1

36,+2/2*,((;3(5,0(17$/ N. Lungu

Introducere

3VLKRORJLDH[SHULPHQWDOILJXUHD]vQSODQXOGHvQY PkQWvQVHPHVWUXOGLQDQXO,LvQ VHPHVWUXO GLQ DQXO ,, VHPHVWUHOH L LVFLSOLQD FD DWDUH QX UHSUH]LQW R UDPXUGLIHULWDSVLKRORJLHLvQVHQVXORELQXLWDOXQHLDVWIHOGHGHSDUWDMULDDFXPVXQWGHH[HPSOXSVLKRORJLD VRFLDO SVLKRORJLDPXQFLL SVLKRORJLD HGXFD LHL HWFRPHQLXO VX vO FRQVWLWXLHWHRULD L SUDFWLFD H[SHULPHQWXOXL FD PHWRG GH FHUFHWDUH DFWLY L HILFLHQW LQ DFHDVW SHUVSHFWLY SVLKRORJLD H[SHULPHQWDO HVWH FRPSOHPHQWDU DOWRU PHWRGH GH LQYHVWLJD LHPHWRGD REVHUYD LHL PHWRGD WHVWHORU SVLKRGLDJQR]D HWF FD L SVLKRORJLHL JHQHUDOH)XQGDPHQWHOH SVLKRORJLHL vQ DQVDPEOXO VX Q DFHVW FRQWH[W HD UHDOL]HD] R PDL EXQDGkQFLUHDQR LXQLORU vQVXLWH ODDOWHGLVFLSOLQHSVLKRORJLFHSULQ IL[DUHDDFHVWRUDSHVXSRUWXOcauzal H[SOLFDWLY vQ ED]D SUREDWRULXOXL H[SHULPHQWDO RE LQXW vQ ODERUDWRU Q DIDU GHDFHDVWD SVLKRORJLD H[SHULPHQWDO FRQVWLWXLH LQWHUID D GLQWUH WHRULH L SUDFWLF FRQWULEXLQGDVWIHO ODREXQSUHJWLUHSURIHVLRQDODVWXGHQ LORU vQSHUVSHFWLYDDFWLYLW LL ORUYLLWRDUHGHpsihologi.

0DWHULDOXO GH ID UHSUH]LQW vQWU-R IRUP UHGXV FXUVXO GH ED] 3VLKRORJLDH[SHULPHQWDO vQ SULPD VD SDUWH QHFHVDU SURPRYULL H[DPHQXOXL GLQ VHPHVWUXO 3DUWHD DGRXDYDILUHPLVvQDQXO,,ILLQGQHFHVDUSHQWUXH[DPHQXOGLQVHPHVWUXOGLQDFHVWDQHPHQ LRQDW F HVWH QHFHVDU FRQVXOWDUHD FXUVXOXL GH ED] SHQWUX R LQIRUPD LH PDL FRPSOHWasupra problemelor din materialele reduse.

Bibliografie

1. Golu M., Fundamentele psihologiei (GLWXUD )XQGD LHL 5RPkQLD GH 0kLQH%XFXUHWL

2. Lungu N., 3VLKRORJLH H[SHULPHQWDO (GLWXUD )XQGD LHL 5RPkQLD GH 0kLQH%XFXUHWL

5DGX , UX X , 0DUH V., Miclea, M., Podar, I., Preda, V., Introducere n SVLKRORJLDFRQWHPSRUDQ, Editura Sincron, Cluj-Napoca, 1991

5RFD $O0HWRGRORJLH L WHKQLFL H[SHULPHQWDOH vQ SVLKRORJLH (GLWXUD WLLQ LILF%XFXUHWL

5. Zlate, M., Introducere n psihologie(GLWXUD3ROLURP%XFXUHWL

1. 0HWRGDH[SHULPHQWDOvQSVLKRORJLH

1.1. Definirea experimentului ([SHULPHQWXODUHPHULWXOFQXDWHDSWFDIHQRPHQXOVVHSURGXFGHODVLQHFDvQ

FD]XOREVHUYD LHLFLvOSURYRDFvQFRQGL LLOHGHWHUPLQDWHFRQVemnnd cu rigurozitate datele RE LQXWH 7RFPDL DFHVW FDUDFWHU GH ULJRDUH SH FDUH H[SHULPHQWXO vO LPSULP GH]YOXLULL LFRQVHPQULL IDSWHORU O-DLPSXVFHUFHWULORU3)UDLVVHFRQVLGHUSVLKRORJLDH[SHULPHQWDOFDVXPD GH FXQRWLQ DFKL]L LRQDWH vQ SVLKRlogie prin utilizarea metodei experimentale. $FHDVW GHILQL LH SXQH DFFHQWXO SH SURGXVXO ILQDO DO FHUFHWULL H[SHULPHQWDOH (D SRDWH ILvQWUHJLW SULQ DGXJDUHD SULQFLSLLORU L SDUWLFXODULW LORU VSHFLILFH FDUH IXQGDPHQWHD]utilizarea metodei experimentale n psihologie. 3ULQ XUPDUH SVLKRORJLD H[SHULPHQWDOUHSUH]LQW DQVDPEOXO SULQFLSLLORU QRUPHORU L UHJXOLORU FDUH VWDX OD ED]D RUJDQL]ULL L

GHVIXUULL H[SHULPHQWXOXL vQ SVLKRORJLH FX VFRSXO RE LQHULL GH GDWH YHULILFDWH DVXSUD

UHDOLW LLSVLKLFH.

2

1.2. Scurt istoric al metodei experimentale $SOLFDUHD PHWRGHL H[SHULPHQWDOH OD VWXGLXO DFWLYLW LL SVLKLFH V-a impus n a doua

MXPWDWHDVHFROXOXL;,;PDLSUHFLVvQDQXORGDWFXvQILLQ DUHDSULPXOXLODERUDWRUGHSVLKRORJLHGH FWUH:LOKHOP:XQGW 1832-GH IRUPD LH IL]LRORJ::XQGWGHYLQH LSULPXOSVLKRORJLSURIHVRUGHSVLKRORJLHOD,QVWLWXWXOGHSVLKRORJLHLQL LDWGHHOOD/HLS]LJn laboratorul lui Wundt s-au format pionierii psihologiei experimentale din ntreaga lume. La VFXUWYUHPHLDXILLQ ODERUDWRDUHVLPLODUH vQPDULOHFHQWUHXQLYHUVLWDUH&DWWHOORUJDQL]HD]XQDVWIHOGHODERUDWRUvQ6WDWHOH8QLWH/DERUDWRUXOGHSVLKRORJLHDO8QLYHUVLW LLGLQ%XFXUHWLD IRVW vQILLQ DW vQ DQXO GH SURIHVRUXO&RQVWDQWLQ5GXOHVFX-Motru, care se formase n ODERUDWRUXOOXL:XQGWGHOD/HS]LJLvQFHORUJDQL]DWGH%HDXQLVL%LQHWOD6RUERQD3DULV

&RQWULEX LL vQVHPQDWH OD FRQWXUDUHD SVLKRORJLHL H[SHULPHQWDOH DX DGXV L R VHULH GHFHUFHWWRUL GH DOWH VSHFLDOLW L IL]LFLHQL DVWURQRPL FDUH DX HYLGHQ LDW GDWH H[SHULPHQWDOHuneori cu totul ntmpltor. Astfel, fizicianul Joseph Sauveur de la Flche (1653-1716) a GHWHUPLQDWIUHFYHQ DVXQHWHORUGLQUHJLVWUXODXGLELOIL]LFLDQXO3KLOLSSHGHOD+LUH-1718) IDFHREVHUYD LL DVXSUD LPDJLQLORUFRQVHFXWLYH LDUFKLPLVWXO -DUFHW PVRDUGXUDWDacestora; astronomul W. Herschell (1738- VWDELOHWH OHJL GH DGDSWDUH D RFKLXOXL ODvQWXQHULFLGHWHUPLQ]RQDPD[LPHLVHQVLELOLW LGLQUHWLQfovea centralis); fizicianul italian Venturi GHWHUPLQ vQWLQGHUHD FkPSXOXL YL]XDO IL]LFLDQXO-optician francez Pierre Bouguer (1698- D IRUPDOL]DWPDWHPDWLF SHQWUXSULPDGDW UDSRUWXO GLQWUH H[FLWD LH LVHQ]D LHHDVHPHQHDHVWHQRWDELOFRQWULEX LDDVWURQRPLORU%HVVHO([QHUDODFXQRDWUHDXQRU GDWH DVXSUD WLPSXOXL GH UHDF LH FD L D WHKQLFLORU GH PVXUDUH D OXL /XFUDUHD OXLG.Th. Fechner (1801-1887), Elemente der Psychophysik(OHPHQWHGHSVLKRIL]LFDSUXWvQVHPQHD]vQIDSWDFWXOGHQDWHUHDOSVLKRORJLHLH[perimentale.

7UHEXLH UHOHYDWH GH DVHPHQHD FRQWULEX LLOH PDMRUH DOH XQRU IL]LRORJL GLQ HSRF ODfundarea psihologiei experimentale. Helmholtz (1821- FX WHRULD UH]RQDQ HL DX]XOXL LWHRULD WULFURPDWLF D YHGHULL +HULQJ -1918) a adus date asupra SHUFHS LHL VSD LXOXL DFXORULORU VLP XOXL WHUPLF Q ODERUDWRDUHOH DELD vQILLQ DWH VH XWLOL]DX WHKQLFL SVLKRPHWULFH LGHWHUPLQULSVLKRIL]LRORJLFHGLQWUHFHOHPDLYDULDWHvQFDUHPVXUDUHDSUDJXULORUVHQ]RULDOHLDWLPSXOXLGHUHDF LHRFXSDXXQORFLPportant.

1.3. 3DUWLFXODULW LOHH[SHULPHQWXOXL ([SHULPHQWXO UHSUH]LQW R RUJDQL]DUHPHWRGLF UD LRQDO L SUDFWLF GH WLS VSHFLDO vQ

FDUHFHUFHWWRUXOSURYRDFIDSWHOHSHQWUXDOHGH]YOXLFRQH[LXQLOH$FHDVWFDUDFWHULVWLFGHprovocabilitate a faptelRUHVWHHVHQ LDOSHQWUXGHILQLUHDH[SHULPHQWXOXL5HVSHFWkQGFRQGL LLOHvQFDUHXQIHQRPHQD IRVWSURYRFDWHOSRDW IL UHSURGXVRULGHFkWHRULHVWHQHFHVDULDFHVWDFRQVWLWXLHFHDGHDGRXDFDUDFWHULVWLFDVDrepetabilitatea([SHULPHQWXOYL]HD]SURYocarea XQXLFRPSRUWDPHQWUVSXQVGHWHUPLQkQGX-OVVHPDQLIHVWHVSHFLILFID GHRVLWXD LHGDWULJXURVFRQWURODWSHGLUHF LLOHVDOHHVHQ LDOHGHHODERUDUHLH[SULPDUH&RPSRUWDPHQWXODVWIHORE LQXW vPSUHXQ FX IDFWRULL FDUH O-au determinat, constituie un model experimental, iar DF LXQHDGHRE LQHUHDOXLUHSUH]LQWPRGHODUHDH[SHULPHQWDO

([LVW VLWXD LL GH H[SHULPHQWDUH vQ FDUH FHUFHWWRUXO QX SRDWH LQWHUYHQL vQ SURYRFDUHDIHQRPHQHORUVWXGLDWH(OHVXQWSURYRFDWHGHQDWXUVXEIRUPGHGHUHJOULSDWRORJLFHERDOLQILUPLWDWH L VH QXPHVF IHQRPHQH LQYRFDWH &O %HUQDUG Q DVWIHO GH VLWXD LLH[SHULPHQWDWRUXOVWXGLD]GRDUHIHFWXODFHVWRUGHUHJOULDVXSUDFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLLDFHVWWLSGHFHUFHWDUHSRDUWGHQXPLUHDGHH[SHULPHQWLQYRFDWex post facto)

1.4. Variabile implicate n experiment )DFWRULLPDQLSXOD LGHH[SHULPHQWDWRUSHQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDXQXLFRPSRUWDPHQWFRPSXQ

YDULDELOD LQGHSHQGHQW FRQGL LD GH VWLPXODUH 9DULDELOD LQGHSHQGHQW SRDWH DYHD GLYHUVHJUDGH GH FRPSOH[LWDWH L XQ UHJLVWUX LQILQLW GH YDULD LL FDQWLWDWLYH L FDOLWDWLYH )DFWRUXOGHWHUPLQDW GH FRQGL LD GH VWLPXODUH L YL]DW GH H[SHULPHQW SRDUW GHQXPLUHD GH YDULDELO

3

GHSHQGHQWUVSXQV5HOD LDGLQWUHYDULDELODLQGHSHQGHQWLFHDGHSHQGHQWHVWHGHFDX] efect. VariabilD GHSHQGHQW HVWH HIHFWXO RE LQXW GH FRQGL LD GH VWLPXODUH DVXSUD XQRUcaracteristici comportamentale, determinate experimental.

