. In s.iue4 io

89

a iEcrted 2.5, 5_3, 9.2. 9.9 .!d t0.3 tih6 rlq tt co.lot in rb. m. Foll*i@of .ppli.d S rcsp€.livcty.

ln B. co^pestht sd B. jMea RRGR, SRG& t, fu ud is *s rmEed widj

m rRtrc in s lppliqrion. In tb. ptt$t ltdy th€ DerfotM of & iu,.& knoE pbnouced 116 !h!r otr. .2,p41,:J. m. mobiriarion and tedistibutim of

lhc vacuolar suraE E5.dcs epeaN to bc 6rher slow snd luhrlncficiql pl.nr! Eay

still contrh d.Er.bL Lv.ts of tul6E (H.*L6fonl 2OOO; BuchM €i al, 2C94) ,

h@.v.r i! 6e prs.nr strdy o il@ i, S conmhrrid .,trced 15. jnt t.,lraNpoft atl'l utilizltion ol S. Th.* ob,,aot ri,tics w@ noG pEnindl in s .!,.satn{ rh.t ofa' .ad?dnr.

rn B. coqatb ad a. jwu S h.d sF.isj$ic at.do6 sirh K. ,nd C!,.

(Fis.Il), In lhc Eh@r ..d eot oa bolh tno ,peci., (' and Cr:. weE iD posniv. l incar

rehloiship wilh S. Badr er at. (2002.) ioud L\4 K. wd in lr*|gttic El.tioship

wid' S an sh6r,!d 6t ponid ol3n now. Tn @e El,tio.3hip E it$ foutul in

bon'i d? sFd6 E5ul6ng. &cfte in N.'in sh@l ..d rcor ponioE. Th.rcf@,

ennucd LEl ofs lpplication in rh. @r frcdiun ota.a,96rfir and rJrn..a hnd

imp6v.d gFwdl p.r,nd.u ir 6e pE*(c ofEild e.k !rB. The bre oa S ion e6hofr plmwed inaJ4e drd ina .,r?6r,!,. SutptM@tudratid had po,nive

eller wirh C! :' od K- dunng ft FEebriK gE*1h of bolh rFc,.r.

..9 GROWTII Rf,SPONSES A\fD IONIC RELATIONS IiI tWO 'x,tI.,IC,ISPECIES UNDER MOISTURf, STRISS SOIL MEDTA

Co$an E5?olM rDd ionic ELnds in B unpeb Md B. juncea lnd.l

nosrrEs rlr$ lnd slin sils se 3ludi.d. wtd pE of a loil is ts Ll@ 8,5, d

ils EC. is moE thr.4.O dS nr, it is €u.d. elirc $il. \I'ha pH of. sil i. hi8h.r

thd 3.s, dd irs rc. t noE Ltm 4.0 dS Dr, it i5 @ cd ! stirc-sdic soil. On$c

bids of pH and ECe thc* sils 9w cb$ifFd as rcml .A,, etine .B, ed slin.-

sodic $il C . As comp&.d ro ort . k $ih, i! eil .C, cbl@id., c5l6oEc &d

,0

T.bL 15: Gro$rn of ,@L,J,,.,. rld r, @zar,l, dtt surpbur.pplic.ttotr @d.. mtd,t d.

ftbb 16: Eltat ot sdphrr lDptiqtto! n.t.r r.r* jrt* or rd.tiv.corih E&. rvhg€ rrt. or S htrln by r@r dr, .v*rc. rrt€ ols rnNpon lo r!@t (&&d rD.doc udt|lrrto! nr. (0s, |'6taec. r6r4bt .n t e Ju..L

s

8.1i 7lh 1t.2 82 I l.l h 9.89 !!&! i rs.6 rIl.8f 072t 0.24 f 190.6f

131.2 e8 l.7ld 0.31d 390.8dl0 20.1b

8.9i 3.t h 129.6 E2 12 9s 0.75 | 0.21f 226.1t

15.4 | 1.65d2.61b 5906b

3

t.93

RGRlbc s-' d"t!

13 ts

16.9i ]|5f 0.06f 0.ll g 0.18 f2 0.12t 0_23 t

581a I 19f

3l0

J2.6 t 0.t5f 0.60 f! !.67ca65.1f 050t 0.86 f

57.1d 2 56. .1.52c5.42 d10.28 b

l0v'B !hr,,! im,b kdlhr3dfiE;iicje-i;{6;r F-T

9l

13

0.9

L:

t

E

E,

5

03 0.r5 071 ogt r15 t29s(x)

19

0.9

050.46 0a6 079 111 M rr

s()+kx lY.= 0./ +0 65 x,,=09€+cr*lYo:0.5 109'x r=097

12

05

rlgrm I | : R.rrdolrDolg L, Crr- .!d S h jh@r .trd @r or,,qr.u.4nr'4r.n rnd ,. JM.' qrd.r vrr.r r|K

