ZPSRVTÉLEYFHJLYJQ

NJHUJDKBDshfétybz ghbpyfntkmyjcnb........................................... 2

Öhjyjkjubz jcyjdysö cjåsnbq

d jåkfcnb hfpdbnbz dytiytnjhujdjq gjkbnbrb CIF .................................................................. 4

Ukjccfhbq dytiytnjhujdsö nthvbyjd ........................... 7

Cgbcjr frhjybvjd......................................................... 121

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Rybuf ≤Zpsr vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb≥ ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq ukjccfhbq nthvbyjd,rjnjhst yfbåjktt xfcnj bcgjkmpeñncz d vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt b ghb ghjdt-ltybb njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd. Lfyyjt bplfybt rybub ≤Zpsr vtéleyfhjlyjq njh-ujdkb≥ åskj gjlujnjdktyj lkz Byajhvfwbjyyjuj futyncndf CIF Vfqrkjv Å.Cvbnjv, gjckjv CIF b ghtpbltynjv rjvgfybb ≤Äc-létq-äc äldfycl cnhfntl-ébp≥ (Dfibyunjy, atlthfkmysq jrheu Rjkevåbz), b Vthhbnnjv H. Åktqrckb bprjvgfybb ≤Cntgnje äyl Léjycjy≥ (Dfibyunjy, atlthfkmysq jrheu Rjkevåbz)ghb cjltqcndbb Vbybcnthcndf njhujdkb, Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf b Vb-ybcnthcndf abyfycjd CIF, f nfrét Åñhj njhujdjuj ghtlcnfdbntkz CIF.(Yfcnjzott bplfybt ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq gjkyjcnmñ gthtcvjnhtyysq b ljgjkyty-ysq dfhbfyn åjktt hfyytuj bplfybz ukjccfhbz gjl yfpdfybtv ≤Zpsr vtéleyf-hjlyjq njhujdkb≥, bplfyyjuj Byajhvfwbjyysv futyncndjv CIF.)

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Vfqrk Å. Cvbn gjcnegbk yf hfåjne dj dytiytgj-kbnbxtcreñ ckeéåe CIF d ltrfåht 1958 u. Tveljdtkjcm gjckeébnm yf cfvsö hfpkbxysö ljk-éyjcnzö pf heåtéjv lj 1970 u., rjulf jy åskyfghfdkty yf hfåjne d Åtksq ljv d rfxtcndt yfxfkmybrf ghtpbltyncrjq rfywtkzhbb. D gthbjl c 1975 u. b lj 1979 u. jy åsk ukfdysv ghtlcnfdb-ntktv CIF yf gthtujdjhfö gj ntrcnbkmyjq ghj-lerwbb. Pfntv jy åsk yfpyfxty pfvtcnbntktvnjhujdjuj ghtlcnfdbntkz CIF b jlyjdhtvtyyjgthdsv ghtlcnfdbntktv CIF d UFNN d hfyutgjckf, gjcnjzyyj ghjébdfñotuj d Étytdt. D1983 u. Vfqrk Å. Cvbn åsk jnjpdfy d Dfibyunjyb yfpyfxty yf ljkéyjcnm cnfhituj pfvtcnbntkznjhujdjuj ghtlcnfdbntkz CIF nfrét d hfyutgjckf. D jrnzåht 1988 u. jy – xtkjdtr, dcñébpym ghjhfåjnfdibq dj dytiytgjkbnbxtcrjqckeéåt CIF – dsitk d jncnfdre b eitk d xfcn-ysq ctrnjh, jcyjdfd rjvgfybñ ≤Äc-létq-äc äl-dfycl cnhfntlébp≥.

≤Äc-létq-äc äldfycl cnhfntlébp≥ – änj rjycfk-nbyujdfz abhvf gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njh-ujdkb b bydtcnbwbq, rjnjhfz jrfpsdftn gjvjomfvthbrfycrbv b byjcnhfyysv rjvgfybzv, ghfdb-ntkmcndtyysv jhufyfv b njhujdsv fccjwbfwbzv d rjynhjkt b fyfkbpt bpvtytybq, ghjbcöjlzobö d njhujdjq gjkbnbrt d CIF b lheubö cnhfyfö.Gthdjjxthtlyfz pflfxf abhvs ≤Äc-létq-äc äldfycl cnhfntlébp≥ – gjvjxm rjvgfybzv d ds-öjlt yf vtéleyfhjlyst hsyrb.

Vthhbnn H. Åktqrckb hfåjnftn d jåkfcnb vtéleyf-hjlyjuj ghfdf, drkñxfz vtéleyfhjlyjt njhujdjtghfdj, d ñhblbxtcrjq abhvt ≤Cntgnje äyl Léjycjy≥(Dfibyunjy, atlthfkmysq jrheu Rjkevåbz). D cdjtqghfrnbxtcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb u-y Åktqrckb pfybvftnczghtbveotcndtyyj djghjcfvb njhujdsö cfyrwbq, vté-leyfhjlysö bcrjd j djpvtotybb eothåf, celtåysöghjwtccjd d catht njhujdsö jnyjitybq, vjhcrjujghfdf, f nfrét dyenhbujcelfhcndtyyjq ljujdjhyjqghfrnbrb d CIF.

Abhvf ≤Cntgnje äyl Léjycjy≥ zdkztncz jlyjq bpdtleobö ñhblbxtcrbö abhv CIF d jåkfcnb njh-ujdkb, ghtlcnfdkzz bynthtcs rfr jntxtcndtyysö, nfr b pfheåtéysö rkbtynjd gj rjvvthxtcrbv b bydtcnb-wbjyysv djghjcfv. Vtéleyfhjlyfz ghfrnbrf abhvs≤Cntgnje äyl Léjycjy≥ d pyfxbntkmyjq cntgtyb cdz-pfyf c rjycekmnfwbzvb b ghtlcnfdktybtv bynthtcjdrkbtynjd gj djghjcfv njhujdjq gjkbnbrb b pfrjyjlf-ntkmcndf d jnyjitybzö c bcgjkybntkmyjq dkfcnmñ bRjyuhtccjv CIF.

1916 u.Cjplfyf Rjvbccbz gj nfvjétyysv nfhbafv CIF (U.S. Tariff Commission).

1923 u.Yfxfd dgthdst ghbvtyznm htébv yfbåjkmituj åkfuj-ghbzncndjdfybz tot d 1789 u., CIF jabwbfkmyj endth-élfñn ghbywbg åtpeckjdyjuj ghtljcnfdktybz htébvfyfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzncndjdfybz d rfxtcndt rhfte-ujkmyjuj rfvyz cdjtq dytiytnjhujdjq gjkbnbrb.

1934 u.D CIF dgthdst ghbyzn Pfrjy j dpfbvysö njhujdsöcjukfitybzö (Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act), rjnjhsqåsk gjplytt ljgjkyty lheubvb pfrjyjlfntkmysvb frnf-vb, endthéltyysvb Rjyuhtccjv CIF, b ltqcndjdfkdvtcnt c ybvb lj ntö gjh, gjrf d 1962 u. dct jyb ytåskb pfvtytys Pfrjyjv j hfcibhtybb njhujdkb jn 1962 u. (Trade Expansion Act of 1962). (Änb pfrjyjlfntkm-yst frns ghtljcnfdkzkb ghtpbltyne CIF ghfdj cyb-éfnm nfhbas ghb ghjdtltybb ldecnjhjyybö gthtujdjhjdb gthdsö hfeyljd vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjdd hfvrfö UFNN.)

1944 u.Cjcnjzkfcm Åhtnnjy-Delcrfz rjyathtywbz.

1946 u.Cjcnjzkfcm gthdfz ctccbz pfctlfybq gjlujnjdbntkmyjujrjvbntnf Rjyathtywbb Jhufybpfwbb JåütlbytyysöYfwbq gj njhujdkt b pfyznjcnb (United Nations Conferenceon Trade and Employment), yf rjnjhjq åsk hfccvjnhtyghjtrn ecnfdf Vtéleyfhjlyjq jhufybpfwbb gj djghjcfv njhujdkb, ghtlcnfdktyyjuj ltktufwbtq CIF.

1947 u.Endthélty b gjlgbcfy gthdsq ghjtrn Utythfkmyjujcjukfitybz j nfhbafö b njhujdkt (UFNN).

1947–48 uu.D Étytdt (Idtqwfhbz) cjcnjzkcz gthdsq hfeyl njhuj-dsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN.

1949 u.D Fycb (Ahfywbz) cjcnjzkcz dnjhjq hfeyl njhujdsögthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN.

1950–51 uu.D Njhreäq (Fyukbz) cjcnjzkcz nhtnbq hfeyl njhujdsögthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN.

1951 u.D hfvrfö ≤gkfyf Ievfyf≥ cjplfy jåottdhjgtqcrbqhsyjr eukz b cnfkb.

1956 u.D Étytdt cjcnjzkcz xtndthnsq hfeyl njhujdsö gtht-ujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN.

1957 u.D cjjndtncndbb c Hbvcrbv ljujdjhjv cjplfyj Tdhjgtq-crjt ärjyjvbxtcrjt cjjåotcndj (TÄC).

1960 u.D cjjndtncndbb cj Cnjrujkmvcrjq rjydtywbtq cjplfyfTdhjgtqcrfz fccjwbfwbz cdjåjlyjq njhujdkb (TFCN).

1960–62 uu.D Étytdt cjcnjzkcz gznsq (Lbkkjycrbq) hfeyl njh-ujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN.

1962 u.D CIF ghbyzn Pfrjy j hfcibhtybb njhujdkb, rjnjhsqhfphtibk ltktufwbb CIF exfcndjdfnm d Rtyytlbqcrjvhfeylt njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN.

1963–67 uu.D Étytdt cjcnjzkcz itcnjq (Rtyytlbqcrbq) hfeyl njh-ujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN.

1964 u.D Étytdt cjcnjzkfcm Gthdfz rjyathtywbz JhufybpfwbbJåütlbytyysö Yfwbq gj njhujdkt b hfpdbnbñ(ÑYRNFL È).

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ÖHJYJKJUBZ JCYJDYSÖ CJÅSNBQ D JÅKFCNB HFPDBNBZ DYTIYTNJHUJDJQ GJKBNBRB CIF

1968 u.D Ymñ-Ltkb (Bylbz) cjcnjzkfcm Dnjhfz rjyathtywbzJhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq gj njhujdkt bhfpdbnbñ (ÑYRNFL ÈÈ), yf rjnjhjq åskf d ghbywbgtjljåhtyf ≤jåjåotyyfz cbcntvf ghtathtywbq≥ (JCG)(Generalized System of Preferences – GSP), ltqcndeñofz d jnyjitybb ärcgjhnf bp hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfy.

1971 u.Rjvbccbz Ebkmzvcf ghtljcnfdbkf Ghtpbltyne CIFjnxtn, d rjnjhjv åskb bpkjétys htrjvtylfwbb gjdsldbétybñ CIF bybwbfnbds j ghjdtltybb ukfdyjujhfeylf njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd.

1972 u.D Cfynmzuj (Xbkb) cjcnjzkfcm Nhtnmz rjyathtywbzJhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq gj njhujdkt bhfpdbnbñ (ÑYRNFL ÈÈÈ).

1973 u.Ghtpbltyn CIF H. Ybrcjy ghtlkjébk pfrjyjghjtrn c wtkmñ ghtlcnfdktybz ltktufwbb CIF ghfdf exfcnbz d ukfdyjv hfeylt njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN.Njrbqcrfz ltrkfhfwbz gjkjébkf jabwbfkmyjt yfxfkjukfdyjve hfeyle vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjdd hfvrfö UFNN, ghtlkjétyyjve Rjvbccbtq Ebkmzvcf.

1975 u.Ghtpbltyn CIF L. Ajhl gjlgbcfk Pfrjy j njhujdktCIF jn 1974 u., d cjjndtncndbb c rjnjhsv fvthbrfy-crfz ltktufwbz gjkexbkf ghfdj exfcndjdfnm d Njrbq-crjv hfeylt njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN, f Rjvbccbz gj nfvjétyysv nfhbafv CIF (U.S. TariffCommission) åskf gthtbvtyjdfyf d Rjvbccbñ CIF gjdjghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb (U.S. InternationalTrade Commission).

1976 u.D Yfqhjåb (Rtybz) cjcnjzkfcm Xtndthnfz rjyathtywbzJhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq gj njhujdkt b hfp-dbnbñ (ÑYRNFL Ȫ), rjnjhfz gjkjébkf yfxfkj jce-otcndktybñ Byntuhbhjdfyyjq ghjuhfvvs cshmtdsönjdfhjd (Integrated Program for Commodities).

1977 u.Yf dcnhtxt yf dscitv ehjdyt yf Lfeybyu-cnhbn d Kjy-ljyt ghbyznj htitybt j ytjåöjlbvjcnb ecrjhtybzpfdthitybz Njrbqcrjuj hfeylf njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN.

1979 u.Ghfdbntkmcndf cnhfy-exfcnybw UFNN gjlgbcfkb cjukf-itybz, cjukfcjdfyyst d öjlt ghjdtltybz Njrbqcrjujhfeylf njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN.D Vfybkt cjcnjzkfcm Gznfz rjyathtywbz JhufybpfwbbJåütlbytyysö Yfwbq gj njhujdkt b hfpdbnbñ(ÑYRNFL ª).D CIF ghbyzn Pfrjy j njhujdsö cjukfitybzö jn 1979 u., rjnjhsq endthlbk cjukfitybz, ljcnbuyenst dj dhtvz ghjdtltybz Njrbqcrjuj hfeylf njhujdsögthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN.

1981 u.D Gfhbét (Ahfywbz) cjcnjzkfcm Rjyathtywbz Jhufyb-pfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq gj yfbvtytt hfpdbnsv cnhf-yfv (United Nations Conference on the Least DevelopedCountries).

1982 u.Yf dcnhtxt vbybcnhjd d infå-rdfhnbht UFNN d Étytdtghbyznf Hfåjxfz ghjuhfvvf UFNN yf 80-t ujls (GATTWork Program for the 1980s).

1983 u.Yf Ebkmzvcåthucrjq dcnhtxt yf dscitv ehjdyt d CIFljcnbuyenj cjukfitybt j ghjdtltybb rjycekmnfwbq gjghjdtltybñ yjdjuj hfeylf njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfv-rfö UFNN, f nfrét jå eckjdbzö cjdthitycndjdfybzvtéleyfhjlyjq rhtlbnyj-ltytéyjq cbcntvs.D Åtkuhflt cjcnjzkfcm Itcnfz rjyathtywbz Jhufybpf-wbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq gj njhujdkt b hfpdbnbñ(ÑYRNFL ªÈ).

1985 u.CIF b Bphfbkm pfrkñxbkb Cjukfitybt j cdjåjlyjqnjhujdjq pjyt.Vbybcnhs abyfycjd b herjdjlbntkb wtynhfkmysöåfyrjd cnhfy ≤uheggs 7≥ (≤åjkmijq ctvthrb≥) ljcnbukbljujdjhtyyjcnb jå bcreccndtyyjv ltdfkmdbhjdfybb ljk-kfhf CIF gj jnyjitybñ r lheubv dfkñnfv c wtkmñevtymitybz njhujdjuj ltabwbnf CIF (Gkfpcrjt cjukf-itybt).

1986 u.D Gefynf-ltkm-Äcnt (Eheudfq) cjcnjzkfcm dcnhtxf vb-ybcnhjd 74 cnhfy c wtkmñ yfxfkf yjdjuj (Eheudfqcrjuj)hfeylf vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrföUFNN.Bcgfybz b Gjhneufkbz cnfkb xktyfvb Tdhjgtqcrjujcjjåotcndf.

1987 u.Ghbyzn Tlbysq pfrjy Tdhjgtqcrjuj cjjåotcndf (SingleAct of the European Community).

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1988 u.Ghtpbltyn CIF H. Htqufy b Ghtvmth-vbybcnh RfyflsÅ. Vfkheyb gjlgbcfkb Cjukfitybt j cdjåjlyjq njh-ujdkt vtéle CIF b Rfyfljq.D Vjyhtfkt (Rfyflf) ghjdtltys chtlytchjxyst rjycekm-nfwbb gj ghjdtltybñ Eheudfqcrjuj hfeylf vyjujcnj-hjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN(Vjyhtfkmcrfz dcnhtxf vbybcnhjd).

1989 u.D CIF ddtltyf Ufhvjybpbhjdfyyfz nfhbayfz cbcntvf(UNC) (Harmonized Tariff System – HTS), rjnjhfzpfvtybkf Nfhbayst gthtxyb CIF (NG CIF) (TariffSchedules of the United States – TSUS).

1990 u.Ghtpbltyn CIF L. Åei jåüzdbk j cjplfybb nfr yfps-dftvjuj ≤Ghtlghbznbz hflb bybwbfnbds Ctdthyjq bKfnbycrjq Fvthbrb≥ (“Enterprise for the AmericasInitiative”) – gkfyf gj ecnfyjdktybñ yjdsö ärjyjvbxtc-rbö jnyjitybq CIF cj cnhfyfvb Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb.Yf ltrfåhmcrjq (Åhñcctkmcrjq) dcnhtxt vbybcnhjdghfrnbxtcrb gjcnfdktyf gjl euhjpe djpvjéyjcnm pfdth-itybz Eheudfqcrjuj hfeylf vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsögthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN.

1991 u.Yfxfns gthtujdjhs j pfrkñxtybb Ctdthjfvthbrfycrjujcjukfitybz j cdjåjlyjq njhujdkt (North American FreeTrade Agreement – NAFTA) vtéle Rfyfljq, Vtrcbrjq b CIF.Dcnegbk d cbke Fylcrbq frn j njhujdsö ghtathtywbzö(Andean Trade Preference Act).Utythfkmysq lbhtrnjh UFNN Leyrtkm gjlgbcfk ghjtrnBnjujdjuj frnf gj bnjufv Eheudfqcrjuj hfeylf vyjuj-cnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN.

1993 u.Rjyuhtcc CIF endthlbk Ctdthjfvthbrfycrjt cjukfit-ybt j cdjåjlyjq njhujdkt (North American Free TradeAgreement – NAFTA), f Ghtpbltyn CIF E. Rkbynjygjlgbcfk gfrtn yjhvfnbdysö frnjd j ddjlt d ltqcndbtänjuj cjukfitybz.Ghtpbltyn CIF E. Rkbynjy ecnhfbdftn d Dfibyunjytgthdeñ dcnhtxe kblthjd cnhfy-xktyjd ajhevf ≤Fpbfn-crj-Nböjjrtfycrjt ärjyjvbxtcrjt cjnhelybxtcndj≥(FNÄC) (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation – APEC) d cdzpb c dcnhtxtq vbybcnhjd cnhfy-xktyjd FNÄC.Cdsit 110 cnhfy ljcnbukb ljujdjhtyyjcnb j pfrkñ-xtybb yjdjuj njhujdjuj cjukfitybz, rjnjhjt pfdthibkjås ctvbktnybq Eheudfqcrbq hfeyl vyjujcnjhjyybönjhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN.

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FFDBFWBJYYJT CJUKFITYBT – AircraftAgreement.Cjukfitybt j njhujdkt cfvjktnfvb uhfélfycrjq fdbf-wbb (Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft – ATCA), byjulfyfpsdftvjt nfrét Fdbfwbjyysv rjltrcjv, bkb Fdbf-wbjyysv cjukfitybtv, åskj gjlgbcfyj d Étytdt dltrfåht 1979 u. b dcnegbkj d cbke 1 zydfhz 1980 u. Jyjåskj tlbycndtyysv vyjujcnjhjyybv cjukfitybtv,yfghfdktyysv yf hfcibhtybt njhujdkb ghjvsiktyysvbnjdfhfvb, rjnjhjt jåceélfkjcm yf Njrbqcrbv hfeyltgthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN d 1973–79 uu., b åskjghtlyfpyfxtyj lkz jåtcgtxtybz yjdsö vtéleyfhjlysöeckjdbq lkz cdjåjlyjq njhujdkb cfvjktnfvb uhfélfy-crjq fdbfwbb. Eybrfkmyjcnm Fdbfwbjyyjuj cjukfitybzpfrkñxfkfcm d njv, xnj jyj cnfkj tlbycndtyysv cjukf-itybtv, pfnhjyedibv djghjcs nfhbayjuj b ytnfhba-yjuj htuekbhjdfybz jnltkmyjq jnhfckb. Åskb jnvtytysnfvjétyyst gjikbys yf njhujdkñ cfvjktnfvb uhfé-lfycrjq fdbfwbb, åjkmibycndjv rjvgjytynjd cfvjktnjdb yfptvysvb rjvgktrcfvb bvbnfwbb eckjdbq gjktnf. D hfvrfö ytnfhbayjuj htuekbhjdfybz njhujdkb d ht-pekmnfnt ddtltybz d ltqcndbt lfyyjuj cjukfitybz åskbendthéltys yjdst vtéleyfhjlyst jåzpfntkmcndf,rfcfñobtcz ghfdbntkmcndtyyjuj dvtifntkmcndf d njh-ujdkñ cfvjktnfvb, rjvgjytynfvb cfvjktnjd b rjv-gktrcfvb bvbnfwbb eckjdbq gjktnf, drkñxfz gjhzljrecnfyjdktybz ntöybxtcrbö bkb yjhvfnbdysö åfhmthjd d jnyjitybb nhtåjdfybq cthnbabrfwbb b ntöybxtcrböeckjdbq yf ärcgkefnfwbñ b ntöybxtcrjt jåckeébdfybt,ghfdbntkmcndtyyst vths gj jåtcgtxtybñ gjcnfdjr fdbf-wbjyyjq ntöybrb b jåzpfntkmyst lkz bcgjkytybz ceå-ljujdjhs, vthjghbznbz gj cnbvekbhjdfybñ njhujdkb,rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz yf njhujdkñ, f nfrétvths ujcelfhcndtyyjq gjllthérb.D htpekmnfnt ghjdtltybz gjcktleñobö gthtujdjhjd dbcöjlysq ntrcn Fdbfwbjyyjuj cjukfitybz åskb dytctysytrjnjhst bpvtytybz, f gthtxtym ytjåkfuftvsö gjikb-yfvb njdfhjd, zdkzñobqcz ghbkjétybtv r cjukfitybñ,d 1982, 1983, 1985 b 1986 uu. åsk ljgjkyty yjdsvbgjpbwbzvb. Gthdjyfxfkmyj lfyyjt cjukfitybt gjlgbcfkbFdcnhbz, Rfyflf, dct ujcelfhcndf-xktys Tdhjgtqcrjujärjyjvbxtcrjuj cjjåotcndf, cnhfys Tdhjgtqcrjujcjjåotcndf, Zgjybz, Yjhdtubz, Idtwbz, Idtqwfhbz bCIF. Gjplytt r Fdbfwbjyyjve cjukfitybñ ghbcjtlb-ybkbcm nfrét Hevsybz b Tubgtn, f nfrét Uhtwbz, Gjh-neufkbz b Bcgfybz gjckt bö döjéltybz d TC. R yfcnjz-otve dhtvtyb cjukfitybt gjlgbcfkb 22 ujcelfhcndf.

Cv. nfrét Cdjåjlyfz njhujdkz – Free Trade; Vthsytnfhbayjuj htuekbhjdfybz – Non-Tariff Measures; bNfhba – Tariff.

FDBFWBJYYSQ RJLTRC – Aircraft Code.Cv. Fdbfwbjyyjt cjukfitybt – Aircraft Agreement.

FDNJHCRJT GHFDJ – Copyright.Bcrkñxbntkmyjt ghfdj, ghtljcnfdkztvjt ujcelfhcndjvyf jujdjhtyysq gthbjl cjplfntkñ kbnthfnehysö bkbbysö öeljétcndtyysö ghjbpdtltybq, yfghbvth, rybu,rfhn, cnfntq, xthntétq, hbceyrjd, lbfuhfvv, ajnjuhf-abq, vepsrfkmysö ghjbpdtltybq, rbyjabkmvjd, pfgbctqbkb ghjuhfvv lkz ÄDV. Cjukfitybt gj njhujdsvfcgtrnfv ghfd yf byntkktrnefkmyeñ cjåcndtyyjcnm(NFGBC), pfrkñxtyyjt yf Eheudfqcrjv hfeylt vyjuj-cnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN,drkñxftn d ctåz dct ceotcndtyyst fcgtrns pfobnsfdnjhcrbö ghfd, bvtñobt jnyjitybt r njhujdkt bljgecrftvst d cjjndtncndbb c Åthycrjq rjydtywbtq jåjöhfyt kbnthfnehysö b öeljétcndtyysö ghjbpdtltybq(Bern Convention for the Protection of Literary and ArtisticWorks), gjzcyzz, d xfcnyjcnb, xnj ghjuhfvvs lkz ÄDVljkéys hfccvfnhbdfnmcz rfr kbnthfnehyst ghjbpdt-ltybz, f cjcnfdktybt rjvgmñnthysö åfp lfyysö – rfrdbl byntkktrnefkmyjuj ndjhxtcndf. Ghfdf fdnjhjdjöhfyzñncz pfrjyjv d ntxtybt dctq bö ébpyb, f nfrétyf ghjnzétybb cktleñobö gznbltcznb ktn b drkñxfñnghfdf yf gthtdjl, djcghjbpdtltybt, geåkbxyst bcgjk-ytybt bkb gjrfp, gthtlfxe d äabh, flfgnbhjdfybt, hfp-vtotybt d jghtltktyyjv gjhzlrt, f nfrét dpbvfybtfhtylyjq gkfns. Cv. nfrét Byntkktrnefkmyfzcjåcndtyyjcnm – Intellectual Property; Njhujdst fcgtrnsghfd yf byntkktrnefkmyeñ cjåcndtyyjcnm – Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights; b Dctvbhyfzjhufybpfwbz gj jöhfyt byntkktrnefkmyjq cjåcndtyyjcnb– World Intellectual Property Organization.

FUTYNCNDJ VTÉLEYFHJLYJUJHFPDBNBZ (FVH) – Agency for InternationalDevelopment (AID).Jhufybpfwbz d cjcnfdt ghfdbntkmcndf CIF, rjnjhfzjndtxftn pf flvbybcnhfnbdyjt eghfdktybt fvthbrfy-crbvb ldecnjhjyybvb ghjuhfvvfvb gjvjob lheubvujcelfhcndfv. FVH nfrét ghbybvftn frnbdyjt exfcnbtd ajhvbhjdfybb lheubö yfghfdktybq gjkbnbrb b lheuböghjuhfvv CIF, bvtñobö jnyjitybt r ärjyjvbxtcrjvehfpdbnbñ cnhfy ≤nhtnmtuj vbhf≥. Cv. nfrét Ldecnj-hjyyzz gjvjom – Bilateral Aid; Hfpdbdfñobtcz cnhfys –Developing Countries; b Jabwbfkmyfz gjvjom hfpdbnbñ –Official Development Assistance.

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≤FPBFNCRJ-NBÖJJRTFYCRJTÄRJYJVBXTCRJT CJNHELYBXTCNDJ≥ (FNÄC) – Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC).Ajhev, cjplfyysq c wtkmñ cjltqcndbz hfpdbnbñ vyjuj-cnjhjyytuj cjnhelybxtcndf vtéle cnhfyfvb Fpbfncrj-Nböjjrtfycrjuj htubjyf c hsyjxyjq ärjyjvbrjq lkzcjdthitycndjdfybz eghfdktybz hfcneotq dpfbvjpfdb-cbvjcnmñ änbö cnhfy b gjllthéfybz bö ärjyjvbxtcrjujhjcnf. Ajhev FNÄC dgthdst djpybr d 1989 u. rfr yt-ajhvfkmyjt jåütlbytybt 12 cnhfy Fpbfncrj-Nböjjrtfy-crjuj htubjyf (Fdcnhfkbz, Åheytq, Byljytpbz, Rfyflf,Vfkfqpbz, Yjdfz Ptkfylbz, Cbyufgeh, CIF, Nfbkfyl,Abkbggbys, Ñéyfz Rjhtz b Zgjybz). D yjzåht 1991 u.d ytuj djikb Rbnfqcrfz Yfhjlyfz Htcgeåkbrf, Nfqdfymb Ujyrjyu, f d yjzåht 1993 u. – Vtrcbrf b Gfgef-YjdfzUdbytz, d htpekmnfnt xtuj jåott xbckj xktyjd änjqjhufybpfwbb dshjckj lj 17. Pf dhtvz ceotcndjdfybzFNÄC ghjdjlbkbcm htuekzhyst tétujlyst dcnhtxbvbybcnhjd ärjyjvbrb b byjcnhfyysö ltk ujcelfhcnde-xfcnybrjd ajhevf. Gthdfz nfrfz dcnhtxf cjcnjzkfcm d yjzåht 1989 u. d Rfyåthht (Fdcnhfkbz). D 1993 u.dcnhtxf vbybcnhjd ghjikf yf nthhbnjhbb CIF d Cbän-kt (in. Dfibyunjy).

FRWBPYSQ CÅJH – Excise Tax.Bpåbhfntkmysq yfkju, byjulf yfpsdftvsq nfrét ≤yfkj-ujv yf gjnhtåktybt≥, ecnfyfdkbdftvsq yf ytrjnjhstdbls njdfhjd, ghjbpdtltyysö yf nthhbnjhbb rfrjq-kbåjcnhfys bkb bvgjhnbhetvsö d rfreñ-kbåj cnhfye. Cv.nfrét Htuekbhjdfybt yfkjujjåkjétybz ärcgjhnbhetvsöb bvgjhnbhetvsö njdfhjd – Border Tax Adjustments;Rjcdtyysq yfkju – Indirect Tax; Yfkju yf fdnjnhfy-cgjhnyst chtlcndf – Road Tax; b Yfkju – Tax.

FVRDN – DISC.Cv. Dytiytnjhujdfz rjhgjhfwbz – Foreign SalesCorporation.

FVH – AID.Cv. Futyncndj vtéleyfhjlyjuj hfpdbnbz – Agency forInternational Development.

FVTHBRFYJ-RFYFLCRFZ NJHUJDFZRJVBCCBZ – U.S.-Canada Trade Commission.Jhufy, cjplfyysq d cjjndtncndbb c gjkjétybzvb Ukfds18 Cjukfitybz j cdjåjlyjq njhujdkt vtéle CIF bRfyfljq (U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement) c wtkmñghtljcnfdktybz rjycekmnfwbq gj dctv djghjcfv, dkbz-ñobv yf ddtltybt d ltqcndbt b hfåjne CCNCR. Cv.nfrét Ctdthjfvthbrfycrjt cjukfitybt j cdjåjlyjqnjhujdkt – North American Free Trade Agreement; bCjukfitybt j cdjåjlyjq njhujdkt vtéle CIF b Rfyfljq– U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement.

FVTHBRFYCRFZ RJHGJHFWBZ GJVTÉLEYFHJLYJQ NJHUJDKT (FRVN) –Domestic International Sales Corporation (DISC).Cv. Dytiytnjhujdfz rjhgjhfwbz – Foreign SalesCorporation.

FYLCRBQ GFRN – Andean Pact.Cjukfitybt vtéle Åjkbdbtq, Rjkevåbtq, Ärdfljhjv,Gthe b Dtytceäkjq j rjjhlbyfwbb ärjyjvbxtcrjqgjkbnbrb, drkñxfz cjplfybt pjys cdjåjlyjq njhujdkb dhfqjyt Fyl (cnhfyfvb Fylcrjq uheggs). Cv. nfrét Pjyfcdjåjlyjq njhujdkb – Free Trade Area.

FYYEKBHJDFYBT (NJHUJDSÖ GHFD) –Nullification (of Trade Rights).Cv. Rjycekmnfwbb – Consultations; b Hfphtitybt cgjhjd– Dispute Settlement.

FYNBÅJQRJNYJT PFRJYJLFNTKMCNDJ –Antiboycott Legislation.D 1969 u. d CIF åsk jgeåkbrjdfy Pfrjy j htuekbhjdf-ybb ärcgjhnf (Export Administration Act), d 1977 b 1979 uu.d ytuj åsk dytcty hzl gjghfdjr, f d 1990 u. chjrltqcndbz lfyyjuj pfrjyf åsk ghjlkty c ljåfdktybtv r ytve Ghfdbntkmcndtyyjuj gjcnfyjdktybz 12730 (Execu-tive Order 12730) d cjjndtncndbb c Pfrjyjv j xhtpdsxfq-ysö vtéleyfhjlysö ärjyjvbxtcrbö gjkyjvjxbzö (Inter-national Emergency Economic Powers Act). Pfrjy ltrkf-hbhetn wtkb b yfghfdktybz gjkbnbrb CIF, yfghfdkt-yyjq yf ghjnbdjltqcndbt juhfybxtybzv yf njhujdeñltzntkmyjcnm bkb åjqrjnfv, ecnfyfdkbdftvsv pfheåté-ysvb cnhfyfvb d jnyjitybb lheétcndtyysö CIF cnhfy.Eghfdktybt gj rjynhjkñ pf cjåkñltybtv pfrjyjd bgjcnfyjdktybq ghjnbd åjqrjnf ghb Åñhj ärcgjhnyjujhtuekbhjdfybz Vbybcnthcndf njhujdkb CIF jceotcn-dkztn ddjl d ltqcndbt juhfybxbntkmysö hfcgjhzétybq b ghfdbk, pfghtofñobö uhfélfyfv CIF pfybvfnmczdctvb dblfvb ltzntkmyjcnb, rjnjhst cjjndtncndeñn,cgjcjåcndeñn bkb gjllthébdfñn ytcfyrwbjybhjdfyyståjqrjns d jnyjitybb pfheåtéysö ujcelfhcnd. R xbckenfrbö pfghtotyysö dbljd ltzntkmyjcnb jnytctys jnrfpbkb cjukfcbt yf jnrfp d dtltybb öjpzqcndtyyjq ltzntkm-yjcnb gj ghbxbyfv åjqrjnf; ghbyznbt lbcrhbvbyfwbjy-ysö vth, jcyjdfyysö yf åjqrjnt; ghtljcnfdktybt cdtltybq j ltkjdsö jnyjitybzö c åjqrjnbhetvjqcnhfyjq bkb dyenhb nfrjq cnhfys, kbåj c kbwfvb, pf-ytctyysvb d ≤xthysq cgbcjr≥; f nfrét dtltybt nfrböytpfrjyysö dbljd ltzntkmyjcnb, rfr hfphfåjnrf bcjplfybt ecnhjqcnd bkb cötv, ghtlyfpyfxtyysö lkzgjvtotybz d rjvvthxtcrb ytdsujlyst eckjdbz kbwf,pfytctyyjuj d ≤xthysq cgbcjr≥. Dféytqibv yfghfd-ktybtv htuekbheñotq ltzntkmyjcnb Eghfdktybz gjrjynhjkñ pf cjåkñltybtv pfrjyjd b gjcnfyjdktybqghjnbd åjqrjnf zdkztncz ghjnbdjcnjzybt åjqrjne

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Bphfbkz fhfåcrbvb ujcelfhcndfvb. Rhjvt njuj, Vbyb-cnthcndj abyfycjd CIF jåtcgtxbdftn dsgjkytybtfynbåjqrjnysö gjkjétybq Pfrjyf j yfkjujdjq htajhvtjn 1976 u. (Tax Reform Act of 1976), pfghtofñoböghtljcnfdkznm jghtltktyyst yfkjujdst kmujns ntvkbwfv, rjnjhst ljujdfhbdfñncz jå ≤exfcnbb d kñåjvvtéleyfhjlyjv åjqrjnt bkb j cjnhelybxtcndt c exfcn-ybrfvb åjqrjnf≥. Cv. nfrét Åjqrjn – Boycott; b Pfrjyj htuekbhjdfybb ärcgjhnf jn 1979 u. – Export Admini-stration Act of 1979.

FYNBLTVGBYUJDST GJIKBYS – Anti-Dumping Duties.Cv. Ltvgbyu – Dumping.

FYNBLTVGBYUJDSQ RJLTRC – Anti-Dumping Code.Cdjl ghfdbk bkb rjltrc, cjukfcjdfyysq gjl äubljqUFNN d öjlt ghjdtltybz Njrbqcrjuj hfeylf njhujdsögthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN b ghbitlibq yf cvtyeltqcndjdfdituj hfytt rjltrcf, ghbyznjuj yf Rtyytlbq-crjv hfeylt gthtujdjhjd. Fynbltvgbyujdsq rjltrcecnfyjdbk vfnthbfkmyj-ghfdjdst b ghjwtlehyst yjhvsceltåysö hfpåbhfntkmcnd gj bcrfv, yfghfdktyysv ghj-nbd afrnjd ärjyjvbxtcrjuj ltvgbyuf d cnhfyfö, gjlgb-cfdibö änjn ljrevtyn. D CIF Fynbltvgbyujdsq rj-ltrc åsk ddtlty d ltqcndbt gjchtlcndjv Pfrjyf j njh-ujdsö cjukfitybzö jn 1979 u. (Trade Agreements Act of1979), rjnjhsq fyyekbhjdfk Fynbltvgbyujdsq pfrjy jn 1921 u. (Anti-Dumping Law of 1921) b drkñxbk yjdstfynbltvgbyujdst gjkjétybz d Pfrjy j nfhbafö jn 1930 u. (Tariff Act of 1930), ghtlecvfnhbdfñobq ghbvtyt-ybt cgtwbfkmysö gjikby, ärdbdfktynysö ltvgbyujdjqhfpyjcnb vtéle wtyfvb ghjbpdtltyysö dyenhb cnhfys b bvgjhnbhetvsö njdfhjd. Njdfhs, bvgjhnbhetvst d CIF, cxbnfñncz njdfhfvb, ghjlfdftvsvb gj ltvgby-ujdsv wtyfv, tckb åeltn jåyfheétyj, xnj jyb ghjlf-ñncz gj wtyfv, vtymibv xtv bö ≤cghfdtlkbdfz cnjb-vjcnm≥, b yfytckb bkb vjuen yfytcnb vfnthbfkmysqeothå rfrjq-kbåj jnhfckb ghjvsiktyyjcnb CIF. Cv.nfrét Rjltrcs ghfdbk – Codes of Conduct; Ltvgbyu –Dumping; Rtyytlbqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsögthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Kennedy Round; b Pfrjy j njhujdsö cjukfitybzö jn 1979 u. – Trade AgreementsAct of 1979.

FYNBNHTCNJDCRBQ – Anti-Trust.Nthvby, bcgjkmpetvsq lkz jgbcfybz gjkbnbrb bkbltqcndbz, rjnjhst yfghfdktys yf juhfybxtybt vjyjgj-kbcnbxtcrjq dkfcnb yf hsyrt. Cv. nfrét Ärcgjhnyfznjhujdfz rjvgfybz – Export Trading Company; Hsyjr –Market; Vjyjgjkbz – Monopoly; Juhfybxbntkmyfzltkjdfz ghfrnbrf – Restrictive Business Practices; b PfrjyEäååf-Gjvthtyf – Webb-Pomerene Act.

FHÅBNHFÉ – Arbitration.Ljujdjhtyyjcnm, ghb rjnjhjq ldt cnjhjys gj jnyjitybñr rfrjve-kbåj cgjhe ljujdfhbdfñncz vtéle cjåjq j yfpyfxtybb åtcghbcnhfcnyjuj fhåbnhf bkb uheggs rjv-gtntynysö kbw lkz hfphtitybz cgjhyjuj djghjcf; ghbänjv cnjhjys-cgjhobrb pfhfytt jåzpeñncz dsgjkyznmdsytctyyjt htitybt. Cv. nfrét Hfphtitybt cgjhjd –Dispute Settlement; b Uheggf ärcgthnjd – Panel of Experts.

FHUEVTYN D GJLLTHÉRE ≤VJKJLSÖ≥JNHFCKTQ GHJVSIKTYYJCNB – InfantIndustry Argument.Njxrf phtybz, cjukfcyj rjnjhjq ≤dhtvtyyfz pfobnf≥rfrjq-kbåj yjdjq jnhfckb ghjvsiktyyjcnb bkb yjdjujghtlghbznbz d rjyrhtnyjq cnhfyt gjchtlcndjv ecnfyjd-ktybz nfhbaysö b ytnfhbaysö åfhmthjd lkz bvgjhnfvjétn gjvjxm änjq jnhfckb bkb ghtlghbznbñ dcnfnm yf yjub b, d rjytxyjv cxtnt, ljåbnmcz rjyrehtynjcgj-cjåyjcnb yf vbhjdjv hsyrt. Bcnjhbxtcrb d åjkmiby-cndt yjdsö jnhfcktq ghjvsiktyyjcnb, bvtñobö ghjx-yeñ jcyjde b äaatrnbdyjt eghfdktybt, yfåkñlfkjcmcybétybt hfcöjljd gj vtht njuj, rfr hjc jåütv böghjbpdjlcndf b yfrfgkbdfkcz ghjbpdjlcndtyysq jgsn.Jlyfrj nt jnhfckb ghjvsiktyyjcnb, rjnjhst åskbcjplfys b eghfdkzkbcm ghb pyfxbntkmyjq cntgtyb pfdb-cbvjcnb jn ghzvsö bkb rjcdtyysö ujcelfhcndtyysöceåcblbq, byjulf cnfkrbdfkbcm c nhelyjcnzvb ghb gj-gsnrt jnrfpf jn nfrjq gjllthérb. Jcyjdyfz gjljgktrfddtltybz Jåjåotyyjq cbcntvs ghtathtywbq (GeneralizedSystem of Preferences) chfdybvf c gjljgktrjq fhuevtynfd gjllthére ≤vjkjlsö≥ jnhfcktq ghjvsiktyyjcnb. Cv.nfrét Rjyrehtynjcgjcjåysq – Competitive; Jåjåotyyfzcbcntvf ghtathtywbq – Generalized System of Preferences;Pfobnf – Protection; b Ceåcblbz – Subsidy.

FCPR – FCIA.Cv. Fccjwbfwbz gj cnhföjdfybñ pfuhfybxysö rhtlbnjd –Foreign Credit Insurance Association.

FCCJWBFWBZ GJ CNHFÖJDFYBÑPFUHFYBXYSÖ RHTLBNJD – Foreign CreditInsurance Association.Fccjwbfwbz, jåhfpjdfyyfz d 1961 u. c wtkmñ ghtljcnfd-ktybz fvthbrfycrbv ärcgjhnthfv eckeu gj cnhföjdfybñärcgjhnysö rhtlbnjd ghb gjllthért Ärcgjhnyj-bvgjhn-yjuj åfyrf CIF (Ärcbvåfyrf). Fccjwbfwbz ltqcndjdfkfd rfxtcndt futynf änjuj åfyrf, ghtlkfufz rhfnrjchjxyjtb chtlytchjxyjt cnhföjdjt gjrhsnbt. Jctymñ 1991 u.åskf cjplfyf rjvgfybz ≤Äa-Fq-Cb-Äq vtytlévtynrfvgäyb, Byr.≥, rjnjhfz eyfcktljdfkf e Fccjwbfwbbdtcm tt gthcjyfk b ljkéyf ltqcndjdfnm d rfxtcndt rjv-gfybb, jåckeébdfñotq Ärcbvåfyr gj rjynhfrne chjrjvyf ldf ujlf. Rjvgfybz ≤Äa-Fq-Cb-Äq vtytlévtynrfvgäyb, Byr.≥ åeltn pfybvfnmcz dslfxtq cnhföjdsö

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gjkbcjd gj ärcgjhnysv rhtlbnfv Ärcbvåfyrf (gjkyeñjndtncndtyyjcnm gj änbv gjkbcfv åeltn ytcnb ghfdb-ntkmcndj CIF), f nfrét fccjwbfnbdysö cnhföjdsö gj-kbcjd, gjlrhtgktyysö jåzpfntkmcndfvb xfcnysö rjvgf-ybq. Cv. nfrét Ärcgjhnyj-bvgjhnysq åfyr CIF –Export-Import Bank of the United States; b Cnhföjdfybt –Insurance.

FCCJWBBHJDFYYST UJCELFHCNDF –Associated States.Cv. Cnhfys FRN – ACP Countries; Tdhjgtqcrjt cjjå-otcndj – European Community; b Kjvtqcrfz rjydtywbz –Lomé Convention.

FNÄC – APEC.Cv. ≤Fpbfncrj-Nböjjrtfycrjt ärjyjvbxtcrjtcjnhelybxtcndj≥ – Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.

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Å≤ÅFQ-ÅÄR≥ (RJVGTYCFWBJYYSQ) – Buy-Back.Cv. Dcnhtxyfz njhujdkz – Countertrade.

ÅFKFYC ECNEGJR – Balance of Concessions.Cv. Ecnegrf – Concession; b Dpfbvyjcnm – Reciprocity.

ÅFYRJDCRFZ LTZNTKMYJCNM – Banking.Cv. Rhtlbn – Credit; Ghjwtyn – Interest; Pftv – Loan;b Eckeub – Services.

ÅFHNTH – Barter.Ghzvjq jåvty jlybö njdfhjd yf lheubt njdfhs åtpbcgjkmpjdfybz ltytu d rfxtcndt chtlcndf jåvtyf b åtpexfcnbz nhtnmtq cnjhjys. Cv. nfrét Dcnhtxyfz njh-ujdkz – Countertrade; b Ltymub – Money.

≤ÅFC≥ – LASU.Cv. ≤Åjkmijt fdbfghjvsiktyyjt cjukfitybt≥ – LargeAircraft Sector Understanding.

ÅTPECKJDYSQ HTÉBV YFBÅJKMITUJÅKFUJGHBZNCNDJDFYBZ – UnconditionalMost-Favored-Nation Treatment.Cv. Eckjdysq htébv yfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzncndjdf-ybz – Conditional Most-Favored-Nation Treatment; b Ht-ébv yfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzncndjdfybz – Most-Favored-Nation Treatment.

ÅTHYCRFZ RJYDTYWBZ – Bern Convention.Ljujdjh j cjplfybb Vtéleyfhjlyjuj cjñpf gj jöhfytkbnthfnehysö b öeljétcndtyysö ghjbpdtltybq (Interna-tional Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works),gjlgbcfyysq 9 ctynzåhz 1886 u. d Åthyt (Idtqwfhbz) b gjplytt ljgjkytyysq ghjnjrjkfvb b bpvtytybzvb,dytctyysvb d ytuj 1914, 1928, 1948, 1967 b 1971 uu.,rjnjhsq ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq dféyjt vyjujcnjhjyyttvtéleyfhjlyjt cjukfitybt d jåkfcnb pfobns fdnjhcrböghfd b hfcghjcnhfyztncz yf ghjbpdtltybz, cjplfyystbyjcnhfyysvb kbwfvb, xmb cnhfys gjlgbcfkb lfyysqljujdjh. Jy jåtcgtxbdftn pfobne fdnjhcrbö ghfd d ajh-vt yfwbjyfkmyjuj ljujdjhf b, rhjvt njuj, nhtåetn jncnhfy-exfcnybw jåtcgtxtybz jghtltktyysö vbybvfkmysöufhfynbq pfobns fdnjhcrbö ghfd yf ytrjnjhst rjyrhtn-yst dbls ghjbpdtltybq. Yfghbvth, lfyysq ljujdjhnhtåetn, xnjås fdnjhcrbt ghfdf yf kbnthfnehyst ghjbp-dtltybz åskb pfobotys yf dtcm chjr ébpyb fdnjhfgkñc 50 ktn b pfghtoftn ddtltybt nhtåjdfybz jå jåzpf-

ntkmyjv bcgjkmpjdfybb rfrbö-kbåj ajhvfkmysö ghjwt-leh (yfghbvth, edtljvktybz jå fdnjhcrjv ghfdt) d rf-xtcndt jlyjuj bp eckjdbq jåtcgtxtybz pfobns fdnjhcrböghfd. Lheujt dféyjt cjukfitybt jå jöhfyt fdnjhcrböghfd – Dctvbhyfz rjydtywbz jå fdnjhcrbö ghfdfö (Uni-versal Copyright Convention) – d vtymitq cntgtyb jåtcgt-xbdftn pfobne ghfd fdnjhjd. D 1989 u., gjckt ytcrjkm-rbö ltcznbktnbq jnrfpf jn ghbcjtlbytybz r Åthycrjqrjydtywbb, CIF dct-nfrb gjlgbcfkb tt. D yfcnjzottdhtvz CIF jrfpsdfñn lfdktybt yf cnhfys, rjnjhstdct tot yt ghbcjtlbybkbcm r ytq, c wtkmñ pfcnfdbnm böecjdthitycndjdfnm cdjb yfwbjyfkmyst pfrjys jå jöhfytfdnjhcrbö ghfd b dcnegbnm d Åthycreñ rjydtywbñ. Cv.nfrét Fdnjhcrjt ghfdj – Copyright; Byntkktrnefkmyfzcjåcndtyyjcnm – Intellectual Property; b Njhujdfz vfhrf –Trademark.

ÅTHYCRBQ CJÑP – Bern Union.Cv. Dctvbhyfz jhufybpfwbz gj jöhfyt byntkktrnefkmyjqcjåcndtyyjcnb – World Intellectual Property Organization.

ÅKFUJCJCNJZYBT – Welfare.Cjcnjzybt bkb cntgtym ärjyjvbxtcrjuj åkfujgjkexbz.Rfr endthélfñn ghbdthétyws rkfccbxtcrjq ärjyjvb-xtcrjq ntjhbb, wtkmñ ärjyjvbxtcrjq b njhujdjq gjkb-nbrb ljkéyj åsnm ekexitybt jåotuj åkfujcjcnjzybzrfrjq-kbåj cnhfys. Nthvby ≤åkfujcjcnjzybt≥ åskdgthdst ddtlty d hfåjnt Fhnehf Ctcbkf Gbuje, åhbnfy-crjuj ärjyjvbcnf, rjnjhsq cxbnfk, xnj bplthérb ghj-bpdjlcndf drkñxfñn d ctåz cjwbfkmyst hfcöjls. Cv.nfrét Chfdybntkmyjt ghtbveotcndj – ComparativeAdvantage; Ärjyjvbxtcrjt hfpdbnbt – Economic Develop-ment; Äaatrnbdyjcnm – Efficiency; Cnfnmb bvgjhnf –Imports; Byahfcnhernehf – Infrastructure; Ghjbpdjlcndj– Production; Ghjuhtcc – Progress; Cnhernehyjt bpvt-ytybt – Structural Change; b Gthtjhbtynfwbz njhujdkb –Trade Diversion.

ÅJQRJN – Boycott.Jnrfp gjllthébdfnm rjvvthxtcrbt bkb kñåst lheubtjnyjitybz c rfrbv-kbåj kbwjv, abhvjq bkb cnhfyjq.Cv. nfrét Rjjhlbyfwbjyysq rjvbntn gj ärcgjhnyjverjynhjkñ – Coordinating Committee on Export Controls;Ävåfhuj – Embargo; b Pfrjy j htuekbhjdfybb ärcgjhnfjn 1979 u. – Export Administration Act of 1979.

≤ÅJKMIFZ CTVTHRF≥ – G-7.Cv. ≤Uheggf 7≥ – Group of 7.

≤ÅJKMIJT FDBFGHJVSIKTYYJTCJUKFITYBT≥ (≤ÅFC≥) – Large AircraftSector Understanding (LASU).Cjukfitybt vtéle CIF b Tdhjgtqcrbv cjjåotcndjv(TC), pfrkñxtyyjt d 1985 u., rjnjhjt ghtlecvfnhbdftn

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vbybvfkmyst nhtåjdfybz b eckjdbz lkz dsltktybz pfq-vjd bkb ghtljcnfdktybz ufhfynbq gj pfqvfv lkz gjl-lthérb ujcelfhcndtyysvb exhtéltybzvb, pfybvfñob-vbcz ärcgjhnysv rhtlbnjdfybtv, ärcgjhnf 70-vtcnysöbkb åjktt dvtcnbntkmysö gfccfébhcrbö cfvjktnjd (bkbärdbdfktynysö bv gj uhepjgjlütvyjcnb uhepjdsö cfvj-ktnjd), f nfrét ldbufntktq b pfgfcysö ltnfktq lkznfrbö cfvjktnjd. Änj cjukfitybt åskj dgjcktlcndbbhfcibhtyj b d yfcnjzott dhtvz hfcghjcnhfyztncz yfcfvjktns dctö hfpvthjd, pfvtybd ltqcndjdfdibt hfyttcjukfitybz ≤j ghbjcnfyjdrt≥ b ≤jå jåotq kbybb≥,rjnjhst rfcfkbcm ujcelfhcndtyyjq abyfycjdjq gjllth-érb ärcgjhnf änbö dbljd ghjlerwbb. R yfcnjzotve vjvtyne ≤Åjkmijt fdbfghjvsiktyyjt cjukfitybt≥drkñxtyj d Cjukfitybt JÄCH j herjdjlzobö ghbywb-gfö d jnyjitybb gjllthébdftvsö ujcelfhcndjv ärc-gjhnysö rhtlbnjd (OECD Arrangement on Guidelines forOfficially Supported Export Credits) d rfxtcndt ghbkjétybzr jlyjve bp tuj hfpltkjd. Cv. nfrét Ärcgjhnyfzceåcblbz – Export Subsidy; Jhufybpfwbz ärjyjvbxtcrjujcjnhelybxtcndf b hfpdbnbz – Organization for EconomicCooperation and Development; b Ljcneg yf hsyjr –Market Access.

ÅHTNNJY-DELCRFZ RJYATHTYWBZ –Bretton-Woods Conference.Dcnhtxf ärjyjvbcnjd wtynhfkmysö åfyrjd b lheuböghfdbntkmcndtyysö xbyjdybrjd, hfytt yjcbdifz yfpdfybtRjyathtywbb Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq gjdfkñnysv b abyfycjdsv djghjcfv (United Nations Mone-tary and Financial Conference), rjnjhfz cjcnjzkfcm d bñkt1944 u. d Åhtnnjy-Delct (in. Ymñ-Öävgibh, CIF). Änfrjyathtywbz åskf cjpdfyf c wtkmñ hfccvjnhtybz hfp-kbxysö ghtlkjétybq, dsldbyensö åhbnfycrbvb b fvt-hbrfycrbvb abyfycjdsvb ärcgthnfvb lkz htitybzghjåktv vtéleyfhjlysö gkfntétq, eljdktndjhtybzgjnhtåyjcnb d ärjyjvbxtcrjv djccnfyjdktybb Tdhjgs d gthbjl gjckt jrjyxfybb Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys, fnfrét gjnhtåyjcnb d jåtcgtxtybb cnfåbkmyjcnb jåvty-ysö rehcjd b cdjåjlyjq rjydthnfwbb byjcnhfyysödfkñn. Rjvghjvbccyjt htitybt, ghbyznjt yf Åhtnnjy-Delcrjq rjyathtywbb, ghtlgjkfufkj cjplfybt Vtéle-yfhjlyjuj dfkñnyjuj ajylf (VDA) b Vtéleyfhjlyjujåfyrf htrjycnherwbb b hfpdbnbz (VÅHH bkb Dctvbhyjujåfyrf). Rhjvt njuj, exfcnybrb rjyathtywbb ghjdtkbytjabwbfkmyjt jåceéltybt ytjåöjlbvjcnb cjplfybzVtéleyfhjlyjq jhufybpfwbb gj djghjcfv njhujdkb. Cv.nfrét Utythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt –General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; Vtéleyfhjlysqdfkñnysq ajyl – International Monetary Fund; bDctvbhysq åfyr – World Bank.

ÅHJRTH – Broker.Gjchtlybr vtéle gjregfntktv b ghjlfdwjv, ltqcndeñ-obq yf dscjrjjhufybpjdfyyjv hsyrt, yfghbvth yfåbhét (åbhétdjq vfrkth). Cv. nfrét Hsyjr rfgbnfkjd– Capital Market; Hsyjr – Market; b Ufhfynbz, wtyyfzåevfuf – Security.

ÅHÑCCTKMCRFZ DCNHTXF VBYBCNHJD –Brussels Ministerial.Gkfybhjdfkjcm, xnj Eheudfqcrbq hfeyl vyjujcnjhjyybönjhujdsö gthtujdjhjd pfdthibncz dcnhtxtq vbybcnhjdcnhfy-xktyjd TC d Åhñcctkt (Åtkmubz), cjcnjzditqcz dgthbjl c 3 gj 7 ltrfåhz 1990 u. Jlyfrj d ltqcndbntkm-yjcnb jåceéltybz jrfpfkbcm cjhdfys, f Eheudfqcrbqhfeyl gthtujdjhjd åsk jnkjéty. Cv. Eheudfqcrbq hfeyl(vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) –Uruguay Round.

ÅHÑCCTKMCRFZ NFHBAYFZYJVTYRKFNEHF – Brussels TariffNomenclature.Cv. Nfvjétyyfz rkfccbabrfwbz njdfhjd – CustomsClassification.

ÅHÑCCTKMCRJT JGHTLTKTYBTCNJBVJCNB – Brussels Definition of Value.Cv. Rjltrc ghfdbk jghtltktybz nfvjétyyjq cnjbvjcnbnjdfhjd – Customs Valuation Code.

ÅNY – BTN.Cv. Cjdtn gj nfvjétyyjve cjnhelybxtcnde – CustomsCooperation Council.

ÅEATHYST (HTPTHDYST) PFGFCS –Buffer Stocks.Pfgfcs njdfhyjq ghjlerwbb, eghfdkztvst nfrbv jåhf-pjv, xnjås cukfébdfnm rjktåfybz wty. Njdfhs vjuenghjlfdfnmcz c htpthdyjuj (åeathyjuj) pfgfcf, rjulfwtys ljcnbuyen pfhfytt jghtltktyyjuj ≤wtyjdjuj gjnjk-rf≥ bkb dgkjnyeñ ghbåkbpzncz r ytve, b pfregfnmczlkz öhfytybz d nfrjv pfgfct, rjulf wtys ljcnbuyenpfhfytt jghtltktyyjuj vbybvfkmyjuj ehjdyz bkbdgkjnyeñ ghbåkbpzncz r ytve. Rfexer b rfrfj jnyjcz-ncz r njdfhfv, lkz rjnjhsö jåsxyj dctulf cjplfñnczhtpthdyst pfgfcs, gjcrjkmre cxbnftncz, xnj änj gjpdjk-ztn jåtcgtxbnm åjktt dscjreñ äaatrnbdyjcnm njhujdkb.Lkz jåjbö änbö dbljd cshmtdsö njdfhjd ceotcndeñncgtwbfkmyst vtéleyfhjlyst njdfhyst cjukfitybz. Cv.nfrét Njdfh (cshmtdjq njdfh) – Commodity; Jåobq ajyl– Common Fund; Byntuhbhjdfyyfz ghjuhfvvf cshmtdsönjdfhjd – Integrated Program for Commodities; Vtéle-yfhjlyjt njdfhyjt cjukfitybt – International CommodityAgreement; b Cnhfntubxtcrbt pfgfcs – StrategicStockpiles.

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D≤DFÉYFZ YJDFZ GHJUHFVVF LTQCNDBQ≥ (≤DYGL≥) – Substantial NewProgram of Action (SNPA).Dctjåütvkñofz ghjuhfvvf ärjyjvbxtcrbö vth, rjnj-hst ljkéys åsnm ghbyzns vtéleyfhjlysv cjjåotcn-djv c wtkmñ ekexitybz gthcgtrnbd ärjyjvbxtcrjujhfpdbnbz d yfbvtytt hfpdbnsö cnhfyfö d cjjndtncndbb c ljujdjhtyyjcnmñ, ljcnbuyenjq yf vtéleyfhjlyjqrjyathtywbb, rjnjhfz cjcnjzkfcm d Gfhbét d fduecnt1981 u. Cv. nfrét Yfbvtytt hfpdbnst cnhfys – LeastDeveloped Countries.

DFKÑNF – Currency.Chtlcndj jåvtyf, bvtñott öjéltybt d rfrjq-kbåj cnhf-yt. Lj Gthdjq vbhjdjq djqys nthvby ≤dfkñnf≥ xfotdctuj bcgjkmpjdfkcz lkz jåjpyfxtybz vjytn b ltytéysöpyfrjd (åevféysö ltytu), jlyfrj gj vtht hfcibhtybzghbvtytybz rhtlbnysö bycnhevtynjd ≤dfkñnjq≥ cnfkbyfpsdfnm nfrét xtrb, dsgbcsdftvst yf åfyrjdcrbtcxtnf; gjxnjdst ltytéyst gthtdjls; b ghtldfhbntkmyjjgkfxtyyst ljhjéyst xtrb, rjnjhst jåsxyj nhtåeñnbltynbabrfwbb dslfdituj bö kbwf bkb byljccfynf. D ghtlghbybvfntkmcndt åjkmifz xfcnm cltkjr cjdth-iftncz c gjvjomñ åfyrjdcrbö xtrjd. Cv. nfrét Rjy-dthnbhetvjcnm – Convertibility; Ltdfkmdfwbz – Devalua-tion; Vthrfynbkbpv – Mercantilism; Ltymub – Money;Yjvbyfkmyfz cnjbvjcnm – Par Value; b Htpthdyfzdfkñnf – Reserve Currency.

DFKÑNYSQ RJYNHJKM – ExchangeControls.Cnhjubq extn jgthfwbq c byjcnhfyysvb dfkñnfvb, åfy-rjdcrbvb nhfnnfvb b lheubvb abyfycjdsvb bycnhevty-nfvb, ghbdjlzobq r ecnfyjdktybñ vtéleyfhjlysö ab-yfycjdsö jåzpfntkmcnd d cnhfyfö, cnhtvzoböcz r htit-ybñ jcnhsö ghjåktv gkfntéyjuj åfkfycf. Ghb ghbvt-ytybb änbö vth rfrjq-kbåj cnhfyjq bvgjhnths jåzpfysjåhfofnmcz d ujcelfhcndtyyst jhufys lkz dslfxbghtldfhbntkmyjuj hfphtitybz yf gjkextybt byjcnhfyyjqdfkñns, ytjåöjlbvjq lkz ddjpf d lfyyeñ cnhfye erf-pfyysö rjkbxtcnd b dbljd njdfhjd. Gjcrjkmre gjljåystvths dtlen r juhfybxtybñ yf bvgjhn, jyb hfccvfnhb-dfñncz d rfxtcndt ytnfhbaysö åfhmthjd lkz vtéle-yfhjlyjq njhujdkb. Cv. nfrét Rjycekmnfwbb gj djghj-cfv gkfntéyjuj åfkfycf – Balance of Payments Consul-tations; Ytnfhbayst åfhmths – Non-Tariff Barriers;b Cgtwbabxtcrbt juhfybxtybz yf njhujdkñ – SpecificLimitations on Trade.

DFKÑNYSQ (JÅVTYYSQ) REHC –Exchange Rate.Wtyf (bkb rehc), gj rjnjhjq jlyf dfkñnf jåvtybdftnczyf lheueñ dfkñne, pjkjnj bkb cgtwbfkmyst ghfdf pfbv-cndjdfybz (CGP, bkb CLH). Cv. nfrét Dfkñnf – Cur-rency; Vtéleyfhjlysq dfkñnysq ajyl – InternationalMonetary Fund; Yjvbyfkmyfz cnjbvjcnm – Par Value;b Cgtwbfkmyst ghfdf pfbvcndjdfybz – Special DrawingRights.

DFÄR – EAEC.Cv. Djcnjxyj-Fpbfncrbq ärjyjvbxtcrbq rjrec (cjdtof-ybt) – East Asian Economic Caucus.

DTYXEHYSQ RFGBNFK – Venture Capital.Cv. Hbcr – Risk.

DTLEOBT HFPDBDFÑOBTCZ CNHFYS –Advanced Developing Countries.Cv. Hfpdbdfñobtcz cnhfys – Developing Countries;b Yjdst ghjvsiktyyj hfpdbdfñobtcz cnhfys – NewlyIndustrializing Economies.

DTRCTKM – Bill.Ljrevtyn, cdbltntkmcndeñobq j ceotcndjdfybb pfljk-étyyjcnb jlyjq cnjhjys gj jnyjitybñ r lheujq cnj-hjyt – yfghbvth, gbcmvtyysq pfrfp yf gjcnfdre njdfhjd,rjnjhsq vjétn bcgjkmpjdfnmcz d rfxtcndt ufhfynbbdjpdhfnf åfyrjv ccels gjcnfdobre njdfhjd, bkb wtyyfzåevfuf, nfrfz rfr rfpyfxtqcrbq dtrctkm. Cv. nfrétTdhjljkkfhs – Euro-Dollars; Chtlcndj jåvtyf – Mediumof Exchange; Ufhfynbz, wtyyfz åevfuf – Security; b Pfrjy j njhujdsö cjukfitybzö jn 1934 u. – Trade Agree-ments Act of 1934.

DPFBVYJCNM – Reciprocity.Vtnjl, c gjvjomñ rjnjhjuj ghfdbntkmcndf hfpkbxysöcnhfy ghtljcnfdkzñn lheu lheue fyfkjubxyst ecnegrb –yfghbvth, rjulf jlyf cnhfyf cybéftn cdjb nfvjétyystgjikbys bkb lheubt åfhmths, ghtgzncndeñobt bvgjhned lfyyeñ cnhfye, d jåvty yf ärdbdfktynyst ecnegrb cjcnjhjys cdjtuj njhujdjuj gfhnythf d jnyjitybb åfhmt-hjd, juhfybxbdfñobö ärcgjhn bp lheujq cnhfys (≤åfkfycecnegjr≥). Dpfbvyjcnm nhflbwbjyyj zdkzkfcm b zdkztnczukfdyjq wtkmñ dctö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN. Nth-vby ≤dpfbvyjcnm≥ nfrét jghtltkztncz rfr ≤dpfbvyjcnmkmujn≥ (“mutuality of benefits”), “quid pro quo” (≤ytxnj pfytxnj≥) b ≤hfdtycndj ghtbveotcnd≥ (“equivalence ofadvantages”). Xfcnm Ȫ UFNN (jcjåtyyj Cnfnmz ÖÖÖªÈUFNN) b ≤Hfphtibntkmyfz cnfnmz≥ Hfvjxyjuj cjukfit-ybz, gjlgbcfyyjuj yf Njrbqcrjv hfeylt vyjujcnjhjyybönjhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN, jcdjåjélfñnhfpdbdfñobtcz cnhfys jn jåzpfntkmcnd gj yterjcyb-ntkmyjve cjåkñltybñ ghbywbgf dpfbvyjcnb ghb ghjdt-

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ltybb gthtujdjhjd c hfpdbnsvb cnhfyfvb. Cv. nfrétRjyrehtynjcgjcjåysq – Competitive; Ecnegrf – Con-cession; Äaatrnbdyjcnm – Efficiency; Hfphtibntkmyfzcnfnmz – Enabling Clause; Hfvjxyjt cjukfitybt – Frame-work Agreement; Utythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö bnjhujdkt – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; Ht-ébv yfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzncndjdfybz – Most-Favored-Nation Treatment; Gthtujdjhs – Negotiations; Jcyjdyjqgjcnfdobr – Principal Supplier; Hfeyl – Round; Cgtwbfkm-ysq b lbaathtywbfkmysq htébv – Special and DifferentialTreatment; b Åkfujcjcnjzybt – Welfare.

DPFBVYSQ ÖFHFRNTH KMUJN – Mutualityof Benefits.Cv. Dpfbvyjcnm – Reciprocity.

DPFBVJPFDBCBVJCNM – Interdependence.Cv. Cnhernehyjt bpvtytybt – Structural Change.

≤DBLBVFZ NJHUJDKZ≥ – Visible Trade.Bvgjhn, ärcgjhn b htärcgjhn njdfhjd. Cv. nfrét Gkf-ntéysq åfkfyc – Balance of Payments; Njdfhs – Goods;≤Ytdblbvfz njhujdkz≥ – Invisible Trade; b Njhujdkz –Trade.

DRVJDN – ICITO.Cv. Utythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt –General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

DYTIYTNJHUJDFZ PJYF – Foreign TradeZone.Cv. Cdjåjlyfz pjyf – Free Zone.

DYTIYTNJHUJDFZ RJHGJHFWBZ (DR) –Foreign Sales Corporation (FSC).Kñåfz jaaijhyfz rjhgjhfwbz, cjplfyyfz d cjjndtncndbbc Pfrjyjv j cybétybb ltabwbnf jn 1984 u. (DeficitReduction Act of 1984) b jcdjåjéltyyfz jn egkfns atlt-hfkmyjuj gjljöjlyjuj yfkjuf c xfcnb cdjbö ljöjljd. DRgjkexftn ljöjl jn ärcgjhnyjq njhujdkb pf cxtn ghjlfébbkb clfxb d fhtyle ärcgjhnysö njdfhjd, kbåj pf cxtnghtljcnfdktybz eckeu, bvtñobö jnyjitybt r ärcgjhne.Jcdjåjéltyyfz jn yfkjujd xfcnm ljöjljd DR jn dyti-ytnjhujdjq ltzntkmyjcnb nfrét yt jåkfuftncz yfkjufvbd njv ckexft, tckb jyf hfcghtltkztncz vtéle fvthb-rfycrbvb rjhgjhfnbdysvb frwbjythfvb. Kñåfz dytiyt-njhujdfz rjhgjhfwbz ljkéyf åsnm jhufybpjdfyf d cjjn-dtncndbb c pfrjyfvb jlyjq bp ntö cnhfy, rjnjhst bvtñnc CIF cjukfitybz jå jåvtyt byajhvfwbtq, kbåj åsnmjajhvktyf rfr yföjlzofzcz d cjåcndtyyjcnb CIF.Dytiytnjhujdfz rjhgjhfwbz zdkztncz ghfdjghttvybwtqFvthbrfycrjq rjhgjhfwbb gj vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt(FRVN), rjnjhfz åskf cjplfyf d cjjndtncndbb c Pfrj-yjv j ljöjlfö jn 1971 u. (U.S. Revenue Act of 1971).

DYTIYTNJHUJDST CLTKRB C BHFYJV– Iranian Transactions.Cv. Pfrjy j xhtpdsxfqysö vtéleyfhjlysö ärjyjvbxtc-rbö gjkyjvjxbzö – International Emergency EconomicPowers Act.

≤DYGL≥ – SNPA.Cv. ≤Dféyfz yjdfz ghjuhfvvf ltqcndbq≥ – SubstantialNew Program of Action.

DYENHTYYZZ CEÅCBLBZ – Domestic Subsidy.Kñåjt ltqcndbt, ghfrnbrf bkb vthf, yt jnyjczobtcz r ärcgjhnysv ceåcblbzv, gjchtlcndjv rjnjhsö ghfdb-ntkmcndj ghtljcnfdkztn kmujns lkz rfrjuj-kbåj njdfhfb/bkb ghtlghbznbz. Cjukfcyj gjkjétybzv fvthbrfycrj-uj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf j rjvgtycfwbjyysö gjikbyfö kñ-åfz dyenhtyyzz ceåcblbz cxbnftncz rjvgtycbhetvjq,tckb d cjjndtncndbb c rfrjq-kbåj ghjuhfvvjq ghtlec-vfnhbdftncz ghtljcnfdktybt kmujn, bkb tckb nfrbt kmuj-ns ljkéys åsnm ghtljcnfdktys cgtwbfkmysv gjcnf-yjdktybtv bkb hfcgjhzétybtv ghfdbntkmcndf gj pfrjyebkb gj afrne rfrjve-kbåj rjyrhtnyjve ghtlghbznbñ,jnhfckb ghjvsiktyyjcnb bkb uheggt ghtlghbznbq bkbjnhfcktq ghjvsiktyyjcnb. Cv. nfrét Rjvgtycfwbjyystgjikbys – Countervailing Duties.

DJPDHFOTYYFZ GJIKBYF – Drawback.Bvgjhnyfz gjikbyf bkb yfkju, gjkyjcnmñ bkb xfcnbxyjdjpdhfotyyst gkfntkmobre ghfdbntkmcndjv d ckexft,rjulf bvgjhnyst njdfhs htärcgjhnbheñncz bkb bcgjkm-peñncz d ghjbpdjlcndt ärcgjhnysö njdfhjd.

DJBC – WIPO.Cv. Dctvbhyfz jhufybpfwbz gj jöhfyt byntkktrnefkm-yjq cjåcndtyyjcnb – World Intellectual PropertyOrganization.

DJKMYFZ UFDFYM (GJHNJ-AHFYRJ) –Free Port.Cv. Cdjåjlyfz pjyf – Free Zone.

DJCNJXYJ-FPBFNCRBQÄRJYJVBXTCRBQ RJREC (CJDTOFYBT)(DFÄR) – East Asian Economic Caucus (EAC).Uheggbhjdrf cnhfy Djcnjxyjq Fpbb, ghtlkjétybt jcjplfybb rjnjhjq åskj dsldbyenj Vfkfqpbtq c wtkmñrjjhlbyfwbb gjpbwbq änbö cnhfy gj ärjyjvbxtcrbvdjghjcfv, pfnhfubdfñobv bynthtcs htubjyf. CnhfysFCTFY ljkéys cjcnfdbnm rjcnzr Djcnjxyj-Fpbfncrjujärjyjvbxtcrjuj rjrecf. Lheubt åeleobt xktys änjujjåütlbytybz gjrf tot yt jghtltktys, jlyfrj eétctqxfc zcyj, xnj CIF, crjhtt dctuj, yt åelen ljgeotysd ytuj. Cv. nfrét ≤Fpbfncrj-Nböjjrtfycrjt ärjyjvbxtc-rjt cjnhelybxtcndj≥ (FNÄC) – Asia-Pacific Economic

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Cooperation (APEC); b Vyjujcnjhjyytt cjukfitybt –Multilateral Agreement.