9DULDELODGHSHQGHQWHVWHDOFWXLWGLQUVSXQVXULOHVXELHFWXOXLODPRGLILFULOHFRQGL LHLGH VWLPXODUH L DUH OD UkQGXO HL JUDGH GLIHULWH GH FRPSOH[LWDWH GH OD UHDF LLOH VLPSOH LUHSHWLWLYH SkQ OD VWUDWHJLLOH GH GHFL]LH0RGLILFULOH YDULDELOHL LQGHSHQGHQWH VH UHIOHFW vQYDULD LLOH UVSXQVXOXL SULQ PHGLHUHD YDULDELOHL LQWHUPHGLDUH UHSUH]HQWDW GH SHUVRQDOLWDWHDsubiectuluiPRWLYD LLDWLWXGLQLHPR LLHWF

)DFWRULLFXQRVFX LFSRWLQIOXHQ DFRPSRUWDPHQWXOVXELHFWXOXLVHQXPHVFUHOHYDQ L. Cei GHVSUH FDUH VH WLD F vQ H[SHULPHQWXO GDW QX LQIOXHQ HD] UVSXQVXULOH VH QXPHVF IDFWRULLUHOHYDQ L$FHWLDSRWILUHOHYDQ LvQVSHQWUXDOWHFRPSRQHQWHDOHFRQGXLWHLVXELHFWXOXLVDXvQDOWH VWUXFWXUUL DOH FRQGL LHL GH VWLPXODUH )DFWRULL GH VWLPXODUH DO FURU HIHFW DVXSUDcomportamentului nu este bine cunoscut, dar este posibil, se numesc SRWHQ LDOL. Pentru a se stabili indicele GH SUHOHYDQ L VHPQLILFD LH D ORU WUHEXLH LQVWLWXLW XQ H[SHULPHQW DQXPH vQFDUHHLVILHXWLOL]D LFDYDULDELOLQGHSHQGHQW

1.5. Controlul variabilelor 3HQWUX D QHXWUDOL]D HIHFWHOH YDULDELOHORU VWULQH GHPHUVXOXL H[SHULPHQWDO VH SRW IRORVL

unele proFHGHHGXSFXPXUPHD] a) L]RODUHD VXELHFWXOXL vQ vQFSHUL VSHFLDOH ODERUDWRU XQGH FRQGL LD GH VWLPXODU

YDULDELODLQGHSHQGHQWHVWHULJXURVFRQWURODWGHH[SHULPHQWDWRU b) PHQ LQHUHD FRQVWDQW D YDULDELOHORU VWULQH LGHQWLILFDWH GDF QX DX SXWXW IL

eliminate); c) EDODQVDUHDHIHFWHORUYDULDELOHORUVWULQHSHQWUXDDYHDHIHFWHVLPLODUH att la grupul

H[SHULPHQWDOFkWLFHOGHFRQWURO d) FRQWUDEDODQVDUHDVDXURWD LDGHH[HPSOXGDFVWXGLHPHIHFWHOH]JRPRWXOXLDVXSUD

DFWLYLW LL DOWHUQP FRQGL LLOH GH OLQLWH L ]JRPRW $ L % SHQWUX D QHXWUDOL]D HIHFWHOHvQY ULL

e) FRQWUROXOYDULDELOHLUVSXQVVHUHDOL]HD]LPSOLFLWGDFVH LQHVXEXQFRQWUROULJXURVFRQGL LDGHVWLPXODUHHDVHPHQHDVHRE LQHSULQFUHDUHDXQHLDWLWXGLQLFRRSHUDQWHGLQSDUWHa VXELHFWXOXL FDUH QX WUHEXLH V ILH VWUHVDW GH FRQVHFLQ HOH SRVLELOH DOH H[SHULPHQWXOXL vQVSHFLDOODHOHYLLVWXGHQ L

2. &RPSRQHQWHOHFHUFHWULLH[SHULPHQWDOH (proiectul experimental)

2.1. Ipoteza &RQVWLWXLHXQXOGLQPRPHQWHOHHVHQ LDOHDOHGHPHUVXOXLUD LRQDO,]YRUkWGLQREVHUYDUHD

IDSWHORU LSRWH]D UHSUH]LQW SURLHF LD UD LRQDO DQWLFLSDWLY SUHGLFWLY DVXSUD SUREDELOLW LLH[LVWHQ HL XQHL UHOD LL vQWUH DFHVWH IDSWH DF REVHUYD LD VH DGUHVHD] FRQVWDWDWLY Lconsemnativ, faptelor date, ipRWH]D vL DVXP ULVFXO FDOFXODW GH DSUHVXSXQH H[LVWHQ DXQRUDnoi, urmnd ca aparatul probatoriu-H[SHULPHQWDOLVWDWLVWLFV-RVDQF LRQH]HSULQYDOLGDUHVDXLQYDOLGDUHXS HODERUDUH LSRWH]D HVWH YHULILFDW H[SHULPHQWDO SULQPRGHODUHD YDULDELOHORUpe cDUH OH LPSOLF L SUREDW FRQWURODW VWDWLVWLF vQ ED]D SUHOXFULL UH]XOWDWHORU RE LQXWH,SRWH]DSRUQHWHGHODDILUPDUHDH[LVWHQ HLXQHLGLIHUHQ HvQWUHYDULDELOHOHGHSHQGHQWHDOHXQRUJUXSXUL GH VXELHF L FD XUPDUH D FRQGL LHL GH VWLPXODUH 6SUH GHRVHELUH GH HD LSRWH]D QXOVWDWLVWLFQHDJH[LVWHQ DYUHXQHLGLIHUHQ HVHPQLILFDWLYHvQWUHDFHVWHJUXSXULFRQVLGHUkQGFUH]XOWDWHOHRE LQXWH VHGDWRUHVF vQWkPSOULL3HQWUXYHULILFDUH VH IDFHSUHOXFUDUHD VWDWLVWLF Ddatelor cu ajutorul testelor de semQLILFD LH=W$2-hi2).

2 EXQ LSRWH] WUHEXLH V vQGHSOLQHDVF XUPWRDUHOH FRQGL LL V ILH YHULILFDELOHFRQRPLFYHURVLPLOLVSRDWILFDQWLILFDELO

4

2.2. 2UJDQL]DUHDH[SHULPHQWXOXLVHOHF LDVXELHF LORU 3HQWUX FDGDWHOHRE LQXWH V SRDW IL comparabile, ntr-XQH[SHULPHQW VHXWLOL]HD]GH

UHJXOGRXJUXSXULGHVXELHF LXQXOGLQWUHDFHVWHDODFDUHVHDSOLFFRQGL LDGHVWLPXODUHVHYD QXPL JUXSXO H[SHULPHQWDO LDU FHOODOW OD FDUH QX VH DSOLF DFHDVW FRQGL LH VH QXPHWHgrup de contrRO 6XELHF LL VHOHFWD L GLQWU-R SRSXOD LH GDW WUHEXLH V ILH HDQWLRDQHUHSUH]HQWDWLYH SHQWUX DFHD SRSXOD LH 6HOHF LD VXELHF LORU VH SRDWH IDFH ILH GXS VLVWHPXOORWHULHLILHvQED]DSDVXOXLVWDWLVWLFQSULPXOFD]ILHFDUHPHPEUXGLQSRSXOD LDGDWSULPHWHXQQXPUGHRUGLQHGH OD OD1$FHVWHQXPHUH VXQW LQWURGXVH vQWU-RXUQGXSFDUHVXQWH[WUDVHODvQWkPSODUHSkQODFRPSOHWDUHDJUXSXOXLGHVXELHF LFHUXWvQFHUFHWDUHQFHOGHDOGRLOHDFD]WRDWSRSXOD LDGDWHVWHvQVFULVSHXQWDEHO /alfabetic sau la ntmplare), din care VH DOHJH SRWULYLW FX LQWHUYDOXO GH VHOHF LH VWDELOLW ILHFDUH DO -lea, al 10-lea, al 20-lea etc. LQGLYLG/HJLOHKD]DUGXOXLVHDSOLFvQVSHFLDOvQFD]XOXQHLSRSXOD LLFRQVLGUDWFDRPXO LPHQHGLIHUHQ LDW/DPXO LPLOH VWUXFWXUDWH VHOHF LD VHSRDWH IDFH vQED]DXQRUFULWHULLFDOLWDWLYHFDOLW LOHPHPRULHLFRWDGHLQWHOLJHQ HWF

2.3. Tipurile de experiment a) Experimentul de confirmare HVWH vQ IDSW H[SHULPHQWXO FODVLF FDUH SURYRDF

fenomenul n conGL LLFRQWURODWHSHQWUXDYHULILFDVXSR]L LDLSRWH]HL b) Experimentul de laboratorLQGLFORFXOXQGHVHGHVIRDUFHUFHWDUHD$UHVHUYLWXWHD

FDUWLILFLDOL]HD]IDSWHOHGDUHVWHPDLULJXURVSHQWUXFEHQHILFLD]GHDSDUDWXUDGLQGRWDUH c) Experimentul naturalVHUHDOL]HD]vQORFXOXQGHVXELHF LLvLGHVIRDUDFWLYLWDWHD d) Experimentul psihopedagogicYL]HD]FRPSRQHQWHOHSURFHVXOXLLQVWUXFWLY-educativ. e) Experimentul invocat (ex post facto HVWH DFHOD OD FDUH YDULDELOD LQGHSHQGHQW HVWH

nonexperimenWDO f) ([SHULPHQWXO IXQF LRQDO XUPUHWH FRYDULD LD VLVWHPDWLF GLQWUH YDULDELOD

LQGHSHQGHQWLFHDGHSHQGHQWVWDELOLQGDVWIHOUHOD LDIXQF LRQDOGLQWUHHOH g) n experimentul factorialVHDOHJGRDUGRXYDORULDOHYDULDELOHLVWLPXOH[SUH]HQ D

VDX DEVHQ D ]JRPRWXOXL L VH XUPUHWH HIHFWXO DFHVWRUD DVXSUD YDULDELOHL GHSHQGHQWH H[FRQFHQWUDUHDDWHQ LHL

h) Experimentul exploratorFHVHvQWkPSOGDFLexperimentul pilot se folosesc ca FHUFHWUL SUHOLPLQDUH L vL SURSXQ SULPXO V LGHQWLfice prin pretestare efectele posibile ale unei variabile, iar cel de-DOGRLOHDVYHULILFHSHXQQXPUPLFGHVXELHF LRSURFHGXUPDLeficace pentru experimentul propriu-zis.

2.4. 3UHOXFUDUHDLLQWHUSUHWDUHDGDWHORU Pentru validarea ipotezei se folosHVF DQXPLWH WHVWH VWDWLVWLFH GH VHPQLILFD LH FD GH

H[HPSOXWHVWXOWVWXGHQWFDUHDUDWJUDGXOGHVHPQLILFD LHGLQWUHUH]XOWDWHOHPHGLLDOHFHORUGRXJUXSXULGHVXELHF LH[SHULPHQWDOLGHFRQWURODFYDORDUHOXLWVDX[2KLSWUDW primul pHQWUXPHGLLLFHOGHDOGRLOHDSHQWUXIUHFYHQ H are o probabilitate (P) de 0,05 sau PDLPLF S

5 F SRW V SXQ vQ HYLGHQ UHOD LLOHGLQWUHGRX VDXPDLPXOWHYDULDELOH H[SULPkQGX-le prin simboluri adecvate (linii, puncte, figuri etc.).