92

bic{bouE lcwls w.F hishd. rr soil ,C, subt L .nd phosphms re* low.r ttun dE

othcr tft eils. Boen ret in rh* sils wc jn tiEii Sodiw lt6orp.id Etio {SAR)ya quic dininsubn bb cb!Ei.. oa rh. $il .c. sand , ct.y 8d sir *@ in Gqul

proporticB i. soil.A,dq th€ birB,.nd ,C, (Appendn-I]I)

c6fih .nd ionic cmenE rion ot sh6l ot B. ctuFq* ata B jbcea

t$onded sbnifqntly(p<0.05) i! stinc !d 3aljE,s.dic ejl qdcr war.. slrBed 6coDpaed to u*rcssd conditios. sh@r tagdr, nEsn l@ 3hoor. dry ns snooq

rcl.tik srord. EE Md rolal chtorophyu in re.ws eE a,Lctcd Dder noistuG

EAhes or tbe slirc ed elim edjc sil (tabL t T).

I!AJ@.@sh@rt Dgihw&.l!adq t9dd42 FE.DI udcr e.tcr

r[.sd condnio! d @prd io mi.sd conditioN in rc@t slrc and satirc.

"bdic $il r.Aerivoty h d. .o,2arri, fi@t l€ngrh was dcd.Ked 12. 26 ahd 48

p.cnr undq waltr si@s.d coldnio s coftprr.d !o uEr6$d condnim in nom ,

sli.. od sli!.{odic stt cTarircry,

In a j!,.ea 3h@t 6*h !@ (SFM) ws d.@sd 11, 22, .nd 58 p.enrund( qer sEesGd condition s conpd.d 0o u@ssd condlboG ,, n@d, elin&d slire-sodic sit rlspeliEly. In r.er?arr:, SFrt rc d!.E$.d 23,29 5nd 65

FGdl rldd hEr slr!*d coddition s cmpaEd io uNlBd coDdrjoE i.noml, elitu and eliD.{odic oil Elpdriv.ty,

In &rt,.ea sh@l dry nN (SDM) wls d-esd li, 2t dd 27 p@di und.t

nra sLcsd c@dirjon a @F€r.it io u6!*s.d @dditio6 jn no@t, eti4 .nd

sliFs.did $it Esr..tiv.ly, Ir r. .o,p.,,B SDM ws dftc!*d 22, 29 ed 65

pcrc.nt und{ *.tn 5n s*<r condition,s cmpded !o u,5rcss.d condnioE in

notul, saliD.a t qliE-loriic sils BD.criwg twerivcly.

9l

b ,' Jr,e ster dadrc gD*rj ar (SRCR) kr d.cr@d 7, s ,ad l5

pace und.r warq stres.d codition s conp,ed to u6rr.sd conditions i!romil, $linc and sli@{odic oil Esp.crjv.ry. rn a .o,pan i, SROR w6 d.c@dlq 14 rld 24 p.E.rt und.r Et r slEssd @djlion $ codparcd !o bsrlsedI ondiijod ir rcml, shm 6d stin.$o<tic $it i*pctiEt'.

In ,. J!rd., tobl cht@pnyu *G d-@ed lO, i6, ald 22 peNdt undn

wad ste$cd condition s .onpad to u!ne$.d colditioN in Dm{ saline and

sli!. edic sil Esp€tiEly- rn r. .oup6,tu ooial c obphy ms d.r.ed 13, 22

and 23 D.qr u.d.r mter slled conditjoD ! conpdld to BrBs.d conditjoG io

ooml, $lin. rd stirc so<ric en cF.tiv.lr.A &cG!* in shmr lfls& SFM, SDr4 SRGR and iobl chloophyl v4

obftd in borh dF lpccie! unda slinc .n<t sitine sodic sou as conptEd 6 no@t

soil. Howev.r rhc Edlction in the ahorc D.nr.!c6 h hignd in ,. e,{,6hn twtlEt ora jlr&. TtE r.durid i dE gD*dr p!@et6 orsalmr rnd etift so{ric eilsvd due lr slt 5!!.$ whicn % jnt nlified by tnc applic.lo! ot w.r.r !r€ss. r. a

compdson ocnr*n lalin and sodic soils, rhe Edktion otslowrh ra los., inthc

roma oil tha ln. t.Gr soil. Th. pt!*@. ofNa'6pei. y in $dic eit c@tcd

detilmtal codnioa for l[c sbvth of bodr ,,6,@ srEi6, S.diu id c.lBe.a'ry ofwlrtr b..id.s disidid8 sojt lilucrua e<r towirg,!cr poE riil. xiong

atJ n\t\ (2@2) hlw fomd LlDt sig,iiicanl ch,nges in w.&r poLnl8ls i, thc

cnvirMent crn ihD6s omotic str.ls ro ptmEi which o,srupb Domar c.llular

actiyft'.s, or.v.n cr6 plant dertL In rlE pitsr study sFM ed sDM l@ noEEdued un&. wr!.r $B ad stiE{.djc condiijos rth rte oDty stini.r. Acordins

to Bu@ er al, (2003) rluc is d.tincnd .frftt dE to holn !.lidry $d dhugnr on

plrnl velrr st!tu! .nd net pholosydelis. sllinily af.cLs pt nt physioto$, 6&usn

ches6 ofwd.t .rd iodc siiius in rr0 etb (Hesa*^ et at.,2t)00)_ rap.t a!'2of,

94

lrso su?pon d ihit iMas€d sliniiy h.! e inree El4io6hip wnn 6roMbr

cduchrc. rd d photary ncdc nc.