DHTVTYYJT GHBCJTLBYTYBT –Provisional Accession.Cv. Ghbcjtlbytybt – Accession.

DCTVBHYFZ RJYDTYWBZ JÅ FDNJHCRBÖGHFDFÖ – Universal Copyright Convention.Cv. Åthycrfz rjydtywbz – Bern Convention.

DCTVBHYFZ JHUFYBPFWBZ GJ JÖHFYTBYNTKKTRNEFKMYJQ CJÅCNDTYYJCNB(DJBC) – World Intellectual PropertyOrganization (WIPO).Cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyjt exhtéltybt d cjcnfdt cbcntvsJhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq, ghbpdfyyjt cjltq-cndjdfnm hfpdbnbñ vtéleyfhjlyjuj cjnhelybxtcndf d catht jöhfys byntkktrnefkmyjq cjåcndtyyjcnb. DJBCrjynhjkbhetn hfåjne Vtéleyfhjlyjuj cjñpf gj jöhfytghjvsiktyyjq cjåcndtyyjcnb (≤Gfhbécrjuj cjñpf≥),rjnjhsq åsk cjplfy d 1883 u. c wtkmñ ghtljndhfotybzlbcrhbvbyfwbb d yfwbjyfkmyjq gfntynyjq ghfrnbrt, b Vtéleyfhjlyjuj cjñpf gj jöhfyt ghjbpdtltybq kbnt-hfnehs b bcreccndf (≤Åthycrjuj cjñpf≥), cjplfyyjuj d 1886 u. lkz dsgjkytybz fyfkjubxysö aeyrwbq d jnyj-itybb fdnjhcrbö ghfd. Rhjvt njuj, DJBC jceotcndkztnrjynhjkm pf dsgjkytybtv wtkjuj hzlf lheubö ljujdj-hjd, rjydtywbq b cjukfitybq, pfnhfubdfñobö ghjåktvejöhfys byntkktrnefkmyjq cjåcndtyyjcnb. Cv. nfrétFdnjhcrjt ghfdj – Copyright; Byntkktrnefkmyfz cjå-cndtyyjcnm – Intellectual Property; Gfntyn – Patent;b Ntöyjkjubz – Technology.

DCTVBHYSQ ÅFYR – World Bank.Vtéleyfhjlysq åfyr htrjycnherwbb b hfpdbnbz (VÅHH),nfrét bpdtcnysq gjl cjrhfotyysv yfpdfybtv ≤Dctvbh-ysq åfyr≥, ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq vtéujcelfhcndtyyjt ab-yfycjdjt exhtéltybt cj infå-rdfhnbhjq, hfpvtotyyjq d Dfibyunjyt (atlthfkmysq jrheu Rjkevåbz, CIF).Tuj wtkmñ zdkztncz jrfpfybt gjvjob hfpdbdfñobvczcnhfyfv d gjdsitybb ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnb b ljöjljd b åjhmåt c åtlyjcnmñ. Dctvbhysq åfyr åsk cjplfy d ltrfåht 1945 u. yf jcyjdt gkfyf, rjnjhsq åsk hfphf-åjnfy yf Åhtnnjy-Delcrjq rjyathtywbb d 1944 u. Dctvb-hysq åfyr pfybvftncz ghtljcnfdktybtv yf pftvyjq jcyj-dt ltytéysö chtlcnd rhtlbnjcgjcjåysv hfpdbdfñobvczcnhfyfv. Ghbdktxtybt åjkmitq xfcnb chtlcnd, ytjåöjlb-vsö lkz hfåjns åfyrf, jåtcgtxbdftncz bv pf cxtn hfp-vtotybz jåkbufwbq yf dtleobö vbhjdsö hsyrfö rfgb-nfkjd. Änb jåkbufwbb cj dhtvtytv cnfkb rjnbhjdfnmczyf hsyrt nfr dscjrj, rfr rjnbheñncz njkmrj wtyyståevfub, dsgeotyyst ghfdbntkmcndfvb, rjnjhst pfhtrj-vtyljdfkb ctåz rfr dscjrjyfltéyst ävbntyns, f nfrét

dtleobvb rjhgjhfwbzvb vbhf. Ghjtrns, abyfycbhetvstDctvbhysv åfyrjv, jåsxyj bvtñn ghbjhbntnyjt pyfxt-ybt e ghfdbntkmcnd-gjkexfntktq ghtljcnfdkztvsö änbvåfyrjv chtlcnd b, rfr ghfdbkj, jxtym nofntkmyj gkfyb-heñncz b rjynhjkbheñncz. Ghbåskm, gjkexftvfz Dctvbhysv åfyrjv jn cdjtq ltzntkmyjcnb, cyjdf ghtjå-hfpetncz d tuj rfgbnfk. Cv. nfrét Åhtnnjy-Delcrfzrjyathtywbz – Bretton Woods Conference; Hsyjr rfgbnf-kjd – Capital Market; Hfpdbdfñobtcz cnhfys – DevelopingCountries; Vtéleyfhjlyfz fccjwbfwbz hfpdbnbz – Inter-national Development Association; Vtéleyfhjlyfz abyf-ycjdfz rjhgjhfwbz – International Finance Corporation; bPftv – Loan.

DCNHTXF VBYBCNHJD D GEYNF-LTKM-ÄCNT – Punta del Este Ministerial.Eheudfqcrbq hfeyl vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdj-hjd d hfvrfö UFNN åsk yfxfn d Geynf-ltkm-Äcnt(Eheudfq) d ctynzåht 1986 u. yf dcnhtxt vbybcnhjd, yfrjnjhjq åskf ghbyznf Geynfltkmäcnbqcrfz ltrkfhfwbz(Punta del Este Declaration). Änf ltrkfhfwbz cjlthéfkfwtkb b gjdtcnre lyz gthtujdjhjd b zdbkfcm htpekmnfnjvrjycekmnfwbq, yfxfnsö d 1985 u. Cv. nfrét Eheudfqcrbqhfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrföUFNN) – Uruguay Round.

DCNHTXF VBYBCNHJD CNHFY-XKTYJDUFNN 1982 U. – GATT Ministerial Meeting of1982.Gthdfz dcnhtxf Ljujdfhbdfñoböcz cnjhjy d hfvrföUFNN yf ehjdyt vbybcnhjd cj dhtvtyb Njrbqcrjujhfeylf. Yf dcnhtxt 1982 u. åskf ghbyznf Hfåjxfz ghj-uhfvvf UFNN yf 80-t ujls (GATT Work Program for the1980s), ghtlecvfnhbdfdifz gjcktljdfntkmyeñ kbåthf-kbpfwbñ vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb c eltktybtv jcjåjujdybvfybz ntv djghjcfv njhujdjq gjkbnbrb, rjnjhsvghtélt eltkzkjcm jnyjcbntkmyj vfkj dybvfybz d hfv-rfö UFNN, yfghbvth nfrbv, rfr åfhmths lkz njhujdkbctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyjq ghjlerwbtq, eckeub b ghtgzncndbzlkz ärcgjhnf bp hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfy. Cv. nfrétUtythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt – GeneralAgreement on Tariffs and Trade; Kbåthfkbpfwbz – Liberali-zation; Eckeub – Services; Njrbqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjy-ybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Tokyo Round;b Ebkmzvcåthucrfz dcnhtxf yf dscitv ehjdyt – Williams-burg Summit.

DCNHTXYFZ NJHUJDKZ – Countertrade.Ljujdjhtyyjcnb bkb cjukfitybz, gj rjnjhsv ghjlféfnjdfhjd bkb eckeu bp jlyjq cnhfys d lheueñ ghbdzpfyfr ghjlfét, yfghfdktyyjq d ghjnbdjgjkjéyjv yfghfd-ktybb. Cjukfitybz j dcnhtxyjq njhujdkt xfcnj bcgjkm-peñncz d njhujdsö jnyjitybzö vtéle Djcnjrjv bPfgfljv. R nfrbv cltkrfv jnyjczncz:

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• ljujdjhs dcnhtxyjq regkb-ghjlféb, rjnjhst cjlthéfnghzvst erfpfybz j njv, xnj ghjlfdtw ljkéty gjregfnme bvgjhnthf njdfhs, cnjbvjcnm rjnjhsö ärdbdfktynfjghtltktyyjq ghjwtynyjq ljkt jn cnjbvjcnb ärcgjhnb-hetvsö njdfhjd;• jåhfnyst ljujdjhs j dcnhtxyjq njhujdkt, rjnjhstnhtåeñn jn bvgjhnthf (yfghbvth, fvthbrfycrjq abhvs,pfregfñotq cnfyrb d Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgt) jceotcndbnmärcgjhnyeñ gjcnfdre njdfhjd, ärdbdfktynysö gj cdjtqcnjbvjcnb jghtltktyyjq ghjwtynyjq ljkt jn cnjbvjcnbbvgjhnbhetvsö njdfhjd; ghb änjv lfyyjt jåzpfntkmcndjvjétn åsnm ghjlfyj lheujve ärcgjhnthe, yföjlzotveczd nhtnmtq cnhfyt;• rjvgtycfwbjyyst (≤åfq-åär≥) cjukfitybz, d cjjndtn-cndbb c rjnjhsvb rjvgfybz, ghjlfñofz jåjheljdfybt,kbwtypbb, ntöyjkjubb bkb pfdjls ≤gjl rkñx≥, cjukf-iftncz ghbyznm d rfxtcndt gjkyjq bkb xfcnbxyjq jgkf-ns pf gjcnfdkztvsq tñ njdfh ghjlerwbñ, ghjbpdtlty-yeñ c gjvjomñ nfrjuj jåjheljdfybz, kbwtypbq, ntö-yjkjubq bkb pfdjljd;• rkbhbyujdst cjukfitybz vtéle ldevz cnhfyfvb, rfé-lfz bp rjnjhsö jåzpetncz pfregbnm d ntxtybt erfpfy-yjuj gthbjlf dhtvtyb ytrjnjhjt jghtltktyyjt rjkb-xtcndj ghjlerwbb, ghjbpdtltyyjq lheujq cnhfyjq-exfcnybwtq cjukfitybz, c bcgjkmpjdfybtv ghb hfcxtnfö≤rkbhbyujdjq dfkñns≥;• cjukfitybz nbgf ≤cdbnx≥, rjnjhst ghtlecvfnhbdfñndjpvjéyjcnm gthtecnegrb – rfr ghfdbkj, cj crblrjq –cdjåjlysö jcnfnrjd yf rkbhbyujdjv cxtne jlyjq bpldeö cnhfy-exfcnybw cjukfitybz nhtnmtq cnjhjyt; änbjcnfnrb vjuen bcgjkmpjdfnmcz cnhfyjq, rjnjhjq jybghbyflktéfn, lkz ghjbpdjlcndf njdfhjd;• cjukfitybz nbgf ≤cdjg≥, ghtlecvfnhbdfñobt vtyjdstcötvs njhujdkb, gj rjnjhsv njhujdkz vtéle jnlfkty-ysvb hfqjyfvb jceotcndkztncz nfrbv jåhfpjv, xnjåscjrhfnbnm nhfycgjhnyst hfcöjls (yfghbvth, hjccbqcrfzytanm vjétn åsnm ≤jåvtytyf≥ yf ytanm, ghtlkfuftveñghjbpdjlbntktv bp Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb, c ntv xnjåshjccbqcrfz ytanm gjcnfdkzkfcm d rfreñ-kbåj cnhfye d Ñéyjq Fpbb, f kfnbyjfvthbrfycrfz ytanm – yfReåe); f nfrét• åfhnthyst cjukfitybz, gj rjnjhsv ldt cnjhjys ghj-bpdjlzn ytgjchtlcndtyysq jåvty njdfhfvb, cnjbvjcnmrjnjhsö cxbnftncz ghbåkbpbntkmyj jlbyfrjdjq, ecnhf-yzz ntv cfvsv ytjåöjlbvjcnm ghjdtltybz rfrbö-kbåjltytéysö hfcxtnjd.Cv. nfrét Åfhnth – Barter; Pfxtnyst (dcnhtxyst)nhtåjdfybz – Offset Requirements; b Cdzpfyyfz ccelf –Tied Loan.

DSÅJHJXYST RDJNS – Selective Quotas.Cv. Rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz – QuantitativeRestrictions; b Vths gj pfobnt dyenhtyytq ärjyjvbrb –Safeguards.

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U≤U-5≥ – G-5.Cv. ≤Uheggf 7≥ – Group of 7.

≤U-7≥ – G-7.Cv. ≤Uheggf 7≥ – Group of 7.

≤U-77≥ – G-77.Cv. ≤Uheggf 77≥ – Group of 77.

UFNN – GATT.Cv. Utythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt –General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

UFDFYCRFZ ÖFHNBZ – Havana Charter.Cv. Utythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt –General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

UFHFYN (GJHEXBNTKM) – Underwriter.D cnhföjdjv ltkt ufhfyn – änj cnhföjdfz rjvgfybz,bydtcnbwbjyysq åfyr bkb byjt abyfycjdjt exhtéltybt,rjnjhjt ghbybvftn yf ctåz hbcr gj cnhföjdfybñ rfrbö-kbåj cgtwbfkmyj jujdjhtyysö njdfhjd, jcjåtyyj ghb bönhfycgjhnbhjdrt. Cv. nfrét Hsyjr rfgbnfkjd – CapitalMarket; Cnhföjdfybt – Insurance; b Hbcr – Risk.

UFHFYNBZ, WTYYFZ ÅEVFUF – Security.Ljrevtyn, lfñobq tt dkfltkmwe ghfdj cjåcndtyyjcnb drfxtcndt pfkjujdjuj jåtcgtxtybz åfyrjdcrjq ccels bkbpfqvf. Rhjvt njuj, “security”– änj ghbyjczofz ljöjlwtyyfz åevfuf, gjregftvfz b ghjlfdftvfz yf ajyljdjqåbhét, yfghbvth, jåzpfntkmcndf b frwbb. Cv. nfrétÅhjrth – Broker; Hsyjr rfgbnfkjd – Capital Market;Rjvvthxtcrbq dtrctkm – Commercial Paper; Pftv – Loan;Cjåcndtyyjcnm – Property; b Hsyjr yfkbxyjuj njdfhf –Spot Market.

UFHVJYBPFWBZ – Harmonization.Ghjwtcc gjdsitybz cjdvtcnbvjcnb ghjwtleh bkb vth –jcjåtyyj ntö bp ybö, rjnjhst pfnhfubdfñn vtéleyfhjl-yeñ njhujdkñ, – ghbvtyztvsö hfpkbxysvb cnhfyfvb,yfghbvth, gentv jlyjdhtvtyyjuj gjybétybz cnfdjrnfvjétyysö nfhbajd lkz ljcnbétybz åjkmituj tlbyj-jåhfpbz nfhbaysö cbcntv änbö cnhfy. Åjkmibycndjghtlkjétybq j ≤ufhvjybpfwbb≥ nfhbajd ghtlecvfnhb-dftn ljdjkmyj ceotcndtyyst cybétybz dscjrbö cnfdjrnfhbajd b vtymitt cybétybt åjktt ybprbö cnfdjr, d jnkbxbt jn ajhveks ≤kbytqyjuj cybétybz nfhbajd≥,bcgjkmpjdfyyjq d öjlt ghjdtltybz Rtyytlbqcrjuj

hfeylf vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrföUFNN, rjnjhfz ghtlecvfnhbdfkf hfdyjghjwtynyjt evtym-itybt dctö ghbvtyztvsö nfhbajd. D htpekmnfnt cybét-ybz nfhbajd yf Njrbqcrjv hfeylt gthtujdjhjd d hfvrföUFNN dshjckf cntgtym ufhvjybpfwbb nfvjétyysö nfhb-ajd d njhujdsö jnyjitybzö vtéle hfpdbnsvb cnhfyf-vb. Cv. nfrét Nfvjétyyfz ufhvjybpfwbz – CustomsHarmonization; Rtyytlbqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybönjhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Kennedy Round;Rbjncrfz rjydtywbz – Kyoto Convention; Kbytqyjt cyb-étybt nfvjétyysö gjikby – Linear Reduction of Tariffs;Nfhba – Tariff; b Njrbqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybönjhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Tokyo Round.

UFHVJYBPBHJDFYYFZ CBCNTVF (UC) –Harmonized System (HS).Gjkyjt jabwbfkmyjt yfpdfybt Ufhvjybpbhjdfyyjq cbcnt-vs – ≤Ufhvjybpbhjdfyyfz cbcntvf jgbcfybz b rjlbhj-dfybz njdfhjd≥ (Harmonized Commodity Description andCoding System). Jyf ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq gjkyeñ cbcntverkfccbabrfwbb njdfhjd, jhufybpjdfyyeñ d jghtltktyysöhfvrfö b bcgjkmpeñoeñ cbcntve yevthfwbb bkb rjlb-hjdfybz, cjjndtncndeñoeñ gjkjétybzv cjukfitybz j tt cjplfybb. Yf vtéleyfhjlyjv ehjdyt UC drkñxftnd ctåz ghbvthyj 5 nsc. jgbcfybq hfpkbxysö njdfhjd,jhufybpjdfyysö d dblt cbcntvs pfujkjdrjd b gjlpfuj-kjdrjd, hfpvtotyysö d 97 ukfdfö, rjnjhst, d cdjñjxthtlm, jåütlbytys d 21 hfpltk. D hfpltkfö UC dctnjdfhs cuheggbhjdfys gj jnhfckzv ghjvsiktyyjcnb b njhujdkb (yfghbvth, ébdjnyst b ghjlerns ébdjnyjujghjbcöjéltybz, ntrcnbkm b ntrcnbkmyst bpltkbz) bkb gjcdjtve aeyrwbjyfkmyjve yfpyfxtybñ bkb ghbvtytybñ(yfghbvth, jåedm, jheébt b åjtghbgfcs). Ufhvjybpbhj-dfyyfz cbcntvf åskf hfphfåjnfyf Cjdtnjv gj nfvjéty-yjve cjnhelybxtcnde b åskf ghbyznf åjkmibycndjvjcyjdysö cnhfy, exfcndeñobö dj dytiytq njhujdkt. Cv.nfrét Nfvjétyyfz rkfccbabrfwbz – Customs Classifica-tion; Nfvjétyyfz ufhvjybpfwbz – Customs Harmonization;b Ufhvjybpbhjdfyysq gthtxtym nfhbajd CIF – Harmo-nized Tariff Schedule of the United States.

UFHVJYBPBHJDFYYFZ CBCNTVFJGBCFYBZ B RJLBHJDFYBZ NJDFHJD –Harmonized Commodity Description and CodingSystem.Cv. Nfvjétyyfz ufhvjybpfwbz – Customs Harmonization;b Ufhvjybpbhjdfyyfz cbcntvf – Harmonized System.

UFHVJYBPBHJDFYYSQ GTHTXTYMNFHBAJD CIF (UGN CIF) – HarmonizedTariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS).Rjvgktrcyfz cbcntvf rkfccbabrfwbb njdfhjd, jght-ltkzñofz hfpvth nfvjétyyjq gjikbys, ecnfyjdktyyjqnfvjétyysvb jhufyfvb CIF d jnyjitybb rféljuj

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bvgjhnbhetvjuj njdfhf. 1 zydfhz 1989 u. CIF ghtjåhf-pjdfkb cdjñ cbcntve nfhbayjq yjvtyrkfnehs, yjczoeñjabwbfkmyjt yfpdfybt ≤Gthtxyb nfhbajd CIF≥ (“TariffSchedules of the United States”), lkz ghbdtltybz tt dcjjndtncndbt c Ufhvjybpbhjdfyyjq cbcntvjq jgbcfybz brjlbhjdfybz njdfhjd (Harmonized Commodity Descriptionand Coding System), åjktt bpdtcnyjq gjl yfpdfybtv≤Ufhvjybpbhjdfyyfz cbcntvf≥ (Harmonized System) b hfp-hfåjnfyyjq Cjdtnjv gj nfvjétyyjve cjnhelybxtcnde.Cv. nfrét Cdzpfyyst cnfdrb nfvjétyyjuj nfhbaf –Bound Rates; Nfvjéyz – Customs; Nfvjétyyfz ufhvjyb-pfwbz – Customs Harmonization; Ufhvjybpbhjdfyyfzcbcntvf – Harmonized System; b Nfhba – Tariff.

UTYTHFKMYJT CJUKFITYBT J NFHBAFÖB NJHUJDKT (UFNN) – General Agreement onTariffs and Trade (GATT).Vyjujcnjhjyytt njhujdjt cjukfitybt vtéle cfvjcnjz-ntkmysvb ärjyjvbxtcrbvb ceåütrnfvb (yt jåzpfntkmyjcnhfyfvb), yfwtktyyjt yf hfcibhtybt vtéleyfhjlyjqnjhujdkb d rfxtcndt chtlcndf gjdsitybz jåotuj ehjdyzåkfujcjcnjzybz yf gkfytnt. UFNN åskj gjlgbcfyj d1947 u. rfr dhtvtyyjt cjukfitybt. Jyj gjkexbkj dctjå-ott vbhjdjt ghbpyfybt d rfxtcndt ukfdyjuj vtéleyf-hjlyjuj exhtéltybz, pfybvfñotujcz ghjdtltybtvvyjujcnjhjyybö vtéleyfhjlysö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd,gjcrjkmre cnfkj zcyj, xnj Ctyfn CIF yt hfnbabwbhetnUfdfycreñ öfhnbñ 1948 u. (Havana Charter of 1948), d cjjndtncndbb c rjnjhjq ljkéyf åskf åsnm cjplfyfVtéleyfhjlyfz jhufybpfwbz gj djghjcfv njhujdkb(VJDN) d rfxtcndt cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyjuj jhufyf d cbcnt-vt Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq, fyfkjubxyjuj gjcdjtve pyfxtybñ Vtéleyfhjlyjve dfkñnyjve ajyle b Dctvbhyjve åfyre. Dhtvtyysq rjvbntn VJDN(DRVJDN), jåhfpjdfyysq c wtkmñ cjltqcndbz cjplfybñVJDN, dgjcktlcndbb åsk ghtjåhfpjdfy d CtrhtnfhbfnUFNN. Gjkjétybz Utythfkmyjuj cjukfitybz j nfhbaföb njhujdkt ghbyzns yf dpfbvyjq jcyjdt dctvb Ljujdf-hbdfñobvbcz cnjhjyfvb lkz evtymitybz ytjghtlt-ktyyjcnb d cdzpb c njhujdsvb cltkrfvb, cdzpfyysvb c gthtvtotybtv njdfhjd xthtp ujcelfhcndtyyst uhfybws.Rhfteujkmysv rfvytv UFNN nhflbwbjyyj zdkzkjcmgjkjétybt j htébvt yfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzncndjdfybz(Cnfnmz 1 UFNN), jlyfrj d 70-ö b 80-ö ujlfö ibhjrjthfcghjcnhfytybt gjkexbkb cbcntvs htubjyfkmysö bghjxbö njhujdsö ghtathtywbq, xnj ghbdtkj r jckfåkt-ybñ hjkb UFNN d jåtcgtxtybb hfdysö djpvjéyjcntqljcnegf r hsyrfv vtéle xktyfvb UFNN. Jåjpyfxtybt≤UFNN≥ nfrét jnyjcbncz r jhufybpfwbb, infå-rdfhnbhfrjnjhjq yföjlbncz d Étytdt (Idtqwfhbz), gjchtlcndjvrjnjhjq Ljujdfhbdfñobtcz cnjhjys ghjdjlzn tétlytd-yst rjycekmnfwbb gj gjdjle ghbvtytybz gjkjétybqUFNN. Änf jhufybpfwbz nfrét ghbpdfyf jåtcgtxbdfnm≤hfvjxyst≥ eckjdbz lkz ghjdtltybz gthtujdjhjd, yfps-

dftvsö ≤hfeylfvb≥, yf rjnjhsö Ljujdfhbdfñobtczcnjhjys cjukfcjdsdfñn cybétybz nfhbajd b lheuböåfhmthjd lkz njhujdkb, f nfrét vtöfybpv ghjdtltybzrjycekmnfwbq, rjnjhsq vjétn ghbvtyznmcz ujcelfhcndf-vb, cnhtvzobvbcz jåtcgtxbnm pfobne cdjbö njhujdsöbynthtcjd. Yf Njrbqcrjv b Eheudfqcrjv hfeylfö jcyjd-yjq frwtyn d kbåthfkbpfwbb njhujdkb cvtcnbkcz c vthj-ghbznbq gj cybétybñ nfhbajd r cyznbñ ytnfhbaysöåfhmthjd lkz njhujdkb. D yfcnjzott dhtvz UFNN gjl-gbcfkb d jåotq ckjéyjcnb 103 Ljujdfhbdfñobtczcnjhjys (LC), yf ljkñ rjnjhsö ghböjlbncz ghbåkbpb-ntkmyj 85fi jn jåotuj jåütvf vbhjdjq njhujdkb, b totghbvthyj 30 cnhfy b pfdbcbvsö ceåütrnjd ghbvtyzñngjkjétybz UFNN ≤lt-afrnj≥ b vjuen d jlby ghtrhfc-ysq ltym gjkexbnm gjkyjghfdysq cnfnec Ljujdfhbdfñ-oböcz cnjhjy. Hzl lheubö cnhfy b nfvjétyysö nthhbnj-hbq nfrét cnhtvzncz cnfnm xktyfvb UFNN, chtlb yböRbnfq, Vjyujkbz, Nfqdfym, Åjkufhbz, Gfyfvf, Gfhfudfqb Ujylehfc. UFNN zdkztncz ukfdyjq ≤jnghfdyjq njxrjq≥lkz ghjdtltybz njhujdjq gjkbnbrb CIF. GhbcjtlbytybtCIF r UFNN jceotcndktyj d hfåjxtv gjhzlrt (gjcgtwbfkmyjve ghfdbntkmcndtyyjve gjcnfyjdktybñ) b ytjajhvktyj cjjndtncndeñobv ljujdjhjv c dsntrfñ-obvb bp ytuj jåzpfntkmcndfvb. Djpvjéyjcnm dsgjk-ytybz Cjtlbytyysvb Infnfvb gjkjétybq UFNN pfdbcbnjn jljåhtybz Rjyuhtccjv CIF cjjndtncndeñobö pfrj-yjd, f nfrét jn gjkbnbxtcrjq jhbtynfwbb htpbltynfCIF. Cv. nfrét Cnfnmb UFNN – Articles of GATT;Åhtnnjy-Delcrfz rjyathtywbz – Bretton-Woods Con-ference; Rjltrcs ghfdbk – Codes of Conduct; Rjvgtycfwbz– Compensation; Rjycekmnfwbb – Consultations; Ljujdfhb-dfñofzcz cnjhjyf – Contracting Party; Ärcgthnyfzuheggf UFNN – GATT Panel; Cnfnmz jå eyfcktljdfyyjvghfdt – Grandfather Clause; Wtynh vtéleyfhjlyjqnjhujdkb ÑYRNFL/UFNN – International Trade CenterUNCTAD/GATT; Kbåthfkbpfwbz – Liberalization; Kbwtypb-hjdfybt – Licensing; Htébv yfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzn-cndjdfybz – Most-Favored-Nation Treatment; Vyjujcnj-hjyybt njhujdst gthtujdjhs – Multilateral Trade Nego-tiations; Jcyjdyjq gjcnfdobr – Principal Supplier;Ghjnjrjk j dhtvtyyjv ltqcndbb – Protocol of ProvisionalApplication; Rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz – QuantitativeRestrictions; Hfeyl – Round; Cgtwbfkmysq b lbaathty-wbfkmysq htébv – Special and Differential Treatment;b Åkfujcjcnjzybt – Welfare.

UKJÅFKMYFZ CBCNTVF NJHUJDSÖGHTATHTYWBQ (UCNG) – Global System ofTrade Preferences (GSTP).Wtkm, yfvtxtyyfz ≤uheggjq 77≥ d hfvrfö ghjuhfvvsÑYRNFL ≤Ärjyjvbxtcrjt cjnhelybxtcndj vtélehfpdbdfñobvbcz cnhfyfvb≥ (Economic Cooperation AmongDeveloping Countries) bkb cjrhfotyyj ÄCHC (ECDC),rjnjhfz ghtlecvfnhbdftn ghjdtltybt gthtujdjhjd j

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cgtwbfkmysö ghtathtywbzö, ltqcndeñobö d njhujdsöjnyjitybzö vtéle hfpdbdfñobvbcz cnhfyfvb, f nfrétj cybétybb ytnfhbaysö åfhmthjd, ghtgzncndeñobönjhujdkt vtéle ≤cnhfyfvb Ñuf≥. Cv. nfrét ≤Ärjyjvb-xtcrjt cjnhelybxtcndj vtéle hfpdbdfñobvbcz cnhf-yfvb≥ – Economic Cooperation Among Developing Countries;≤Uheggf 77≥ – Group of 77; Ytnfhbayst åfhmths – Non-Tariff Barriers; Ghtathtywbb – Preferences; Njhujdkzvtéle ≤cnhfyfvb Ñuf≥ – South-South Trade; b Rjyat-htywbz Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq gj njhujdkt b hfpdbnbñ – United Nations Conference on Trade andDevelopment.

≤UKJÅFKMYST RDJNS≥ – Global Quotas.Cv. Rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz – QuantitativeRestrictions.

UJHBPJYNFKMYJT CYBÉTYBTNFVJÉTYYSÖ GJIKBY – HorizontalReduction of Tariffs.Cv. Kbytqyjt cybétybt nfvjétyysö gjikby – LinearReduction of Tariffs.

UJCELFHCNDTYYST DYTIYTNJHUJDSTRJVGFYBB – State Trading Companies.Ghbyflktéfobt ujcelfhcnde bkb rjynhjkbhetvst ujce-lfhcndjv ghtlghbznbz, rjnjhst ärcgjhnbheñn b/bkbbvgjhnbheñn njdfhs b eckeub. Ujcelfhcndtyyst dyti-ytnjhujdst rjvgfybb ceotcndeñn d cnhfyfö c nfr yfps-dftvjq cvtifyyjq ärjyjvbrjq, d rjnjhsö xfcnystghtlghbznbz nfrét buhfñn dféyeñ ärjyjvbxtcreñhjkm, f nfrét d cjwbfkbcnbxtcrbö cnhfyfö. Cv. nfrétUjcelfhcndtyysq ctrnjh – Public Sector; Cnhfys c gjk-yjcnmñ rjynhjkbhetvjq ujcelfhcndjv dytiytq njh-ujdktq – State Trading Nations; b Ytxtcnyst vtnjlsdtltybz njhujdkb – Unfair Trade Practices.

UJCELFHCNDTYYSQ CTRNJH – PublicSector.Xfcnm yfwbjyfkmyjq ärjyjvbrb, eghfdkztvfz ghb gjvj-ob ujcelfhcndtyysö hfcöjljd b ujcelfhcndtyysö bkbrjynhjkbhetvsö ujcelfhcndjv ghtlghbznbq. Cv. nfrétYthsyjxyfz ärjyjvbrf – Non-Market Economy; Xfcnysqctrnjh – Private Sector; b Cnhfys c gjkyjcnmñ rjynhj-kbhetvjq ujcelfhcndjv dytiytq njhujdktq – State Trad-ing Nations.

UGN CIF – HTSUS.Cv. Ufhvjybpbhjdfyysq gthtxtym nfhbajd CIF –Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States.

UHFABR (GTHTXTYM, IRFKF) – Schedule.Cv. Ecnegrf – Concession; Cghjc – Demand; Ghtlkj-étybt – Supply; b Gthtxyb nfhbajd – Tariff Schedules.

UHFABR GHTLKJÉTYBZ – Supply Schedule.Cv. Ghtlkjétybt – Supply.

UHFABR CGHJCF – Demand Schedule.Cv. Cghjc – Demand.

≤UHEGGF 7≥ (≤U-7≥) – Group of 7 (G-7).D ≤uhegge ctvb≥ döjlzn CIF, Zgjybz, Uthvfybz, Ahfy-wbz, Bnfkbz, Dtkbrjåhbnfybz b Rfyflf. Cnhfys-xktysuheggs ghjdjlzn htuekzhyst dcnhtxb lkz rjjhlbyfwbbärjyjvbxtcrjq gjkbnbrb c wtkmñ ljcnbétybz ytghthsd-yjuj ärjyjvbxtcrjuj hjcnf ghb cnfåbkmysö wtyfö, jåtc-gtxtybz ecnjqxbdjcnb yf dfkñnysö hsyrfö b cjltqcndbzecnhfytybñ dytiybö lbcåfkfycjd. Uheggf nfrét pfyb-vftncz hfccvjnhtybtv lheubö frnefkmysö djghjcjdvtéleyfhjlyjq ärjyjvbrb, rjnjhst dkbzñn yf jåottcjcnjzybt vbhjdjq ärjyjvbxtcrjq cbcntvs. Yf dcnhtxfö≤U-7≥ cnhfys-exfcnybws jåsxyj åsdfñn ghtlcnfdktysbö vbybcnhfvb abyfycjd b ukfdysvb eghfdkzñobvbwtynhfkmysö åfyrjd; rhjvt njuj, ghjdjlzncz ljgjkyb-ntkmyst dcnhtxb lkz pfvtcnbntktq vbybcnhjd abyfycjd.≤Uheggf 7≥ zdkztncz ghfdjghttvybwtq ≤uheggs 5≥ (≤U-5≥), d cjcnfd rjnjhjq döjlbkb nt ét cfvst cnhfys,pf bcrkñxtybtv Rfyfls b Bnfkbb. Cv. Gkfpcrjt cjukf-itybt – Plaza Accord.

≤UHEGGF 77≥ – Group of 77.Gthdjyfxfkmyj d cjcnfd ≤uheggs 77≥ döjlbkb 77hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfy, exfcndjdfdibö d rjyathtywbbÑYRNFL È d 1964 u. Ltktufns änjq rjyathtywbb cjp-lfkb ghtwtltyn ghjdtltybz cjdvtcnyjq dcnhtxb c wtkmñdshfåjnrb jåobö gjpbwbq gj jcyjdysv djghjcfv gj-dtcnrb lyz rjyathtywbb lj ghjdtltybz gktyfhysö pfctlfybq ÑYRNFL. D ≤uhegge 77≥ döjlzn ≤uheggf F≥(uheggs cnhfy Fahbrb b Fpbb, pf bcrkñxtybtv Bphfbkzb ÑFH) b ≤uheggf C≥ (uheggf kfnbyjfvthbrfycrböcnhfy) ÑYRNFL. D yfcnjzott dhtvz xktyfvb ≤uheggs77≥ zdkzñncz åjktt 120 cnhfy, f pfctlfybz uheggsghjöjlzn d Étytdt, Ymñ-Qjhrt, Dtyt b Hbvt. Yf yböcnhfys-exfcnybws pfybvfñncz dshfåjnrjq jåobö gjpb-wbq gj djghjcfv njhujdkb b hfpdbnbz, jåceélftvsvÑYRNFL b lheubvb jhufyfvb JJY. Cv. nfrét Hfpdb-dfñobtcz cnhfys – Developing Countries; ≤Ärjyjvbxtcrjtcjnhelybxtcndj vtéle hfpdbdfñobvbcz cnhfyfvb≥ –Economic Cooperation Among Developing Countries; Ldbét-ybt ytghbcjtlbytybz – Non-Aligned Movement; Njhujdkzvtéle ≤cnhfyfvb Ctdthf≥ b ≤cnhfyfvb Ñuf≥ – North-South Trade; b Rjyathtywbz Jhufybpfwbb JåütlbytyysöYfwbq gj njhujdkt b hfpdbnbñ – United Nations Confe-rence on Trade and Development.

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≤UHEGGF F≥ – Group A.Cv. ≤Uheggf 77≥ – Group of 77.

≤UHEGGF D≥ – Group B.Gthdjyfxfkmyj nthvby ≤uheggf D≥ bcgjkmpjdfkcz lkzjåjpyfxtybz dctö hfpdbnsö cnhfy c hsyjxyjq ärjyjvb-rjq, exfcndeñobö d ÑYRNFL. D gjcktlybt ujls änjnnthvby bcgjkmpetncz ghbvtybntkmyj r ntv ét cfvsvcnhfyfv, rjulf jyb dcnhtxfñncz yf cjdtofybzö, ghjdj-lbvsö Jhufybpfwbtq ärjyjvbxtcrjuj cjnhelybxtcndf b hfpdbnbz (JÄCH) b lheubvb vtéleyfhjlysvb jhufyb-pfwbzvb c wtkmñ dshfåjnrb gjpbwbq gj djghjcfv ärjyj-vbxtcrbö dpfbvjjnyjitybq vtéle ≤cnhfyfvb Ctdthf≥ b ≤cnhfyfvb Ñuf≥. Cv. nfrét Hsyjxyfz ärjyjvbrf –Market Economy; Njhujdkz vtéle ≤cnhfyfvb Ctdthf≥b ≤cnhfyfvb Ñuf≥ – North-South Trade; Jhufybpfwbzärjyjvbxtcrjuj cjnhelybxtcndf b hfpdbnbz – Organiza-tion for Economic Cooperation and Development; b Rjyat-htywbz Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq gj njhujdkt b hfpdbnbñ – United Nations Conference on Trade andDevelopment.

≤UHEGGF C≥ – Group C.Cv. ≤Uheggf 77≥ – Group of 77.

≤UHEGGF D≥ – Group D.Lj gthtjhbtynfwbb d cnjhjye hsyjxyjq ärjyjvbrb, ghj-bpjitlitq d 1989–91 uu., d cjcnfd ≤uheggs D≥ döjlbkbdct cjwbfkbcnbxtcrbt cnhfys Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs,exfcndeñobt d ÑYRNFL, drkñxfz Hevsybñ b Ñuj-ckfdbñ (cxbnfdibtcz xktyfvb ≤uheggs 77≥), f nfrétFkåfybz (rjnjhfz yt ghbybvfkf frnbdyjuj exfcnbz d ghjdtltybb ÑYRNFL b d hfåjnt lheubö jhufyjdcbcntvs JJY). Cnhfys ≤uheggs D≥ ghjzdkzkb jcjåsqbynthtc d exfcnbb d hfåjnt jlyjuj bp jnltkjd Ctrhtnf-hbfnf ÑYRNFL, dtleotuj ntve ≤Njhujdkz vtéle cnhf-yfvb c hfpkbxysvb ärjyjvbxtcrbvb cbcntvfvb≥ (“TradeBetween Countries with Different Economic Systems”). Cv. nfrét Cnhfys c gjkyjcnmñ rjynhjkbhetvjq ujce-lfhcndjv dytiytq njhujdktq – State Trading Nations;b Rjyathtywbz Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq gjnjhujdkt b hfpdbnbñ – United Nations Conference on Tradeand Development.

UHEGGF GTHTUJDJHJD GJ NJDFHFV –Group of Negotiations on Goods (GNG).Cv. Pfrkñxbntkmysq frn – Final Act.

UHEGGF GTHTUJDJHJD GJ ECKEUFV –Group of Negotiations on Services (GNS).Cv. Pfrkñxbntkmysq frn – Final Act.

UHEGGF ÄRCGTHNJD – Panel of Experts.Cjplfdftvfz lkz rféljuj jnltkmyjuj ckexfz uheggfcgtwbfkbcnjd, bvtñobö ytjåöjlbvst ghjatccbjyfkmystpyfybz b yfdsrb. Yfghbvth, d cjjndtncndbb c ghjwtle-hfvb hfphtitybz cgjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN, ärcgthnystuheggs, cjcnjzobt bp nhtö-gznb ärcgthnjd d jåkfcnbnjhujdjq gjkbnbrb, vjuen åsnm yfpyfxtys lkz fhåbn-hféyjuj hfccvjnhtybz hfpyjukfcbq gj djghjcfv njhuj-djq gjkbnbrb, djpybrfñobö vtéle ghfdbntkmcndfvb,rjnjhst hfpkbxysv jåhfpjv nhfrneñn cdjb jåzpfntkm-cndf gj UFNN. Cv. nfrét Fhåbnhfé – Arbitration;Rjltrcs ghfdbk – Codes; Hfphtitybt cgjhjd – DisputeSettlement; Utythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt– General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; b Hfåjxfzuheggf – Working Party.

UC – HS.Cv. Ufhvjybpbhjdfyyfz cbcntvf – Harmonized System.

UCNG – GSTP.Cv. Ukjåfkmyfz cbcntvf njhujdsö ghtathtywbq – GlobalSystem of Trade Preferences.

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LLDBÉTYBT YTGHBCJTLBYTYBZ (LY) –Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).Cdjåjlyjt jåütlbytybt hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfy, rjnjhstrfélst gznm ktn ghjdjlzn dcnhtxb yf ehjdyt ukfdujcelfhcnd c wtkmñ rjjhlbyfwbb gjpbwbq ujcelfhcnd-exfcnybrjd gj hfpkbxysv vtéleyfhjlysv gjkbnbxtc-rbv b ärjyjvbxtcrbv djghjcfv. Rjywtgnefkmyst jcyj-ds ldbétybz ytghbcjtlbytybz åskb pfkjétys yf Rjy-athtywbb cnhfy Fpbb b Fahbrb d 1955 u. d Åfyleyut(Byljytpbz) gj bybwbfnbdt Bylbb (Ythe), Tubgnf (Yfcth)b Ñujckfdbb (Nbnj). Gthdfz rjyathtywbz ldbétybzytghbcjtlbytybz yf dscitv ehjdyt cjcnjzkfcm d 1961 d Åtkuhflt (Ñujckfdbz), dnjhfz – d 1964 u. d Rfbht(Tubgtn), nhtnmz – d 1970 u. d Kecfrt (Pfvåbz), xtndth-nfz – d 1973 u. d Fkébht (Fkébh), gznfz – d 1976 u. d Rjkjvåj (Ihb-Kfyrf), itcnfz – d 1980 u. d Ufdfyt(Reåf), b ctlmvfz – d 1983 u. d Ymñ-Ltkb (Bylbz). D yfcnjzott dhtvz dcnhtxb änbö cnhfy ghjbcöjlzn gjläubljq ≤uheggs 77≥. Gjcktlyzz nfrfz dcnhtxf cjcnjz-kfcm d yjzåht 1991 u. d Ntuthfyt (Bhfy). Tt wtkmñ åskfdshfåjnrf jåotq gjpbwbb hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfy lkz ªÈÈÈrjyathtywbb JJY gj njhujdkt b hfpdbnbñ (ÑYRNFLªÈÈÈ), ghjitlitq d atdhfkt 1992 u. Cv. nfrét ≤Uheggf77≥ – Group of 77.

LDJQCNDTYYJT WTYJJÅHFPJDFYBT –Dual Pricing.Ghjlféf bltynbxyjq ghjlerwbb gj hfpysv wtyfv yfhfpkbxysö hsyrfö. Ldjqcndtyyjt wtyjjåhfpjdfybt xfcnjzdkztncz ghbpyfrjv ghbvtytybz ärcgjhnysö ceåcblbq b ltvgbyujdjq ghfrnbrb. Cv. nfrét Ltvgbyu – Dumping;Ärcgjhnyst ceåcblbb – Export Subsidies; b Htcnbnewbb –Restitutions.

LDECNJHJYYTT NJHUJDJTCJUKFITYBT – Bilateral Trade Agreement.Ajhvfkmyjt bkb ytajhvfkmyjt cjukfitybt, pfnhfubdfñ-ott djghjcs njhujdsö jnyjitybq vtéle ldevz cnhfyf-vb. Cv. nfrét Rjycekmnfwbb – Consultations; Cjukfit-ybt j vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt vyjujdjkjrjyysvbntrcnbkmysvb bpltkbzvb – Multi-Fiber ArrangementRegarding International Trade in Textiles; b Njhujdjt cjukf-itybt – Trade Agreement.

LDECNJHJYYBQ – Bilateral.

J ljujdjht bkb cjukfitybb, d rjnjhjv exfcndeñn njkm-rj ldt cnjhjys. Cv. nfrét Vyjujcnjhjyybq – Multila-teral; b Jlyjcnjhjyybq – Unilateral.

LDECNJHJYYBQ LJUJDJH JÅBYDTCNBWBZÖ (LLB) – Bilateral InvestmentTreaty (BIT).Cjukfitybt, ecnfyfdkbdfñott chjrb b eckjdbz jce-otcndktybz xfcnysö rfgbnfkjdkjétybq uhfélfyfvb brjvgfybzvb jlyjq cnhfys yf nthhbnjhbb lheujq cnhfys.

LDECNJHJYYZZ VTÉUJCELFHCNDTYYFZÄRCGTHNYFZ UHEGGF – Binational Panel.D cjjndtncndbb c eckjdbzvb Cjukfitybz j cdjåjlyjqnjhujdkt vtéle CIF b Rfyfljq (U.S.-Canada Free TradeAgreement), åskb jåhfpjdfys ldeöcnjhjyybt vtéujce-lfhcndtyyst uheggs ärcgthnjd lkz gjvjob d hfphtit-ybb njhujdsö cgjhjd, dsytctyysö yf hfccvjnhtybtärcgthnysö uhegg Fvthbrfyj-rfyflcrjq njhujdjq rjvbc-cbtq. Nhtåjdfybz r cjcnfde ärcgthnysö uhegg, cjplf-dftvsö d hfvrfö Ljujdjhf j cdjåjlyjq njhujdkt vtéleCIF b Rfyfljq, bpkjétys d Ukfdfö 5, 18 b 19 änjujLjujdjhf. Cgbcrb rfylblfnjd lkz pfxbcktybz d ärcgthn-yst uheggs ujnjdbkbcm ghtlcnfdbntkzvb jåtbö cnhfy.Cv. nfrét Ldecnjhjyytt njhujdjt cjukfitybt – BilateralTrade Agreement; Cjukfitybt j cdjåjlyjq njhujdktvtéle CIF b Rfyfljq – U.S.-Canada Free TradeAgreement; b Fvthbrfyj-rfyflcrfz njhujdfz rjvbccbz –U.S.-Canada Trade Commission.

LDECNJHJYYZZ GJVJOM – Bilateral Aid.Cjltqcndbt d hfpdbnbb, ghtljcnfdkztvjt ytgjchtlcndty-yj cnhfyjq-ljyjhjv cnhfyt-gjkexfntkñ (d jnkbxbt jngjvjob, jrfpsdftvjq gj rfyfkfv hfpkbxysö vtéleyf-hjlysö exhtéltybq b jhufybpfwbq). Cv. nfrét Futyn-cndj vtéleyfhjlyjuj hfpdbnbz – Agency for InternationalDevelopment; b Vyjujcnjhjyyzz gjvjom – MultilateralAid.

LDEÖRJKJYJXYSQ NFHBA – Double-Column Tariff.Gthtxtym nfhbajd, d rjnjhjv lkz dctö bkb ytrjnjhsödbljd njdfhjd ghbdtltys ldt cnfdrb nfvjétyyjqgjikbys. Ghb nfrjq cbcntvt bvgjhnbhetvst njdfhsvjuen jåkfufnmcz åjktt dscjrjq bkb åjktt ybprjqnfvjétyyjq gjikbyjq d pfdbcbvjcnb jn cntgtyb hfpdb-njcnb njhujdsö b bysö jnyjitybq, ceotcndeñobövtéle cnhfyjq-bvgjhnthjv b cnhfyjq-ärcgjhnthjv.Ytrjnjhst cnhfys-xktys Åhbnfycrjuj Cjlheétcndfddtkb e ctåz nfreñ cbcntve ldeörjkjyjxysö nfhbajd,rjnjhfz ghtlecvfnhbdftn ecnfyjdktybt ghtathtywbfkm-yjuj nfhbayjuj htébvf lkz jcnfkmysö xktyjd Cjlhe-étcndf. CIF b ytrjnjhst lheubt cnhfys nfrétbcgjkmpeñn åjktt ybprbt nfhbas d jnyjitybb cnhfy,

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rjnjhsv jyb ghtljcnfdbkb htébv yfbåjkmituj åkfuj-ghbzncndjdfybz. Cv. nfrét ≤Nfhbayst cnfdrb gthdjqrjkjyrb≥ – Column 1 Rates; ≤Nfhbayst cnfdrb dnjhjqrjkjyrb≥ – Column 2 Rates; Htébv yfbåjkmituj åkfuj-ghbzncndjdfybz – Most-Favored-Nation Treatment; Ght-athtywbb – Preferences; Jlyjrjkjyjxysq nfhba – Single-Column Tariff; b Nfhba – Tariff.

LLB – BIT.Cv. Ldecnjhjyybq ljujdjh jå bydtcnbwbzö – BilateralInvestment Treaty.

LT-AFRNJ – De Facto.Rfr jyj tcnm yf ghfrnbrt, afrnbxtcrb.

LT-ÑHT – De Jure.D cjjndtncndbb c nhtåjdfybzvb pfrjyf.

LTDFKMDFWBZ – Devaluation.Cybétybt cnjbvjcnb yfwbjyfkmyjq dfkñns, dshfétyyjqd dfkñnfö lheubö ujcelfhcnd. Ltdfkmdfwbz cgjcjåcndetnevtymitybñ cghjcf yf bvgjhnyst njdfhs dyenhb cnhf-ys-bvgjhnthf pf cxtn gjdsitybz wty yf änb njdfhs,dshfétyysö d ltdfkmdbhjdfyyjq dfkñnt, f nfrét gjl-ybvftn pfheåtéysq cghjc yf njdfhs, ärcgjhnbhetvst bplfyyjq cnhfys, pf cxtn evtymitybz wty yf änb njdfhs,dshfétyysö d byjcnhfyysö dfkñnfö. Cktljdfntkmyj,ltdfkmdfwbz vjétn bcgjkmpjdfnmcz rfr jlyj bp chtlcndrjhhtrnbhjdrb ltabwbnf gkfntéyjuj åfkfycf b byjulf d ntxtybt rjhjnrjuj dhtvtyb ckeébn jcyjdjq lkz ärj-yjvbxtcrjq gthtcnhjqrb yfwbjyfkmyjq ärjyjvbrb. Cv.nfrét Gthtcnhjqrf – Adjustment; Gjkbnbrf gj ghbywbge≤ybobq – ndjq cjctl≥ – Beggar-Thy-Neighbor Policy; b Dfkñnf – Currency.

≤LTLEIRBYF JUJDJHRF≥ – GrandfatherClause.Cv. Cnfnmz jå eyfcktljdfyyjv ghfdt – GrandfatherClause.

LTVGBYU – Dumping.Gj pfrjyfv CIF, ltvgbyujv zdkztncz ghjlféf d CIFärcgjhnyjuj njdfhf gj wtyfv ≤vtymibv, xtv cghfdtlkb-dfz wtyf≥ yf lfyysq njdfh, tckb nfrfz ghjlféf yfyjcbnbkb euhjéftn yfytcnb vfnthbfkmysq eothå ghjbpdjlb-ntkzv fyfkjubxysö njdfhjd, yföjlzobvcz yf nthhbnj-hbb CIF. ≤Cghfdtlkbdjq wtyjq≥ jåsxyj cxbnftncz wtyf,gj rjnjhjq lfyysq njdfh ghjlftncz yf nthhbnjhbb cnhf-ys-ärcgjhnthf bkb nhtnmbv cnhfyfv. ≤Cghfdtlkbdjqwtyjq≥ vjétn nfrét zdkznmcz nfr yfpsdftvfz hfcxtn-yfz cnjbvjcnm lfyyjuj njdfhf, ghjlfdftvjuj yf hsyrtCIF, rjnjhfz crkflsdftncz bp cnjbvjcnb vfnthbfkjd b dkjétyyjuj nhelf, yfrkflysö hfcöjljd ghtlghbznbz-bpujnjdbntkz, jåobö b flvbybcnhfnbdysö hfcöjljd (yt

vtytt 10fi), ghbåskb (yt vtytt 8fi), f nfrét hfcöjljdyf egfrjdre. Gjkjétybt j ≤cnjbvjcnb ghjbpdjlcndf≥nhtåetn, xnjås gjl jghtltktybt ltvgbyuf yt gjgflfkfghjlféf njdfhjd yf dyenhtyytv hsyrt cnhfys-ärcgjhnt-hf bkb yf hsyrt kñåjq nhtnmtq cnhfys gj wtyfv,zdkzñobvcz ckbirjv ybprbvb, xnjås ≤jåtcgtxbnmdjpvtotybt dctö hfcöjljd d ntxtybt hfpevyjuj gthbjlfdhtvtyb ghb yjhvfkmyjv öjlt njhujdkb≥. Ärjyjvbcnshfcöjlzncz dj vytybzö jnyjcbntkmyj dhtlyjuj dkbzybzltvgbyuf. Ytrjnjhst gjkfufñn, xnj ltvgbyu c wtkmñcjplfybz ≤njxrb jgjhs≥ yf yjdjv hsyrt ljkéty ghbpyf-dfnmcz yjhvfkmyjq rjvvthxtcrjq ghfrnbrjq. D cjjndtn-cndbb c ghfdbkfvb UFNN ltvgbyujv cxbnftncz gjnty-wbfkmyj ytxtcnyfz ghfrnbrf dtltybz njhujdkb, rjnjhfzvjétn gjljhdfnm hfdyjdtcbt yf hsyrt (dspdfnm gjlhsdhsyrf) b yfytcnb eothå ghjbpdjlbntkzv rjyrehtynjcgj-cjåyjq ghjlerwbb d cnhfyt-bvgjhntht. Jlyfrj cjukfcyjghfdbkfv UFNN ltvgbyu ljkéty cxbnfnmcz fåcjkñnyjpfrjyyjq – c ntöybxtcrjq njxrb phtybz – ghfrnbrjq,tckb yt jåyfheétyj, xnj jy yfyjcbn rfrjq-kbåj eothå.D 1993 u. d hfvrfö cjukfitybz, pfrkñxtyyjuj d öjltghjdtltybz Eheudfqcrjuj hfeylf vyjujcnjhjyybö njh-ujdsö gthtujdjhjd, cnhfys-xktys UFNN ghbyzkb åjkttgjlhjåyst ghfdbkf, htuekbheñobt bö ghfdf ghbybvfnmvths ghjnbd gjgsnjr ghjlféb bvgjhnyjq ghjlerwbb gjärcgjhnysv wtyfv c ytcghfdtlkbdsvb crblrfvb. Cnhf-ys-exfcnybws UFNN ljujdjhbkbcm jå jnvtyt dctö fynb-ltvgbyujdsö gjikby gj ghjitcndbb gznb ktn (xnj gj-nhtåetn dytctybz cjjndtncndeñobö bpvtytybq d pfrjyj-lfntkmcndj CIF), f nfrét jå edtkbxtybb nfr yfpsdft-vjuj vbybvfkmyjuj nhtåjdfybz (“de minimis rule” – vb-ybvfkmyjq cnfdrb, ghb rjnjhjq vjétn åsnm jghtltktyfltvgbyujdfz hfpybwf) lj ldeö ghjwtynjd (gj fvthbrfy-crjve pfrjyjlfntkmcnde änf cnfdrf cjcnfdkztn 0,5fi). D hfvrfö Eheudfqcrjuj cjukfitybz nfrét jåhfpjdfyRjvbntn gj fynbltvgbyujdsv vthfv (Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices), f cnhfys-exfcnybws UFNN ghbyzkb yf ctåz jåzpfntkmcndj ytpfvtlkbntkmyj edtljvkznmänjn Rjvbntn jåj dctö ckexfzö ghbvtytybz ltvgbyuf.Cv. nfrét Fynbltvgbyujdsq rjltrc – Anti-DumpingCode; Ldjqcndtyyjt wtyjjåhfpjdfybt – Dual Pricing;Gjlhsd hsyrf – Market Disruption; Vtöfybpv ≤pfgecrfñ-obö≥ wty – Trigger Price Mechanism; b Rjvbccbz CIF gjdjghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb – U.S. InternationalTrade Commission.

LTVGBYU D JÅHFÅFNSDFÑOTQGHJVSIKTYYJCNB – DownstreamDumping.Ltvgbyu d jåhfåfnsdfñotq ghjvsiktyyjcnb, yfpsdft-vsq nfrét ≤ltvgbyujv ddjlbvsö htcehcjd≥, ghtlcnf-dkztn cjåjq ghfrnbre ärcgjhnf ujnjdjq ghjlerwbb,rjnjhfz åskf ghjbpdtltyf c bcgjkmpjdfybtv ddjlbvsöhtcehcjd (afrnjhjd ghjbpdjlcndf), ghbjåhtntyysö gj

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wtyt, vtymitq xtv yjhvfkmyfz cnjbvjcnm änbö htcehcjd.Fynbltvgbyujdjt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj CIF cjlthébngjkjétybz, ghtlecvfnhbdfñobt rjynhjkm pf afrnfvbltvgbyuf d jåhfåfnsdfñotq ghjvsiktyyjcnb, rjulfddjlbvst htcehcs eét zdkzñncz jåütrnjv lkz ghbvt-ytybz fynbltvgbyujdsö gjikby. Tckb d öjlt nfrjujrjynhjkz åeltn jåyfheétyj, xnj jåütv bvgjhnysögjcnfdjr ujnjdjq ghjlerwbb dshjc d htpekmnfnt ghtdhf-otybz ddjlbvjuj ghjlernf d ujnjdeñ ghjlerwbñ, dkf-cnb vjuen yfxfnm hfccktljdfybt gj afrne jåyfheétybzltvgbyuf ghb ghjbpdjlcndt lfyyjuj dblf ujnjdjq ghj-lerwbb. Cv. nfrét Fynbltvgbyujdsq rjltrc – Anti-Dumping Code; b Ltvgbyu – Dumping.

LTVGBYU D NHTNMÑ CNHFYE – Third-Country Dumping.Cbnefwbz, ghb rjnjhjq ärcgjhne rfrjuj-kbåj njdfhf bpgthdjq cnhfys åsk yfytcty bkb euhjéftn åsnm yfyt-ctyysv eothå d htpekmnfnt ärcgjhnf änjuj ét njdfhfbp dnjhjq cnhfys d nhtnmñ cnhfye gj wtyfv, vtymibvxtv cghfdtlkbdfz cnjbvjcnm. Cdjlysq pfrjy j njhujdktb rjyrehtynjcgjcjåyjcnb jn 1988 u. (Omnibus Trade andCompetitiveness Act of 1988) ddtk ghjwtlehs lkz gjlfxbghtlcnfdbntkzvb fvthbrfycrjq ghjvsiktyyjcnb gtnb-wbq d Åñhj Njhujdjuj ghtlcnfdbntkz CIF (NG CIF) c wtkmñ jåhfotybz r ghfdbntkmcndfv pfheåtéysöcnhfy, gjlgbcfdibö Fynbltvgbyujdsq rjltrc UFNN(GATT Anti-Dumping Code), c ghjcmåjq j yfxfkt jab-wbfkmyjuj fynbltvgbyujdjuj hfccktljdfybz jn bvtybnjq bkb byjq jnhfckb ghjvsiktyyjcnb CIF, endthé-lfñotq, xnj tq åsk yfytcty eothå ghb ärcgjhnt yfhsyjr lfyyjq cnhfys. Cv. nfrét Fynbltvgbyujdsq –Anti-Dumping; Ltvgbyu – Dumping; Cdjlysq pfrjy j njh-ujdkt b rjyrehtynjcgjcjåyjcnb jn 1988 u. – OmnibusTrade and Competitiveness Act of 1988; Njhujdsq ghtlcnf-dbntkm CIF – U.S. Trade Representative; b Gjlhsd hsyrf– Market Disruption.

LTVGBYU DDJLBVSÖ HTCEHCJD – InputDumping.Cv. Ltvgbyu d jåhfåfnsdfñotq ghjvsiktyyjcnb –Downstream Dumping.

LTYMUB – Money.Kñåjt chtlcndj jåvtyf, ibhjrj ghbybvftvjt ghb jgkf-nt pf njdfhs b eckeub bkb ghb gjufitybb ljkujd. Ltym-ub nfrét ckeéfn änfkjyjv cnjbvjcnb lkz bpvthtybzjnyjcbntkmyjq wtyyjcnb hfpkbxysö njdfhjd b eckeu, fnfrét chtlcndjv yfrjgktybz. Rjkbxtcndj ltytéysötlbybw, ytjåöjlbvjt lkz gjregrb rfrjuj-kbåj njdfhf,zdkztncz tuj wtyjq. Tckb ås yt åskj ltytu, dcz njh-ujdkz cdtkfcm ås r åfhnthe. D gthbjls byakzwbb≤htfkmyfz≥ cnjbvjcnm ltytu cybéftncz. Cv. nfrétÅfhnth – Barter; Rfgbnfk – Capital; Rhtlbn – Credit;

Dfkñnf – Currency; Byakzwbz – Inflation; Chtlcndjjåvtyf – Medium of Exchange; Wtyf – Price; Gjregfntkm-yfz cgjcjåyjcnm – Purchasing Power; b Cnjbvjcnm –Value.

≤LTABWBNYST GKFNTÉB≥ – DeficiencyPayments.Ujcelfhcndtyyst gkfntéb, ghjbpdjlbvst c wtkmñ rjv-gtycfwbb athvthfv dctq bkb xfcnb hfpybws vtélewtyfvb ghjbpdjlbntktq, afrnbxtcrb egkfxtyysvb pfrjyrhtnysq njdfh, b åjktt dscjrbvb ufhfynbhjdfyysvbgkfyjdsvb wtyfvb. Cv. nfrét Tlbyfz ctkmcrjöjpzq-cndtyyfz gjkbnbrf – Common Agricultural Policy; b Gtht-vtyyfz gjikbyf – Variable Levy.

LBKKJYCRBQ HFEYL(VYJUJCNJHJYYBÖ NJHUJDSÖGTHTUJDJHJD D HFVRFÖ UFNN) – DillonRound.Njhujdst gthtujdjhs, cjcnjzdibtcz gjl gfnhjyfétvUFNN d gthbjl c 1960 u. gj 1962 u. b yfpdfyyst gjbvtyb Leukfcf Lbkkjyf, pfybvfdituj d nj dhtvz gjcngjvjoybrf ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ctrhtnfhz CIF, rjnjhsqjabwbfkmyj dsldbyek ghtlkjétybt j ghjdtltybb änbögthtujdjhjd. Cv. nfrét Gthtujdjhs j ≤gjcnfntqyjv≥cybétybb nfvjétyysö nfhbajd – Item-by-ItemNegotiations; b Hfeyl – Round.

LBCRHBVBYFWBZ – Discrimination.Ythfdtycndj d htébvfö, ghbvtyztvsö d jnyjitybbbvgjhnysö gjcnfdjr jn hfpkbxysö njhujdsö gfhnythjd,ghjzdkzñottcz d ecnfyjdktybb ghtathtywbfkmysöcnfdjr nfvjétyyjuj nfhbaf lkz bvgjhnf bp ytrjnjhsöjghtltktyysö cnhfy bkb d dblt njhujdsö juhfybxtybq djnyjitybb ärcgjhnf ytrjnjhsö jghtltktyysö cnhfy, ghbjncencndbb gjljåysö vth d jnyjitybb fyfkjubxysönjdfhjd bp lheubö cnhfy. Cv. nfrét Gjkbnbrf b ghfrnb-rf ujcelfhcndtyysö pfregjr – Government ProcurementPolicies and Practices; b Htébv yfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzn-cndjdfybz – Most-Favored-Nation Treatment; Ghtathtywbb– Preferences; b Rfhfynbyyst, cfybnfhyst b vtlbwbycrbtpfrjys b yjhvs – Quarantine, Sanitary and Health Laws andRegulations.

LBAATHTYWBFKMYFZ ÄRCGJHNYFZGJIKBYF – Differential Export Tax.Vyjujehjdytdfz ärcgjhnyfz gjikbyf, jåsxyj cnherne-hbhjdfyyfz nfrbv jåhfpjv, xnj ärcgjhnyfz gjikbyf yfcshmt ghtdsiftn ärcgjhnyeñ gjikbye (tckb nfrjdfzbvttncz) yf njdfhs ghjvsiktyyjq gththfåjnrb, gjke-xtyyst bp änjuj cshmz, ntv cfvsv cjplfdfz cnbvekslkz gththfåjnrb cshmz dyenhb cnhfys-ärcgjhnthf. Cv.nfrét Åjqrjn – Boycott; Ävåfhuj – Embargo; b Ljcneg r cshmñ b vfnthbfkfv – Supply Access.

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LBAATHTYWBFKMYSQ HTÉBV (LKZÄRCGJHNF BP HFPDBDFÑOBÖCZ CNHFY)– Differential Treatment (for Developing CountryExports).Cv. Hfvjxyjt cjukfitybt – Framework Agreement; bCgtwbfkmysq b lbaathtywbfkmysq htébv – Special andDifferential Treatment.

LY – NAM.Cv. Ldbétybt ytghbcjtlbytybz – Non-Aligned Movement.

LJUJDFHBDFÑOFZCZ CNJHJYF –Contracting Party.Cnhfyf bkb ärjyjvbxtcrbq ceåütrn (yfghbvth, Ujyrjyu),ghbcjtlbybdibtcz r Utythfkmyjve cjukfitybñ j nfhb-afö b njhujdkt (UFNN) b ntv cfvsv ghbyzdibt yf ctåzhzl jghtltktyysö jåzpfntkmcnd b gjkexbdibt ghfdj yfgjkextybt jghtltktyysö kmujn, ghtlecvjnhtyysö änbvcjukfitybtv. Cnjhjys, gjlgbcfdibt UFNN, bvtyeñncz dljrevtynfö UFNN Ljujdfhbdfñobvbcz cnjhjyfvb (nth-vby gbitncz åjkmibvb åerdfvb), rjulf jyb ltqcndeñnrjkktrnbdyj d hfvrfö Utythfkmyjuj cjukfitybz. Cv.nfrét Utythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt –General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; b Ghjnjrjk jdhtvtyyjv ghbvtytybb – Protocol on ProvisionalApplication.

LJUJDJH J CDJÅJLT, NJHUJDKT BYFDBUFWBB (LCNY) – Freedom, Commerceand Navigation Treaty (FCN).Ldecnjhjyytt cjukfitybt, jghtltkzñott ñhblbxtcrbt b rjvvthxtcrbt ghfdf uhfélfy rféljq cnhfys-exfcn-ybws cjukfitybz d cjjndtncndbb c pfrjyfvb lheujqcnhfys-exfcnybws.

LJUJDJH JÅ JÅHFPJDFYBBTDHJGTQCRJUJ CJJÅOTCNDF –Association Agreement.Cv. Tdhjgtqcrjt cjjåotcndj – European Community.

LJUJDJH JÅ JÅÜTLBYTYBB – Treaty ofFusion.Cv. Tdhjgtqcrjt cjjåotcndj – European Community.

LJUJDJHTYYJCNM JÅ EDTLJVKTYBB,HFPHTITYBB CGJHJD GJCHTLCNDJVRJYCEKMNFWBQ B YFÅKÑLTYBB –Understanding Regarding Notification,Consultation Dispute Settlement and Surveillance.Cv. Hfphtitybt cgjhjd – Dispute Settlement; b Hfvjxyjtcjukfitybt – Framework Agreement.

LJUJDJHS DCNHTXYJQ REGKB-GHJLFÉB – Counter Purchase Contracts.Cv. Dcnhtxyfz njhujdkz – Countertrade.

LJKUJCHJXYJT CJUKFITYBT JVTÉLEYFHJLYJQ NJHUJDKTÖKJGXFNJÅEVFÉYSVBNTRCNBKMYSVB BPLTKBZVB – Long-TermAgreement on International Trade in CottonTextiles (LTA).Cv. Cjukfitybt j vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt vyjujdjkj-rjyysvb ntrcnbkmysvb bpltkbzvb – Multi-FiberArrangement Regarding International Trade in Textiles.

LJVFIYZZ CBCNTVF GHJBPDJLCNDF –Domestic System of Production.Cbcntvf ärjyjvbxtcrjuj ghjbpdjlcndf, ghtjåkflfdifz d Tdhjgt d ÖªÈ b ÖªÈÈ dtrfö lj yfcnegktybz ägjöbGhjvsiktyyjq htdjkñwbb. Ghb änjq cbcntvt regwsgjcnfdkzkb vfnthbfks, f byjulf b jhelbz nhelf htvtc-ktyybrfv, rjnjhst ghjbpdjlbkb ujnjdst bpltkbz e ctåzljvf b pfntv djpdhfofkb bö regwfv lkz ghjlféb. Cv.nfrét Ghjvsiktyyfz htdjkñwbz – Industrial Revolution;b Ghjbpdjlcndj – Production.

LJGJKYTYBT R HFPLTKE 301 – Super301.Hfpltk 301 Pfrjyf j njhujdkt jn 1974 u. (Trade Act of1974) c cjjndtncndeñobvb ljgjkytybzvb, dytctyysvbHfpltkjv 1302 Cdjlyjuj pfrjyf j njhujdkt b rjyrehty-njcgjcjåyjcnb jn 1988 u. (Omnibus Trade and Competiti-veness Act of 1988), nhtåjdfk jn njhujdjuj ghtlcnfdbntkzCIF (NG CIF) d 1989 b 1990 uu. jghtltkbnm ghbjhb-ntnyst yfghfdktybz lkz kbåthfkbpfwbb njhujdkb b yf-xfnm hfccktljdfybz d cjjndtncndbb c Hfpltkjv 301 d jnyjitybb nfrbö ghbjhbntnysö vtnjljd dj dctö cnhf-yfö, gjkbnbrf rjnjhsö yt jndtxftn änbv ghbjhbntnysvyfghfdktybzv. Lfyyjt gjkjétybt njhujdjuj pfrjyjlf-ntkmcndf CIF enhfnbkj cdjñ cbke d 1991 u.3 vfhnf 1994 u. Ghtpbltyn CIF E. Rkbynjy gjlgbcfkghfdbntkmcndtyyjt gjcnfyjdktybt j djccnfyjdktybb d cbkt Ljgjkytybz r Hfpltke 301 njhujdjuj pfrjyjlf-ntkmcndf. Cjukfcyj änjve gjcnfyjdktybñ, njhujdsqghtlcnfdbntkm CIF d 1994 b 1995 uu. ljkéty dszdbnm≤ghbjhbntnyst vtnjls, bcgjkmpetvst pfheåtéysvbcnhfyfvb≥ (“priority foreign practices”), ecnhfytybt rjnj-hsö vjukj ås jåtcgtxbnm vfrcbvfkmyst djpvjéyjcnblkz hfcibhtybz ärcgjhnf CIF. Gjckt njuj rfr nfrbtvtnjls åelen dszdktys, jyb cnfyen ghtlvtnjv hfcckt-ljdfybq d cjjndtncndbb c Hfpltkjv 301. Gthdsv ifujvd änjv ghjwtcct zdkztncz ghjdtltybt rjycekmnfwbq c ghfdbntkmcndfvb pfheåtéysö cnhfy c wtkmñ ljcnbét-ybz cjukfitybz jå jnrfpt jn ghbvtytybz hfccvfnhbdft-vsö vtnjljd bkb d ytrjnjhsö ckexfzö j rjvgtycfwbb

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pf eothå, ghbxbytyysq bcgjkmpjdfybtv änbö vtnjljd.Tckb cnjhjyfv yt elfcncz ghblnb r cjukfitybñ, hfc-cktljdfybt ljkéyj åsnm ghjljkétyj. D ckexft tckbhfccktletvst vtnjls, ghbvtyztvst pfheåtéysvbcnhfyfvb, zdkzñncz yfheitybtv ltqcndeñobö njhujdsöcjukfitybq – yfghbvth nfrbö, rfr UFNN bkb yjdjtcjukfitybt jå Jhufybpfwbz gj vtéleyfhjlyjq njh-ujdkt, – CIF ghbåtuyen d jnyjitybb änbö vtnjljd r ghjwtleht hfphtitybz cgjhjd, ghtlecvfnhbdftvjq lfy-ysvb cjukfitybzvb. Yf pfdthifñotv änfgt hfcckt-ljdfybz njhujdsq ghtlcnfdbntkm CIF ljkéty åeltnjghtltkbnm, jnyjczncz kb hfccvfnhbdftvst vtnjls r vtnjlfv, d jnyjitybb rjnjhsö vjuen åsnm ghbyznsjndtnyst vths (actionable), d cjjndtncndbb c Hfpltkjv301, b tckb lf, nj rfrbt jndtnyst vths cktletn ghbyznmCIF d rféljv rjyrhtnyjv ckexft. Cv. nfrét Kbåthf-kbpfwbz – Liberalization; Cdjlysq pfrjy j njhujdkt brjyrehtynjcgjcjåyjcnb jn 1988 u. – Omnibus Trade andCompetitiveness Act of 1988; Hfpltk 301 – Section 301;Pfrjy j njhujdkt jn 1974 u. – Trade Act of 1974; b Ehe-udfqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Uruguay Round.