2.5. 7HVWLH[SHULPHQW PDUWLFLSDUHD DFWLY D FHUFHWWRUXOXL vQ SURYRFDUHD IHQRPHQXOXL VSHFLILF SHQWUX

H[SHULPHQW R vQWkOQLP L vQ FD]XO WHVWXOXLDU vQYUHPHFH H[SHULPHQWXO XUPUHWH HIHFWXOPRGLILFULORUYDULDELOHLLQGHSHQGHQWHDVXSUDYDULDELOHLUVSXQVSHQWUXDH[SOLFDUDporturile de FDX]DOLWDWH GLQWUH HOH WHVWXO VH LQWHUHVHD] GRDU GH PVXUDUHD UVSXQVXOXL FD DWDUH LFRPSDUDUHD OXL FX EDUHPXO PHGLD VWDWLVWLF Q YUHPH FH H[SHULPHQWXO vL SURSXQH VGH]YOXLHFDX]DOLWDWHDIHQRPHQXOXLWHVWXOPVRDULDSUHFLD]VWDWLstic fenomenul n scopuri SVLKRGLDJQRVWLFHSUHFLVH VHOHF LD LRULHQWDUHD FRODU LSURIHVLRQDOSVLKRGLDJQR] FOLQLFetc. Unele teste pot fi folosite ca variabile independente n experimentale, iar modelele experimentare pot fi transformate n teste, SULQ EDUHPDUHD ORU LQ FHOH PHQ LRQDWH VHGHVSULQGH UHOD LD GH FRPSOHPHQWDULWDWH PHWRGRORJLF GLQWUH WHVW L H[SHULPHQW5HYHUVLELOLWDWHD GLQWUH HOH DUH R LPSRUWDQ GHRVHELW SHQWUX vPERJ LUHD SURFHGXULORUH[SHULPHQWDOHLSVLKRGLDJQRVWLFH

3. Tehnici psihofiziologice

3.1. 7HKQLFDHOHFWURHQFHIDORJUDILF (EEG) (OHFWURJHQH]D FHUHEUDO SURGXFHUHD GH SRWHQ LDOH HOHFWULFH GH FUHLHU FXQRVFXW vQF

vQDLQWH GH D IRVW SHUIHF LRQDW GH SVLKLDWUXO JHUPDQ +DXV %HUJHU vQ DQXO vQlucrarea sa Asupra electroencefalogramei la om7HKQLFDHHJDIRVWXWLOL]DWLGHLOXVWUXOQHXURORJURPkQ*KHRUJKH0DULQHVFXvQFHUFHWULOHVDOH

((*ODRPDUHvQPRGRELQXLWSDWUXWLSXULGHXQGH99RLFXOHVFX06WHULDGHDin LVWRULDFXQRDWHULLFUHLHUXOXL(GWLLQ LILF%XFXUHWLS

1. Undele alfa (FXR IUHFYHQ GH-FSVFLFOLSHVHFXQGLRDPSOLWXGLQHvQWUHLPLFURYRO L

2. Undele beta (FXIUHFYHQ GH-FSVLDPSOLWXGLQHDGH-25 v; 3. Undele teta (FXIUHFYHQ Dde 4-FSVLDPSOLWXGLQHDGH-20 v; 8QGHOHGHOWD/FXIUHFYHQ DGH-FSVLDPSOLWXGLQHDGHSkQODv. &XP VH REVHUY ULWPXULOH L/ DX XQ ULWPPDL OHQW GHFt L(OH FDUDFWHUL]HD]

DFWLYLWDWHD ELRHOHFWULF D FUHLHUXOXL GLQ DQXPLWH ]one (regiuni), n timpul somnului, dar pot UHSUH]HQWD L DQXPLWH VWUL SDWRORJLFH IRFDUH HSLOHSWRJHQH WXPRUL FHUHEUDOH Q FRQVHFLQ traseele L/SUH]LQW LQWHUHVSHQWUXQHXURORJ3HQWUXSVLKRORJRLPSRUWDQ GHRVHELWRDXundele L. Ritmul cDUDFWHUL]HD]VWDUHDGHUHOD[DUHVHQ]RULDOLPLQWDODVXELHFWXOXLCa urmare, ritmul este caracteristic pentru creierul n stare de veghe, dar n repaos total (n DEVHQ DDIHUHQ HORUVHQ]RULDOH3HQWUXvQUHJLVWUDUHDWUDVHXOXLVXELHFWXOWUHEXLHVVWHDOLQLWLWLFXRFKLLvQFKLLVDXVSULYHDVFRVXSUDID XQLIRUPLOXPLQDWQFD]XODGPLQLVWUULLXQXLVWLPXO VH SURGXFH R GHVLQFURQL]DUH ELRHOHFWULF D SRSXOD LLORU QHXURQDOH GLQ FUHLHU FDUH VHH[SULP SULQ vQORFXLUHD ULWPXOXL cu ritmul , ceva maL UDSLG $DGDU ULWPXO apare n PRPHQWXO vQWUHUXSHULL VLWXD LHL GH UHSDRV VHQ]RULDO L PLQWDO DVWIHO vQFkW FDUDFWHUL]HD]LQWUDUHDFUHLHUXOXLvQVWDUHGHDFWLYLWDWHLQWHQVHSUHVLDWUDVHXOXLLvQORFXLUHDOXLFX, n SULPHOHPRPHQWHDOHDGPLQLVWUULLVWLPXOXOXLH[WHUQPDUFKHD]DSDUL LDUHDF LHL

3.2. 7HKQLFLGHvQUHJLVWUDUHDPRGLILFULORUUHVSLUDWRULL QUHJLVWUDUHDPRGLILFULORU UHVSLUDWRULL vQ DPSOLWXGLQH L IUHFYHQ VH IDFHFXDMXWRUXO

diferitelor tipuri de pneumografe. Pneumograful este format dintr-XQPDQRQGHFDXFLXFOXQJGHDSUR[FPLODWGH

FFD FP FDUH VH OHDJ OD WRUDFHOH VXELHFWXOXL vQ UHJLXQHD GLDIUDJPHL GHDVXSUD HL3QHXPRJUDIXOHVWHSUHY]XWODFDSHWHFXLUHWXULGHSkQ]FDUHVHSULQGODVSDWHDVWIHOvQFkWPDQRQXOGHFDXFLXF V DGHUH OHMHU OD WRUDFHOHVXELHFWXOXL QSDUWHDFHQWUDOPDQRQXOHVWH

6 SUHY]XWFXXQWX HDYGHOHJWXUSULQFDUHVXQWFROHFWDWHYDULD LLOHGHDHUGLQLQWHULRUXOVXGDWRUDWHPLFULORUFXWLHLWRUDFLFHGLQWLPSXOUHVSLUD LHL$FHVWHYDULD LLDOHYROXPXOXLGHDHUVXQWWUDQVPLVHSULQLQWHUPHGLXOXQXLWXEGHFDXFLXFIXUWXQODRFDSVXOGHvQUHJLVWUDUHFDSVXO 0DUH\ &DSVXOD 0DUH\ VH PDL QXPHWH L LQVFULSWRU SQHXPDWLF VDX FDSVXOSQHXPDWLF HVWH IRUPDW GLQWU-R FXWLH URWXQG GLQ PHWDO WDEO FDYLWDU vQ LQWHULRU LSUHY]XW FX XQ WX vQ SDUWHD LQIHULRDU VDX ODWHUDO OD FDUH VH PRQWHD] IXUWXQXOSQHXPRJUDIXOXL 3HVWH SDUWHD JRDO D FDSVXOHL SQHXPDWLFH VH OHDJ IHVW R PHPEUDQ GLQcauciuc foarte elastic, iar deasupra acesteLDvQFHQWUXOHLVHIL[HD]RSDVWLOGHWDEOURWXQGFDUHVSULMLQDFXOLQVFULSWRU

&DSWXOH[WHULRUDODFXOXLLQVFULSWRUDUHIRUPGHSHQL HVWHDVFX LWLVHGHSODVHD]SHFLOLQGUXOXQXLNLPRJUDIXQGHWUDVHD]RFXUEFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHFXDOXUDUHVSLUD LHLVXELHFWXOXL

Kimograful este un aparat de nregistrare format dintr-un tambur (cilindru) metalic care VH vQYkUWHWH URWHWH FX DMXWRUXO XQRU GLVSR]LWLYH GLIHULWH .LPRJUDIHOH PDL YHFKL VXQWDF LRQDWHFXDMXWRUXOXQXLPHFDQLVPGHFHDVRUQLFDUFLDUYLWH]DHVWHUHJODWFXDULSLRDUHGHIUkQDUHDDHUXOXL.LPRJUDIHOHPDLQRLVXQWDF LRQDWHGHPRWRUDHHOHFWULFHHOHFWURNLPRJUDIHFX YLWH] UHJODELO DXWRPDWHPHQ LRQDW F LQYHQWDUHDNLPRJUDIXOXL vQ DGRXD MXPWDWH Dsecolului al XIX-lea, a impulsLRQDW FHUFHWDUHD H[SHULPHQWDO GLQ SVLKRORJLH GRWkQGODERUDWRDUHOH DELD vQILLQ DWH FX GLVSR]LWLYH GH vQUHJLVWUDUH JUDILF D GDWHORU &HUFHWDUHDWLLQ LILF DFWXDO EHQHILFLD] GH UHFRUGHUH PXOW vPEXQW LWH PHUJkQG SkQ OD VWRFDUHD SHcalculator a datelor experimentale.

3HFLOLQGUXONLPRJUDIXOXLVHGHVIRDUKkUWLHDOEFDUHHVWHvQHJULWFXIXPFXDMXWRUXOXQHL OPSL GH SHWURO FUHLD L V-D VFRV VWLFOD3HKkUWLD DVWIHO vQHJULW RULFHPLFDUH D DFXOXLinscriptor al capsulei Marey va trasa o linie continXRDUHFDUHDFvQVFDSVXOD0DUH\HVWHFXSODWSULQIXUWXQXOGHFDXFLXFFXSQHXPRJUDIXODFXOLQVFULSWRUYDWUDVDSHNLPRJUDIROLQLHVLQXRDVFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHFXPLFULOHFXWLHLWRUDFLFHGDWRUDWHUHVSLUD LHLVXELHFWXOXL

3ULQ XUPDUH PRGLILFULOH GLQ UHVSLUD LD VXELHFWXOXL IUHFYHQ D L DPSOLWXGLQHDVLPXOWDQH VDX FRQVHFXWLYH XQHL DFWLYLW L SVLKLFH PRGHODW H[SHULPHQWDO R HPR LH GHH[HPSOX VXQW SUHOXDWH GH SQHXPRJUDI L WUDQVPLVH FDSVXOHL 0DUH\ 0LFULOH PHPEUDQHLcapsulei pneumatice, datorateDFHVWRUYDULD LLGHSUHVLXQHVHWUDQVPLWDFXOXLLQVFULSWRUFDUHOHLPSULP SH FLOLQGUXO vQPLFDUH DO NLPRJUDIXOXL VXE IRUPDXQHL FXUEHQHUHJXODWH FRQWLQXH7UDVHXO GHVFULV GH LQVFULSWRU SH NLPRJUDI H[SULP IRUPD PRGLILFULORU UHVSLUDWRULL DOHsubiectulXL L VH QXPHWH SQHXPRJUDP. ntr-R SQHXPRJUDP SRW IL LQWHUSUHWDWH RULFHPRGLILFUL GH ULWP IUHFYHQ DPSOLWXGLQH GXUDWD LQVSLUXOXL VDX H[SLUXOXL vQ KLSR VDXKLSHUSQHHDOHUHVSLUD LHLVXELHFWXOXLLQL LDWHGHVWLPXOXODGPLQLVWUDW

XSFHKkUWLDvQHJULWFXIXPDNLPRJUDIXOXLDIRVWvQUHJLVWUDWVHVFRDWHFXJULMGHSHFLOLQGUX L VH WUHFH SULQWU-R EDLH GH IL[DUH VROX LH 6FKHOODN VSHFLDO VDX SUHSDUDW GHexperimentator dintr-XQDPHVWHFGHSU LDOFRRORSDUWHEHQ]HQL-30 gr. colofoniu), dXSFDUHVHXVXF

H REVHUYDWPRGLILFULOH UHVSLUDWRULL UHSUH]LQW XQ EXQ EDURPHWUX DO WULULORU DIHFWLYHDOH LQGLYLGXOXL UVSXQ]kQG SULQWU-R FRPSRQHQW QHXURYHJHWDWLY QDWXULL L LQWHQVLW LLVLWXD LHLDIHFWLYHGDWH&DSDFLWDWHDGHLQGXF LHHPSDWLF(identificarea cu personajul) poate fi GHWHUPLQDWSULQWUHDOWHOHLSHED]DDSDUL LHLXQRUPRGLILFULUHVSLUDWRULLFRUHVSXQ]WRDUH

3.3. 7HKQLFLGHvQUHJLVWUDUHDPRGLILFULORUFLUFXODWRULL 0DL GLUHFW OHJDWH GH SURFHVHOH DIHFWLYH SH FDUH OH vQVR HVF L OH H[SULP VSHFLILF