UDd6*ihsr*.ndsll1!r!.r,Ndbdot,itiquanbbqof..rd, K i!ntio,Ct M Erio lnd oil Frftr.gc w@ lndicd. Tt € w a potoud cr&.! of dkepdd.t(s undr rwo noisluE Ggimcs jn no@I, s0tinc dd s.lin {odic eils. (Tabl.

l8). In alu.a nunh.r ofsith@w$ deEc.<r It,l7rd2e D€ec lndci wat.!

rb.sscd conditio !s cmpoRd io unsrgsEd cdditic b rcm.t, $lift lnd eliEs.<lic $il Gsp.crt ly. In A .@p6tri, n@b.r of 3iliqE % deE{r.d 10, I E hd l7p.E4! rdr.r mEr slrBed .oitirio.s s coor€rqt lo usEsd condnjoE in

norul, !.liD. md etitu{odic bil @Fcrivcly.

h ,, Jd.?a nunber ot eeds es daced 23, j 1 and 57 pe(ar und.r wac!

sEr$.d coDdjtion s coEpaqt to Er.sed cotrdirios in noml, saliE.nd eurc-

{odic sil co.dirim EsF.rirb. h r. c@p6d,,hb€r of s€4 ws G.t@d 14,

453nd59 Frcnr urdE *!t r sft$.d codjrjon 6 coEp.d ro ustri*llcond'tioBinnorur, stin &d sri!. $db eil Esperiv.ty.

In A in.e KN. Etio was <iccr@.d lo, 16 dd 32 pdcenl undc! w.rer

sE scd condniod !s cmp@d to uDlrEsd condidoB in nma| elj,c and $line

$dic sil adpctivcly. In ,. .d?6ri, Mir nrio ws <te{'!3d | 9, ?5 ed aO p.qlu.dr wlEr srlsed cooditioD s sr.rd io se6s.d 6dilio6 in tlodl, olir..!d sdi@{.dic eil Es?dirty.

ln ,.lur.& c! ,ra atio b d..tud t6, 25 dd.Ee*d condition cs @nraftd !o !6r6s!d conditim in

ed'o $il Eqiictircly t^ B enpd.it C.4.l! Btio $as

p€EcD! und.r wltq sftsd oldnion s conpar.d to

md.ri sIn. dd etift{odic &il tlrpetiEry.

3l peEdi uni.r wdf

95

hr./rcdojrcot,t in rh. sad e6 d.cu5.d tq 2l ed 25 D.6r lddwlG @i{tEs co.dition s mmpar.d ro *,t , lrEss dditioB io m@l.sdiE !'dslim.$dic,oil condiri@ EsleiiEly. rr t @F,lrij on conEns h uc e.d *sd.cen 15, 29 md 16 pdcar ud.! ward noFstlcss ondihon 4 complr.d !ow.rcr sh,.$ c@dirioG in mmsl, stinc dd sritu sdic $ir Glp€uEry.

Nunb.r or sili,iu., nurnb.r oa ecd!, K,N! atio, c, Na nbo dd oil p.e.nhBe

w.c EG <leh!e<t undq b.i! sr sred Dd Mr.r.d sts6 condilioc 6 MprEd!o oDly $h sn*d condjri@ Sa[ stx cqr6 mLr sre Undq di<r cnviM.ntwn4 e.op pEdlctior i! d.!.nd6r onl, on nin-fed coditios. fi. ,Fblcm iinoE &vft. und{ walq s@iry. h th. pc* stldy this probld va lddess.d rnd

ciloits wcr. ea'1. io iddlify rh. pomin nt specis of &d,bz r!.1 wis moR

su$.ttibL !o elt str.$ od warer !n $ condirios. ]1E wala rbs ed srt sllls h.d

@r onry aduc.d the wg.lltiw cs*dr h( sllo hrd u i,rpa.r .r ddnly urri snfomtion. Kb@ .d su&mh (2002) ElorEd 6!t &or8ht s!!s duinsEprDducnE delopnar d.oE4d dr e.d ,i.t4 wd nMbd ed c.d w.i8hr.

R.inf.d .o.ditioc Edrced ptdt n i!hr, d.hy.d noh initiarft and Glucrior in rh€

runba of flow.u jn a,6,!i.a gecies (Siigh .1 al,, 2ool).