LJGJKYBNTKMYJCNM – Additionality.Vthf gj jåtcgtxtybñ xbcnjuj ghbhjcnf ghbnjrf rfgbnf-kf d hfpdbdfñobtcz cnhfys, gjkexfñobt gjllthérelheubö ujcelfhcnd, gj chfdytybñ c dfhbfynjv, ghtlgj-kfufñobv jndktxtybt chtlcnd jn jlyjq ajhvs bkbwtkb gjvjob d hfpdbnbb r lheujq. Cv. nfrét Ldecnj-hjyyzz gjvjom – Bilateral Aid; Vyjujcnjhjyyzz gjvjom– Multilateral Aid; Jabwbfkmyfz gjvjom hfpdbnbñ –Official Development Assistance; b Nhfycathnyst gkfnt-éb – Transfer Payments.

LJCNEG R CSHMÑ B VFNTHBFKFV –Supply Access.Vths gj jåtcgtxtybñ lkz cnhfy-bvgjhnthjd xtcnyjuj bcghfdtlkbdjuj ljcnegf gj hfpevysv wtyfv r gjcnfdrfvcshmz b lheubö ébpytyyj dféysö bvgjhnysö njdfhjd.Nfrbt vths vjuen drkñxfnm ddtltybt zdysö juhfyb-xtybq yf ghbvtytybt ärcgjhnyjuj ävåfhuj rfr jlyjuj bpbycnhevtynjd dytiytq gjkbnbrb. Ghjcmås j ghbyznbbnfrbö vth jnhféfñn étkfybt cnhfy jåtcgtxbnm ctåtufhfynbhjdfyyst gjcnfdrb dféytqibö cshmtdsö vfnt-hbfkjd gj cnfåbkmysv wtyfv. Cv. nfrét Ävåfhuj –Embargo; Hsyjr – Market; b Ghtlkjétybt – Supply.

LJCNEG YF HSYJR – Market Access.Djpvjéyjcnb lkz jntxtcndtyyjuj ghjbpdjlbntkz njdf-hjd b eckeu ghjybrfnm yf cjjndtncndeñobq hsyjrpfheåtéyjq cnhfys. Cntgtym ljcnegyjcnb pfheåtéyjujhsyrf jåsxyj pfdbcbn jn yfkbxbz b ehjdyz njhujdsöåfhmthjd. Cv. nfrét Hsyjr – Market; Hsyjxyst cbks –Market Forces; Ythsyjxyfz ärjyjvbrf – Non-Market

Economy; Cgbcjr ghtlkjétybq – Offer List; Juhfybxb-ntkmyfz ltkjdfz ghfrnbrf – Restrictive Business Practices;b Cgtwbfkmysq b lbaathtywbfkmysq htébv – Special andDifferential Treatment.

LJNFWBB – Grants.Cv. Gjjohbntkmyst (ärcgjhnyst) ghtvbb – Bounties.

LJXTHYTT GHTLGHBZNBT – Subsidiary.Rjvgfybz, yföjlzofzcz gjl rjynhjktv lheujq rjvgf-ybb, rjnjhsq jåsxyj jåtcgtxbdftncz ntv, xnj rjynhj-kbheñotq rjvgfybb ghbyflktébn jn 50 lj 100fi frwbqrjynhjkbhetvjq rjvgfybb. Nfrjq rjynhjkm vjétnnfrét jceotcndkznmcz yf jcyjdt bysö jhufybpfwbjyysöbkb eghfdktyxtcrbö ljujdjhtyyjcntq. Cv. nfrét Vté-leyfhjlyfz (vyjujyfwbjyfkmyfz) rjhgjhfwbz – Multi-national Corporation; Juhfybxbntkmyfz ltkjdfz ghfrnbrf– Restrictive Business Practices; b Ytxtcnyst vtnjlsdtltybz njhujdkb – Unfair Trade Practices.

LCNY – FCN.Cv. Ljujdjh j cdjåjlt, njhujdkt b yfdbufwbb – Freedom,Commerce and Navigation Treaty.

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TTFCN – EFTA.Cv. Tdhjgtqcrfz fccjwbfwbz cdjåjlyjq njhujdkb –European Free Trade Association.

TÅHH – EBRD.Cv. Tdhjgtqcrbq åfyr – European Bank.

TDN – CET.Cv. Tlbysq dytiybq nfhba – Common External Tariff.

≤TDHFNJV≥ – EURATOM.Cv. Tdhjgtqcrjt cjjåotcndj – European Community.

TDHJDFKÑNF – Euro-Currency.Cv. Tdhjljkkfhs – Euro-Dollars.

TDHJLJKKFHS – Euro-Dollars.Nhtåjdfybz j dslfxt chtlcnd d ljkkfhfö CIF, hfpvt-otyysö d åfyrjdcrbö exhtéltybzö pf ghtltkfvb CIF.Änb nhtåjdfybz djpybrfñn, rjulf d htpekmnfnt gjregrbgthtdjlysö dtrctktq (nhfnn) bkb pfrkñxtybz bysö fyf-kjubxysö cltkjr byjcnhfyysq åfyr jnrhsdftn rkbtyneltgjpbnysq cxtn d ljkkfhfö CIF. Nfrbt ltgjpbnystcxtnf (tdhjljkkfhs) ibhjrj bcgjkmpeñncz pf ghtltkf-vb CIF ghb cjdthitybb hfpkbxysö abyfycjdsöcltkjr, nfrbö rfr dslfxf rhfnrjchjxysö pfqvjd bkbgjregrf ljkkfhjdsö jåkbufwbq, yfpsdftvsö tdhjjå-kbufwbzvb, rjnjhst byjulf dsgecrfñncz fvthbrfycrbvbrjvgfybzvb lkz abyfycbhjdfybz cdjbö jgthfwbq, jcj-åtyyj ntvb rjvgfybzvb, rjnjhst ltqcndeñn pf ghtlt-kfvb CIF. Cv. nfrét Dtrctkm – Bill; b Vtéleyfhjl-yfz (vyjujyfwbjyfkmyfz) rjhgjhfwbz – MultinationalCorporation.

TDHJJÅKBUFWBB – Euro-Bonds.Cv. Tdhjljkkfhs – Euro-Dollars.

TDHJGTQCRFZ FCCJWBFWBZCDJÅJLYJQ NJHUJDKB (TFCN) – EuropeanFree Trade Association (EFTA).Htubjyfkmyfz uheggbhjdrf, jåhfpjdfyyfz d 1960 u. d cj-jndtncndbb c gjkjétybzvb Cnjrujkmvcrjq rjydtywbb.Infå-rdfhnbhf Tdhjgtqcrjq fccjwbfwbb cdjåjlyjq njh-ujdkb hfcgjkjétyf d Étytdt (Idtqwfhbz), f d ttcjcnfd d yfcnjzott dhtvz döjlzn Fdcnhbz, Bckfylbz,Yjhdtubz, Gjhneufkbz, Idtwbz b Idtqwfhbz. Abykzy-lbz zdkztncz fccjwbbhjdfyysv xktyjv änjq jhufybpf-wbb. Lfybz b Cjtlbytyyjt Rjhjktdcndj hfymit zdkzkbcm

xktyfvb TFCN, yj gjckt bö dcnegktybz d Tdhjgtqcrjtcjjåotcndj d 1973 u. jyb dsikb bp ytt. Cnhfys-xktysTFCN gjcntgtyyj jnvtybkb nfvjétyyst nfhbas yfghjvsiktyyst njdfhs, ghjbpdtltyyst b ghjlfdftvst dghtltkfö TFCN, f nfrét gjcnfdkztvst bp cnhfy TFCNd cnhfys TC b yfjåjhjn. Åjkmibycndj ctkmcrjöjpzq-cndtyysö ghjlernjd yt drkñxtyj d gkfys cybétybzdyenhtyybö nfvjétyysö nfhbajd d hfvrfö TFCN.Rfélfz cnhfyf-xkty fccjwbfwbb bvttn cdjq cjåcndtyysqgthtxtym nfvjétyysö nfhbajd b pfrkñxbkf c Tdhjgtq-crbv cjjåotcndjv njhujdjt cjukfitybt, ghtlecvfnhb-dfñott dpfbvyeñ jnvtye nfhbajd yf åjkmibycndjdbljd ghjvsiktyysö njdfhjd, pf bcrkñxtybtv ytrj-njhsö cnhfntubxtcrbö njdfhjd. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, Tdhj-gtqcrjt cjjåotcndj b TFCN afrnbxtcrb jåhfpeñn pjyecdjåjlyjq njhujdkb. Ytlfdyj cnhfys-xktys TC b TFCNljujdjhbkbcm jå eukeåktybb bö ärjyjvbxtcrjq byntuhf-wbb gjchtlcndjv pfrkñxtybz yjdjuj cjukfitybz, rjnj-hjt ghtlecvfnhbdftn cjplfybt nfr yfpsdftvjq tdhj-gtqcrjq ärjyjvbxtcrjq pjys (TÄP). Änj cjukfitybtghtlecvfnhbdftn nfrét ghbyznbt cnhfyfvb TFCN wtkjujhzlf pfrjyjlfntkmysö b yjhvfnbdysö frnjd TC c wtkmñjåtcgtxtybz cdjåjls gthtvtotybz kñltq, njdfhjd,eckeu b rfgbnfkjd d ghtltkfö Tdhjgs. Cv. nfrétTdhjgtqcrjt cjjåotcndj – European Community; b Pjyfcdjåjlyjq njhujdkb – Free Trade Area.

TDHJGTQCRFZ ÄRJYJVBXTCRFZ PJYF –European Economic Area.Cv. Tdhjgtqcrfz fccjwbfwbz cdjåjlyjq njhujdkb – Euro-pean Free Trade Association.

TDHJGTQCRBQ ÅFYR – European Bank.Tdhjgtqcrbq åfyr htrjycnherwbb b hfpdbnbz (TÅHH)zdkztncz jlybv bp åfyrjd htubjyfkmyjuj hfpdbnbz b cjplfy c wtkmñ jrfpfybz gjllthérb hsyjxysvhtajhvfv d cnhfyfö Wtynhfkmyjq b Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs(drkñxfz åsdibt htcgeåkbrb CCCH). TÅHH yfxfkhfåjnfnm d fghtkt 1991 u.

TDHJGTQCRBQ ÅFYR HTRJYCNHERWBB B HFPDBNBZ (TÅHH) – European Bank forReconstruction and Development (EBRD).Cv. Tdhjgtqcrbq åfyr – European Bank.

TDHJGTQCRBQ CJÑP (TC) – EuropeanUnion (EU).Tdhjgtqcrbq cjñp (TC) ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq jåjåotyyjtjåjpyfxtybt Tdhjgtqcrjuj cjjåotcndf (TC) b ldeö ghj-uhfvv hfpdbnbz byntuhfwbb d Tdhjgt, hfphfåjnfyysö d cjjndtncndbb c Vffcnhböncrbv ljujdjhjv: ≤Tlbyfzgjkbnbrf d jåkfcnb vtéleyfhjlysö jnyjitybq bjåtcgtxtybz åtpjgfcyjcnb≥ (Common Foreign and SecurityPolicy – pfnhfubdftn djghjcs jåjhjys) b ≤Ñcnbwbz b

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dyenhtyybt ltkf≥ (Justice and Home Affairs – d jcyjdyjvjödfnsdftn cjnhelybxtcndj vtéle gjkbwtqcrbvb ckeé-åfvb b lheubvb ujcelfhcndtyysvb jhufyfvb tdhjgtq-crbö cnhfy gj djghjcfv hfcrhsnbz b ghtljndhfotybzeujkjdysö ghtcnegktybq b åjhmås c nthhjhbpvjv, fnfrét ghjåktvs bvvbuhfwbb). Yfpdfybt ≤Tdhjgtqcrbqcjñp (TC)≥ åskj ddtltyj d yjzåht 1993 u. jlyjdhtvtyyjc dcnegktybtv d cbke Vffcnhböncrjuj ljujdjhf j Tdhj-gtqcrjv cjñpt (Maastricht Treaty on European Union).Yfpdfybt ≤Tdhjgtqcrjt cjjåotcndj (TC)≥ ghjljkéftnceotcndjdfnm d rfxtcndt jabwbfkmyjuj yfpdfybz jhuf-ybpfwbb tdhjgtqcrbö cnhfy d hfvrfö Tdhjgtqcrjujcjñpf.

TDHJGTQCRJT JÅÜTLBYTYBT EUKZ B CNFKB (TJEC) – European Coal and SteelCommunity (ECSC).Jåobq hsyjr eukz b cnfkb, cjplfyysq d cjjndtncndbb c ghbyznsv d 1951 u. ≤gkfyjv Ievfyf≥ (yfpdfyysv gjbvtyb vbybcnhf byjcnhfyysö ltk Ahfywbb HjåthnfIevfyf), gj rjnjhjve Åtkmubz, Bnfkbz, Kñrctvåehu,Yblthkfyls, Atlthfnbdyfz Htcgeåkbrf Uthvfybb bAhfywbz jnvtybkb nfhbas, rdjns b dfkñnyst juhfyb-xtybz, ghtgzncndjdfdibt njhujdkt euktv, étktpyjqheljq b vtnfkkbxtcrbv kjvjv vtéle cnhfyfvb-xktyf-vb jåütlbytybz. Dgjcktlcndbb TJEC åskj bcgjkmpjdfyjd rfxtcndt vjltkb ghb cjplfybb dctö jcnfkmysö vté-leyfhjlysö exhtéltybq Tdhjgtqcrjuj cjjåotcndf. Cv.nfrét Nfvjétyysq cjñp – Customs Union; b Tdhjgtqcrjtcjjåotcndj – European Community.

TDHJGTQCRJT CJJÅOTCNDJ (TC) –European Community (EC).Tdhjgtqcrjt ärjyjvbxtcrjt cjjåotcndj (TÄC) åskjjåhfpjdfyj 1 zydfhz 1958 u. yf jcyjdt Hbvcrjuj ljuj-djhf (Treaty of Rome) itcnmñ ujcelfhcndfvb-exfcnybrf-vb cjukfitybz – Åtkmubtq, Bnfkbtq, Kñrctvåehujv,Yblthkfylfvb, Atlthfnbdyjq Htcgeåkbrjq Uthvfybb b Ahfywbtq. C cfvjuj yfxfkf ltzntkmyjcnb cjjåotcndftuj wtkmñ cnfkj cjplfybt nfvjétyyjuj cjñpf, hfpdbnbtlheubö ajhv ärjyjvbxtcrjq byntuhfwbb b gjkbnbxtc-rjuj cjnhelybxtcndf cnhfy-xktyjd TC. Hbvcrbq ljujdjhghtlecvfnhbdfk gjcntgtyyeñ jnvtye nfvjétyysö gji-kby b lheubö dyenhtyybö åfhmthjd lkz hfpdbnbz vtéle-yfhjlyjq njhujdkb, ecnfyjdktybt tlbyjuj dytiytujnfvjétyyjuj nfhbaf b jåtcgtxtybt ufhfynbq cdjåjlyjujgthtvtotybz hfåjxtq cbks b rfgbnfkjd d ghtltkföcjjåotcndf. D 1973 u. xktyfvb TC cnfkb CjtlbytyyjtRjhjktdcndj Dtkbrjåhbnfybb b Ctdthyjq Bhkfylbb,Lfybz b Bhkfylbz, f d 1981 u. – Uhtwbz. Bcgfybz bGjhneufkbz ghbcjtlbybkbcm r TC d 1986 u. Hzl lheubötdhjgtqcrbö cnhfy eét gjlfkb bkb cjåbhfñncz gjlfnmpfzdktybz j dcnegktybb d cjjåotcndj d 90-ö ujlfö.Jéblftncz, xnj Yjhdtubz, Idtwbz, Abykzylbz b

Fdcnhbz ghbcjtlbyzncz r TC d yjzåht 1995 u. ≤Ljujdjhjå jåütlbytybb≥, pfrkñxtyysq vtéle Nehwbtq b Tdhj-gtqcrbv cjjåotcndjv, nfrét ghtlecvfnhbdftn, d rjytx-yjv cxtnt, ghbyznbt änjq cnhfys d xktys cjjåotcndf.Pf gjcktlybt ujls TC ghtlghbyzkj pyfxbntkmyst ecb-kbz gj ≤eukeåktybñ≥ byntuhfwbb tuj xktyjd, gjgsnfd-ibcm jnvtybnm cjöhfybdibtcz åfhmths lkz gthtvtotybznjdfhjd, kñltq, rfgbnfkjd b eckeu d ghtltkfö cjjå-otcndf d hfvrfö ghjuhfvvs, gjkexbditq yfpdfybt≤Ghjuhfvvs tlbyjuj tdhjgtqcrjuj hsyrf≥ bkb ≤Ghj-uhfvvs 1992 u.≥. Xfcnm 1 Cnfnmb 1 Vffcnhböncrjujljujdjhf j Tdhjgtqcrjv cjñpt (Maastricht Treaty onEuropean Union) ajhvfkmyj epfrjybkf bcgjkmpjdfybtyfpdfybz ≤TC≥ d rfxtcndt fååhtdbfnehs nthvbyf ≤Tdhj-gtqcrjt cjjåotcndj≥. Rhjvt njuj, änbv cjukfitybtvåskj jabwbfkmyj ddtltyj yfpdfybt ≤Tdhjgtqcrbq cjñp≥lkz jåjpyfxtybz åjktt ibhjrjuj ñhblbxtcrb jajhv-ktyyjuj jåütlbytybz cnhfy Tdhjgs, xtv TC.Infå-rdfhnbhf Tdhjgtqcrjuj cjjåotcndf yföjlbncz d Åhñcctkt (Åtkmubz). Ujcelfhcndf-xktys cjjåotcndf,ltqcndeñobt xthtp hfpkbxyst cjdtns, jghtltkzñn jå-oeñ gjkbnbre TC, jceotcndktybt rjnjhjq djpkjétyjyf Rjvbccbñ TC – gjcnjzyysq jhufy cjjåotcndf. Ntö-ybxtcrbt ärcgthns bp cnjkbw cnhfy-xktyjd TC htuekzh-yj cjåbhfñncz yf dcnhtxb, xnjås jåcelbnm cgtwbfkmystdjghjcs d nfrbö jåkfcnzö b cathfö, rfr ctkmcrjtöjpzqcndj, nhfycgjhn bkb njhujdfz gjkbnbrf. Cv. nfrétTlbyfz ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyfz gjkbnbrf – CommonAgricultural Policy; Tlbysq dytiybq nfhba – CommonExternal Tariff; Nfvjétyysq cjñp – Customs Union;Tdhjgtqcrjt jåütlbytybt eukz b cnfkb – European Coaland Steel Community; Kjvtqcrfz rjydtywbz – Lomé Con-vention; b Gthtvtyyfz gjikbyf – Variable Levy.

TDHJGTQCRJT ÄRJYJVBXTCRJTCJJÅOTCNDJ – European EconomicCommunity.Cv. Tdhjgtqcrjt cjjåotcndj – European Community.

TLBYFZ CTKMCRJÖJPZQCNDTYYFZGJKBNBRF (TCG) – Common AgriculturalPolicy (CAP).Rjvgktrcyfz cbcntvf ghjbpdjlcndtyysö wtktq b hsyjx-yjuj htuekbhjdfybz, ddtltyyfz Tdhjgtqcrbv cjjåotcn-djv ghbvtybntkmyj r åjkmibycnde dbljd ctkmcrjöjpzq-cndtyysö ghjlernjd, ghjbpdjlbvsö cnhfyfvb-xktyfvbTC. Wtkzvb Tlbyjq ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyjq gjkbnbrbzdkzñncz jåtcgtxtybt dscjrjuj b gjcnjzyyj hfcneotujehjdyz ébpyb ctkmcrjuj yfctktybz ujcelfhcnd-xktyjdTC, cnfåbkmyjcnb hsyrjd ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyjq ghjler-wbb, gjdsitybz ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnb ctkmcrjöjpzqcndty-ysö ghtlghbznbq b yfltéyjuj cyfåétybz ghjlernfvbgbnfybz d ghtltkfö cjjåotcndf. Lkz ljcnbétybz änböwtktq TCG ghtlecvfnhbdftn bcgjkmpjdfybt eybabwbhj-

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dfyysö wty b cdjåjlyjt jåhfotybt ctkmcrjöjpzqcndty-ysö njdfhjd vtéle cnhfyfvb-xktyfvb TC; ghtljcnfdkt-ybt ghtathtywbq lkz ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyysö ghjlernjd,ghjbpdtltyysö d ghtltkfö TC; ddtltybt gthtvtyysögjikby yf bvgjhnbhetvst njdfhs c wtkmñ ljdtltybzwty yf ybö lj ehjdyz wty, ceotcndeñotuj d cnhfyföcjjåotcndf; f nfrét ceåcblbhjdfybt ärcgjhnf d cnhfys,yt zdkzñobtcz xktyfvb TC. (Yf ghfrnbrt wtys yfctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyeñ ghjlerwbñ byjulf hfpkbxfñncz d hfpysö cnhfyfö-xktyfö cjjåotcndf, xnj d jcyjdyjvcdzpfyj c ntv, xnj jåvtyyst rehcs dfkñn, ghbvtyzt-vst r njdfhfv, gthtvtoftvsv bp jlyjq cnhfys d lhe-ueñ d ghtltkfö TC, yt dctulf cjjndtncndeñn hsyjxysvrehcfv.) Tdhjgtqcrjt cjjåotcndj abyfycbhetn TCG pfcxtn gjcnegktybq jn egkfns nfvjétyysö gjikby, drkñ-xfz gthtvtyyst gjikbys, f nfrét yfkju yf ljåfdkty-yeñ cnjbvjcnm (YLC). Cv. nfrét Rjydthcbjyysqghjlern – Conversion Product; ≤Ltabwbnyst gkfntéb≥ –Deficiency Payments; Tdhjgtqcrjt cjjåotcndj – EuropeanCommunity; Ärcgjhnyfz ceåcblbz – Export Subsidy;Htcnbnewbb – Restitutions; Gjhjujdfz wtyf – ThresholdPrice; Yfkju yf ljåfdktyyeñ cnjbvjcnm – Value-AddedTax; b Gthtvtyyfz gjikbyf – Variable Levy.

TLBYSQ DYTIYBQ NFHBA (TDN) –Common External Tariff (CTN, bkb byjulfCÖN).Cnfdrf nfvjétyyjuj nfhbaf, ghbvtyztvfz dj dctöcnhfyfö-xktyfö rfrjq-kbåj jhufybpfwbb jåotuj hsyrfbkb nfvjétyyjuj cjñpf – yfghbvth, d cnhfyfö TC – d jnyjitybb njdfhjd, bvgjhnbhetvsö bp ujcelfhcnd, yt zdkzñoböcz xktyfvb lfyyjq jhufybpfwbb bkb cjñpf.Yfghbvth, Tdhjgtqcrbq Jåobq hsyjr jcyjdfy yfghbywbgt cjplfybz dyenhtyytq pjys cdjåjlyjq njhujdkbc tlbysv dytiybv nfhbajv (lkz jåjpyfxtybz rjnjhjujbyjulf bcgjkmpetncz ahfywepcrbq nthvby Tariff ExterieurCommon [TEC]), ghbvtyztvsv r ghjlerwbb, bvgjhnb-hetvjq bp cnhfy, yt zdkzñoböcz xktyfvb Jåotujhsyrf. D ≤pjyfö cdjåjlyjq njhujdkb≥ yt jåzpfntkmyjltqcndeñn tlbyst dytiybt nfhbas, f cjukfitybz j cdjåjlyjq njhujdkt jxtym htlrj ghtlecvfnhbdfñnecnfyjdktybt nfrbö nfhbajd. Cv. nfrét Nfvjétyysqcjñp – Customs Union; Tdhjgtqcrjt cjjåotcndj –European Community; b Pjyf cdjåjlyjq njhujdkb – FreeTrade Area.

TC – EC.Cv. Tdhjgtqcrjt cjjåotcndj – European Community.

≤TC 1992≥ – EC 1992.Nthvby, bcgjkmpetvsq lkz jgbcfybz ghjwtccf, rjnjhsqbvtk vtcnj d hfvrfö Tdhjgtqcrjuj cjjåotcndf (TC) b ljkéty åsk pfdthibnmcz 31 ltrfåhz 1992 u. jrjyxf-ntkmyjq gjlujnjdrjq b ghbyznbtv dctö ñhblbxtcrbö

vth, ytjåöjlbvsö lkz pfdthitybz jnrhsnbz dyenhty-ytuj hsyrf cjjåotcndf lkz cdjåjlyjuj ghbnjrf rfgb-nfkjd, njdfhjd, eckeu b kñlcrbö htcehcjd d cjjndtn-cndbb c gkfyjv, pfkjétyysv d Tlbyjv pfrjyt 1987 u.(1987 Single Act). Cv. nfrét Tdhjgtqcrjt cjjåotcndj –European Community.

TCG – CAP.Cv. Tlbyfz ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyfz gjkbnbrf – CommonAgricultural Policy.

TÄC – EEC.Cv. Tdhjgtqcrjt cjjåotcndj – European Community.

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ÉÉBLRBT EUKTDJLJHJLS – LiquidHydrocarbons.Cv. Yfdfkjxyjt celyj (åfkrth) – Bulk Carrier.

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P≤P 480≥ – PL 480.Cv. ≤Pfrjy 480≥ – Public Law 480.

PFDBCBVJCNM (YTPFOBOTYYJCNM) –Exposure.Cv. Gthtcnhföjdfybt – Reinsurance.

PFTV – Loan.Jlfkébdfybt ytrjnjhjq cevvs ltytu rfrbv-kbåjkbwjv, rjvgfybtq, ghfdbntkmcndjv bkb lheujq jhuf-ybpfwbtq. Cv. nfrét Ghjwtyn – Interest; Vtéleyfhjlysqdfkñnysq ajyl – International Monetary Fund; Hbcr –Risk; Ufhfynbz, wtyyfz åevfuf – Security; Kmujnysq(≤vzurbq≥) pftv – Soft Loan; Cdzpfyyfz ccelf – Tied Loan;b Dctvbhysq åfyr – World Bank.

PFRKÑXBNTKMYSQ FRN – Final Act.Nthvby, bcgjkmpetvsq ghb jgbcfybb ghjwtlehs jåüt-lbytybz Rjvbntnjv gj njhujdsv gthtujdjhfv (RNG)htpekmnfnjd ghjdtltybz Uheggs gthtujdjhjd gj njdfhfv(Group of Negotiations on Goods) b Uheggs gthtujdjhjd gjeckeufv (Group of Negotiations on Services), cjcnjzdiböczdj dhtvz Eheudfqcrjuj hfeylf vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsögthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN. Pfrkñxbntkmysq frnjåtcgtxbdftn ghfdjdst hfvrb lkz ghfrnbxtcrjq htfkb-pfwbb htpekmnfnjd Eheudfqcrjuj hfeylf gthtujdjhjd.Cv. nfrét Eheudfqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsögthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Uruguay Round.

≤PFRJY 480≥ (PFRJY J HFPDBNBB B CJLTQCNDBB NJHUJDKTCTKMCRJÖJPZQCNDTYYJQ GHJLERWBTQJN 1954 U.) – Public Law 480 (AgriculturalTrade Development and Assistance Act of 1954).Lfyysq pfrjy htuekbhetn htfkbpfwbñ ctkmcrjöjpzq-cndtyyjq ghjlerwbb fvthbrfycrjuj ghjbpdjlcndf pf ght-ltkfvb CIF. Hfpltk I (Title I) pfrjyf bpkfuftn eckjdbz,ghb rjnjhsö nfrfz ghjlerwbz vjétn ghjlfdfnmcz hfp-dbdfñobvcz cnhfyfv pf bö cjåcndtyyeñ dfkñne, fnfrét wtkb, yf rjnjhst vjétn åsnm pfnhfxtyf dshexrfjn nfrjq ghjlféb yf nthhbnjhbb cnhfys-gjregfntkz.Hfpltk II (Title II) hfphtiftn gthtlfxe ctkmcrjöjpzq-cndtyyjq ghjlerwbb fvthbrfycrjuj ghjbpdjlcndf hfpdb-dfñobvcz cnhfyfv d wtkzö cjltqcndbz bö ärjyjvbxtc-rjve hfpdbnbñ. Hfpltk III (Title III) cjlthébn gjkjét-ybt, hfphtifñott ghjbpdjlbnm åtpdjpvtplyeñ gthtlfxebpkbirjd ghjlerwbb xthtp ljåhjdjkmyst fvthbrfycrbtfutyncndf, exfcndeñobt d jceotcndktybb ghjuhfvv

gjvjob d lheubö cnhfyfö. Hfpltk IV (Title IV) ghtle-cvfnhbdftn pfrkñxtybt cjukfitybq vtéle ghfdbntkm-cndjv CIF b ghfdbntkmcndfvb lheubö cnhfy b xfcnys-vb jhufybpfwbzvb, ghjbpdjlzobvb pfregrb ctkmcrj-öjpzqcndtyyjq ghjlerwbb, ghjbpdtltyyjq d CIF. Cv.Hfpltk 22 – Section 22; b Bpkbitr – Surplus.

PFRJY J DPFBVYSÖ NJHUJDSÖCJUKFITYBZÖ JN 1934 U. – ReciprocalTrade Agreements Act of 1934.Cv. Htébv yfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzncndjdfybz – Most-Favored-Nation Treatment; b Pfrjy j njhujdsöcjukfitybzö jn 1934 u. – Trade Agreements Act of 1934.

PFRJY J LJÖJLFÖ JN 1971 U. – U.S.Revenue Act of 1971.Cv. Fvthbrfycrfz rjhgjhfwbz gj vtéleyfhjlyjqnjhujdkt – Domestic International Sales Corporation.

PFRJY J GTHTCNHJQRT CTKMCRJUJÖJPZQCNDF JN 1933 U. – AgriculturalAdjustment Act of 1933.Cv. Hfpltk 22 – Section 22.

PFRJY J GHTBVEOTCNDTYYJQPFREGRT NJDFHJD FVTHBRFYCRJUJGHJBPDJLCNDF – Buy American Act.Fvthbrfycrbq pfrjy, ghbyznsq d 1933 u., d cjjndtncndbbc rjnjhsv ghb dsgjkytybb ujcelfhcndtyysö pfregjrghfdbntkmcndjv CIF ghtbveotcndj ljkéyj jnlfdfnmcznjdfhfv, ghjbpdtltyysv yf nthhbnjhbb CIF, gj chfdyt-ybñ c njdfhfvb byjcnhfyyjuj ghjbpdjlcndf. GhtpbltynCIF bvttn ghfdj yt ghbvtyznm gjkjétybz Pfrjyf j ghtbveotcndtyyjq pfregrt njdfhjd fvthbrfycrjujghjbpdjlcndf, tckb njuj nhtåeñn eckjdbz rfrjuj-kbåjdpfbvyjuj cjukfitybz, bkb d bysö jåcnjzntkmcndfö d jndtn yf ecnfyjdktybt ghfdbntkmcndjv rfrjqkbåjlheujq cnhfys htébvf dpfbvysö kmujn lkz fvthbrfy-crbö ghjbpdjlbntktq. D cjjndtncndbb c gjkjétybzvbRjltrcf ghfdbk ujcelfhcndtyysö pfregjr UFNN 1979 u.(1979 GATT Government Procurement Code), Cjukfitybtvj cdjåjlyjq njhujdkt vtéle CIF b Bphfbktv (U.S.-Israel FTA) b Cjukfitybtv j cdjåjlyjq njhujdkt vtéleCIF b Rfyfljq (U.S.-Canada FTA), CIF ghtljcnfdbkblheubv exfcnybrfv änbö cjukfitybq ghfdj gjcnfdjrnjdfhjd ghfdbntkmcnde CIF d hfvrfö ujcelfhcndtyysöpfregjr, jceotcndkztvsö xthtp ytrjnjhst fvthbrfy-crbt futyncndf b jhufybpfwbb. Gjvbvj Pfrjyf j ghtbve-otcndtyyjq pfregrt njdfhjd fvthbrfycrjuj ghjbpdjl-cndf, d CIF ceotcndeñn b lheubt pfrjyjlfntkmystfrns, ghtljcnfdkzñobt ghtbveotcndj d ujcelfhcndty-ysö pfregrfö njdfhfv yfwbjyfkmyjuj ghjbpdjlcndf. Cv.nfrét Gjkbnbrf b ghfrnbrf ujcelfhcndtyysö pfregjr –Government Procurement Policies and Practices; Cjukf-

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itybt j cdjåjlyjq njhujdkt vtéle CIF b Bphfbktv –U.S.-Israel Free Trade Agreement; b Cjukfitybt j cdj-åjlyjq njhujdkt vtéle CIF b Rfyfljq – U.S.-CanadaFree Trade Agreement.

PFRJY J HFPDBNBB B CJLTQCNDBBNJHUJDKT CTKMCRJÖJPZQCNDTYYJQGHJLERWBTQ JN 1954 U. – AgriculturalTrade Development and Assistance Act of 1954.Cv. ≤Pfrjy 480≥ – Public Law 480.

PFRJY J HFCIBHTYBB NJHUJDKB JN1962 U. – Trade Expansion Act of 1962.Pfrjy, ghtljcnfdbdibq CIF ghfdf exfcndjdfnm d Rty-ytlbqcrjv hfeylt vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjdd hfvrfö UFNN. Cfv änjn pfrjy jrfpfk pyfxbntkmyjtdkbzybt yf cjlthéfybt b ghjwtlehs ghjdtltybz Rty-ytlbqcrjuj hfeylf, d jcjåtyyjcnb pf cxtn njuj, xnj jyghtljcnfdbk ghtpbltyne CIF jåobt gjkyjvjxbz gjdtltybñ gthtujdjhjd – yf dpfbvyjq jcyjdt – j cyb-étybb yf 50fi fvthbrfycrbö nfvjétyysö gjikby. (Chjrltqcndbz änbö gjkyjvjxbq bcntr 30 bñyz 1967 u., ght-ljghtltkbd ntv cfvsv lfne jrjyxfybz Rtyytlbqcrjujhfeylf gthtujdjhjd.) D cjjndtncndbb c Pfrjyjv j hfcib-htybb njhujdkb jn 1962 u., fvthbrfycrbt gjikbys ≤fldfkjhtv≥, cjcnfdkzñobt vtytt 5fi jn cnjbvjcnb njdfhf,gjikbys yf ytrjnjhst dbls ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyjqghjlerwbb, f nfrét gjikbys yf nhjgbxtcrbt ghjlerns,ärcgjhnbhetvst hfpdbdfñobvbcz cnhfyfvb, vjukb åsnmcybétys lj yekz. Lfyysq pfrjy d zdyjv dblt jnvtybkgjkjétybt j ≤ghtltkt cybétybz bvgjhnysö gjikby≥(“peril point”), rjnjhjt juhfybxbdfkj ubårjcnm gjpbwbbCIF yf hfyybö änfgfö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN, b dvtcnj änjuj jåzpfk Rjvbccbñ gj nfhbafv b lheubtujcelfhcndtyyst exhtéltybz CIF jåtcgtxbdfnm ghtpb-ltynf CIF dj dhtvz ghjdtltybz gthtujdjhjd byajhvf-wbtq j dthjznysö ärjyjvbxtcrbö gjcktlcndbzö ghtlj-cnfdktybz ntö bkb bysö rjyrhtnysö nfhbaysö ecnegjr.Pfrjy j hfcibhtybb njhujdkb jn 1962 u. pfvtybk Pfrjyj njhujdsö cjukfitybzö jn 1934 u. (Trade AgreementsAct of 1934) cj dctvb cjjndtncndeñobvb gjghfdrfvb. D ytrjnjhst xfcnb Pfrjyf j hfcibhtybb njhujdkb jn1962 u. åskb dgjcktlcndbb dytctys gjghfdrb d htpekm-nfnt ghbyznbz Pfrjyf j njhujdsö cjukfitybzö jn 1979 u.(Trade Agreements Act of 1979). Cv. nfrét Rtyytlbqcrbqhfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrföUFNN) – Kennedy Round; Kbytqyjt cybétybt nfvjétyysönfhbajd – Linear Reduction of Tariffs; Pfrjy j njhujdsöcjukfitybzö jn 1934 u. – Trade Agreements Act of 1934;b Njhujdsq ghtlcnfdbntkm CIF – United States TradeRepresentative.

PFRJY J HTUBCNHFWBB BYJCNHFYYSÖFUTYNJD (PHBF) – Foreign Agents RegistrationAct (FAR).Pfrjy CIF j htubcnhfwbb byjcnhfyysö futynjd åskhfphfåjnfy b ghbyzn lkz jåtcgtxtybz pfobns jn ytåkf-ujghbznysö byjcnhfyysö dkbzybq yf gjkbnbre CIF.PHBF nhtåetn jåzpfntkmyjuj jåotcndtyyjuj hfpukfit-ybz – gjchtlcndjv gjlfxb hfpkbxysö jnxtnjd d Vbyb-cnthcndj ñcnbwbb CIF – cdtltybq j ytrjnjhsö jghtlt-ktyysö dpfbvjjnyjitybzö, rjnjhst bvtñn vtcnjvtéle xfcnysvb b ñhblbxtcrbvb kbwfvb d CIF, fnfrét j ljkzö d rfgbnfkt byjcnhfyysö ghtlghbznbq.Ceotcndeñn xtnsht hfpkbxysö dblf ltzntkmyjcnb,rjnjhst, pf ytvyjubvb bcrkñxtybzvb, nhtåeñn jåzpf-ntkmyjq htubcnhfwbb d Vbybcnthcndt ñcnbwbb, tckb jybdtlencz xfcnysvb kbwfvb bkb abhvfvb (ytpfdbcbvj jnnjuj, zdkzñncz kb jyb uhfélfyfvb CIF bkb ghtlghbz-nbzvb, cjplfyysvb yf nthhbnjhbb CIF, cjjndtncndtyyj,bkb ytn) d CIF. Dj-gthdsö, htubcnhfwbz ytjåöjlbvfghb dtltybb ytrjnjhsö gjkbnbxtcrbö dbljd ltzntkm-yjcnb, drkñxfz kñåst gjgsnrb jrfpfnm dkbzybt yfgjkbnbre CIF bkb jåotcndtyyjt vytybt jn bvtyb bkblfét gj ghjcmåt kñåjuj byjcnhfyyjuj xfcnyjuj bkbñhblbxtcrjuj kbwf. Dj-dnjhsö, nhtåjdfybt j htubcnhf-wbb jnyjcbncz r ntv kbwfv, rjnjhst ltqcndeñn d rfxtc-ndt futynjd gj cdzpzv c jåotcndtyyjcnmñ (≤gfåkbr hb-ktqiäyp≥) bkb gjkbnbxtcrbö rjycekmnfynjd d bynthtcfökñåjuj byjcnhfyyjuj kbwf. D-nhtnmbö, jåzpfntkmyjqhtubcnhfwbb gjlktéfn dct kbwf, pfybvfñobtcz cåjhjvbkb hfcghtltktybtv ltytéysö chtlcnd bkb dpyjcjd(drkfljd) d bynthtcfö kñåjuj byjcnhfyyjuj kbwf. Yfrj-ytw, htubcnhfwbz nhtåetncz lkz dctö kbw, ghtlcnfdkzñ-obö bynthtcs kñåjuj byjcnhfyyjuj kbwf d jnyjitybzöc ujcelfhcndtyysvb jhufyfvb CIF.

PFRJY J HTUEKBHJDFYBB ÄRCGJHNFJN 1979 U. – Export Administration Act of1979.Änjn pfrjy ghtljcnfdkztn ghtpbltyne CIF ghfdj rjy-nhjkz pf ärcgjhnjv fvthbrfycrbö njdfhjd b ntöybxtcrjqbyajhvfwbb, jcjåtyyj dscjrjntöyjkjubxysö ghjlernjd,d ytrjnjhst byjcnhfyyst ujcelfhcndf c wtkmñ jåtcgtxt-ybz yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb, ghtljndhfotybz xhtp-vthyjuj jnnjrf ltabwbnysö njdfhjd bkb hflb ljcnbét-ybz rfrbö-kbåj dytiytgjkbnbxtcrbö wtktq. Lfyysqpfrjy yfkfuftn pfghtn yf gjllthére åjqrjnf d jnyjit-ybb byjcnhfyysö ujcelfhcnd. Cv. nfrét Fynbåjqrjnyjtpfrjyjlfntkmcndj – Anti-Boycott Legislation; Åjqrjn –Boycott; b Rjjhlbyfwbjyysq rjvbntn gj ärcgjhnyjverjynhjkñ – Coordinating Committee on Export Controls.

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PFRJY J CJPLFYBB B GJLLTHÉFYBBCNHFNTUBXTCRBÖ B RHBNBXTCRBÖPFGFCJD CIF JN 1946 U. – U.S. Strategicand Critical Stockpiling Act of 1946.Cv. Cnhfntubxtcrbt pfgfcs – Strategic Stockpiles.

PFRJY J NFHBAFÖ JN 1930 U. – Tariff Actof 1930.Ghjntrwbjybcncrbq gj cdjtq yfghfdktyyjcnb fvthbrfy-crbq pfrjy j njhujdkt, rjnjhsq gjlyzk cnfdrb nfvj-étyysö nfhbajd yf åjkmibycndj njdfhjd, bvgjhnb-hetvsö d CIF, dspdfd jndtnyst gjdsitybz bvgjhnysönfhbajd d cnhfyfö, zdkzñoböcz njhujdsvb gfhnythfvbCIF. Pfrjy j nfhbafö jn 1930 u. bpdtcnty nfr ét, rfr≤Pfrjy j nfhbafö Cvenf-Öfekb≥ (Smoot-Hawley TariffAct), b åsk yfpdfy nfr d xtcnm ldeö fvthbrfycrbö pfrj-yjlfntktq, rjnjhst frnbdyj gjllthébdfkb tuj. Yjdstnfhbas, ecnfyjdktyyst änbv pfrjyjv, yfpsdfñn nfrét≤nfhbafvb Uheylb≥ (Grundy Tariffs) d xtcnm LéjptafUheylb, ghtpbltynf Fccjwbfwbb njdfhjghjbpdjlbntktqinfnf Gtycbkmdfybz, rjnjhsq åsk ukfdysv kjååbcnjv,ghjnfkrbdfdibv lfyysq pfrjy. Cv. nfrét Gjkbnbrf gj ghbywbge ≤ybobq – ndjq cjctl≥ – Beggar-Thy-NeighborPolicy; ≤Nfhbayst cnfdrb dnjhjq rjkjyrb≥ – Column 2Rates; Rjvgtycfwbjyyst gjikbys – Countervailing Duties;Cnfnmb bvgjhnf – Imports; Ghjntrwbjybpv – Protectio-nism; Dpfbvyjcnm – Reciprocity; Jndtnyfz vthf (htghtc-cfkbz) – Retaliation; Nfhba – Tariff; b Pfrjy j njhujdsöcjukfitybzö jn 1934 u. – Trade Agreements Act of 1934.

PFRJY J NFHBAFÖ CVENF-ÖFEKB JN1930 U. – Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930.Cv. Pfrjy j nfhbafö jn 1930 u. – Tariff Act of 1930.

PFRJY J NJHUJDKT JN 1974 U. – TradeAct of 1974.Pfrjy, ghbyznsq Rjyuhtccjv CIF d rjywt 1974 u. b ddtltyysq d cbke ghfdbntkmcndtyysv gjcnfyjdktybtvjn 3 zydfhz 1975 u., rjnjhsq ghtljcnfdbk ghtpbltyneCIF ibhjrbt gjkyjvjxbz gj pfrkñxtybñ vtéleyf-hjlysö cjukfitybq j cybétybb åfhmthjd lkz bvgjhnf.Pfrjy j njhujdkt ghjdjpukfiftn d rfxtcndt cdjböjcyjdysö wtktq cktleñobt:• cnbvekbhjdfybt ärjyjvbxtcrjuj hjcnf CIF, cjöhfyt-ybt b hfcibhtybt pfheåtéysö hsyrjd cåsnf lkz ctkm-crjöjpzqcndtyyjq ghjlerwbb, ghjvsiktyyjq ghjlerwbbb ghjlerwbb ujhyjljåsdfñotq jnhfckb, ghjbpdtltyysöd CIF, f nfrét lkz njdfhjd, ghtlkfuftvsö fvthbrfy-crbvb rjvvthxtcrbvb ghtlghbznbzvb;• erhtgktybt ärjyjvbxtcrbö cdzptq c lheubvb cnhfyfvbgjchtlcndjv bcgjkmpjdfybz jnrhsnjq b ytlbcrhbvbyf-wbjyyjq njhujdjq ghfrnbrb;

• pfobnf fvthbrfycrjq ghjvsiktyyjcnb b hfåjnybrjdjn ytljåhjcjdtcnyjq bkb dhtljyjcyjq rjyrehtywbb cjcnjhjys bvgjhnysö njdfhjd;• jrfpfybt ≤gjvjob d gthtcnhjqrt≥ hfpkbxysvjnhfckzv ghjvsiktyyjcnb, hfåjnybrfv b yfctktybñ,rjnjhsv åsk yfytcty bkb euhjéftn åsnm yfytctyysveothå d htpekmnfnt hjcnf jåütvf gjcnfdjr bvgjhnyjqghjlerwbb.

Pfrjy j njhujdkt nfrét ghtljcnfdkztn ghtpbltyne CIFghfdj ghtljcnfdkznm nfhbayst ghtathtywbb lkz ytrjnj-hsö dbljd ghjlerwbb, bvgjhnbhetvjq bp hfpdbdfñoböczcnhfy, b ecnfyfdkbdfnm eckjdbz, ghb rjnjhsö djpvjéyjhfcibhtybt ghbvtytybz htébvf yfbåjkmituj åkfuj-ghbzncndjdfybz yf cnhfys c ythsyjxyjq ärjyjvbrjq, d njhujdkt c rjnjhsvb CIF ghtélt yt ghbvtyzkb änjnhtébv. Cv. nfrét Cjltqcndbt d gthtcnhjqrt – Adjust-ment Assistance; Rjvgtycfwbjyyst gjikbys – Counter-vailing Duties; Ltvgbyu – Dumping; Jujdjhrf – Clause;Jåjåotyyfz cbcntvf ghtathtywbq – Generalized System ofPreferences; Htébv yfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzncndjdfybz –Most-Favored-Nation Treatment; Vths gj pfobnt dyenhty-ytq ärjyjvbrb – Safeguards; Hfpltk 301 – Section 301;Njrbqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Tokyo Round; Rjvbccbz CIF gj djghj-cfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb – U.S. International TradeCommission; b Rjvbccbz Ebkmzvcf – Williams Commission.

PFRJY J NJHUJDKT JN 1988 U. – TradeAct of 1988.Cv. Cdjlysq pfrjy j njhujdkt b rjyrehtynjcgjcjåyjcnbjn 1988 u. – Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988.

PFRJY J NJHUJDKT C DHFÉLTÅYSVBUJCELFHCNDFVB (PNDU) – Trading with theEnemy Act (TWEA).Cv. Pfrjy j xhtpdsxfqysö vtéleyfhjlysö ärjyjvb-xtcrbö gjkyjvjxbzö – International Emergency EconomicPowers Act.

PFRJY J NJHUJDSÖ CJUKFITYBZÖ JN1934 U. – Trade Agreements Act of 1934.Fvthbrfycrbq pfrjy, dytcibq gjghfdrb d Pfrjy j nfhb-afö jn 1930 u. (Tariff Act of 1930), yfpsdftvsq nfrétPfrjyjv j nfhbafö Cvenf-Öfekb (Smoot-Hawley TariffAct), rjnjhsq hfphtiftn CIF dtcnb gthtujdjhs c lhe-ubvb cnhfyfvb j pfrkñxtybb cjukfitybq j dpfbvjds-ujlyjv cybétybb nfvjétyysö gjikby. Gjkjétybzjrjyxfntkmysö cjukfitybq ljkéys åskb pfntv ghbvty-znmcz gj jnyjitybñ r lheubv cnhfyfv gjchtlcndjvjujdjhjr j htébvt yfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzncndjdfybz.Gthdjyfxfkmysq dfhbfyn Pfrjyf j njhujdsö cjukfit-ybzö jn 1934 u. c ljgjkytybzvb, rjnjhst åskb dytctysd ytuj ytcrjkmrbvb åjktt gjplybvb pfrjyjlfntkmysvb

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frnfvb, ghbyznsvb Rjyuhtccjv CIF, hfphtifk CIFexfcndjdfnm d gthdsö gznb hfeylfö vyjujcnjhjyybögthtujdjhfö d hfvrfö UFNN, yfxbyfz c gthtujdjhjd 1947u. b pfrfyxbdfz Lbkkjycrbv hfeyljv drkñxbntkmyj.Dgjcktlcndbb änjn pfrjy åsk pfvtyty Pfrjyjv j hfcib-htybb njhujdkb jn 1962 u. (Trade Expansion Act of 1962).Cv. nfrét Ldecnjhjyytt njhujdjt cjukfitybt – BilateralTrade Agreement; Lbkkjycrbq hfeyl – Dillon Round;Gthtujdjhs – Negotiations; Ghtltk cybétybz bvgjhnysögjikby – Peril Point; Dpfbvyjcnm – Reciprocity; Hfeyl –Round; Pfrjy j nfhbafö jn 1930 u. – Tariff Act of 1930;Njhujdjt cjukfitybt – Trade Agreement; b Pfrjy j hfcib-htybb njhujdkb jn 1962 u. – Trade Expansion Act of 1962.

PFRJY J NJHUJDSÖ CJUKFITYBZÖ JN1979 U. – Trade Agreements Act of 1979.Pfrjyjlfntkmysq frn, hfphtifñobq CIF dsgjkyznmgjkjétybz njhujdsö cjukfitybq j ytnfhbaysö åfhmt-hfö, rjnjhst åskb pfrkñxtys d öjlt ghjdtltybzNjrbqcrjuj hfeylf vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdj-hjd d hfvrfö UFNN, d njv xbckt cjukfitybq, nhtåeñ-obö dytctybz bpvtytybq d ltqcndeñobt pfrjys CIF, fnfrét ghtljcnfdkznm ytrjnjhst dbls ecnegjr, ghfdjddtltybz rjnjhsö yt åskj ghzvj ghtlecvjnhtyj Pfrj-yjv j njhujdkt jn 1974 u. (Trade Act of 1974). D xfcn-yjcnb, Pfrjy j njhujdsö cjukfitybzö jn 1979 u. drkñ-xbk d pfrjyjlfntkmcndj CIF gjkjétybz cjukfitybq j åjhmåt c ltvgbyujv, jghtltktybb nfvjétyyjq cnjbvj-cnb njdfhjd, ghjwtlehfö kbwtypbhjdfybz bvgjhnf, ghfr-nbrt ujcelfhcndtyysö pfregjr, njdfhysö cnfylfhnfö,uhfélfycrjq fdbfwbb, vzcyjq b vjkjxyjq ghjlerwbb, fnfrét j nfvjétyysö gjikbyfö yf kbrthyeñ ghjler-wbñ, rjnjhst åskb pfrkñxtys yf Njrbqcrjv hfeylt.Rhjvt njuj, änjn pfrjy hfcibhbk gjkyjvjxbz ghtpb-ltynf CIF gj ghjdtltybñ gthtujdjhjd j pfrkñxtybbnjhujdsö cjukfitybq c pfheåtéysvb cnhfyfvb c wtkmñcybétybz bkb cyznbz ytnfhbaysö åfhmthjd lkz njh-ujdkb. Cv. nfrét Fynbltvgbyujdsq rjltrc – Anti-Dump-ing Code; Rjvgtycfwbjyyst gjikbys – CountervailingDuties; Rjltrc ghfdbk jghtltktybz nfvjétyyjq cnjb-vjcnb njdfhjd – Customs Valuation Code; Ltvgbyu –Dumping; Gjkbnbrf b ghfrnbrf ujcelfhcndtyysö pfregjr– Government Procurement Policies and Practices; Rjltrcghfdbk kbwtypbhjdfybz – Licensing Code; Ytnfhbayståfhmths – Non-Tariff Barriers; Cnfylfhns – Standards;Njrbqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Tokyo Round; Pfrjy j njhujdkt jn 1974 u. – Trade Act of 1974; Njhujdjt cjukfitybt – TradeAgreement; b Njhujdsq ghtlcnfdbntkm CIF – UnitedStates Trade Representative.

PFRJY EÄÅÅF-GJVTHTYF – Webb-PomereneAct.Pfrjy CIF, rjnjhsq åsk ghbyzn d 1918 u. b jcdjåjé-lftn fccjwbfwbb fvthbrfycrbö ghtlghbznbq, exfcndeñ-obt d ärcgjhnysö gjcnfdrfö, jn ytjåöjlbvjcnb ds-gjkytybz gjkjétybq fynbnhtcnjdcrbö pfrjyjd CIF,tckb njkmrj jyb yt juhfybxbdfñn ghfdf kñåjuj cdjtujfvthbrfycrjuj rjyrehtynf. Cv. nfrét Fynbnhtcnjdcrbq– Antitrust; b Ärcgjhnyfz njhujdfz rjvgfybz – ExportTrading Company.

PFRJY J XHTPDSXFQYSÖ VTÉLEYF-HJLYSÖ ÄRJYJVBXTCRBÖ GJKYJ-VJXBZÖ (PXVÄG) – International EmergencyEconomic Powers Act (IEEPA).Pfrjy CIF, ghbyznsq d 1977 u., rjnjhsq hfcibhbkxhtpdsxfqyst gjkyjvjxbz, hfytt ghtljcnfdktyystghtpbltyne CIF Pfrjyjv j njhujdkt c dhféltåysvbujcelfhcndfvb jn 1917 u. PTDU (Trading with the EnemyAct of 1917 – TWEA). D xfcnyjcnb, lfyysq pfrjy gjp-djkztn ghtpbltyne CIF, gjckt pfzdktybz j yfkbxbbxhtpdsxfqysö jåcnjzntkmcnd d htpekmnfnt ceotcndj-dfybz euhjps bynthtcfv CIF bpdyt, hfccktljdfnm,htuekbhjdfnm, ghbyeélfnm bkb pfghtofnm ghfrnbxtcrbkñåeñ ärjyjvbxtcreñ cltkre bkb jgthfwbñ c cjå-cndtyyjcnmñ, d rjnjhjq pfbynthtcjdfyf kñåfz pfhe-åtéyfz cnhfyf bkb kñåjt byjcnhfyyjt kbwj. Yfxbyfz c zydfhz 1992 u. d cjjndtncndbb c gjkjétybzvb Pfrjyfj njhujdkt c dhfétcrbvb ujcelfhcndfvb jn 1917 u.dcnegbkb d cbke cfyrwbb Vbybcnthcndf abyfycjd CIFd jnyjitybb Reås, Dmtnyfvf b Ctdthyjq Rjhtb, fnfrét ytrjnjhst vtöfybpvs rjynhjkz pf exfcnbtvfvthbrfycrbö kbw d ärcgjhnt njdfhjd cnhfntubxtcrjqdféyjcnb d nhtnmb cnhfys. D yfxfkt 1992 u. ghjuhfvvsPXVÄG jödfnsdfkb ärjyjvbxtcrbt jnyjitybz CIF c Bhfrjv, Kbdbtq b Ufbnb. Rhjvt njuj, d cjjndtncndbbc änbv pfrjyjv, f nfrét c Pfrjyjv j cjnhelybxtcndt d hfpdbnbb (Development Cooperation Act) Vbybcnthcndjabyfycjd CIF ddtkj cfyrwbb d jnyjitybb Bhfyf.

PFREGRB – Procurement.Cv. Gjkbnbrf b ghfrnbrf ujcelfhcndtyysö pfregjr –Government Procurement Policies and Practices.

PFKJUJDJT JÅTCGTXTYBT – Collateral.Cv. Ufhfynbz, wtyyfz åevfuf – Security.

PFKJÉTYYST NJDFHS – Bonded Goods.Bvgjhnyst njdfhs, yföjlzobtcz yf nfvjétyyjv crkfltlj egkfns cjjndtncndeñobö nfvjétyysö gjikby, rfrghfdbkj, gjckt ghtlcnfdktybz dkfltkmwtv änbö njdfhjdufhfynbqyjuj jåzpfntkmcndf jå egkfnt gjikby ghbbpüznbb lfyysö njdfhjd cj crkflf c wtkmñ ghjlféb yf

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dyenhtyytv hsyrt lfyyjq cnhfys. Cv. nfrét Jåkbufwbz– Bond; b Crkfl lkz öhfytybz uhepjd c ytjgkfxtyysvbgjikbyfvb – Bonded Warehouse.

PFVTOTYBT BVGJHNF DYENHTYYBVGHJBPDJLCNDJV – Import Substitution.Vthjghbznbz, ghjdjlbvst rfrjq-kbåj cnhfyjq c wtkmñcjrhfotybz jåütvf bvgjhnf (b, cktljdfntkmyj, hfcöjljdd byjcnhfyyjq dfkñnt) pf cxtn cnbvekbhjdfybz hfpdbnbzdyenhtyybö jnhfcktq ghjvsiktyyjcnb, ytdpbhfz yf nj,äaatrnbdys kb jyb bkb ytäaatrnbdys. Cv. nfrétGhjvsiktyyfz gjkbnbrf – Industrial Policy; Fhuevtyn d gjllthére ≤vjkjlsö≥ jnhfcktq ghjvsiktyyjcnb –Infant Industry Argument; b Vthrfynbkbpv – Mercantilism.

PFGFL – West.Cv. Njhujdkz vtéle Djcnjrjv b Pfgfljv – East-WestTrade.

PFGFCS – Stockpiles.Cv. Åeathyst (htpthdyst) pfgfcs – Buffer Stocks;b Cnhfntubxtcrbt pfgfcs – Strategic Stockpiles.

PFXTNYST (DCNHTXYST) NHTÅJDFYBZ –Offset Requirements.Eckjdbz, ecnfyfdkbdftvst ghfdbntkmcndfvb cnhfy-bv-gjhnthjd lkz ytrjnjhsö rhegysö ärcgjhnthjd d lheuböcnhfyfö, rfr ghfdbkj, c wtkmñ cjrhfotybz jåütvf jnnj-rf ltytéysö chtlcnd – yfghbvth, nhtåjdfybz r ärcgjh-nthe j pfregrt njdfhjd bkb eckeu, ghjbpdtltyysödyenhb cnhfys-bvgjhnthf, j cjplfybb ghjvsiktyysöghtlghbznbq yf nthhbnjhbb änjq cnhfys bkb jå bcgjkm-pjdfybb ärcgjhnthjv lkz dsgecrf cdjtq ghjlerwbbltnfktq b rjvgktrneñobö bpltkbq vtcnyjuj ghjbp-djlcndf. Pfxtnyst (dcnhtxyst) nhtåjdfybz xfcnj åsdfñncdzpfys c njhujdktq djtyysv jåjheljdfybtv. Cv.nfrét Dcnhtxyfz njhujdkz – Countertrade.

PFOBNF – Protection.Ghfdbntkmcndtyyst vths, drkñxfz nfhbayst b ytnf-hbayst åfhmths, rjnjhst gjdsifñn cnjbvjcnm bvgjh-nbhetvsö njdfhjd bkb rfrbv-kbåj bysv jåhfpjvjuhfybxbdfñn bö ghjybryjdtybt yf hsyjr b ntv cfvsvecbkbdfñn rjyrehtynyst gjpbwbb njdfhjd dyenhtyytujghjbpdjlcndf. Cv. nfrét Rjyrehtynjcgjcjåysq –Competitive; Htébv juhfybxtybq yf bvgjhn – ImportRelief; Fhuevtyn j ytjåöjlbvjcnb pfobns ≤vjkjlsö≥jnhfcktq ghjvsiktyyjcnb – Infant Industry Argument;Hsyjr – Market; Vjyjgjkbz – Monopoly; Ytnfhbayståfhmths – Non-Tariff Barriers; Ghtltk cybétybz bvgjhn-ysö gjikby – Peril Point; Ghjntrwbjybpv – Protectionism;Rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz – Quantitative Restrictions;Vths gj pfobnt dyenhtyytq ärjyjvbrb – Safeguards;Nfhba – Tariff; b Nfhbayfz äcrfkfwbz – Tariff Escalation.

PJYF CDJÅJLYJQ NJHUJDKB – Free TradeZone.Cv. Cdjåjlyfz pjyf – Free Zone.

PHBF – FARA.Cv. Pfrjy j htubcnhfwbb byjcnhfyysö futynjd – ForeignAgents Registration Act.

PNDU – TWEA.Cv. Pfrjy j xhtpdsxfqysö vtéleyfhjlysöärjyjvbxtcrbö gjkyjvjxbzö – International EmergencyEconomic Powers Act.

PXVÄG – IEEPA.Cv. Pfrjy j xhtpdsxfqysö vtéleyfhjlysöärjyjvbxtcrbö gjkyjvjxbzö – International EmergencyEconomic Powers Act.

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BBPKBITR – Surplus.Rjkbxtcndj rfrjuj-kbåj njdfhf, rjnjhjt lfyysq hsyjryt vjétn ghbyznm (≤gjukjnbnm≥) gj ceotcndeñotq wtyt. Cv. nfrét Hsyjr – Market; b ≤Pfrjy 480≥ – PublicLaw 480.

BKKÑCNHFNBDYSQ CGBCJR – IllustrativeList.Bkkñcnhfnbdysq cgbcjr ärcgjhnysö ceåcblbq (Illustra-tive List of Export Subsidies) cjlthébncz d Ghbkjétybb r Rjltrce ceåcblbq UFNN (GATT Subsidies Code). D ytvgthtxbcktys ytrjnjhst jghtltktyyst dbls jnyjitybq,ghtlcnfdkzñobt cjåjq d hfvrfö gjkjétybq lfyyjujRjltrcf gj cenb rjvgtycbhetvst ärcgjhnyst ceåcblbb,tckb jyb jceotcndkzñncz bkb cfyrwbjybheñncz ghf-dbntkmcndjv d jnyjitybb njdfhjd, ghjbpdtltyysö yfärcgjhn. R nfrbv dblfv ltzntkmyjcnb jnyjczncz ghzvstceåcblbb, ghtljcnfdkztvst ghtlghbznbñ bkb jnhfckbghjvsiktyyjcnb, hfåjnf rjnjhsö pfdbcbn jn ärcgjhnyjqltzntkmyjcnb; cötvs elthéfybz dfkñnyjq dshexrb; b ghjxbt dbls cnbvekbhjdfybz, cdzpfyyst c dslfxtqghtvbq, ecnfyjdktybtv kmujnysö hfcwtyjr pf dyenhtyybtgthtdjprb b ahfön, jcdjåjéltybtv jn egkfns ghzvsöyfkjujd, ghtljcnfdktybtv eckeu bkb njdfhjd yf kmujn-ysö eckjdbzö, dslfxtq ufhfynbq gj ärcgjhnysv rht-lbnfv b n.g. Cv. nfrét Rjvgtycfwbjyyst gjikbys –Countervailing Duties; b Ceåcblbz – Subsidy.

BVGJHNYST RDJNS – Import Quotas.Cv. Rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz – QuantitativeRestrictions.

BYDTCNJH – Investor.Cv. Ghtlghbybvfntkm – Entrepreneur; b Hbcr – Risk.

≤BYBWBFNBDF GJ DSZDKTYBÑ BECNHFYTYBÑ CNHERNEHYSÖ GHTGZNCNDBQ≥ – Structural ImpedimentsInitiative (SII).Fvthbrfyj-zgjycrbt ldecnjhjyybt gthtujdjhs c wtkmñdszdktybz b ecnhfytybz dyenhtyybö ghtgzncndbq, clth-ébdfñobö ghjwtcc rjhhtrnbhjdrb dytiytnjhujdsöhfcxtnjd b juhfybxbdfñobö ljcneg yf hsyjr. Cv. nfr-ét Ldecnjhjyytt cjukfitybt – Bilateral Agreement;Hsyjr – Market; Ljcneg yf hsyjr – Market Access;Hsyjxyst cbks – Market Forces; b Juhfybxbntkmyfzltkjdfz ghfrnbrf – Restrictive Business Practices.

≤BYBWBFNBDF CNHFY RFHBÅCRJUJÅFCCTQYF≥ (≤BCRÅ≥) – Caribbean BasinInitiative (CBI).Ibhjrjvfcinfåyfz ghjuhfvvf gj cjltqcndbñ ärjyjvb-xtcrjve hfpdbnbñ cnhfy Wtynhfkmyjq Fvthbrb b Rfhbå-crjuj åfcctqyf gentv bcgjkmpjdfybz bybwbfnbds xfcn-yjuj ctrnjhf. Wtkmñ ghjuhfvvs ≤BCRÅ≥ zdkztnczhfcibhtybt byjcnhfyysö b jntxtcndtyysö bydtcnbwbq d ytnhflbwbjyysö jnhfckzö, lbdthcbabrfwbz ärjyjvb-xtcrbö cbcntv cnhfy-exfcnybw ≤BCRÅ≥ b edtkbxtybtjåütvjd ärcgjhnf bp änbö cnhfy. Jcyjdysvb äktvtynfvbghjuhfvvs ≤BCRÅ≥ zdkzñncz ghtljcnfdktybt ghfdfåtcchjxyjuj åtcgjikbyyjuj ddjpf ibhjrjuj fccjhnb-vtynf njdfhjd yf nthhbnjhbñ CIF; ärjyjvbxtcrfzgjvjom CIF cnhfyfv htubjyf; ghjljkétybt ghjtrnjd≤cfvjgjvjob≥ lkz ekexitybz bydtcnbwbjyyjuj rkbvfnfb njhujdkb; yfkjujdst kmujns, ghtljcnfdkztvst CIFcnhfyfv, rjnjhst ecnhfbdfñn cütpls lkz ghjdtltybzrdfkbabrfwbb cnhfy-exfcnybw ≤BCRÅ≥ c wtkmñ hfpdbnbznehbpvf; ghjuhfvvs cjltqcndbz hfpdbnbñ, ghjdjlbvstGhfdbntkmcndjv CIF, dkfcnzvb fvthbrfycrbö infnjd bghtlghbznbzvb xfcnyjuj ctrnjhf; f nfrét gjllthérf cjcnjhjys lheubö njhujdsö gfhnythjd b vtéleyfhjlysöjhufybpfwbq gj cjltqcndbñ d hfpdbnbb. Cv. nfrét Hfp-dbdfñobtcz cnhfys – Developing Countries; Ärjyjvb-xtcrjt hfpdbnbt – Economic Development; Kbåthfkbpfwbz– Liberalization; b Nfhbayfz rdjnf – Tariff Quota.

≤BYRJNTHVC≥ – Incoterms.Ghfdbkf njkrjdfybz njhujdsö nthvbyjd, hfphfåjnfyystb bplfyyst Vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdjq gfkfnjq (Gfhbé) d rfxtcndt herjdjlcndf gj cjcnfdktybñ vtéleyfhjlysöljujdjhjd regkb-ghjlféb. D rfxtcndt ghbvthf nfrjujljujdjhf d ≤Byrjnthvc≥ ghbdjlbncz rjynhfrn yfgjcnfdre njdfhf yf eckjdbzö CBA.

BYJCNHFYYFZ DFKÑNF – ForeignExchange.Nhtåjdfybz d jnyjitybb byjcnhfyyjuj ujcelfhcndf,ceotcndeñobt d ajhvt dfkñns änjuj ujcelfhcndf bkbghjwtynysö jåkbufwbq. Cv. nfrét Dfkñnf – Currency;b Ltymub – Money.

BYNTKKTRNEFKMYFZ CJÅCNDTYYJCNM –Intellectual Property.Cjåcndtyyjcnm, lfñofz ghfdj dkfltnm, bcgjkmpjdfnm bkbhfcgjhzéfnmcz ghjlernfvb, cjplfyysvb xtkjdtxtcrjqbpjåhtnfntkmyjcnmñ, drkñxfz gfntyns, njhujdst vfhrbb fdnjhcrbt ghfdf. Cv. nfrét Fdnjhcrjt ghfdj – Copy-right; Gfntyn – Patent; Ntöyjkjubz – Technology; Njhuj-dst vfhrb – Trademarks; Njhujdst fcgtrns ghfd yfbyntkktrnefkmyeñ cjåcndtyyjcnm – Trade-RelatedAspects of Intellectual Property Rights; Njhujdkz afkm-ibdsvb njdfhfvb b eckeufvb – Trafficking in Counterfeit

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Goods and Services; Eheudfqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybönjhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Uruguay Round;b Dctvbhyfz jhufybpfwbz gj jöhfyt byntkktrnefkmyjqcjåcndtyyjcnb – World Intellectual Property Organization.

BYAKZWBZ – Inflation.Jåott gjdsitybt wty yf åjkmibycndj njdfhjd b eckeud ghtltkfö lfyyjuj hsyrf, ghbdjlzott r cybétybñgjregfntkmyjq cgjcjåyjcnb lfyyjq yjvbyfkmyjq ltyté-yjq cevvs d dfkñnt, bcgjkmpetvjq yf änjv hsyrt.Byakzwbz djpybrftn, rjulf hjcn cghjcf jgthtéftn hjcnghtlkjétybz, f nfrét rjulf pfhfåjnyfz gkfnf hfcntnåscnhtt, xtv ghjbpdjlcndj. Cj dhtvtyb jrjyxfybzDnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys byakzwbz åskf b jcnftnczgjcnjzyysv zdktybtv d åjkmibycndt cnhfy. Cv. nfrétDfkñnf – Currency; Cghjc – Demand; Rjcdtyysq yfkju –Indirect Tax; Ltymub – Money; Wtyf – Price; Gjregfntkm-yfz cgjcjåyjcnm – Purchasing Power; b Ghtlkjétybt –Supply.

BYAJHVFNBRF – Informatics.Nthvby, bcgjkmpetvsq lkz jgbcfybz rjvgktrcfjnhfcktq ghjvsiktyyjcnb b ghjlerwbb yf jcyjdt ghb-vtytybz wbahjdsö ntöyjkjubq jåhfåjnrb lfyysö. Jydrkñxftn rjvgmñnths (ÄDV), gthbathbqyst ecnhjqcndflkz rjvgmñnthjd, rjvgmñnthyjt ghjuhfvvyjt jåtcgt-xtybt, vtnjls b chtlcndf jåhfåjnrb lfyysö, f nfrétåjkmibycndj dbljd vbrhjäktrnhjyysö rjvgjytynjd.

BYAHFCNHERNEHF – Infrastructure.Jcyjdjgjkfufñobq rfgbnfk jåotcndf, djgkjotyysq d ljhjufö b bysö nhfycgjhnysö b rjvveybrfwbjyysöcbcntvfö, f nfrét d cbcntvfö äktrnhjgbnfybz, djljc-yfåétybz, rfyfkbpfwbb b lheubö rjvveyfkm-ysö ckeéå.Byahfcnhernehf, rjnjheñ byjulf yfpsdfñn nfrét≤rfgbnfkjdkjétybzvb d cjwbfkmyeñ byahfcnhernehe≥(“social overhead capital”), vjétn nfrét drkñxfnm d ctåzplhfdjjöhfytybt, jåhfpjdfybt b nheljdst yfdsrb yfct-ktybz lfyyjq cnhfys. Cv. nfrét Rfgbnfk – Capital;Ärjyjvbxtcrjt hfpdbnbt – Economic Development; b Åkf-ujcjcnjzybt – Welfare.

BGCN – IPC.Cv. Byntuhbhjdfyyfz ghjuhfvvf cshmtdsö njdfhjd –Integrated Program for Commodities.

≤BCRÅ≥ – CBI.Cv. ≤Bybwbfnbdf cnhfy Rfhbåcrjuj åfcctqyf≥ – Carib-bean Basin Initiative.

BCRKÑXTYBZ – Exceptions.Cv. Jåjåotyyfz cbcntvf ghtathtywbq – GeneralizedSystem of Preferences; b Kbytqyjt cybétybt nfvjétyysögjikby – Linear Reduction of Tariffs.

BCRECCNDTYYST (CBYNTNBXTCRBT)DJKJRYF – Man-Made Fibers.Cv. Cjukfitybt j vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt vyjujdj-kjrjyysvb ntrcnbkmysvb bpltkbzvb – Multi-FiberArrangement Regarding International Trade in Textiles;Cnhfntubxtcrb dféyst dbls ghjlerwbb – Sensitive Pro-ducts; b Ntrcnbkmyst bpltkbz – Textiles.

BCGJKYBNTKMYSQ JHUFY – ExecutingAgency.Cv. Ghjuhfvvf hfpdbnbz Jhufybpfwbb JåütlbytyysöYfwbq – United Nations Development Program.

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B

RRFGBNFK – Capital.Cjåcndtyyjcnm bkb vfnthbfkmyst wtyyjcnb, ghbyjczobtljöjl, dshfétyysq d ltytéyjq ajhvt, kbåj yfrjgkty-ysq pfgfc jhelbq nhelf, vfiby, jåjheljdfybz, plfybq,cjjheétybq b lheubö njdfhjd, rjnjhst, d cdjñ jxthtlm,bcgjkmpeñncz lkz ghjbpdjlcndf lheubö njdfhjd b eckeu.Cv. nfrét Rfgbnfkmyst njdfhs – Capital Goods;Byahfcnhernehf – Infrastructure; Ghjwtyn – Interest;Ltymub – Money; Ghbåskm – Profit; b Hbcr – Risk.

RFGBNFK, DKJÉTYYSQ CVBYBVFKMYSV HBCRJV – Security Capital.Cv. Hbcr – Risk.