PRGLILFULOHFLUFXODWRULLSRWILSXVHvQHYLGHQ FXDMXWRUXOXQRUWHKQLFLYDULDWHvQIXQF LHGHGRPHQLXO ORU GH UHIHULQ $VWIHO VH SUDFWLF GHWHUPLQUL DOH YDULD LLORU GH SUHVLXQH L GHvolum ale sngelui cu ajutorul sfigmomanomHWUHORULSOHWLVPRJUDIHORU8QLQGLFDWRUSUH LRVSHQWUX SVLKRORJ vO UHSUH]LQW ULWPLFLWDWHD L SUHVLXQHD SXOVXOXL FDUH FXP VH WLH VXIHUDQXPLWHYDULD LLvQWLPSXOGHVIXUULLSURFHVHORUDIHFWLYHDODSDUL LHLUHDF LHLGHRULHQWDUHLn general, n UHDOL]DUHDRULFUHLVDUFLQLH[SHULPHQWDOH0RGLILFULOHSXOVXOXLVHSRWvQUHJLVWUDFXDMXWRUXOVILJPRJUDIXOXLVDXFDUGLRJUDIXOXLFDUHDXGLIHULWHIRUPHvQIXQF LHvQSULPXOUkQG

7

GH ORFXO GH SUHOHYDUH UDGLDO FDURWLGLDQ L vQ DO GRLOHD UkQG GH FRPSOHxitatea lor FRQVWUXFWLY 6H IRORVHVF GH H[HPSOX VILJPRJUDIH SHQWUX SUHOHYDUHD FDSWDUHD SXOVXOXLUDGLDOFDSVXOD/HKPDQSHQWUXSXOVXOFDURWLGLDQVILJPRJUDIXOFXEUDVDUGFDUGLRJUDIXO-DTXHWpentru regiunea sterno-FDUGLDF)XQF LRQDO WRDWHDFHVWHGLVSR]LWLYHVHED]HD]SHSULQFLSLXOSUHOXULLYDULD LLORUGHSUHVLXQHGLQ]RQDYDVFXODUVDXFDUGLDFGHDVXSUDFURUDVXQWPRQWDWHL WUDQVPLWHUHD DFHVWRUYDULD LL ODRFDSVXO0DUH\FDUH OH vQUHJLVWUHD]SHNLPRJUDI VDXDOWdispozitiv de nregistrare).

$SDUDWHOHFDUHSHUPLWvQUHJLVWUDUHDDGRXVDXPDLPXOWHYDULDELOHVHQXPHVFSROLJUDIHOD SROLJUDIH L vQ JHQHUDO OD NLPRJUDIHOHPRGHUQH vQVFULHUHD GDWHORU VH IDFH FX FHUQHDO SHKkUWLDDOEHYLWkQGX-se, astfel, manipularea fumului pentru negrire).

nreJLVWUDUHD ELRSRWHQ LDOHORU HOHFWULFH JHQHUDWH GH SXOVD LLOH LQLPLL XQGD 3 FDUHVHPQLILF GHSRODUL]DUHD L FRQWUDF LD DWULDO FRPSOH[XO 456 UHSUH]LQW GHSRODUL]DUHD LFRQWUDF LD YHQWULFXODU LDU XQGD 7 H[SULP UHSRODUL]DUHD YHQWULFXOLORU VH IDFH FX DMXtorul electro-FDUGLRJUDIXOXL%DQGDGHKkUWLHSHFDUHVHvQUHJLVWUHD]ULWPXULOHELRHOHFWULFHFDUGLDFHVH QXPHWH HOHFWURFDUGLRJUDP (.* &X UHOHYDQ vQ GLDJQRVWLFXO FDUGLRSDWLLORU SHQWUXFDUGLRORJ WHKQLFD (.* HVWH PXOW SUHD ODERULRDV L VODE VHPQLILFDWLY SHQWUX YDULD LLOHFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL UHVSHFWLY SHQWUX SVLKRORJ Q FRQVHFLQ PHWRGD (.* VH XWLOL]HD] vQFHUFHWDUHDH[SHULPHQWDOGLQSVLKRORJLHQXPDLvQFD]XULOHvQFDUHQDWXUDLQYHVWLJD LHLFDDWDUHRUHFODPFDLQGLVSHQVDELO

0RGLILFULOH GH YROXP DOH YDVHORU GH VkQJH VH SXQ vQ HYLGHQ FX DMXWRUXOSOHWLVPRJUDIXOXL XS PRGXO FXP SUHLDX YDULD LLOH GH YROXP DOH YDVHORU VDQJXLQHYDVRFRQVWUXF LD L YDVRGLODWD LD L FXP OH vQUHJLVWUHD] SOHWLVPRJUDIHOH VXQW GHPDLPXOWHtipuri: pletismografe cu DS FODVLFH UHRSOHWLVPRJUDIH HOHFWULFH IRWRSOHWLVPRJUDIH VDXFRPELQD LLGLQWUHDFHVWHD

3.4. Cronaximetria Reobaza SUDJXO JDOYDQLF UHSUH]LQW LQWHQVLWDWHD FHDPDLPLF D XQXL FXUHQW HOHFWULF

FDUH HVWH FDSDELO V SURYRDFHR UHDF LHPRWRULH SULPDVHFXVPXVFXODU/RXLV/DSULTXHDLQWURGXV IXQF LD GH WLPS QHFHVDU XQXL FXUHQW GH YDORDUH GXEO UHRED]HL V GHWHUPLQH XQUVSXQV PRWRU Q DIDU GH YDORDUHD VD GH HOHFWURGLDJQRVWLF FOLQLF vQ OH]LXQLOH QHUYLORUSHULIHULFL LGH UHFXSHUDUHQHXURPRWRULHFURQD[LPHWULDUHSUH]LQWRPRGDOLWDWHHILFLHQWGHH[SORUDUHDVHQVLELOLW LLQHXURPXVFXODUHDWHOHFURQD[LFHSRWGDLQGLFD LLDVXSUDUDSRUWXULORUIXQF LRQDOH GH H[FLWDELOLWDWH L GH FRQGXFWLELOLWDWH vQWUHGLIHUL LL QHXURQL LQWHUPHGLDUL GHSHtraseelH DIHUHQWH L QHXURQLL GLQ ]RQHOH GH SURLHF LH vQ WLPSXO DF LXQLL XQXL H[FLWDQW&URQD[LLOHILEUHORUVHQ]LWLYHYDULD] vQIXQF LHGHVWDUHDIXQF LRQDODFHQWULORUFDUHSRWILvQUDSRUWXULGHKHWHURFURQLVPLL]RFURQLVPDFRUGXOVDXGH]DFRUGXOGHH[FLWDELOLWDWHvQWUHGRXelemente nervoase).

3.5. Electromiografia (EMG) (OHFWURJHQH]D PXFKLXODU SRDWH IL SXV vQ HYLGHQ FX DMXWRUXO HOHFWURPLRJUDIXOXL

$FHVWD HVWH XQ DSDUDW GH FDSWDUH D ELRSRWHQ LDOHORU HOHFWULFH GLQ PXFKL FX DMXWRUXOelectrozilor, de ampOLILFDUHLGHUHGDUHDORUJUDILFVDXYL]XDOSHHFUDQXOXQXLRVFLORVFRS(OHFWUR]LL HPJ VH PRQWHD] vQ IXQF LH GH QDWXUD FHUFHWULL ILH vQ PDVD PXVFKLXODU FXDMXWRUXOXQRUVRQGHVSHFLDOHDFHGHFDSWDUHILHGHDVXSUDXQXLPXFKLVDXJUXSGHPXFKLQ ODERUDWRUXOGHSVLKRORJLHVHIDFvQUHJLVWUULDOHELRSRWHQ LDOHORUPXVFXODUHVXSHUILFLDOHFXHOHFWUR]LPRQWD LSHSLHOHSHIUXQWHvQFD]XOFHUFHWULORUDVXSUDSURFHVHORUDIHFWLYH

,QGLFDWRULL HPJ VXQW UHOHYDQ L SHQWUX VWXGLHUHD VWUXFWXULORU DF LRQDOH DOHFRPSDUWLPHQWXOXL (L GDX LQIRUPD LL DVXSUD VHQVLELOLW LL PXVFXODUH vQ UHIOH[H SRVWXULDOHDVXSUDPHFDQLVPHORUPLFULORU YROXQWDUH L LQYROXQWDUH UHIOH[H D VWULL GH vQFRUGDUH GLQID]D GH SUHJWLUH SHQWUX DF LXQH L GLQ WLPSXO GHVIXUUii ei etc. Date interesante pentru SVLKRORJ VH SRW RE LQH GLQ FRUHODUHD HPJ FX vQUHJLVWUDUHD DFWHORU LGHRPRWRULL

8

PLFURFRQWUDF LLORU PXFKLORU ODULQJHOXL EX]HORU PHPEUHORU vQ WLPSXO UHSUH]HQWULL XQRUDF LXQLPRWRULLvQSURFHVXOIRUPULLGHSULQGHULOor.

3.6. 5HDF LDHOHFWURGHUPDO5( 0RGLILFULOH UH]LVWHQ HL HOHFWULFH D SLHOLL VXQW RELHFWLYDWH VXE IRUPD XQRU YDULD LL DOH

UH]LVWHQ HLXQXLRKPHWUXIRDUWHVHQVLELOGHFODVDD-9, de exemplu). n dotarea laboratoarelor de psihologie exista multe tipuri constructive de galvanometre, care au diverse grade de VHQVLELOLWDWH5(HVWHXQEXQLQGLFDWRUDOVWULORUHPR LRQDOH$IRVWRYUHPHFkQGUHGDIRVW FRQVLGHUDW XQ LQGLFDWRU VLJXU L FRPRG DO JUDGXOXL GH vQFUFDUH HPR LRQDOPsihogalvanometrele au fost folosite pentru a-L GHWHFWD SH FHL FDUH DVFXQG DGHYUXODD-QXPLWHOH GHWHFWRDUH GH PLQFLXQL vQ VSHFLDO vQ FHUFHWDUHD MXGLFLDU $VW]L vQ DFHVWVFRS VXQW XWLOL]DWH SROLJUDIH FRPSOH[H FDUH vQUHJLVWUHD] VLPXOWDQ PDL PXOWH YDULabile QHXURYHJHWDWLYH D FURU UHOHYDQ VH SRDWH DSUHFLD SULQ FRUHOD LD GLQWUH HOH L VWLPXOXODGPLQLVWUDWVXELHFWXOXL(QXPHUDUHDFkWRUYDGLUHF LLGHLQYHVWLJD LHH[SHULPHQWDOFXPHWRGDUHG UHDOL]DWH vQ WUHFXWSRDWHVXJHUDQRLRULHQWULDOHDFHVWHLDUHGvQVRPQLKLSQR] ODVWLPXOLVHQ]RULDOL vQHODERUDUHDGHUHDF LLFRQGL LRQDWHSR]LWLYHLQHJDWLYHUHG ODFXYLQWHVLWXD LLVDUFLQLHWFFXvQFUFWXUHPR LRQDOvQUH]ROYDUHDGHSUREOHPHHWF

7LPSXOGHUHDF LH75

Unul dintre LQGLFDWRULLSVLKRIL]LRORJLFLFXRODUJXWLOL]DUHvQODERUDWRDUHOHGHSVLKRORJLHWUDQVSRUWXULLQGXVWULHFOLQLFHVWHWLPSXOGHUHDF LH

QPRGRELQXLWWUGHILQHWHLQWHUYDOXOGHWLPSGLQWUHVWLPXOLUVSXQV3ULQXUPDUHWUPVRDU YLWH]D FX FDUH VXELHFWXO UVSXQGH OD R VDUFLQ H[SHULPHQWDO GDW $SDUDWXUD GHPVXUDUH WUHEXLH V ILH SUHY]XW FX GLVSR]LWLYH GH SUH]HQWDUH FRQWURODW D VWLPXOLORU L FXLQVWUXPHQWHGHPVXUDUHDWLPSXOXL$VWIHOGHWHKQLFLDXVXIHULWvPEXQW LULSHUPDQHQWHGH-a lungXO YUHPLL Q GRWDUHD XQXL ODERUDWRU GH SVLKRORJLH VH DIO GLVSR]LWLYH GLQWUH FHOH PDLYDULDWH SHQWUXPVXUDUHD WU FURQRVFRDSH FODVLFH FXPHFDQLVPGH FHDVRUQLF FURQRVFRDSHHOHFWULFHFURQRVFRDSHHOHFWURQLFHFXDILDUHGLJLWDOQXPHULFSURJUDPDUHD pe calculator a WUFXDMXWRUXOXQHLLQWHUIH HSHQWUXSUH]HQWDUHDVWLPXOLORULSUHOHYDUHDUHDF LLORUVXELHFWXOXLQFD]XOXQRU UHDF LLFXGXUDWHPDLPDULGHWLPSDDFXPVXQWSHUIRUPDQ HOHVSRUWLYHL vQJHQHUDOUHDF LLOHPDLFRPSOH[HVHSRWXWLOL]DFURQRPHWUHOHRELQXLWHVDXVHFXQGH