I. ,. /@.e &@ B a Sndqt dsc& in SDM, (-^a Edo od c.N. ndow'|! D i*tte in elt 6@.rArion ftoo notmr, salift ald srE rodic oik !n<t rw.rd rr.3, ud us!6.d condiri@. HoEq d{, de.la$ @ noE lEra}ud rnddw!1.( slr!*d conditioB .s cor@aEd ro urllrssd conditioE {rig. I2). TIEE ws .d.ceas. I7,2l .nd 2? p@nt h SDM lndd wrcl sfcsse{t condition as cohp.rcd ro

uBts*d condi.im in mmal, sliDc dd salirc-s<tic soil reAectiv.ly, In & Ju.&K . ntio wts d..E.5€d io, 16 &d t2 Fql uder Mter s!!ed condnid 6collp.M i0 uNtr*€d @.dirioc i! !ml, sliN.{, slift s.dic sil E edEly.In ,'./t'.e C.At nrio @.hc@ed t6,25 ud ll FMr uoc. {d str.$.d

96

conditioD a conFed rt unsrc*d condirion! in m@1, srine an{t stiE-lodic eil

In J. ca'p6r.r th.!c ws . grad!.I d.crc6e i, SD1IA r,-/Na mrio dd CrNrotio witt i, incr@ in srtr conchirtion ftom norut, sure .nd ehm sodic Fil.uno.r wrbr sft*d rDd wttsd conditim. HoM ihis d.c@ s6 hoEprofood uad.. wrer sr*d ddid@ s .mpon<l ro lsr*ed codiri@ (Fi8.

I3). Tld.6. d€le i! SDM 22, 29.nd 65 p€Emt E&r kllr srsscd

corditioo a conpsEd !o u*e$.<! condidtu in nomt, elR&d slin odic eilEsprdrrely, h A @?dru:r taNa ntio w d.cEa&d t9,25 and 40 p.dent und.!satcr str.$ed condiri@ s @pa&d lo unstr ed @nditim in rcm.t, stin dnd

$lid-$dio soit GDeiiwly. b t. @ep.$u:, CaNa Etio *s @Eed 24, 32 and 4tp.E.nr u.der Mter ftsd caDdirio s coDp.Ed lo uE6&d cooditios in

nomrl, elinc ard eUE sodic sit epedvclr.

PoL$i@ and 6td6 ioc .,c rlE iopod 'mnLdrs rhi slbw

rnhgoratc ELriorsbip vnh Nal. ft. D.gnihdc of Et{ioD b.seD a aJd N.-, &db.tvcn Ca?' .rd Na' in ptut tis. Eiters lh. loltuc. lev.l or a planr wlEo sEhlncq $u stre$ conditiaa. In ihe p&lent study eith sn i@6e ft etr sft$ tcvctt L\c

ntio olK'ard Cr" wid) E Dal b N!. u! d.cErsd. plmt rot€@c. ro srhnity @yb. mo@ ftlat d to th. Na': K+ Etio in thc ,oll thr, tne rb$luc Na, corcenrrrion {Qhn,r ,4, 200D. Aeording r. MallluL (2006) q!6@ to nigh db@r lercb of trlct.if.c6 Dler waLr Eldio6 &d c@l.s ionic 5e€s in itE rie of 6. eltut.raaquLrion of Na_ i6 lnd stt srE$ .tF implcc heayity o! |n. ho@st sis oa

otl.r io6 sucn d Ca:r lld K'. Tndfora inrac.lrutd K. dd ni.. ho@iaft i!rcquiEd () be Dai.bircd f6 gD"1h lctiviri.s u<Gr slx sN 6 reoldjng ioHa.lawa €, d/ (2OOO) uder elr *&s. , thc mdnleme of Kr and Nrr boncosilli!

b6n.! .v.n morc dcial. Nrr ltls disdpb Kr up6tr. by oot @Is. wtd Na. .nt s

91

c.lL Ed emrbE3 0o hth LEb il h6oG io,jc io .i?lq rr.sfoG.

'tr

plofnt ndc !Eo!g i@ rft.6d rlF ccyG &riviri6 @tlilg. de$r& of

SDM i! both d. sp*i€s, illnog! thi. d.@rc wu ooE in s. cd!61rt, thn tJ!n.e un&r *li dred dd *.r.. !!.rcd co'diriotu @lledwry.

Th. .b6olut dd dcriEd FnD.r.R of bo6 tt i!.ci! wE dnrirct wh.r

r!d. kD 8t!u 'bd.r sft rtc.r {ons win hra !'6 fi. Frfo|r|re of a

/!@d rw dj.tiEt th& t .,rp.*rr ri6 e i4lqE io ett .d qE 3!s, TtE

n.8!iitd. of 8b*rn lB bigtd h t ju@ a coinplld to r @p6rnr.m .tutui9 bqi&s E8.t dE n 8.. ,. /c,@ i! tuE slspru. io w.r.! !r!s !oo4tr€d io ,, .a,?6rir ir slie &d slina3odic &its_