RFGBNFKJDKJÉTYBZ D CJWBFKMYEÑBYAHFCNHERNEHE – Social Overhead Capital.Cv. Byahfcnhernehf – Infrastructure.

RFGBNFKMYST NJDFHS – Capital Goods.Ghjvsiktyyst bpltkbz bkb lheubt njdfhs, bcgjkmpet-vst ghb cjplfybb yjdsö vfnthbfkmysö wtyyjcntq,yfghbvth, cnfyrb. Rfgbnfkmyst njdfhs byjulf yfpsdfñnnfrét ghjvtéenjxysvb njdfhfvb, gjcrjkmre jyb kbimrjcdtyyj eljdktndjhzñn xtkjdtxtcrbt gjnhtåyjcnb, fbyjulf – njdfhfvb ghjbpdjlcndtyyjuj yfpyfxtybz bkbchtlcndfvb ghjbpdjlcndf, gjcrjkmre jyb bcgjkmpeñnczlkz ghjbpdjlcndf lheubö njdfhjd. Cv. nfrét Rfgbnfk –Capital; Gjnhtåbntkmcrbt njdfhs – Consumer Goods;b Ghjbpdjlcndj – Production.

RFHFYNBYYST, CFYBNFHYST B VTLB-WBYCRBT PFRJYS B YJHVS –Quarantine, Sanitary and Health Laws andRegulations.Ghfdbntkmcndtyyst vths, yfghfdktyyst yf pfobnegjnhtåbntktq, f nfrét ghtlcnfdbntktq ébdjnyjuj bhfcnbntkmyjuj vbhf gentv htuekbhjdfybz bcgjkmpjdfybzjgfcysö rjycthdfynjd b lheubö gbotdsö ljåfdjr.Jncencndbt vtéleyfhjlyj ghbpyfyysö cnfylfhnjd pf-nhelyztn hfpuhfybxtybt vtéle pfrjyyj ghbvtyztvsvbvtlbwbycrbvb cnfylfhnfvb b ghjntrwbjybcncrbvb vthf-vb. Cjukfitybt j cfybnfhysö b abnjcfybnfhysö cnfy-lfhnfö, rjnjhjt ljkéyj åsnm pfrkñxtyj yf Eheudfq-crjv hfeylt vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN, ljkéyj ghbyznm yjhvs, ecnfyjdktyystjghtltktyysvb jhufyfvb cnfylfhnbpfwbb d rfxtcndtjcyjdysö cnfylfhnjd lkz njhujdkb, jåtcgtxbnm d vfrcb-vfkmyj djpvjéyjq cntgtyb bö yfexyeñ jåjcyjdfyyjcnm,

b dgthdst jghtltkbnm ghfdbkf b ghjwtlehe hfphtitybzcgjhjd gj vtlbrj-cfybnfhysv djghjcfv. Cv. nfrétGhjwtlehs nfvjétyyjuj b flvbybcnhfnbdyjuj extnfbvgjhnbhetvsö njdfhjd – Customs and AdministrativeEntry Procedures; Lbcrhbvbyfwbz – Discrimination; Ghfdb-kf b yjhvs egfrjdrb, cyfåétybz änbrtnrfvb b vfhrb-hjdrb ghjlerwbb – Packaging, Labeling and Marking Regula-tions; Cnfylfhns – Standards; b Eheudfqcrbq hfeyl(vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) –Uruguay Round.

RFHYTN – Carnet.Cv. Rfhytn (cdbltntkmcndj) j dhtvtyyjv ljgeotybb –ATA Carnet.

RFHYTN (CDBLTNTKMCNDJ) JDHTVTYYJV LJGEOTYBB – ATA Carnet.Vtéleyfhjlysq nfvjétyysq ljrevtyn, ghbpyfdftvsq d rfxtcndt ltqcndbntkmyjq vtéleyfhjlyjq ufhfynbb,rjnjhsq vjétn bcgjkmpjdfnmcz dvtcnj yfwbjyfkmysönfvjétyysö ljrevtynjd, f nfrét d rfxtcndt ufhfynbbegkfns bvgjhnysö gjikby b yfkjujd yf dhtvtyyjljgeotyyst r ddjpe njdfhs, f byjulf b yf nhfypbnystnjdfhs. D cjjndtncndbb c Rjydtywbtq j dhtvtyyjv ljge-otybb 1961 u. (ATA Convention of 1961), Rfhytn (cdblt-ntkmcndj) j dhtvtyyjv ljgeotybb (gthtdjl ahfywepcrj-uj nthvbyf “ATA Carnet”) pfvtybk cjåjq Rfhytn (cdblt-ntkmcndj) j rjvvthxtcrbö jåhfpwfö (RRJ), rjnjhsqåsk endthélty rjydtywbtq 1956 u. ghb gjllthértCjdtnf gj nfvjétyyjve cjnhelybxtcnde. Rfhytns j dhtvtyyjv ljgeotybb dslfñncz yfwbjyfkmysvb njh-ujdsvb gfkfnfvb, jåütlbytyysvb d Vtéleyfhjlyeñnjhujdeñ gfkfne, xnj nfrét ufhfynbhetn jgkfne gjikbyd ckexft ytdjpvjéyjcnb htärcgjhnf njdfhjd. Cv. nfrétCjdtn gj nfvjétyyjve cjnhelybxtcnde – CustomsCooperation Council.

RFHYTN (CDBLTNTKMCNDJ) J RJVVTH-XTCRBÖ JÅHFPWFÖ (RRJ) – ESC Carnet.Cv. Rfhytn (cdbltntkmcndj) j dhtvtyyjv ljgeotybb –ATA Carnet.

RFHNTKM – Cartel.Fkmzyc bkb ljujdjhtyyjcnm vtéle ghjvsiktyysvb,rjvvthxtcrbvb bkb rjynhjkbhetvsvb ujcelfhcndjvghtlghbznbzvb, ghjbpdjlzobvb jlyb b nt ét dblsnjdfhjd, bvtñobq wtkmñ htuekbhjdfybt pfregrb, ghj-bpdjlcndf bkb cåsnf änbö njdfhjd. Rfhntkmyjt cjukfit-ybt xfcnj cjghjdjélftncz ecnfyjdktybtv rdjn yf jåütvghjbpdjlcndf ghjlerwbb b rdjn yf rfgbnfkjdkjétybz.Tckb rfhntkm ghbjåhtnftn vjyjgjkmyeñ dkfcnm, jyf,rfr ghfdbkj, cnhtvbncz r vfrcbvfkmyjve edtkbxtybñcdjbö ghbåsktq gentv gjdsitybz wty b ddtltybz juhf-

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ybxtybz yf ghtlkjétybt. Cv. nfrét Njdfh (cshmtdjqnjdfh) – Commodity; Vjyjgjkbz – Monopoly; b Jhufyb-pfwbz cnhfy-ärcgjhnthjd ytanb – Organization of Petro-leum Exporting Countries.

RFA (CNJBVJCNM B AHFÖN) – C and F.Fååhtdbfnehf, bcgjkmpetvfz d ytrjnjhsö vtéleyfhjl-ysö njhujdsö rjynhfrnfö, rjulf wtyf ghjlféb drkñ-xftn cnjbvjcnm njdfhjd b bö ljcnfdrb, yj yt drkñxftncnjbvjcnm cnhföjdfybz. Lfyyfz ajhvekf xfcnj ghbvty-ztncz d ckexfzö, rjulf ghfdbntkmcndj cnhfys-bvgjhnthfnhtåetn jn rjvgfybq, gjlgflfñobö gjl tuj ñhbclbr-wbñ, cfvjcnjzntkmyjuj jåtcgtxtybz cnhföjdfybz. Cv.nfrét CBA – CIF; AFC – FAS; b AJÅ – FOB.

RDVN CIF – USITC.Cv. Rjvbccbz CIF gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njhuj-dkb – U.S. International Trade Commission.

RDJNS – Quotas.Cv. Rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz – Quantitative Restric-tions; b Nfhbayfz rdjnf – Tariff Quota.

≤RTQHTWE≥ – Keiretsu.Ysytiybt zgjycrbt ≤rtqhtwe≥, ceotcndeñobt d rjywtÖÖ dtrf, zdkzñncz gjnjvrfvb ljdjtyysö ≤lpfqåfwe≥,rjnjhst jnkbxfkbcm ntcysvb ljkujdhtvtyysvb ltkjds-vb jnyjitybzvb vtéle bö xktyfvb. Abhvs-exfcnybrb≤rtqhtwe≥ jåütlbytys lheu c lheujv ctnmñ jabwbfkm-ysö b ytjabwbfkmysö cdzptq, drkñxfz ≤gthtrhtcnyjt≥dkfltybt frwbzvb, ljkujdhtvtyyst ljujdjhtyyjcnbvtéle gjregfntkzvb b gjcnfdobrfvb, dpfbvjcdzpfyystcjdtns lbhtrnjhjd rjvgfybq, dpfbvysq jåvty cjnhelyb-rfvb vtéle abhvfvb-xktyfvb ≤rtqhtwe≥, f nfrétjåvty byajhvfwbtq, bvtñotq jnyjitybt r hfphfåjnrtb cåsne ghjlerwbb. Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj ≤rtqhtwe≥ltqcndbntkmyj bvtñn hzl gjkjébntkmysö cnjhjy –yfghbvth, djpvjéyjcnm cybétybz hfcöjljd b jceotcn-dktybz étcnrjuj rjynhjkz pf rfxtcndjv, zdkzñobtczcktlcndbtv ljkujdhtvtyysö jnyjitybq exfcnybrjd, –ghbceobt bv ctrhtnyjcnm b pfrhsnjcnm jn dytiytujvbhf ghtgzncndeñn ljcnege yf pfheåtéyst hsyrb.Jåsxyj d cjcnfd ≤rtqhtwe≥ döjlzn åfyr, njhujdfz rjv-gfybz, ytcrjkmrj ghjbpdjlcndtyysö abhv b xfcnj jlyfcnhföjdfz rjvgfybz. Cv. nfrét Rjltrcs ghfdbk – Codesof Conduct; Ghjvsiktyyfz gjkbnbrf – Industrial Policy;≤Eghfdkztvfz njhujdkz≥ – Managed Trade; Ljcneg yfhsyjr – Market Access; b Juhfybxbntkmyfz ltkjdfzghfrnbrf – Restrictive Business Practices.

RTYYTLBQCRBQ HFEYL(VYJUJCNJHJYYBÖ NJHUJDSÖGTHTUJDJHJD D HFVRFÖ UFNN) –Kennedy Round.Ibhjrj hfcghjcnhfytyyjt yfpdfybt itcnjuj b yf njnvjvtyn yfbåjktt fvåbwbjpyjuj ≤hfeylf≥ njhujdsögthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN. Yf Rtyytlbqcrjv hfeylt,rjnjhsq ghjljkéfkcz c 1963 u. gj 1967 u., åskbpfrkñxtys cjukfitybz j cybétybb ghbvthyj yf jlyenhtnm chtlytuj ehjdyz nfvjétyysö nfhbajd, ecnf-yjdktyysö hfpdbnsvb cnhfyfvb yf ghjvsiktyyeñghjlerwbñ; ≤Fynbltvgbyujdsq rjltrc≥ (“Anti-DumpingCode”); f nfrét ytljkuj jcnfdfdittcz d cbkt Vtéle-yfhjlyjt cjukfitybt j gitybwt (International WheatAgreement), rjnjhjt bvtkj wtkmñ jåtcgtxtybt cnfåbkm-ysö vbhjdsö wty yf gitybwe. (Änjn ljrevtyn pfvtybkgjcktlytt cjukfitybt bp wtkjq cthbb vtéleyfhjlysöcjukfitybq j njhujdkt gitybwtq, yfxfkj rjnjhsv åskjgjkjétyj tot d 50-ö ujlfö ysytiytuj dtrf.) Cv. nfrétFynbltvgbyujdsq rjltrc – Anti-Dumping Code; Utythfkm-yjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt – General Agree-ment on Tariffs and Trade; Hfeyl – Round; Cgtwbfkmysq b lbaathtywbfkmysq htébv – Special and DifferentialTreatment; Nfhba – Tariff; b Pfrjy j hfcibhtybb njhujdkbjn 1962 u. – Trade Expansion Act of 1962.

RPXB – OPIC.Cv. Rjhgjhfwbz pfuhfybxysö xfcnysö bydtcnbwbq –Overseas Private Investment Corporation.

RBJNCRFZ RJYDTYWBZ – KyotoConvention.Wtkmñ ≤Vtéleyfhjlyjq rjydtywbb jå eghjotybb b ufhvjybpfwbb nfvjétyysö ghjwtleh≥ (“InternationalConvention on the Simplification and Harmonization ofCustoms Procedures”), bpdtcnyjq nfrét gjl yfpdfybtv≤Rbjncrfz rjydtywbz≥, zdkztncz, rfr crfpfyj d ttghtfvåekt, hfphfåjnrf cjdvtcnbvsö yfwbjyfkmysönfvjétyysö ghjwtleh d hfpkbxysö cnhfyfö rfr chtl-cndf cnbvekbhjdfybz b cjltqcndbz hfpdbnbñ vtéle-yfhjlyjq njhujdkb. Cv. nfrét Nfvjéyz – Customs;Nfvjétyyfz ufhvjybpfwbz – Customs Harmonization;b Ufhvjybpfwbz – Harmonization.

RRNG – ACTN.

Cv. Rjycekmnfnbdysq rjvbntn gj njhujdsv gthtuj-djhfv – Advisory Committee for Trade Negotiations.

RKBHBYUJDST CJUKFITYBZ – ClearingAgreements.Cv. Dcnhtxyfz njhujdkz – Countertrade.

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R

≤RKEÅS RHTLBNJHJD≥ – Creditor Clubs.Cv. ≤Gfhbécrbq rkeå≥ – Paris Club.

RKÑXTDST DFKÑNS – Key Currencies.Cv. Dfkñnf – Currency; b Htpthdyfz dfkñnf – ReserveCurrency.

RJ – QRS.Cv. Rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz – QuantitativeRestrictions.

RJLTRC GHFDBK KBWTYPBHJDFYBZ –Licensing Code.Jlby bp rjltrcjd, ghbyznsö yf Njrbqcrjv hfeyltvyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN,rjnjhsq hfphfåjnfy c wtkmñ eghjotybz ghjwtleh kbwty-pbhjdfybz bvgjhnf b jåtcgtxtybz bö xtcnyjuj b cghf-dtlkbdjuj ghbvtytybz. Rhjvt njuj, Rjltrc ghfdbkkbwtypbhjdfybz cgjcjåcndetn gjdsitybñ jnrhsnjcnbghfrnbrb jceotcndktybz nfrbö ghjwtleh, gjcrjkmre jynhtåetn jgeåkbrjdfybz cjjndtncndeñobö yfwbjyfkmysöpfrjyjlfntkmysö b yjhvfnbdysö frnjd. Rjynhjkm pfcjåkñltybtv nhtåjdfybq Rjltrcf jceotcndkztn Rjvb-ntn gj kbwtypbhjdfybñ bvgjhnf, ltqcndeñobq d hfvrföUFNN. Cv. nfrét Rjltrcs ghfdbk – Codes; Kbwtypbhjdf-ybt – Licensing; Ytnfhbayst åfhmths – Non-TariffBarriers; Njrbqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsögthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Tokyo Round; Pfrjy j njhujdsö cjukfitybzö jn 1979 u. – Trade AgreementsAct of 1979; b Jnrhsnjcnm – Transparency.

RJLTRC GHFDBK JGHTLTKTYBZNFVJÉTYYJQ CNJBVJCNB NJDFHJD –Customs Valuation Code.Cdjl ghfdbk bkb rjltrc, cjukfcjdfyysq dj dhtvz ghj-dtltybz Njrbqcrjuj hfeylf vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsögthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN c wtkmñ ddtltybz tlbyjq,cghfdtlkbdjq b ghtlcrfpetvjq vtéleyfhjlyjq cbcntvsjghtltktybz cnjbvjcnb njdfhjd lkz nfvjétyysö wtktq,f nfrét c wtkmñ ghtljndhfotybz bcgjkmpjdfybz ghjbp-djkmysö yfwbjyfkmysö cbcntv jghtltktybz cnjbvjcnbnjdfhjd, afrnbxtcrb zdkzñoböcz ytnfhbaysvb åf-hmthfvb lkz hfpdbnbz njhujdkb. Lheujt yfpdfybt –Rjltrc ghfdbk jghtltktybz cnjbvjcnb njdfhjd UFNN(GATT Valuation Code). Lfyysq rjltrc ddjlbn gjyznbt≤cnjbvjcnb cltkrb≥ – bkb wtys, afrnbxtcrb egkfxtyyjqbkb gjlktéfotq egkfnt pf bvgjhnyst njdfhs, gkñcytrjnjhst ljgjkybntkmyst bplthérb – rfr jcyjdyjujvtnjlf jghtltktybz cnjbvjcnb njdfhjd nfvjétyysvbxbyjdybrfvb b jghtltkztn bthfhöbñ lheubö vtnjljd,rjnjhst ljkéys ghbvtyznmcz d ckexfzö, rjulf bcgjkm-pjdfybt gfhfvtnhf ≤cnjbvjcnm cltkrb≥ yt ghtlcnfdkztn-cz djpvjéysv. Rjltrc ghfdbk jghtltktybz nfvjétyyjqcnjbvjcnb njdfhjd nfrét cjlthébn ntöybxtcrbt gjkj-

étybz, yfghfdktyyst yf jåtcgtxtybt cghfdtlkbdjq rjy-dthnfwbb dfkñn, åscnhjuj ghjöjéltybz nfvjétyyjqjxbcnrb njdfhjd ghb pflthérfö d jghtltktybb cnjbvjc-nb bvgjhnysö njdfhjd, ghfd gjlfxb fgtkkzwbq dyenhbcnhfys, f nfrét geåkbrfwbb pfrjyjlfntkmysö b yjhvf-nbdysö frnjd, dkbzñobö yf jghtltktybt nfvjétyyjqcnjbvjcnb njdfhjd. Cv. nfrét Rjltrcs ghfdbk – Codesof Conduct; Nfvjéyz – Customs; Njrbqcrbq hfeyl(vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) –Tokyo Round; Pfrjy j njhujdsö cjukfitybzö jn 1979 u. –Trade Agreements Act of 1979; b Jghtltktybt cnjbvjcnb –Valuation.

RJLTRC CNFYLFHNJD – Standards Code.Cv. Cnfylfhns – Standards.

RJLTRC CEÅCBLBQ – Subsidies Code.Cv. Rjvgtycfwbjyyst gjikbys – Countervailing Duties;b Ärcgjhnyfz ceåcblbz – Export Subsidy.

RJLTRCS GHFDBK – Codes of Conduct.Vtéleyfhjlyst ñhblbxtcrbt ljrevtyns, jghtltkz-ñobt yjhvs gjdtltybz, rjnjhsö ljkéys ghblthéb-dfnmcz ujcelfhcndf bkb nhfycyfwbjyfkmyst rjhgjhfwbb d bynthtcfö vtéleyfhjlyjuj cjjåotcndf. Ytcrjkmrjrjltrcjd åskb cjukfcjdfys dj dhtvz ghjdtltybz Njrbq-crjuj hfeylf vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd dhfvrfö UFNN, rjnjhsq kbåthfkbpjdfk b ufhvjybpbhjdfkdyenhbujcelfhcndtyyst vthjghbznbz, vjueobt djcght-gzncndjdfnm vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt, b änb rjltrcscxbnfñncz ñhblbxtcrb jåzpfntkmysvb r bcgjkytybñntvb cnhfyfvb, rjnjhst htibkb ghbcjtlbybnmcz r ybv.Yflpjh pf dsgjkytybtv gjkjétybq rféljuj bp änbörjltrcjd jceotcndkztncz cgtwbfkmysv rjvbntnjv,rjnjhsq ghjdjlbn cdjb pfctlfybz gjl gfnhjyfétv UFNNb ghbpdfy jåtcgtxbnm ghjdtltybt rjycekmnfwbq b hfpht-itybt cgjhjd, djpybrfñobö d hfvrfö lfyyjuj rjltrcf.Cnhfys, yt zdkzñobtcz Ljujdfhbdfñobvbcz cnjhjyfvbgj UFNN, vjuen ghbcjtlbyznmcz r änbv rjltrcfv.Cnfnmb ÈÈÈ-ÖÖÈÈÈ UFNN nfrét cjlthéfn gjkjétybz,rfcfñobtcz njhujdjq gjkbnbrb, rjnjhst jghtltkzñnczrfr ≤rjltrc ljåhjcjdtcnyjq ghfrnbrb≥ ghbvtybntkmyj r njhujdsv djghjcfv. Jhufybpfwbz Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbqnfrét gjjohztn ghjdtltybt gthtujdjhjd j ghbyznbbytcrjkmrbö ≤ljåhjdjkmysö≥ (n.t. yt zdkzñoböcz ñhb-lbxtcrb jåzpfntkmysvb lkz dsgjkytybz) rjltrcjd, jlbybp rjnjhsö cgtwbfkmyj ghtlyfpyfxty lkz jghtltktybzghfd b jåzpfyyjcntq nhfycyfwbjyfkmysö rjhgjhfwbq. Cv.nfrét Fdbfwbjyyjt cjukfitybt – Aircraft Agreement;Fynbltvgbyujdsq rjltrc – Anti-Dumping Code; CnfnmbUFNN – Articles of GATT; Ghtwtltynyjt ghfdj – Case Law;Rjvgtycfwbjyyst gjikbys – Countervailing Duties;Rjltrc ghfdbk jghtltktybz nfvjétyyjq cnjbvjcnbnjdfhjd – Customs Valuation Code; Hfphtitybt cgjhjd –

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Dispute Settlement; Ärcgjhnyfz ceåcblbz – Export Subsidy;Gjkbnbrf b ghfrnbrf ujcelfhcndtyysö pfregjr – Govern-ment Procurement Policies and Practices; Kbåthfkbpfwbz –Liberalization; Rjltrc ghfdbk kbwtypbhjdfybz – LicensingCode; Vtéleyfhjlyfz (vyjujyfwbjyfkmyfz) rjhgjhfwbz– Multinational Corporation; Vyjujcnjhjyytt cjukfitybt– Multilateral Agreement; Ytnfhbayst åfhmths – Non-Tariff Barriers; Cgbcjr ghtlkjétybq – Offer List; Juhfyb-xbntkmyfz ltkjdfz ghfrnbrf – Restrictive BusinessPractices; Vths gj pfobnt dyenhtyytq ärjyjvbrb –Safeguards; Cnfylfhns – Standards; b Jnrhsnjcnm –Transparency.

RJRJV – COCOM.Cv. Rjjhlbyfwbjyysq rjvbntn gj ärcgjhnyjverjynhjkñ – Coordinating Committee on Export Controls.

RJKBXTCNDTYYST JUHFYBXTYBZ (RJ) –Quantitative Restrictions (QRs).Zdyj dshfétyyst ghtltks bkb rdjns, ecnfyfdkbdftvstyf abpbxtcrjt rjkbxtcndj rjyrhtnysö dbljd njdfhjd,rjnjhjt vjétn åsnm bvgjhnbhjdfyj bkb ärcgjhnbhjdfyjd ntxtybt ytrjnjhjuj jghtltktyyjuj gthbjlf dhtvtyb b jåsxyj bpvthztvjt d tlbybwfö jåütvf, yj byjulf – d cnjbvjcnysö tlbybwfö. Rdjnf vjétn ghbvtyznmcz yf≤dsåjhjxyjq≥ jcyjdt, n.t. c bpvtytybtv ecnfyjdktyysöghtltkjd d pfdbcbvjcnb jn cnhfys ghjbcöjéltybz, bkbyf ukjåfkmyjq jcyjdt c erfpfybtv njkmrj jåotujghtltkf, xnj jåtcgtxbdftn åjktt dsujlyst eckjdbz lkzgjcnfdobrjd, hfåjnfñobö c åjkmitq äaatrnbdyjcnmñ.Rdjns xfcnj eghfdkzñncz gjchtlcndjv cbcntvs kbwty-pbhjdfybz. Cnfnmz ÖÈ UFNN d wtkjv pfghtoftn bcgjkm-pjdfybt rjkbxtcndtyysö juhfybxtybq, pf bcrkñxtybtveckjdbq, bpkjétyysö d lheubö cnfnmzö UFNN: CnfnmzÖÈÖ hfphtiftn ghbvtytybt rdjn lkz pfobns ytrjnjhsöjnhfcktq ghjvsiktyyjcnb jn eothåf cj cnjhjys åscnhjhfcneotuj jåütvf bvgjhnysö gjcnfdjr; Cnfnmb ÖÈÈ bÖªÈÈÈ ghtlecvfnhbdfñn djpvjéyjcnm ddtltybz rdjn gjghbxbyfv, bvtñobv jnyjitybt r ghjåktvt htuekbhjdf-ybz gkfntéyjuj åfkfycf, d jåcnjzntkmcndfö, bpkjéty-ysö d Cnfnmt Öª; Cnfnmz ÖÖ hfphtiftn ghbvtytybtcgtwbfkmysö vth gj jnyjitybñ r plhfdjjöhfytybñ,pjkjnjve pfgfce, ghtlvtnfv, bvtñobv fhötjkjubxt-creñ bkb bcnjhbxtcreñ wtyyjcnm, f nfrét ytrjnjhsvlheubv rfntujhbzv njdfhjd; yfrjytw, Cnfnmz ÖÖÈ gjp-djkztn bcgjkmpjdfnm rdjns lkz jåtcgtxtybz yfwbjyfkm-yjq åtpjgfcyjcnb. Cnfnmz ÖÈÈÈ ghtlecvfnhbdftn, xnjkñåst rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz, rjulf ås jyb ybghbvtyzkbcm, yt ljkéys yjcbnm lbcrhbvbyfwbjyysqöfhfrnth. Cv. nfrét Rjycekmnfwbb gj djghjcfv gkf-ntéyjuj åfkfycf – Balance of Payments Consultations;Lbcrhbvbyfwbz – Discrimination; Ärcgjhnyst rdjns –Export Quotas; Ärcgjhnyst juhfybxtybz – ExportRestraints; Utythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt

– General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; Kbwtypbhjdfybt– Licensing; Cjukfitybt j vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdktvyjujdjkjrjyysvb ntrcnbkmysvb bpltkbzvb – Multi-Fiber Arrangement Regarding International Trade in Textiles;Jcnfnjxyst juhfybxtybz – Residual Restrictions; Vths gjpfobnt dyenhtyytq ärjyjvbrb – Safeguards; Hfpltk 22 –Section 22; Cnhfntubxtcrb dféyst dbls ghjlerwbb –Sensitive Products; Cgtwbabxtcrbt juhfybxtybz yf njh-ujdkñ – Specific Limitations on Trade; b Nfhbayfz rdjnf –Tariff Quota.

RJVBCCBZ TDHJGTQCRJUJCJJÅOTCNDF – Commission on the EuropeanCommunity.Cv. Tdhjgtqcrjt cjjåotcndj – European Community.

RJVBCCBZ CIF GJ DJGHJCFVVTÉLEYFHJLYJQ NJHUJDKB (RDVNCIF) – U.S. International Trade Commission(USITC).Rjvbccbz, hfytt yjcbdifz yfpdfybt ≤Rjvbccbz CIF gj nfhbafv≥ b cjplfyyfz d 1916 u. d cjjndtncndbb cghbyznsv Rjyuhtccjv pfrjyjlfntkmysv frnjv. Pfrjy j njhujdkt jn 1974 u. (Trade Act of 1974) hfcibhbkgjkyjvjxbz lfyyjq rjvbccbb b bpvtybk tt yfpdfybt.Rjvbccbz CIF gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkbzdkztncz ytpfdbcbvsv ujcelfhcndtyysv exhtéltybtvgj hfccktljdfybzv, ltqcndeñobv ghb ghfdbntkmcndtCIF b gjljnxtnysv Rjyuhtcce CIF, rjnjhjt pfyb-vftncz bpextybtv dkbzybz nfhbajd b lheubö juhfybxt-ybq lkz njhujdkb yf ärjyjvbre CIF. RDVN ecnhfb-dftn jåotcndtyyst ckeifybz, ghbpdfyyst cjltqcndjdfnmd jghtltktybb ckexftd, rjulf rfrbv-kbåj rjyrhtnysvjnhfckzv fvthbrfycrjq ghjvsiktyyjcnb yfytcty bkbeuhjéftn åsnm yfytctyysv eothå d htpekmnfnt bcgjkm-pjdfybz ltvgbyuf, ärcgjhnysö ceåcblbq d lheuböcnhfyfö bkb cnhtvbntkmyjuj hjcnf jåütvf bvgjhnysögjcnfdjr. Änf rjvbccbz nfrét pfybvftncz bpextybtvdthjznyjuj djpltqcndbz ghtlkfuftvsö cybétybq fvt-hbrfycrbö nfvjétyysö gjikby b ytnfhbaysö åfhmthjdlkz bvgjhnf yf nt bkb byst jnhfckb ghjvsiktyyjcnbCIF. Dct itcnm xktyjd rjvbccbb yfpyfxfñncz yf äneljkéyjcnm chjrjv yf 9 ktn ghtpbltynjv CIF gjcktghjdtltybz cjjndtncndeñobö rjycekmnfwbq b cjukfcj-dfybq c Ctyfnjv. Cv. nfrét Rjvgtycfwbjyyst gjikbys– Countervailing Duties; Ltvgbyu – Dumping; Jujdjhrf j djpvjéyjcnb jnrfpf jn dsgjkytybz ljujdjhysöjåzpfntkmcnd – Escape Clause; Ärcgjhnyfz ceåcblbz –Export Subsidy; Cnfnmb bvgjhnf – Imports; Ghtltkcybétybz bvgjhnysö gjikby – Peril Point; b Pfrjy j njhujdkt jn 1974 u. – Trade Act of 1974.

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RJVBCCBZ CIF GJ NFHBAFV – U.S.Tariff Commission.Cv. Rjvbccbz CIF gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjqnjhujdkb – U.S. International Trade Commission.

RJVBCCBZ GJ DJGHJCFVVTÉLEYFHJLYJQ NJHUJDKB –International Trade Commission.Cv. Rjvbccbz CIF gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjqnjhujdkb – U.S. International Trade Commission.

RJVBCCBZ GJ NFHBAFV – TariffCommission.Cv. Rjvbccbz CIF gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjqnjhujdkb – U.S. International Trade Commission.

RJVBCCBZ EBKMZVCF – WilliamsCommission.Ghtcnbéyfz uheggf, jåhfpjdfyyfz d 1970 u. GhtpbltynjvCIF H. Ybrcjyjv lkz bccktljdfybz bynthtcjd dytiyt-njhujdjq gjkbnbrb CIF. Jcyjdyfz htrjvtylfwbz, gjl-ujnjdktyyfz Rjvbccbtq Ebkmzvcf d 1971 u., cjukfcyjrjnjhjq ghfdbntkmcnde CIF cktljdfkj dscnegbnm byb-wbfnjhjv jlyjuj bp ukfdysö hfeyljd njhujdsö gthtuj-djhjd, ghbdtkf, d rjytxyjv cxtnt, r ghbyznbñ Pfrjyf j njhujdkt jn 1974 u. (Trade Act of 1974) b ghjdtltybñNjrbqcrjuj hfeylf vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdj-hjd d hfvrfö UFNN. Cv. nfrét Njrbqcrbq hfeyl (vyj-ujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) –Tokyo Round; b Pfrjy j njhujdkt jn 1974 u. – Trade Actof 1974.

≤RJVBNTN 113≥ – One Hundred Thirteen(113) Committee.Jhufy bp ghtlcnfdbntktq ujcelfhcnd-xktyjd TC, jrfps-dfñobq gjvjom Rjvbccbb TC d ghjdtltybb njhujdsögthtujdjhjd c nhtnmbvb cnhfyfvb. Cv. nfrét Tdhjgtq-crjt cjjåotcndj – European Community.

RJVBNTN GJ CJLTQCNDBÑ D HFPDBNBB(RCH) – Development Assistance Committee(DAC).Jhufy Jhufybpfwbb ärjyjvbxtcrjuj cjnhelybxtcndf b hfpdbnbz (JÄCH), rjnjhsq pfybvftncz hfccvjnhtybtvb jwtyrjq ghjuhfvv gthtlfxb chtlcnd jn hfpdbnsö cnhfyr hfpdbdfñobvcz ujcelfhcndfv. Cv. nfrét Jabwbfkm-yfz gjvjom hfpdbnbñ – Official Development Assistance;b Jhufybpfwbb ärjyjvbxtcrjuj cjnhelybxtcndf b hfpdb-nbz – Organization for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment.

RJVBNTN GJ NJHUJDJQ GJKBNBRT(RNG) – Trade Policy Committee (TPC).Vtédtljvcndtyysq rjvbntn dscituj äitkjyf dkfcnbghb ghfdbntkmcndt CIF, ltqcndeñobq gjl ghtlctlf-ntkmcndjv njhujdjuj ghtlcnfdbntkz CIF, rjnjhsqjrfpsdftn gjllthére ghtpbltyne CIF gj ibhjrjverheue djghjcjd, cdzpfyysö c njhujdjq gjkbnbrjq.Xktyfvb RNG zdkzñncz ujcelfhcndtyysq ctrhtnfhm,vbybcnh abyfycjd, vbybcnh njhujdkb, vbybcnh ctkmcrj-uj öjpzqcndf b vbybcnh nhelf CIF. Cv. nfrét Njhuj-dsq ghtlcnfdbntkm CIF – U.S. Trade Representative.

RJVBNTN CIF GJ NJHUJDJQGJKBNBRT – U.S. Trade Policy Committee.Cv. Rjvbntn gj njhujdjq gjkbnbrt – Trade PolicyCommittee.

RJVVTHXTCRFZ RJYNHFAFRWBZ –Commercial counterfeiting.Ghjbpdjlcndj bkb cåsn njdfhjd c wtkmñ jåvfyf gjre-gfntkz gentv dyeitybz tve, ghzvjuj bkb rjcdtyyjuj,kjéyjq vsckb j njv, xnj ghtlkfuftvst njdfhs ghj-bpdtltys bpdtcnysv b bvtñobv öjhjieñ htgenfwbñghjbpdjlbntktv. Afkmibdst (gjlkjéyst) njdfhs jås-xyj jnkbxfñncz jn gjlltkmysö njdfhjd ntv, xnj jyb ytnjkmrj zdkzñncz gjlhféfybtv pfrjyyj ghjbpdtltyysvnjdfhfv, yj b bvtñn gjlltkmyeñ njhujdeñ vfhre.Ljujdjhtyyjcnm, ljcnbuyenfz yf Eheudfqcrjv hfeyltvyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN,cjlthébn gjkjétybz NFGBC (Njhujdst fcgtrns ghfdyf byntkktrnefkmyeñ cjåcndtyyjcnm – Trade-RelatedAspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)), ghtle-cvfnhbdfñobt vths gj åjhmåt c rjvvthxtcrbvbrjynhfafrwbzvb. Cv. nfrét Byntkktrnefkmyfzcjåcndtyyjcnm – Intellectual Property; Njhujdfz vfhrf –Trademark; b Njhujdst fcgtrns ghfd yf byntkktrnefkm-yeñ cjåcndtyyjcnm – Trade-Related Aspects of IntellectualProperty Rights.

RJVVTHXTCRBQ DTRCTKM – CommercialPaper.Rhfnrjchjxysq abyfycjdsq ljrevtyn, rjnjhsq vjétngjregfnmcz b ghjlfdfnmcz. Rjvvthxtcrbvb dtrctkzvbzdkzñncz, d xfcnyjcnb, ghjcnst dtrctkz, ghtlecvfnhb-dfñobt dsgkfne jghtltktyyjq ltytéyjq cevvs d jght-ltktyyjt dhtvz. Cv. nfrét Jåkbufwbz – Bond; Hsyjrrfgbnfkjd – Capital Market; Pftv – Loan; b Ufhfynbz,wtyyfz åevfuf – Security.

RJVGTYCFWBJYYFZ NJHUJDKZ –Compensation Trade.Cv. Dcnhtxyfz njhujdkz – Countertrade.

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RJVGTYCFWBJYYFZ ABYFYCJDFZGJKBNBRF – Compensatory Finance.Ghtljcnfdktybt pfqvf bkb ltytéysö chtlcnd yf kmujn-ysö eckjdbzö cnhfyt, ljöjls jn ärcgjhnf rjnjhjq –åelm nj jåobt gjcnegktybz jn ärcgjhnf njdfhjd, kbåjgjcnegktybz jn rfrjq-kbåj tuj cjcnfdyjq xfcnb, yfg-hbvth, jn ärcgjhnf jnltkmyjuj dblf njdfhjd bkb jght-ltktyyjq uheggs njdfhjd – egfkb ybét ytrjnjhjujvbybvfkmyj ljgecnbvjuj ehjdyz. Rjvgtycfwbjyysqpftv, rjnjhsq gjlktébn gjufitybñ d cjjndtncndbb cghtldfhbntkmyj cjukfcjdfyyjq cötvjq, ghtlyfpyfxftnczlkz cnfåbkbpfwbb ärcgjhnysö ljöjljd cnhfys-gjkexf-ntkz d ntxtybt ytrjnjhjuj erfpfyyjuj gthbjlf. Cjukf-itybz j ghtljcnfdktybb rjvgtycfwbjyysö pfqvjd pfr-kñxfñncz d cjjndtncndbb c ghbywbgfvb b ghfdbkfvb,ecnfyjdktyysvb Vtéleyfhjlysv dfkñnysv ajyljv b Kjvtqcrjq rjydtywbtq. Cv. nfrét Njdfh (cshmtdjqnjdfh) – Commodity; Vtéleyfhjlysq dfkñnysq ajyl –International Monetary Fund; Kjvtqcrfz rjydtywbz – LoméConvention.

RJVGTYCFWBJYYST GJIKBYS –Countervailing Duties.Cgtwbabxtcrbt gjikbys, ecnfyfdkbdftvst yf bvgjh-nbhetvst njdfhs c wtkmñ rjvgtycbhjdfybz ghtbve-otcnd, jåeckjdktyysö dsltktybtv ceåcblbq ghjbpdj-lbntkzv bkb ärcgjhnthfv cnhfys-ärcgjhnthf. Cnfnmz ªÈ UFNN hfphtiftn ghbvtyznm nfrbt gjikbys. D CIF,yfxbyfz c 90-ö ujljd ghjikjuj dtrf, Ghtpbltyn b Ghf-dbntkmcndj bvtñn pfrjyyjt ghfdj ddjlbnm rjvgtycf-wbjyyst gjikbys d hfpvtht, ärdbdfktynyjv hfpvthe≤gjjohbntkmysö ghtvbq≥ bkb ≤ceåcblbq≥, exbnsdftvsöghb jghtltktybb wty yf njdfhs, bvgjhnbhetvst d CIF.D cjjndtncndbb c pfrjyjlfntkmcndjv CIF b gjkjét-ybzvb Cjukfitybz j ceåcblbzö b rjvgtycfwbjyysögjikbyfö, pfrkñxtyyjuj yf Njrbqcrjv hfeylt vyjujc-njhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN (TokyoRound Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties)b yfpsdftvjuj nfrét Rjltrcjv ceåcblbq UFNN (GATTSubsidies Code), ceotcndetn ibhjrbq lbfgfpjy jabwbfkm-yj ghbpyfyysö ghfrnbxtcrbö vth, hfccvfnhbdftvsö rfrghtljcnfdktybt ceåcblbq, rjnjhst vjuen rjvgtycbhj-dfnmcz pf cxtn ddtltybz rjvgtycfwbjyysö gjikby.Pfrjy j njhujdsö cjukfitybzö jn 1979 u. (Trade Agree-ments Act of 1979) gjchtlcndjv ddtltybz gjghfdjr r Pfrjye j nfhbafö jn 1930 u. (Tariff Act of 1930) ecnf-yjdbk cnhjubt ghjwtlehs b rhfqybt chjrb lkz jghtlt-ktybz afrnf ceotcndjdfybz ceåcblbq d jndtn yf gt-nbwbb, gjlfdftvst pfbynthtcjdfyysvb cnjhjyfvb, yfg-hbvth, fvthbrfycrbvb ghjbpdjlbntkzvb rjyrehtynjc-gjcjåysö njdfhjd b bö hfåjnybrfvb. Dj dctö ckexfzöceåcblbhjdfybz njdfhjd, rfr jåkfuftvsö, nfr b ytjåkfuftvsö nfvjétyysvb gjikbyfvb, bvgjhnbhetvsöbp cnhfy, ghbpyfdftvsö CIF cnhfyfvb, gjlgbcfdibvb

Rjltrc ghfdbk dsltktybz ceåcblbq b rjvgtycfwbjyysögjikby, bkb bp cnhfy, rjnjhst d htpekmnfnt pfrkñxtybzldecnjhjyytuj cjukfitybz c CIF ghbyzkb yf ctåz gjceotcnde hfdyst jåzpfntkmcndf, fvthbrfycrjt pfrjyj-lfntkmcndj ghtlecvfnhbdftn, xnj rjvgtycfwbjyystgjikbys vjuen ddjlbnmcz njkmrj gjckt njuj, rfrRjvbccbz CIF gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb(RDVN) dsytctn jghtltktybt, xnj lfyyst bvgjhnbhet-vst njdfhs yfyjczn bkb euhjéfñn yfytcnb vfnthbfkm-ysq eothå rfrjq-kbåj jnhfckb ghjvsiktyyjcnb CIF.Jghtltktybt RDVN j yfkbxbb bkb euhjpt vfnthbfkmyj-uj eothåf nfrét ytjåöjlbvj d ckexft, tckb hfccvfnhb-dftvsq njdfh zdkztncz ytjåkfuftvjq gjikbyjq ghj-lerwbtq, ddjpbvjq bp kñåjq cnhfys-exfcnybws UFNN. D ghjnbdyjv ckexft – tckb jåyfheétys ghbpyfrb ceåcb-lbhjdfybz – rjvgtycfwbjyyst gjikbys vjuen ddjlbnmczåtp ytjåöjlbvjcnb dsytctybz RDVN jghtltktybz j yfkbxbb bkb euhjpt vfnthbfkmyjuj eothåf. Cv. nfrétGjjohbntkmyst (ärcgjhnyst) ghtvbb bkb ljnfwbb –Bounties or Grants; Rjltrcs ghfdbk – Codes of Conduct;Ärcgjhnyfz ceåcblbz – Export Subsidy; Ceåcblbz –Subsidy; Pfrjy j njhujdkt jn 1974 u. – Trade Act of 1974;b Rjvbccbz CIF gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb– U.S. International Trade Commission.

RJVGTYCFWBJYYST CYBÉTYBZNFHBAJD – Compensatory Tariff Reductions.Cv. Cgtwbfkmysq b lbaathtywbfkmysq htébvs – Specialand Differential Treatment.

RJVGTYCFWBZ – Compensation.Jcyjdjgjkfufñobq ghbywbg UFNN, rjnjhsq ukfcbn, xnjkñåfz cnhfyf, gjlybvfñofz cdjq bvgjhnysq nfvjéty-ysq nfhba lj ehjdyz, ghtdsifñotuj pyfxtybt cdzpfy-yjq cnfdrb nfhbaf, ntv cfvsv yfheiftn åfkfyc cdjbönfhbaysö jåzpfntkmcnd bkb, bysvb ckjdfvb, kbrdblb-hetn cjjndtncndeñoeñ njhujdeñ ecnegre b gjänjveljkéyf cybpbnm lheubt nfhbayst cnfdrb, kbåj gjqnb yflheubt njhujdst ecnegrb lkz rjvgtycfwbb eothåf,yfytctyyjuj tñ cnhfyfv-ärcgjhnthfv. Cv. nfrétNfhbayjt jåzpfntkmcndj – Binding; Cdzpfyyst cnfdrbnfvjétyyjuj nfhbaf – Bound Rates; Ecnegrf – Con-cession; Rjycekmnfwbb – Consultations; b Utythfkmyjtcjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

RJYDTYWBJYYSQ NFHBA – ConventionalTariff.Nfhba, rjnjhsq ecnfyfdkbdftncz gjchtlcndjv ≤rjydt-ywbb≥ (bkb vtéleyfhjlyjuj cjukfitybz), pfrkñxftvjqd htpekmnfnt ghjdtltybz gthtujdjhjd gj nfhbafv, b,cktljdfntkmyj, yt vjétn åsnm gjldthuyen bpvtytybzv d jlyjcnjhjyytv gjhzlrt cj cnjhjys jlyjq bp cnhfy.Cv. nfrét Jåobq nfhba – General Tariff.

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RJYDTHCBJYYSQ GHJLERN – ConversionProduct.Ghjlern, wtyf yf rjnjhsq d cjjndtncndbb c ghbywbgfvbb gjkjétybzvb Tlbyjq ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyjq gjkbnbrbTdhjgtqcrjuj cjjåotcndf gjldthétyf dkbzybñ wtys yfrjhvjdjt pthyj, yfghbvth, cdbybyf, zqwf b gnbwf. Tujcnjbvjcnm jghtltkztncz cnjbvjcnmñ rjhvf d hfcxtnt yftlbybwe ghjbpdtltyyjuj ghjlernf. Cv. nfrét Tlbyfzctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyfz gjkbnbrf – Common AgriculturalPolicy.

RJYDTHNBHETVJCNM – Convertibility.Cdjqcndj dfkñns, ghb rjnjhjv jyf vjétn åsnm pfrjy-ysv jåhfpjv jåvtytyf tt lthéfntktv yf lheubt dfkñ-ns xthtp åfyrb d cnhfyt, ävbnbhjdfditq lfyyeñ dfkñ-ne. Cv. nfrét Dfkñnf – Currency; b Vtéleyfhjlysqdfkñnysq ajyl – International Monetary Fund.

RJYREHTYNYFZ LTDFKMDFWBZ –Competitive Devaluation.Cv. Gjkbnbrf gj ghbywbge ≤ybobq – ndjq cjctl≥ –Beggar-Thy-Neighbor Policy.

RJYREHTYNYFZ YTJÅÖJLBVJCNM –Competitive Need.Cv. Jåjåotyyfz cbcntvf ghtathtywbq – GeneralizedSystem of Preferences.

RJYREHTYNJCGJCJÅYSQ – Competitive.Rjyrehtynjcgjcjåyfz ghjlerwbz – änj nfrfz ghjlerwbz,rjnjhfz vjétn åsnm ghjlfyf d cjjndtncndeñotv rjkb-xtcndt yf rfrjv-kbåj rjyrhtnyjv hsyrt cåsnf, gj-crjkmre gjregfntkb cxbnfñn tt wtye b rfxtcndj ghbtv-ktvsvb c extnjv ghtlkfuftvsö ghjlfdwjv eckeu gjgjllthért, rhtlbnjdfybz, eckjdbq gjcnfdrb, ufhfynbqhtvjynf b gjjohtybq bkb rjvåbyfwbb änbö afrnjhjd gjchfdytybñ c lheubvb bvtñobvbcz yf hsyrt njdfhfvb.Cv. nfrét Chfdybntkmyjt ghtbveotcndj – ComparativeAdvantage; Äaatrnbdyjcnm – Efficiency; Cjltqcndbthfpdbnbñ ärcgjhnf – Export Promotion; Hsyjr – Market;Vjyjgjkbz – Monopoly; Vths gj pfobnt dyenhtyytqärjyjvbrb – Safeguards; Cnhernehyjt bpvtytybt –Structural Change; b Nfhba – Tariff.

RJYCFKNBYUJDST ECKEUB – ConsultingServices.Cv. Eckeub – Services.

RJYCEKMCRFZ AFRNEHF – ConsularInvoice.Cv. Rjycekmcrbt ajhvfkmyjcnb b ljrevtynfwbz –Consular Formalities and Documentation; b Ghjwtlehs

nfvjétyyjuj b flvbybcnhfnbdyjuj extnf bvgjh-nbhetvsö njdfhjd – Customs and Administrative EntryProcedures.

RJYCEKMCRBT AJHVFKMYJCNB BLJREVTYNFWBZ – Consular Formalities andDocumentation.Jghtltktyyst ljrevtyns bkb ghjwtlehs, nhtåetvstytrjnjhsvb cnhfyfvb d rfxtcndt ytjåöjlbvjuj ghtldf-hbntkmyjuj eckjdbz lkz dslfxb bö nfvjétyysvbjhufyfvb hfphtitybz yf ddjp yf bö hsyjr njdfhjd,ghjbpdtltyysö d lheubö cnhfyfö. R nfrbv ljrevtynfvjnyjczncz, d xfcnyjcnb, cgtwbfkmyst afrnehs, endthé-ltyyst rjycekjv bkb lheubv jabwbfkmysv ljkéyj-cnysv kbwjv cnhfys-bvgjhnthf. Änb ghjwtlehs ght-gzncndeñn vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt, jcjåtyyj d ckexftdpbvfybz rjvbccbjyysö cåjhjd pf dsgjkytybt dctöajhvfkmyjcntq b dslfxe hfphtitybz. D gjcktlybt ujlsrjkbxtcndj cnhfy, ghbvtyzñobö rjycekmcrbt ajhvfkm-yjcnb, cjrhfnbkjcm, b d yfcnjzott dhtvz jyb bcgjkm-peñncz d jcyjdyjv njkmrj d hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfyfö.Cv. nfrét Ytnfhbayst åfhmths – Non-Tariff Barriers;b Njrbqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtuj-djhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Tokyo Round.

RJYCEKMNFNBDYSQ RJVBNTN GJNJHUJDSV GTHTUJDJHFV (RRNG) –Advisory Committee for Trade Negotiations(ACTN).Uheggf dscjrjgjcnfdktyysö kbw, yfpyfxftvsö yf änjngjcn ghtpbltynjv CIF lkz ghtljcnfdktybz tve rjy-cekmnfwbq gj djghjcfv njhujdsö cjukfitybq b njhujdjqgjkbnbrb. Cv. nfrét Njhujdsq ghtlcnfdbntkm CIF –United States Trade Representative.

RJYCEKMNFWBB – Consultations.Jabwbfkmyst jåceéltybz, ghjdjlbvst ldevz bkbåjktt cnjhjyfvb-exfcnybwfvb rfrjuj-kbåj cjukfitybzbkb ljujdjhf, d xfcnyjcnb, d jnyjitybb bö ghfd gjeckjdbzv lfyyjuj cjukfitybz bkb ljujdjhf. CnfnmzÖÖÈÈ UFNN jåzpsdftn Ljujdfhbdfñoeñcz cnjhjye ghj-djlbnm rjycekmnfwbb gj kñåjve djghjce, bvtñotvejnyjitybt r UFNN, dczrbq hfp, rjulf änjuj nhtåetnrfrfz-kbåj lheufz Ljujdfhbdfñofzcz cnjhjyf. CnfnmzÖÖÈÈ UFNN ghtlecvfnhbdftn, xnj kñåfz cnhfyf, rjnjhfzcxbnftn, xnj tt njhujdst ghfdf eotvktys – ≤fyyekbhj-dfys≥ bkb ≤pfnhelytys lkz jceotcndktybz≥ – d htpekm-nfnt bpvtytybq d njhujdjv htébvt rfrjq-kbåj lheujqcnhfys bkb d htpekmnfnt ytdsgjkytybz rfrjq-kbåj lhe-ujq cnhfyjq cdjbö jåzpfntkmcnd gj UFNN, bvttn ghfdjgjnhtåjdfnm ghjdtltybz ldecnjhjyybö rjycekmnfwbq c lheujq pfbynthtcjdfyyjq cnjhjyjq. Tckb nfrbt vté-ghfdbntkmcndtyyst rjycekmnfwbb yt ghbytcen htpekm-nfnjd, rjnjhst ecnhfbdfkb ås jåt pfbynthtcjdfyyst

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cnjhjys, gjcnhflfdifz cnhfyf bvttn ghfdj gjnhtåjdfnmcjplfybz cgtwbfkmyjq ärcgthnyjq uheggs gjl gfnhjyf-étv UFNN lkz hfccvjnhtybz cgjhyjuj djghjcf b gjl-ujnjdrb htrjvtylfwbq j ghtljcnfdktybb rjvgtycfwbbbkb ghbyznbb bysö yflktéfobö vth. Rhjvt njuj, ghtl-gjkfuftncz, xnj Ljujdfhbdfñofzcz cnjhjyf gj UFNNljkéyf ghjdjlbnm rjycekmnfwbb c lheubvb pfbynthtcj-dfyysvb Ljujdfhbdfñobvbcz cnjhjyfvb c wtkmñ jå-ceéltybz kñåsö vth, ghbybvftvsö tñ lkz juhfyb-xtybz njhujdkb d cdzpb c ytjåöjlbvjcnmñ ehtuekb-hjdfybz gkfntéyjuj åfkfycf. Ldecnjhjyybt cjukfitybzvjuen nfrét ghtlecvfnhbdfnm ghjdtltybt rjycekmnfwbqghb yfcnegktybb rfrbö-kbåj jcjåsö jåcnjzntkmcnd. Cv.nfrét Rjycekmnfwbb gj djghjcfv gkfntéyjuj åfkfycf –Balance of Payments Consultations; Rjvgtycfwbz –Compensation; Hfphtitybt cgjhjd – Dispute Settlement;b Uheggf ärcgthnjd – Panel of Experts.

RJYCEKMNFWBB GJ DJGHJCFVGKFNTÉYJUJ ÅFKFYCF – Balance ofPayments Consultations.Cnfnmz Öª UFNN ghtlecvfnhbdftn jåzpfntkmyeñ rjjh-lbyfwbñ ltzntkmyjcnb Utythfkmyjuj cjukfitybz j nfhb-afö b njhujdkt b Vtéleyfhjlyjuj dfkñnyjuj ajylflkz ufhfynbb gjkyjuj fyfkbpf b extnf dctö njhujdsö b gkfntéysö fcgtrnjd kñåsö rjkbxtcndtyysö juhfyb-xtybq, ddjlbvsö gj ghbxbyfv, cdzpfyysv c ytjåöjlb-vjcnmñ ehtuekbhjdfybz gkfntéyjuj åfkfycf, d ghtltkföcjjndtncndeñotq ñhbclbrwbb jåtbö jhufybpfwbq. KñåfzLjujdfhbdfñofzcz cnjhjyf, rjnjhfz ddjlbn gjljåystjuhfybxtybz gj ghbxbyfv, cdzpfyysv c ytjåöjlbvjcnmñehtuekbhjdfybz gkfntéyjuj åfkfycf, ljkéyf ghjdtcnbrjycekmnfwbb cj dctvb lheubvb pfbynthtcjdfyysvbLjujdfhbdfñobvbcz cnjhjyfvb. Hfvjxyjt cjukfitybt,gjlgbcfyyjt dj dhtvz Njrbqcrjuj hfeylf gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN, ghtlecvfnhbdfkj, xnj kñåst lheubtvths gj juhfybxtybñ njhujdkb, ddjlbvst gj ghbxbyfv,cdzpfyysv c ytjåöjlbvjcnmñ ehtuekbhjdfybz gkfnté-yjuj åfkfycf, nfrét ljkéys jåceélfnmcz gjchtlcndjvghjdtltybz nfrbö rjycekmnfwbq. Cv. nfrét Rjycekm-nfwbb – Consultations; Dfkñnysq rjynhjkm – ExchangeControls; Hfvjxyjt cjukfitybt – Framework Agreement;Utythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt – GeneralAgreement on Tariffs and Trade; Vtéleyfhjlysq dfkñn-ysq ajyl – International Monetary Fund; Ghtldfhbntkm-yst ltgjpbns – Prior Deposits; b Rjkbxtcndtyystjuhfybxtybz – Quantitative Restrictions.

RJYNHFRN YF CNHJBNTKMCNDJ ≤GJLRKÑX≥ – Turnkey Contract.Ljujdjh, gj rjnjhjve gjlhzlxbr ghbybvftn yf ctåzjåzpfntkmcndf gthtl pfrfpxbrjv gj cnhjbntkmcndeghjbpdjlcndtyysö jåütrnjd b jåtcgtxtybñ bö äaatr-nbdyjq hfåjns gthtl bö clfxtq pfrfpxbre. Rjywtynhbhez

d cdjbö herfö dcñ jndtncndtyyjcnm pf drkfl d ghjtrndctö tuj exfcnybrjd, gjlhzlxbr xfcnj gjkexftndjpvjéyjcnm ljåbnmcz åjktt dsujlysö abyfycjdsöeckjdbq, xtv tckb ås pfrfpxbr ltqcndjdfk cfvjcnjz-ntkmyj. Jåzpfntkmcndf gjlhzlxbrf pfrfyxbdfñncz cjclfxtq bv pfrfpxbre pfrjyxtyyjuj jåütrnf. Cv. nfrétDcnhtxyfz njhujdkz – Countertrade.

RJYNHJKM PF BYJCNHFYYJQ DFKÑNJQ– Foreign Exchange Controls.Cv. Dfkñnysq rjynhjkm – Exchange Controls.

RJYATHTYWBB GJ DFKÑNYSV BABYFYCJDSV DJGHJCFV – Monetary andFinancial Conference.Cv. Åhtnnjy-Delcrfz rjyathtywbz – Bretton-WoodsConference.

RJYATHTYWBZ JHUFYBPFWBBJÅÜTLBYTYYSÖ YFWBQ GJ DFKÑNYSVB ABYFYCJDSV DJGHJCFV – UnitedNations Monetary and Financial Conference.Cv. Åhtnnjy-Delcrfz rjyathtywbz – Bretton-WoodsConference.

RJYATHTYWBZ JHUFYBPFWBBJÅÜTLBYTYYSÖ YFWBQ GJ YFBVTYTTHFPDBNSV CNHFYFV – United NationsConference on the Least Developed Countries.Cv. ≤Dféyfz yjdfz ghjuhfvvf ltqcndbq≥ – SubstantialNew Program of Action.

RJYATHTYWBZ JHUFYBPFWBBJÅÜTLBYTYYSÖ YFWBQ GJ NJHUJDKTB HFPDBNBÑ (ÑYRNFL) – United NationsConference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).Jlby bp gjcnjzyysö jhufyjd Utythfkmyjq FccfvåktbJhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq, cjplfyysq c wtkmñrjywtynhfwbb dybvfybz vtéleyfhjlyjuj cjjåotcndf yfärjyjvbxtcrbö vthfö, rjnjhst vjukb ås ecrjhbnmhfpdbnbt cnhfy ≤nhtnmtuj vbhf≥. Gthdfz rjyathtywbz,gjkexbdifz yfpdfybt ≤ÑYRNFL È≥, ghjöjlbkf d Étyt-dt (Idtqwfhbz) d 1964 u., gjckt xtuj d lfkmytqitvrjyathtywbb ghjdjlbkbcm yf htuekzhyjq jcyjdt c gthbj-lbxyjcnmñ hfp d xtnsht ujlf dgkjnm lj 1976 u.:ÑYRNFL ÈÈ d Ymñ-Ltkb (Bylbz) d 1968 u., ÑYRNFLÈÈÈ d Cfynmzuj (Xbkb) d 1972 u. b ÑYRNFL Ȫ d Yfqhj-åb (Rtybz) d 1976 u. D lfkmytqitv rjyathtywbbghjöjlbkb d nfrjq gjcktljdfntkmyjcnb: ÑYRNFL ª d Vfybkt (Abkbggbys) d 1979 u., ÑYRNFL ªÈ d Åtkuhflt (Ñujckfdbz) d 1983 u., ÑYRNFL ªÈÈ d Étytdt d 1987 u. b ÑYRNFL ªÈÈÈ d Rfhnfötyt(Rjkevåbz) d 1992 u. Cjdtn ÑYRNFL gj njhujdkt

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b hfpdbnbñ, jceotcndkzñobq gjkyjvjxbz rjyathtywbbd ghjvtéenrfö vtéle tt ctccbzvb, cjåbhftncz yf cdjbpfctlfybz ldf hfpf d ujl, f jcyjdyst rjvbntnsÑYRNFL – d njv xbckt rjvbntns gj cshmtdsv njdf-hfv, gjcnfdrfv, ghjbpdjlcndtyysv ghtlghbznbzv, ≤ytdb-lbvsv≥ cnfnmzv gkfntéyjuj åfkfycf b abyfycjdsvdjghjcfv, bvtñobv jnyjitybt r njhujdkt, f nfrétgthtlfxt ntöyjkjubb – ytjlyjrhfnyj ghjdjlzn cdjb pfct-lfybz d gththsdfö vtéle ctccbzvb rjyathtywbb. Gtht-ujdjhs d hfvrfö ÑYRNFL ghjdjlzncz d jcyjdyjvvtéle ≤uheggjq B≥ (hfpdbnsvb cnhfyfvb) b ≤uheggjq77≥ (hfpdbdfñobvbcz cnhfyfvb), exfcnybrb rjnjhsöhfpltkmyj jghtltkzñn cdjb gjpbwbb lkz åeleobö gtht-ujdjhjd yf ghtldfhbntkmysö jåceéltybzö dyenhb rfé-ljq bp uhegg. ÑYRNFL hfcgjkfuftn cjåcndtyysvgjcnjzyysv ctrhtnfhbfnjv, yföjlzobvcz d Étytdt.Yfxbyfz c 1968 u. ÑYRNFL zdkztncz bcgjkybntkmyjqjhufybpfwbtq gj jceotcndktybñ ghjuhfvv ntöybxtcrjqgjvjob d hfvrfö GHJJY (UNDP). D yfcnjzott dhtvzänf jhufybpfwbz rjynhjkbhetn htfkbpfwbñ wtkjuj hzlfghjuhfvv ntöybxtcrjq gjvjob, chtlb rjnjhsö ghjtrnsjhufybpfwbb gjhnjdjuj eghfdktybz, htubjyfkmyjq ärjyj-vbxtcrjq byntuhfwbb, gthtlfxb ntöyjkjubq, cjdthity-cndjdfybz nfvjétyysö ghjwtleh b ghjtrns d lheuböjåkfcnzö, bvtñobö jnyjitybt r ghjuhfvvfv b ltzntkm-yjcnb ÑYRNFL. Cv. nfrét Jåobq ajyl – CommonFund; ≤Ärjyjvbxtcrjt cjnhelybxtcndj vtéle hfpdbdfñ-obvbcz cnhfyfvb≥ – Economic Cooperation AmongDeveloping Countries; Jåjåotyyfz cbcntvf ghtathtywbq –Generalized System of Preferences; ≤Uheggf D≥ – Group B;≤Uheggf D≥ – Group D; ≤Uheggf 77≥ – Group of 77;Byntuhbhjdfyyfz ghjuhfvvf cshmtdsö njdfhjd –Integrated Program for Commodities; Wtynh vtéleyfhjl-yjq njhujdkb ÑYRNFL/UFNN – International Trade CenterUNCTAD/GATT; Juhfybxbntkmyfz ltkjdfz ghfrnbrf –Restrictive Business Practices; b Ghjuhfvvf hfpdbnbzJhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq – United NationsDevelopment Program.

RJJHLBYFWBJYYSQ RJVBNTN GJVYJUJCNJHJYYTVE ÄRCGJHNYJVERJYNHJKÑ (RJRJV) – CoordinatingCommittee for Multilateral Export Controls(COCOM).Rjvbntn, cjcnjzobq bp ghtlcnfdbntktq dctö cnhfyYFNJ (pf bcrkñxtybtv Bckfylbb) b cjplfyysq lkzrjjhlbyfwbb gjkbnbrb juhfybxtybz ärcgjhnf njdfhjd,bvtñobö gjntywbfkmyeñ cnhfntubxtcreñ wtyyjcnm, d åsdibq Cjdtncrbq Cjñp b ytrjnjhst lheubt cnhfys.RJRJV åsk jåhfpjdfy d 1949 u. b pfybvfkcz yt njkm-rj hfccvjnhtybtv djghjcjd gthtlfxb djtyysö ntöyjkj-ubq lkz jghtltktybz ytjåöjlbvjcnb ddtltybz ävåfhuj,yj nfrét gsnfkcz ghtldjcöbnbnm ≤rjytxyjt bcgjkm-pjdfybt≥ ghjlerwbb, ghjbpdtltyyjq lkz uhfélfycrbö

wtktq, yfghbvth ÄDV b nhfypbcnjhjd. D cbke hzlf ghb-xby, d xfcnyjcnb, bp-pf hfcgflf CCCH, f nfrét c wtkmñjrfpfybz gjllthérb ärjyjvbxtcrbv b gjkbnbxtcrbvhtajhvfv d Hjccbb b yjdsö ytpfdbcbvsö ujcelfhcndfö,jåhfpjdfdiböcz gjckt änjuj hfcgflf, d 1993 u. CIF b bö gfhnyths gj RJRJV ljujdjhbkbcm j ghtrhfotybbhtébvf ≤öjkjlyjq djqys≥ yfxbyfz c 31 vfhnf 1994 u. b j gjlujnjdrt r pfrkñxtybñ yjdjuj cjukfitybz j gj-dsitybb jnrhsnjcnb b ddtltybb ljgjkybntkmysö juhf-ybxtybq yf ärcgjhn jåsxysö djjheétybq b ckjéysöntöyjkjubq d cnhfys, xmz gjkbnbrf dspsdftn cthmtpystjgfctybz, f nfrét d gjntywbfkmyj ytcnfåbkmyst htubj-ys. Xktys RJRJV ljujdjhbkbcm j cjöhfytybb ceotcn-deñobö cgbcrjd njdfhjd b ntöyjkjubq, d jnyjitybbrjnjhsö ddtltys ärcgjhnyst juhfybxtybz, d rfxtcndtjcyjds gjkbnbrb ujcelfhcndtyyjuj rjynhjkz pf ärcgjh-njv b gjckt 31 vfhnf lj ntö gjh, gjrf yt åeltn pfdth-ityf gjlujnjdrf yjdsö cgbcrjd b yt åelen pfrkñxtysyjdst cjukfitybz. Cv. nfrét Åjqrjn – Boycott; b Pfrjyj htuekbhjdfybb ärcgjhnf jn 1979 u. – ExportAdministration Act of 1979.

≤RJHPBYF DFKÑN≥ – Basket of Currencies.Cv. Yjvbyfkmyfz cnjbvjcnm – Par Value; Cgtwbfkmystghfdf pfbvcndjdfybz – Special Drawing Rights.

RJHGJHFWBZ PFUHFYBXYSÖ XFCNYSÖBYDTCNBWBQ (RPXB) – Overseas PrivateInvestment Corporation (OPIC).Rjhgjhfwbz pfuhfybxysö xfcnysö bydtcnbwbq ghtlcnf-dkztn cjåjq cfvjabyfycbhetvjt ujcelfhcndtyyjtexhtéltybt CIF, wtkmñ rjnjhjuj zdkztncz cjltqcndbtärjyjvbxtcrjve hjcne d hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfyfö gentvgjjohtybz xfcnysö fvthbrfycrbö bydtcnbwbq d änböcnhfyfö c gjvjomñ jceotcndktybz cktleñobö ldeöjcyjdysö ghjuhfvv: 1) ghjuhfvvs abyfycbhjdfybzbydtcnbwbjyysö ghjtrnjd gjchtlcndjv ghtljcnfdktybzghzvsö pfqvjd b/bkb ufhfynbq gj pfqvfv b 2) ghjuhfv-vs cnhföjdfybz bydtcnbwbjyysö ghjtrnjd jn cfvsöhfpkbxysö hbcrjd, drkñxfz hbcr ärcghjghbfwbb. Jåtänb ghjuhfvvs gjkyjcnmñ gjllthébdfñncz ghfdbntkm-cndjv CIF. Cv. nfrét Ljgjkybntkmyjcnm – Additiona-lity; Ldecnjhjyyzz gjvjom – Bilateral Aid; Hfpdbdfñ-obtcz cnhfys – Developing Countries; Jabwbfkmyfzgjvjom hfpdbnbñ – Official Development Assistance;Kmujnysq (≤vzurbq≥) pftv – Soft Loan; b Nhfycathnystgkfntéb – Transfer Payments.

RJHHTRNBHJDRB – Adjustments.Ghb hfcxtnt hfpybws d wtyt ghb ghbyznbb fynbltvgbyuj-dsö vth dyjczncz hfpkbxyst rjhhtrnbhjdrb d hsyjx-yeñ cnjbvjcnm njdfhjd, htfkbpetvsö rfr yf dyenhtyytvhsyrt CIF, nfr b yf pfheåtéysö hsyrfö, lkz jåtcgt-xtybz ufhfynbb njuj, xnj cjjnyjitybz wty yf änbö ldeö

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uheggfö hsyrjd yt bcrfétys d htpekmnfnt ltqcndbzafrnjhjd, yt bvtñobö jnyjitybz r ukfdyjve djghjce– jghtltktybñ wty yf änbö hsyrfö. Hfpybws d wtyfö,hflb rjnjhsö b dyjczncz änb rjhhtrnbhjdrb, exbnsdfñnhfpkbxbz d abpbxtcrbö cdjqcndfö njdfhjd, rjkbxtcndföghjlfyysö njdfhjd, hfcöjlfö yf egfrjdre b ljcnfdre,eckjdbzö ghjlféb, f nfrét ghbvtyztvsö rjcdtyysöyfkjufö b gjikbyfö. Cv. nfrét Cghfdtlkbdfz hsyjxyfzcnjbvjcnm – Fair Market Value.

RJCDTYYSQ YFKJU – Indirect Tax.Yfkju, yfkfuftvsq yf hfcöjls, yfghbvth yfkju c jåj-hjnf, ghbvtyztvsq yf ehjdyt hjpybxyjq ghjlféb;frwbpysq cåjh; bkb yfkju yf ljåfdktyyeñ cnjbvjcnm.Ytrjnjhst ärjyjvbcns endthélfñn, xnj rjcdtyystyfkjub zdkzñncz gj cdjq ghbhjlt htuhtccbdysvb (d njvcvsckt, xnj yfkjub yf njdfhs zdkzñncz åjktt jåhtvt-ybntkmysvb lkz åtlysö, xtv lkz åjufnsö) b cgjcjå-cndeñn hfpdbnbñ byakzwbb (gjcrjkmre d htpekmnfnt böddtltybz gjdsifñncz wtys). Cv. nfrét Htuekbhjdfybtyfkjujjåkjétybz ärcgjhnbhetvsö b bvgjhnbhetvsönjdfhjd – Border Tax Adjustments; Ghzvjq yfkju – DirectTax; Frwbpysq cåjh – Excise Tax; Byakzwbz – Inflation;Yfkju – Tax; b Yfkju yf ljåfdktyyeñ cnjbvjcnm – ValueAdded Tax.

RHTLBN – Credit.Jåzpfntkmcndj j cjdthitybb åeleotuj gkfntéf, dslf-dftvjt d jåvty yf ghtljcnfdktybt ltytu, njdfhjd bkbeckeu d yfcnjzotv, rfr ghfdbkj, ghtlecvfnhbdfñottyfxbcktybt b dsgkfne ghjwtynjd, cnfdrf rjnjhsö bpvt-yztncz d pfdbcbvjcnb jn hbcrf, cdzpfyyjuj c dslfxtqrhtlbnf b ktéfotuj yf rhtlbnjht, f nfrét htgenfwbbgjkexfntkz b ltqcndbntkmyjuj bkb gjntywbfkmyjujrhtlbnjhf. Cv. nfrét Jåkbufwbz – Bond; Rhtlbn yfdhtvtyyst yeéls – Bridging Credit; Cghjc – Demand;Ghjwtyn – Interest; Cvtifyyst rhtlbns – Mixed Credits;Gjregfntkmyfz cgjcjåyjcnm – Purchasing Power; b Hbcr –Risk.

RHTLBN YF DHTVTYYST YEÉLS –Bridging Credit.Rhtlbn, ghtljcnfdkztvsq lj gjkextybz jgkfns pf ghj-lfyysq njdfh, bkb rhfnrjchjxysq rhtlbn, dslfdftvsqpfrfpxbre lj gjkextybz bv chtlcnd bp lheubö bcnjxyb-rjd. Cv. nfrét Rhtlbn – Credit.

RCH – DAC.Cv. Rjvbntn gj cjltqcndbñ d hfpdbnbb – DevelopmentAssistance Committee.

RNG – TPC.Cv. Rjvbntn gj njhujdjq gjkbnbrt – Trade PolicyCommittee.

≤RÄHYCRFZ UHEGGF≥ – Cairns Group.Uheggf cnhfy-ärcgjhnthjd ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyjq ghjler-wbb, d rjnjheñ döjlzn Fdcnhfkbz, Åhfpbkbz, Dtyuhbz,Byljytpbz, Rfyflf, Rjkevåbz, Vfkfqpbz, Yjdfz Ptkfy-lbz, Abléb, Abkbggbys, Nfbkfyl, Eheudfq b Xbkb,cjplfyyfz c wtkmñ dshfåjnrb jåotq gjpbwbb lkz Ehe-udfqcrjuj hfeylf vyjujcnjhjyybö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrföUFNN. Cv. nfrét Rjltrc – Codes of Conduct; Vyjujcnj-hjyytt cjukfitybt – Multilateral Agreement; b Eheudfqcrbqhfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrföUFNN) – Uruguay Round.