LVSR]LWLYHOH GH VWLPXODUH XWLOL]HD] GH RELFHL H[FLWDQ L YL]XDOL L DXGLWLYL OXPLQLFRORUDWHVRQHULLJHQHUDWRDUHGHVXQHWHGHRDUHFHDFHWLDSRWILPDQLSXOD LPDLXRULGR]D Lmai riguros cu ajutorXOFXUHQWXOXLHOHFWULFLQWHQVLWDWHGXUDWIUHFYHQ HWF&RQWUROXOXQRUVWLPXOL VSHFLILFL DOWRUPRGDOLW L VHQ]RULDOH JXVWPLURV WDFW HWF HVWHPDL GLILFLO&X WRDWHacestea, s-DX HIHFWXDW QXPHURDVH FHUFHWUL H[SHULPHQWDOH DVXSUD WU SH ED]D XWLOL]ULL XQRUVWLPXOLJXVWDWLYLROIDFWLYLGXUHURLHWF

H REVHUYDW HIHFWXO GLIHUL LORU IDFWRUL LQWHUQL L H[WHUQL FDUH LQIOXHQ HD] WUFactori interni FDUH LQ GH VXELHFW L SHUVRQDOLWDWHD VD YkUVW SURIHVLH VH[ VWDUH GH VQWDWHRERVHDO VWUXFWXU GLQDPRHQHUJHWLF GH SHUVRQDOLWDWH factori externi FDUH LQ GH VWLPXO LPRGDOLWDWHD VHQ]RULDO WHVWDW WU HVWHPDL VF]XW OD VWLPXOL DXGLWLYL GHSLQGH GHSDUDPHWULLfizici ai stimulilor; de nivelul de zgomot; de temperatura mediului ambiant; de zRQDVHQ]RULDOVWLPXODW GH GXUDWD IUHFYHQ D LQWHQVLWDWHD LQWHUPLWHQ D L DOWHUQDQ D VWLPXOLORU HWF 7UUHSUH]LQW REOLJDWRULX PHGLD XQXL QXPU PDUH GH GHWHUPLQUL SDUWLFXODUH -30). Cu ct QXPUXO DFHVWRU vQFHUFUL HVWH PDL PDUH FX DWkW QXPUXO erorilor metodologice este mai VF]XW

9 5. HPRQVWUD LLLOXFUULSUDFWLFHvQGRPHQLXOVHQ]D LLORULSHUFHS LLORU

5.1. 6HQVLELOLWDWHDFXWDQDW D 3HQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD VHQVLELOLW LL GH FRQWDFW DWLQJHUH VH XWLOL]HD] SURED +HDG

3URFHGXUVXELHFWXOFXRFKLLvQFKLLWUHEXLHVVHVL]H]HDWLQJHUHDSLHOLLGLQGLIHULWH]RQHFXREXFDWGHYDW

E 3HQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD SUDJXOXL VSD LDO WDFWLO PLQLP VHSDUDELOH VH XWLOL]HD]HVWH]LRPHWUXO :HEHU 6SHDUPDQ9RQ )UH\ VDX DOW WLS$FHVWD DUH IRUPD XQXL XEler cu 2 YkUIXULDVFX LWHODSDUWHDGHvQFKLGHUHFLWLUHDILLQGLGHQWLFFXDXQXLXEOHURELQXLWJUDGGHprecizie 1/10 m/m 3URFHGXU VH DWLQJH SLHOHD VXELHFWXOXL GLQ GLIHULWH ]RQH VSUH H[HPSOXIUXQWH DQWHEUD YkUIXO GHJHWHORU FX FHOH DFH DOH HVWH]LRPHWUXOXL L L VH FHUH V DSUHFLH]HPRPHQWXOFkQGVLPWHDWLQJHUL6HFLWHWHGHVFKLGHUHDvQPLOLPHWULL]HFLPLGHPLOLPHWULODFDUHVXELHFWXODIFXWDSUHFLHUHD6HFDOFXOHD]SHXQQXPUPDUHGHvQFHUFULDSUR[-40), PHGLD DFHVWRU PVXUWRUL SDUWLFXODUH 6H IDFH SUHFL]DUHD F VXELHFWXO WUHEXLH V LQ RFKLLvQFKLLvQWLPSXOHIHFWXULLSUREHL

3RWULYLW DFHVWHL PHWRGH PVXUWRULOH VH IDF SH GRX FRRUGRQDWH DVFHQGHQW LGHVFHQGHQWQVHULDDVFHQGHQWVHSRUQHWHGHODYDORDUHDFHDPDLPLFDGHVFKLGHULLEUD HORUHVWH]LRPHWUXOXL LGHQWLILFDWH GH VXELHFW FDR VLQJXU DWLQJHUHHVFKLGHUHD FHORUGRX EUD HFXUVRUXO L QHUQLHUXO VH FUHWH WUHSWDW SkQ FkQG VXELHFWXO DSUHFLD] F D VHVL]DW GRXatingeri.

$FHDVWYDORDUHQRWDWFXvQILJXUVHUH LQHFDSUDJDEVROXWDVFHQGHQWSHXQQXPUPDLPDUHGHGHWHUPLQULFXPV-DPHQ LRQDWQVHULDGHVFHQGHQWVHSRUQHWHGHODRYDORDUHPDUH D GHVFKLGHULL HVWH]LRPHWUXOXL VXELHFWXO VHVL]HD] IU GXELL GRX DWLQJHUL $FHDVWGHVFKLGHUH HVWH PLFRUDW WUHSWDW SkQ FH VXELHFWXO GHFODU F LGHQWLILF R VLQJXU DWLQJHUHQRWDWFX vQILJXU6HUH LQHLDFHDVWYDORDUHFDSUDJDEVROXWGHVFHQGHQW3HQWUXDDIODSUDJXODEVROXWUHDOQHYRPIRORVLGHUHOD LDVLPSO

Pa + Pd Pr = XQGH3UHVWHSUDJXODEVROXWUHDO3DSUDJXODEVROXWDVFHQGHQWL 2

Pd, pragul absolut descendent. La rndul lor, pragurile particulare vor fi tot valori medii, UH]XOWDWHGLQ VXPDPVXUWRULORU LQGLYLGXDOHDVFHQGHQWH LGHVFHQGHQWH vPS LW ODQXPUXOGHWHUPLQULORUHIHFWXDWH1DVWIHO

x1a + x2a + x3a ....+ x1d + x2d + x3d ....+ P.a. = ; P.d = N N

F6HQVLELOLWDWHDEDUHVWH]LFGHSUHVLXQHVHGHWHUPLQFXDMXWRUXOEDUHVWH]LRPHWUXOXLCel mai cunoscut, baresteziometrul Eulemburg, este format dintr-R WLMH PHWDOLF FDUH ODDSVDUHSHRVXSUDID WHJXPHQWDUDVXELHFWXOXLDF LRQHD]DUWWRUXOSHXQFDGUDQPDUFDWLetalonat n grame (0 JU6XELHFWXOWUHEXLHVDSUHFLH]HLQWHQVLWDWHDDSVULLFXSkUJKLDEDUHVWLRPHWUXOvQGLIHULWH]RQHVHFDOFXOHD]PHGLD

G 6HQVLELOLWDWHD SDOHVWH]LF YLEUDWRULH VH GHWHUPLQ SULQ DH]DUHD SH SLHOH DPkQHUXOXL XQXL GLDSD]RQ vQ YLEUD LH 3H XQ QXPU GH GLDSD]RDQH DSURSLDWH FX IUHFYHQ VHSRDWH VWDELOL FDSDFLWDWHD VXELHFWXOXL GH D VHVL]D FHOHPDLPLFL GLIHUHQ H vQWUH DFHVWHD SUDJGLIHUHQ LDOSDOHVWH]LF

e) SenVLELOLWDWHD WHUPLF SHQWUX FDOG L UHFH VH GHWHUPLQ FX GLYHUVH WLSXUL GHtermoesteziometre. Acestea pot fi simple (ca de exemplu termoesteziometrul Righini), sau complexe (ex. termocuplele).

Termoesteziometrul clasic Righini este format dintr-XQ QXPU Ge mici containere, L]RODWH WHUPLF vQ FDUH VH LQWURGXFH DS GH GLIHULWH WHPSHUDWXUL XUPkQG FD VXELHFWXO V OHRUGRQH]HFUHVFWRUVDXGHVFUHVFWRUGXSJUDGXOGHvQFO]LUH7HUPRHVWH]LRPHWUHOHHOHFWULFHWHUPRFXSOHOH VH ED]HD] SH IHQRPHQXO IL]LF DO WHUPRHOHPHQWHORU OD SXQFWXO GH VXGXU D

10

GRX HOHPHQWH GLIHULWH FD GH H[ FXSUX L FRQVWDQWDQ LD QDWHUH XQ FXUHQW HOHFWULF GDF VHDSOLFRGLIHUHQ GHWHPSHUDWXU

I$FXLWDWHDWDFWLOVHSRDWHGHWHUPLQDSULQPDLPXOWHSURFHGHHvQWUHFDUHPHQ LRQP 1. cu ajutorul tactometrului; FXDMXWRUXOSOFLORUWDFWLOH 1. Tactometrul (sau tactilometrul Schultze) este un dispozitiv de angrenaje mecanice

FDUHODDF LRQDUHDXQXLEXWRQGHQLYHOHD]GRXVXSUDIH HPHWDOLFHOXFLRDVHIFkQGDVWIHOVDSDUXQDQ vQWUHHOH0DQLSXOkQGDFHVWEXWRQVXELHFWXOWUHEXLHVFUHDVFVDXVHJDOL]H]HGXSFD]SULQSLSLUHFXGHJHWXODQ XODSUXW$EDWHUHDVHFLWHWHODRIDQWGHREVHUYDUH

3OFX HOHWDFWLOH0RHGHvQQXPUGHDXJURVLPLGLIHULWH3ULQSLSLUH subiectul WUHEXLH V RUGRQH]H FUHVFWRU VDX GHVFUHVFWRU GXS JURVLPH SOFX HOH GDWH GHexperimentator. Aprecierea se face pe baza sumei brute a abaterilor, astfel:

RUGLQHDUHDODSOFX HORU 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 RUGLQHDDSUHFLDWGHVXELHFW 1 2 4 5 3 6 8 7 9 10 LIHUHQ D 0 0 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 0

Suma 1+1+2+1+1 = 6

3HRVFDUGHUDQJVHSRWRUGRQDVXELHF LLGXSDFXLWDWHDORUWDFWLO Lucrare de laboratorVHYRUH[HUVDDPEHOHWKQLFLGHGHWHUPLQDUHDDFXLW LLWDFWLOH

5.2. SHQVLELOLWDWHDYL]XDO $ 3UDJXO GLIHUHQ LDO YL]XDO D FUXL YDORDUH D IRVW VWDELOLW SRWULYLW OHJLL %RXJXHU-

Weber-)HFKQHU OD VH SRDWH GHWHUPLQD SULQWUH DOWHOH FX DMXWRUXO IRWRPHWUXOXL Lplastiscopului.

1. Fotometrul este dotat cu un vizor care pHUPLWHREVHUYDUHDXQXLGLVFODOXPLQDOEVDXFRORUDWFXDMXWRUXOXQRUILOWUHVSHFLDOHLVFXOSRDWHILOXPLQDWSHQWUXFkWHRMXPWDWHDVWIHOvQFkWvQWLPSFHXQDGLQHPLVIHUHSRDWHILvQWXQHFDWFHDODOWSRDWHILLOXPLQDWFDvQfigura de mai jos.