93

T.bl. | 7: Slot L.atl' argl u!., drt og .rd EttdE rw.l hc(RGR) oar4ri.,,/lg ud,. g|rd& rw. h dtr*.rdr!.-llrud6ht.tlt..'.d .!d @.Sd.d olitdoc

i'r''e6 dod dirft,.rnnffit

Soll

5l.tbB t1.1d al.6B 22.8 d 36.9Ic .!6.0 d 20.8 c 28.C 26.0 d 11.5. t9,8C

t6-5 32,7 2a.l

(spbnt-l)2s.9 t 2r.5b 2t,1 A 21.5 r 18,2 b

11,6. ILt d l3_44c t5.3 d 6.r f l0_7c 11.2. 8.9 C

lt.5 t3_1 ll,3

t6,l b 12,l b t1.8AB ll,2d 12.78 8.1c 9.EBc 6,2 t 1.14C 6.9 d 4.1C

ll.2 lt,l

0.261. 0.250 A0.253 b. 0.232 cd 0,24! B 0.2.]2 b 0.2t68

c 0.205 d 0,190 c 0.185 c 0.l6lc0,221 0.22r 0,192

0.430 b 0.!8rb0.1E0 c 0.320 d 0,3108 0.365 c 028rc 0.!25 B

c 0.210f 0,2lo C 0.255. 0,184 t 0l2o c0.t11 0.320 0,153 0.2E4

99

T.!1. 1& Nlob.r of ttlhq, cd! pl.nfr, KN. r.tlo, ClNr ddo ud o[ @.t !bol t@L.JMd ud \ cq,.tt lt trer! b dlfi.olr db. !oit! ud.rr.i63r.4*d ud!o!{rd.d oldldoc

B 29d t2B 2Ad 3lBc l2c t2f l6c

t4 29 t4 2E

728.B 217.1 28t B t26 d l78Bc 36f 60c 261 45C

333 2A tu! 187

1.08. 2.91A !Jl Ia l.9l b r.6l b t.?6 B t.t0b 0.82 b. 0,96 Bc 0.56 C 0.8? b 0.52c 0.70 B

t.88 l.6l t.36 1.02

2.69 b 2,51.B 2.4t b LA2c 2.t28 2,21.b !.868c 0.89 d 0,75C LZzd 0,9 c

2t1 t.?l l.9E t.37oil t%t Orl (%t

l8.ob 38.0. 32.3 b .t5.2 An.o d 10.58 lE.4d

c 18.0f 2t,0c l'r.8 cl!.3 21,7 27,1 &.1

r,la' 6n'i tmru re{r orr F$* di q-i- doEdiGeri'fr.'rrt

too

3

r5

0

A..'d!!r,I.S.rD.ot

!

11.2 11.26.5

c

161

3

2

0

rigrr I t: Efi.ct otX.N. ..'l C!'{. ndo o! dry ms otlh@r ortNta.tw aroln tn t..!dru!.Edlcaoitud.ra.t r&@.d ud loErtM.d .o!dt{oB,

t0t

2

1.5

I0.5

0

A. No6.l oit, I . S.li. ftil

3

2t.5

1

0.50

9d!

Figo& 13: Efct ol&t{. .!d C.N. ndo o! drr trs ofll@rofrral@ e,rp.intr 3om t. rlr. od ,rtir. ,.dtcsil .d.r *.t r .tB4t .!d lor{tFs.d .odti@.

SUMMANY

h P.lis6r ,E i.a./!,'@ .rd a .ad?6i,n c g&q 6 oits€d cbps ald

i€€ehnbs 6 w.ll. r/e!! sr..i6 e 8rcq jn 6bi (pinr..) sao un&r hyp€r &id

cletic conditioB. h PatirEo fi.rd ciops e uinly i,ieAbd by cek, howeE,

about onc did oa the blil culrivrtod tlDd i. ohi.4 wh.rc 6in frll is wiabL .nd

upEdicbble, oadE bt l6t73,5 thouend hetle sirieto<tic 5ojl, cultiv.i.d pdi.nis 45% and r!. est is urcultivalcd, pt.nrs usulty.xpfic,c. a fluctualing @la slTply

duing then tie crole duc b cominuously ch.Dsing clidadc frtoE. Tbe pEmi study

M conductd !o ob*d. thc .d.cr ot wrt ! !tr.$ o, gowlh psBDcl6, Elation

arMg difIeml ioa ud i6t ct of wd.r lqBs du. io otl sr.s on gb*I ald ionic

pam.ie6. Th. studL! *@ coDd@t d sjDg two f.cior RCBD. The ef..b of sali

(Nacl .ppli€ti@) Dd rlt r slw (poty .dyt rc rtycol .pgliqtioD, rEG) msodi.d d *.d gmin ri6 .!d Egci.dw genn of sai.a @r?6h:, .d ai@a. vescorirc sDwln ald ioic coFcnr,.tic of Mr e,l sh6t re studi.d

und.r en .nd *a6 stls rr C.,, dnd S +pliotion. Cbwln p.rmeh a.d idicrelarios e.e .l$ .mdid in !l)@1, sli!. .!d sliE{.dic $il3 nndd Rier si6edu{ don-*ess.n condftioE S..d gmjddon of a,srta .a,pdrnr ard A rr,.eaws sicridcdrly {p< 0.01) ilnmccd by slr !!r$ $in8 dih.ftnt concdrnio,s or