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KKBÅTHFKBPFWBZ – Liberalization.Cybétybt nfhbajd b juhfybxtybt ghbvtytybz lheubövth juhfybxtybz njhujdkb, jceotcndkztvjt yf jlyjcnj-hjyytq bkb vyjujcnjhjyytq jcyjdt. Kbåthfkbpfwbz njh-ujdkb åskf b zdkztncz ukfdyjq wtkmñ dctö ≤hfeyljd≥njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN. Cv. nfrétRjltrcs ghfdbk – Codes of Conduct; Cdjåjlyfz njhujdkz– Free Trade; Utythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö bnjhujdkt – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; Kbåt-hfkmysq – Liberal; Hfeyl – Round; b Cnhfntubxtcrbdféyst dbls ghjlerwbb – Sensitive Products.

KBÅTHFKMYSQ – Liberal.Ghbvtybntkmyj r njhujdjq gjkbnbrt nthvby ≤kbåthfkm-yfz≥ jåsxyj jpyfxftn, xnj nfrfz gjkbnbrf cdjåjlyf jnbvgjhnyjuj rjynhjkz bkb juhfybxtybq yf bvgjhn b/bkbxnj jyf ghtlecvfnhbdftn ghtljcnfdktybt ghtathtywbqlkz cybétybz ceotcndeñobö åfhmthjd lkz njhujdkb,rjnjhst xfcnj ghjnbdjgjkjéys ghjntrwbjybcncrjqgjkbnbrt ghtljcnfdktybz ghtathtywbq c wtkmñ cjöhfyt-ybz bkb gjdsitybz ytrjnjhsö bpåhfyysö åfhmthjd lkzbvgjhnf. Cv. nfrét Cdjåjlyfz njhujdkz – Free Trade;Kbåthfkbpfwbz – Liberalization; b Ghjntrwbjybpv –Protectionism.

KBRDBLFWBZ – Liquidation.Geyrn, d rjnjhjv ecnfyjdktyyfz Nfvjétyyjq ckeéåjqCIF cnfdrf nfvjétyyjq gjikbys b hfpvth gjikbysyf njdfhs, bvgjhnbhetvst d CIF, cnfyjdzncz jrjyxf-ntkmysvb lkz åjkmibycndf wtktq. Cv. nfrét Nfhba –Tariff.

KBYTQYJT CYBÉTYBT NFVJÉTYYSÖNFHBAJD – Linear Reduction of Tariffs.Cybétybt yf jghtltktyysq ghjwtyn dctö nfhbajd, ltq-cndeñobö d cnhfyfö-exfcnybwfö rfrjuj-kbåj ≤hfeylf≥njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd, pf bcrkñxtybtv bkb åtpbcrkñxtybz ntö dbljd ghjlerwbb, rjnjhst cxbnfñncz≤cnhfntubxtcrb dféysvb≥. Nfrjt cybétybt nfvjétyysönfhbajd byjulf yfpsdfñn nfrét ≤ujhbpjynfkmysv≥, bkb≤hfdyjghjwtynysv≥. Ckjéyjcnm b cvsckjdst juhfybxt-ybz dj dhtvz ghjdtltybz Lbkkjycrjuj hfeylf gthtuj-djhjd j cybétybb nfvjétyysö nfhbajd yf ≤gjcnfntq-yjq≥ jcyjdt gjåelbkb ljujdfhbdfñobtcz cnjhjysgjghjåjdfnm ghbvtybnm ajhveke ≤kbytqyjuj cybétybznfhbajd≥ yf Rtyytlbqcrjv hfeylt. Pfrjy j hfcibhtybbnjhujdkb CIF jn 1962 u. (U.S. Trade Expansion Act of1962), öjnz b yt cjlthéfk jghtltktybz ajhveks

≤kbytqyjuj cybétybz nfhbajd≥ lkz änbö gthtujdjhjd,dct ét ghtlecvfnhbdfk cybétybt nfhbajd lj 50fighfrnbxtcrb gj dctv yfbvtyjdfybzv njdfhyjq ghj-lerwbb, drkñxtyysv d gthtxyb nfhbajd CIF, ghtlj-cnfdkzz ntv cfvsv djpvjéyjcnm ghbvtytybz kbytqyjujcybétybz. Cv. nfrét Lbkkjycrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjy-ybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Dillon Round;Ufhvjybpfwbz – Harmonization; Gthtujdjhs j ≤gjcnf-ntqyjv≥ cybétybb nfvjétyysö nfhbajd – Item-by-ItemNegotiations; Rtyytlbqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybönjhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Kennedy Round;Cnhfntubxtcrb dféyst dbls ghjlerwbb – SensitiveProducts; Nfhba – Tariff; b Pfrjy j hfcibhtybb njhujdkbjn 1962 u. – Trade Expansion Act of 1962.

KBWTYPBHJDFYBT – Licensing.Nhtåjdfybt cj cnjhjys rfrjq-kbåj cnhfys j gjlfxtjabwbfkmyjuj pfzdktybz (pfzdrb) j ghtljcnfdktybb rf-rjuj-kbåj cgtwbfkmyjuj hfphtitybz, jåsxyj yfpsdftvj-uj ≤kbwtypbtq≥, rfr ghtldfhbntkmyjuj eckjdbz lkzbvgjhnbhjdfybz bkb ärcgjhnbhjdfybz jghtltktyysödbljd ghjlerwbb. Cv. nfrét Ghjwtlehs nfvjétyyjuj b flvbybcnhfnbdyjuj extnf bvgjhnbhetvsö njdfhjd –Customs and Administrative Entry Procedures; Rjltrcghfdbk kbwtypbhjdfybz – Licensing Code; Ytnfhbayståfhmths – Non-Tariff Barriers; Ghtldfhbntkmyst ltgj-pbns – Prior Deposits; Rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz –Quantitative Restrictions; b Cgtwbabxtcrbt juhfybxtybz yfnjhujdkñ – Specific Restrictions on Trade.

KBWTYPBHJDFYBT BVGJHNF – ImportLicensing.Cv. Kbwtypbhjdfybt – Licensing.

KBWTYPBHJDFYBT ÄRCGJHNF – ExportLicensing.Cv. Kbwtypbhjdfybt – Licensing.

KJVTQCRFZ RJYDTYWBZ – LoméConvention.Cjukfitybt, dgthdst gjlgbcfyyjt d 1975 u., d hfvrförjnjhjuj cnhfys Tdhjgtqcrjuj cjjåotcndf jrfpsdfñnabyfycjdeñ b ntöybxtcreñ gjvjom åjktt 50 fccjwbbhj-dfyysv cnhfyfv Fahbrb, Rfhbåcrjuj åfcctqyf b åfc-ctqyf Nböjuj jrtfyf (cnhfyfv FRN), f nfrét ghtlj-cnfdkzñn nfhbayst ghtathtywbb gj vyjubv dblfvghjbpdjlbvjq bvb ghjlerwbb yf tdhjgtqcrjv hsyrt. D yfcnjzott dhtvz jn cnhfy FRN åjkmit yt nhtåetnczghtljcnfdkznm jndtnyst ghtathtywbb, rfr åskj ghtle-cvjnhtyj hfytt Zeylcrbvb rjydtywbzvb (Yaonde Conven-tions), d rfxtcndt jlyjuj bp eckjdbq lkz gjkextybzghtathtywbq TC. Kjvtqcrfz rjydtywbz nfrét cjplfkfvtöfybpv, bpdtcnysq gjl yfpdfybtv ≤CNFÅTRC≥(“STABEX”), rjnjhsq åsk hfphfåjnfy c wtkmñ cnfåb-

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kbpfwbb ljöjljd jnltkmysö ≤fccjwbbhjdfyysö cnhfy≥,gjkexftvsö bvb jn ärcgjhnf jghtltktyysö dbljd njdf-hjd. Hfpvth rjvgtycfwbjyysö gkfntétq Tdhjgtqcrjujcjjåotcndf d hfvrfö ghjuhfvvs ≤CNFÅTRC≥ lkz rfé-ljq cnhfys hfccxbnsdftncz yf jcyjdt dtkbxbys evtym-itybz ljöjljd änjq cnhfys jn ärcgjhnf erfpfyysödbljd ghjlerwbb gj chfdytybñ c ecnfyjdktyysv ehjd-ytv. Kjvtqcrfz rjydtywbz gthbjlbxtcrb gthtcvfnhb-dftncz. Gjcktlybt nfrbt gthtujdjhs gj gthtcvjnherjydtywbb cjcnjzkbcm d 1990 u. Cv. nfrét Cnhfys FRN– ACP Countries; Njdfh (cshmtdjq njdfh) – Commodity;Rjvgtycfwbjyyfz abyfycjdfz gjkbnbrf – CompensatoryFinance; Tdhjgtqcrjt cjjåotcndj – European Community;≤Eghfdkztvfz njhujdkz≥ – Managed Trade; b Jndtnystghtathtywbb – Reverse Preferences.

KMUJNYFZ GJVJOM – Concessional Aid.Cv. Jabwbfkmyfz gjvjom hfpdbnbñ – OfficialDevelopment Assistance.

KMUJNYSQ (≤VZURBQ≥) PFTV – Soft Loan.Rhtlbn, ghtljcnfdkztvsq yf pyfxbntkmyj åjktt kturjdsgjkybvsö eckjdbzö gjufitybz gj chfdytybñ c rhtlb-nfvb, rjnjhst jåsxyj dslfñncz rjvvthxtcrbvb åfyrf-vb. ≤Vzurbq≥ pftv xfcnj ghtlecvfnhbdftn ghtljcnfdkt-ybt kmujnyjuj gthbjlf ghjljkébntkmyjcnmñ ytcrjkmrjktn b kbim ytåjkmibt dsgkfns gj tuj jåckeébdfybñ.Cv. nfrét Rhtlbn – Credit; Ghjwtyn – Interest; Vté-leyfhjlyfz fccjwbfwbz hfpdbnbz – International De-velopment Association; Yfbvtytt hfpdbnst cnhfys – LeastDeveloped Countries; Pftv – Loan; b Jabwbfkmyfz gj-vjom hfpdbnbñ – Official Development Assistance.

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VMutatis mutandis.Kfnbycrjt dshfétybt, jpyfxfñott d gthtdjlt yfheccrbq zpsr ≤cj dctvb ytjåöjlbvsvb bpvtytybzvb≥bkb ≤c gjlvtyjq yjdsvb äktvtynfvb≥.

VFBU – MIGA.Cv. Vyjujcnjhjyytt futyncndj gj bydtcnbwbjyysvufhfynbzv – Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency.

VFRHJÄRJYJVBRF – Macroeconomics.Hfpltk ärjyjvbrb, rjnjhsq d jcyjdyjv gjcdzotybpextybñ dpfbvjjnyjitybq vtéle nfrbv ibhjrbvrkfccjv cjdjregysö ärjyjvbxtcrbö dtkbxby, rfryfwbjyfkmysq ljöjl, cåthtétybz, bydtcnbwbb, gjnhtå-ktybt, pfyznjcnm, ltytéyfz vfccf, chtlybq ehjdtym wty,jåütvs b cnfnmb ärcgjhnf b bvgjhnf, f nfrét gkfnté-ysq åfkfyc. Cv. nfrét Hsyjxyst cbks – Market Forces;b Vbrhjärjyjvbrf – Microeconomics.

VFRCBVFKMYST WTYS (≤GJNJKJR≥WTY) – Ceiling Prices.Cv. Åeathyst (htpthdyst) pfgfcs – Buffer Stocks.

VFH – IDA.Cv. Vtéleyfhjlyfz fccjwbfwbz hfpdbnbz – InternationalDevelopment Association.

VFHÉF GHTATHTYWBB – Margin ofPreference.Hfpybwf vtéle gjikbyjq, gjlktéfotq egkfnt ghb lfy-yjq cbcntvt nfhbaysö ghtathtywbq b gjikbyjq, rjnj-hfz vjukf ås ceotcndjdfnm ghb jncencndbb ghtathty-wbq. Cv. nfrét Jåjåotyyfz cbcntvf ghtathtywbq –Generalized System of Preferences; Ghtathtywbb – Pre-ferences; Cgtwbfkmysq b lbaathtywbfkmysq htébv –Special and Differential Treatment; b Nfhba – Tariff.

VFNG – TPRM.Cv. Vtöfybpv fyfkbpf njhujdjq gjkbnbrb – Trade PolicyReview Mechanism.

VÅHH – IBRD.Cv. Dctvbhysq åfyr – World Bank.

VDA – IMF.Cv. Vtéleyfhjlysq dfkñnysq ajyl – InternationalMonetary Fund.

VTLBRJ-CFYBNFHYSQ RJYNHJKM –Health and Sanitary Controls.Cv. Ghjwtlehs nfvjétyyjuj b flvbybcnhfnbdyjujextnf bvgjhnbhetvsö njdfhjd – Customs and Admini-strative Entry Procedures; Rfhfynbyyst, cfybnfhyst b vtlbwbycrbt pfrjys b yjhvs – Quarantine, Sanitary andHealth Laws and Regulations; b Cnfylfhns – Standards.

VTÉLEYFHJLYFZ FCCJWBFWBZHFPDBNBZ (VFH) – International DevelopmentAssociation (IDA).Ljxthyzz cnhernehf Dctvbhyjuj åfyrf, jåhfpjdfyyfz d 1960 u. b pfybvfñofzcz ghtljcnfdktybtv kmujnysöpfqvjd yfbvtytt hfpdbnsv cnhfyfv b lheubv cnhfyfv c jnyjcbntkmyj ybprbv åkfujcjcnjzybtv lkz abyfycb-hjdfybz ljkujchjxysö ghbjhbntnysö ghjtrnjd hfpdbnbz.Chtlcndf VFH crkflsdfñncz bp dpyjcjd 33 cnhfy. Åtpänbö chtlcnd Dctvbhysq åfyr yt cvju ås dslfdfnmpfqvs vyjubv bp åtlytqibö cnhfy, drkñxfz åjkmiby-cndj cnhfy Fahbrb. Cv. nfrét Yfbvtytt hfpdbnstcnhfys – Least Developed Countries; Jabwbfkmyfz gj-vjom hfpdbnbñ – Official Development Assistance; Kmujn-ysq (≤vzurbq≥) pftv – Soft Loan; b Dctvbhysq åfyr –World Bank.

VTÉLEYFHJLYFZ RJYDTYWBZ JÅEGHJOTYBB B UFHVJYBPFWBBNFVJÉTYYSÖ GHJWTLEH – InternationalConvention on the Simplification andHarmonization of Customs Procedures.Cv. Rbjncrfz rjydtywbz – Kyoto Convention.

VTÉLEYFHJLYFZ(VYJUJYFWBJYFKMYFZ) RJHGJHFWBZ(VYR) – Multinational Corporation (MNC).Rhegyfz rjvvthxtcrfz jhufybpfwbz, bvtñofz ljxthybtghtlghbznbz, rjnjhst ltqcndeñn d ytcrjkmrbö cnhfyfövbhf. Vtéleyfhjlyst rjhgjhfwbb byjulf, jcjåtyyj d ljrevtynfö JJY, yfpsdftncz nfrét ≤nhfycyfwbj-yfkmysvb rjhgjhfwbzvb≥. Cv. nfrét Tdhjljkkfhs –Euro-Dollars; b Ljxthytt ghtlghbznbt – Subsidiary.

VTÉLEYFHJLYFZ JHUFYBPFWBZ GJDJGHJCFV NJHUJDKB (VJDN) –International Trade Organization (ITO).Cv. Utythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt –General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

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VTÉLEYFHJLYFZ ABYFYCJDFZRJHGJHFWBZ (VAR) – International FinanceCorporation.Ljxthyzz cnhernehf Dctvbhyjuj åfyrf, jåhfpjdfyyfz d 1956 u. c wtkmñ gjllthérb hfpdbnbz rjvvthxtcrböghtlghbznbq d hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfyfö gjchtlcndjvghtljcnfdktybz pfqvjd b abyfycjdsö chtlcnd yf cjplf-ybt frnbdjd ghtlghbznbq yf eckjdbzö, chfdybvsö c eckjdbzvb, ghtlkfuftvsvb bydtcnbwbjyysvb åfyrfvb.Rhjvt njuj, VAR cgjcjåcndetn ecnfyjdktybñ gfhnyth-crbö jnyjitybq vtéle jnltkmysvb xfcnysvb bydtcnj-hfvb ytpfdbcbvj jn bö vtcnjyföjéltybz b cjplfybñ b hfpdbnbñ hsyrjd rfgbnfkjd d cnhfyfö ≤nhtnmtujvbhf≥. Ghb änjv Vtéleyfhjlyfz abyfycjdfz rjhgjhf-wbz yt nhtåetn ujcelfhcndtyysö ufhfynbq. Cv. nfrétHsyjr rfgbnfkjd – Capital Market; Hsyjxyfz ärjyjvbrf –Market Economy; Xfcnysq ctrnjh – Private Sector;b Dctvbhysq åfyr – World Bank.

VTÉLEYFHJLYJT CJUKFITYBT JGITYBWT – International Wheat Agreement.Cv. Rtyytlbqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsögthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Kennedy Round.

VTÉLEYFHJLYJT CJUKFITYBT JÅÄRCGJHNYSÖ RHTLBNFÖ – InternationalArrangement on Export Credits.Cjukfitybt vtéle 22 ujcelfhcndfvb-xktyfvb Jhufyb-pfwbb ärjyjvbxtcrjuj cjnhelybxtcndf b hfpdbnbz(JÄCH) j njv, xnj jyb yt åelen cybéfnm ghjwtynystcnfdrb gj ärcgjhnysv rhtlbnfv ybét jghtltktyyjujehjdyz bkb ghtlkfufnm rhtlbns d hfvrfö nfr yfpsdft-vjq cdzpfyyjq gjvjob (n.t. gjvjob d jåvty yf rfrbt-kbåj jåzpfntkmcndf) åtp edtljvktybz lheubö ujce-lfhcnd-xktyjd JÄCH. Lfyyjt cjukfitybt ghtlecvfnhb-dftn cdtltybt r vbybveve ceåcblbhjdfybz ärcgjhnfgjchtlcndjv ghtljcnfdktybz ujcelfhcndtyysö ärcgjhn-ysö rhtlbnjd gj ghjwtynysv cnfdrfv ybét, xtv hsyjx-yst cnfdrb, b juhfybxtybt bcgjkmpjdfybz rhtlbnjd ≤cdz-pfyyjq gjvjob≥, rjnjhst bcrféfñn cnhernehe njhuj-dkb. Jyj yt cjlthébn ybrfrbö gjkjétybq j ddjlt d ltqcndbt, yj drkñxftn d ctåz ghjwtlehs, ghbpdfyystjåtcgtxbnm jnrhsnjcnm d ujcelfhcndtyyjv rhtlbnjdfybbärcgjhnf b jrfpfybb ujcelfhcndtyyjq gjvjob. Cv.nfrét Rhtlbn – Credit; Ärcgjhnyfz ceåcblbz – ExportSubsidy; Ghjwtyn – Interest; Jhufybpfwbz ärjyjvbxtcrjujcjnhelybxtcndf b hfpdbnbz – Organization for EconomicCooperation and Development; Ceåcblbz – Subsidy;b Jnrhsnjcnm – Transparency.

VTÉLEYFHJLYJT NJDFHYJTCJUKFITYBT (VNC) – InternationalCommodity Agreement (ICA).Vtéleyfhjlyfz ljujdjhtyyjcnm, jåsxyj bvtñofzajhve ñhblbxtcrjuj ljrevtynf, rfcfñofzcz njhujdkbrfrbv-kbåj rjyrhtnysv njdfhjv b jcyjdfyyfz yfeckjdbzö, cjukfcjdfyysö b ghbyznsö åjkmibycndjvcnhfy, ärcgjhnbheñobö b bvgjhnbheñobö lfyysq njdfhd rjvvthxtcrb pyfxbvsö rjkbxtcndfö. D wtynht ytrj-njhsö njdfhysö cjukfitybq – yfghbvth, cjukfitybq j njhujdkt rjat, rfrfj, yfnehfkmysv rfexerjv b cföf-hjv – yföjlzncz ärjyjvbxtcrbt gjkjétybz, ghbpdfyystcnfåbkbpbhjdfnm hsyjxyeñ wtye yf lfyysq njdfh d cju-kfcjdfyyjv lbfgfpjyt wty gjchtlcndjv bcgjkmpjdfybzåeathysö pfgfcjd, ärcgjhnysö rdjn bkb jåt änb vthsjlyjdhtvtyyj. D yfcnjzott dhtvz bp dctö nfrbö vté-leyfhjlysö njdfhysö cjukfitybq njkmrj cjukfitybt j rfexert cjlthébn ärjyjvbxtcrbt gjkjétybz. Lheubtnjdfhyst cjukfitybz (yfghbvth, ltqcndeñobt cjukfit-ybz j léent b léenjdjq ghjlerwb, jkbdrjdjv vfckt bgitybwt) ghtlecvfnhbdfñn vths gj cjltqcndbñ hfpdb-nbñ cjnhelybxtcndf vtéle ghjbpdjlbntkzvb b gjnhtåb-ntkzvb gjchtlcndjv cjdthitycndjdfybz ghfrnbrb ghj-dtltybz rjycekmnfwbq, jåvtyf byajhvfwbtq, bccktlj-dfybq b hfphfåjnjr, f nfrét gjchtlcndjv cjltqcndbzhfpdbnbñ ärcgjhnf. Cv. nfrét Åeathyst (htpthdyst)pfgfcs – Buffer Stocks; Njdfh (cshmtdjq njdfh) –Commodity; Jåobq ajyl – Common Fund; Cjltqcndbthfpdbnbñ ärcgjhnf – Export Promotion; Ärcgjhnystrdjns – Export Quotas; b Byntuhbhjdfyyfz ghjuhfvvfcshmtdsö njdfhjd – Integrated Program for Commodities.

VTÉLEYFHJLYSQ ÅFYRHTRJYCNHERWBB B HFPDBNBZ –International Bank for Reconstruction andDevelopment.Cv. Dctvbhysq åfyr – World Bank.

VTÉLEYFHJLYSQ DFKÑNYSQ AJYL(VDA) – International Monetary Fund (IMF).Vtéleyfhjlyjt abyfycjdjt exhtéltybt, bltz jå jhuf-ybpfwbb rjnjhjuj åskf dgthdst ghtlkjétyf yf Åhtnnjy-Delcrjq rjyathtywbb b rjnjhjt åskj cjplfyj d 1946 u.c wtkmñ cnfåbkbpfwbb vtéleyfhjlyjq dfkñnyjq cbcnt-vs rfr jlyjq bp dféytqibö ghtlgjcskjr lkz jåtcgt-xtybz egjhzljxtyyjuj hfpdbnbz vtéleyfhjlyjq njh-ujdkb. D xfcnyjcnb, gjvbvj dctuj ghjxtuj, VDA jce-otcndkztn rjynhjkm pf gjkbnbrjq ecnfyjdktybz dfkñn-ysö rehcjd cnhfy-xktyjd ajylf, ghtljcnfdkztn bvrhtlbns b ccels d byjcnhfyyjq dfkñnt lkz gjllthéf-ybz bö ecbkbq gj ärjyjvbxtcrjq gthtcnhjqrt (rjhhtrnb-hjdrt) d ckexft djpybryjdtybz ghjåktv c gkfntéysvåfkfycjv b jrfpsdftn änbv cnhfyfv abyfycjdeñ gj-vjom gjchtlcndjv cgtwbfkmyjq ≤cötvs rjvgtycfwbjy-

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yjuj abyfycbhjdfybz≥, rjulf jyb gthtébdfñn dhtvty-yst gfltybz ljöjljd jn ärcgjhnf njdfhjd. Cv. nfrétGthtcnhjqrf – Adjustment; Rjycekmnfwbb gj djghjcfvgkfntéyjuj åfkfycf – Balance of Payments Consultations;Åhtnnjy-Delcrfz rjyathtywbz – Bretton-Woods Conferen-ce; Rjvgtycfwbjyyfz abyfycjdfz gjkbnbrf – Compensa-tory Finance; Eckjdyjcnm – Conditionality; Rjydthnbhet-vjcnm – Convertibility; Dfkñnysq (jåvtyysq) rehc –Exchange Rate; b Cgtwbfkmyst ghfdf pfbvcndjdfybz –Special Drawing Rights.

VTÉLEYFHJLYSQ CJÑP GJ PFOBNTKBNTHFNEHYSÖ B ÖELJÉTCNDTYYSÖGHJBPDTLTYBQ – International Union for theProtection of Literary and Artistic Works.Cv. Dctvbhyfz jhufybpfwbz gj jöhfyt byntkktrnefkmyjqcjåcndtyyjcnb – World Intellectual Property Organization.

VTÉLEYFHJLYSQ CJÑP GJ JÖHFYTGHJVSIKTYYJQ CJÅCNDTYYJCNB –International Union for the Protection ofIndustrial Property.Cv. Dctvbhyfz jhufybpfwbz gj jöhfyt byntkktrnefkmyjqcjåcndtyyjcnb – World Intellectual Property Organization.

VTYTT HFPDBNST CNHFYS (VHC) – LessDeveloped Countries (LDCs).Cv. Hfpdbdfñobtcz cnhfys – Developing Countries; bYfbvtytt hfpdbnst cnhfys – Least Developed Countries.

VTHRFYNBKBPV – Mercantilism.Bpdtcnyjt ntxtybt ärjyjvbxtcrjq vsckb ÖªÈ-ÖªÈÈdtrjd, cnjhjyybrb rjnjhjuj ghbhfdybdfkb yfrjgktybt b dkfltybt pjkjnjv b lheubvb vtéleyfhjlysvb ltyté-ysvb chtlcndfvb, nfrbvb rfr pfgfcs byjcnhfyyjq dfkñ-ns, r yfwbjyfkmyjve åkfujcjcnjzybñ. Ytcvjnhz yf nj,xnj gjljåyst dpukzls åskb d jcyjdyjv hfpdtyxfysärjyjvbcnfvb b ärcgthnfvb d jåkfcnb njhujdjq gjkbnb-rb d ÖÖ cnjktnbb, ytrjnjhst cjdhtvtyyst gjkbnbrb gj-ghtéytve gjllthébdfñn b jljåhzñn gjkbnbxtcrbtvths, yfghfdktyyst yf cjplfybt ≤gjkjébntkmyjuj njh-ujdjuj cfkmlj≥ – yfghbvth, gentv pfvtotybz bvgjhnfdyenhtyybv ghjbpdjlcndjv b ddtltybz nfhbayjq pfobnsjntxtcndtyysö jnhfcktq ghjvsiktyyjcnb – rfr ébp-ytyyj dféyst lkz jåtcgtxtybz ärjyjvbxtcrjq vjobcdjbö cnhfy. Cv. nfrét Njhujdsq åfkfyc – Balance ofTrade; Dfkñnf – Currency; Pfvtotybt bvgjhnf dyen-htyybv ghjbpdjlcndjv – Import Substitution; Ghjvsikty-yfz gjkbnbrf – Industrial Policy; b Ghjntrwbjybpv –Protectionism.

VTHRFYNBKBCN – Mercantilist.Xtkjdtr, rjnjhsq dthbn d bltb vthrfynbkbpvf bkbpfoboftn bö. Cv. nfrét Vthrfynbkbpv – Mercantilism.

VTHS GJ PFOBNT DYENHTYYTQÄRJYJVBRB – Safeguards.Dhtvtyyst b dsåjhjxyst vths (yfghbvth, gjdsitybtnfvjétyysö nfhbajd, ecnfyjdktybt nfhbaysö rdjn bkbbysö rjkbxtcndtyysö juhfybxtybq), zdyj yfghfdktyystyf pfvtlktybt ntvgf bvgjhnysö gjcnfdjr, xnjås gjp-djkbnm rfrjq-kbåj jghtltktyyjq jnhfckb ghjvsikty-yjcnb ≤gthtcnhjbnmcz≥ d cjjndtncndbb c djphjcitqrjyrehtywbtq cj cnjhjys byjcnhfyysö gjcnfdobrjd.Ltqcndbz gj ghbyznbñ ärjyjvbxtcrbö vth ghtljcnjhjé-yjcnb bpdtcnys d CIF gjl yfpdfybtv ≤ltqcndbz d cjjn-dtncndbb c jujdjhrjq j djpvjéyjcnb jnrfpf jn dsgjk-ytybz jåzpfntkmcnd≥ (“escape clause actions”), b ghfdjcjdthitybz nfrbö ltqcndbq ghtlecvfnhbdftncz cfvsvbhfpkbxysvb fvthbrfycrbvb pfrjyfvb. Cnfnmz ÖÈÖUFNN, jpfukfdktyyfz ≤Xhtpdsxfqyst vths d jnyjitybbbvgjhnf ytrjnjhsö dbljd ghjlerwbb≥ (“EmergencyAction on Imports of Particular Products”), ghbpyftn pf kñ-åjq cnhfyjq ghfdj jnvtyznm bkb bpvtyznm cltkfyyst tñhfytt ecnegrb bkb ddjlbnm yjdst juhfybxtybz d ckexft,tckb rfrjq-kbåj njdfh ≤bvgjhnbhetncz d nfrbö djphf-cnfñobö rjkbxtcndfö..., xnj änj ghbdjlbn bkb euhjéftnghbdtcnb r cthmtpyjve eothåe lkz dyenhtyybö ghjbpdj-lbntktq≥, b cjöhfyznm nfrbt juhfybxtybz ≤d ntxtybtnfrjuj dhtvtyb, rfrjt vjétn åsnm ytjåöjlbvsv lkzghtljndhfotybz bkb djpvtotybz nfrjuj eothåf≥. Rhjvtnjuj, d cjjndtncndbb c gjkjétybzvb UFNN ärcgjhnthsyt vjuen åsnm ghjbpdjkmysv jåhfpjv kbitys ljcnegfyf byjcnhfyyst hsyrb. Cjukfcyj cjukfitybñ, ljcnbuye-njve d öjlt ghjdtltybz Eheudfqcrjuj hfeylf vyjujcnj-hjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN, cnhfys-xktys UFNN eétcnjxbkb ghfdbkf ghbyznbz ärjyjvb-xtcrbö vth ghtljcnjhjéyjcnb, enjxybd ltqcndeñobtherjdjlzobt erfpfybz b cjrhfnbd chjrb ltqcndbz nfrbövth. Åskf juhfybxtyf vfrcbvfkmyfz ghjljkébntkmyjcnmltqcndbz kñåjq ärjyjvbxtcrjq vths ghtljcnjhjéyjcnb(lj 8 ktn), f nfrét evtymityf cntgtym pfobns, jåtcgt-xbdftvjq nfrjq vthjq. Xktys UFNN nfrét ljujdj-hbkbcm j ddtltybb pfghtnf yf bcgjkmpjdfybt nfr yfps-dftvsö vth cthjq caths (“gray area measures”), nfrbörfr ecnfyjdktybt ghjbpdjkmysö juhfybxtybq yf ärcgjhn,pfrkñxtybt ljujdjhtyyjcntq jå egjhzljxbdfybb cåsnf(orderly marketing arrangements) b bysö ytajhvfkmysöcjukfitybq, juhfybxbdfñobö njhujdkñ b yfghfdktyysöyf cjrhfotybt ≤xtcnyjuj≥ bvgjhnf. Rhjvt njuj, jybljujdjhbkbcm j gjänfgyjq jnvtyt dctö nfrbö hfyttghbyznsö vth d ntxtybt xtnshtö ktn, yfxbyfz c 1 bñkz1995 u. – lyz dcnegktybz d cbke cjukfitybz j yjdjqJhufybpfwbb gj vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt. Jlyfrj dctcnhfys gjkexbkb ≤ghfdj yf jlyj bcrkñxtybt≥ – n.t.ghfdj jcnfdbnm d cbkt jlye bp ghbyznsö bvb hfytt ärj-yjvbxtcrbö vth ghtljcnjhjéyjcnb lj 1 zydfhz 2000 u.Ceotcndetn nfrét hzl bcrkñxtybq lkz hfpdbdfñoböczcnhfy. Ärjyjvbxtcrbt vths ghtljcnjhjéyjcnb vjuen

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ghbvtyznmcz d jnyjitybb njdfhf, ghjbcöjlzotuj bp hfp-dbdfñotqcz cnhfys, njkmrj d njv ckexft, tckb ljkzbvgjhnf bp änjq hfpdbdfñotqcz cnhfys d jåotv bvgjh-nt lheujq cnhfys ghtdsiftn ytrjnjhsq jghtltktyysqghjwtyn, f cjdjregyfz ljkz bvgjhnf bp hfpdbdfñoböczcnhfy yt ghtdsiftn ytrjnjhsq jghtltktyysq ghjwtyn jnjåotuj jåütvf bvgjhnf. Rhjvt njuj, hfpdbdfñobtczcnhfys vjuen ddjlbnm ärjyjvbxtcrbt vths ghtljcnj-hjéyjcnb chjrjv lj 10 ktn, xnj yf ldf ujlf åjkmit,xtv ghjvsiktyyj hfpdbnst cnhfys. Cv. nfrét Gtht-cnhjqrf – Adjustment; Rjltrcs ghfdbk – Codes of Conduct;Rjyrehtynjcgjcjåysq – Competitive; Jujdjhrf j djpvjé-yjcnb jnrfpf jn dsgjkytybz ljujdjhysö jåzpfntkmcnd– Escape Clause; Hfvjxyjt cjukfitybt – FrameworkAgreement; Utythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujd-kt – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; Ljcneg yfhsyjr – Market Access; Ghjntrwbjybpv – Protectionism;Rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz – Quantitative Restrictions;Cgtwbfkmysq b lbaathtywbfkmysq htébv – Special andDifferential Treatment; Njrbqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybönjhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Tokyo Round;b Pfrjy j njhujdkt jn 1974 u. – Trade Act of 1974.

VTHS GJ HTUEKBHJDFYBÑBYDTCNBWBQ, PFNHFUBDFÑOBTNJHUJDKÑ (NHBVC) – Trade-RelatedInvestment Measures (TRIMS).Juhfybxtybz yf ghzvst bydtcnbwbb, ghbdjlzobt r eöel-itybñ eckjdbq lkz njhujdkb b bydtcnbwbq (yfghbvth,ddtltybt nhtåjdfybq jå jåtcgtxtybb pflfyyjq äaatr-nbdyjcnb rfgbnfkjdkjétybq b jå bcgjkmpjdfybb vtcn-ysö htcehcjd). D hfvrfö cjukfitybz, ljcnbuyenjuj d ltrfåht 1993 u. d öjlt ghjdtltybz Eheudfqcrjuj hfey-lf vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd gjl äubljqUFNN, cnhfys-xktys UFNN ljujdjhbkbcm jå jnrfpt jnghbvtytybz vth, juhfybxbdfñobö bkb dsyeélfñoböjceotcndkznm ytrjnjhst dbls bydtcnbwbq, f nfrét j ghtljcnfdktybb ≤yfwbjyfkmyjuj htébvf≥ lkz byj-cnhfyysö bydtcnjhjd b jå jnvtyt rdjn b lheubö juhfyb-xtybq. Gjckt jabwbfkmyjuj dcnegktybz d cbke 1 bñkz1995 u. lfyyjt cjukfitybt åeltn juhfybxbdfnm ghbvt-ytybt cktleñobö nhtö nhtåjdfybq NHBVC: nhtåjdfybqjå bcgjkmpjdfybb vtcnysö htcehcjd (d cjjndtncndbb c rjnjhsvb yf ghbyflktéfobö byjcnhfyysv rjvgfybzvpfdjlfö, yföjlzoböcz yf nthhbnjhbb lfyyjq cnhfys,ljkéyj jåzpfntkmyj bcgjkmpjdfnmcz ytrjnjhjt vbyb-vfkmyjt rjkbxtcndj vtcnysö htcehcjd), nhtåjdfybq j gjllthéfybb njhujdjuj åfkfycf (d cjjndtncndbb c rj-njhsvb bydtcnjh yt ljkéty bvgjhnbhjdfnm åjkmit, xtvjy ärcgjhnbhetn, bkb åjkmit ytrjnjhjq jghtltktyyjqljkb jn jåütvf tuj ärcgjhnf, kbåj ljkéyj gjllthéb-dfnmcz ytrjnjhjt vbybvfkmyjt gjkjébntkmyjt cfkmljnjhujdjuj åfkfycf) b nhtåjdfybq cåfkfycbhjdfyyjcnbdfkñnysö hfcxtnjd (juhfybxbdfñobö bvgjhn ghjlerwbb,

bcgjkmpetvjq d vtcnyjv ghjbpdjlcndt, gentv juhfybxt-ybz ljcnegf abhvs r byjcnhfyyjq dfkñnt ytrjnjhsvghtltkmysv jåütvjv, jghtltkztvsv d cjjndtncndbb c tt dfkñnysvb gjcnegktybzvb). Gjckt dcnegktybzlfyyjuj cjukfitybz d cbke ghtlecvfnhbdftncz, xnj e hfpdbnsö cnhfy åeltn ldf ujlf, d ntxtybt rjnjhsö jybljkéys jnrfpfnmcz jn ghbvtytybz vth gj juhfybxtybñbydtcnbwbq, pfnhfubdfñobö njhujdkñ, e hfpdbdfñoböczcnhfy – gznm ktn, f e yfbvtytt hfpdbnsö cnhfy – ctvmktn. D ntxtybt änjuj gthtöjlyjuj gthbjlf cnhfys vjuenddjlbnm dhtvtyyst NHBVC-juhfybxtybz ghbvtybntkmyjr yjdsv bydtcnjhfv, yt yfyjcz ghb änjv dhtlf eétjceotcndktyysv bydtcnbwbzv, rjnjhst vjukb ås gjl-gfcnm gjl ltqcndbt gjkjétybq NHBVC lj bcntxtybzgthtöjlyjuj gthbjlf. Cv. nfrét Nhtåjdfybz r äaatr-nbdyjcnb rfgbnfkjdkjétybq – Investment PerformanceRequirements; Juhfybxbntkmyfz ltkjdfz ghfrnbrf –Restrictive Business Practices; b Eheudfqcrbq hfeyl(vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) –Uruguay Round.

VTÖFYBPV FYFKBPF NJHUJDJQGJKBNBRB (VFNG) – Trade Policy ReviewMechanism (TPRM).Rjycekmnfwbb, jhufybpjdfyyst yf dhtvtyyjq jcyjdt d hfvrfö ghjuhfvvs chtlytchjxyjuj jåceéltybz ht-pekmnfnjd Eheudfqcrjuj hfeylf vyjujcnjhjyybö njhuj-dsö gthtujdjhjd (Mid-Term Review of the Uruguay Round)b ghtlecvfnhbdfñobt gthbjlbxtcrjt hfccvjnhtybthtébvf njhujdjq gjkbnbrb rféljq cnhfys-xktyf UFNN.Jåceélftvfz cnhfyf b Ctrhtnfhbfn UFNN ujnjdznljrevtyns, jgbcsdfñobt htébv njhujdjq gjkbnbrblfyyjq cnhfys, f dct pfbynthtcjdfyyst Ljujdfhbdfñ-obtcz cnjhjys exfcndeñn d cgtwbfkmyjv pfctlfybbCjdtnf UFNN, yf rjnjhjv hfccvfnhbdfñncz änb ljre-vtyns. Njhujdfz gjkbnbrf CIF, Tdhjgtqcrjuj cjjå-otcndf, Zgjybb b Rfyfls jåceélfñncz rfélst ldfujlf, d nj dhtvz rfr njhujdfz gjkbnbrf lheubö Ljujdf-hbdfñoböcz cnjhjy cnfyjdbncz jåütrnjv nfrbö jåceé-ltybq c gthbjlbxyjcnmñ 4 bkb 6 ktn. Vtöfybpv fyfkbpfnjhujdjq gjkbnbrb åsk endthélty yf pfdthifñotvänfgt Eheudfqcrjuj hfeylf vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsögthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN. Cv. nfrét Vjyhtfkmcrfzdcnhtxf vbybcnhjd – Montreal Ministerial; b Eheudfqcrbqhfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrföUFNN) – Uruguay Round.

VTÖFYBPV ≤PFGECRFÑOBÖ≥ WTY (VPW)– Trigger Price Mechanism (TPM).Fvthbrfycrfz cbcntvf rjynhjkz pf bvgjhnjv cnfkb c wtkmñ dszdktybz bvgjhnysö gjcnfdjr d CIF, d rjnjhsö, djpvjéyj, bcgjkmpjdfy ltvgbyu bkb rjnjhstceåcblbheñncz ghfdbntkmcndfvb cnhfy-ärcgjhnthjd. Ghbnfrjq cbcntvt vbybvfkmyfz wtyf jghtltkztncz d fvthb-

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rfycrjv gjhne ddjpf yf jcyjdt jwtyjxyjq jåotq cnjb-vjcnb (gjckt hfpuheprb) cnfkb, ghjbpdtltyyjq yfbåjkttäaatrnbdyj hfåjnfñobvb vbhjdsvb ghjbpdjlbntkzvb.Bvgjhnyfz cnfkm, ddjpbvfz d CIF gj wtyfv ybét änjqwtys, vjétn ≤pfgecnbnm≥ jabwbfkmyjt fynbltvgbyujdjthfccktljdfybt Vbybcnthcndf njhujdkb CIF b RjvbccbbCIF gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb. VPWltqcndjdfk d gthbjl vtéle yfxfkjv 1978 u. b vfhnjv1980 u. D jrnzåht 1980 u. jy åsk dyjdm ddtlty d ltq-cndbt b pfntv ghbjcnfyjdkty d zydfht 1982 u. D gthbjlvtéle fghtktv 1982 u. b bñytv 1988 u. VPW bcgjkm-pjdfkcz njkmrj d jnyjitybb bvgjhnysö gjcnfdjr ghj-djkjrb rheukjuj ctxtybz bp ythéfdtñotq cnfkb. Cv.nfrét Ltvgbyu – Dumping; Ärcgjhnyfz ceåcblbz – ExportSubsidy; Cnhfntubxtcrb dféyst dbls ghjlerwbb –Sensitive Products; Ceåcblbz – Subsidy; b Rjvbccbz CIFgj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb – U.S. InternationalTrade Commission.

VTÖFYBPV GHTLJCNFDKTYBZ UFHFYNBBGJUFITYBZ ÄRCGJHNYJUJ RHTLBNF –Export Credit Guarantee Facility (ECGF).Cötvf, hfphfåjnfyyfz d hfvrfö Rjyathtywbb Jhufybpf-wbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq gj njhujdkt b hfpdbnbñ(ÑYRNFL), rjnjhfz gjpdjkztn ärcgjhnthfv bp hfpdb-dfñoböcz cnhfy htabyfycbhjdfnm cdjb ärcgjhnystrhtlbns, ghtljcnfdktyyst bvgjhnthfv bp lheubö cnhfygjl vtéleyfhjlyeñ ufhfynbñ.

VPW – TPM.Cv. Vtöfybpv ≤pfgecrfñobö≥ wty – Trigger PriceMechanism.

VBRHJÄRJYJVBRF – Microeconomics.Hfpltk ärjyjvbrb, rjnjhsq d jcyjdyjv gjcdzoty bpe-xtybñ gjdtltybz jnltkmysö ceåütrnjd ärjyjvbxtcrböjnyjitybq, ghbybvfñobö nt bkb byst htitybz, drkñ-xfz gjnhtåbntktq, ghtlghbybvfntktq b abhvs, b njuj,rfrbv jåhfpjv ghbybvftvst änbvb ceåütrnfvb htitybzcjjnyjczncz lheu c lheujv lkz jghtltktybz jnyjcbntkm-ysö wty yf njdfhs b afrnjhs ghjbpdjlcndf, f nfrétrjkbxtcndf änbö njdfhjd, rjnjhjt åeltn regktyj b ghj-lfyj. Cv. nfrét Gjnhtåbntkb – Consumers; Ghtlghbyb-vfntkb – Entrepreneurs; Vfrhjärjyjvbrf – Macroeco-nomics; Eghfdktybt (vtytlévtyn) – Management; Hsyjx-yfz ärjyjvbrf – Market Economy; Vjyjgjkbz – Monopoly;Wtyf – Price; b Xfcnysq ctrnjh – Private Sector.

VBYBVFKMYFZ JWTYRF – MinimumValuation.Nfvjétyyfz jwtyrf cnjbvjcnb ytrjnjhsö ytljhjubödbljd njdfhjd gj cnjbvjcnb, ghtdsifñotq afrnbxtc-reñ cnjbvjcnm. Cv. nfrét Nfvjéyz – Customs; Rjltrcghfdbk jghtltktybz nfvjétyyjq cnjbvjcnb njdfhjd –

Customs Valuation Code; b Jghtltktybt cnjbvjcnb –Valuation.

VBYBVFKMYST WTYS – Floor Prices.Cv. Åeathyst (htpthdyst) pfgfcs – Buffer Stocks.

VYR – MNC.Cv. Vtéleyfhjlyfz (vyjujyfwbjyfkmyfz) rjhgjhfwbz –Multinational Corporation.

VYJUJCNJHJYYTT FUTYNCNDJ GJBYDTCNBWBJYYSV UFHFYNBZV (VFBU)– Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency(MIGA).Vyjujcnjhjyytt futyncndj gj bydtcnbwbjyysv ufhfynbzv(VFBU) yfxfkj ltqcndjdfnm d fghtkt 1988 u. b åskjcjplfyj rfr xfcnm uheggs exhtéltybq cbcntvs Dctvbh-yjuj åfyrf c wtkmñ cjltqcndbz ghbnjre xfcnysö bydtc-nbwbq d hfpdbdfñobtcz cnhfys-xktys futyncndf gentvcnhföjdfybz jn ytrjvvthxtcrbö hbcrjd, f nfrét gentvjrfpfybz eckeu gj cjltqcndbñ hfpdbnbñ b rjycfknbyuj-dsö eckeu. Ghjuhfvvf ufhfynbq VFBU jåtcgtxbdftnpfobne bydtcnjhjd jn eåsnrjd, rjnjhst vjuen åsnmdspdfys gthtvtotybtv dfkñnysö chtlcnd, ärcghjghbf-wbtq, djqyfvb, uhfélfycrbvb åtcgjhzlrfvb b yfheit-ybzvb rjynhfrnysö jåzpfntkmcnd d jnyjitybb bydtcnb-wbq ghfdbntkmcndfvb cnhfy, d rjnjhsö jceotcndkzñnczbydtcnbwbb. VFBU hfåjnftn d ntcyjv cjnhelybxtcndt c Dctvbhysv åfyrjv, Vtéleyfhjlyjq fccjwbfwbtq hfp-dbnbz b Vtéleyfhjlyjq abyfycjdjq rjhgjhfwbtq,jrfpsdfz cjltqcndbt hfpdbnbñ äaatrnbdyjq bydtcnb-wbjyyjq gjkbnbrb, ntv cfvsv gjvjufz hfpdbdfñobvczcnhfyfv d cjplfybb ghbdktrfntkmysö eckjdbq lkzghzvsö xfcnysö byjcnhfyysö bydtcnbwbq. Cv. nfrétVtéleyfhjlyfz fccjwbfwbz hfpdbnbz – InternationalDevelopment Association; Vtéleyfhjlyfz abyfycjdfzrjhgjhfwbz – International Finance Corporation; b Dctvbh-ysq åfyr – World Bank.

VYJUJCNJHJYYTT CJUKFITYBT –Multilateral Agreement.Vtéleyfhjlyjt cjukfitybt, d rjnjhjv exfcndeñn nhbbkb åjktt cnjhjy. Ghbvthjv vtéleyfhjlyjuj cjukfit-ybz zdkztncz gjlgbcfyyjt d 1947 u. Utythfkmyjt cjukf-itybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt (UFNN), bvtñott wtkmñcjltqcndbt kbåthfkbpfwbb njhujdkb gjchtlcndjv ghjdt-ltybz vyjujcnjhjyybö gthtujdjhjd. Cv. nfrét Rjltrcsghfdbk – Codes; Utythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade;Kbåthfkbpfwbz – Liberalization; Vyjujcnjhjyybt njhuj-dst gthtujdjhs – Multilateral Trade Negotiations; b Gtht-ujdjhs – Negotiations.

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VYJUJCNJHJYYBT NJHUJDSTGTHTUJDJHS (VNG) – Multilateral TradeNegotiations (MTN).Yfxbyfz c 1947 u. cjcnjzkjcm djctvm hfeyljd ≤vyjuj-cnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd≥ d hfvrfö UFNN. Rfé-lsq hfeyl ghtlcnfdkzk cjåjq ghthsdbcnsq b lkbyysqhzl pfctlfybq gj djghjcfv njhujdsö jnyjitybq vtéleexfcnybrfvb – Ljujdfhbdfñobvbcz cnjhjyfvb – d wtk-zö gjbcrf b ljcnbétybz dpfbvjdsujlysö ljujdjhty-yjcntq, yfghfdktyysö yf cybétybt åfhmthjd lkz vtéle-yfhjlyjq njhujdkb. Cjukfitybz, pfrkñxtyyst yf ab-yfkmyjv änfgt rféljuj hfeylf, cnfkb yjdsvb jåzpf-ntkmcndfvb d hfvrfö UFNN b, nfrbv jåhfpjv, zdbkbcmdféysvb ifufvb d hfpdbnbb vbhjdjq cbcntvs njhujdkb.Cjrhfotybt ≤VNG≥ xfot dctuj bcgjkmpetncz ghbvtyb-ntkmyj r Njrbqcrjve hfeyle njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN. Cv. nfrét Lbkkjycrbq hfeyl (vyjuj-cnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – DillonRound; Rtyytlbqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsögthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Kennedy Round; Vyjujcnj-hjyyzz jhufybpfwbz gj njhujdkt – Multilateral TradeOrganization; Gthtujdjhs – Negotiations; Dpfbvyjcnm –Reciprocity; Hfeyl – Round; Njrbqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnj-hjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – TokyoRound; b Eheudfqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsögthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Uruguay Round.

VYJUJCNJHJYYBQ – Multilateral.Drkñxfñobq ytcrjkmrj exfcndeñobö ≤cnjhjy≥ bkbcnhfy. Cv. nfrét Ldecnjhjyybq – Bilateral; b Jlyjcnj-hjyybq – Unilateral.

VYJUJCNJHJYYZZ JHUFYBPFWBZ GJNJHUJDKT (VJN) – Multilateral TradeOrganization (MTO).Jhufybpfwbz ≤pjynbxyjuj≥ (pfobnyjuj) nbgf, pfvtyzñ-ofz UFNN b cjplfyyfz c wtkmñ rjynhjkz pf dsgjkyt-ybtv htitybq, ghbyznsö yf Eheudfqcrjv hfeylt vyjuj-cnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN. Nfrétbpdtcnyf gjl yfpdfybtv ≤Jhufybpfwbz gj vtéleyfhjlyjqnjhujdkt≥ (JVN) bkb ≤Vtéleyfhjlyfz jhufybpfwbz gjdjghjcfv njhujdkb≥ (VJDN). Cv. nfrét Vyjujcnjhjy-ybt njhujdst gthtujdjhs – Multilateral Trade Negotiations;Eheudfqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdj-hjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Uruguay Round; b Jhufybpfwbz gjvtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt – World Trade Organization.

VYJUJCNJHJYYZZ GJVJOM – Multilateral Aid.Gjvjom hfpdbnbñ, ghtljcnfdkztvfz cnhfyfvb-ljyjhfvbcnhfyfv-gjkexfntkzv xthtp vtéleyfhjlyst exhté-ltybz. Cv. nfrét Ldecnjhjyyzz gjvjom – Bilateral Aid;b Jabwbfkmyfz gjvjom hfpdbnbñ – Official DevelopmentAssistance.

VJDN – ITO.Vtéleyfhjlyfz jhufybpfwbz gj djghjcfv njhujdkb. Cv.nfrét Utythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt –General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

VJYJGJKBZ – Monopoly.Eckjdbt, ceotcndeñott yf hsyrt, rjulf jlby gjcnfdobrrjynhjkbhetn ghtjåkflfñoeñ xfcnm ghtlkjétybz rfrj-uj-kbåj njdfhf d nfrjq cntgtyb, xnj jy vjétn jght-ltkznm jåütvs gjcnfdjr b wtys c vfrcbvfkmyjq lkzctåz dsujljq, gjxnb bkb cjdctv yt bcgsnsdfz ghb änjvj lfdktybz cbk cghjcf b ghtlkjétybz, ltqcndeñobö yfrjyrehtynysö ärjyjvbxtcrbö hsyrfö. Dscjrbq nfvj-étyysq nfhba bkb ytnfhbaysq åfhmth lkz bvgjhnfvjétn gjpdjkbnm ytrjyrehtynjcgjcjåyjve ghjbpdjlb-ntkñ pfyznm vjyjgjkmyjt gjkjétybt gj jnyjitybñ r rfrjve-kbåj rjyrhtnyjve njdfhe yf dyenhtyytvhsyrt tuj cnhfys. Cv. nfrét Fynbnhtcnjdcrbq – Anti-Trust; Rfhntkm – Cartel; Rjyrehtynjcgjcjåysq – Com-petitive; Hsyjr – Market; Vbrhjärjyjvbrf – Microeco-nomics; Wtyf – Price; Pfobnf – Protection; b Ghtlkjét-ybt – Supply.

VJYHTFKMCRFZ DCNHTXF VBYBCNHJD –Montreal Ministerial.D ltrfåht 1988 u. d Vjyhtfkt (Rfyflf) cjcnjzkfcmdcnhtxf vbybcnhjd cnhfy-xktyjd UFNN gj jåceéltybñöjlf hfpdbnbz Eheudfqcrjuj hfeylf vyjujcnjhjyybönjhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN. Yf änjq dcnhtxtåskb cjukfcjdfys jcyjdyst eckjdbz lkz pfdthitybzgthtujdjhjd Eheudfqcrjuj hfeylf gj 11 bp 15 uheggdjghjcjd gjdtcnrb lyz, yj ghb änjv yt åskj ljcnbuyenjyb jlyjuj cjukfitybz d jåkfcnb ctkmcrjuj öjpzqcndf,jöhfys byntkktrnefkmyjq cjåcndtyyjcnb, njhujdkbntrcnbktv b ntrcnbkmysvb bpltkbzvb, f nfrét vth gjpfobnt dyenhtyytq ärjyjvbrb. Cv. nfrét Vjyhtfkmcrbqghjnjrjk – Montreal Protocol; b Eheudfqcrbq hfeyl(vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) –Uruguay Round.

VJYHTFKMCRBQ GHJNJRJK – MontrealProtocol.Vyjujcnjhjyytt cjukfitybt, pfrkñxtyyjt d 1988 u. c wtkmñ juhfybxtybz b gjcktleñotuj jnrfpf jn ghbvt-ytybz ökjhjanjhbcnsö eukthjljd b ufkjutyjd lkzghtljndhfotybz hfpheitybz jpjyjdjuj ckjz Ptvkb. Änjcjukfitybt ghbvtxfntkmyj ntv, xnj jyj hfphtiftn bc-gjkmpjdfybt njhujdsö cfyrwbq lkz jåtcgtxtybz dsgjk-ytybz cjlthéfoböcz d ytv nhtåjdfybq. Cv. nfrétVjyhtfkmcrfz dcnhtxf vbybcnhjd – Montreal Ministerial;b Eheudfqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtuj-djhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Uruguay Round.

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VJN – MTO.Cv. Vyjujcnjhjyyzz jhufybpfwbz gj njhujdkt –Multilateral Trade Organization.

VGUGÄR – ECGF.Cv. Vtöfybpv ghtljcnfdktybz ufhfynbb gjufitybzärcgjhnyjuj rhtlbnf – Export Credit Guarantee Facility.

VNF – ICA.Cv. Vtéleyfhjlyjt njdfhyjt cjukfitybt – InternationalCommodity Agreement.

VNG – MITI.Xfcnj bcgjkmpetvjt cjrhfotyyjt yfpdfybt Vbybcnthcndfnjhujdkb b ghjvsiktyyjcnb Zgjybb, rjnjhjt hfphfåjnf-kj b ghbyzkj rjvgktrcyeñ ghjuhfvve ärjyjvbxtcrjujhjcnf b hfpdbnbz, hfccxbnfyyeñ yf ytcrjkmrj ktn, d wtynht rjnjhjq cnjbn pflfxf hfcibhtybz ärcgjhnf.Cv. nfrét Cjltqcndbt hfpdbnbñ ärcgjhnf – ExportPromotion; Ghjvsiktyyfz gjkbnbrf – Industrial Policy;b ≤Eghfdkztvfz njhujdkz≥ – Managed Trade.

VNG – MTN.Cv. Vyjujcnjhjyybt njhujdst gthtujdjhs – MultilateralTrade Negotiations.

VAR – IFC.Cv. Vtéleyfhjlyfz abyfycjdfz rjhgjhfwbz – Interna-tional Finance Corporation.

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V

YYFDFKJXYJT CELYJ (ÅFKRTH) – Bulk Carrier.Uhepjdjt nhfycgjhnyjt celyj (jåsxyj jrtfycrjt celyj),gthtdjpzott rhegyjufåfhbnyst, vfccbdyst uheps yfythtuekzhysö (hfåjnfñobö yt gj hfcgbcfybñ) nhfyc-gjhnysö kbybzö. ≤Ceöbt≥ uheps, rfr ghfdbkj, ghtl-cnfdkzñn cjåjq vbythfkmyst hels (yfghbvth, ajcafnsbkb vfhufywtdfz helf), d jnkbxbt jn ≤éblrbö euktdjlj-hjljd≥ – nthvbyf, rjnjhsq xfot dctuj bcgjkmpetnczghbvtybntkmyj r ytanb.

YFBVTYTT HFPDBNST CNHFYS (YHC) –Least Developed Countries (LLDCs bkb LDCs).Ghbvthyj 36 cnhfy vbhf c yfbåjktt ybprbv åkfujcjc-njzybtv, jnyjcbvst Jhufybpfwbtq Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbqr ≤yfbvtytt hfpdbnsv≥ bp vtytt hfpdbnsö bkb hfpdb-dfñoböcz cnhfy. Åjkmibycndj änbö cnhfy zdkzñnczytåjkmibvb rfr gj bö nthhbnjhbfkmyjve hfpvthe, nfr b gj xbcktyyjcnb yfctktybz, f ytrjnjhst bp ybö ghtl-cnfdkzñn cjåjq vfktymrbt jrheétyyst ceitq (ytbvtñobt dsöjlf r vjhñ) bkb jcnhjdyst ujcelfhcndf.Rfr ghfdbkj, dct änb cnhfys öfhfrnthbpeñncz ybprbvbehjdyzvb ljöjlf yf leie yfctktybz, ybprbv ehjdytvuhfvjnyjcnb, ytdscjrbvb cnfylfhnfvb d jåkfcnb plhf-djjöhfytybz, yfnehfkmysv ctkmcrbv öjpzqcndjv, fnfrét jncencndbtv bkb ytödfnrjq ljcnegysö lkz hfphf-åjnrb vtcnjhjéltybq gjktpysö bcrjgftvsö b rjyre-htynjcgjcjåysö jnhfcktq ghjvsiktyyjcnb. Vyjubtyfbvtytt hfpdbnst cnhfys cnhflfñn jn pfceöb, yfdjlyt-ybq, ehfufyjd b xhtpvthyjuj rjkbxtcndf ctkmcrjöjpzq-cndtyysö dhtlbntktq. Ghb änjv åjkmibycndj änbö cnhfyhfcgjkjétyj d utjuhfabxtcrjq pjyt vtéle 10 b 30 uhf-lecfvb ctdthyjq ibhjns. Yfbvtytt hfpdbnst cnhfysbvtñn vfkj gthcgtrnbd lkz åscnhjuj ärjyjvbxtcrjujhfpdbnbz d jåjphbvjv åeleotv b, dthjznytt dctuj,åelen ghjljkéfnm yföjlbnmcz d cbkmyjq pfdbcbvjcnb jnjabwbfkmyjq gjvjob hfpdbnbñ bpdyt tot d ntxtybtvyjubö ktn. Åjkmibycndj änbö cnhfy yföjlzncz d Fahb-rt, yj ytrjnjhst – nfrbt rfr Åfyukflti, Faufybcnfy,Kfjc b Ytgfk – d Fpbb. Tlbycndtyyjq cnhfyjq d Pfgf-lyjv gjkeifhbb, jnytctyyjq JJY r uheggt yfbvtytthfpdbnsö cnhfy, zdkztncz Ufbnb. D gjcktlybt ujls dctåjktt ibhjrjt hfcghjcnhfytybt lkz jåjpyfxtybz yfbvt-ytt hfpdbnsö cnhfy gjkexbkf fååhtdbfnehf ≤YHC≥ (gj-fyukbqcrb – “LDC”), öjnz d 50-ö b 60-ö ujlfö ysyti-ytuj dtrf nthvbys ≤vtytt hfpdbnst cnhfys≥ b ≤hfpdb-dfñobtcz cnhfys≥ cxbnfkbcm åjktt bkb vtytt dpfbvjpf-vtyztvsvb. Cv. nfrét Hfpdbdfñobtcz cnhfys – Deve-

loping Countries; Jabwbfkmyfz gjvjom hfpdbnbñ –Official Development Assistance; ≤Dféyfz yjdfz ghjuhfv-vf ltqcndbq≥ – Substantial New Program of Action; bNhfypbnyfz pjyf – Transit Zone.

YFKJU – Tax.Jåzpfntkmysq gkfnté, dpbvftvsq ujcelfhcndjv c abpb-xtcrbö kbw, ñhblbxtcrbö kbw b lheubö ärjyjvbxtcrböceåütrnjd c wtkmñ jåtcgtxtybz jgkfns ujcelfhcndtyysöjgthfwbq bkb lkz juhfybxtybz gjnhtåktybz njdfhjd bkbeckeu pf cxtn gjdsitybz bö cnjbvjcnb d htpekmnfntjåkjétybz yfkjujv. Yfkjub hfpkbxfñncz gj cntgtybcdjtq jåzpfntkmyjcnb, f nfrét gj cntgtyb dpfbvjpfdbcb-vjcnb cevvs gkfntéf b cnjbvjcnb rjvveyfkmysöeckeu, jrfpsdftvsö yfkjujgkfntkmobrfv ujcelfhcndty-ysvb exhtéltybzvb b abyfycbhetvsö pf cxtn chtlcnd,gjkexftvsö jn cåjhf yfkjujd. Cv. nfrét Htuekbhjdfybtyfkjujjåkjétybz ärcgjhnbhetvsö b bvgjhnbhetvsönjdfhjd – Border Tax Adjustments; Ghzvjq yfkju – DirectTax; Frwbpysq cåjh – Excise Tax; Rjcdtyysq yfkju –Indirect Tax; Yfkju yf fdnjnhfycgjhnyst chtlcndf –Road Tax; Yfkju c jåjhjnf – Sales Tax; Nfhba – Tariff;b Yfkju yf ljåfdktyyeñ cnjbvjcnm – Value Added Tax.

YFKJU YF FDNJNHFYCGJHNYSTCHTLCNDF – Road Tax.Yfkju, ecnfyfdkbdftvsq ghfdbntkmcndjv yf ärcgkef-nfwbñ fdnjnhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd b jåsxyj hfccxbns-dftvsq yf jcyjdt dtcf fdnjnhfycgjhnyjuj chtlcndf bkbjåütvf tuj ldbufntkz. D ytrjnjhsö ckexfzö ddtltybtyfkjuf yf fdnjnhfycgjhnyst chtlcndf ghbdjlbn r lbc-rhbvbyfwbb jlyjuj nbgf fdnjnhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd d gjkmpe lheubö. Cv. nfrét Lbcrhbvbyfwbz – Discrimi-nation; Frwbpysq yfkju – Excise Tax; Ytnfhbayst åfhmt-hs – Non-Tariff Barriers; b Yfkju – Tax.

YFKJU YF LJÅFDKTYYEÑ CNJBVJCNM(YLC) – Value Added Tax (VAT).Rjcdtyysq yfkju yf gjnhtåktybt, dpbvftvsq d rféljqjnltkmyjq njxrt d wtgjxrt jgthfwbb ghjbpdjlcndf bhfcghtltktybz njdfhjd, yfxbyfz jn cnflbb ljåsxb cshmzb pfrfyxbdfz rjytxysv gjnhtåktybtv. Rfélsq exfcn-ybr wbrkf jåhfåjnrb cshmtdsö vfnthbfkjd bkb rfélsqnjhujdtw egkfxbdftn yfkju d hfpvtht, ghjgjhwbjyfkmyjvdtkbxbyt, yf rjnjheñ jy edtkbxbk cnjbvjcnm regkty-ysö bv lkz gthtghjlféb njdfhjd gjckt njuj, rfr dytc d änb njdfhs ljkñ cdjtuj nhelf. Yfkju yf ljåfdktyyeñcnjbvjcnm dpbvftncz dj dctö cnhfyfö Tdhjgtqcrjujcjjåotcndf b cnhfyfö-xktyfö TFCN, f nfrét dj vyjubölheubö ujcelfhcndfö, exfcndeñobö d vtéleyfhjlyjqnjhujdkt, yj yt dpbvftncz d CIF. Cv. nfrét Htuekb-hjdfybt yfkjujjåkjétybz ärcgjhnbhetvsö b bvgjhnb-hetvsö njdfhjd – Border Tax Adjustments; Gjnhtåktybt –Consumption; Hfcghtltktybt – Distribution; Ufhvjybpfwbz

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– Harmonization; Rjcdtyysq yfkju – Indirect Tax; Yfkju cjåjhjnf – Sales Tax; Yfkju – Tax; b Cnjbvjcnm – Value.

YFKJU YF BVEOTCNDJ – Wealth Tax.Cv. Ghzvjq yfkju – Direct Tax.

YFKJU YF YFCKTLCNDJ – Inheritance Tax.Cv. Ghzvjq yfkju – Direct Tax.

YFKJU YF GJNHTÅKTYBT – ConsumptionTax.Cv. Frwbpysq cåjh – Excise Tax.

YFKJU C JÅJHJNF – Sales Tax.Yfkju, ecnfyfdkbdftvsq yf jåvty njdfhfvb b eckeufvbyf jlyjv bkb ytcrjkmrbö änfgfö ghjwtccf hfcghtltkt-ybz. Cv. nfrét Hfcghtltktybt – Distribution; Rjcdtyysqyfkju – Indirect Tax; b Yfkju yf ljåfdjxyeñ cnjbvjcnm– Value Added Tax.

YFKJUJDST CNBVEKS – Tax Incentives.Cv. Ghjvsiktyyfz gjkbnbrf – Industrial Policy.

YFYTCTYBT EOTHÅF (NJHUJDSVBYNTHTCFV) – Impairment (of TradeInterests).Cv. Rjycekmnfwbb – Consultations; b Hfphtitybt cgjhjd– Dispute Settlement.

YFANF – NAFTA.Cv. Ctdthjfvthbrfycrjt cjukfitybt j cdjåjlyjq njh-ujdkt – North American Free Trade Agreement.

YFWBJYFKMYSQ HTÉBV – NationalTreatment.Jlby bp jcyjdysö ghbywbgjd vtéleyfhjlysö njhujdsöghfdbk b gjkbnbrb. Jåzpfntkmcndf gj ecnfyjdktybñyfwbjyfkmysö htébvjd jåsxyj pfghtofñn lbcrhbvbyf-wbñ yf jcyjdt yfwbjyfkmyjq ghbyflktéyjcnb. Cnfnmz ÈÈÈUFNN, zdkzñofzcz wtynhfkmysv gjkjétybtv UFNN jåjåzpfntkmcndfö gj ecnfyjdktybñ yfwbjyfkmysö htéb-vjd, pfghtoftn bcgjkmpjdfnm lbcrhbvbyfwbñ vtélebvgjhnbhetvsvb njdfhfvb b njdfhfvb dyenhtyytujghjbpdjlcndf rfr d jnyjitybb dyenhtyytuj yfkjujjåkj-étybz, nfr b ghbvtybntkmyj r lheubv ghfdbntkm-cndtyysv htitybzv. Cv. nfrét Rjltrcs ghfdbk – Codesof Conduct; Juhfybxbntkmyfz ltkjdfz ghfrnbrf –Restrictive Business Practices; b Ytxtcnyst vtnjls dtlt-ybz njhujdkb – Unfair Trade Practices.

YFXFKJ GJ CJÅCNDTYYJQBYBWBFNBDT – Self-Initiation.Åñhj Njhujdjuj ghtlcnfdbntkz CIF (NG CIF) vjétnyfxfnm hfccktljdfybt d cjjndtncndbb c Hfpltkjv 301

Pfrjyf j njhujdkt jn 1974 u. (Trade Act of 1974) rfr gjcjåcndtyyjq bybwbfnbdt, nfr b d jndtn yf gtnbwbñ,ghtlcnfdktyyeñ pfbynthtcjdfyysv kbwjv. Ghb änjv NGCIF bvttn ghfdj cfvjcnjzntkmyj htifnm, cktletn kbyfxbyfnm nfrjt hfccktljdfybt bkb ytn. Cv. nfrétHfpltk 301 – Section 301.

YLC – VAT bkb TVA.Cv. Yfkju yf ljåfdktyyeñ cnjbvjcnm – Value Added Tax.

YTDPFBVYJCNM – Non-Reciprocity.Cv. Hfvjxyjt cjukfitybt – Framework Agreement; bDpfbvyjcnm – Reciprocity.

≤YTDBLBVFZ NJHUJDKZ≥ – Invisible Trade.Cnfnmb ärcgjhnf b bvgjhnf, nfrbt rfr nhfycgjhnyst,cnhföjdst b abyfycjdst eckeub, drkñxftvst d gkfnté-ysq åfkfyc rfrjq-kbåj cnhfys (d hfpltkt ≤cxtn ntre-obö jgthfwbq≥), ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj jyb yt abuehbheñnd jabwbfkmysö ljrevtynfö rfr ≤dblbvst≥ cnfnmbärcgjhnf b bvgjhnf. Cv. nfrét Gkfntéysq åfkfyc –Balance of Payments; Cxtn ntreobö jgthfwbq – CurrentAccount; Eckeub – Services; b ≤Dblbvfz≥ njhujdkz –Visible Trade.

YTLBCRHBVBYFWBZ – Non-Discrimination.Cv. Lbcrhbvbyfwbz – Discrimination; Utythfkmyjt cjukf-itybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt – General Agreement onTariffs and Trade; b Htébv yfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzn-cndjdfybz – Most-Favored-Nation Treatment.

YTHSYJXYFZ ÄRJYJVBRF – Non-MarketEconomy.Yfwbjyfkmyfz ärjyjvbrf, d rjnjhjq ujcelfhcndj cnht-vbncz jghtltkznm ärjyjvbxtcreñ gjkbnbre ghtbve-otcndtyyj c gjvjomñ vtöfybpvf wtynhfkbpjdfyyjujgkfybhjdfybz, rfr, yfghbvth, bvtkj vtcnj d åsditvCCCH – d jnkbxbt jn hsyjxyjq ärjyjvbrb, d rjnjhjqhfcghtltktybt ghjbpdjlcndtyysö htcehcjd d pyfxbntkm-yjq cntgtyb pfdbcbn jn ltqcndbz hsyjxysö cbk. Ghb≤ythsyjxyjq≥ ärjyjvbrt gkfybhetvst jåütvs dsgecrfghjlerwbb, wtys, hfcöjls, rfgbnfkjdkjétybz, cshmt,nheljdst htcehcs, vtéleyfhjlyfz njhujdkz b åjkmiby-cndj lheubö cjdjregysö ärjyjvbxtcrbö dtkbxby vfybge-kbheñncz d hfvrfö ärjyjvbxtcrjuj gkfyf, cjcnfdkzt-vjuj jhufyjv wtynhfkbpjdfyyjuj gkfybhjdfybz. Ckt-ljdfntkmyj, ghb nfrjq cbcntvt ujcelfhcndtyysq ctrnjhghbybvftn dct dféytqibt htitybz, dkbzñobt yf jåüt-vs cghjcf b ghtlkjétybz d ghtltkfö yfwbjyfkmyjqärjyjvbrb. Cv. nfrét ≤Uheggf D≥ – Group D; Vfrhj-ärjyjvbrf – Macroeconomics; Hsyjxyfz ärjyjvbrf –Market Economy; Xfcnysq ctrnjh – Private Sector; Ujce-

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Y

lfhcndtyysq ctrnjh – Public Sector; b Cnhfys c gjk-yjcnmñ rjynhjkbhetvjq ujcelfhcndjv dytiytq njh-ujdktq – State Trading Nations.