Discul fotometrului E1 = emisfera 1 E1 E2 E2 = emisfera 2

3URFHGXUDH[SHULPHQWDOSRDWHILIRORVLWvQGRXYDULDQWH: D 6XELHFWXO DUH VDUFLQD V DGXF GLVFXO OD DFHODL QLYHO GH LOXPLQDUH PDQHYUkQG

tamburul cu care este echipat fotometrul; E6XELHFWXOSULYHWHGLVFXOWLPSGH 3 minute (aprox.) la o intensitate de iluminare

FXQRVFXW XS DFHDVW SHULRDG VH FUHWH VDX VFDGH GXS FD] QLYHOXO GH LOXPLQDUH DGLVFXOXLFXIUDF LXQLPLFLSkQFkQGVXELHFWXOVHVL]HD]RQRXFDOLWDWHDVHQ]D LHLOXPLQRDVHPDLLQWHQVVDXPDLVODEGXSVHQVXOvQFDUHDIRVWPRGLILFDWLOXPLQDUHD

3ODWLVFRSXO HVWH DOFWXLW GLQWr-XQ GUHSWXQJKL PHWDOLF SUHY]XW FX GRX IDQWHGHVFKL]WXULDFURUPULPHSRDWHILUHJODWFXXQEXWRQGHDF LRQDUH

9DORDUHDGHVFKLGHULL IDQWHORUHVWH LQGLFDWGHXQ LQVWUXPHQWGHPVXU WLSXEOHUFX1/10 mm).

3URFHGXUDVHIL[HD]XQDGLQIDQWHODRGHVFKLGHUHFXQRVFXWGHH[SHULPHQWDWRULLVHcere subiectului ca, manipulnd butonul de reglaj, s-R DGXF L SH FHDODOW OD DFHHDLGLPHQVLXQH6HFLWHVFDEDWHULOHGHHJDOL]DUHSHLQVWUXPHQWXOGHPVXU

11

%HWHUPLQDUHDDFXLW LLYL]XDOH Prin acuitatHD YL]XDO VH vQ HOHJH FDSDFLWDWHD RFKLXOXL GH D GLVWLQJH GLVWDQ HOH PLFL

GLQWUHRELHFWHVDXGLVWDQ DPLQLPODFDUHVXELHFWXOGLVWLQJHGRXSHWHGHOXPLQvQORFGHXQD VLQJXU VDX GRX SXQFWH QHJUH VDX GRX OLQLL RUL]RQWDOH DWXQFL FkQG GLVWDQ D GLntre DFHVWHDHVWHIRDUWHPLF$FXLWDWHDYL]XDOHVWHGDWGHFLGHSUHFL]LDFXFDUHVXQWSHUFHSXWHGHWDOLLOH L FRQWXUXULOH L vQ FRQVHFLQ VW OD ED]D SHUFHS LHL YL]XDOH D RELHFWHORU$DGDUDFXLWDWHD YL]XDO UHSUH]LQW SXWHUHD UH]ROXWLY D RFKLXOXL FDSDFLWDWHD VD GH D GLIHUHQ LD GRLH[FLWDQ LSULQVWDELOLUHDDFHOXLPLQLPXPVHSDUDELOHGLQWUHHLGLVWDQ DPLQLPGHVHSDUD LHDdoi stimuli). Liniile sau contururile stimulilor vizuali situate mai aproape unele de altele dect minimul separabil se contRSHVF vQFkW GDF VXQW IRDUWH DSURSLDWH SDU RPRJHQH 7HVWHOH GHGHWHUPLQDUHDDFXLW LLYL]XDOHYL]HD] WRFPDLYHGHUHDGHGHWDOLXLVHH[SULPGHUHJXOvQPLQLPXP YL]LELOH GLVWDQ D FHDPDLPLF OD FDUH SRW IL LGHQWLILFDWH GRX SXQFWH OXPLQRDVHdistincte sau posibilitatea de distingere a firului cel mai fin de pe un fond omogen). Testul IRORVLWvQSUDFWLFDRIWDOPRORJLFvOUHSUH]LQWVFDUDYL]XDOVDXRSWRWLSLLSURSXVGH6QHOOHQvQ GH XQGH L GHQXPLUHD GH WDEHOXO OXL 6QHOOHQ 6XQW OLWHUH FDUH VFDG vQPULPH FXILHFDUH UkQGXUPkQGFD VXELHFWXO V OH LGHQWLILFHGH ODPGLVWDQ Q WHKQLFDGH ODERUDWRUSHQWUXGHWHUPLQDUHDDFXLW LLYL]XDOHVWDWLFHVHIRORVHVFGLIHULWHGLVSR]LWLYHFDUHSUH]LQWILJXULgeometrice, puncte sau linii foarte finH FH SRW IL VXSUDSXVH VDX GLIHUHQ LDWH VDX SURLHFWDUHDacestora).

&HWHUPLQDUHDFURPRVHQVLELOLW LL 6HQVLELOLWDWHD FURPDWLF SRDWH IL WHVWDW SH GLUHF LD WRQDOLW LL FURPDWLFH L D

VDWXUD LHL D3HQWUXFHUFHWDUHDWRQDOLW LLFURPDWLFHVHIRORVHWH fotometrul (colorimetrul) ca cel

GHVFULV IRWRPHWUXO3XOIULFK FXREVHUYD LD F DLFL VH IRORVHVF ILOWUHOH FRORUDWH$FHVWH ILOWUHODVV WUHDFQXPDLUD]HOHVSHFWUDOHFXRDQXPLW OXQJLPHGHXQGFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHFHORUculori (r.o.g.v.a.i.v.). ProceduUDHVWHLGHQWLFVHIL[HD]RHPLVIHUODRWRQDOLWDWHGDWUHSHUVXELHFWXOWUHEXLQGVDGXFLFHDODOWHPLVIHUODDFHHDLYDORDUH6HFLWHVFDEDWHULOHSHFDUHED]VHDSUHFLD]VHQVLELOLWDWHDVXELHFWXOXLID GHWRQXOFURPDWLF

b) Pentru cercetareD FDSDFLW LL GH GLIHUHQ LHUH D FXORULORU GXS VDWXUD LH VH IRORVHWHPHWRGDGLVFXULORU URWDWLYHLVFXO URWDWLYDUHVHFWRDUHvQFDUHFXORULOHGHFRPSDUDWVHDIO vQSURSRU LL GLIHULWH 3ULQ vQYkUWLUHD GLVFXOXL FX XQ PRWRUD HOHFWULF VH VWDELOHWH FDSDFLtatea VXELHFWXOXLGHGLIHUHQ LHUHDVDWXUD LHL vQ IXQF LHGHQXPUXOGHWUHSWHPLQLPHVHVL]DWH vQWUHFXORDUHDDOELFXORDUHDVSHFWUDOSXU

S-DFRQVWDWDWFvQWUHGLIHUHQ LHUHDWRQXOXLFURPDWLFLDVDWXUD LHLH[LVWGHRELFHLXQraport invers propor LRQDO Q ]RQD UHJLVWUXOXL VSHFWUDO XQGH GLIHUHQ LHUHD WRQXULORU HVWHPDLEXQGLIHUHQ LHUHDVDWXUD LHLHVWHPDLVODELLQYHUV

5.3. HWHUPLQDUHDWXOEXUULORUVHQVLELOLW LLFURPDWLFH 9HGHUHD FXORULORU SUH]LQW LPSRUWDQ SUDFWLF PDUH vQ H[HUFLWDUHD unor profesiuni,

ndeosebi din domeniul transporturilor). S-D FRQVWDWDW VWDWLVWLF F H[LVW R UVSkQGLUH UHODWLYPDUH D WXOEXUULORU GH FURPRVHQVLELOLWDWH Q FRQVHFLQ vQSURIHVLXQLOH OD FDUH VHXWLOL]HD]FRGXUL FURPDWLFH RIHUL IHURYLDUL DYLDWRUL HWF LQWHJULWDWHD VHQVLELOLW LL FURPDWLFH HVWHLQGLVSHQVDELO

Cecitatea pentru culori D IRVW REVHUYDW SHQWUXSULPDGDW GH IL]LFLDQXO HQJOH] -RKQDOWRQHOvQVXLGHILFLWDUFURPDWLFGHXQGHLGHQXPLUHDGHGDOWRQLVPGDWFHFLW LLpentru anumite culori).

&HFLWDWHDFURPDWLFVHPDQLIHVWILHSULQVFGHUHDVHQVLELOLW LLILHVXEIRUPDFHFLW LLFURPDWLFH SDU LDOH VDX FRPSOHWH XOWLPD IRUP vQWkOQLW PDL UDU vQ VSHFLDO OD EUED LPrincipalele deficite de cromosensibilitate sunt: 1. protanopia (daltonismul) este tulburarea SHQWUX URXLYHUGHGHXWHUDQRSLDGHWHUPLQGHDVHPHQHDFHFLWDWHDSHQWUX URXLYHUGHGDU FX R VFGHUH DFFHQWXDW vQ UHFHS LD YHUGHOXL FHL FDUH VXIHU GH DFHDVW DQRPDOLH DX

12

VHQVLELOLWDWHD FURPDWLF GHSODVDW VSUH ]ona portocalie a spectrului (spre 600 milimicroni); WULWDQRSLD UHSUH]LQW FHFLWDWHD SHQWUX FXORULOH DOEDVWUX L YLROHW HVWH R DQRPDOLH vQWkOQLWrar).

Pentru identificarea eventualilor deficitari cromatic se folosesc diferite procedee, dintre care mHQ LRQP

D7HVWXO+ROPJUHQIRUPDWGLQILUHGHOkQFRORUDWHvQWUHLFXORULVWDQGDUGYHUGHSXUURLH-UR]URXDSULQV6XELHFWXOWUHEXLHVFRPSDUHILUHOHGHOkQGHQXDQ HGLIHULWHFXFXORULOHstandard.

b) Tabelele policrome sunt construite din lemn sau carton cu zone de culori diferite pe FDUHVXELHFWXOWUHEXLHVOHLGHQWLILFH

c) Tabelele pseudoizocromatice (Stilling, Ishihara, Rabkin) sunt construite pe SULQFLSLXOPDVFULL vQWU-un cmp cromatic de confuzie (pentru deficitari) a unor cifre, litere sau alte semne colorate. Subiectul are sarcina de a identifica cifrele sau literele, GLIHUHQ LLQ-du-OHGHFkPSXOFURPDWLFGHPDVFDUH$FHDVWRSHUD LHHVWHGLILFLOVDXLPSRVLELOpentru deficitarii cromatic. Tabelele pseudoizocromatice au valoare diaJQRVWLF FUHVFXW vQdepistarea celor cu anomalii cromatice, surprinzndu-L L SH VLPXODQ L FHL FDUH YRU VPDVFKH]HWXOEXUDUHDVLP XOXLFURPDWLF

5.4. HWHUPLQDUHDFkPSXOXLYL]XDOLSHULPHWUXOFXORULORU &kPSXO YL]XDO UHSUH]LQW vQWLQGHUHD YHGHULL IU PRGLILFDUHD IL[D LHL SULYLULL (O VH

GHWHUPLQFXDMXWRUXOXQXLDSDUDWGHQXPLWSHULPHWUXYL]XDOQIRUPDVDVLPSOXQSHULPHWUXvizual este format dintr-XQVHPLFHUFODFHQWUXOFUXLDVHDIOSXQFWXOGHIL[DUHDYHGHULLGHODcare se face notarea n 800 SHQWUX ILHFDUH MXPWDWH D VHPLFHUFXOXL SULQ XUPDUH UHSHUXO GHIL[DUHDSULYLULLFRQVWLWXLHLSXQFWXODOSHULPHWUXOXL

1RWDUHD JUDGHORU HVWHPDUFDW SH SDUWHD H[WHULRDU D VHPLFHUFXOXL6XELHFWXO DH]DWvL VSULMLQ EUELD vQWU-un dispozitiv specLDO DO SHULPHWUXOXL vQ ORFDXO FRUHVSXQ]WRU SHQWUXRFKLXOWHVWDWSHQWUXFDSULYLUHDDFHVWXLDVFDGSHUSHQGLFXODUSHUHSHUXO3HVHPLFHUFXOSHULPHWUXOXL HVWH GHSODVDW XQ FXUVRU SH FDUH VH DIO FXORDUHD WHVWDW &XP V-D PHQ LRQDWVXELHFWXOvLIL[HD]SULYLUHDODPLMORFXOVHPLFHUFXOXLXQGHVHDIOUHSHUXOGDUFRQWLQXVYDG VFRWRSLF SHULIHULF L FXORDUHD vQ GHSODVDUH SkQ OD LHLUHD GLQ FkPSXO YL]XDO VDX ODLQWUDUHD vQ DFHVWD0RPHQWXO LQWUULL VDX LHLULL GLQ FkPS HVWH FLWLW vQJUDGH L UHSUH]LQWOLPLWDvQWLQGHULLFkPSXOXLSHQWUXFXORDUHDLYHFWRUXOWHVWDWH[WHULRULQWHULRUVXVMRVDFVHGHWHUPLQFkPSXOYL]XDOSHQWUXDPkQGRLRFKLLVLPXOWDQVHREVHUYFvQUHJLXQHDQD]DOFkPSXO DFHVWRUD VH VXSUDSXQH 5H]XOWDWHOH RE Lnute se nscriu ntr-un grafic care permite o LQWXLUHPDL DGHFYDW D SHULPHWUXOXL FXORULORU&XORULOHJDOEHQ L DOEDVWUX DX FkPSXO FHOPDLPDUHLDUYHUGHOHLURXODXXQFkPSPDLUHVWUkQVHDVHPHQHDvQ]RQDQD]DOWRDWHFXORULOHau un cmp mai mic.