NrCl od PEC, Wid e ietle i, osnotic ,oi.d ecmimtion p.rc@lase *as

<tecE@d. The drl:@ w.s hj8h.r in t c.np.,h, t n B. jnc.r. A nrtd sall stre$

incll:sd ge@iution in lh. l.i.r !Fci.5. rn ilc shoot lnd rcot ot a jwa t s

p.ftent ofPlc apptication, fooncnFrtion inc@ed b or tO,15and20 percenr

or PFG app!c ron K' EDh.d inuhgodltlc rtlrM kd bc(ein8 w,re, !06B. mpdtis .nd B- j@q v.ft 8om hydrorEnic.Iy for 42 drys u.de, st sesad wilirsts* aira diE@nt cfu.nmdtu of N.Ct dd pEO E,p€tiwly

t02

t0,

b L eap8tir shool .!d Eol ktrgth ri@r t6h nB (SFM), mt fi6n 16(Rn{), sl$.t dry 6 (SDiO, et dry nB (tDM), Ehtir sbwr! Ec EGR) and

Ieaf ea rario (t-AR) EE daElsd with.D i,.:!g i, .[cs ft. srs iDp&r w.s

higbet in a. cadpshit nbt B. jnt.u, tn B. en?.tki, tnd B ju.e, sodius ion had

antasmislic r€hti$ wnn K', Car' . p dd S. Sodiuh ion hrd nesativ. l'tu,r rel*ion

wi$ K', Crr'. P and S, The v.gchtiv. soMn .nd ionio concdn ron or shoo! and

oo1 or B6si.4 .a,pd,hi and ,. /,,..c wcc rif.cEd ljgnifiqndy (p< O.0l) at

diff.eDt coDmtdrios of c.lciuD lppliclrion 6 CrSO|,2!LO ud{ 60 mM of NaCl

stu and r0 D€fol PEG usins nuricnt sotulion !t vcgebtiv. sLge . tn B. canp5tti,

'rn r.Jd.€a sh@t ild et l.n8rh, SFM, RtM, SDM, RDM, RCR and t_A w@

in@s.d B..dElly wi.h d irc@s.d Cr:'{pliqtjon h l]E @t Dcdjrn rn Aiea4 onFrd 0o r. @prrrrir, shoor Dd mt hngdr SFM, RFM, SDi4 rDM, RGR

.nd raR wE higns. tn A. catnpu*: ntn B.ptm. lvfrge al. of Ca,r inbke

G.),.v@ge EE orcf h6pod (fuJ and,.cirE lriliario Er. or ca,'(0 d rci@as.d win e iDl4 i! C.l com6htio., jd tn. mt tu{tiu . The ws€t tiv.

8tun[ rnd ionic c@alf.dos of 3h@r !trd hr ot rsrd, .d? 6'is .ad B jscea

wwafretdsic ic.ndy (p< 0,01) rt <rifidr dc.,c.rios of sulphw arplication

6 O'Hr)lSOr uldq 60 mM of NrCl !d lO p.Gnr pEO lsing tuEienr slution. rn

BBiu unpestri:: and a. ju.eo !h@r lnd ror l.ng0\ SFM, RFM aDd RDM reE

ircss.d win\ m irccas ir S conc.nc.rion ipDli.d in LIF @l n diun. As conped

ro B..anpeshs, inB. juncea h. ierca& jD rh. rbovc gslrt p.6net6 ws hiener

at thcn Espedrc S appuclti@, Ia BrNica unpestt, .nn D. jh.e, t, fu bd 0s

wa tussd witil an ircqsc iD S cmar i@, coi1]t &d ionic com..r.ado6 of

st@r of B. codp*trit zd B. junce E5po.d.d sirrificudy (p<0.05) i, slim and

sliE-sdic eil un&! *.r.r sr6sd .!d rcn*fts conditjos. Sb@i tensn\ fiesh

rc sbm! dy lt8 dbor rnd eLtiE 8oeth n& w.e rtrad udq noisne

104

EsiG ofdE sli* eik. A d!.t* i! sh@t t .gllr SFM, SDM.flt SRGR ruobcdrd in borh I[. 6t€iq unrta {rie lrd rliE{dic $it. How.E rF i.ductio irdE rbov. FE@E6 w high.r in B, Mpahn tlrn 6,t ot t j6@. No oasitiaa

s&. K l! ntio, C, N. .tio .nd oit !@.nt g. r@ d..tirEd hoc un&r slr Ide:r!r n4r.d @ldititu d& rhs. udd dt !r4!.<t @..tiriod dorc. Id dE ,@n1

sody il ws found ihrl A/m@ G noc.farci.nr th! r. .d,ss,l:, r! gfrjntio,rv.8.r.dE ud dtuiry !r.8.5 un&r slt !o!$ .id *rb. sn s codirioG. At low {ltsdrs rhc ok of K'6 Dc pr.@.d h,.y',@ lt ! th.r h,..o@i,:,. Undcr

hild $!$ of M!...!d rl! dF.lpli{rion ofc.r'.!|(l S w b.efic forgb*lh tdro iEprov. i@ic ELtioBhis. T!. . of inr.t . drlrDorr !d uilianion ofcli. .nd S

&diEd bighd b A Jlea rt tr a ..,9-rr, wil! dEir Sndut jnc|q$ i! d,tw$ n diu !p ro . ryei6c t wt u!d6 Eod.a sEe, of*$.r lrd d! Th. sDrlhxd

'o. F ncras ot, j@ w6 Floi&r dr ttFe of r .4,6d, wi6 oimt4 ilslt !d *!b. na*. En!,,c.d .*lptarid of dhiD,nd suhhu in trE

er E d'@ @y.!t 8.d 8F*1h.nt iiFe ionic ELdGniss in rtae re,iestca!!rar$E rnB @dirjoE .!d unda dE D|!..@ oflodih id.