YTNFHBAYST ÅFHMTHS (YNÅ) – Non-TariffBarriers (NTBs).Ghfdbntkmcndtyyst vths, jnkbxfñobtcz jn nfhbajd,yfghfdktyyst yf juhfybxtybz bvgjhnf. Nfrbt vthsgjcntgtyyj ghtdhfnbkbcm d jnyjcbntkmyj åjktt pfvtnystghtgzncndbz lkz njhujdkb gj vtht njuj, rfr ghjbcöj-lbkj cybétybt nfvjétyysö nfhbajd d gthbjl, yfxbyfzcj dhtvtyb jrjyxfybz Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys. Cv.nfrét Rjltrcs ghfdbk – Codes of Conduct; Ecnegrf –Concession; Rjycekmcrbt ajhvfkmyjcnb b ljrevtynfwbz –Consular Formalities and Documentation; Dfkñnysqrjynhjkm – Exchange Controls; Ärcgjhnyfz ceåcblbz –Export Subsidy; Gjkbnbrf b ghfrnbrf ujcelfhcndtyysöpfregjr – Government Procurement Policies and Practices;Kbwtypbhjdfybt – Licensing; Ytnfhbayst vths – Non-Tariff Measures; Ghfdbkf b yjhvs egfrjdrb, cyfåétybzänbrtnrfvb b vfhrbhjdrb ghjlerwbb – Packaging, Labelingand Marking Regulations; Ghtldfhbntkmyst ltgjpbns –Prior Deposits; Rfhfynbyyst juhfybxtybz – QuarantineRestrictions; Rfhfynbyyst, cfybnfhyst b vtlbwbycrbtpfrjys b yjhvs – Quarantine, Sanitary and Health Laws andRegulations; Yfkju yf fdnjnhfycgjhnyst chtlcndf –Road Tax; Eckeub – Services; Cgtwbfkmysq b lbaathty-wbfkmysq htébv – Special and Differential Treatment;Cgtwbabxtcrbt juhfybxtybz yf njhujdkñ – SpecificLimitations on Trade; Cnfylfhns – Standards; Ceåcblbz –Subsidy; Pfrjy j njhujdsö cjukfitybzö jn 1979 u. –Trade Agreements Act of 1979; Jnrhsnjcnm – Transparen-cy; b Rjvbccbz CIF gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njh-ujdkb – U.S. International Trade Commission.

YTNFHBAYST VTHS (YNV) – Non-TariffMeasures (NTMs).Ghfdbntkmcndtyyst vths, rjnjhst vjuen gjntywbfkmyjghbdjlbnm – öjnz, djpvjéyj, b yt dctulf – r juhfyb-xtybzv vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb. Ghbvthfvb nfrbö vthzdkzñncz hfpkbxyst cbcntvs rjynhjkz pf bvgjhnjv b gthtvtyyst gjikbys, f nfrét kñåst vths, djcghb-ybvftvst vbhjdsv cjjåotcndjv rfr juhfybxtybz yfnjhujdkñ, lfét tckb nfrbv vthfv b ytkmpz ghbgbcfnmajhvfkmyeñ wtkm bkb äaatrn ecnfyjdktybz nfrböjuhfybxtybq. Cv. nfrét Ytnfhbayst åfhmths – Non-Tariff Barriers; b Gthtvtyyfz gjikbyf – Variable Levy.

YTXTCNYST VTNJLS DTLTYBZNJHUJDKB – Unfair Trade Practices.Ytjåsxyst vtnjls ujcelfhcndtyyjq gjllthérb ghtl-ghbznbq, yfghbvth ärcgjhnyst ceåcblbb, bkb ytrjnjhstvtnjls, yfghfdktyyst yf clthébdfybt rjyrehtywbb bghbvtyztvst cfvbvb ghtlghbznbzvb, yfghbvth ltvgbyu,

åjqrjns bkb lbcrhbvbyfwbjyyst cjukfitybz j gjcnfd-rfö, rjnjhst ghbdjlzn r djpybryjdtybñ e änbö ghtl-ghbznbq rjyrehtynysö ghtbveotcnd d catht vtéleyf-hjlyjq njhujdkb. Cv. nfrét Åjqrjn – Boycott; Ltvgbyu– Dumping; Ärcgjhnyfz ceåcblbz – Export Subsidy;Juhfybxbntkmyfz ltkjdfz ghfrnbrf – Restrictive BusinessPractices; Hfpltk 301 – Section 301; b Pfrjy j njhujdktjn 1974 u. – Trade Act of 1974.

≤YTXNJ PF YTXNJ≥ – Quid pro quo.Cv. Dpfbvyjcnm – Reciprocity.

YJDST GHJVSIKTYYJHFPDBDFÑOBTCZ CNHFYS (YGHC) –Newly Industrializing Economies (NIE).Jnyjcbntkmyj ≤ghjldbyenst≥ d ghjvsiktyyjv jnyj-itybb hfpdbdfñobtcz cnhfys, jåütvs ghjvsiktyyjujghjbpdjlcndf b ärcgjhnf rjnjhsö pf gjcktlybt ujlshjckb cnhtvbntkmysvb ntvgfvb. R änbv cnhfyfvjnyjczncz, d xfcnyjcnb, Åhfpbkbz, Ujyrjyu, Vtrcbrf,Cbyufgeh b Nfqdfym. Cv. nfrét Hfpdbdfñobtcz cnhfys– Developing Countries; b Gthtöjl (cnhfys) d åjkttdscjreñ rfntujhbñ – Graduation.

YJVTYRKFNEHF CJDTNF GJNFVJÉTYYJVE CJNHELYBXTCNDE(YCNC) – Customs Cooperation CouncilNomenclature (CCCN).Cbcntvf rkfccbabrfwbb njdfhjd d nfvjétyysö wtkzö,ghtélt yjcbdifz yfpdfybt Åhñcctkmcrfz nfhbayfzyjvtyrkfnehf (Brussels Tariff Nomenclature) bkb cjrhf-otyyj ÅNY (BTN). Cv. nfrét Nfvjétyyfz rkfccb-abrfwbz – Customs Classification.

YJVBYFKMYFZ CNFDRF NFVJÉTYYJUJNFHBAF – Nominal Tariff Rate.Cnfdrf nfvjétyyjq gjikbys, ecnfyfdkbdftvfz yfjcyjdt gjkyjq cnjbvjcnb lfyyjuj njdfhf. Cv. nfrétÄaatrnbdyfz cnfdrf nfvjétyyjuj nfhbaf – EffectiveTariff Rate; Nfhba – Tariff; b Nfhbayfz äcrfkfwbz – TariffEscalation.

YJVBYFKMYFZ CNJBVJCNM – Par Value.Dfkñnysq (jåvtyysq) rehc, jabwbfkmyj ecnfyfdkb-dftvsq vtéle ldevz cnhfyfvb bkb vtéle rfrjq-kbåjyfwbjyfkmyjq dfkñnjq b ytrjnjhsv rjyrhtnysvrjkbxtcndjv pjkjnf (gj dtce) bkb ≤rjhpbyjq dfkñn≥.Cv. nfrét Dfkñnf – Currency; Dfkñnysq (jåvtyysq)rehc – Exchange Rate; b Vtéleyfhjlysq dfkñnysq ajyl– International Monetary Fund.

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Y

YGHC – NIE.Cv. Yjdst ghjvsiktyyj hfpdbdfñobtcz cnhfys – NewlyIndustrializing Economies.

YHC – LDCs.Cv. Yfbvtytt hfpdbnst cnhfys – Least DevelopedCountries.

YCNC – CCCN.Cv. Yjvtyrkfnehf Cjdtnf gj nfvjétyyjve cjnhel-ybxtcnde – Customs Cooperation Council Nomenclature.

YNÅ – NTBs.Cv. Ytnfhbayst åfhmths – Non-Tariff Barriers.

YNV – NTM.Cv. Ytnfhbayst vths – Non-Tariff Measures.

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Y

JJÅKBUFWBZ – Bond.Cdbltntkmcndj yf ghfdj gjkextybt ljöjlf d dblt jght-ltktyyjuj abrcbhjdfyyjuj ghjwtynf, dsgecrftvjt ghf-dbntkmcndjv bkb ghtlghbznbtv, gj rjnjhjve tt ävbntynjåzpetncz dsgkfnbnm lthéfntkñ abrcbhjdfyyeñ cevverfgbnfkf d jghtltktyysq vjvtyn dhtvtyb. Jåkbufwbzzdkztncz jlybv bp yfbåjktt ibhjrj hfcghjcnhfytyysöchtlcnd ghbdktxtybz pftvyjuj rfgbnfkf. Cv. nfrétHsyjr rfgbnfkjd – Capital Market; b Rhtlbn – Credit.

JÅJÅOTYYFZ CBCNTVF GHTATHTYWBQ(JCG) – Generalized System of Preferences(GSP).Hfphfåjnfyyfz d hfvrfö Rjyathtywbb JJY gj njhujdktb hfpdbnbñ (ÑYRNFL) rjywtgwbz, ghbpdfyyfz cgjcjå-cndjdfnm hfcibhtybñ ärcgjhnf ghjvsiktyysö njdfhjdb gjkeafåhbrfnjd bp hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfy gentv gj-dsitybz rjyrehtynjcgjcjåyjcnb nfrbö njdfhjd yfhsyrfö hfpdbnsö cnhfys pf cxtn ddtltybz njhujdsöghtathtywbq. JCG jnhféftn gjkjétybz vtéleyfhjlyj-uj cjukfitybz, ljcnbuyenjuj yf rjyathtywbb ÑYRNFLÈÈ, cjcnjzditqcz d Ymñ-Ltkb (Bylbz) d 1968 u., j njv,xnj kñåjt dhtvtyyjt ghtljcnfdktybt hfpdbnsvb cnhfyf-vb ghtathtywbq hfpdbdfñobvcz cnhfyfv yf ytdpfbvyjqjcyjdt ljkéyj åsnm cghfdtlkbdsv b d ljkujchjxyjqgthcgtrnbdt dpfbvjdsujlysv. Lkz dsgjkytybz cdjböjåzpfntkmcnd d hfvrfö Jåjåotyyjq cbcntvs ghtathty-wbq rféljt ghjvsiktyyj hfpdbnjt ujcelfhcndj jghtlt-kbkj cdjñ cjåcndtyyeñ cbcntve ghtathtywbq c erfpf-ybtv njdfhjd, ghtltkjd ghtathtywbq b d ytrjnjhsöckexfzö cnjbvjcnb bkb jåütvf njdfhjd, yf rjnjhståeltn hfcghjcnhfyznmcz ltqcndbt ghtathtywbfkmyjujhtébvf. D yfcnjzott dhtvz ghjuhfvvs JCG gjllthéb-dfñncz ldflwfnmñ ctvmñ ghjvsiktyyj hfpdbnsvb cnhf-yfvb, drkñxfz CIF.Pfrjy j njhujdkt CIF jn 1974 u. (U.S. Trade Act of1974) ñhblbxtcrb pfrhtgbk cjukfitybt jå Jåotq cbcnt-vt ghtathtywbq yf dtcm gthbjl, yfxbyfz c 1 zydfhz1976 u. b lj 4 zydfhz 1985 u. Pfrjy j njhujdkt bnfhbafö CIF jn 1984 u. (Trade and Tariff Act of 1984)ghjlkbk chjr ltqcndbz fvthbrfycrjq ghjuhfvvs lj 4 bñkz 1993 u. drkñxbntkmyj. D ytlfdyj ghbyznjvgfrtnt pfrjyjlfntkmysö frnjd j åñlétnt CIF cjlth-éfkjcm b gjkjétybt, ghtlecvfnhbdfñott ghjlktybtchjrf ltqcndbz ghjuhfvvs JCG d tt ceotcndeñotvdblt lj 30 ctynzåhz 1994 u. drkñxbntkmyj. Jéblftncz,xnj flvbybcnhfwbz Ghtpbltynf E. Rkbynjyf ghtlcnfdbnlkz hfccvjnhtybz d Rjyuhtcct CIF pfrjyjghjtrn,

ddjlzobq d ltqcndbt jåyjdktyyeñ ljkujchjxyeñ ghj-uhfvve JCG d 1994 u.D hfvrfö Jåjåotyyjq cbcntvs ghtathtywbq ghfdjåtcgjikbyyjuj ddjpf yf nthhbnjhbñ CIF åskj ghtlj-cnfdktyj d jnyjitybb ghbvthyj 4100 rfntujhbq njdfhjdbp gthtxyz nfhbajd. Jlyfrj Pfrjy j njhujdkt jn 1974 u.cjlthébn cgtwbfkmyjt erfpfybt yf hzl ≤bcrkñxtybq≥,chtlb rjnjhsö ntrcnbkmyst bpltkbz, jltélf, yfhexystxfcs, cnfkm, jåedm, cntrkj, ytrjnjhst dbls äktrnhjy-ysö bpltkbq b lheubt cnhfntubxtcrbt dbls njdfhjd,rjnjhst yt vjuen ddjpbnmcz yf nthhbnjhbñ CIF åtc-gjikbyyj d hfvrfö JCG. Pfrjy j njhujdkt jn 1974 u.nfrét ghjdjpukfcbk, xnj kñåfz cnhfyf, ljkz gjcnfdjrrjnjhjq d CIF gj rfrjve-kbåj rjyrhtnyjve dble ghj-lerwbb d ntxtybt jlyjuj ujlf ghtdscbkf 50fi jn jåotujjåütvf bvgjhnf änjq ghjlerwbb d CIF, bkb rjnjhfzghtdscbkf jghtltktyyeñ cevve d ljkkfhfö CIF gjgjcnfdrfv lfyyjuj dblf njdfhf, yt bvttn ghfdf yfgjkextybt kmujn d hfvrfö JCG gj lfyyjve dble njdfhfd ntxtybt dctuj cktleñotuj ujlf, gjcrjkmre e ytt ytn≤rjyrehtynyjq gjnhtåyjcnb≥ d nfrbö kmujnfö. Pfrjy jnjhujdsö cjukfitybzö jn 1979 u. (U.S. Trade AgreementsAct of 1979) ghtlecvfnhbdftn, xnj erfpfyysq 50-ghjwtyn-ysq ghtltk vjétn yt ghbvtyznmcz lkz kñåjuj njdfhf,jåütv gjcnfdjr rjnjhjuj yf hsyjr CIF yföjlbnczybét ytrjnjhjuj cnjbvjcnyjuj pyfxtybz, dshfétyyjuj d ljkkfhfö b gjlktéfotuj tétujlyjve gthtcvjnhe brjhhtrnbhjdrt c extnjv bpvtytybq d jåütvt dfkjdjuj yfwbjyfkmyjuj ghjlernf CIF.Ytrjnjhst hfpdbdfñobtcz cnhfys yt bvtñn ghfdf yfgjkextybt jn CIF kmujn d hfvrfö JCG. R ybvjnyjczncz cnhfys-xktys JGTR b lheubö cjukfitybq≤rfhntkmyjuj nbgf≥; cnhfys, ghjbpdjlzobt yfwbjyfkbpf-wbñ cjåcndtyyjcnb uhfélfy CIF åtp jåtcgtxtybz ghtl-dfhbntkmyjq b eljdktndjhzñotq bö rjvgtycfwbb; cnhf-ys, yt ghbybvfñobt exfcnbz d vtéleyfhjlysö ghj-uhfvvfö cjnhelybxtcndf d rjynhjkt pf hfcghjcnhfyt-ybtv yfhrjnbrjd; åjkmifz xfcnm rjvveybcnbxtcrböujcelfhcnd; cnhfys, d rjnjhsö ljkz dfkjdjuj yfwbj-yfkmyjuj ghjlernf yf leie yfctktybz ghtdsiftn ytrj-njhsq ecnfyjdktyysq ghtltk; cnhfys, yt jåtcgtxb-dfñobt hfpevyst b cghfdtlkbdst eckjdbz lkz ljcnegfyf cdjq hsyjr lkz lheubö cnhfy bkb fltrdfnyeñ pfobneghfd yf byntkktrnefkmyeñ cjåcndtyyjcnm d jnyjitybbfvthbrfycrbö njdfhjd, eckeu b rfgbnfkjdkjétybq; fnfrét cnhfys, d rjnjhsö yt cjåkñlfñncz vtéleyfhjl-yj ghbpyfyyst ghfdf hfåjxbö. Hfphtibntkmyfz cnfnmz(Enabling Clause), ghbyznfz d rfxtcndt bnjujdjuj ljre-vtynf Njrbqcrjuj hfeylf vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsögthtujdjhjd gj UFNN, jåtcgtxbkf ñhblbxtcreñ åfpelkz hfcibhtybz kmujn JCG d hfvrfö UFNN ytpfdbcbvjjn gjkjétybq cnfnmb änjuj cjukfitybz j htébvt yfb-åjkmituj åkfujghbzncndjdfybz. Cv. nfrét Rjyrehty-njcgjcjåysq – Competitive; Hfphtibntkmyfz cnfnmz –

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Enabling Clause; Fhuevtyn d gjllthére ≤vjkjlsö≥jnhfcktq ghjvsiktyyjcnb – Infant Industry Argument;Kjvtqcrfz rjydtywbz – Lomé Convention; Vfhéfghtathtywbb – Margin of Preference; Njhujdkz vtéle≤cnhfyfvb Ctdthf≥ b ≤cnhfyfvb Ñuf≥ – North-SouthTrade; Ghtathtywbb – Preferences; Cnhfntubxtcrbdféyst dbls ghjlerwbb – Sensitive Products; Cgtwbfkmysqb lbaathtywbfkmysq htébv – Special and DifferentialTreatment; Pfrjy j njhujdkt jn 1974 u. – Trade Act of1974; Pfrjy j njhujdsö cjukfitybzö jn 1979 u. – TradeAgreements Act of 1979; b Rjyathtywbz JhufybpfwbbJåütlbytyysö Yfwbq gj njhujdkt b hfpdbnbñ – UnitedNations Conference on Trade and Development.

JÅHFÅJNRF LFYYSÖ – Data ProcessingCv. Eckeub – Services.

JÅOBQ HSYJR – Common Market.Cv. Nfvjétyysq cjñp – Customs Union; Tdhjgtqcrjtjåütlbytybt eukz b cnfkb – European Coal and Steel Com-munity; b Tdhjgtqcrjt cjjåotcndj – European Community.

JÅOBQ NFHBA – General Tariff.Nfhba, ghbvtyztvsq r bvgjhne bp cnhfy, rjnjhst ytgjkmpeñncz ghtathtywbfkmysv htébvjv bkb htébvjvyfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzncndjdfybz. D ntö ckexfzö, rjulfcnfdrf jåotuj nfhbaf jnkbxftncz jn cnfdrb ghb htébvtyfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzncndjdfybz, jåobq nfhba, rfrghfdbkj, ghbyzn hfymit b bvttn åjktt dscjreñ cnfdre.Cv. nfrét Rjydtywbjyysq nfhba – Conventional Tariff;Htébv yfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzncndjdfybz – Most-Favo-red-Nation Treatment; Ghtathtywbz – Preference; b Nfhba– Tariff.

JÅOBQ AJYL – Common Fund.Vtéleyfhjlyjt exhtéltybt, cjplfyyjt c wtkmñ jce-otcndktybz Byntuhbhjdfyyjq ghjuhfvvs cshmtdsönjdfhjd (Integrated Program for Commodities) ÑYRNFL.Tuj gthdfz cnfnmz hfcöjljd (byjulf yfpsdftvfz ≤gth-dsv jryjv≥ b abyfycbhetvfz pf cxtn jåzpfntkmysöjnxbcktybq ghfdbntkmcnd cnhfy-xktyjd Jåotuj ajylf)ckeébn lkz dsltktybz chtlcnd yf abyfycbhjdfybtcjplfybz åeathysö (htpthdysö) pfgfcjd d hfvrfö vté-leyfhjlysö njdfhysö cjukfitybq c wtkmñ cnfåbkbpfwbbwty yf njdfhs. Dnjhfz cnfnmz hfcöjljd Jåotuj ajylf(byjulf yfpsdftvfz ≤dnjhsv jryjv≥ b abyfycbhetvfz d jcyjdyjv pf cxtn ljåhjdjkmysö jnxbcktybq) ckeébnlkz gjllthérb yfexyj-bccktljdfntkmcrbö b jgsnyj-rjycnhernjhcrbö hfåjn (YBJRH) b ghjuhfvv cjltqcndbzärcgjhne gj ytrjnjhsv dsåhfyysv dblfv njdfhjd. Cv.nfrét Åeathyst (htpthdyst) pfgfcs – Buffer Stocks;Byntuhbhjdfyyfz ghjuhfvvf cshmtdsö njdfhjd –Integrated Program for Commodities; b Vtéleyfhjlyjtnjdfhyjt cjukfitybt – International Commodity Agreement.

JUJDJHRF J DJPVJÉYJCNB JNRFPF JN DSGJKYTYBZ LJUJDJHYSÖJÅZPFNTKMCND – Escape Clause.Gjkjétybt ldecnjhjyytuj bkb vyjujcnjhjyytuj njhuj-djuj cjukfitybz bkb ljujdjhf, hfphtifñott jlyjve bpgjlgbcfdibö tuj ujcelfhcnd ghbjcnfyfdkbdfnm ltqcndbtkmujnyjuj nfhbaf bkb bysö ecnegjr d ckexft, tckb hjcnjåütvf bvgjhnf yfyjcbn bkb euhjéftn yfytcnb cthmtp-ysq eothå jntxtcndtyysv ghjbpdjlbntkzv rjyrehty-njcgjcjåysö dbljd ghjlerwbb. Cnfnmz ÖÈÖ UFNN cfyr-wbjybhetn ghbvtytybt nfrbö ≤ufhfynbqysö≥ gjkjétybq c wtkmñ jrfpfybz gjvjob abhvfv b hfåjnybrfv,rjnjhsv yfytcty dhtl d htpekmnfnt edtkbxtybz jåütvfbvgjhnf, d flfgnbhjdfybb b gthtcnhjqrt cdjtq ltzntkm-yjcnb d cjjndtncndbb c hfcneotq rjyrehtywbtq cj cnj-hjys bvgjhnyjq ghjlerwbb. Hfpltk 201 Pfrjyf j njh-ujdkt CIF jn 1974 u. (U.S. Trade Act of 1974) nhtåetn,xnjås Rjvbccbz CIF gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjqnjhujdkb ghjdjlbkf hfccktljdfybt gj rféljve afrneghtlüzdktybz éfkjå, yjczobö jabwbfkmyjt yfpdfybt≤gtnbwbq≥ b cjcnfdkztvsö ghtlcnfdbntkzvb jnhfcktqghjvsiktyyjcnb CIF bkb fvthbrfycrbö hfåjxbö,endthélfñobö, xnj bv yfytcty eothå bkb jyb yföjlz-ncz gjl euhjpjq yfytctybz eothåf d htpekmnfnt hjcnfjåütvjd bvgjhnysö gjcnfdjr d CIF, b xnjås nfrjthfccktljdfybt åskj pfdthityj d ntxtybt itcnb vtczwtd.Pfrjy j njhujdkt ghtlecvfnhbdftn, xnj, tckb RjvbccbzCIF gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb jåyfheébn,xnj rfrjq-kbåj jnhfckb ghjvsiktyyjcnb CIF åskyfytcty cthmtpysq eothå bkb xnj jyf yföjlbncz gjleuhjpjq yfytctybz nfrjuj eothåf, jyf ljkéyf htrjvty-ljdfnm ghtpbltyne CIF ghbyznm cjjndtncndeñobt vthsgj pfobnt lfyyjq jnhfckb gentv ddtltybz dhtvtyysöjuhfybxtybq yf bvgjhn (d ajhvt nfhbajd, rdjn bkbrdjn gj ecnfyjdktybñ nfhbaysö cnfdjr) bkb jrfpfybzgjvjob d gthtcnhjqrt jnhfckb d cjjndtncndbb c yjdsvbnjhujdsvb eckjdbzvb. Ghtpbltyn CIF vjétn gjcdjtve ecvjnhtybñ gjcktljdfnm htrjvtylfwbzv Rjvbc-cbb CIF gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb gjghbyznbñ vth pfobns gjcnhflfditq jnhfckb, rjnjhstjåsxyj ghbybvfñn ajhve gjdsitybz bvgjhnysögjikby bkb ddtltybz rjkbxtcndtyysö juhfybxtybq yfbvgjhn. Ghb änjv chjr ltqcndbz nfrjuj htébvf juhf-ybxtybq yf bvgjhn (import relief) c extnjv dctö djpvjé-ysö ghjlktybq yt vjétn ghtdsifnm djctvm ktn. Cv.nfrét Cjltqcndbt d gthtcnhjqrt – Adjustment Assistance;Ecnegrf – Concession; Htébv juhfybxtybq yf bvgjhn –Import Relief; Ghjntrwbjybpv – Protectionism; Vths gjpfobnt dyenhtyytq ärjyjvbrb – Safeguards; Pfrjy j njhujdkt jn 1974 u. – Trade Act of 1974; b RjvbccbzCIF gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb – U.SInternational Trade Commission.

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JUHFYBXTYBZ – Restraints.Cv. Ytnfhbayst åfhmths – Non-Tariff Barriers; Kbåthf-kbpfwbz – Liberalization; b Nfhba – Tariff.

JUHFYBXTYBZ YF BVGJHN – ImportRestrictions.Cv. Ytnfhbayst åfhmths – Non-Tariff Barriers; Pfobnf– Protection; b Nfhba – Tariff.

JUHFYBXBNTKMYFZ LTKJDFZ GHFRNBRF– Restrictive Business Practices (RBPs).Ltqcndbz bkb gjkbnbrf ghtlghbznbq – ytpfdbcbvj jnnjuj, zdkzñncz jyb xfcnysvb bkb rjynhjkbheñnczujcelfhcndjv, – zdkzñobtcz pkjegjnhtåktybtv åjkttdsujlysv ärjyjvbxtcrbv gjkjétybtv b juhfybxbdfñ-obt ljcneg yf hsyrb bkb rfrbv-kbåj bysv jåhfpjvytpfrjyyj clthébdfñobt rjyrehtywbñ. R nfrbvltqcndbzv jnyjcbncz, yfghbvth, dcnegktybt d nfqysqcujdjh c wtkmñ ecnfyjdktybz abrcbhjdfyysö ärcgjhn-ysö bkb bvgjhnysö wty, hfpltkf hsyrjd bkb gjnhtåb-ntktq, bcgjkmpjdfybt lbcrhbvbyfwbjyysö vtnjljdwtyjjåhfpjdfybz, ecnfyjdktybt wty, ghb rjnjhsö djp-vjéyf gthtghjlféf ärcgjhnbhetvsö njdfhjd, kbåjddtltybt rfrbö-kbåj bysö juhfybxtybq yf bvgjhn bärcgjhn. Ytjåzpfntkmysq (bkb ≤ljåhjdjkmysq≥) rjltrcghfdbk, endthéltyysq d hfvrfö Rjyathtywbb JJY gjnjhujdkt b hfpdbnbñ (ÑYRNFL) b yjczobq jabwbfkm-yjt yfpdfybt ≤Yfåjh vyjujcnjhjyyt cjukfcjdfyysö cghf-dtlkbdsö ghbywbgjd b ghfdbk rjynhjkz pf juhfybxb-ntkmyjq ltkjdjq ghfrnbrjq≥ (“Set of Multilaterally AgreedEquitable Principles and Rules for the Control of RestrictiveBusiness Practices”), cjlthébn gthtxtym vtnjljd dtltybzghtlghbybvfntkmcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb, rjnjhsö cktletnbpåtufnm, f nfrét htrjvtyletvst vths, rjnjhst ljk-éys ghbybvfnmcz ghtlghbznbzvb b ghfdbntkmcndfvb d wtkzö djcghtgzncndjdfybz gjljåyjq ltzntkmyjcnb. Cv.nfrét Fynbnhtcnjdcrbq – Anti-Trust; Rfhntkm – Cartel;Ljcneg yf hsyjr – Market Access; Vjyjgjkbz – Monopo-ly; b Ytxtcnyst vtnjls dtltybz njhujdkb – Unfair TradePractices.

JLYJRJKJYJXYSQ NFHBA – Single-Column Tariff.Gthtxtym nfhbajd, cjlthéfobq njkmrj jlyj pyfxtybtcnfdrb nfvjétyyjq gjikbys lkz rféljuj dblf bvgjh-nbhetvjq ghjlerwbb. D CIF cbcntvf jlyjrjkjyjxysönfhbajd cjöhfyzkfcm lj 1909 u., rjulf d jnyjitybbnjdfhjd, bvgjhnbhetvsö bp Reås b c Abkbggby åskbddtltys cgtwbfkmyst ghtathtywbb. Cv. nfrét ≤Nfhba-yst cnfdrb gthdjq rjkjyrb≥ – Column 1 Rates; ≤Nfhbaystcnfdrb dnjhjq rjkjyrb≥ – Column 2 Rates; Ghtathtywbb –Preferences; Nfhba – Tariff; b Gthtxyb nfhbajd CIF –Tariff Schedules of the United States.

JLYJCNJHJYYBQ – Unilateral.Ltqcndbt, ghtlghbybvftvjt rfrjq-kbåj jnltkmyjqcnhfyjq gj tt cjåcndtyyjq bybwbfnbdt b yb d rjtq vthtyt yföjlzottcz d pfdbcbvjcnb jn ltqcndbq kñåjqlheujq cnhfys bkb cnhfy. Cv. nfrét Ldecnjhjyybq –Bilateral; b Vyjujcnjhjyybq – Multilateral.

JRHEÉTYYST CEITQ HFPDBDFÑOBTCZCNHFYS (YT BVTÑOBT DSÖJLF RVJHÑ) – Land-Locked Developing Countries.Cv. Yfbvtytt hfpdbnst cnhfys – Least DevelopedCountries; b Nhfypbnyfz pjyf – Transit Zone.

JVN – WTO.Cv. Jhufybpfwbz gj vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt – WorldTrade Organization; b Vyjujcnjhjyyzz jhufybpfwbz gjnjhujdkt – Multilateral Trade Organization.

JGTR – OPEC.Cv. Jhufybpfwbz cnhfy-ärcgjhnthjd ytanb – Organiza-tion of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

JGH – ODA.Cv. Jabwbfkmyfz gjvjom hfpdbnbñ – Official Develop-ment Assistance.

JGHTLTKTYBT CNJBVJCNB – Valuation.Jwtyrf wtyyjcnb bvgjhnbhetvsö njdfhjd cjnhelybrfvbnfvjéyb c wtkmñ jghtltktybz hfpvthf gjikbys,gjlktéfotq egkfnt d cnhfyt-bvgjhntht. Rjltrc ghfdbkjghtltktybz nfvjétyyjq cnjbvjcnb njdfhjd UFNN(GATT Customs Valuation Code) jåzpsdftn gjlgbcfdibttuj ujcelfhcndf bcgjkmpjdfnm nfr yfpsdftveñ cnj-bvjcnm cltkrb (“transaction value”) bvgjhnysö njdfhjd –n.t. wtye, rjnjhfz åskf afrnbxtcrb egkfxtyf bkbgjlktébn egkfnt pf änb njdfhs – d rfxtcndt ukfdyjqjcyjds lkz jghtltktybz cnjbvjcnb njdfhjd d wtkzöghjöjéltybz nfvjétyysö ajhvfkmyjcntq. Cv. nfrétNfvjéyz – Customs; Nfvjétyyfz rkfccbabrfwbz –Customs Classification; Rjltrc ghfdbk jghtltktybznfvjétyyjq cnjbvjcnb njdfhjd – Customs ValuationCode; Vbybvfkmyfz jwtyrf – Minimum Valuation; Nfhba– Tariff; Gthtxyb nfhbajd – Tariff Schedules; b Njrbqcrbqhfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrföUFNN) – Tokyo Round.

JHUFYBPFWBZ TDHJGTQCRJUJÄRJYJVBXTCRJUJ CJNHELYBXTCNDF(JTÄC) – Organization for European EconomicCooperation (OEEC).Vtéghfdbntkmcndtyyfz jhufybpfwbz, cjplfyyfz d 1948 u.16 pfgflyjtdhjgtqcrbvb cnhfyfvb lkz gkfybhjdfybz b jceotcndktybz ≤Ghjuhfvvs djccnfyjdktybz Tdhjgs≥(European Recovery Program), åjktt bpdtcnyjq gjl yfpdf-

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ybtv ≤gkfyf Vfhifkkf≥, gjckt ärjyjvbxtcrjuj jgecnj-itybz d htpekmnfnt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys. D 1961 u. yfcvtye JTÄC ghbikf Jhufybpfwbz ärjyjvbxtcrjujcjnhelybxtcndf b hfpdbnbz (JÄCH). Cv. nfrét ≤Ghj-uhfvvf djccnfyjdktybz Tdhjgs≥ – European RecoveryProgram; b Jhufybpfwbz ärjyjvbxtcrjuj cjnhelybxtcndfb hfpdbnbz – Organization for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment.

JHUFYBPFWBZ GJ VTÉLEYFHJLYJQNJHUJDKT (JVN) – World Trade Organization(WTO).Jlyjq bp cjcnfdysö xfcntq gfrtnf cjukfitybq, pfrkñ-xtyyjuj yf Eheudfqcrjv hfeylt vyjujcnjhjyybö njhuj-dsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN, cnfkj cjukfitybtvtéle Ljujdfhbdfñobvbcz cnhfyfvb j cjplfybb yjdjqgjcnjzyyj ltqcndeñotq jhufybpfwbb ≤pjynbxyjuj≥ (bkbpfobnyjuj) nbgf, rjnjhfz ljkéyf pfvtybnm UFNN –Jhufybpfwbb gj vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt. JVN åeltncjltqcndjdfnm jceotcndktybñ b rjynhjkñ pf jceotcn-dktybtv gjkjétybq gfrtnf cjukfitybq, ghbyznjuj döjlt ghjdtltybz Eheudfqcrjuj hfeylf. Rfr b UFNN, änfjhufybpfwbz åeltn zdkznmcz ajhevjv vyjujcnjhjyybönjhujdsö gthtujdjhjd, ghjdjlbnm jåceéltybz njhujdjqghfrnbrb cnhfy-xktyjd, f nfrét cjnhelybxfnm c Dctvbh-ysv åfyrjv b Vtéleyfhjlysv dfkñnysö ajyljv d cnhtvktybb r ljcnbétybñ åjkmitq cjukfcjdfyyjcnb d djghjcfö ajhvbhjdfybz ukjåfkmyjq ärjyjvbxtcrjqgjkbnbrb. Jlyfrj gj ytrjnjhsv fcgtrnfv cdjtq ltz-ntkmyjcnb JVN åeltn jnöjlbnm jn ghbywbgjd, pfkjéty-ysö vjltkmñ UFNN, xnj jpyfxftn ceétybt caths dj-ghjcjd, gj rjnjhsv djpvjéyj ghbyznbt vth d jlyjcnj-hjyytv gjhzlrt. Dj-gthdsö, pyfxbntkmyj hfcibhty rheunjhujdsö djghjcjd, hfccvjnhtybtv rjnjhsö åeltnpfybvfnmcz JVN. Dj-dnjhsö, ghfdbkf hfåjns änjq yjdjqjhufybpfwbb ghtlecvfnhbdfñn ujhfplj åjktt cnhjueñghjwtlehe hfphtitybz cgjhjd. D-nhtnmbö, JVN, d jnkb-xbt jn UFNN (rjnjhjt bpyfxfkmyj pflevsdfkjcm rfrdhtvtyyfz cnhernehf), åeltn zdkznmcz gjcnjzyyj ltq-cndeñotq jhufybpfwbtq. Yfrjytw, cnhfys-xktys JVNåjkmit yt cvjuen ghbybvfnm cdjb cjåcndtyyst rjltrcsghfdbk d hfpkbxysö jåkfcnzö, rfr, yfghbvth, bvtkjvtcnj d öjlt ghjdtltybz Njrbqcrjuj hfeylf vyjujcnj-hjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN (1979 u.).Dvtcnj änjuj ujcelfhcndf, ghbcjtlbybdibtcz r JVN,ljkéys åelen fdnjvfnbxtcrb ghbyznm dct åtp bcrkñ-xtybz cjukfitybz, pfrkñxtyyst yf Eheudfqcrjv hfeylt.Gjljåyj UFNN Jhufybpfwbz gj vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdktåeltn bvtnm cdjq ctrhtnfhbfn, djpukfdkztvsq utythfkm-ysv lbhtrnjhjv. Ghtlgjkfuftncz, xnj JVN åeltnecnhfbdfnm dcnhtxb yf ehjdyt vbybcnhjd yt htét jlyjujhfpf d ldf ujlf. D gththsdfö vtéle änbvb pfctlfybzvbåeltn hfåjnfnm Utythfkmysq cjdtn, jåhfpjdfyysq bpghtlcnfdbntktq dctö xktyjd JVN b cjåbhfñobqcz yf

cdjb pfctlfybz tétvtczxyj. Utythfkmysq cjdtn åeltnjceotcndkznm yflpjh pf hfåjnjq jhufyf gj hfphtitybñcgjhjd b pf aeyrwbjybhjdfybtv vtöfybpvf fyfkbpfnjhujdjq gjkbnbrb (trade policy review mechanism), dhfvrfö rjnjhjuj åelen ghjdjlbnmcz gthbjlbxtcrbtjåceéltybz njhujdjq gjkbnbrb jnltkmysö xktyjd JVN.Ghb Utythfkmyjv cjdtnt åelen ltqcndjdfnm ytcrjkmrjgjlrjynhjkmysö tve jhufyjd, d njv xbckt Cjdtn gjnjhujdkt njdfhfvb, Cjdtn gj njhujdsv fcgtrnfv ghfdyf byntkktrnefkmyeñ cjåcndtyyjcnm b Cjdtn gjnjhujdkt eckeufvb. Cv. nfrét Rjltrcs ghfdbk – Codesof Conduct; Vyjujcnjhjyybt njhujdst gthtujdjhs –Multilateral Trade Negotiations; b Eheudfqcrbq hfeyl(vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) –Uruguay Round.

JHUFYBPFWBZ CNHFY-ÄRCGJHNTHJDYTANB (JGTR) – Organization of PetroleumExporting Countries (OPEC).Rfhntkm, cjcnjzobq bp 13 dtleobö cnhfy-ghjbpdjlbnt-ktq ytanb b cjplfyysq lkz rjjhlbyfwbb gjkbnbrb änböcnhfy d jåkfcnb ytantljåsxb b ecnfyjdktybz wty yfytanm. Cv. nfrét Rfhntkm – Cartel; b Hfpdbdfñobtczcnhfys – Developing Countries.

JHUFYBPFWBZ ÄRJYJVBXTCRJUJCJNHELYBXTCNDF B HFPDBNBZ (JÄCH) –Organization for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment (OECD).Vtéleyfhjlyjt exhtéltybt cj infå-rdfhnbhjq, hfpvt-otyyjq d Gfhbét, bcgjkmpetvjt 24 hfpdbnsvb cnhfyfvb(CIF, Rfyflf, Zgjybz, Fdcnhfkbz, Yjdfz Ptkfylbz bcnhfys Pfgflyjq Tdhjgs) lzk jåceéltybz vtéleyf-hjlysö ärjyjvbxtcrbö djghjcjd b rjjhlbyfwbb cdjtqgjkbnbrb. Jcyjdyfz wtkm Jhufybpfwbz ärjyjvbxtcrjujcjnhelybxtcndf b hfpdbnbz – cjltqcndjdfnm hfcibhtybñvtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb b bydtcnbwbq, f nfrét jrfps-dfnm gjvjom hfpdbdfñobvcz cnhfyfv. JÄCH ghbikf yfcvtye Jhufybpfwbb tdhjgtqcrjuj ärjyjvbxtcrjuj cj-nhelybxtcndf (JTÄC) d 1961 u., gjckt njuj, rfr gjckt-djtyyjt ärjyjvbxtcrjt djccnfyjdktybt Tdhjgs åskj d jcyjdyjv pfdthityj. Cv. nfrét Hfpdbnst cnhfys –Developed Countries; Rjvbntn gj cjltqcndbñ d hfpdbnbb– Development Assistance Committee; ≤Uheggf Å≥ – GroupB; Vtéleyfhjlyjt cjukfitybt jå ärcgjhnysö rhtlbnfö– International Agreement on Export Credits; b Jhufybpfwbztdhjgtqcrjuj ärjyjvbxtcrjuj cjnhelybxtcndf – Organi-zation for European Economic Cooperation.

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JCDJÅJÉLTYBT (JN JÅZPFNTKMCND) –Relief.Cv. nfrét Jujdjhrf j djpvjéyjcnb jnrfpf jn dsgjk-ytybz ljujdjhysö jåzpfntkmcnd – Escape Clause; Htébvjuhfybxtybq yf bvgjhn – Import Relief; b Vths gj pfob-nt dyenhtyytq ärjyjvbrb – Safeguards.

JCYJDYJQ GJCNFDOBR – PrincipalSupplier.Cnhfyf, zdkzñofzcz yfbåjktt dféysv bcnjxybrjv gj-cnfdjr rfrjuj-kbåj rjyrhtnyjuj dblf ghjlerwbb, rjnj-hsq bvgjhnbhetncz lheujq cnhfyjq. Yf gthtujdjhfö dhfvrfö UFNN kñåfz cnhfyf, ghtlkfufñofz cybpbnm cdjqnfhba bkb lheubt åfhmths lkz bvgjhnf rfrjuj-kbåjrjyrhtnyjuj njdfhf, jåsxyj jéblftn jn jcyjdyjujgjcnfdobrf änjuj dblf ghjlerwbb jndtnysö vth gj cyb-étybñ juhfybxtybq yf bvgjhn rfrjuj-kbåj lheujujnjdfhf, gj rjnjhjve jcyjdysv gjcnfdobrjv zdkztnczgthdfz cnhfyf. Pfntv jåt cnhfys fdnjvfnbxtcrb ltkfñnecnegrb d jnyjitybb dctö ghjxbö cnhfy, rjnjhsv jybghtljcnfdbkb htébv yfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzncndjdfybz,drkñxfz dct Ljujdfhbdfñobtcz cnjhjys gj UFNN. Cv.nfrét Ecnegrf – Concession; Utythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt – General Agreement on Tariffs andTrade; Gthtujdjhs j ≤gjcnfntqyjv≥ cybétybb nfvj-étyysö nfhbajd – Item-by-Item Negotiations; Htébvyfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzncndjdfybz – Most-Favored-Nation Treatment; Gthtujdjhs – Negotiations; Cgbcjr ghtl-kjétybq – Offer List; b Hfeyl – Round.

JCYJDYST NJDFHS – Core Commodities.Cv. Byntuhbhjdfyyfz ghjuhfvvf cshmtdsö njdfhjd –Integrated Program for Commodities.

JCJÅJT LJGJKYTYBT R HFPLTKE 301 –Special 301.Yfxbyfz c vfz 1989 u. njhujdsq ghtlcnfdbntkm CIF(NG CIF) bcgjkmpetn cdjt ghfdj, ghtljcnfdktyyjt tvegjkjétybtv jå byntkktrnefkmyjq cjåcndtyyjcnb – nfryfpsdftvsv ≤Jcjåsv ljgjkytybtv r Hfpltke 301≥(Special 301) Cdjlyjuj pfrjyf j njhujdkt b rjyrehtynjc-gjcjåyjcnb jn 1988 u. (Omnibus Trade and CompetitivenessAct of 1988). Änj gjkjétybt ajhvekbhetn jåoeñ cnhf-ntubñ gj djghjcfv byntkktrnefkmyjq cjåcndtyyjcnb bljcnegf yf hsyjr b hfcibhztn djpvjéyjcnb lkz dkfc-ntq CIF ghjdjlbnm gthtujdjhs jå ekexitybb htébvjdjöhfys byntkktrnefkmyjq cjåcndtyyjcnb d pfheåtéysöcnhfyfö gjchtlcndjv jceotcndktybz ldecnjhjyybö b/bkbvyjujcnjhjyybö bybwbfnbd.Jcjåjt ljgjkytybt r Hfpltke 301 nhtåetn jn NG CIFtétujlyj jghtltkznm nt byjcnhfyyst ujcelfhcndf, rjnj-hst jnrfpsdfñncz jåtcgtxbnm yflktéfoeñ b äaatr-nbdyeñ pfobne ghfd yf byntkktrnefkmyeñ cjåcndtyyjcnmbkb xtcnysq b cghfdtlkbdsq ljcneg yf hsyjr lkz fvt-

hbrfycrbö rjvgfybq, dsgjkyzñobö nhtåjdfybz pfrjyj-lfntkmcndf jå jöhfyt ghfd yf byntkktrnefkmyeñ cjå-cndtyyjcnm. Bp dctö njhujdsö gfhnythjd CIF, rjnjhstyt jåtcgtxbdfñn pfvtnyjuj ghjuhtccf bkb yt étkfñndcnegfnm d ljåhjcjdtcnyst gthtujdjhs c CIF, dsltkz-ñncz cnhfys, jcjåj ≤ecthlyj≥ yfheifñobt fvthbrfyc-rjt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj, rjnjhst yfpsdfñn ≤ghbjhbntnys-vb pfheåtéysvb cnhfyfvb≥ (“priority foreign countries”).Änb cnhfys zdkzñncz jåütrnjv hfccktljdfybq d cjjn-dtncndbb c Hfpltkjv 301 Pfrjyf j njhujdkt jn 1974 u.(Trade Act of 1974), ghjdjlbvsö d ecrjhtyyjv ntvgt b d céfnst chjrb. Cv. nfrét Ecnegrf – Concession;Byntkktrnefkmyfz cjåcndtyyjcnm – Intellectual Property;Cdjlysq pfrjy j njhujdkt b rjyrehtynjcgjcjåyjcnb jn1988 u. – Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988;Hfpltk 301 – Section 301; b Pfrjy j njhujdkt jn 1988 u. –Trade Act of 1988.

JCG – GSP.Cv. Jåjåotyyfz cbcntvf ghtathtywbq – GeneralizedSystem of Preferences.

JCNFNJXYST JUHFYBXTYBZ – ResidualRestrictions.Rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz, ecnfyfdkbdftvst b gjl-lthébdftvst ghfdbntkmcndfvb gjckt njuj, rfr jybghbjåhtnfñn cnfnec Ljujdfhbdfñoböcz cnjhjy d hfvrföUFNN, ytdpbhfz yf jåobq pfghtn, yfkfuftvsq gjkjét-ybzvb UFNN yf nfrbt vths. Cv. nfrét Cnfnmz jåeyfcktljdfyyjv ghfdt – Grandfather Clause; Ghjnjrjk j dhtvtyyjv ltqcndbb – Protocol of Provisional Application;b Rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz – Quantitative Restrictions.

JCNHJDYST HFPDBDFÑOBTCZ CNHFYS– Island Developing Countries.Cv. Yfbvtytt hfpdbnst cnhfys – Least DevelopedCountries.

JNDTNYFZ VTHF (HTGHTCCFKBZ) –Retaliation.Vths gj ghbjcnfyjdktybñ ltqcndbz ecnegjr bkb lheuböjåzpfntkmcnd d hfvrfö njhujdjuj cjukfitybz, kbåj ddt-ltybñ bysö åfhmthjd lkz njhujdkb, ghbybvftvst ghf-dbntkmcndjv rfrjq-kbåj cnhfys d jndtn yf yfheitybtnjhujdjuj cjukfitybz bkb ecnfyjdktybt bysö ytxtcnysönjhujdsö åfhmthjd ghfdbntkmcndjv lheujq cnhfys.Hfpltk 301 Pfrjyf j njhujdkt jn 1974 u. (Trade Act of1974) c cjjndtncndeñobvb gjghfdrfvb, cjlthéfobvbczd hfpltkfö 1301–1303 Cdjlyjuj pfrjyf j njhujdkt brjyrehtynjcgjcjåyjcnb jn 1988 u. (Omnibus Trade andCompetitiveness Act of 1988), ghtljcnfdkztn ghfdbntkm-cnde CIF ghfdj ghbybvfnm jndtnyst vths d ckexftyfheitybq njhujdsö cjukfitybq bkb ghbvtytybz bysöyt bvtñobö jghfdlfybz, ytjåjcyjdfyysö bkb lbcrhb-

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vbyfwbjyysö vtnjljd dtltybz dytiytnjhujdjq ltzntkm-yjcnb, rjnjhst xbyzn pfnhelytybz bkb juhfybxbdfñnrjvvthxtcreñ ltzntkmyjcnm CIF. Änj ghfdj drkñxftnghfdj ghbjcnfyfdkbdfnm ltqcndbt ecnegjr, ghtlecvjnhty-ysö njhujdsvb cjukfitybzvb; ddjlbnm gjikbys bkblheubt juhfybxtybz yf bvgjhn; ecnfyfdkbdfnm rjvbc-cbjyyst cåjhs bkb juhfybxtybz yf eckeub; dcnegfnm d cjukfitybz cj cnhfyjq, ljgecnbditq yfheitybz, c wtkmñ ecnhfytybz änbö yfheitybq bkb c wtkmñjåtcgtxtybz cjdthitybz rjvgtycfwbjyysö dsgkfn d gjkmpe CIF; f nfrét ddjlbnm juhfybxtybz d cathtjåckeébdfybz. Änb vths vjuen åsnm ghbyzns d jnyj-itybb dctö cnhfy bkb njkmrj d jnyjitybb cnhfys,ljgecnbditq yfheitybz. Åjkmibycndj ghtlecvjnhtyysöpfrjyjv vth vjuen åsnm ghbyzns d jnyjitybb kñåsönjdfhjd bkb jnhfcktq ärjyjvbrb ytpfdbcbvj jn njuj,åskb kb änb njdfhs bkb jnhfckb ärjyjvbrb ghtlvtnjvcjjndtncndeñotuj hfccktljdfybz. Cv. nfrét Gjkbnbrfgj ghbywbge ≤ybobq – ndjq cjctl≥ – Beggar-Thy-NeighborPolicy; b Pfrjy j nfhbafö jn 1930 u. – Tariff Act of 1930.

JNDTNYST GHTATHTYWBB – ReversePreferences.Nfhbayst kmujns, ghtljcnfdkztvst hfpdbdfñobvbczcnhfyfvb d jnyjitybb bvgjhnf bp ytrjnjhsö hfpdbnsöcnhfy, rjnjhst, d cdjñ jxthtlm, ghtljcnfdkzñn ghtat-htywbb änbv hfpdbdfñobvcz cnhfyfv. Jndtnyst ghtat-htywbb åskb öfhfrnthyjq jcjåtyyjcnmñ njhujdsö cjukf-itybq vtéle Tdhjgtqcrbv cjjåotcndjv b ytrjnjhsvbhfpdbdfñobvbcz cnhfyfvb (cnhfyfvb FRG) lj ghbyznbzKjvtqcrjq rjydtywbb. Cv. nfrét Cnhfys FRG – ACPCountries; Tdhjgtqcrjt cjjåotcndj – European Com-munity; Jåjåotyyfz cbcntvf ghtathtywbq – GeneralizedSystem of Preferences; Kjvtqcrfz rjydtywbz – Lomé Con-vention; b Ghtathtywbb – Preferences.

JNRFP – Waiver.Ajhvfkmysq jnrfp jn bcgjkmpjdfybz pfrjyyjuj ghfdfbkb jn ghtlüzdktybz bcrf. D hfvrfö UFNN fyukbqcrbqnthvby “waiver” bcgjkmpetncz lkz jåjpyfxtybz ajh-vfkmyjuj cjukfitybz vtéle Ljujdfhbdfñobvbcz cnj-hjyfvb jå jnrfpt bkb djplthéfybb jn bcgjkmpjdfybzpfrjyysö ghfd, kbåj j ghbjcnfyjdktybb ghbvtytybzytrjnjhsö cgtwbabxtcrbö gjkjétybq UFNN. Cv. nfrétUtythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt – GeneralAgreement on Tariffs and Trade; b Hfpltk 22 – Section 22.

JNRHSNJCNM – Transparency.≤Ghjphfxyjcnm≥ b zcyjcnm pfrjyjlfntkmysö b yjhvf-nbdysö frnjd. Ytrjnjhst bp rjltrcjd ghfdbk, endthé-ltyysö d öjlt ghjdtltybz Njrbqcrjuj hfeylf vyjuj-cnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN, åskbhfphfåjnfys c wtkmñ gjdsitybz jnrhsnjcnb d ghfrnbrtghbvtytybz ytnfhbaysö åfhmthjd, ghtgzncndeñobö

njhujdkt. Cv. nfrét Rjltrcs ghfdbk – Codes of Conduct;Gjkbnbrf b ghfrnbrf ujcelfhcndtyysö pfregjr – Govern-ment Procurement Policies and Practices; Vtéleyfhjlyjtcjukfitybt jå ärcgjhnysö rhtlbnfö – InternationalAgreement on Export Credits; b Ytnfhbayst åfhmths –Non-Tariff Barriers.

JNXBCKTYBZ YF CJWBFKMYJTJÅTCGTXTYBT – Social Security Charges.Cv. Ghzvjq yfkju – Direct Tax.

JABWBFKMYFZ GJVJOM HFPDBNBÑ(JGH) – Official Development Assistance (ODA).Ärjyjvbxtcrfz bkb ntöybxtcrfz gjvjom, jrfpsdftvfzhfpdbdfñobvcz cnhfyfv ghfdbntkmcndfvb hfpdbnsöcnhfy bkb vtéleyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvb, d jnkbxbtjn åtpdjpvtplysö ccel, pfqvjd b rfgbnfkjdkjétybq,abyfycbhetvsö xfcnysv ctrnjhjv. Nthvby ≤jabwbfkm-yfz gjvjom hfpdbnbñ≥ njkretncz Rjvbntnjv gj hfpdb-nbñ JÄCH rfr gjvjom, drkñxfñofz njkmrj ≤kmujn-yst≥ nhfycathnyst gkfntéb hfpdbdfñobvcz cnhfyfv d njv cvsckt, xnj rfélfz jgthfwbz gj jrfpfybñ jab-wbfkmyjq gjvjob hfpdbnbñ gjkyjcnmñ bkb xfcnbxyjghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq åtpdjpvtplyeñ ccele bkb ccele,ghtljcnfdkztveñ gj nfrjq ghjwtynyjq cnfdrt b/bkb yfnfrbö eckjdbzö gjufitybz, rjnjhst zdkzñncz åjkttdsujlysvb gjkexfntkñ gj chfdytybñ c hsyjxysvbghjwtynysvb cnfdrfvb b hsyjxysvb eckjdbzvb gjuf-itybz. Cv. nfrét Ljgjkybntkmyjcnm – Additionality;Ldecnjhjyyzz gjvjom – Bilateral Aid; Rjvbntn gjcjltqcndbñ d hfpdbnbb – Development AssistanceCommittee; Ärjyjvbxtcrjt hfpdbnbt – EconomicDevelopment; Ghjwtyn – Interest; Yfbvtytt hfpdbnstcnhfys – Least Developed Countries; Vyjujcnjhjyyzzgjvjom – Multilateral Aid; Kmujnysq (≤vzurbq≥) pftv –Soft Loan; b Nhfycathnyst gkfntéb – Transfer Payments.

JWTYRF – Appraisal.Cv. Jghtltktybt cnjbvjcnb – Valuation.

JÄCH – OECD.Cv. Jhufybpfwbz ärjyjvbxtcrjuj cjnhelybxtcndf b hfpdbnbz – Organization for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment.

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GGFHBÉCRFZ RJYATHTYWBZ GJYFBVTYTT HFPDBNSV CNHFYFV – ParisConference on the Least Developed Countries.Cv. ≤Dféyfz yjdfz ghjuhfvvf ltqcndbq≥ – SubstantialNew Program of Action.

≤GFHBÉCRBQ RKEÅ≥ – Paris Club.Ibhjrj hfcghjcnhfytyyjt yfpdfybt dcnhtx vtéle ghtl-cnfdbntkzvb rfrjq-kbåj hfpdbdfñotqcz cnhfys, rjnjhfzétkftn gthtcvjnhtnm tt nfr yfpsdftvsq jabwbfkmysqljku (d rjnjhsq jåsxyj yt drkñxfñncz ljkub ghtl-ghbznbq b jhufybpfwbq xfcnyjuj ctrnjhf b ghtlghbznbzvb jhufybpfwbzv xfcnyjuj ctrnjhf, yt jåtcgtxtyyst ujce-lfhcndtyysvb ufhfynbzvb), b ghtlcnfdbntkzvb ghfdb-ntkmcnd cjjndtncndeñobö cnhfy-rhtlbnjhjd b vtéle-yfhjlysö exhtéltybq. Nfrbt dcnhtxb jåsxyj ghjöjlzngj bybwbfnbdt cnhfys-ljkéybrf, rjnjhfz étkftn rjycj-kblbhjdfnm dct bkb xfcnm cdjbö gkfntétq gj jåcke-ébdfybñ ljkuf, rjnjhst ljkéys åsnm ghjbpdtltys d ntxtybt ytrjnjhjuj jghtltktyyjuj gthbjlf dhtvtyb.Änb dcnhtxb nhflbwbjyyj ghjöjlzn gjl ghtlctlfntkm-cndjv jlyjuj bp cnfhibö ljkéyjcnysö kbw Vbybcnth-cndf abyfycjd Ahfywbb. Fyfkjubxyst dcnhtxb dhtvz jndhtvtyb ghjöjlzn d Kjyljyt b Ymñ-Qjhrt lkz cnhfy,étkfñobö gthtcvjnhtnm eckjdbz gjufitybz bö ljkufxfcnysv åfyrfv. Nfrbt dcnhtxb byjulf yfpsdfñn≤rkeåfvb rhtlbnjhjd≥.

≤GFHBÉCRBQ CJÑP≥ – Paris Union.Cv. Dctvbhyfz jhufybpfwbz gj jöhfyt byntkktrnefkmyjqcjåcndtyyjcnb – World Intellectual Property Organization.

GFNTYN – Patent.D CIF gfntyn ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq cdbltntkmcndj, dslf-dftvjt ghfdbntkmcndjv chjrjv yf 17 ktn b jödfnsdfñ-ott kñåjq yjdsq, gjktpysq b ytjxtdblysq ghjwtcc,vfibye, ghjbpdjlcndtyyeñ ntöyjkjubñ bkb cjcnfd vfnt-hbfkf, kbåj kñåst yjdst, gjktpyst b ytjxtdblystekexitybz d rfrjv-kbåj ghjwtcct, vfibyt, ghjbpdjl-cndtyyjq ntöyjkjubb bkb cjcnfdt vfnthbfkf. Änj cdblt-ntkmcndj lftn tuj lthéfntkñ bcrkñxbntkmyjt ghfdjbpujnfdkbdfnm, bcgjkmpjdfnm bkb ghjlfdfnm cdjt bpjåht-ntybt d ntxtybt dctuj erfpfyyjuj gthbjlf dhtvtyb,gjckt xtuj lfyyjt bpjåhtntybt gthtöjlbn d ujcelfh-cndtyyeñ cjåcndtyyjcnm. Cv. nfrét Byntkktrnefkmyfzcjåcndtyyjcnm – Intellectual Property; Njhujdst fcgtrnsghfd yf byntkktrnefkmyeñ cjåcndtyyjcnm – Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights; Ntöyjkjubz –

Technology; Gthtlfxf ntöyjkjubb – Transfer of Techno-logy; b Dctvbhyfz jhufybpfwbz gj jöhfyt byntkktr-nefkmyjq cjåcndtyyjcnb – World Intellectual PropertyOrganization.

GFNTYN YF NTÖYJKJUBÑ – ProcessPatent.Gfntyn yf ntöyjkjubñ – änj gfntyn yf rfrjq-kbåj ghj-wtcc bkb vtnjl, rjnjhst ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq jghtlt-ktyyjt ltqcndbt, jgthfwbñ bkb änfg bkb cthbñ ltqcndbzbkb jgthfwbq, ghjbpdjlbvsö yfl erfpfyysv ghtlvtnjvc wtkmñ gjkextybz abpbxtcrjuj htpekmnfnf. Cv. nfrétGfntyn – Patent.

GDL – PPA.Cv. Ghjnjrjk j dhtvtyyjv ltqcndbb – Protocol of Provi-sional Application.

GTHDBXYSQ CSHMTDJQ NJDFH – PrimaryCommodity.Gthdbxysq cshmtdjq njdfh d ≤cshjv≥ bkb ytjåhfåjnfy-yjv cjcnjzybb, yfghbvth étktpyfz helf. Xeuey, d jnkb-xbt jn gthdbxyjuj cshmz, cxbnftncz gjkeafåhbrfnjv, fcnfkmyfz åfkrf – jlybv bp dbljd ghjvsiktyyjq ghj-lerwbb. Cv. nfrét Njdfh (cshmtdjq njdfh) – Commodity;Byntuhbhjdfyyfz ghjuhfvvf cshmtdsö njdfhjd –Integrated Program for Commodities; Ghjbpdjlcndj –Production; b Nfhbayfz äcrfkfwbz – Tariff Escalation.

GTHTUJDJHS – Negotiations.Jåceéltybt hfpkbxysö djghjcjd ghtlcnfdbntkzvbghfdbntkmcnd, cnhtvzoböcz r dpfbvjdsujlyjve jåvtyeecnegrfvb. Cv. nfrét Ecnegrf – Concession; Vyjuj-cnjhjyybt njhujdst gthtujdjhs – Multilateral TradeNegotiations; Cgbcjr ghtlkjétybq – Offer List; Jcyjdyjqgjcnfdobr – Principal Supplier; Dpfbvyjcnm – Reciprocity;Cgbcjr nhtåjdfybq – Request List; Hfeyl – Round; bNjhujdsq ghtlcnfdbntkm CIF – United States TradeRepresentative.

GTHTLFXF NTÖYJKJUBB – Transfer ofTechnology.Gthtvtotybt cjdhtvtyysö bkb yfexysö ntöyjkjubqghjbpdjlcndf bkb hfcghtltktybz ghjlerwbb, kbåj yfex-ysö pyfybq j ybö, jn jlyjuj ghtlghbznbz, exhtéltybzbkb ujcelfhcndf r lheujve, yfghbvth, gjchtlcndjvbyjcnhfyysö bydtcnbwbq, vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb,kbwtypbhjdfybz gfntynysö ghfd, jrfpfybz ntöybxtcrjqgjvjob bkb jåextybz (gjlujnjdrb) rflhjd. Cv. nfrétHfcghtltktybt – Distribution; Ghjbpdjlcndj – Production;Cjåcndtyyjcnm – Property; Cnhernehyjt bpvtytybt –Structural Change; b Ntöyjkjubz – Technology.

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GTHTVTYYFZ GJIKBYF – Variable Levy.Gjikbyf, hfpvth rjnjhjq edtkbxbdftncz bkb evtym-iftncz d pfdbcbvjcnb jn rjktåfybq dyenhtyybö bkbvbhjdsö wty lkz jåtcgtxtybz njuj, xnjås wtyf bvgjhn-yjuj njdfhf gjckt egkfns dctö gjikby hfdyzkfcm ytrjqghtldfhbntkmyj pflfyyjq ≤döjlyjq≥ wtyt. Cv. CBA –C and F; Tlbyfz ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyfz gjkbnbrf –Common Agricultural Policy; Tdhjgtqcrjt cjjåotcndj –European Community; Htcnbnewbb – Restitutions; b Gjhj-ujdfz wtyf – Threshold Price.

GTHTJHBTYNFWBZ NJHUJDKB – TradeDiversion.Bpvtytybt bcnjxybrf ghjbcöjéltybz bvgjhnyjq ghjler-wbb, gjcnfdkztvjq d rfreñ-kbåj cnhfye, d htpekmnfntbpvtytybq d njhujdjq gjkbnbrt bkb njhujdjq ghfrnbrt,rjnjhst vjuen dspsdfnm bkb yt dspsdfnm bpvtytybz d jåotv jåütvt bkb cjcnfdt cjjndtncndeñotuj bvgjhnfänjq cnhfys. Ghjwtcc cjplfybz eckjdbq lkz njhujdkbbvttn vtcnj, rjulf hjcn ärjyjvbxtcrjq frnbdyjcnbgjhjélftn edtkbxtybt jåotuj cghjcf yf bvgjhnystnjdfhs. Jåhfpjdfybt nfvjétyyjuj cjñpf ghbdtltn r njve, xnj cnhfys-exfcnybws nfrjuj cjñpf yfxyen bv-gjhnbhjdfnm njdfhs bp lheubö cnhfy-xktyjd cjñpf dvtc-nj nhflbwbjyyjuj bvgjhnf bp cnhfy, yt exfcndeñobö d cjñpt, yj d nj ét cfvjt dhtvz hjcn ärjyjvbxtcrjqäaatrnbdyjcnb vjétn dspdfnm edtkbxtybt jåotujjåütvf bvgjhnf d cnhfyfö, jåhfpeñobö lfyysq nfvj-étyysq cjñp. Ntjhtnbrb d jåkfcnb vtéleyfhjlyjqnjhujdkb endthélfñn, xnj cjplfybt nfvjétyyjuj cjñpfåeltn dsujlysv lkz dytiybö gjcnfdobrjd (bp cnhfy, ytzdkzñoböcz xktyfvb cjñpf), f nfrét lkz cnhfy-exfcn-ybw cjñpf, tckb htpekmnfns ghjwtccf cjplfybz eckjdbzlkz njhujdkb, dspdfyyjuj jåhfpjdfybtv änjuj nfvjéty-yjuj cjñpf, åelen ghtdjcöjlbnm htpekmnfns ghjwtccfgthtjhbtynfwbb njhujdkb, gjcrjkmre änj åeltn cgjcjå-cndjdfnm åjktt äaatrnbdyjve hfcghtltktybñ ghjbpdjl-cndtyysö htcehcjd. Cv. nfrét Nfvjétyysq cjñp –Customs Union; Cghjc – Demand; Äaatrnbdyjcnm – Effi-ciency; Cnfnmb bvgjhnf – Imports; Cnhernehyjt bpvt-ytybt – Structural Change; b Åkfujcjcnjzybt – Welfare.

GTHTCNHFÖJDFYBT – Reinsurance.Gthtkjétybt yf jcyjdt cjukfitybz (yfpsdftvjuj d cnhföjdjv ltkt ≤ljujdjhjv≥ – “treaty”) xfcnb hbcrf(bkb ≤pfdbcbvjcnb≥ – “exposure”) gthdjyfxfkmyjujcnhföjdfntkz (rjvgfybb-gthtecnegobrf) yf lheujujcnhföjdfntkz (gthtcnhföjdfntkz). Byjulf gthtcnhföjdf-ntkm, d cdjñ jxthtlm, gthtlftn xfcnm cdjtuj hbcrflheujve gthtcnhföjdfntkñ gjchtlcndjv ghjwtccf, yfps-dftvjuj ≤htnhjwtccbtq≥. Vtéleyfhjlyjt gthtcnhföjdf-ybt bvttn jlbyfrjdj dféyjt pyfxtybt rfr lkz hfpdb-nsö, nfr b lkz hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfy. Cv. nfrét Cnhf-öjdfybt – Insurance; b Hbcr – Risk.

GTHTCNHJQRF – Adjustment.Ghjwtcc flfgnbhjdfybz d ärjyjvbrt, ghbdjlbvjq d ldb-étybt nfrbvb afrnjhfvb, rfr, yfghbvth, ntöybxtcrjthfpdbnbt, bpvtytybz cghjcf bkb cldbub d cnhernehtdytiytq njhujdkb. Änb bpvtytybz vjuen drkñxfnmgththfcghtltktybt hfåjxtq cbks b rfgbnfkf d htpekm-nfnt bö gthtvtotybz jn ytrjyrehtynjcgjcjåyjq ghj-lerwbb bkb ytrjyrehtynjcgjcjåysö ghjbpdjlcnd r yj-dsv bkb lheubv uheggfv njdfhjd bkb ghjbpdjlcnd,zdkzñoböcz ärjyjvbxtcrb rjyrehtynjcgjcjåysvb. D ljrevtynfö Vtéleyfhjlyjuj dfkñnyjuj ajylf nth-vby ≤gthtcnhjqrf≥ nhfrnetncz ytcrjkmrj bysv jåhfpjvb jpyfxftn dytctybt bpvtytybq d vfrhjärjyjvbxtcreñgjkbnbre, drkñxfz rhtlbnyj-ltytéyeñ, yfkjujdeñgjkbnbre b gjkbnbre ecnfyjdktybz jåvtyysö rehcjdbyjcnhfyysö dfkñn lkz ghbdtltybz ehjdyz ärjyjvb-xtcrjq frnbdyjcnb dyenhb cnhfys d cjjndtncndbt ceckjdbzvb, rjnjhst ghtjåkflfñn d vbhjdjq ärjyjvbrt,c wtkmñ rjhhtrnbhjdrb hfpåfkfycbhjdjr gkfntéyjujåfkfycf b htitybz dyenhtyybö ghjåktv ärjyjvbrb,nfrbö rfr ytjåöjlbvjcnm cybétybz byakzwbb. Cv.nfrét Cjltqcndbt d gthtcnhjqrt – Adjustment Assistance;Gkfntéysq åfkfyc – Balance of Payments; Rjyrehty-njcgjcjåysq – Competitive; Eckjdyjcnm – Conditionality;Ltdfkmdfwbz – Devaluation; Vtéleyfhjlysq dfkñnysqajyl – International Monetary Fund; Vfrhjärjyjvbrf –Macroeconomics; Vths gj pfobnt dyenhtyytq ärjyjvbrb– Safeguards; Cnhernehyjt bpvtytybt – Structural Change;b Ntöyjkjubz – Technology.

GTHTÖJL (CNHFYS) D ÅJKTT DSCJREÑRFNTUJHBÑ – Graduation.Ghtlgjkjétybt j njv, xnj jnltkmyst hfpdbdfñobtczcnhfys åelen cgjcjåys ghbyznm yf ctåz åjkmibt jåz-pfntkmcndf b jndtncndtyyjcnm d vtéleyfhjlyjv cjjåot-cndt – yfghbvth, d hfvrfö UFNN bkb Dctvbhyjuj åfyrf– gj vtht hfpdbnbz bö ärjyjvbrb, ghjzdkzñotujcz d bylecnhbfkbpfwbb, hfpdbnbb ärcgjhnf b gjdsitybbébpytyyjuj ehjdyz yfctktybz. D änjv cvsckt gthtöjlhfpdbdfñotqcz cnhfys d åjktt dscjreñ rfntujhbñgjlhfpevtdftn, xnj cnhfys-ljyjhs vjuen kbibnm åjktt≤ghjldbyenst≥ hfpdbdfñobtcz cnhfys ghfdf yf pfregredctö bkb xfcnb nfrbö njdfhjd d cjjndtncndbb c Jåjå-otyyjq cbcntvjq ghtathtywbq (Generalized System of Pre-ferences). D hfvrfö cbcntvs Dctvbhyjuj åfyrf gthtöjl d åjktt dscjreñ rfntujhbñ gthtdjlbn cnhfye bp jlyjujcjcnjzybz d lheujt – jn pfdbcbvjcnb jn åtpdjpvtplysöccel, kmujnysö rhtlbnjd b ecnegjr r ytkmujnysv pfq-vfv, ghtljcnfdkztvsv yf jåsxysö eckjdbzö vtéleyf-hjlysvb abyfycjdsvb exhtéltybzvb b xfcnysvbåfyrfvb. Cv. nfrét Hfpdbdfñobtcz cnhfys – DevelopingCountries; Jåjåotyyfz cbcntvf ghtathtywbq – Genera-lized System of Preferences; Pftv – Loan; Yjdst ghjvsi-ktyyj hfpdbdfñobtcz cnhfys – Newly Industrializing

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Economies; Jabwbfkmyfz gjvjom hfpdbnbñ – OfficialDevelopment Assistance; b Dctvbhysq åfyr – World Bank.

GTHTXTYM ECNEGJR – Schedule ofConcessions.Cv. Cdzpfyyst cnfdrb nfvjétyyjuj nfhbaf – BoundRates; Ecnegrb – Concessions; b Gthtxyb nfhbajd CIF –Tariff Schedules of the United States.

GTHTXYB NFHBAJD – Tariff Schedules.Dctjåütvkñobt cgbcrb nfhbajd, ghbvtyztvst rfrjq-kbåj cnhfyjq d jnyjitybb bvgjhnbhetvsö njdfhjd. Cv.nfrét Jlyjrjkjyjxysq nfhba – Single-Column Tariff; bNfhba – Tariff.

GTHTXYB NFHBAJD CIF (GN CIF) –Tariff Schedules of the United States (TSUS).Cv. Cdzpfyyst cnfdrb nfvjétyyjuj nfhbaf – BoundRates; Nfvjéyz – Customs; Ufhvjybpbhjdfyysq gthtxtymnfhbajd CIF – Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the UnitedStates; b Nfhba – Tariff.

GTNBWBZ – Petition.Cv. Rjvgtycfwbjyyst gjikbys – Countervailing Duties;Ltvgbyu – Dumping; b Jujdjhrf j djpvjéyjcnb jnrfpfjn dsgjkytybz ljujdjhysö jåzpfntkmcnd – EscapeClause.

GKFPCRJT CJUKFITYBT – Plaza Accord.Cjukfitybt, pfrkñxtyyjt d ctynzåht 1985 u. cnhfyfvb≤uheggs 5≥ (CIF, Zgjybtq, Uthvfybtq, Ahfywbtq bDtkbrjåhbnfybtq) j ghbyznbb rjyrhtnysö vth, yfghfd-ktyysö yf evtymitybt dytiybö lbcåfkfycjd b ecnfyjd-ktybt dfkñnysö rehcjd, rjnjhst jndtxfkb ås jcyjdj-gjkfufñobv ärjyjvbxtcrbv ghbywbgfv. Cv. nfrét≤Uheggf 7≥ – Group of 7.

≤GKFY VFHIFKKF≥ – Marshall Plan.Cv. ≤Ghjuhfvvf djccnfyjdktybz Tdhjgs≥ – EuropeanRecovery Program.

≤GKFY IEKMVFYF≥ – Schulman Plan.Cv. Tdhjgtqcrjt jåütlbytybt eukz b cnfkb – EuropeanCoal and Steel Community.