PUHFL]DUHPHWRGRORJLFSHQWUXDFXUDWH HDGHWHUPLQULORUHVWHELQHFDILHFDUHPVXUDUHVUHSUH]LQWHPHGLDDGRXYDORULODLQWUDUHDLODLHLUHDGLQFkPSXOYL]XDO

HPRQVWUDUHDH[LVWHQ HLSHWHLRDUEHvQGHWHUPLQULOHSHYHFWRUXOH[WHULRUODSOHFDUHDcuUVRUXOXL GLQ UHSHUXO H[LVW XQSXQFW VLWXDW ODDSUR[-150 FkQGVXELHFWXOGHFODU FQXPDLYHGHGXSFDUHvQFRQWLQXDUHDGHSODVULLFXORULLvQFHSHVYDGGLQQRX

5.5. Imagini consecutive 6HQ]D LD YL]XDO QX vQFHWHD] EUXVF R GDW FX vQFHWDUHD DF LXQLL H[FLWDQWXOXL XS

vQFHWDUHDDF LXQLLH[FLWDQWXOXLFDHIHFWSRVWDF LRQDODOVXFXPHFDQLVPIRWRFKLPLFSHULIHULFLQHUYRVFHQWUDOSHUHWLQUPkQHRXUPFDUHGHWHUPLQRLPDJLQHFRQVHFXWLY3ULQXUPDUHLPDJLQHD FRQVHFXWLY FRQVWLWXLH R SHUVHYHUDUH D VHQ]D LHL YL]XDOH GXS FH DF LXQHDH[FLWDQWXOXLDvQFHWDW,PDJLQHDFRQVHFXWLYSRDWHILSR]LWLYFkQGLPDJLQHDSHUVHYHUHQWHVWHLGHQWLF FX FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH H[FLWDQWXOXL L QHJDWLY FkQG DFHDVW LPDJLQH DUH FDUDFWHULVWLFLinverse excitantului.

HPRQVWUD LH VH SURLHFWHD] XQ IDVFLFXO OXPLQRV SH XQ HFUDQ VDX SH R IRDLH GHKkUWLH WLPS GH FkWHYD VHFXQGH DSUR[

DSRL VH VWLQJH 6H YD REVHUYD F LPDJLQHD

13

OXPLQRDVYDSHUVLVWDXQWLPSSHUHWLQDFHODLHIHFWVHRE LQHLSULQSULYLUHD unui bec aprins LDSRLvQFKLGHUHDRFKLORU,PDJLQLOHFRQVHFXWLYHSR]LWLYHDXODUJDSOLFD LHvQFLQHPDWRJUDILHLOX]LD PLFULL LPDJLQLORU VWDWLFH GH SH SHOLFXO HVWH GDW GH DFHVWH LPDJLQL SHUVHYHUHQWHDFHODL HIHFW GHPLFDUH IHQRPHQ VWURERVFRSLF VH RE LQH L SULQ vQYkUWLUHD SH vQWXQHULF DXQXLFUEXQHDSULQV

QFD]XO LPDJLQLORUFRQVHFXWLYHQHJDWLYH LPDJLQHDSRVWDF LRQDOHVWHFRPSOHPHQWDUFXORULLVWLPXOHQWXOXLLQXDSDUHFDRSUHOXQJLUHDVHQ]D LHLFDvQFD]XOFHOHLSR]LWLYHFLGXSRSDX]GHFkWHYD VHFXQGHDFGHH[HPSOX VHSULYHWH

XQFHUF VDXXQSWUDW URX LDSRLVHPXWSULYLUHDSHRVXSUDID DOEGXSFkWHYDFOLSHFkQGQXVHYHGHQLPLFYDDSDUHFRQWXUXOFHUFXOXLVDXSWUDWXOXL vQFXORDUHDYHUGHFRPSOHPHQWXO URXOXLXSXQ WLPSFHSRDWHILPVXUDWLPDJLQHDFRQVHFXWLY-QHJDWLYYDGLVSDUH&XORULFRPSOHPHQWDUHURXYHUGHDOEDVWUXJDOEHQ([LVWXQHOHGHRVHELULDOHFXORULORUFHDSDUFDHIHFWDOFRQWUDVWXOXLVXFFHVLYLculorile complementare (Bonenberger), astfel:

CuORDUHDGHED] &XORDUHDFRPSOHPHQWDU Culoarea ce apare ca efect al contrastului succesiv

galben-portocaliu albastru-bleu albastru-ultramarin portocaliu bleu albastru albastru-cobalt galben-portocaliu URX-portocaliu verde-bleu portocaliu portocaliu-roX

&RQWUDVWXOSRDWHILQXQXPDLFRQVHFXWLYFLLVLPXOWDQ$DGHH[HPSOXXQSWUDWGLQKkUWLHFHQXLH QL VH SDUH PDL DOE SH XQ IRQG QHJUX GHFkW SH XQ IRQG DOE Q FD]XO FXORULORUFRPSOHPHQWDUHRKkUWLHFHQXLHDH]DWSHXQIRQGFURPDWLFDQXPLWWLQGHVLDQXDQ DFXORULLFRPSOHPHQWDUHGHYLQHJOEXLHLSHXQIRQGURXGHYLQHYHU]XLHHIHFWXODSDUHPDLELQHGDFVHOXFUHD]WRWXOVXEKkUWLHWUDQVSDUHQW

2EVHUYD LH: culorile de contrast nu sunt reciproce ca cele complementare. De exemplu, culoarea de contrast a galbenului este violetul, dar culoarea de contrast a violetului nu este galbenul, ci galben-verzuiul. Culorile de contrast apar nu numai pe fond alb, ci pe oricare altul.

,PDJLQLOHFRQVHFXWLYHLFRQWUDVWXOVLPXOWDQSRWILIRORVLWHFDWHVWHSentru determinarea oboselii vizuale sau generale.

HWHUPLQDUHDVHQVLELOLW LLDXGLWLYH

6.1. 3UHFL]ULWHUPLQRORJLFHLSDUDPHWULFH 2VFLOD LLOH DFXVWLFH VH SURSDJ vQ DHU OD 0 FX YLWH]D GH PV FDUH FUHWH OD

temperaturi mai nalte (343,2 m/s la +200; 386,5 m/s la 1000). n lichide, viteza sunetului este PDLPDUHLDUvQFRUSXULOHVROLGHLPDLPDUHSHVWHPV

Principalii parametri fizici ai sunetelor sunt: a) IUHFYHQ DRVFLOD LLORU FDUH VHSHUFHSHSVLKRORJLFFD vQO LPHDVXQHWHORU5HJistrul

GH IUHFYHQ HSHQWUXFDUHXUHFKHDRPHQHDVFHVWHVHQVLELO VH vQWLQGH vQWUH+]L.+]+HU L 3HVWH .+]YRUELPGHVSUHXOWUDVXQHWH QX VXQWSHUFHSXWHGHRP&XFkWIUHFYHQ D RVFLOD LLORU HVWHPDLPDUH FX DWkW VXQHWHOH VXQWPDL vQDOWH L LQYHUV([HPSOH GHVXQHWHvQDOWHIOXLHUDWXOSLXLWXOYRFHDGHVRSUDQMRDVHEDVXOWURPERQXOHWF

b) DPSOLWXGLQHD RVFLOD LLORU DFXVWLFH GHWHUPLQ LQWHQVLWDWHD VXQHWHORU HQHUJLDWUDQVSRUWDW GH XQGD VRQRU SH XQLWDWHD GH WLPS ,QWHQVLWDWHD FDSDrametru fizic al energiei RVFLOD LLORU VH SHUFHSH VXELHFWLY FD WULH D VXQHWHORU 3RWULYLW OHJLL%RXJXHU- Weber-Fechner vQWUHH[FLWD LH L VHQ]D LH FUHWHUHD ORUH[LVWXQ UDSRUW ORJRULWPLF$FHVW UDSRUW UHOD LHVHDSOLF L vQ UHOD LD GLQWUH LQWHQVLWDWHD IL]LF D RVFLOD LLORU L VHQ]D LD GH WULH D VXQHWHORU QDFHVW VHQV DX IRVW DGRSWDWH FRQYHQ LRQDO XQLW L ORJRULWPLFH QXPLWH GHFLEHOL G% FDUH Vexprime acest raport. Pornindu-VHGHODREVHUYD LDFXUHFKHDDUHVHQVLELOLWDWHDFHDPDLPDUH

14

n zonD IUHFYHQ HORU PHGLL SHQWUX FRPSDUDUHD UDSRUWXULORU LQWHQVLWDWH-WULH D VXQHWHORU GHGLIHULWHIUHFYHQ HDIRVWVWDELOLWIUHFYHQ DGH+]FDIUHFYHQ DXGLRIXQGDPHQWDO/DIUHFYHQ D GH +] VXQHWXO FHOPDL VODE FDUH SRDWH IL SHUFHSXW DUH LQWHQVLWDWHD IL]LF GH10-16 w/cm2DGLF,0 = 10-16 w/cm2 sau I0 = 10-10ZFP2 PLFURYD LSHFP2) , la o presiune de EDUL$FHDVWYDORDUHDIRVWDGRSWDWFRQYHQ LRQDOFDQLYHOQXODOLQWHQVLW LLVXQHWXOXLGHRULFHIUHFYHQ QXQLW LORJDULWPLFHQLYHOXOQXOVHQRWHD]FXG%

8QWDEHOVLPSOXLvQFRQVHFLQ XRUGHXUPULWHVWHXUPWRUXOGXS6WHYHQV

Caracteristica sunetului 1LYHOXOGHWULHvQG% Pragul auzului (absolut) 0 9RFHRSWLWDX]LWGHODPGLVWDQ 10 Tic-tacXOFHDVRUQLFXOXLGHPDV 20 9RUELUHDvQFHDW 40 6WUDG]JRPRWRDV 70 LSLWXO 80 2UFKHVWUIRDUWHSXWHUQLFFXVXIOWRUL 100 Zgomotul tunetului 120 Pragul de durere (sunetul nu mai poate fi identificat)

130

$SUHFLHUHDvQXQLW LGHWULHG%DGLIHULWHORUVXQHWH

HUH LQXWQLYHOXOGHWULHDOGLYHUVHORUVXQHWHVHvQWLQGHGHODG%SkQOD-130 G%OLPLWDGHWROHUDQ SVLKRIL]LRORJLFDVLVWHPXOXLDXGLWLY

c) )RUPD RVFLOD LLORU: Sunetele pot fi simple sau compuse. Sunetul pur (tonul) se FDUDFWHUL]HD]SULQIRUPDVLQXVRLGDODRVFLOD LLORU6XQHWHOHFDUHDXRVFLOD LLPDLFRPSOH[HLR IRUP QHVLQXVRLGDO VH QXPHVF VXQHWH FRPSOH[H $VWIHO RULFH RVFLOD LH FRPSXV HVWHIRUPDW GLQWU-XQ QXPU GH RVFLOD LL VLPSOH GH GLIHULWH IUHFYHQ H L DPSOLWXGLQL LQWHQVLW L2VFLOD LLOHVLQXVRLGDOHVLPSOHFDUHIRUPHD]RRVFLOD LHFRPSXVVHQXPHVFDUPRQLFLXQHRULRFWDYH)UHFYHQ HOHDUPRQLFHORUVXQW vQWRWGHDXQDGHXQQXPU vQWUHJGHRULPDLPDULGHFkWIUHFYHQ DRVFLOD LHLFRPSXVHDGLFVXQWPXOWLSOLDLDFHVWHLIUHFYHQ HHH[GDFRRVFLOD LHFRPSXV DUH IUHFYHQ DGH+]SULPDDUPRQLF VDXIXQGDPHQWDODYDDYHDGHDVHPHQHD+]DUPRQLFDDGRXDYDILGHRULPDLPDUHDGLF+]DUPRQLFDDWUHLDYDILGHRULmai mare, adiF+]DPG$PSOLWXGLQLOHDUPRQLFHORUVXQWGLIHULWHLQXVHVXSXQXQRUOHJLDWkWGHULJXURDVHFDIUHFYHQ HOHORU([SUHVLDSVLKRORJLFDIRUPHLRVFLOD LLORUUH]XOWDWGLQcombinatorica armonicelor, este timbrul sunetelor. Timbrul unui sunet variaz GXS WULD LIUHFYHQ D IXQGDPHQWDOHL LDU FDOLWDWHD VD YDULD] GXS DUPRQLFD vQWULW H H[HPSOXarmonica a 2-DvQWULWYDGDVXQHWXOXLFODULWDWHLVWUOXFLUHD-DYDGDXQVXQHWSWUXQ]WRU&DOLWDWHD WLPEUDO VDX FXORDUHD WRQDO IDFH FD XQ VXQHW V ILHPkQJkLHWRU DOXQHFWRU DOEsumbru, strident, rotund, metalic, clar etc. Tonul afectiv, caracteristica timbrului, poate genera GLYHUVHVWULHPR LRQDOHWRQXOIDFHPX]LFD7LPEUXOGLIHULWHORUVXQHWHSHUPLWH LGHQWLILFDUHDsursei care le-a provocDWDFWLYLWDWHDQWUHQDELO