FM th. D|!qr c*tL Eiou findiiss ncd nr.nri@ fd 6dr!a lE.tLAr u. cs?or ot borh ln. s?ei6 i3 b3t d ,nFiotogialb, n oFN I F borizon fo,

. gdtici.ri !o id.ldt rh. &6 llr sR rn c ,!*oNiE .r .Lhicd t rct ot C.

.!d S +tliqrion sd tulrh.. !o dldtnr. rhe. ud.r ,.Er r!!$ d snr .!ess.

Elet d @ of C.,' s CaSO.. 2H.O dy b..@dg.d in $lim d $lii.r'&dic $ik. C.lciu cqrimdr in och pFbba.ric $ib ih.utd b. lirt d !o $bbitigot C!SO! 2HrO $d ekE&d .ppli{rid .r Ktl s .rlliv{ ch.6cr.ridica, h th. tuway thc @ ofs b fdnh inpoir.t nconuricrt lhoutd b. mo@8cd. Ir ry .bo b.

h.lptul lo daE@ dE pH of slin /sU* sdic eit. .nd to etle ln. spbr. or

The f.dd in .dd .cgion is frcing n\. poblm of wd.r eeity. 11'i. prcblm

be6n6 noE dintrlin8 *hh it i, cd witn slinity^odioity. Ttis rearch

appsocne b lhe olution of such poblcn! wnh es?&i lo specis reSoN i! rle

peGp.chv. of rutienr mlg.D.nt,

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plm.EB orFft sgree 8@typ6, t , ,. Agri. Biot, 3; t0?-509.

alnoSEll C., Coc|, M. A. .id loui'| t. 195, , Ditr@ti.l BuDulrri@ of$.noG r.lsbiquitin nrRNAr duil8 Alotic .mhrr!g@i. .!drrcelopodl Egul.rid ot dFn hat !h@t cstds. pbr thy.iol, lO7: ?6t11t.

AblDrfl\ 4., M. FilclEr, E, I. M.6h, ,A" SEfi&vic, D, S&dqs, D. p. &h.chrD&.

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siriw y4r !r.h, PLlt phFioll 126: !06l-l 07l,

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t5-

AMy@a 19?6. Soil lley of kLhrb4 SoitSwyof l.tn'l! pl.

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@Df.tr <l by ovsrxFBid of I wst r N.'ftf udlorEt in .lu6ridoir&.

S.acF, 25, 125&1258.

&hiar, S,G. .id O, A. Bdtowit' 1988, ChknoDlrlr Oredc Adjuctat !d w.i.r

SEs Efi€t' on hololynrlgb. plut physiot. 88: 2Od2O6.

106

A$El M , M. L N.qvi. 192. Cowrb tld i6 upbL of ftu ,srr.z spp. s .trected

br Narc! ..lio i! sliE i.nd cultuE. z pn.@'pnrsiot B.dar.M, 155: lol-

Aziab, H., B. Cue, d<t E, St udL, 1992 Edects of NaCl ,nd clcl d eter

daBpon dro$ roor c.lk ol tuizc (z& ,a,,J L.) *dlinss fla physiol., 99:

33G394.

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Trib. aeir.e (C@ifft), Tchlic.t Bdtcrin 194, Glrc fttr rsd .!dBiologi.l r\fu6 Rffih, tud.ulrE {d fud-Food C.Dd..

\vlt rr & M, !d D G, Blwi@ 2OOO. EUryd ptldrcdotl dBFr@t 6@do,\ ntl@ltrdon of i6D (n) €duiig qp..i9 i. F. d.fcidr tqrh @t t1,,, adS.i!, 22512l-31.

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Y.rLv, R., T, J, Flov.6 .(l A. R. Y6, 1916. Th. inrclvdcnt of rh. dais?inrjoml

bna flo{ in s.diq !p.it by high..!r<t to*-lodju-tn$toniDg ti@5 ofrie

d.wlopcd thdSn inE -tui.d et..rjod llrIq C.lt E!vid,, 19: 129-336,

Ycdilatu, U., S. Nn, C. Bd-tt|yyjh, L'. Krftri .rn T. B. I(jmid.. l,9?. R@t

.loq$o! h slift $turio Gll.d !o c.tcin biadi$ b Er eI pLletr6br|B. Pltrl .dt $it. !91: 6?.?6.

YiHu.. F-, Y. AiYu, Y. H. F6E .rd A, y, yu8. l9D. t !!@B ot B m thc nuEniml

pttaiolob/ ofnlc lrdd mi.r 6!!s. Chi@ t O €$p Sci.,2l(]): j2-5r.