GKFNTÉYSQ ÅFKFYC – Balance ofPayments.Ghtlcnfdktyyst d dblt nfåkbws rhtlbnyst b ltåbnystjgthfwbb rfrjq-kbåj cnhfys c lheubvb cnhfyfvb b vté-leyfhjlysvb exhtéltybzvb. Änb jgthfwbb gjlhfpltkz-ñncz yf cktleñobt ldt åjkmibt uheggs: cxtn ntreoböjgthfwbq b cxtn ldbétybz rfgbnfkjd. Jcyjdysvb cnfnm-zvb gkfntéyjuj åfkfycf zdkzñncz ärcgjhn b bvgjhnnjdfhjd b eckeu (njhujdsq åfkfyc), ghzvst byjcnhfyyst

bydtcnbwbb, vtéujcelfhcndtyyst pfqvs, nhfycathnystgkfntéb, ghbnjr b jnnjr rfgbnfkjd, f nfrét bpvtytybzjåütvjd ujcelfhcndtyyjuj pjkjnjuj pfgfcf b dfkñnysöhtpthdjd. Cv. nfrét Gthtcnhjqrf – Adjustment; Cxtnldbétybz rfgbnfkjd – Capital Account; Cxtn ntreoböjgthfwbq – Current Account; Vtéleyfhjlysq dfkñnysqajyl – International Monetary Fund; – ≤Ytdblbvfz njh-ujdkz≥ – Invisible Trade; Vfrhjärjyjvbrf – Macroeco-nomics; Rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz – QuantitativeRestrictions; Nhfycathnyst gkfntéb – Transfer Payments;b ≤Dblbvfz njhujdkz≥ – Visible Trade.

GYFG – PUDD.Cv. Gjntywbfkmyfz ytjgkfxtyyfz fynbltvgbyujdfzgjikbyf – Potential Uncollected Dumping Duty.

GJLLTKMYST NJDFHS – Bogus Goods.Cv. Rjvvthxtcrfz rjynhfafrwbz – CommercialCounterfeiting.

GJLHSD – Disruption.Cv. Gjlhsd hsyrf – Market Disruption.

GJLHSD HSYRF – Market Disruption.Cbnefwbz, djpybrfñofz d ckexft, rjulf dytpfgyjt htp-rjt edtkbxtybt jåütvf bvgjhnf rfrjuj-kbåj rjyrhtn-yjuj dblf ghjlerwbb dspsdftn htprbq cgfl jåütvjdghjlfé fyfkjubxysö dbljd ghjlerwbb jntxtcndtyyjujghjbpdjlcndf. Cv. nfrét Ltvgbyu – Dumping; Jujdjhrf j djpvjéyjcnb jnrfpf jn dsgjkytybz ljujdjhysö jåz-pfntkmcnd – Escape Clause; Cjukfitybt j vtéleyfhjl-yjq njhujdkt vyjujdjkjrjyysvb ntrcnbkmysvb bplt-kbzvb – Multi-Fiber Arrangement Regarding InternationalTrade in Textiles; Cjukfitybz jå egjhzljxbdfybb cåsnf –Orderly Marketing Agreements; Vths gj pfobnt dyenhty-ytq ärjyjvbrb – Safeguards; Cnhfntubxtcrb dféyst dblsghjlerwbb – Sensitive Products; b Rjvbccbz CIF gjdjghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb – U.S. InternationalTrade Commission.

GJREGFNTKMYFZ CGJCJÅYJCNM –Purchasing Power.Djpvjéyjcnm gjnhtåbntktq ghbjåhtnfnm njdfhs b ecke-ub, jcyjdfyyfz yf bvtñoböcz e ybö ltymufö b bcgjkm-petvsö rhtlbnfö. Cjdjregyfz gjregfntkmyfz cgjcjå-yjcnm d ghtltkfö lfyyjuj hsyrf bkb yfwbjyfkmyjqärjyjvbrb cjjndtncndetn jåotve hfcgjkfuftvjve ljöj-le gjckt egkfns dctö yfkjujd b, rfr cktlcndbt, ehjdyñpfyznjcnb. Cv. nfrét Rhtlbn – Credit; Cghjc – Demand;Byakzwbz – Inflation; Ltymub – Money; b Wtyjdfzäkfcnbxyjcnm cghjcf – Price Elasticity of Demand.

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GJKBNBRF B GHFRNBRFUJCELFHCNDTYYSÖ PFREGJR –Government Procurement Policies and Practices.Chtlcndf b vtöfybpvs, c gjvjomñ rjnjhsö ujcelfhcn-dtyyst jhufys jceotcndkzñn pfregrb njdfhjd b eckeu.D cjjndtncndbb c gjkjétybzvb UFNN, gjkbnbrf b ghfr-nbrf ujcelfhcndtyysö pfregjr ghbpyfñncz jlyjq bphfpyjdblyjcntq ytnfhbaysö åfhmthjd, tckb jyb ghtle-cvfnhbdfñn lbcrhbvbyfwbñ d gjkmpe jntxtcndtyysögjcnfdobrjd d ckexfzö, rjulf rjyrehtynjcgjcjåystbvgjhnyst njdfhs ltitdkt bkb bvtñn åjktt dscjrjtrfxtcndj. Dj dhtvz ghjdtltybz Njrbqcrjuj hfeylf vyj-ujcnjhjyybö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN CIF yfcnfbdf-kb yf pfrkñxtybb vtéleyfhjlyjuj cjukfitybz lkzufhfynbb njuj, xnj ujcelfhcndtyyst pfregrb njdfhjd,exfcndeñobö d vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt, åelen jcyjds-dfnmcz yf rjyrhtnysö jgeåkbrjdfyysö ghfdbkfö b htue-kbheñobö gjkjétybzö, ghtlecvfnhbdfñobö jnrhsnstghjwtlehs gjlfxb rjvvthxtcrbö ghtlkjétybq d cjjn-dtncndbb c ghfrnbrjq, nhflbwbjyyj ghbvtyztvjq d CIF.Åjkmibycndj ghfdbntkmcnd nhflbwbjyyj pfrkñxfñnnfrbt rjynhfrns yf jcyjdt ghtlkjétybq, gjkextyysö jndsåhfyysö jntxtcndtyysö gjcnfdobrjd, bkb gjchtl-cndjv ghjdtltybz rjyabltywbfkmysö gthtujdjhjd c gj-cnfdobrfvb, xnj ghtlgjkfuftn jxtym ytåjkmieñ cntgtymrjyrehtywbb, tckb nfrjdfz djjåot ghbcencndetn. Lheubtcnhfys, drkñxfz CIF, ghtljcnfdbkb jntxtcndtyysvgjcnfdobrfv jghtltktyyjt ghtathtywbfkmyjt ghtbve-otcndj gj chfdytybñ c byjcnhfyysvb gjcnfdobrfvb.Rjltrc ghfdbk ujcelfhcndtyysö pfregjr (GovernmentProcurement Code), cjukfcjdfyysq yf Njrbqcrjv hfeyltnjhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN, ghtlecvfnhbdftncybétybt bkb lfét gjkyeñ jnvtye gjkbnbrf ghtbve-otcnd ghb pfregrfö njdfhjd yfwbjyfkmyjuj ghjbpdjlcndf(“buy national” bias), ktéfotq d jcyjdt nfrjq ghfrnbrb,gentv jåtcgtxtybz åjkmitq jnrhsnjcnb b cghfdtlkb-djcnb ghb dsgjkytybb ujcelfhcndtyysö pfregjr, fnfrét gentv äaatrnbdyjuj jåhfotybz r ghjwtlehfvhfphtitybz cgjhjd. Lfyysq rjltrc dcnegbk d cbke 1 zydfhz 1981 u. Cv. nfrét Rjltrcs ghfdbk – Codes;Eckjdysq htébv yfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzncndjdfybz –Conditional Most-Favored-Nation Treatment; Lbcrhbvbyf-wbz – Discrimination; Hfphtitybt cgjhjd – Dispute Settle-ment; Ytnfhbayst åfhmths – Non-Tariff Barriers; Njrbq-crbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Tokyo Round; Pfrjy j njhujdsö cjukf-itybzö jn 1979 u. – Trade Agreements Act of 1979;b Jnrhsnjcnm – Transparency.

GJKTPYJCNM – Utility.Cgjcjåyjcnm njdfhjd b eckeu eljdktndjhznm xtkjdt-xtcrbt gjnhtåyjcnb bkb étkfybz. Gjcrjkmre ghtlcnfd-ktybz j gjkmpt jcyjdsdfñncz yf ceåütrnbdyjq jwtyrt b pfdbczn jn kbxysö drecjd gjnhtåbntkz, änjn gfhfvtnh

ytkmpz bpvthbnm rfrjq-kbåj jåsxyjq vthjq. Cv. nfrétGjnhtåktybt – Consumption; Cghjc – Demand; Njdfhs –Goods; Wtyf – Price; Eckeub – Services; b Cnjbvjcnm –Value.

GJKBNBRF GJ GHBYWBGE ≤YBOBQ –NDJQ CJCTL≥ – Beggar-Thy-Neighbor Policy.Rjvgktrc vth, c gjvjomñ rjnjhsö rfrfz-kbåj cnhfyfgsnftncz cybpbnm ehjdtym åtphfåjnbws b edtkbxbnmjåütv dyenhtyytuj ghjbpdjlcndf pf cxtn gjdsitybznfvjétyysö gjikby b ddtltybz ytnfhbaysö juhfyb-xtybq yf bvgjhn, kbåj gentv ljcnbétybz njq ét wtkbgjchtlcndjv rjyrehtynyjq ltdfkmdfwbb (ltdfkmdfwbbyfwbjyfkmyjq dfkñns c wtkmñ gjdsitybz rjyrehty-njcgjcjåyjcnb yfwbjyfkmyjuj ärcgjhnf – ghbv. gthtdjl-xbrf). Cnhfys, ghjdjlbdibt nfreñ gjkbnbre d yfxfkt30-ö ujljd, jåyfheébkb, xnj lheubt cnhfys d jndtnnfrét ddtkb e ctåz juhfybxtybz yf bvgjhn, xnj d ht-pekmnfnt cjrhfotybz ärcgjhnysö hsyrjd ghbdtkj r ece-ueåktybñ ntö cfvsö ärjyjvbxtcrbö nhelyjcntq, rjnj-hst b zdbkbcm ghbxbyjq ghbyznbz bpyfxfkmysö ghjntr-wbjybcncrbö vth. Xfcnj d rfxtcndt yfbåjktt bpdtcnyjujghbvthf ghbvtytybz nfrjq gjkbnbrb erfpsdfñn yfPfrjy j nfhbafö Cvenf-Öfekb jn 1930 u. (Smoot-HawleyTariff Act of 1930). Cv. nfrét ≤Nfhbayst cnfdrb dnjhjqrjkjyrb≥ – Column 2 Rates; Ltdfkmdfwbz – Devaluation;Ghjntrwbjybpv – Protectionism; Jndtnyfz vthf (htghtc-cfkbz) – Retaliation; b Pfrjy j nfhbafö jn 1930 u. –Tariff Act of 1930.

GJKBNBRF GHTBVEOTCND LKZNJDFHJD YFWBJYFKMYJUJ GHJBPDJLCNDF – “Buy National” Bias.Cv. Gjkbnbrf b ghfrnbrf ujcelfhcndtyysö pfregjr –Government Procurement Policies and Practices.

GJKEAFÅHBRFN – Semi-Processed Product.Cv. Gthdbxysq cshmtdjq njdfh – Primary Commodity;b Nfhbayfz äcrfkfwbz – Tariff Escalation.

GJJOHBNTKMYST (ÄRCGJHNYST)GHTVBB – Bounties.Dsgkfns, ghjbpdjlbvst ghfdbntkmcndjv d gjkmpe njdf-hjghjbpdjlbntktq, xfcnj c wtkmñ gjdsitybz bö rjy-rehtynjcgjcjåyjcnb. Cv. nfrét Rjvgtycfwbjyystgjikbys – Countervailing Duties.

GJHJUJDFZ WTYF – Threshold Price.Vbybvfkmyfz wtyf. Ghbvtybntkmyj r Tdhjgtqcrjvecjjåotcnde nthvby ≤gjhjujdfz wtyf≥ jpyfxftn wtye yfpthyj b lheubt dbls ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyjq ghjlerwbb,ghb rjnjhjq ltqcndetn Tlbyfz ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyfzgjkbnbrf (Common Agricultural Policy) cnhfy Tdhjgtq-crjuj cjjåotcndf. Gjhjujdfz wtyf ecnfyfdkbdftncz yf

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ehjdyt, jåtcgtxbdfñotv ghbdtltybt ghjlféyjq wtys yfpthyj d cjjndtncndbt c ceotcndeñobv ehjdytv wty d nfrjv htubjyt cåsnf lfyyjuj njdfhf d hfvrfö Tdhj-gtqcrjuj cjjåotcndf, d rjnjhjv jåütv tuj ghtlkjétybzzdkztncz yfbåjktt ybprbv. Cv. Tlbyfz ctkmcrjöjpzq-cndtyyfz gjkbnbrf – Common Agricultural Policy; Tdhj-gtqcrjt cjjåotcndj – European Community; Wtyf – Price;Htcnbnewbb – Restitutions; b Gthtvtyyfz gjikbyf –Variable Levy.

GJHN DDJPF – Port of Entry.Geyrn, d rjnjhjv xfcnyst kbwf b bvgjhnbhetvst njdf-hs gjgflfñn d rfreñ-kbåj cnhfye b ghjöjlzn nfvjéty-ysq ljcvjnh bkb nfvjétyyeñ jxbcnre. Cv. nfrétNfvjéyz – Customs; b Nhfypbnyfz pjyf – Transit Zone.

GJCNEGKTYBZ – Earnings.Cv. Gjcnegktybz d byjcnhfyyjq dfkñnt – ForeignExchange Earnings; b Ghbåskm – Profit.

GJCNEGKTYBZ D BYJCNHFYYJQDFKÑNT – Foreign Exchange Earnings.Gjcnegktybz jn ärcgjhnf bp cnhfys njdfhjd, eckeu b rfgbnfkjd, jåsxyj dshféftvst d cdjåjlyj rjydthnb-hetvsö dfkñnfö. Cv. nfrét Dfkñnf – Currency;Byjcnhfyyfz dfkñnf – Foreign Exchange; b Ltymub –Money.

GJNTYWBFKMYFZ YTJGKFXTYYFZFYNBLTVGBYUJDFZ GJIKBYF (GYFG) –Potential Uncollected Dumping Duty (PUDD).Jåofz cevvf gjikbys pf ghbvtyztvsq byjcnhfyysvghjbpdjlbntktv ltvgbyu d jnyjitybb dctö ghjlfyysö d CIF njdfhjd. Ghb ghjdtltybb gthdjyfxfkmyjuj fynb-ltvgbyujdjuj hfccktljdfybz änf cevvf bcgjkmpetnczlkz jghtltktybz djpvjéyjq ltvgbyujdjq vfhéb. Änfcevvf yfpsdftncz ≤gjntywbfkmyjq ytjgkfxtyyjq fynb-ltvgbyujdjq gjikbyjq≥ gj njq ghbxbyt, xnj jyf cjjn-dtncndetn cevvt gjikbys, rjnjheñ bvgjhnth ljkétyåsk ås jgkfnbnm d ckexft ghjdtltybz tétujlyjujhfccvjnhtybz. Cv. nfrét Ltvgbyu – Dumping; Cdjlysqpfrjy j njhujdkt b rjyrehtynjcgjcjåyjcnb jn 1988 u. –Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988; b Nfhba –Tariff.

GJNHTÅBNTKB – Consumers.Jnltkmyst kbwf bkb uheggs kbw, gjnhtåkzñobt bkbbcgjkmpeñobt ärjyjvbxtcrbt åkfuf, n.t. bpdktrfñobtbp ybö gjkmpe lkz ctåz. Cv. nfrét Gjnhtåbntkmcrbtnjdfhs – Consumer Goods; Vbrhjärjyjvbrf – Micro-economics; b Gjktpyjcnm – Utility.

GJNHTÅBNTKMCRBT NJDFHS – ConsumerGoods.Njdfhs, ytgjchtlcndtyyj eljdktndjhzñobt xtkjdtxtc-rbt étkfybz (d jnkbxbt jn rfgbnfkmysö njdfhjd).Fdnjvjåbkm, bcgjkmpetvsq lkz hfpdktxtybz, cktletnjnytcnb r gjnhtåbntkmcrbv njdfhfv, yj fdnjvjåbkm,bcgjkmpetvsq ghtlghbybvfntktv lkz ljcnfdrb ghjler-wbb, ytjåöjlbvj eét jnytcnb r rfgbnfkmysv njdfhfv.Cv. nfrét Rfgbnfkmyst njdfhs – Capital Goods; Gjnht-åbntkb – Consumers; b Njdfhs – Goods.

GJNHTÅKTYBT – Consumption.Gjregrf b bcgjkmpjdfybt njdfhjd bkb eckeu lkz elj-dktndjhtybz xtkjdtxtcrbö étkfybq bkb d ghjbpdjlcndtlheubö njdfhjd bkb eckeu. Gjnhtåbntkm vjétn zdkznmczxfcnysv kbwjv, ghtlghbznbtv, abhvjq, ujcelfhcndty-ysv jhufyjv bkb bysv ceåütrnjv. Cv. nfrét Ghj-bpdjlcndj – Production; b Gjktpyjcnm – Utility.

GJIKBYF – Duty.Cv. Nfhba – Tariff.

GJIKBYF – Levy.Fyukbqcrbq ukfujk “levy” jpyfxftn d gthtdjlt yf hec-crbq zpsr ≤ecnfyfdkbdfnm bkb ddjlbnm nfhbas yfbvgjhnbhetvst njdfhs≥. Nthvby ≤gjikbyf≥ jpyfxftncåjh, ecnfyjdktyysq yf bvgjhnbhetveñ ghjlerwbñ. Cv. nfrét Cnfnmb bvgjhnf – Imports; Nfhba – Tariff;b Yfkju – Tax.

GHFDF HFÅJXBÖ – Workers’ Rights.Fvthbrfycrbq Pfrjy j njhujdkt jn 1974 u. (Trade Act of1974) c gjghfdrfvb, dytctyysvb d ytuj Pfrjyjv j njh-ujdkt jn 1988 u. (Trade Act of 1988), erfpsdftn, rfrbtpfrjys, gjkbnbrf b ghfrnbrf byjcnhfyysö ujcelfhcndvjuen cxbnfnmcz ytjghfdlfyysvb. R ybv jnyjcbncz,gjvbvj dctuj ghjxtuj, yfheitybt ytrjnjhsö ghfd hfåj-xbö. Änf ghfrnbrf lftn jcyjdfybt lkz ghtlüzdktybzbcrjd d cjjndtncndbb c gjkjétybzvb Hfpltkf 301, tckbjyf nfrét xbybn pfnhelytybz lkz njhujdkb CIF bkbjuhfybxbdftn äne njhujdkñ. Cv. nfrét Pfrjy j njh-ujdkt jn 1974 u. – Trade Act of 1974; Pfrjy j njhujdkt jn1988 u. – Trade Act of 1988; b Hfpltk 301 – Section 301.

GHFDBKF B YJHVS EGFRJDRB,CYFÅÉTYBZ ÄNBRTNRFVB BVFHRBHJDRB GHJLERWBB – Packaging,Labeling and Marking Regulations.Nhtåjdfybt bkb yjhvfnbdysq frn, jåsxyj ddjlbvstcnhfyjq-bvgjhnthjv, d cjjndtncndbb c rjnjhsvb bvgjh-nbhetvst njdfhs ljkéys åsnm egfrjdfys, cyfåétysänbrtnrfvb bkb vfhrbhjdfys cjukfcyj rjyrhtnysvherjdjlzobv erfpfybzv. Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj änbnhtåjdfybz, gj-dblbvjve, ltqcndbntkmyj ytjåöjlbvs

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lkz pfobns gjnhtåbntktq, ytcnfylfhnyst nhtåjdfybz r egfrjdrt, änbrtnrfv b vfhrbhjdrt ghjlerwbb xfcnjckeéfn bcnjxybrjv ghjåktv lkz ärcgjhnthjd b vjuenltqcndjdfnm d rfxtcndt ytnfhbaysö åfhmthjd. Cv. nfr-ét Ytnfhbayst åfhmths – Non-Tariff Barriers; Rfhfy-nbyyst, cfybnfhyst b vtlbwbycrbt pfrjys b yjhvs –Quarantine, Sanitary and Health Laws and Regulations;b Cnfylfhns – Standards.

GHFDJ JCEOTCNDKTYBZ (BYDTCNBWBQ)– Right of Establishment.Jlyjq bp jcyjdysö rjywtgwbq d ldecnjhjyybö bydtcnb-wbjyysö ljujdjhfö zdkztncz ghtljcnfdktybt jlyjq bpcnjhjy gj ljujdjhe uhfélfyfv b rjvgfybzv lheujqcnjhjys ghfdf jceotcndkznm (b gjllthébdfnm yf jght-ltktyyjv ehjdyt) bydtcnbwbb yf ytlbcrhbvbyfwbjyyjqjcyjdt (yf jcyjdt yfwbjyfkmyjuj htébvf bkb htébvfyfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzncndjdfybz). Ghfdbntkmcndjlfyyjq cnhfys jåzpetncz yt xbybnm ybrfrbö cgtwbfkm-ysö ghtgzncndbq (yfghbvth, gentv jceotcndktybzghjwtleh nfvjétyyjuj ljcvjnhf bkb ddtltybz juhfyb-xtybq yf hfpvth frwbjythyjuj rfgbnfkf) byjcnhfyyjvebydtcnjhe, jceotcndkzñotve bydtcnbwbb; ghb änjvbydtcnjh ljkéty dsgjkyznm njkmrj nt nhtåjdfybz,rjnjhst ghtlüzdkzñncz r kñåjve lheujve bydtcnjhe d lfyyjq jnhfckb. Cv. nfrét Ldecnjhjyybq – Bilateral;Ldecnjhjyybq ljujdjh jå bydtcnbwbzö – BilateralInvestment Treaty; b Vyjujcnjhjyybq – Multilateral.

GHTLDFHBNTKMYST LTGJPBNS – PriorDeposits.Ghfdbntkmcndf cnhfy byjulf nhtåeñn jn bvgjhnthjd dyt-ctybz (ltgjybhjdfybz) ytrjnjhjq jghtltktyyjq cevvs d vtcnyjq bkb byjcnhfyyjq dfkñnt, jåsxyj cjjndtn-cndeñotq ytrjnjhjve jghtltktyyjve ghjwtyne jncnjbvjcnb bvgjhnbhetvsö njdfhjd. Nfrbt ltgjpbns gjcfvjve cdjtve jghtltktybñ dyjczncz yf åtcghjwtynyjqjcyjdt b byjulf öhfyzncz d ntxtybt vyjubö vtczwtd –yfxbyfz jn lfns hfpvtotybz pfrfpf b lj vjvtynfcjdthitybz bvgjhnyjq cltkrb – b, cktljdfntkmyj, jnhf-éfñn htfkmyeñ cnjbvjcnm njdfhf. Wtkmñ ghtldfhbntkm-yjuj ltgjpbnf, rfr ghfdbkj, zdkztncz juhfybxtybtbvgjhnf, d xfcnyjcnb, lkz ehtuekbhjdfybz gkfntéyjujåfkfycf, b gjänjve nfrbt ltgjpbns jåsxyj hfccvfnhb-dfñncz rfr jlby bp dbljd ytnfhbaysö åfhmthjd, ghtgzn-cndeñobö njhujdkt. Jåsxyj ghtldfhbntkmyst ltgjpbnsljkéys dyjcbnmcz d vjvtyn dslfxb kbwtypbb yf bv-gjhn. Cv. nfrét Kbwtypbhjdfybt – Licensing; b Ytnf-hbayst åfhmths – Non-Tariff Barriers.

GHTLTK CYBÉTYBZ BVGJHNYSÖGJIKBY – Peril Point.Ubgjntnbxtcrbq ghtltk, ybét rjnjhjuj jckfåktybt nfhb-ayjq pfobns dspdfkj ås cthmtpysq eothå lkz rfrjq-

kbåj jnhfckb dyenhtyytq ghjvsiktyyjcnb lfyyjq cnhf-ys. Ghbyznsq d 1949 u. d CIF pfrjy, rjnjhsq hfcib-hbk cathe ltqcndbz Pfrjyf j njhujdsö cjukfitybzö jn1934 u. (Trade Agreements Act of 1934), gjnhtåjdfk jnRjvbccbb gj nfhbafv ecnfyjdktybz nfrbö ghtltkjdcybétybz bvgjhnysö gjikby lkz ghjvsiktyyjcnbCIF. Änj nhtåjdfybt, yfrkflsdfditt ytrjnjhst juhf-ybxtybz yf gjpbwbb CIF yf gthdsö hfeylfö vyjuj-cnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN, åskjdgjcktlcndbb jnvtytyj Pfrjyjv j hfcibhtybb njhujdkbjn 1962 u. (Trade Expansion Act of 1962). Cv. nfrétPfobnf – Protection; Hfeyl – Round; Vths gj pfobntdyenhtyytq ärjyjvbrb – Safeguards; Pfrjy j njhujdsöcjukfitybzö jn 1934 u. –Trade Agreements Act of 1934;Pfrjy j hfcibhtybb njhujdkb jn 1962 u. – Trade Expan-sion Act of 1962; b Rjvbccbz CIF gj djghjcfv vtéleyf-hjlyjq njhujdkb – U.S. International Trade Commission.

GHTLKJÉTYBT – Supply.Rjkbxtcndj njdfhf, ghtlkfuftvjt ghjlfdwfvb gj jght-ltktyyjq wtyt d jghtltktyyjt dhtvz yf jghtltktyyjvhsyrt. Uhfabr ghtlkjétybz gjrfpsdftn, rfrjt rjkb-xtcndj njdfhf vjukj ås åsnm dsåhjityj yf hsyjr gjdctv djpvjéysv wtyfv d pflfyyjt dhtvz. D eckjdbzöhsyjxyjq ärjyjvbrb ghtlkjétybt jghtltkztncz, ukfd-ysv jåhfpjv, htfrwbtq vyjétcndf jnltkmysö ghtlghb-ybvfntktq b abhv yf bö ghtlcnfdktybz j djpvjéyjcnzögjkextybz ghbåskb. Cv. nfrét Cghjc – Demand; Ghtl-ghbybvfntkm – Entrepreneur; Njdfhs – Goods; Hsyjr –Market; Hsyjxyfz ärjyjvbrf – Market Economy; Vbrhj-ärjyjvbrf – Microeconomics; Wtyjdfz äkfcnbxyjcnmghtlkjétybz – Price Elasticity of Supply; Xfcnysq ctrnjh– Private Sector; b Ghbåskm – Profit.

GHTLVTNS JLTÉLS – Apparel.Cv. Cjukfitybt j vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt vyjujdj-kjrjyysvb ntrcnbkmysvb bpltkbzvb – Multi-FiberArrangement Regarding International Trade in Textiles;b Ntrcnbkmyst bpltkbz – Textiles.

GHTLGJXNTYBT GJNHTÅBNTKZ –Consumer Preference.Cv. Cghjc – Demand; b Cnhernehyjt bpvtytybt –Structural Change.

GHTLGHBYBVFNTKM – Entrepreneur.Kbwj, ghbybvfñott yf ctåz jndtncndtyyjcnm pf jhufyb-pfwbñ b eghfdktybt ghtlghbznbtv, f nfrét cjjndtn-cndeñobq hbcr, cdzpfyysq c ghjbpdjlcndjv njdfhjd b eckeu. Ntjhtnbxtcrb ghtlghbznbt, ghbyflktéfottghtlghbybvfntkñ, ljkéyj lfdfnm ghbåskm, tckb jyjzdkztncz ärjyjvbxtcrb äaatrnbdysv, b ghbyjcbnmeåsnrb, tckb jyj yt zdkztncz nfrjdsv. Cv. nfrétÄaatrnbdyjcnm – Efficiency; Eghfdktybt – Management;

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Vbrhjärjyjvbrf – Microeconomics; Ghbåskm – Profit; bHbcr – Risk.

GHTATHTYWBB – Preferences.Cgtwbfkmyst ghtbveotcndf, ghtljcnfdkztvst cnhfyfvb-bvgjhnthfvb ytrjnjhsv bp cdjbö njhujdsö gfhnythjdlkz ärcgjhnysö gjcnfdjr b jåsxyj bvtñobt ajhvehfphtitybz yf ddjp bö njdfhjd gj cnfdrfv nfvjétyysögjikby ybét ntö, xnj ecnfyfdkbdfñncz lkz njdfhjd,bvgjhnbhetvsö bp lheubö cnhfy-ärcgjhnthjd. Cv. nfrétLdeörjkjyjxysq nfhba – Double-Column Tariff; Hfvjxyjtcjukfitybt – Framework Agreement; Jåjåotyyfz cbcntvfghtathtywbq – Generalized System of Preferences; Ukjåfkm-yfz cbcntvf njhujdsö ghtathtywbq – Global System ofTrade Preferences; Kjvtqcrfz rjydtywbz – Lomé Conven-tion; Vfhéf ghtathtywbb – Margin of Preference; Jlyjrj-kjyjxysq nfhba – Single-Column Tariff; Cgtwbfkmysq b lbaathtywbfkmysq htébv – Special and DifferentialTreatment; b Nfhba – Tariff.

GHTWTLTYNYJT GHFDJ – Case Law.Ghtlgjkfuftncz, xnj rjltrcs, cjukfcjdfyyst d öjltghjdtltybz Njrbqcrjuj hfeylf njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN, åelen hfphfåfnsdfnmcz b ghbybvfnmcz d cjjndtncndbb c htitybzvb, ghbybvftvsvb ghbvt-ybntkmyj r rjyrhtnysv ≤ghtwtltynfv≥, rjnjhst zdbkbcmhtpekmnfnjv ghtlcnfdktybz cjjndtncndeñobv rjvbnt-nfv, jndtxfñobv pf rjynhjkm pf cjåkñltybtv lfyysörjltrcjd, pfzdktybq j cjdthitybb rfrbö-kbåj yfheit-ybq. Htitybz, ghbybvftvst d änbö ckexfzö, ckeéfnghtwtltynfvb, rjnjhst bcgjkmpeñncz lkz bynthghtnfwbbcjjndtncndeñobö gjkjétybq, ghbvtybvsö r åeleobvckexfzv. Cv. nfrét Rjltrcs ghfdbk – Codes of Conduct;Hfphtitybt cgjhjd – Dispute Settlement; b Njrbqcrbq hfeyl(vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) –Tokyo Round.

GHBÅSKM – Profit.Xbcnst gjcnegktybz jn ecgtiyjuj ghjbpdjlcndf bkbghjlféb njdfhjd b eckeu, n.t. jcnfnjr, jcnfñobqcz d hfcgjhzétybb ghtlghbybvfntkz gjckt dctö gkfntétqpf ghtljcnfdktybt rfgbnfkf (ghjwtyns), ptvkb (htynf),hfåjxtq cbks (drkñxfz eghfdktyxtcrbt hfcöjls bhfcöjls yf dsgkfne éfkjdfybq b pfhfåjnyjq gkfns) b cshmz, f nfrét gjckt egkfns dctö yfkjujd b ghjbp-dtltybz fvjhnbpfwbjyysö jnxbcktybq. Tckb ghtlghbznbthfåjnftn gkjöj, ghbåskm vjétn åsnm jnhbwfntkmyjq, b d änjv ckexft jyf ghtdhfoftncz d eåsnrb. Cv. nfrétGhtlghbybvfntkm – Entrepreneur; Eghfdktybt (vtytlé-vtyn) – Management; Hsyjr – Market; Ghjbpdjlcndj –Production; b Hbcr – Risk.

GHBJCNFYJDKTYBT LTQCNDBZGJIKBY – Duty Suspension.Ytghbvtytybt d jlyjcnjhjyytv gjhzlrt nfvjétyysögjikby bkb bö ghbvtytybt ghb cybétyyjv ehjdyt,jåsxyj yf dhtvtyyjq jcyjdt. Cv. nfrét Nfhba – Tariff;b Jlyjcnjhjyybq – Unilateral.

GHBJCNFYJDKTYBT KBRDBLFWBB –Suspension of Liquidation.D CIF ghb ghjdtltybb fynbltvgbyujdjuj hfccktljdfybzghtldfhbntkmyjt htitybt (bkb jrjyxfntkmyjt htitybt,ghbyznjt gjckt dsytctybz ghtldfhbntkmyjuj jnhbwfntkm-yjuj htitybz), tckb jyj zdkztncz gjkjébntkmysv,ljkéyj jåtcgtxbdfnm ghbjcnfyjdktybt ghjwtlehs kbrdb-lfwbb lkz dctö njdfhjd, rjnjhst jnyjczncz r rfntujhbbbkb dble ghjlerwbb, d jnyjitybb rjnjhjuj dsytctyjcjjndtncndeñott htitybt, b rjnjhst gjcnegfñn yfcrkfl bkb bpsvfñncz cj crkflf c wtkmñ gjnhtåktybz d ltym geåkbrfwbb cjjndtncndeñotuj bpdtotybz d bplf-ybb ≤Atlthfk htlébcnth≥ (“Federal Register”– Atlthfkm-ysq htubcnh) bkb gjckt nfrjq geåkbrfwbb. Rfélsqlbhtrnjh jrheéyjq nfvjéyb ljkéty nhtåjdfnm dytct-ybz ltytéyjuj ltgjpbnf bkb dscskrb gj gjxnt rfrjq-kbåj pfrkflyjq bkb byjq wtyyjq åevfub yf rféleñtlbybwe cjjndtncndeñotuj njdfhf yf cevve, ärdbdf-ktynyeñ cevvt, yf rjnjheñ cnjbvjcnm lfyyjuj njdfhfyf byjcnhfyyjv hsyrt ghtdsiftn tuj wtye d CIF. Cv.nfrét Fynbltvgbyujdsq rjltrc – Anti-Dumping Code;Ltvgbyu – Dumping; Cnjbvjcnm yf byjcnhfyyjv hsyrt –Foreign Market Value; Kbrdblfwbz – Liquidation; b ≤Wtyf d CIF≥ – United States Price.

GHBCJTLBYTYBT – Accession.Ghjwtcc ghbcjtlbytybz r rfrjve-kbåj ghfdjdjve frne(yfghbvth, ljujdjhe bkb cjukfitybñ). D ckexft UFNNgjntywbfkmyfz Ljujdfhbdfñofzcz cnjhjyf dcnegftn d gthtujdjhs j ghbcjtlbytybb r jcnfkmysv Ljujdfhbdf-ñobvcz cnjhjyfv c wtkmñ jghtltktybz ecnegjr (njh-ujdsö kmujn) bkb lheubö rjyrhtnysö jåzpfntkmcnd,rjnjhst gjntywbfkmyfz Ljujdfhbdfñofzcz cnjhjyfljkéyf ghbyznm yf ctåz, ghtélt xtv jyf åeltn ljgeot-yf d xktys UFNN. Gjntywbfkmysv xktyfv UFNN vjétnghtljcnfdkznmcz ghfdj ≤dhtvtyyjuj ghbcjtlbytybz≥,rjnjhjt yfrkflsdftn yf ybö jåzpfntkmcndf gj dsgjkyt-ybñ ghfdbk b yjhv UFNN ghb htfkbpfwbb bö rjvvth-xtcrbö jnyjitybq c lheubvb Ljujdfhbdfñobvbcz cnj-hjyfvb, yj ghb änjv yt nhtåetn jn ybö ybrfrbö ecnegjrd ecnfyjdktybb nfvjétyysö nfhbajd. Ghbcjtlbytybt r UFNN yt jpyfxftn fdnjvfnbxtcrjuj ghbcjtlbytybz r rjltrcfv (Codes of Conduct), cjukfcjdfyysv d öjltghjdtltybz Njrbqcrjuj hfeylf vyjujcnjhjyybö gthtuj-djhjd d hfvrfö UFNN. Cv. nfrét Ecnegrf – Concession;Ljujdfhbdfñofzcz cnjhjyf – Contracting Party; Utyt-hfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt – General

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Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; Cnfnmz jå eyfcktljdfy-yjv ghfdt – Grandfather Clause; Ghjnjrjk j ghbcjtlbyt-ybb – Protocol of Accession; f nfrét Ghjnjrjk j dhtvty-yjv ltqcndbb – Protocol of Provisional Application.

≤GHJUHFVVF DJCCNFYJDKTYBZTDHJGS≥ (≤GDT≥) – European RecoveryProgram (ERP).Änf ghjuhfvvf åjkmit bpdtcnyf rfr ≤gkfy Vfhifkkf≥,yfpdfyysq nfr gj bvtyb ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ctrhtnfhzCIF Léjhléf R. Vfhifkkf, rjnjhsq d cdjtq htxb d Ufhdfhlcrjv eybdthcbntnt d Rtvåhblét (in. Vfccf-xectnc, CIF) 5 bñyz 1947 u. ghtlkjébk jåibhysqrjvgktrc vth d jåkfcnb njhujdsö htajhv b gjvjob c wtkmñ ecrjhtybz djccnfyjdktybz tdhjgtqcrjq ärjyj-vbrb gjckt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys. Dyfxfkt ghjuhfvvfgjvjob eghfdkzkfcm b rjynhjkbhjdfkfcm Eghfdktybtvgj ärjyjvbxtcrjve cjnhelybxtcnde (EÄC), infå-rdfh-nbhf rjnjhjuj hfcgjkfufkfcm d Gfhbét (Ahfywbz), f ghjuhfvvf ärjyjvbxtcrjuj cjnhelybxtcndf vtéle 17 tdhjgtqcrbvb cnhfyfvb-exfcnybwfvb jceotcndkzkfcmJhufybpfwbtq tdhjgtqcrjuj ärjyjvbxtcrjuj cjnhelyb-xtcndf (JTÄC). (D 1949 u. r gthdjyfxfkmyjve cgbcre bp16 tdhjgtqcrbö cnhfy-exfcnybw ghbcjtlbybkfcm Atlthf-nbdyfz Htcgeåkbrf Uthvfybb.) D gthbjl vtéle 1948 u. b 1951 u., rjulf ≤Ghjuhfvvf djccnfyjdktybz Tdhjgs≥åskf ghtrhfotyf, 17 tdhjgtqcrbö cnhfy gjkexbkb jnCIF gjvjom d jåotv hfpvtht åjktt 12 vkhl ljkk.Cv. nfrét Jhufybpfwbz tdhjgtqcrjuj ärjyjvbxtcrjujcjnhelybxtcndf – Organization for European EconomicCooperation.

GHJUHFVVF HFPDBNBZ JHUFYBPFWBBJÅÜTLBYTYYSÖ YFWBQ (GHJJY) –United Nations Development Program (UNDP).Jhufy Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq, rjnjhsq jåtc-gtxbdftn ghtljcnfdktybt ltytéysö chtlcnd lkz gjl-lthérb vthjghbznbq gj jrfpfybñ ntöybxtcrjq gjvjob,yfghfdktyysö yf cnbvekbhjdfybt ärjyjvbxtcrjuj hfp-dbnbz d hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfyfö, rfr ghfdbkj, xthtpnfrbt cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyst exhtéltybz cbcntvs JJY,rfr Dctvbhyfz jhufybpfwbz plhfdjjöhfytybz, Vtéleyf-hjlyfz jhufybpfwbz nhelf b Ghjljdjkmcndtyyfz b ctkm-crjöjpzqcndtyyfz jhufybpfwbz, rjnjhst gj jnyjitybñ r GHJJY dsgjkyzñn hjkm ≤bcgjkybntkmysö jhuf-ybpfwbq≥.

GHJUHFVVF HFCIBHTYBZ ÄRCGJHNF(GHÄ) – Export Enhancement Program (EEP).Ghjuhfvvf hfcibhtybz ärcgjhnf (GHÄ) ghtlecvfnhbdftnghzveñ htfrwbñ CIF yf ghtljcnfdktybt ärcgjhnysöceåcblbq lheubvb cnhfyfvb gentv ceåcblbhjdfybz ärc-gjhnf yf vbhjdjq hsyjr ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyjq ghjle-rwbb, ghjbpdtltyyjq yf nthhbnjhbb CIF.

Jceotcndktybt GHÄ åskj yfxfnj d vft 1985 u. d cjjn-dtncndbb c gjkjétybzvb Ecnfdf Njdfhyjq rhtlbnyjqrjhgjhfwbb (NRR), Pfrjyf j ufhfynbhjdfyyjv jåtcgt-xtybb ghjlernfvb gbnfybz jn 1985 u. (Food Security Actof 1985), f nfrét Pfrjyf j ghjlernfö gbnfybz, ctkmcrjvöjpzqcndt, rjycthdbhjdfybb b njhujdkt jn 1990 u. (Food,Agricultural, Conservation and Trade Act of 1990). Ceåcblbbdsgkfxbdfñncz ghtlghbznbzv-ärcgjhnthfv kbåj d ajh-vt njdfhysö cthnbabrfnjd, gjlktéfobö gjufitybñwtyysvb åevfufvb, ghbyflktéfobvb NRR, kbåj d ajh-vt yfkbxysö dsgkfn. Cv. nfrét Ärcgjhnyfz ceåcblbz –Export Subsidy; b Ceåcblbz – Subsidy.

GHJUHTCCBDYSQ NFHBA – ProgressiveTariff.Cv. Nfhbayfz äcrfkfwbz – Tariff Escalation.

GHJLFÉYFZ WTYF ÄRCGJHNTHF (GWÄ) –Exporter’s Sales Price (ESP).Ecnfyjdktyysq pfrjyjv nthvby, bcgjkmpetvsq lkzjåjpyfxtybz ghjlféyjq wtys njdfhf, rjnjhsq ghjlftnczbkb, dthjznytt dctuj, åeltn ghjlfy yf nthhbnjhbb CIFlj bkb gjckt ddjpf d äne cnhfye ärcgjhnthjv bkb pf tujcxtn. Ghb jghtltktybb GWÄ ghjbpdjlzncz ytrjnjhstpfrjyyst rjhhtrnbhjdrb lkz jåtcgtxtybz djpvjéyjcnbghjdtltybz pyfxbvjuj chfdytybz cnjbvjcnb änjuj bkbfyfkjubxyjuj tve njdfhf yf pfheåtéysö hsyrfö c ds-xbnfybtv bp wtys lfyyjuj njdfhf d CIF dctö ytjåöjlb-vsö cjcnfdkzñobö – yfghbvth, bvgjhnysö gjikby,hfcöjljd yf ghjlfée b flvbybcnhfnbdysö hfcöjljd d CIF, f nfrét nhfycgjhnysö hfcöjljd. Cv. nfrétWtyf d CIF – United States Price.

GHJBPDJLCNDTYYST GHJWTCCS (D JÅHFÅFNSDFÑOTQGHJVSIKTYYJCNB) – ManufacturingProcesses.Cv. Ghjbpdjlcndj – Production; b Cjåcndtyyjcnm –Property.

GHJBPDJLCNDJ – Production.Ghjwtcc cjplfybz bkb bpvtytybz ajhvs njdfhjd, yfghb-vth, gentv bpujnjdktybz, jåhfåjnrb, bpdktxtybz, gtht-hfåjnrb, jndthéltybz, dekrfybpfwbb bkb bcreccndtyyjujcnfhtybz (dslthérb). Cv. nfrét Njdfh (cshmtdjq njdfh)– Commodity; Gjnhtåktybt – Consumption; Ghjvsikty-yfz htdjkñwbz – Industrial Revolution; Eghfdktybt (vt-ytlévtyn) – Management; Gthdbxysq cshmtdjq njdfh –Primary Commodity; Ghbåskm – Profit; Nfhbayfz äcrf-kfwbz – Tariff Escalation; Ntöyjkjubz – Technology;b Åkfujcjcnjzybt – Welfare.

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GHJVTÉENJXYST NJDFHS – IntermediateGoods.Cv. Rfgbnfkmyst njdfhs – Capital Goods.

GHJVSIKTYYFZ GJKBNBRF – IndustrialPolicy.Drkñxftn d ctåz nhflbwbjyyeñ ujcelfhcndtyyeñ gjkb-nbre, bvtñoeñ wtkmñ jåtcgtxbnm åkfujghbznystärjyjvbxtcrbt eckjdbz lkz hfpdbnbz ghjvsiktyyjcnbcnhfys d wtkjv bkb jnltkmysö tt jnhfcktq. R bycnhe-vtynfv ghjvsiktyyjq gjkbnbrb vjuen jnyjcbnmczyfkjujdst cnbveks lkz hjcnf jåütvjd rfgbnfkjdkjét-ybq bkb ärcgjhnf, ghzvst bkb rjcdtyyst ceåcblbb,cgtwbfkmyst ljujdjhtyyjcnb j abyfycbhjdfybb, pfobnfjn byjcnhfyyjq rjyrehtywbb, ghjuhfvvs jåextybz bgjlujnjdrb hfåjnybrjd, ghjuhfvvs htubjyfkmyjuj hfp-dbnbz, gjvjom d ghjdtltybb yfexyj-bccktljdfntkmcrbö b jgsnyj-rjycnhernjhcrbö hfåjn, f nfrét vthjghbznbzgj jrfpfybñ gjvjob vfksv ghtlghbznbzv b ytåjkmibvabhvfv. Bcnjhbxtcrb nthvby ≤ghjvsiktyyfz gjkbnb-rf≥ cdzpsdftncz c åjktt bkb vtytt ibhjrbv ghbvtyt-ybtv vtnjljd wtynhfkbpjdfyyjuj ärjyjvbxtcrjuj gkf-ybhjdfybz bkb bylbrfnbdyjuj gkfybhjdfybz, jlyfrj änjnljgjkybntkmysq jnntyjr pyfxtybz lfyyjuj nthvbyf ytdctulf ghbybvftncz d hfcxtn tuj cjdhtvtyysvb cnjhjy-ybrfvb. Cv. nfrét Fhuevtyn d gjllthére ≤vjkjlsö≥jnhfcktq ghjvsiktyyjcnb – Infant Industry Argument;Nhtåjdfybz r äaatrnbdyjcnb rfgbnfkjdkjétybq –Investment Performance Requirements; ≤Eghfdkztvfznjhujdkz≥ – Managed Trade; VNG – MITI; Vthrfynbkbpv– Mercantilism; Pfobnf – Protection; b Ceåcblbz –Subsidy.

GHJVSIKTYYFZ HTDJKÑWBZ –Industrial Revolution.Gjzdktybt afåhbxyjq cbcntvs ghjbpdjlcndf, ghb rjnj-hjq hfåjxbt jåütlbytys yf jlyjv ghtlghbznbb b bvghtljcnfdktys jhelbz nhelf, vfibys b vfnthbfks, c gjvjomñ rjnjhsö jyb hfåjnfñn pf ltymub. D eprjvcvsckt ckjdf ghjvsiktyyfz htdjkñwbz jpyfvtyjdfkfcmcnhtvbntkmysvb gthtvtyfvb d ghjbpdjlcndt ntrcnbkm-ysö bpltkbq, jcjåtyyj d Fyukbb, d gthbjl vtéle 1770b 1830 uu. D åjktt ibhjrjv cvsckt nthvby ≤ghjvsi-ktyyfz htdjkñwbz≥ jpyfxftn ytghthsdyst cnhernehystärjyjvbxtcrbt bpvtytybz d vbhjdjq ärjyjvbrt. D ÖªÈb ÖªÈÈ dtrfö ghtjåkflfkf nfr yfpsdftvfz ljvfiyzzcbcntvf ghjbpdjlcndf, rjnjhfz ghtlitcndjdfkf Ghjvs-iktyyjq htdjkñwbb. Cv. nfrét ≤Ljvfiyzz≥ cbcntvfghjbpdjlcndf – Domestic System of Production; Ghjbp-djlcndj – Production; Cnhernehyjt bpvtytybt –Structural Change; b Ntrcnbkmyst bpltkbz – Textiles.

GHJVSIKTYYJ HFPDBNST CNHFYS –Industrialized Countries.Cv. Hfpdbnst cnhfys – Developed Countries.

GHJJY – UNDP.Cv. Ghjuhfvvf hfpdbnbz Jhufybpfwbb JåütlbytyysöYfwbq – United Nations Development Program.

GHJCNST DTRCTKZ – Promissory Notes.Cv. Rjvvthxtcrbq dtrctkm – Commercial Paper.

GHJNTRWBJYBPV – Protectionism.Evsiktyyjt ghbvtytybt bkb gjjohtybt juhfybxtybq yf bvgjhn, wtkm rjnjhjuj – gjpdjkbnm jnyjcbntkmyjytäaatrnbdysv dyenhtyybv ghjbpdjlbntkzv ecgtiyjrjyrehbhjdfnm c byjcnhfyysvb ghjbpdjlbntkzvb. Cv.nfrét Rjyrehtynjcgjcjåysq – Competitive; Äaatrnbd-yfz cnfdrf nfvjétyyjuj nfhbaf – Effective Tariff Rate;Cnfnmb bvgjhnf – Imports; Fhuevtyn j ytjåöjlbvjcnbpfobns ≤vjkjlsö≥ jnhfcktq ghjvsiktyyjcnb – InfantIndustry Argument; Kbåthfkmysq – Liberal; ≤Eghfdkztvfznjhujdkz≥ – Managed Trade; Vthrfynbkbpv – Mercan-tilism; Ytnfhbayst åfhmths – Non-Tariff Barriers; Cjukf-itybz jå egjhzljxbdfybb cåsnf – Orderly MarketingAgreements; Pfobnf – Protection; Vths gj pfobnt dyen-htyytq ärjyjvbrb – Safeguards; Nfhba – Tariff; b Cjukf-itybz j ljåhjdjkmysö juhfybxtybzö – Voluntary RestraintAgreements.

GHJNJRJK J DHTVTYYJV LTQCNDBB(GDL) – Protocol of Provisional Application(PPA).Cjukfitybt d hfvrfö gthdjyfxfkmyjuj cjcnfdf Ljujdf-hbdfñoböcz cnjhjy gj UFNN j ythfcghjcnhfytybbgjkjétybq Utythfkmyjuj cjukfitybz yf njhujdst vths,ghbvtytybt rjnjhsö cfyrwbjybhjdfyj dyenhtyybv pfrj-yjlfntkmcndjv, ltqcndeñobv yf vjvtyn ghbcjtlbytybz r UFNN. Ghtlgjkfufkjcm, xnj änjn ghjnjrjk åeltn ltq-cndjdfnm dhtvtyyj, lj dcnegktybz d cbke Ufdfycrjqöfhnbb bkb lj jrjyxfntkmyjuj ghbyznbz gjkjétybqUFNN Ljujdfhbdfñobvbcz cnjhjyfvb, jlyfrj jy jcnfk-cz d cbkt, b d yfcnjzott dhtvz cnhfys, gjlgbcfdibt tujd 1947 u., ghjljkéfñn bcgjkmpjdfnm änjn ljrevtyn lkzjghfdlfybz ytrjnjhsö bp ghbvtyztvsö bvb ghfrnbxtc-rbö ltqcndbq, rjnjhst byfxt ghjnbdjhtxbkb ås bö jåz-pfntkmcndfv d hfvrfö UFNN. Cnhfys, ghbcjtlbybdibtczr UFNN gjckt 1947 u., vjuen bcgjkmpjdfnm fyfkjubxystgjkjétybz, rjnjhst drkñxtys d bö ghjnjrjks j ghb-cjtlbytybb. Cv. nfrét Ghbcjtlbytybt – Accession; Ljuj-dfhbdfñofzcz cnjhjyf – Contracting Party; Lbcrhbvbyf-wbz – Discrimination; Utythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbaföb njhujdkt – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade;Cnfnmz jå eyfcktljdfyyjv ghfdt – Grandfather Clause;

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Ghjnjrjk j ghbcjtlbytybb – Protocol of Accession; bJcnfnjxyst juhfybxtybz – Residual Restrictions.

GHJNJRJK J GHBCJTLBYTYBB –Protocol of Accession.Ñhblbxtcrbq ljrevtyn, abrcbheñobq jåzpfntkmcndf,cjukfcjdfyyst d rfxtcndt eckjdbq ghbcjtlbytybz r rfrjve-kbåj vtéleyfhjlyjve ljujdjhe bkb jhuf-ybpfwbb. Cv. nfrét Ghbcjtlbytybt – Accession; Ecnegrf– Concession; b Cnhfys c gjkyjcnmñ rjynhjkbhetvjqujcelfhcndjv dytiytq njhujdktq – State Trading Nations.

GHJWTLEHS NFVJÉTYYJUJ B FLVBYBCNHFNBDYJUJ EXTNFBVGJHNBHETVSÖ NJDFHJD – Customs andAdministrative Entry Procedures.Ajhvfkmyjcnb nfvjétyyjq jxbcnrb uhepf d yfwbjyfkm-ysö gjhnfö ddjpf vjuen hfccvfnhbdfnmcz rfr ytnfhba-yst åfhmths, tckb jyb ghbdjlzn r xhtpvthysv ghjwt-lehysv pflthérfv, dspsdfz ntv cfvsv hjcn bvgjhn-ysö bplthétr. Nfrbt ajhvfkmyjcnb vjuen drkñxfnmghjwtlehs gjkextybz kbwtypbq; vths vtlbrj-cfybnfh-yjuj rjynhjkz, yfghfdktyyst yf pfobne gjnhtåbntktq;cdbltntkmcndf j cnhfyt ghjbcöjéltybz njdfhjd; f nfrétrjycekmcrbt cxtnf, afrnehs, gjlndthélfñobt, xnjgjcnfdrf njdfhjd ghjbpdtltyf yflktéfobv jåhfpjv.Cv. nfrét Rjycekmcrbt ajhvfkmyjcnb b ljrevtynfwbz –Consular Formalities and Documentation; Rbjncrfzrjydtywbz – Kyoto Convention; Ytnfhbayst åfhmths –Non-Tariff Barriers; Gjhn ddjpf – Port of Entry; b Rfhfy-nbyyst, cfybnfhyst b vtlbwbycrbt pfrjys b yjhvs –Quarantine, Sanitary and Health Laws and Regulations.

GHJWTYN – Interest.Cevvf, dsgkfxbdftvfz pf bcgjkmpjdfybt pftvyjuj rfgb-nfkf b dshféftvfz jåsxyj d ghjwtynfö (ghjwtynyjqcnfdrt) jn cnjbvjcnb änjuj rfgbnfkf. Ghjwtynyfz cnfdrfjåsxyj ntv dsit, xtv dsit hbcr (d njv xbckt dthjzn-yjcnm byakzwbb). Cv. nfrét Rfgbnfk – Capital; Rhtlbn– Credit; Byakzwbz – Inflation; Pftv – Loan; Ghbåskm –Profit; b Hbcr – Risk.

GHÄ – EEP.Cv. Ghjuhfvvf hfcibhtybz ärcgjhnf – Export Enhan-cement Program.

GHZÉF – Yarns.Cv. Cjukfitybt j vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt vyjujdjkj-rjyysvb ntrcnbkmysvb bpltkbzvb – Multi-Fiber Arran-gement Regarding International Trade in Textiles; Cnhfnt-ubxtcrb dféyst dbls ghjlerwbb – Sensitive Products;b Ntrcnbkmyst bpltkbz – Textiles.

GHZVJQ YFKJU – Direct Tax.Yfkju, yfkfuftvsq yf vfnthbfkmyst wtyyjcnb bkbljöjls xfcnysö kbw. Gjljöjlysq yfkju, yfkju yfbveotcndj b yfkju yf yfcktlcndj, f nfrét jnxbcktybzyf cjwbfkmyjt cnhföjdfybt zdkzñncz jlybv bp ghbvthjdghzvjuj yfkjuf. Cv. nfrét Cghfdtlkbdjcnm – Equity;Rjcdtyysq yfkju – Indirect Tax; b Yfkju – Tax.

GN CIF – TSUS.Cv. Ufhvjybpbhjdfyysq gthtxtym nfhbajd CIF – Har-monized Tariff Schedule of the United States.

GWÄ – ESP.Cv. Ghjlféyfz wtyf ärcgjhnthf – Exporter’s Sales Price.

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HHFÅJXFZ UHEGGF – Working Party.Cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyysq vtéujcelfhcndtyysq jhufy, cjplf-dftvsq rfrbv-kbåj dsitcnjzobv jhufyjv lkz bpe-xtybz rfrjuj-kbåj rjyrhtnyjuj rjvgktrcf djghjcjd bcjjåotybz j htpekmnfnfö änjuj bpextybz, f xfcnj b lkzghtlcnfdktybz htrjvtylfwbq lfyyjve dsitcnjzotvejhufye. Yfghbvth, d cbcntvt UFNN Hfåjxfz uheggfvjétn yfpyfxfnmcz Ljujdfhbdfñobvbcz cnjhjyfvb c wtkmñ jåceéltybz rfrjq-kbåj rjyrhtnyjq ghjåktvsnjhujdjq gjkbnbrb, yfghbvth cjplfybz nfvjétyyjujcjñpf. Htrjvtylfwbb, gjlujnfdkbdftvst Hfåjxtq uheg-gjq, vjuen drkñxfnm ghtlkjétybz j ltqcndbzö, rjnjhstcktletn ghtlghbyznm njq bkb byjq Ljujdfhbdfñotqczcnjhjyt. Nfrbt Hfåjxbt uheggs jåsxyj jnrhsns lkzdctö cnhfy, étkfñobö exfcndjdfnm d bö hfåjnt. Cv.nfrét Ljujdfhbdfñofzcz cnjhjyf – Contracting Party;Hfphtitybt cgjhjd – Dispute Settlement; Utythfkmyjtcjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt – General Agreement onTariffs and Trade; b Uheggf ärcgthnjd – Panel of Experts.

HFÅJXFZ GHJUHFVVF UFNN YF 80-TUJLS – GATT Work Program for the 1980s.Cv. Dcnhtxf vbybcnhjd cnhfy-xktyjd UFNN 1982 u. –GATT Ministerial Meeting of 1982.

HFDTYCNDJ GHTBVEOTCND – Equivalenceof Advantages.Cv. Dpfbvyjcnm – Reciprocity.

HFDYJDTCBT – Equilibrium.Cjcnjzybt, ghb rjnjhjv hfpkbxyst ärjyjvbxtcrbt cbks,cgjcjåyst dspdfnm ghjnbdjgjkjéyst gj yfghfdktybñbpvtytybz, fåcjkñnyj ehfdyjdtitys, nfr xnj rfrjt-kb-åj bpvtytybt vfkjdthjznyj. Hsyjr yföjlbncz d cjcnjz-ybb hfdyjdtcbz, tckb rjkbxtcndj rfrjuj-kbåj njdfhf,rjnjhjt gjregftncz gjnhtåbntkzvb gj ghtjåkflfñotqyf lfyyjv hsyrt wtyt, d njxyjcnb cjjndtncndetn rjkb-xtcnde änjuj ét njdfhf, ghjlfdftvjuj gjcnfdobrfvb gjnjq ét cfvjq wtyt. Cv. nfrét Hsyjr – Market; b Wtyf –Price.

HFDYJGHJWTYNYJT CYBÉTYBTNFVJÉTYYSÖ GJIKBY – Equal PercentReduction of Tariffs.Cv. Kbytqyjt cybétybt nfvjétyysö gjikby – LinearReduction of Tariffs.

HFDYJGHJWTYNYJT (KBYTQYJT)CYBÉTYBT NFVJÉTYYSÖ NFHBAJD –Across-the-Board (Linear) Tariff Reductions.Cv. Kbytqyjt cybétybt nfvjétyysö nfhbajd – LinearReduction of Tariffs.

HFPDBDFÑOBTCZ CNHFYS – DevelopingCountries.Jåibhyfz uheggf cnhfy, åjkmibycndj rjnjhsö öfhfrnt-hbpeñncz ytdscjrjq cntgtymñ bylecnhbfkbpfwbb, ythfp-dbnjcnmñ byahfcnhernehs, ybprbv ehjdytv rfgbnf-kjdkjétybq, jncencndbtv ckjéysö cjdhtvtyysö ntö-yjkjubq, ytuhfvjnyjcnmñ yfctktybz b ybprbv ébpyty-ysv ehjdytv yfctktybz d wtkjv. Hfpdbdfñobtcz cnhfysbyjulf nfrét jåjpyfxfñn cjåbhfntkmysv nthvbyjv≤cnhfys Ñuf≥, gjcrjkmre vyjubt bp ybö hfcgjkjétys d ñéyjv gjkeifhbb. Dct cnhfys Fahbrb (pf bcrkñxt-ybtv ÑFH), Fpbb (pf bcrkñxtybtv Ujyrjyuf, Cbyuf-gehf, Ñéyjq Rjhtb b Nfqdfyz), Jrtfybb (pf bcrkñxt-ybtv Fdcnhfkbb, Zgjybb b Yjdjq Ptkfylbb), KfnbycrjqFvthbrb b Åkbéytuj Djcnjrf, f nfrét hzl tdhjgtqcrböcnhfy (nfrbö rfr, yfghbvth, Rbgh, Vfkmnf, Nehwbz,Gjkmif, Dtyuhbz, Xticrfz Htcgeåkbrf b Ckjdfrbz)jåsxyj jnyjczn r ≤hfpdbdfñobvcz cnhfyfv≥. Ytrjnj-hst ärcgthns dsltkzñn cktleñobt xtnsht gjluheggshfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfy, rjnjhst jnkbxfñncz lheu jnlheuf gj cdjbv ärjyjvbxtcrbv gjnhtåyjcnzv b by-nthtcfv:• ytcrjkmrj jnyjcbntkmyj åjufnsö cnhfy-xktyjd JGTR,byjulf yfpsdftvsö nfrét hfpdbdfñobvbcz cnhfyfvb-ärcgjhnthfvb ytanb, rjnjhst bvtñn jghtltktyystbynthtcs d catht abyfycjdj pljhjdjq vtéleyfhjlyjqärjyjvbrb b yf jnrhsnsö hsyrfö rfgbnfkjd;• nfr yfpsdftvst ≤yjdst ghjvsiktyyj hfpdbdfñobtczcnhfys≥ (YGHC), ljkz rjnjhsö d jnrhsnjq vtéle-yfhjlyjq njhujdjq cbcntvt gjcnjzyyj edtkbxbdftncz;• hzl cnhfy cj chtlybvb ljöjlfvb, d jcyjdyjv ärcgjh-nthjd cshmtdsö njdfhjd, rjnjhst ghjzdkzñn jcjåsqbynthtc r ghjuhfvvfv cnfåbkbpfwbb cshmtdsö htcehcjd;• ghbvthyj 36 jxtym åtlysö cnhfy (nfr yfpsdftvst≤yfbvtytt hfpdbnst cnhfys≥), ärjyjvbrf rjnjhsö yjcbnghtbveotcndtyyj fuhfhysq öfhfrnth; änb cnhfys bvtñndtcmvf juhfybxtyyst gthcgtrnbds cdjtuj hfpdbnbz yfåkbéfqitt åeleott b yföjlzncz d cbkmyjq pfdbcbvjcnbjn gjvjob cj cnjhjys lheubö ujcelfhcnd. Cv. nfrétCnhfys FRN – ACP Countries; Ärjyjvbxtcrjt hfpdbnbt –Economic Development; Gthtöjl (cnhfys) d åjktt dscjreñrfntujhbñ – Graduation; ≤Uheggf 77≥ – Group of 77;Byahfcnhernehf – Infrastructure; Yfbvtytt hfpdbnstcnhfys – Least Developed Countries; Yjdst ghjvsiktyyjhfpdbdfñobtcz cnhfys – Newly Industrializing Economies;Jabwbfkmyfz gjvjom hfpdbnbñ – Official DevelopmentAssistance; Jhufybpfwbz cnhfy-ärcgjhnthjd ytanb –Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; Dpfbvyjcnm

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– Reciprocity; Ntöyjkjubz – Technology; Ntrcnbkmystbpltkbz – Textiles; b Dctvbhysq åfyr – World Bank.

HFPDBNST CNHFYS – Developed Countries.Nthvby, bcgjkmpetvsq lkz jnltktybz ghjvsiktyyj åj-ktt hfpdbnsö ujcelfhcnd, drkñxfz åjkmibycndj cnhfy-xktyjd Jhufybpfwbb ärjyjvbxtcrjuj cjnhelybxtcndf b hfpdbnbz (JÄCH), jn nfr yfpsdftvsö hfpdbdfñoböczbkb vtytt hfpdbnsö cnhfy. Dcñ uhegge hfpdbnsö cnhfybyjulf nfrét yfpsdfñn ≤cnhfyfvb uheggs D” (Group D)bkb ≤cnhfyfvb Ctdthf≥, gjcrjkmre åjkmibycndj bp yböyföjlzncz d Ctdthyjv gjkeifhbb. Cv. nfrét Hfpdbdfñ-obtcz cnhfys – Developing Countries; ≤Uheggf D≥ – GroupB; Ghjvsiktyyfz htdjkñwbz – Industrial Revolution; bJhufybpfwbb ärjyjvbxtcrjuj cjnhelybxtcndf b hfpdbnbz– Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

HFPLTK 22 (PFRJYF J GTHTCNHJQRTCTKMCRJUJ ÖJPZQCNDF JN 1933 U. C CJJNDTNCNDEÑOBVB GJGHFDRFVB)– Section 22 (of the Agricultural Adjustment Actof 1933, as amended).Ghtljcnfdkztn ghtpbltyne CIF ghfdj ddjlbnm rjkbxt-cndtyyst juhfybxtybz yf bvgjhn ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyjqghjlerwbb, tckb nfrjq bvgjhn euhjéftn ytufnbdyjjnhfpbnmcz yf ghjuhfvvfö gjllthérb wty, jceotcn-dkztvsö Vbybcnthcndjv ctkmcrjuj öjpzqcndf CIF.Ghtpbltyns CIF ddjlbkb nfrbt rdjns yf bvgjhn git-ybws b verb, ökjgrf, djkjryf ökjgxfnybrf (kbynf),fhföbcf, cshf, ébdjnyjuj vfckf b lheubö vjkjxysöghjlernjd. D 1956 u. Ljujdfhbdfñobtcz cnjhjys d hfv-rfö UFNN endthlbkb jnrfp jn gjkjétybq Cnfnmb XI,yfghfdktyysö ghjnbd rjkbxtcndtyysö juhfybxtybq,xnjås gjpdjkbnm CIF ghbybvfnm vths, ghtlecvjnhty-yst Hfpltkjv 22. C ntö gjh CIF tétujlyj ghtl-cnfdkzñn yf hfccvjnhtybt Ljujdfhbdfñoböcz cnjhjyjnxtn jåj dctö ghbyznsö bvb cjjndtncndeñobö vthfö b ghbxbyfö bö ghbyznbz. Cv. nfrét ≤Pfrjy 480≥ – PublicLaw 480; Rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz – QuantitativeRestrictions; b Jnrfp – Waiver.

HFPLTK 201 PFRJYF J NJHUJDKT JN1974 U. – Section 201 of the Trade Act of1974.Hfpltk 201 zdkztncz pfrjyjlfntkmysv gjlndthéltybtvghbdthétyyjcnb CIF gjkjétybzv Cnfnmb ÖÈÖ UFNN,yjczotq yfpdfybt ≤Jujdjhrf j djpvjéyjcnb jnrfpf jndsgjkytybz ljujdjhysö jåzpfntkmcnd≥ (Escape Clause). D cjjndtncndbb c gjkjétybzvb änjuj hfpltkf RjvbccbzCIF gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb (RDVNCIF) ghjdjlbn hfccktljdfybt c wtkmñ dszcytybz, ltq-cndbntkmyj kb rfrjq-kbåj njdfh bvgjhnbhetncz d CIFd nfrbö djphfcnfñobö rjkbxtcndfö – fåcjkñnysö bkbgj jnyjitybñ r ghjlerwbb dyenhtyytuj ghjbpdjlcndf, –

rjnjhst zdkzñncz cthmtpyjq ghbxbyjq pyfxbntkmyjujeothåf bkb euhjéfñn yfytcnb nfrjq eothå dyenhtyytqghjvsiktyyjcnb. Ghtpbltyn CIF bvttn ghfdj gj cjå-cndtyyjve ecvjnhtybñ htifnm, cktletn kb dsgjkyznmhtrjvtylfwbñ RDVN CIF j ddtltybb htébvf juhfyb-xtybq yf bvgjhn, ghjljkébntkmyjcnm rjnjhjuj ytvjétn ghtdsifnm djctvm ktn, drkñxfz dct djpvjéystghjlktybz. Nfrbt juhfybxtybz jåsxyj ghbybvfñnajhve gjdsitybz nfvjétyysö gjikby bkb rjkbxt-cndtyysö juhfybxtybq. Cv. nfrét Jujdjhrf j djpvjé-yjcnb jnrfpf jn dsgjkytybz ljujdjhysö jåzpfntkmcnd– Escape Clause; Vths gj pfobnt dyenhtyytq ärjyjvbrb –Safeguards; b Pfrjy j njhujdkt jn 1974 u. – Trade Act of 1974.

HFPLTK 203 (PFRJYF J NJHUJDKT JN 1974 U.) – Section 203 (of the Trade Act of 1974).Cv. Jujdjhrf j djpvjéyjcnb jnrfpf jn dsgjkytybzljujdjhysö jåzpfntkmcnd – Escape Clause; b Pfrjy j njhujdkt jn 1974 u. – Trade Act of 1974.

HFPLTK 301 – Section 301.Hfpltk 301 zdkztncz gjkjétybtv Pfrjyf j njhujdkt jn 1974 u. (Trade Act of 1974) c cjjndtncndeñobvbgjghfdrfvb, rjnjhjt ghtljcnfdkztn njhujdjve ghtlcnf-dbntkñ CIF ghfdj dtcnb gthtujdjhs jå jnvtyt ibhj-rjuj rheuf vtnjljd dtltybz dytiytq njhujdkb. Lkzbcgjkmpjdfybz änjuj ghfdf nhtåetncz ljrfpfntkmcndjnjuj, xnj rfrjt-kbåj byjcnhfyyjt ghfdbntkmcndj ljge-cnbkj eotvktybt ghfd CIF d hfvrfö njhujdjuj cjukf-itybz, ghtlghbyzkj ltqcndbz, ytcjdvtcnbvst c kmujnf-vb, ghtljcnfdktyysvb CIF gj änjve cjukfitybñ, bkbrfrbv-kbåj bysv jåhfpjv eotvbkj änb kmujns, kbåjxnj änj byjcnhfyyjt ghfdbntkmcndj cjdthibkj rfrjt-kb-åj ltqcndbt, ghjdjlbn gjkbnbre bkb bcgjkmpetn vtnjls,rjnjhst zdkzñncz ytjghfdlfyysvb, ytjåjcyjdfyysvbbkb lbcrhbvbyfwbjyysvb b jåhtvtyzñn bkb juhfybxb-dfñn njhujdkñ CIF. Cv. nfrét Ecnegrf – Concession;Ärcgjhnyfz ceåcblbz – Export Subsidy; Jcjåjt ljgjk-ytybt r Hfpltke 301 – Special 301; Ljgjkytybt r Hfpltke301 – Super 301; Pfrjy j njhujdkt jn 1974 u. – Trade Actof 1974; b Ytxtcnyst vtnjls dtltybz njhujdkb – UnfairTrade Practices.

HFPLTK 332 PFRJYF J NFHBAFÖ JN 1930 U. – Section 332 of the Tariff Act of 1930.Hfpltk 332 Pfrjyf j nfhbafö jn 1930 u. ghtljcnfdkztnRjvbccbb CIF gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkbjcyjdyjt ghfdj ghjdtltybz jåobö hfccktljdfybq cwtkmñ jåyfheétybz rjyrhtnysö afrnjd b gjlujnjdrbjnxtnjd gj kñåsv djghjcfv, bvtñobv jnyjitybt rnjhujdkt. Nfrbt jnxtns yt ljkéys cjlthéfnm htrjvty-

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lfwbq, tckb njkmrj gjcktlybt yt pfghfibdfñncz cgt-wbfkmyj, b yt ljkéys jåtcgtxbdfnm ñhblbxtcreñjcyjde lkz ghbyznbz ghtpbltynjv CIF lheubö njhuj-dsö vth. Hfccktljdfybz, ghjdjlbvst Rjvbccbtq CIFgj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb d cjjndtncndbb c gjkjétybzvb Hfpltkf 332, vjuen yfxbyfnmcz d jndtnyf pfghjc jn Rjvbntnf gj genzv b chtlcndfv Gfkfnsghtlcnfdbntktq Rjyuhtccf CIF, Rjvbntnf gj abyfycfvCtyfnf CIF, kñåjq gfkfns Rjyuhtccf, ghtpbltynfCIF, njhujdjuj ghtlcnfdbntkz CIF ghb eckjdbb ltkt-ubhjdfybz gjcktlytve cjjndtncndeñobö gjkyjvjxbqghtpbltynjv bkb gj cjåcndtyyjq bybwbfnbdt RjvbccbbCIF gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb. Cv. nfrétPfrjy j nfhbafö jn 1930 u. – Tariff Act of 1930.