6.2. 0HWRGHGHGHWHUPLQDUHDVHQVLELOLW LLDXGLWLYH LQWUHPHWRGHOHGHDFXPHWULH LQVWUXPHQWDOYRPLQVLVWDDVXSUDDXGLRPHWULHLFD ILLQG

FHDPDL X]XDO 6HQVLELOLWDWHD DX]XOXL vQ UDSRUW GH IUHFYHQ D VXQHWHORU GLQ UHJLVWUXO DXGibil, IXQF LH GH WULH VH PVRDU FX DXGLRPHWUXO 8Q DXGLRPHWUX HOHFWURQLF HVWH HFKLSDW FXJHQHUDWRUGHWRQXULSXUHUHJODELOHvQIUHFYHQ +]LvQWULHG%3ULQGLVSR]LWLYHVSHFLDOHDXGLRPHWUXODVLJXUSURGXFHUHDGHWRQXULFRQWLQXLLLQWHUPLWHQWH. Tonurile astfel modulate n IUHFYHQ L WULH VXQW FRQGXVH OD XUHFKLOH VXELHFWXOXL SULQ FWL VH SRDWH VWXGLDVHQVLELOLWDWHDPRQRDXUDOVDXELQDXUDOGXSFXPVHIRORVHWHRVLQJXUFDVFVDXDPkQGRX6XELHFWXO VHPQDOL]HD] UHFHSWDUHD VXQHWXOXL OD RXUHFKH VDX OD DPkQGRX SRWULYLW FX VFRSXOLQYHVWLJD LHL HIHFWXDWH&XDMXWRUXODXGLRPHWUXOXLSRDWH ILGHWHUPLQDW VHQVLELOLWDWHDDEVROXW

15 LGLIHUHQ LDODDX]XOXLHRDUHFHDXGLRPHWUHOHGHVHUYHVFvQSULQFLSDOVFRSXULFOLQLFHLQXGHSHVF vQJHQHUDO .+]SHQWUX LQYHVWLJDUHD DX]XOXL SH vQWUHJ UHJLVWUXGH IUHFYHQ HGLQJDPD DXGLELO - .+] VH SRW XWLOL]D JHQHUDWRDUH FDUH HPLW L vQ DFHDVW EDQG0VXUWRULOH HIHFWXDWH DVXSUD SUDJXULORU VHQVLELOLW LL DXGLWLYH vQ FH SULYHWH LQWHQVLWDWHDVRQRUvQIXQF LHGHIUHFYHQ VHRELHFWLYHD]vQDXGLRJUDP

$XGLRJUDPD HVWH R FXUE FRQWLQX FX YkUIXO FURHWXO PD[LP vQ ]RQD IUHFYHQ HORUmedii (1000 +] UHVSHFWLY vQ UHJLXQHD PD[LPHL VHQVLELOLW L 3UDJXO DEVROXW DOVHQ]D LHL DXGLWLYH SHQWUX ILHFDUH IUHFYHQ HVWH GDW GH LQWHQVLWDWHD HQHUJLD PLQLP DRVFLOD LLORUDFXVWLFH3HPVXUFHFUHWHPQLYHOXOGHWULHDOVXQHWXOXLSHVWHG%VXELHFWXOVHVL]HD] vQ XUHFKH R VHQ]D LH GH SUHVLXQH FDUH OD FUHWHUHD vQ FRQWLQXDUH D WULHL DSDUHVHQ]D LDGHGXUHUH3UDJXOVHQ]D LHLGHSUHVLXQHDUHXQQLYHOGHLQWHQVLWDWHGHDSUR[-120 dB, ceea ce corespunde unei presiuni sonore de 100 de bari (1 g/cm2). La acest nivel se VLWXHD] SUDJXO PD[LPDO DO VHQ]D LHL DXGLWLYH OLPLWD GH WROHUDQ SVLKRIL]LRORJLF DVLVWHPXOXLGLQFRORGHFDUHDSDUVHQ]D LLDOJLFHVDXFKLDUGLVWUXJHULPRUIR-IXQF LRQDOH(VWHFDLFXPV-DUDVFXOWDPRWRDUHOHvQDPEDODUHDOHXQXLWXUERUHDFWRUGHODRGLVWDQ PDLPLFGHPIUFDVFDQWLIRQLFDDFXPDXPHFDQLFLLGHSHDHroporturi).

6.3. /RFDOL]DUHDVRQRVSD LDO /D SUHFL]LD ORFDOL]ULL VXUVHL GH VXQHW SDUWLFLS PDL PXO L IDFWRUL vQWUH FDUH PDL

LPSRUWDQ LVXQWGLIHUHQ DGHID]GHH[FLWD LHLDPSOLWXGLQHDRVFLOD LLORU DLIHUHQ DGHID]GHH[FLWD LHSRDWHILSXVvQHYLGHQ SULQDH]DUHDXQHLSHUHFKLGH

FWL FX WXEXUL OD XUHFKLOH VXELHFWXOXL 6XQHWXO HVWH FRQGXV OD XUHFKL FX DMXWRUXO D WXEXULIXUWXQHFDUHSRWILHJDOHVDXLQHJDOHvQWUHHOHDFWXEXULOHVXQWHJDOHFDOXQJLPHVXELHFWXOORFDOL]HD]VXUVDvQSODQXOPHGLDQGHRDUHFHDPEHOHXUHFKLVXQWH[FLWDWHVLPXOWDQDFvQVXQXO GLQ WXEXUL HVWHPDL VFXUW VXELHFWXO YD ORFDOL]D VXUVD vQGLUHF LD XUHFKLL OD FDUH VXQHWXODMXQJH PDL UHSHGH vQWUXFkW YD IL H[FLWDW vQDLQWHD FHOHL GHIDYRUL]DWH DSDUH GHID]DMXOexFLWD LHL3ULQXUPDUHXUHFKHDPDLDSURDSHGH VXUVYDDYHDXQDYDQVGH WLPSGHH[FLWDUHGDWRULWSR]L LHL LGLVWDQ HLHL ID GHDFHD VXUV3HQWUXDH[FLWDLFHDODOWXUHFKHRVFLOD LDDFXVWLFWUHEXLHVWUDYHUVH]HDSUR[FPFLUFXPIHULQ DFDSXOXLFRQVLGHUkQGFDUILSHUIHFWVIHULF /D DFHDVW WUDYHUVDUH RVFLOD LD FRQVXP WLPS L vQ FRQVHFLQ GHWHUPLQ GLIHUHQ DELQDXUDOGHWLPSbinaural time difference).

EQIDSWvQUHDOL]DUHDORFDOL]ULLVSD LDOHDVXQHWHORUvQDIDUGHGHID]DMXOGHH[FLWD LHSDUWLFLS L DPSOLWXGLQHD RVFLOD LLORU 3HQWUX D DMXQJH OD UHFHSWRUXO XUHFKHD GHIDYRUL]DWRVFLOD LLOHSLHUGGLQHQHUJLHDVWIHOvQFkWDSDUHLRGLIHUHQ GHLQWHQVLWDWHDH[FLWD LHLDWXQFLFkQGH[LVWRGLIHUHQ GHID]/DIUHFYHQ HOHMRDVHGLIHUHQ DGHID]HVWHGDWGHvQWkU]LHUHDFXFDUHXQGDVRQRUDMXQJHGHODRXUHFKHODFHDODOW/DIUHFYHQ HOHvQDOWHDFURUOXQJLPHGHXQG HVWH PDL PDUH GHFkW GLVWDQ D GLQWUH FHOH GRX XUHFKL GLIHUHQ D GH ID] SURYLQH GLQGLIHUHQ D GH LQWHQVLWDWH DSOLFDW ILHFUHL XUHFKL &HD PDL DSURSLDW GH VXUV SULPHWH RLQWHQVLWDWHPDLPDUHvQWUXFkWDWHQXDUHDGHSHWUDVHXOGHSURSDJDUHLHFUDQDUHDGDWGHFXWLDFUDQLDQIDFFDODXUHFKHDPDLGHSUWDWGHVXUVVDMXQJPDLSX LQHQHUJLHVRQRU

QDIDUGHDFHDVWDGHRVHELUHDGHLQWHQVLWDWHYDULDELOFXIUHFYHQ DGDWRULWDWHQXULLLGLIUDF LHLGHWHUPLQLRGLIHUHQ GLQWLPEUXvQWUHFHOHXUHFKL

3HQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD FDSDFLW LL GH ORFDOL]DUH D VXQHWHORU V-au folosit dispozitive dintre cele mai variate: colivii acustice (the sound cage GLIX]RDUH DH]DWH vQ GLYHUVHunghiuri; perimetre acustice etc.

HWHUPLQDUHDVHQVLELOLW LLJXVWDWLYHLROIDFWLYH

7.1. Determinarea pragurilor gustative se face prin aplicarea, cu ajutorul unei pipete gradate, a XQRU VROX LL DSRDVH GLQ VXEVWDQ HOH JXVWRJHQH SXUH vQ GLIHULWH ]RQH GH SH OLPE7HKQLFD HVWH ODERULRDV L LQVXILFLHQW GH SUREDQW GDF LQHP VHDPD GH UH]XOWDWHOHFRQWUDGLFWRULLRE LQXWHGHGLYHULFHUFHWWRUL

16 7.2. 7HKQLFLGHPVXUDUHDSUDJXULORUROIDctive: a) Olfactometrul Zwadermaker se compune din 2 tuburi, unul exterior din metal, care

vQFKLGH HWDQSH FHO LQWHULRUGLQSRU HODQSRURV vQ FDUH VH vPELE VXEVWDQ DRGRUDQW QWUHJDQVDPEOXOGHWXEXULJOLVHD]SHRPLF HDYFDUHVHLQWURGXFHvQQDULQa subiectului, apropiind VDXGHSUWkQGDVWIHOVXEVWDQ DGHUHFHSWRUXOROIDFWLY6XELHFWXOWUHEXLHVVHVL]H]HPRPHQWXOFkQG SHUFHSH PLURVXO SUDJXO DEVROXW VDX FkQG DSUHFLD] F D LQWHUYHQLW R VFKLPEDUH DLQWHQVLW LLDFHVWXLDSUDJGLIHUHQ LDO

b) MarFDMXOSHKkUWLHGHILOWUXSURFHGHXOFKLPLWLORUSDUIXPHUL3HSWU HOHGHKkUWLHFXODWXUDGHFPVHPDUFKHD]SULQvPELEDUHGLIHULWHFRQFHQWUD LLDOHVXEVWDQ HLRGRULJHQH$FHVWHSWU HOHGLQKkUWLHGHILOWUXVXQWDSXFDWHFXRSHQVHWLSUH]HQWDWe subiectului spre a OH DSUHFLD FDQWLWDWLY L FDOLWDWLY 6XQW VWDELOLWH DVWIHO SUDJXULOH DEVROXW L GLIHUHQ LDO SHQWUXGLIHULWHVXEVWDQ HRGRUDQWHvQUDSRUWGHSXWHUHDLFRQFHQWUD LDORURGRULJHQ