Yodmv, 1,, v' V.liton .!.1 T. Tsmv. 2OOl. ptur c.poNs b dollht 0!d rr.siol@a Bul8 J. Pl&r Phrriot., Sp€, t*G lE7-206,

a6g g. X lrd E. Blur*dd 20Ol_ TNldic !.ft,roktut ror.ro plDG e@dsb

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?:h4 t, K 2ool., G@tic olj/3i! of pt m $tr t.t@ Binr ,t mbi.loptts thatiw.

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a<L.i, L, H. Azizln, Dd P, M. Ncu!||@ I99O. Der slioity Fd@ go*lh i, rd4et .pid.md ells by irlibi.iig rh.n {p*ity aor clll *.lt ridi6caijon?, phfr

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GROWTH AI,ID IONIC RELATIoNS oF aRAssrcA cA,}'PEsIR,s ANDa- JUI!,ICtA {L.) CZERN & COSS. UNDER TNDUCED SALT STRESS

Badr uz-Zananl Rehana Asghaa M Sahn, SafdarAl'. A.H. Niaz, Arshad Ariand trndad ati Mshmood.

Li.d Reeurces Re*arcn Prcgramne. Instrtute oi Natu€t Resources and Envrcnmen(lt Sc€nc.sN:l orutAgrcutru€t Re*arch c6nr€ stamebad.'Unilssiy of A.id Agiculture. R.watpindi

tcorcspondne A!rho,'s E.mait badto.ar@yahoo coo

r BARO.1, {o.A 9.M ro, s r @e, , ., rr ," 0rl.0r' r''r.012vp!,6-gNrC S5ooratu!o.ra.g

-, 1?-ed hgr c d'e rrr0r rr dr a €,@rn.d, -l

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Edides ,rh61.d dE.c.ds phr.-roisr o'd:€ss

pri']ls s.r 'a@r

omds 6rid rh€ avatd,tiry otr$ afi6d ndtrj.nr

Lora.e and d qrdh {Mhcn:nd KercnM. 1973).

B |ne !'odh edira.J ls3or aedd nq ro

BdmJn d , (2oJ3) r[€.! 6 ddn''.nrar e(€ct olsahil rid d'@oht

rh€p|mJy693slresr€f ano Dd.nF,r.

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arL6r coybea and ,atm: (oowiey and R'hmer, 1993) ndiar mGrard tad,..a) tuinrars rlsher r*t rurgor p@ssuro aidoioer 41 aea and lhereby :chev€6 or.rt* dry&,ghr a.r seed ydd !ide. lemmd drcushi lhan,nt,lwiqh{ err. 1997). Pranr grwrh josponses to

lhe d€gre and duGlbn oror due 1o a sp@r. d srk y

mr@s e shs*s e pt.nt tisu6 a *rerie60:lhal recnlr lom@^csll3!ois'nuEgl'-diGspec'csess.rcsurrl.o 116 arr.Bd K /N. ratus (Mas rcEdu.'!o, 2002). S.I rorhE has bes e,JeJ13.+ .i ,/ . 20!2) hrnEide (1e33) reedd h; iu.€rrd ol Ca_' Mc6l@l€dd€3|he€|€.tros|atrcdispla€.@.lolN. rrom ph3da meF ane su.ta.e ur€erd4dernm€ir.r€tl*r or rodium io^ d

obs.N. rtu np3cr oi d'flR4r elNaC, on lowrrliulrcnc n Mo &rss,c. speoes

{ATER'AIA O MEIHODS

s4ds o, ar.$&. caDpesrra (cy asA) and a lrer(cv BARO. T ) @rd g€hinat.n osin#lh d'slillod wal6.. Fun stunllh nurndr sotrroi{Noasaid..d rnon. 195o) arona90 mM NaC h.viis o6nor'd cdiefkaLions - o 19027,.0 3l and { 42 MFa r€sp€c!

hoasured by Vapour Prc$d€ Ow€sd oia R€.|odseed nqs @Jdr.fpdslc poLs @nian'no .onrnras y 3sai;d ) tL or nuk'dl soluto.4Pra'rd wekry fte rqhr inreNlr' phoroo€rod s.r sdrusred ro 1

103

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€r ea rut' lc.2o2. clohc UsA) Afir re.odno rr6h Es (Fir). rh..$b*re nis€n wih deo.is€d waler,.nd @F 34;EEddo sru. r md 6d pod oc Fbd $mpr63 616 dmdor ma* rOMr ot .adme+ wiar r\rii Golnd srmpras of @r and 3hdd,@ra *Fcreydgenod ir 1 pdchrq H'rlc dladd(onLents (ec) @re ddta'ea ac@fc n! ro NQt.maid Dwe! (200n), Rearv. sMh Er. rRGRr :idL63r a.ea Gto (tAr) ffra €clral.d 5s ov.n bvadri dd 1935) sd!m. pob$um a.d-Fhu;abma s9Dlon s!e.,osp/ Su|phu.

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r@a @s tEhsb rd.Encsds.

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