HFPLTK 337 – Section 337.Hfpltk 337 Pfrjyf j nfhbafö jn 1930 u. (Tariff Act of1930) ckeébn lkz pfobns fvthbrfycrjq ghjvsiktyyj-cnb jn bvgjhnf, yfheifñotuj ltqcndeñobt gfntyns,fdnjhcrbt ghfdf, njhujdst vfhrb b lheubt ghfdf yfbyntkktrnefkmyeñ cjåcndtyyjcnm. Cnjhjys vjuen lj-åbnmcz eljdktndjhtybz bö ghtntypbq d ajhvt hfcgjhz-étybq j ghtrhfotybb bvgjhnysö jgthfwbq, jnrfpt jn böcjdthitybz b pfghtotybb lheubv kbwfv bcgjkmpjdfnm ntbkb byst jåütrns byntkktrnefkmyjq cjåcndtyyjcnb,tckb bv (cnjhjyfv) elfcncz ljrfpfnm, xnj jyb ghbyfl-ktéfn r jlyjq bp ≤dyenhtyybö jnhfcktq≥ ghjvsikty-yjcnb CIF gj ltqcndeñotve gjkjétybñ b xnj böghfdf yf byntkktrnefkmyeñ cjåcndtyyjcnm zdkzñnczpfrjyysvb b åskb yfheitys. D jnyjitybb gfntynjd,pfhtubcnhbhjdfyysö atlthfkmysvb dkfcnzvb njhujdsövfhjr, fdnjhcrbö ghfd b hfphfåjnjr gjkeghjdjlybrjdsövfcjr yt nhtåetncz ghtlcnfdktybz ljrfpfntkmcnd j yf-ytctybb ärjyjvbxtcrjuj eothåf, jlyfrj lkz lheuböajhv byntkktrnefkmyjq cjåcndtyyjcnb nfrbt ljrfpf-ntkmcndf ytjåöjlbvs. Ghtpbltyn CIF vjétn endth-lbnm, jnvtybnm bkb yt endthlbnm kñåjt hfcgjhzétybt,cltkfyyjt Rjvbccbtq CIF gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjqnjhujdkb (RDVN CIF) d ntxtybt 60 lytq. Jy vjétnjnvtybnm hfcgjhzétybt RDVN CIF j pfghtnt yfbcgjkmpjdfybt ntö bkb bysö jåütrnjd byntkktrnefkmyjqcjåcndtyyjcnb gj gjkbnbxtcrbv ghbxbyfv, chtlb rjnj-hsö vjuen åsnm nfrbt, rfr dkbzybt lfyyjuj hfcgjhz-étybz yf cathe plhfdjjöhfytybz b yf jåotcndtyyjtåkfujcjcnjzybt, eckjdbz rjyrehtywbb d ärjyjvbrt CIF,ghjbpdjlcndj yf nthhbnjhbb CIF fyfkjubxysö bpltkbqbkb bpltkbq, yfghzveñ rjyrehbheñobö c bvgjhnysvbnjdfhfvb, dkbzybt lfyyjuj hfcgjhzétybz yf fvthbrfy-crbö gjnhtåbntktq, f nfrét tuj djpltqcndbt yf jnyjit-ybz CIF c lheubvb cnhfyfvb. Cv. nfrét Fdnjhcrjtghfdj – Copyright; Byntkktrnefkmyfz cjåcndtyyjcnm –Intellectual Property; Gfntyn – Patent; Pfrjy j nfhbaföjn 1930 u. – Tariff Act of 1930; Njhujdfz vfhrf – Trade-mark; b Njhujdst fcgtrns ghfd yf byntkktrnefkmyeñ

cjåcndtyyjcnm – Trade-Related Aspects of IntellectualProperty Rights.

HFPLTK 406 – Section 406.Lfyysq nthvby jnyjcbncz r Hfpltke 406 Pfrjyf j njh-ujdkt jn 1974 u. (Trade Act of 1974), rjnjhsq åsk ghbyznc wtkmñ jåtcgtxtybz pfobns jn gjlhsdf hsyrf, dsps-dftvjuj bvgjhnjv d CIF ghjlerwbb bp rjvveybcnb-xtcrbö cnhfy. Gjkjétybz Hfpltkf 406 c cjjndtnc-ndeñobvb gjghfdrfvb, dytctyysvb Cdjlysv pfrjyjv j njhujdkt b rjyrehtynjcgjcjåyjcnb jn 1988 u. (OmnibusTrade and Competitiveness Act of 1988), cöjlys c gjkjét-ybzvb Hfpltkjd 201–203 Pfrjyf j njhujdkt jn 1974 u.Jlyfrj Hfpltk 406 ghtlecvfnhbdftn vtytt cnhjubtnhtåjdfybz r ghtljcnfdktybñ ljrfpfntkmcnd yfytctybzeothåf b, d jnkbxbt jn Hfpltkf 201, ghtlecvfnhbdftndjpvjéyjcnm yfxfkf hfccktljdfybz d jnyjitybb bvgjh-nf bp rfrjq-kbåj jlyjq cnhfys, f yt d jnyjitybb dctöbvgjhnysö gjcnfdjr rfrjuj-kbåj rjyrhtnyjuj njdfhf.Hfpltk 406 nhtåetn jn Rjvbccbb CIF gj djghjcfvvtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb (RDVN CIF) ghjdtltybzhfccktljdfybq gj afrnfv éfkjå, gjlfdftvsö ghtlcnf-dbntkzvb dyenhtyybö jnhfcktq ghjvsiktyyjcnb bkbhfåjnybrfvb, rjnjhst endthélfñn, xnj bvgjhnystgjcnfdrb bp rfrjq-kbåj rjvveybcnbxtcrjq cnhfysghbdjlzn r gjlhsde hsyrf lkz ghjlerwbb dyenhtyytujghjbpdjlcndf. Tckb RDVN CIF ltqcndbntkmyj jåyfhe-ébn ceotcndjdfybt afrnf gjlhsdf hsyrf, jyf ljkéyfhtrjvtyljdfnm ghtpbltyne CIF ghbyznm vths gj pfob-nt dyenhtyybö ghjbpdjlbntktq gentv ddtltybz dhtvty-ysö juhfybxtybq yf bvgjhn d ajhvt nfhbajd, rdjn bkbnfhbaysö rdjn lkz ghtljndhfotybz nfrjuj gjlhsdf bkblkz pfobns jn ytuj. Cv. nfrét Htébv juhfybxtybq yfbvgjhn – Import Relief; Ghjntrwbjybpv – Protectionism;Vths gj pfobnt dyenhtyytq ärjyjvbrb – Safeguards;Pfrjy j njhujdkt jn 1974 u. – Trade Act of 1974; b Rj-vbccbz CIF gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb –U.S. International Trade Commission.

HFPHTITYBT CGJHJD – Dispute Settlement.Ghbvtybntkmyj r dytiytq njhujdkt nthvby ≤hfphtitybtcgjhjd≥ jåsxyj jåjpyfxftn ghjwtlehs ghjdtltybz rjy-cekmnfwbq, cjukfcbntkmyst ghjwtlehs, f nfrét ghjwt-lehs gthtlfxb cgjhf yf hfccvjnhtybt rfrjq-kbåj ytqnhfkmyjq nhtnmtq cnjhjyt, jceotcndkztvst vtéleexfcnybrfvb njhujdjuj cjukfitybz. D hfvrfö Utythfkm-yjuj cjukfitybz j nfhbafö b njhujdkt (UFNN) ceotcn-deñn gjkjétybz, ghtlecvfnhbdfñobt ghjdtltybt rjy-cekmnfwbq, f nfrét ghtlcnfdktybt Ljujdfhbdfñobvbczcnjhjyfvb htrjvtylfwbq b jghtltktybq d ckexft djpybr-yjdtybz vtéle ybvb cgjhjd, rjnjhst cjlthéfncz d Cnfnmzö ÖÖÈÈ b ÖÖÈÈÈ UFNN. Ghjwtlehs gj jceotcn-dktybñ änbö gjkjétybq åskb endthéltys dctvb Ljuj-dfhbdfñobvbcz cnjhjyfvb d 1966, 1979, 1982, 1984,

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1989 (ghjwtlehs, ghbyznst yf dhtvtyyjq jcyjdt) b 1993 uu. D cjjndtncndbb c cjukfitybtv, pfrkñxtyysv d 1993 u. d öjlt ghjdtltybz Eheudfqcrjuj hfeylfvyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN,cnhfys-exfcnybws ljujdjhbkbcm jå bpvtytybb ghtéytqcnhernehs hfphtitybz cgjhjd, djpybrfñobö vtéleLjujdfhbdfñobvbcz cnjhjyfvb d cbcntvt UFNN, gentvdrkñxtybz tt d åjktt rhegyjvfcinfåyeñ ghjuhfvve gjcjplfybñ cbkmyjq Jhufybpfwbb gj vtéleyfhjlyjqnjhujdkt. Xnj tot åjktt dféyj, ntgthm eét yb jlyfcnhfyf yt cvjétn åjkmit åkjrbhjdfnm ghbyznbt pfrkñ-xtybq ärcgthnysö uhegg UFNN, cjplfyysö lkz hfc-cvjnhtybz éfkjå. Ghb yjdjq cbcntvt pfrkñxtybz,cltkfyyst cjjndtncndeñotq ärcgthnyjq uheggjq, vjuenåsnm pfåkjrbhjdfys njkmrj d njv ckexft, tckb dctxktys UFNN dshfpzn cdjt ytcjukfcbt c ybvb. Yjdfzcbcntvf hfphtitybz cgjhjd d hfvrfö Jhufybpfwbb gjvtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt ghtlecvfnhbdftn yfkbxbtytcrjkmrbö änfgjd änjuj ghjwtccf: rjycekmnfwbb bcjukfcbntkmyst ghjwtlehs; cjplfybt ärcgthnysö uhegglkz hfccvjnhtybz cgjhysö djghjcjd; endthéltybthtitybq, dsytctyysö ärcgthnysvb uheggfvb; f nfrétgjcktleñobq yflpjh pf dsgjkytybtv änbö htitybq.Rhjvt njuj, Cjukfitybt j cdjåjlyjq njhujdkt vtéleCIF b Rfyfljq (U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement)cjlthébn jxtym gjlhjåyj bpkjétyyst ghjwtlehshfphtitybz cgjhjd, djpybrfñobö d hfvrfö jceotcndkt-ybz änjuj ljujdjhf. Cv. nfrét Fhåbnhfé – Arbitration;Ghtwtltynyjt ghfdj – Case Law; Rjltrcs ghfdbk – Codesof Conduct; Rjycekmnfwbb – Consultations; Hfvjxyjtcjukfitybt – Framework Agreement; Ujcelfhcndtyyfzgjkbnbrf b ghjwtlehs – Government Policies and Procedu-res; Uheggf ärcgthnjd – Panel of Experts; Njrbqcrbq hfeyl(vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) –Tokyo Round; b Eheudfqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybönjhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Uruguay Round.

HFPHTIBNTKMYFZ CNFNMZ – EnablingClause.Gjkyjt jabwbfkmyjt yfpdfybt Hfphtibntkmyjq cnfnmb –≤Htitybt j lbaathtywbfkmyjv b åjktt åkfujghbznyjvhtébvt, dpfbvyjcnb b åjktt gjkyjv exfcnbb hfpdbdfñ-oböcz cnhfy≥ (“Decision on Differential and More FavorableTreatment, Reciprocity, and Fuller Participation of DevelopingCountries”). Änf cnfnmz åskf cjukfcjdfyf b ghbyznf djdhtvz ghjdtltybz Njrbqcrjuj hfeylf vyjujcnjhjyybönjhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN d dblt Xfcnb Iyjdjuj ≤Hfvjxyjuj cjukfitybz≥ j vtéleyfhjlyjqnjhujdkt (Framework Agreement on International Trade).Hfphtibntkmyfz cnfnmz ñhblbxtcrb epfrjybkf hfcib-htybt Ljujdfhbdfñobvbcz cnhfyfvb gj UFNN ghtathty-wbq, ghtljcnfdkztvsö hfpdbdfñobvcz cnhfyfv, ytpf-dbcbvj jn nhtåjdfybz j ghtljcnfdktybb htébvf yf-båjkmituj åkfujghbzncndjdfybz, cjlthéfotujcz d Cnf-

nmt 1 UFNN. Cv. nfrét Hfvjxyjt cjukfitybt – Frame-work Agreement; Jåjåotyyfz cbcntvf ghtathtywbq –Generalized System of Preferences; Htébv yfbåjkmitujåkfujghbzncndjdfybz – Most-Favored-Nation Treatment;b Ghtathtywbb – Preferences.

HFVJXYJT CJUKFITYBT(LDECNJHJYYTT) – Framework Agreement(Bilateral).Ldecnjhjyytt hfvjxyjt cjukfitybt ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjqcjukfitybt vtéle CIF b jlybv bkb ytcrjkmrbvb bpbö njhujdsö gfhnythjd, ecnfyfdkbdfñott jghtltktyystghbywbgs, jnyjczobtcz r njhujdsv b bydtcnbwbjyysvdpfbvjjnyjitybzv vtéle ybvb, f nfrét jghtltkzñottvtöfybpv ghjdtltybz rjycekmnfwbq, rjnjhsq vjétnbcgjkmpjdfnmcz lkz enjxytybz ntö bkb bysö yfghfdkt-ybq dpfbvyjq njhujdjq gjkbnbrb, hfphtitybz rjyrhtn-ysö cgjhjd bkb cjukfcjdfybz vth gj cybétybñ bkbcyznbñ njhujdsö bkb bydtcnbwbjyysö åfhmthjd. Gthdjtnfrjt cjukfitybt åskj pfrkñxtyj vtéle CIF b Vtr-cbrjq d yjzåht 1987 u. Gjckt ytuj gjzdbkbcm fyfkjubx-yst cjukfitybz c Abkbggbyfvb b wtksv hzljv cnhfyÑéyjq b Wtynhfkmyjq Fvthbrb b Rfhbåcrjuj åfcctqyf.Cv. nfrét Ldecnjhjyybq – Bilateral; b Ldecnjhjyyttnjhujdjt cjukfitybt – Bilateral Trade Agreement.

HFVJXYJT CJUKFITYBT (D HFVRFÖUFNN) – Framework Agreement (GATT).Ghbvtybntkmyj r UFNN nthvby ≤Hfvjxyjt cjukfitybt≥cjåbhfntkmyj jåjpyfxftn xtnsht jnltkmysö ljrevtynf,ghbyznsö dj dhtvz ghjdtltybz Njrbqcrjuj hfeylfvyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd gj UFNN b ghtl-yfpyfxtyysö lkz ekexitybz ghjwtccf dshfåjnrb ytrj-njhsö aeylfvtynfkmysö gjkjétybq Utythfkmyjujcjukfitybz j nfhbafö b njhujdkt. Änbvb xtnshmvzljrevtynfvb zdkzñncz cktleñobt:• Ljrevtyn, yjczobq yfpdfybt ≤Lbaathtywbfkmysq båjktt åkfujghbznysq htébv, dpfbvyjcnm b åjktt gjkyjtexfcnbt hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfy≥ (“Differential and MoreFavorable Treatment, Reciprocity, and Fuller Participation ofDeveloping Countries”) b ghtlecvfnhbdfñobq hfcibhtybtrjywtgwbb cgtwbfkmyjuj b kmujnyjuj htébvf lkz hfpdb-dfñoböcz cnhfy d cbcntvt vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb, rjnjhfz dgthdst bpkjétyf d Xfcnb Ȫ UFNN. D ytv tothfp gjlxthrbdftncz nhtåjdfybt j njv, xnj ecnegrb ytljkéys jéblfnmcz jn yfbvtytt hfpdbnsö cnhfy d cke-xft, tckb änj ytcjdvtcnbvj c bö ärjyjvbxtcrbv hfpdb-nbtv. Lfyysq ljrevtyn nfrét cjlthébn jcyjdjgjkf-ufñobt erfpfybz j njhujdsö ghtathtywbzö chtlbyfbvtytt hfpdbnsö cnhfy b jnyjcbntkmyj jåjåotyyjqcbcntvs ghtathtywbq, ghtljcnfdkztvsö hfpdbnsvbcnhfyfvb yfbvtytt hfpdbnsv cnhfyfv lkz bö bvgjhnf.Hfpdbdfñobtcz cnhfys ghbpyfkb, xnj gj vtht gjcntgty-yjuj erhtgktybz bö ärjyjvbrb jn ybö åelen élfnm

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åjktt gjkyjuj exfcnbz d ltzntkmyjcnb d hfvrfö ghfd b jåzpfyyjcntq UFNN.• Ljrevtyn, yjczobq yfpdfybt ≤Ltrkfhfwbz j njhujdsövthfö, ghbybvftvsö d wtkzö ekexitybz cnhernehsgkfntéyjuj åfkfycf≥ (“Declaration on Trade MeasuresTaken for Balance of Payments Purposes”). Jy ecnfyfdkb-dftn ghbywbgs b yjhvs ghfrnbxtcrbö vthjghbznbq bghjwtleh, rfcfñoböcz bcgjkmpjdfybz njhujdsö vth b juhfybxtybq, ghbvtyztvsö ghfdbntkmcndfvb d cjjndtn-cndbb cj Cnfnmzvb ÖÈÈ b ÖªÈÈ UFNN d wtkzö pfobnsgkfntéyjuj åfkfycf.• Ljrevtyn, yjczobq yfpdfybt ≤Frwbz gj jåtcgtxtybñufhfynbq d wtkzö hfpdbnbz≥ (“Safeguard Action for Deve-lopment Purposes”). Jy hfpdbdftn b ljgjkyztn gjkjétybzCnfnmb ÖªÈÈÈ UFNN, ghtlecvfnhbdfz pfobne ≤vjkjlsö≥jnhfcktq ghjvsiktyyjcnb yfbvtytt hfpdbnsö cnhfy b jåtcgtxbdfz änbv cnhfyfv åjkmieñ ubårjcnm d ghb-vtytybb njhujdsö vth lkz eljdktndjhtybz bö yfceoysögjnhtåyjcntq d hfpdbnbb.• Ljrevtyn, yjczobq yfpdfybt ≤Ljujdjhtyyjcnm jå edt-ljvktybb, hfphtitybb cgjhjd gjchtlcndjv rjycekmnfwbqb yfåkñltybb≥ (“Understanding Regarding Notification,Consultation Dispute Settlement and Surveillance”). Jy ght-lecvfnhbdftn cjdthitycndjdfybt ceotcndeñobö vtöf-ybpvjd edtljvktybz j ghbyznbb njhujdsö vth, ghjdt-ltybz rjycekmnfwbq, hfphtitybz cgjhjd b yfåkñltybbpf bpvtytybzvb d cbcntvt vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb.Cv. nfrét Rjycekmnfwbb gj djghjcfv gkfntéyjujåfkfycf – Balance of Payments Consultations; Hfphtitybtcgjhjd – Dispute Settlement; Hfphtibntkmyfz cnfnmz –Enabling Clause; Utythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö bnjhujdkt – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; Ght-athtywbb – Preferences; Dpfbvyjcnm – Reciprocity; Vthsgj pfobnt dyenhtyytq ärjyjvbrb – Safeguards; Cgtwbfkm-ysq b lbaathtywbfkmysq htébv – Special and DifferentialTreatment; Njrbqcrfz ltrkfhfwbz – Tokyo Declaration;b Njrbqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtuj-djhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Tokyo Round.

HFCGHTLTKTYBT – Distribution.Hfcghjcnhfytybt njdfhjd b eckeu yf hsyrt gj jåsxysvnjhujdsv rfyfkfv. Cv. nfrét Cjltqcndbt hfpdbnbñärcgjhnf – Export Promotion; Hsyjr – Market; Yfkju c jåjhjnf – Sales Tax; Ntöyjkjubz – Technology;b Njhujdfz zhvfhrf – Trade Fair.

HFCGHTLTKTYBT UHEPJGJNJRJD – CargoSharing.Htpthdbhjdfybt b hfpltktybt vjhcrbö uhepjgjnjrjdvtéle jghtltktyysvb njhujdsvb gfhnythfvb, rjnjhstljujdfhbdfñncz vtéle cjåjq j njv, xnj celf, ghbyfl-ktéfobt rféljve bp gfhnythjd bkb rjynhjkbhetvstbv, åelen bcgjkmpjdfnmcz lkz gthtdjprb ytrjnjhjq

jghtltktyyjq ghjwtynyjq ljkb uhepjdsö gthtdjpjrvtéle änbvb gfhnythfvb.

HFCCKTLJDFYBZ D CJJNDTNCNDBB C HFPLTKJV 232 – Section 232Investigations.Cjukfcyj gjkjétybzv Hfpltkf 232 Pfrjyf j hfcibhtybbnjhujdkb jn 1962 u. (Trade Expansion Act of 1962) c cjjn-dtncndeñobvb gjghfdrfvb, Åñhj ärcgjhnyjuj htuekb-hjdfybz Vbybcnthcndf njhujdkb CIF ghjdjlbn hfcckt-ljdfybz dkbzybz bvgjhnf yf yfwbjyfkmyeñ åtpjgfcyjcnmCIF. Nfrbt hfccktljdfybz vjuen åsnm yfxfns yfjcyjdt pfghjcf rfrjq-kbåj pfbynthtcjdfyyjq cnjhjys,kbåj Vbybcnthcndjv njhujdkb CIF gj tuj cjåcndtyyjqbybwbfnbdt. R dféytqibv rhbnthbzv, bcgjkmpetvsvlkz jghtltktybz ytjåöjlbvjcnb yfxfkf hfccktljdfybz,jnyjczncz:• gjnhtåyjcnb jåtcgtxtybz ujcelfhcndtyyjq jåjhjys b åtpjgfcyjcnb ébpytyyj dféysö uhfélfycrbö jnhfcktqärjyjvbrb CIF;• jåtcgtxtybt vfrcbvfkmyjuj ghjbpdjlcndtyyjuj gjnty-wbfkf ärjyjvbrb CIF;• rjkbxtcndj, rfxtcndj b yfkbxbt bvgjhnyjq ghjler-wbb;• ytufnbdyjt dkbzybt byjcnhfyyjq rjyrehtywbb yf ärj-yjvbxtcrjt åkfujcjcnjzybt ébpytyyj dféysö jnhfcktqärjyjvbrb CIF;• lheubt afrnjhs, bvtñobt jnyjitybt r eybrfkmysvjåcnjzntkmcndfv rfrjuj-kbåj rjyrhtnyjuj ckexfz.

Vbybcnh njhujdkb CIF jåzpfy d ntxtybt 270 lytqghtlcnfdbnm ghtpbltyne CIF cdjb cjjåhfétybz b htrj-vtylfwbb. D ntxtybt änjuj gthbjlf Vbybcnthcndj njh-ujdkb vjétn, tckb änj evtcnyj, ghtljcnfdbnm jåotcndedjpvjéyjcnm dscrfpsdfnm cdjb pfvtxfybz b ghtlcnfd-kznm byajhvfwbñ b cjdtns, rfcfñobtcz njuj bkb byjujrjyrhtnyjuj ckexfz ghbvtytybz ghfdf hfccktljdfybz.Gjckt gjkextybz jnxtnf bp Vbybcnthcndf njhujdkbghtpbltyn CIF ljkéty d ntxtybt 90 lytq jghtltkbnm,cjukfcty kb jy c cjjåhfétybzvb, bpkjétyysvb d änjvjnxtnt, b htibnm, ljkéty kb jy (jyf) bcgjkmpjdfnm cdjtpfrjyyjt ghfdj ≤htuekbhjdfnm bvgjhn≥ c wtkmñ ecnhf-ytybz kñåjq dszdktyyjq euhjps yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfc-yjcnb Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd. Vbybcnthcndj njhujdkbbvttn ghfdj ghjdjlbnm hfccktljdfybz d cjjndtncndbb c Hfpltkjv 232 yfxbyfz c 1980 u. Cv. nfrét Rjltrcsghfdbk – Codes of Conduct; Ytnfhbayst åfhmths – Non-Tariff Barriers; Ytnfhbayst vths – Non-Tariff Measures;Rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz – Quantitative Restrictions;b Pfrjy j hfcibhtybb njhujdkb jn 1962 u. – TradeExpansion Act of 1962.

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HFCXTNYFZ CNJBVJCNM – ConstructedValue.Cv. Ltvgbyu – Dumping.

HFEYL – Round.Wbrk vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrföUFNN, pfdthifñobqcz jlyjdhtvtyysv gjlgbcfybtvnjhujdsö cjukfitybq j cybétybb nfhbaysö b ytnfhba-ysö åfhmthjd lkz njhujdkb vtéle cnhfyfvb-exfcnybwf-vb. Lj yfcnjzotuj dhtvtyb åskj ghjdtltyj dctuj djctvm hfeyljd nfrbö gthtujdjhjd: d 1947–48 uu. d Étytdt (Idtqwfhbz), d 1949 u. d Fycb (Ahfywbz), d 1950–51 uu. d Njhreäq (Fyukbz), d 1956 u. d Étytdt, d 1960–62 uu. d Étytdt (Lbkkjycrbq hfeyl), d 1963–67 uu. d Étytdt (Rtyytlbqcrbq hfeyl), d 1973–79 uu. d Étytdt (Njrbqcrbq hfeyl) b, yfrjytw, d 1986–1993 uu. cyjdf d Étytdt (Eheudfqcrbq hfeyl).Cv. nfrét Lbkkjycrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsögthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Dillon Round; Utythfkmyjtcjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt – General Agreement onTariffs and Trade; Rtyytlbqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybönjhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Kennedy Round;Kbåthfkbpfwbz – Liberalization; Vyjujcnjhjyybtnjhujdst gthtujdjhs – Multilateral Trade Negotiations;Gthtujdjhs – Negotiations; Cgbcjr ghtlkjétybq – OfferList; Ghtltk cybétybz bvgjhnysö gjikby – Peril Point;Dpfbvyjcnm – Reciprocity; Cgbcjr nhtåjdfybq – RequestList; Njrbqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gtht-ujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Tokyo Round; Njhujdjt cjukf-itybt – Trade Agreement; Pfrjy j njhujdsö cjukfitybzöjn 1934 u. – Trade Agreements Act of 1934; Eheudfqcrbqhfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrföUFNN) – Uruguay Round; b Rjvbccbz Ebkmzvcf – WilliamsCommission.

HTUHTCCBDYJT YFKJUJJÅKJÉTYBT –Regressive Taxation.Cv. Rjcdtyysq yfkju – Indirect Tax.

HTUEKBHJDFYBT YFKJUJJÅKJÉTYBZÄRCGJHNBHETVSÖ B BVGJHNBHETVSÖNJDFHJD – Border Tax Adjustments.Cybétybt rjcdtyysö yfkjujd yf ärcgjhnyst njdfhs bkbjcdjåjéltybt änbö njdfhjd jn rjcdtyysö yfkjujd,drkñxfz yfkju c jåjhjnf b yfkju yf ljåfdktyyeñ cnj-bvjcnm (YLC), rjnjhjt ghbpdfyj jåtcgtxbnm pfobneärcgjhnf jn ghtgzncndbq cj cnjhjys yfwbjyfkmysöcbcntv yfkjujjåkjétybz, f nfrét jåkjétybt dyenhty-ybvb yfkjufvb bvgjhnysö njdfhjd, bvtñott wtkmñ ytljgecnbnm cjplfybt lkz ybö ghtathtywbfkmyjuj htébvfgj chfdytybñ c njdfhfvb, ghjbpdtltyysvb yf nthhbnj-hbb lfyyjq cnhfys. Htuekbhjdfybt yfkjujjåkjétybzärcgjhnysö njdfhjd ghb gthtctxtybb bvb uhfybwshfphtityj gjkjétybzvb Cnfntq ªÈ b ÖªÈ UFNN njkmrj

d jnyjitybb rjcdtyysö yfkjujd, yj yt ghtlecvjnhtyj d jnyjitybb ghzvsö yfkjujd (r rjnjhsv jnyjcbncz,yfghbvth, yfkju yf ljöjls abhv-ghjbpdjlbntktq).Ghfdbntkmcndj CIF ghbvtyztn htuekbhjdfybt yfkjuj-jåkjétybz ärcgjhnbhetvsö b bvgjhnbhetvsö njdfhjdpyfxbntkmyj htét, xtv ghfdbntkmcndf åjkmibycndflheubö cnhfy, gjcrjkmre jyj gjkfuftncz d jcyjdyjv yfbcgjkmpjdfybt yfkjuf yf ljöjls (bkb bysö ghzvsöyfkjujd), f nfrét gj njq ghbxbyt, xnj åjkmifz xfcnmnjdfhjd, ärcgjhnbhetvsö bp CIF, djjåot yt jåkf-uftncz rjcdtyysvb yfkjufvb. Cv. nfrét Ghzvjq yfkju– Direct Tax; Rjcdtyysq yfkju – Indirect Tax; Yfkju –Tax; b Yfkju yf ljåfdktyyeñ cnjbvjcnm – Value AddedTax.

HTÉBV YFBÅJKMITUJÅKFUJGHBZNCNDJDFYBZ (HYÅ) – Most-Favored-Nation Treatment (MFN).Gjkbnbrf ytlbcrhbvbyfwbb d njhujdsö jnyjitybzö,rjnjhfz ghtlecvfnhbdftn ghtljcnfdktybt dctv njhujdsvgfhnythfv nfrjq ét nfvjétyysq b nfhbaysq htébv,rfrjq ghtljcnfdkztncz nfr yfpsdftvjq ≤yfbåjkttåkfujghbzncndetvjq cnhfyt≥. Änjn aeylfvtynfkmysqghbywbg åsk öfhfrnthyjq xthnjq njhujdjq gjkbnbrbCIF tot d 1778 u. Yfxbyfz c 1923 u. CjtlbytyystInfns cnfkb drkñxfnm d cdjb njhujdst cjukfitybzgjkjétybt j ≤åtpeckjdyjv≥ htébvt yfbåjkmituj åkf-ujghbzncndjdfybz, jåzpsdfñott ljujdfhbdfñobtcz ujce-lfhcndf ghtljcnfdkznm lheu lheue dct yfbåjktt åkfuj-ghbznyst njhujdst ecnegrb, rjnjhst jyb hfytt vjukbghbvtyznm d jnyjitybb kñåjq lheujq cnhfys gjcktgjlgbcfybz lfyyjuj cjukfitybz. D yfcnjzott dhtvzCIF ghbvtyzñn änj gjkjétybt d njhujdkt cj dctvbcdjbvb njhujdsvb gfhnythfvb, pf bcrkñxtybtv jcjåsöckexftd, ghtlecvjnhtyysö pfrjyjv. Yfxbyfz cj dhtvtybjrjyxfybz Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys yf ghbywbgt HYÅnfrét cnhjbncz dcz jcyjdf vbhjdjq cbcntvs njhujdkb.D cjjndtncndbb cj Cnfnmtq È UFNN dct Ljujdfhbdfñobt-cz cnjhjys d hfvrfö UFNN bcgjkmpeñn HYÅ d jnyjit-ybzö lheu c lheujv. Cv. nfrét ≤Nfhbayst cnfdrbgthdjq rjkjyrb≥ – Column 1 Rates; Ecnegrf – Concession;Eckjdysq htébv yfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzncndjdfybz –Conditional Most-Favored-Nation Treatment; Nfvjéyz –Customs; Lbcrhbvbyfwbz – Discrimination; Hfphtibntkm-yfz cnfnmz – Enabling Clause; Utythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt – General Agreement on Tariffs andTrade; Jcyjdyjq gjcnfdobr – Principal Supplier;Dpfbvyjcnm – Reciprocity; Nfhba – Tariff; b Pfrjy j njhujdsö cjukfitybzö jn 1934 u. – Trade AgreementsAct of 1934.

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HTÉBV JUHFYBXTYBQ YF BVGJHN –Import Relief.Jckfåktybt rjyrehtynyjuj lfdktybz yf rfreñ-kbåjjnhfckm jntxtcndtyyjq ghjvsiktyyjcnb b tt hfåjnybrjdgjchtlcndjv ecnfyjdktybz juhfybxtybq yf ghbnjr njdf-hjd bp lheubö cnhfy yf cjjndtncndeñobq hsyjr, yfghb-vth, gentv ddtltybz nfvjétyysö nfhbajd bkb rjkb-xtcndtyysö juhfybxtybq yf bvgjhn. Cv. nfrét Rjy-rehtynjcgjcjåysq – Competitive; Jujdjhrf j djpvjé-yjcnb jnrfpf jn dsgjkytybz ljujdjhysö jåzpfntkmcnd– Escape Clause; Hsyjr – Market; b Pfobnf – Protection.

HTPTHDYFZ DFKÑNF – Reserve Currency.Yfwbjyfkmyfz dfkñnf, yfghbvth, ljkkfh bkb aeyn cnth-kbyujd, kbåj vtéleyfhjlyfz dfkñnf, yfghbvth, cgt-wbfkmyst ghfdf pfbvcndjdfybz (CGP bkb CLH), bcgjkm-petvfz vyjubvb cnhfyfvb lkz gjrhsnbz cdjbö ltåtnj-dsö cfkmlj ghb vtéleyfhjlysö hfcxtnfö. Wtynhfkmyståfyrb hfpkbxysö cnhfy jåsxyj lthéfn pyfxbntkmyeñljkñ cdjbö ltytéysö htpthdjd d htpthdysö dfkñnfö,rjnjhst byjulf yfpsdfñn nfrét ≤rkñxtdsvb≥ dfkñnf-vb. Cv. nfrét Dfkñnf – Currency; Vthrfynbkbpv –Mercantilism; b Cgtwbfkmyst ghfdf pfbvcndjdfybz –Special Drawing Rights.

HTPTHDS – Reserves.Cv. Vthrfynbkbpv – Mercantilism; b Htpthdyfz dfkñnf– Reserve Currency.

HTGHTCCFKBB – Reprisals.Cv. Jndtnyfz vthf (htghtccfkbz) – Retaliation.

HTCNBNEWBB – Restitutions.Dsgkfns ärcgjhnthfv ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyjq ghjlerwbbd hfvrfö Tdhjgtqcrjuj cjjåotcndf d cjjndtncndbb c ghbywbgfvb Tlbyjq ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyjq gjkbnbrb,yfghfdktyyst yf gjrhsnbt hfpybws vtéle dyenhtyybvbwtyfvb b wtyfvb vbhjdjuj hsyrf. Cv. nfrét Tlbyfzctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyfz gjkbnbrf – Common AgriculturalPolicy; Ldjqcndtyyjt wtyjjåhfpjdfybt – Dual Pricing;Tdhjgtqcrjt cjjåotcndj – European Community; Ärcgjhn-yfz ceåcblbz – Export Subsidy; Gjhjujdfz wtyf – Thres-hold Price; b Gthtvtyyfz gjikbyf – Variable Levy.

HTNHJWTCCBZ – Retrocession.Cv. Gthtcnhföjdfybt – Reinsurance.

HTRKFVF – Advertising.Cv. Eckeub – Services.

HBVCRBQ LJUJDJH – Treaty of Rome.Cv. Tdhjgtqcrjt cjjåotcndj – European Community.

HBCR – Risk.Cgtrekznbdysq hbcr cdzpfy c djpvjéyjcnmñ gjkextybzghbåskb bkb gjytctybz eåsnrjd d pfdbcbvjcnb jn ecgt-öf bkb ytelfxb hfccvfnhbdftvjuj abyfycjdjuj bkbrjvvthxtcrjuj ghtlghbznbz. Åfyrb nfrét ghbybvfñn yfctåz hbcr, rjulf jyb dslfñn ccels, rjnjhst vjuenåsnm, d rjytxyjv cxtnt, kbåj djpdhfotys, kbåj yt-djpdhfotys. Bydtcnjhjd byjulf yfpsdfñn ≤ytceobvbhbcr≥: bö bydtcnbwbb vjuen cxbnfnmcz ≤dtyxehysv rfgb-nfkjv≥ (“venture capital”), tckb jyb jrfpsdfñncz cjghz-étys cj pyfxbntkmysv hbcrjv, rfr, yfghbvth, d ckexftdkjétybz chtlcnd d yjdst ghtlghbznbz, bkb ≤rfgbnf-kjv, dkjétyysv c vbybvfkmysv hbcrjv≥ (“securitycapital”), tckb jyb cdzpfys c ytåjkmibv hbcrjv. Xbcnsqhbcr bvttn vtcnj d njv ckexft, tckb ytn djpvjéyjcnbgjkexbnm rfrjq-kbåj ljöjl, f tcnm njkmrj djpvjéyjcnmgjytcnb eåsnrb. Cnhföjdfybt hfcghjcnhfyztncz bvtyyjyf xbcnst hbcrb, yj yt yf cgtrekznbdyst hbcrb. Cv.nfrét Rhtlbn – Credit; Ghtlghbybvfntkm – Entrepre-neur; Cnhföjdfybt – Insurance; Ghjwtyn – Interest; Pftv– Loan; Ghbåskm – Profit; b Gthtcnhföjdfybt –Reinsurance.

HYÅ – MFN.Cv. Htébv yfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzncndjdfybz – Most-Favored-Nation Treatment.

HSYJR – Market.Hfqjy bkb jåkfcnm, d ghtltkfö rjnjhsö gjregfntkb b ghjlfdws dpfbvjltqcndeñn lheu c lheujv c wtkmñcjdthitybz cltkjr ärjyjvbxtcrjuj jåvtyf. Ghjuyjpysqbkb htfkbpjdfyysq cghjc yf rfrjq-kbåj njdfh bkbeckeue nfrét vjétn yfpsdfnmcz ≤hsyrjv≥. Cv. nfrétCghjc – Demand; Hfcghtltktybt – Distribution; Hsyjxyfzärjyjvbrf – Market Economy; Vjyjgjkbz – Monopoly;Ghjbpdjlcndj – Production; Gjregfntkmyfz cgjcjåyjcnm– Purchasing Power; Ghtlkjétybt – Supply; b Njhujdfzzhvfhrf – Trade Fair.

HSYJR RFGBNFKJD – Capital Market.Hsyjr ljkujchjxysö pftvysö chtlcnd. Hsyjr rfgbnfkjdyt zdkztncz rfrbv-nj jlybv exhtéltybtv: d ytujdöjlzn ajyljdst åbhéb, ufhfyns hfpvtotybz (wtyysöåevfu), bydtcnbwbjyyst åfyrb b cnhföjdst rjvgfybb,rjnjhst yfghfdkzñn gj jghtltktyysv rfyfkfv cghjc b ghtlkjétybt ljkujchjxyjuj rfgbnfkf b nhtåjdfybz j ghtljcnfdktybb rfgbnfkf, jcjåtyyj tckb nfrjq hsyjrcrjywtynhbhjdfy d nfrbö rhegysö b dtleobö abyfy-cjdsö wtynhfö, rfr Ymñ-Qjhr bkb Kjyljy. Öjhjifzjhufybpfwbz hfpvtotybz (vfhrtnbyu) wtyysö åevfuzdkztncz jlybv bp dféytqibö eckjdbq äaatrnbdyjq

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hfåjns kñåjuj hsyrf rfgbnfkjd. Cv. nfrét Rfgbnfk –Capital; Hfpdbdfñobtcz cnhfys – Developing Countries;Cnhföjdfybt – Insurance; Vtéleyfhjlyfz abyfycjdfzrjhgjhfwbz – International Finance Corporation;Hsyjr – Market; Ufhfynbz, wtyyfz åevfuf – Security;Ufhfyn (gjhexbntkm) – Underwriter; b Dctvbhysq åfyr –World Bank.

HSYJR YFKBXYJUJ NJDFHF – Spot Market.Hsyjr, yf rjnjhjv njhujdkz njdfhfvb bkb wtyysvbåevfufvb dtltncz yf eckjdbzö ytvtlktyyjq gjcnfdrb.Nfrbv jåhfpjv, wtyf ghb ghjlfét pf yfkbxyst – änjwtyf njdfhf ghb tuj ytvtlktyyjq gjcnfdrt. Cv. nfrétHsyjr cltkjr yf chjr (amñxthcysq hsyjr) – ForwardMarket; Wtyf – Price; b Ufhfynbz, wtyyfz åevfuf –Security.

HSYJR CLTKJR YF CHJR(AMÑXTHCYSQ HSYJR) – Forward Market.Hsyjr, yf rjnjhjv pfrkñxfñncz rjynhfrns yf åeleobtgjcnfdrb njdfhjd b wtyysö åevfu d pfhfytt jghtltkty-ysq ltym gj abrcbhjdfyysv wtyfv. Cfvb änb rjynhfrnsxfcnj yfpsdfñn ≤amñxthcfvb≥ (jn fyukbqcrjuj ckjdf“future”, xnj d gthtdjlt yf heccrbq zpsr jpyfxftn≤åeleott≥). Vyjubt njdfhyst åbhéb – yfghbvth åbhéb,yf rjnjhsö dtlencz njhub ithcnmñ, ökjgrjv b git-ybwtq – ghjdjlzn njhub gj cltkrfv yf chjr (amñxth-cfv), gjpdjkzñobt pfbynthtcjdfyysv cnjhjyfv ötléb-hjdfnm (cnhföjdfnm) jn bpvtytybq wty yf cshmtdst njdf-hs, rjnjhst jyb bcgjkmpeñn bkb c rjnjhsvb bvtñnltkj. Cv. nfrét Njdfh (cshmtdjq njdfh) – Commodity;Ötlé – Hedge; Hsyjr – Market; b Hsyjr yfkbxyjujnjdfhf – Spot Market.

HSYJXYFZ ÄRJYJVBRF – MarketEconomy.Yfwbjyfkmyfz ärjyjvbrf, d rjnjhjq jghtltktybt ehjd-ytq ghjbpdjlcndf, gjnhtåktybz, rfgbnfkjdkjétybq b cåthtétybq d pyfxbntkmyjq cntgtyb jcyjdfyf yf ltq-cndbb hsyjxysö cbk åtp exfcnbz ujcelfhcndf. Cv. nfrétCghjc – Demand; Hsyjxyst cbks – Market Forces;Vfrhjärjyjvbrf – Macroeconomics; Ythsyjxyfz ärjyjvb-rf – Non-Market Economy; Wtyf – Price; Xfcnysq ctrnjh– Private Sector; Ghbåskm – Profit; b Ghtlkjétybt –Supply.

HSYJXYST CBKS – Market Forces.Bpvtytybz cghjcf b ghtlkjétybz, yföjlzobt jnhfétybtd bpvtytybb jnyjcbntkmysö wty b ntv cfvsv ckeéfobtbylbrfnjhfvb b jhbtynbhfvb lkz ghtlghbznbq, ghbyb-vfñobö htitybz jå bydtcnbhjdfybb bkb j gjregrt bkbghjlfét ntö bkb bysö njdfhjd. Cv. nfrét Cghjc –Demand; Vfrhjärjyjvbrf – Macroeconomics; ≤Eghfdkzt-

vfz njhujdkz≥ – Managed Trade; Ljcneg yf hsyjr –Market Access; Vbrhjärjyjvbrf – Microeconomics;Ythsyjxyfz ärjyjvbrf – Non-Market Economy; Wtyf –Price; Xfcnysq ctrnjh – Private Sector; b Ghtlkjétybt –Supply.

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CCFYRWBB – Sanctions.Cv. Ävåfhuj – Embargo.

CDBLTNTKMCNDJ J GHJBCÖJÉLTYBB –Certificate of Origin.Cv. Ghjwtlehs nfvjétyyjuj b flvbybcnhfnbdyjuj ext-nf bvgjhnbhetvsö njdfhjd – Customs and AdministrativeEntry Procedures.

CDBLTNTKMCNDJ J CNHFYTGHJBCÖJÉLTYBZ – Country of OriginCertificate.Cv. Ghjwtlehs nfvjétyyjuj b flvbybcnhfnbdyjuj ext-nf bvgjhnbhetvsö njdfhjd – Customs and AdministrativeEntry Procedures.

CDVN – CIT.Cv. Cel gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb – Court of International Trade.

CDJÅJLYFZ PJYF – Free Zone.Hfcgjkjétyysq yf nthhbnjhbb rfrjq-kbåj cnhfys hfqjy(vjhcrjq gjhn, fähjgjhn, crkfl bkb kñåjq jåjpyfxty-ysq hfqjy), bvtñobq cnfnec nthhbnjhbb, pf ghtltkfvbnfvjétyyjq pjys lfyyjq cnhfys. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, bv-gjhnths vjuen ddjpbnm d nfrjq hfqjy åtp egkfns nfvj-étyysö gjikby b yfkjujd njdfhs byjcnhfyyjuj ghjbc-öjéltybz c wtkmñ bö gjcktleñotq jåhfåjnrb, gthtjn-ghfdrb (gthtdfkrb) bkb htärcgjhnf. Yf hfyytv änfgthfpdbnbz ghjwtccf byntuhfwbb vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkbd hfvrfö UFNN, rjulf nfvjétyyst gjikbys åskb totdscjrb, ceotcndjdfkj b ghjwdtnfkj pyfxbntkmyjt xbckjcdjåjlysö pjy. Ytrjnjhst bp ybö ceotcndeñn lj cbögjh d cnjkbwfö ujcelfhcnd, nhfycgjhnysö epkfö b rheg-ysö gjhnfö, jlyfrj d htpekmnfnt cybétybz nfhbajd pfgjcktlybt ujls rjkbxtcndj nfrbö pjy b bö pyfxbvjcnmcybpbkbcm. Cdjåjlyst pjys nfrét byjulf yfpsdfñn≤djkmysvb ufdfyzvb≥, ≤cdjåjlysvb crkflfvb≥, ≤pjyfvbcdjåjlyjq njhujdkb≥ b ≤pjyfvb byjcnhfyyjq njhujdkb≥.Cv. nfrét Nfvjéyz – Customs.

CDJÅJLYFZ NJHUJDKZ – Free Trade.Ntjhtnbxtcrfz rjywtgwbz, ghtlgjkfufñofz cdjåjlenjhujdkb jn clthébdfñotuj dkbzybz ghfdbntkmcndtyysövth, nfrbö rfr nfhbas bkb ytnfhbayst åfhmths.Wtkmñ kbåthfkbpfwbb njhujdkb zdkztncz jåtcgtxtybt≤åjktt cdjåjlyjq njhujdkb≥, f yt ≤cdjåjlyjq njhujdkb≥djjåot, gjcrjkmre d rheufö ujcelfhcndtyysö xbyjdyb-

rjd, jghtltkzñobö njhujdeñ gjkbnbre, åsnetn jåottvytybt, xnj ytrjnjhst juhfybxtybz yf njhujdkñ gj-ghtéytve jcnfyencz d cbkt d jåjphbvjv åeleotv. Cv.nfrét Kbåthfkbpfwbz – Liberalization; Ytnfhbayståfhmths – Non-Tariff Barriers; Ghjntrwbjybpv – Pro-tectionism; b Nfhba – Tariff.

CDJÅJLYSQ CRKFL – Free Warehouse.Cv. Cdjåjlyfz pjyf – Free Zone.

≤CDJÅJLYSQ CGBCJR≥ – Free List.Cgbcjr njdfhjd, yt jåkfuftvsö bvgjhnysvb gjikbyfvbbkb yf rjnjhst yt hfcghjcnhfyzñncz nhtåjdfybz j kb-wtypbhjdfybb bvgjhnf d rfrjq-kbåj rjyrhtnyjq cnhfyt.Cv. nfrét Kbwtypbhjdfybt – Licensing.

CDJLYSQ PFRJY J NJHUJDKT BRJYREHTYNJCGJCJÅYJCNB JN 1988 U. –Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of1988.Pfrjy, ghbyznsq Rjyuhtccjv CIF d fduecnt 1988 u. b gjlgbcfyysq ghtpbltynjv CIF r dcnegktybñ d cbke23 fduecnf 1988 u. d wtkzö gjdsitybz rjyrehtynjcgj-cjåyjcnb fvthbrfycrjq ghjvsiktyyjcnb. Tuj jcyjdysvbpflfxfvb åskb cktleñobt: dslfxf jabwbfkmyjujhfphtitybz yf ghjdtltybt gthtujdjhjd j pfrkñxtybbdpfbvjdsujlysö njhujdsö cjukfitybq; erhtgktybtnjhujdjuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf CIF; cjdthitycndjdfybthfphfåjnrb njhujdjq cnhfntubb CIF b vtnjljd eghfdkt-ybz tñ; yfrjytw, gjdsitybt ébpytyyjuj ehjdyz yfctkt-ybz dj dctv vbht c gjvjomñ dctö dsitgthtxbcktyysövth. D htpekmnfnt ghbyznbz Cdjlyjuj pfrjyf CIF j njhujdkt b rjyrehtynjcgjcjåyjcnb gjzdbkjcm vyj-étcndj bpvtytybq d njhujdjv pfrjyjlfntkmcndt CIF –d xfcnyjcnb, åskb dytctys pyfxbntkmyst bpvtytybz d gjkjétybz Hfpltkf 301 b åskb ghbyzns cktleñobtyjdst gjkjétybz lfyyjuj hfpltkf:• Ljgjkytybt r Hfpltke 301 (“Super 301”, gfhfuhfa1302 Pfrjyf), nhtåeñott jn njhujdjuj ghtlcnfdbntkzCIF dszdktybz d 1989 b 1990 uu. ghbjhbntnysö dbljdltzntkmyjcnb (ltqcndbq, clthébdfñobö hfpdbnbt njhujd-kb, jnrfp jn ghbvtytybz rjnjhsö vju ås ghbdtcnb r pyfxbntkmyjve edtkbxtybñ jåütvf fvthbrfycrjujärcgjhnf) b ghbjhbntnysö cnhfy (cnhfy c yfbåjktt dscj-rbvb njhujdsvb åfhmthfvb b cnhfy c yfbkexibvbhsyrfvb lkz fvthbrfycrjuj ärcgjhnf) b yfxfnm hfcckt-ljdfybt gj afrnfv cjdthitybz nfrbö ltqcndbq d cjjn-dtncndbb c gjkjétybzvb Hfpltkf 301;• Jcjåjt ljgjkytybt r Hfpltke 301 (“Special 301”, gfhf-uhfa 1303 Pfrjyf), nhtåeñott jn njhujdjuj ghtlcnfdb-ntkz CIF dszdktybz afrnjd b cfvjcnjzntkmyjuj yfxf-kf ecrjhtyyjuj hfccktljdfybz d cjjndtncndbb c Hfplt-kjv 301 d jnyjitybb cnhfy, rjnjhst jnrfpsdfñncz

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jn jåtcgtxtybz yflktéfotq pfobns ghfd yf byntkktr-nefkmyeñ cjåcndtyyjcnm;• Ljgjkytybt j ntktrjvveybrfwbzö r Hfpltke 301(“Telecommunications 301”, gfhfuhfa 1377 Pfrjyf), nht-åeñott jn njhujdjuj ghtlcnfdbntkz CIF ghjdtltybz yftétujlyjq jcyjdt hfccvjnhtybz njhujdsö cjukfitybq,rjnjhst pfnhfubdfñn ntktrjvveybrfwbjyyeñ ghjlerwbñbkb eckeub, lkz dszdktybz ckexftd, rjulf pfheåtéyjtujcelfhcndj yt dsgjkyztn cdjbö jåzpfntkmcnd gj lfyyj-ve cjukfitybñ bkb rfrbv-kbåj bysv jåhfpjv juhfyb-xbdftn djpvjéyjcnb cåsnf lkz ntktrjvveybrfwbjyyjqghjlerwbb bkb eckeu, ghjbpdtltyysö d CIF.

D vfhnt 1994 u. Ghtpbltyn E. Rkbynjy gjlgbcfk gjcnf-yjdktybt jå bpvtytybb Ljgjkytybz r Hfpltke 301: d cj-jndtncndbb c änbv gjcnfyjdktybtv njhujdsq ghtlcnfdb-ntkm CIF ljkéty d 1994 b 1995 uu. jghtltkbnm ghbjhb-ntnyst byjcnhfyyst ltqcndbz, lfñobt jcyjdfybt lkzghtlüzdktybz bcrf cjukfcyj gjkjétybzv Hfpltkf 301.Cv. nfrét Ecnegrf – Concession; Ärcgjhnyfz ceåcblbz –Export Subsidy; Byntkktrnefkmyfz cjåcndtyyjcnm –Intellectual Property; Gfntyn – Patent; Hfpltk 301 –Section 301; Jcjåjt ljgjkytybt r Hfpltke 301 – Special301; Ntöyjkjubz – Technology; Pfrjy j njhujdkt jn 1988 u. – Trade Act of 1988; Gthtlfxf ntöyjkjubb –Transfer of Technology; Ytxtcnyst vtnjls dtltybz njhu-jdkb – Unfair Trade Practices; b Dctvbhyfz jhufybpfwbzgj jöhfyt byntkktrnefkmyjq cjåcndtyyjcnb – WorldIntellectual Property Organization.

CDZPFYYST CNFDRB NFVJÉTYYJUJNFHBAF – Bound Rates.Cnfdrb nfvjétyyjuj nfhbaf, ecnfyjdktyyst d htpekmnf-nt ghjdtltybz gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN, drkñxtyystd gthtxtym ecnegjr njq bkb byjq cnhfys b zdkzñobtcz,nfrbv jåhfpjv, jåzpfntkmysvb r dsgjkytybñ d rfxtcn-dt cjcnfdyjq xfcnb UFNN. Tckb jlyf bp Ljujdfhbdfñ-oböcz cnjhjy gjlybvtn rfrjq-kbåj nfhba lj ehjdyz,ghtdsifñotuj cjjndtncndeñoeñ cdzpfyyeñ cnfdre, nj d cjjndtncndbb c gjkjétybzvb UFNN dct jcyjdyst åtyt-abwbfhs gj ghtlsleotve jåzpfntkmcnde bvtñn ghfdjgjkexbnm rjvgtycfwbñ – jåsxyj d ajhvt cybétybznfvjétyysö nfhbajd yf lheubt dbls ghjlerwbb, ärc-gjhnbhetvjq änbvb åtytabwbfhfvb d lfyyeñ cnhfye.Tckb åtytabwbfhs yt gjkexfn nfrjq rjvgtycfwbb, jybvjuen ghbyznm jndtnyst vths (htghtccfkbb), edtkbxbdcdjb cjåcndtyyst nfhbas gj chfdytybñ c gthdjyfxfkm-yjq ärdbdfktynyjq cnjbvjcnmñ ärcgjhnyjq ghjlerwbblfyyjq cnhfys. Cv. nfrét Nfhbayjt jåzpfntkmcndj –Binding; Rjvgtycfwbz – Compensation; Ecnegrf –Concession; Ljujdfhbdfñofzcz cnjhjyf – ContractingParty; Jndtnyfz vthf (htghtccfkbz) – Retaliation; bNfhba – Tariff.

CDZPFYYSQ PFTV – Tied Loan.Pftv, ghtljcnfdkztvsq rfrbv-kbåj ujcelfhcndtyysvexhtéltybtv, rjnjhjt nhtåetn jn byjcnhfyyjuj pftvob-rf, xnjås jy pfnhfnbk gjkexftvst chtlcndf d cnhfytrhtlbnjhf bkb yf pfregre njdfhjd, ghjbpdtltyysöcnhfyjq rhtlbnjhf. Cv. nfrét Dcnhtxyfz njhujdkz –Countertrade; b Pftv – Loan.

CLJ – VRAs.Cv. Cjukfitybz j ljåhjdjkmysö juhfybxtybzö yf njh-ujdkñ cnfkmyjq ghjlerwbtq – Steel Voluntary RestraintArrangements.

CLH – SDRs.Cv. Cgtwbfkmyst ghfdf pfbvcndjdfybz – Special DrawingRights.

CTDTHJFVTHBRFYCRJT CJUKFITYBT J CDJÅJLYJQ NJHUJDKT (YFANF) –North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).D bñyt 1991 u. CIF, Rfyflf b Vtrcbrf yfxfkb gtht-ujdjhs j gjlgbcfybb rjvgktrcyjuj cjukfitybz j cdj-åjlyjq njhujdkt, yfwtktyyjuj yf:• gjcntgtyyeñ jnvtye d ntxtybt ytrjnjhjuj dpfbvyjcjukfcjdfyyjuj gthbjlf dhtvtyb dctö nfvjétyysönfhbajd, ltqcndeñobö d njhujdsö jnyjitybzö vtélenhtvz cnhfyfvb;• cjrhfotybt juhfybxtybq yf njhujdkñ eckeufvb;• cyznbt åjkmibycndf juhfybxtybq yf byjcnhfyystbydtcnbwbb chtlb cnhfy-exfcnybw cjukfitybz;• jåtcgtxtybt fltrdfnyjq jöhfys byntkktrnefkmyjqcjåcndtyyjcnb.

Gthtujdjhs j gjlgbcfybb YFANF pfdthibkbcm d fd-uecnt 1992 u., f ntrcn ghjtrnf cjukfitybz åsk gjcnhjtyd cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv Cjukfitybz j cdjåjlyjqnjhujdkt vtéle CIF b Rfyfljq (U.S.-Canada Free TradeAgreement). Flvbybcnhfwbz Ghtpbltynf Rkbynjyf ghjdt-kf gthtujdjhs j pfrkñxtybb ljgjkybntkmysö cjukfit-ybq gj djghjcfv nhelf b jöhfys jrheéfñotq chtls, fd yjzåht 1993 u. Rjyuhtcc CIF endthlbk dtcm gfrtncjukfitybq d hfvrfö YFANF. D ltrfåht 1993 u.Ghtpbltyn Rkbynjy gjlgbcfk gjcnfyjdktybt j ddjltCtdthjfvthbrfycrjuj cjukfitybz d ltqcndbt. YFANFdcnegbkj d cbke 1 zydfhz 1994 u. D yfcnjzott dhtvzänj cjukfitybt hfccvfnhbdftncz d rfxtcndt bcgsnfntkm-yjq vjltkb lkz djpvjéysö åeleobö cjukfitybq, rjnj-hst vjuen åsnm pfrkñxtys d hfvrfö ≤Ghtlghbznbthflb bybwbfnbds Ctdthyjq b Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb≥(“Enterprise for the Americas Initiative”). Cv. nfrét Tlbysqdytiybq nfhba – Common External Tariff; Nfvjétyysqcjñp – Customs Union; ≤Ghtlghbznbt hflb bybwbfnbdsCtdthyjq b Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb≥ – “Enterprise for theAmericas Initiative”; Utythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö

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b njhujdkt – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; Cj-ukfitybt j cdjåjlyjq njhujdkt vtéle CIF b Rfyfljq –U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement; b Fvthbrfyj-rfyfl-crfz njhujdfz rjvbccbz – U.S.-Canada Trade Commission.

CBH – FMV.Cv. Cnjbvjcnm yf byjcnhfyyjv hsyrt – Foreign MarketValue.

CBCNTVF VYJUJCNJHJYYBÖ VTH GJPFOBNT – Multilateral Safeguard System.Cv. Vths gj pfobnt dyenhtyytq ärjyjvbrb – Safeguards.

CBA (CNJBVJCNM, CNHFÖJDFYBT BAHFÖN) – CIF.Fååhtdbfnehf, bcgjkmpetvfz d ytrjnjhsö vtéleyfhjl-ysö njhujdsö rjynhfrnfö, rjulf wtyf ghjlféb drkñ-xftn dct – cnjbvjcnm njdfhjd, cnjbvjcnm bö cnhföjdfybzb nhfycgjhnyst hfcöjls, n.t. ≤cnjbvjcnm, cnhföjdfybt b ahfön≥ (“cost, insurance and freight”) bkb ≤gjkyjt djp-vtotybt hfcöjljd≥ (“charge in full”). Änj jpyfxftn, xnjghjlfdtw ljujdfhbdftncz jå jgkfnt b jgkfxbdftn dcthfcöjls, cdzpfyyst c ljcnfdrjq njdfhjd bp ≤geyrnfärcgjhnf≥ d pflfyysq ≤geyrn bvgjhnf≥. D njhujdjqcnfnbcnbrt nthvby ≤cnjbvjcnm CBA≥ (“CIF value”) jpyf-xftn, xnj dct pyfxtybz cnjbvjcnb lkz bvgjhnbhetvjqbkb ärcgjhnbhetvjq ghjlerwbb hfccxbnfys yf änjqjcyjdt, ytpfdbcbvj jn öfhfrnthf jnltkmysö cltkjr. Cv.nfrét RFA – C and F; AFC – FAS; b AJÅ – FOB.

CRKFL LKZ ÖHFYTYBZ UHEPJD C YTJGKFXTYYSVB GJIKBYFVB –Bonded Warehouse.Jöhfyztvjt vtcnj jndtncndtyyjuj öhfytybz, d rjnjhjvcjlthéfncz njdfhs, jåkfuftvst frwbpysvb cåjhfvb bkbnfvjétyysvb gjikbyfvb, lj egkfns dctö ytjåöjlbvsöcåjhjd b gjikby. Cv. nfrét Cdjåjlyfz pjyf – FreeZone.

CVTIFYYFZ ÄRJYJVBRF – MixedEconomy.Cv. Cnhfys c gjkyjcnmñ rjynhjkbhetvjq ujcelfhcndjvdytiytq njhujdktq – State Trading Nations.

CVTIFYYST RHTLBNS – Mixed Credits.Abyfycjdsq ≤gfrtn≥, drkñxfñobq d ctåz jabwbfkmysqujcelfhcndtyysq rhtlbn, ghtlyfpyfxtyysq lkz ljgjkyt-ybz jåsxyjuj rjvvthxtcrjuj rhtlbnf, xnj gjpdjkztnärcgjhnthe gjcnfdkznm njdfhs gjregfntkñ d lheujqcnhfyt yf rhtlbnysö eckjdbzö, chfdybvsö c eckjdbzvb,yf rjnjhsö ltqcndeñn rjyrehtyns lfyyjuj ärcgjhnthf.

Cv. nfrét Rjyrehtynjcgjcjåysq – Competitive; Rhtlbn– Credit; Cnfnmb ärcgjhnf – Exports; b Vtéleyfhjlyjtcjukfitybt jå ärcgjhnysö rhtlbnfö – InternationalArrangement on Export Credits.

CVTIFYYSQ NFHBA – Compound Tariff.Rjvåbyfwbz bp nfhbaf ≤fl dfkjhtv≥ b cgtwbabxtcrjujnfhbaf. Lheujt fyukbqcrjt yfpdfybt – “mixed tariff”. Cv.nfrét Ärdbdfktyn ≤fl dfkjhtv≥ – Ad Valorem Equivalent;Nfhba ≤fl dfkjhtv≥ – Ad Valorem Tariff; Cgtwbabxtcrbqnfhba – Specific Tariff; b Nfhba – Tariff.

≤CYÄGÅÄR≥ (DJPDHFN) – Snapback.≤Cyägåär≥ – änj djpdhfotybt r ltqcndjdfdibv hfytt b, rfr ghfdbkj, åjktt dscjrbv nfvjétyysv nfhbafv.Cv. nfrét Nfhba – Tariff; b Gthtxyb nfhbajd – TariffSchedules.

CJÅCNDTYYJCNM – Property.Jöhfyztvsq pfrjyjv frnbd, dkfltybt rjnjhsv lftn tujdkfltkmwe ghfdj yf ceotcndeñobt bkb åeleobt vfnt-hbfkmyst åkfuf. Nthvby ≤cjåcndtyyjcnm≥ jnyjcbncz rdkfltybñ yt njkmrj vfnthbfkmysvb njdfhfvb, yfghbvthptvktq, plfybzvb b ghjvsiktyysvb ghtlghbznbzvb, yjb vtytt jczpftvsvb frnbdfvb, yfghbvth ghjbpdjlcndty-ysvb ghjwtccfvb, rjycnhernjhcrbvb hfphfåjnrfvb b njhujdsvb yfpdfybzvb. Cv. nfrét Fdnjhcrjt ghfdj –Copyright; Byntkktrnefkmyfz cjåcndtyyjcnm – Intellec-tual Property; Gfntyn – Patent; Ghjbpdjlcndj – Pro-duction; Ufhfynbz, wtyyfz åevfuf – Security; Njhujdfzvfhrf – Trademark; b Dctvbhyfz jhufybpfwbz gj jöhfytbyntkktrnefkmyjq cjåcndtyyjcnb – World IntellectualProperty Organization.

CJDTN TDHJGTQCRJUJ CJJÅOTCNDF –Council of the European Community.Cv. Tdhjgtqcrjt cjjåotcndj – European Community.

CJDTN GJ NFVJÉTYYJVECJNHELYBXTCNDE (CNC) – CustomsCooperation Council (CCC).Cv. Nfvjétyyfz ufhvjybpfwbz – Customs Harmonization.

CJDTN ÄRJYJVBXTCRJQDPFBVJGJVJOB (CÄD) – Council for MutualEconomic Assistance (COMECON).Vtéghfdbntkmcndtyyfz jhufybpfwbz, cjplfyyfz d 1949 u.lkz rjjhlbyfwbb ärjyjvbxtcrjuj hfpdbnbz cnhfy-xktyjdd cjcnfdt CCCH, Åjkufhbb, Xtöjckjdfrbb, UthvfycrjqLtvjrhfnbxtcrjq Htcgeåkbrb (≤Djcnjxyjq Uthvfybb≥),Dtyuhbb, Vjyujkbb, Gjkmib, Hevsybb, Reås b Dmtnyf-vf. Wtkm ltzntkmyjcnb Cjdtnf, cjukfcyj tuj ecnfde,pfrkñxfkfcm d cjdthitycndjdfybb ärjyjvbxtcrjujcjnhelybxtcndf vtéle cnhfyfvb-exfcnybwfvb b ecrjht-

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ybt bö ärjyjvbxtcrjuj b ntöybxtcrjuj hfpdbnbz. Cjdtnärjyjvbxtcrjq dpfbvjgjvjob åsk jabwbfkmyj hfcge-oty d bñyt 1991 u. Cv. nfrét ≤Uheggf D≥ – Group D.

CJDVTCNYJT GHTLGHBZNBT – JointVenture.Jlyf bp ajhv ltkjdjuj gfhnythcndf, ghtlecvfnhbdfñ-ofz cjdvtcnyjt eghfdktybt b hfpltk hbcrjd b ghbåskbvtéle ghtlghbznbzvb-exfcnybrfvb bp hfpysö cnhfy.Tckb ljujdjh j cjplfybb cjdvtcnyjuj ghtlghbznbzghtlgjkfuftn nfrét cjdvtcnyjt dkfltybt rfgbnfkjv,nfrjt ghtlghbznbt yfpsdfñn ≤cjdvtcnysv ghtlghbznbtvc frwbjythysv rfgbnfkjv≥ (equity joint venture).

CJDVTCNYJT GHTLGHBZNBT CFRWBJYTHYSV RFGBNFKJV – Equity JointVenture.Cv. Cjdvtcnyjt ghtlghbznbt – Joint Venture.

CJUKFITYBT D HFVRFÖ JÄCH JÅ ÄRCGJHNYSÖ RHTLBNFÖ – OECDAgreement on Export Credits.Cv. Vtéleyfhjlyjt cjukfitybt jå ärcgjhnysö rhtlbnfö– International Arrangement on Export Credits.

CJUKFITYBT VTÉLE FDCNHFKBTQ B YJDJQ PTKFYLBTQ J ÅJKTT NTCYSÖÄRJYJVBXTCRBÖ JNYJITYBZÖ –Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic RelationsAgreement (CER).Cjukfitybt, ghbpdfyyjt hfcibhbnm njhujdst cdzpb vté-le Fdcnhfkbtq b Yjdjq Ptkfylbtq gentv kbåthfkbpfwbbnjhujdkb xthtp j. Nfcvfybz d wtkzö gjdsitybz äaatr-nbdyjcnb bcgjkmpjdfybz htcehcjd rféljq bp jåtböcnhfy. Lfyyjt cjukfitybt dcnegbkj d cbke 1 zydfhz1983 u. c rjytxyjq wtkmñ gjkyjq jnvtys bvgjhnysördjn b nfhbajd r 1995 u. b jnvtys kbwtypbhjdfybz bv-gjhnf r 1999 u.Cjukfitybt j åjktt ntcysö ärjyjvbxtcrbö jnyjitybzöghtlecvfnhbdftn gjcntgtyyjt cybétybt b jnvtye gji-kby, rdjn b kbwtypbq. Jyj nfrét ghtlecvfnhbdftn jnvt-ye ghjuhfvv cnbvekbhjdfybz ärcgjhnf d njhujdsö jnyj-itybzö vtéle Fdcnhfkbtq b Yjdjq Ptkfylbtq, hfcib-htybt jåütvf ujcelfhcndtyysö pfregjr vtéle ldevzcnhfyfvb b ufhvjybpfwbñ nfvjétyyjq gjkbnbrb. Cv.nfrét Ldecnjhjyytt njhujdjt cjukfitybt – BilateralTrade Agreement; Jåzpfntkmyst ecnegrb – BindingConcessions; Njhujdjt cjukfitybt – Trade Agreement;b Ärcgjhnyst rdjns – Export Quotas.

CJUKFITYBT J CDJÅJLYJQ NJHUJDKTVTÉLE CIF B RFYFLJQ (CCNCR) – U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA bkb CFTA).Cjukfitybt j cdjåjlyjq njhujdkt vtéle CIF b Rfyf-ljq dcnegbkj d cbke 1 zydfhz 1989 u. gjckt endthélt-ybz b ghbyznbz tuj eckjdbq Rjyuhtccjv CIF d 1988 u.CIF b Rfyflf htibkb ghbjcnfyjdbnm ltqcndbt CCNCRgj dcnegktybb d cbke cjukfitybz YFANF (Ctdthjfvt-hbrfycrjuj cjukfitybz j cdjåjlyjq njhujdkt – NAFTA)1 zydfhz 1994 u. Cjukfitybt j cdjåjlyjq njhujdktvtéle CIF b Rfyfljq ghtlecvfnhbdfkj gjkyeñjnvtye dctö nfhbajd d njhujdkt vtéle CIF b Rfyf-ljq r 1998 u. Jyj nfrét ghtlecvfnhbdfkj ekexitybtljcnegf d jnyjitybb ujcelfhcndtyysö pfregjr b ddtkjrjltrc ghbywbgjd njhujdkb eckeufvb, drkñxfz ghtlj-cnfdktybt yfwbjyfkmyjuj htébvf, ghfdj ghjlféb xthtpujcelfhcndtyyst uhfybws, ghfdj jceotcndktybz (bydt-cnbwbq) b nhtåjdfybz jnrhsnjcnb ltqcndeñobö htue-kbheñobö ghfdbk b gjkjétybq. Åskb cjukfcjdfysljgjkybntkmyst jåzpfntkmcndf d nfrbö jåkfcnzö, rfrntktrjvveybrfwbb, nehbpv, abyfycjdst eckeub bfhöbntrnehyst eckeub. Gjkjétybz änjuj dctjåütvkñ-otuj cjukfitybz j cdjåjlyjq njhujdkt jödfnsdfkbdjghjcs htuekbhjdfybz byjcnhfyysö bydtcnbwbq, ldecnj-hjyytq njhujdkb äktrnhjäythubtq b ljcnegf r äythutnb-xtcrbv htcehcfv, ghjwtlehs gthtctxtybz uhfybws lkzytrjnjhsö rfntujhbq ghjatccbjyfkmysö hfåjnybrjd b ntöybxtcrjuj gthcjyfkf, ctkmcrjuj öjpzqcndf b hfpht-itybz cgjhjd. Lj dcnegktybz d cbke YFANF cjukf-itybt j cdjåjlyjq njhujdkt vtéle CIF b Rfyfljqjcnfdfkjcm cfvsv ljkujchjxysv b yfbåjktt dct-jåütvkñobv ldecnjhjyybv cjukfitybtv j cdjåjlyjqnjhujdkt, rjulfkbåj bvtdibv vtcnj d vbhjdjq ljuj-djhyjq ghfrnbrt. Cv. nfrét Ldecnjhjyytt njhujdjtcjukfitybt – Bilateral Trade Agreement; Tlbysq dytiybqnfhba – Common External Tariff; Nfvjétyysq cjñp –Customs Union; Utythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade;Ctdthjfvthbrfycrjt cjukfitybt j cdjåjlyjq njhujdkt –North American Free Trade Agreement; b Fvthbrfyj-rfyfl-crfz njhujdfz rjvbccbz – U.S.-Canada Trade Commission.

CJUKFITYBT J PJYT CDJÅJLYJQNJHUJDKB – Free Trade Area Agreement.Cjukfitybt vtéle ldevz bkb åjktt cnhfyfvb j cyznbbnfhbaysö b ytnfhbaysö åfhmthjd, ghtgzncndeñobönjhujdkt vtéle ybvb, c ecnfyjdktybtv rféljq cnhfyjq-exfcnybwtq cjukfitybz cdjtuj cjåcndtyyjuj ytpfdbcbvj-uj gthtxyz nfhbajd lkz bvgjhnf bp cnhfy, yt exfcndeñ-obö d cjukfitybb. Ghbvthfvb cjukfitybq j cjplfybbpjys cdjåjlyjq njhujdkb zdkzñncz Tdhjgtqcrjt cjjå-otcndj, Tdhjgtqcrfz fccjwbfwbz cdjåjlyjq njhujdkb,Cjukfitybt j pjyt cdjåjlyjq njhujdkb vtéle CIF b Bphfbktv (U.S.-Israel Free Trade Area Agreement) b

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Cjukfitybt j cdjåjlyjq njhujdkt vtéle CIF b Rfyf-ljq (U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement). D fduecnt 1992 u.CIF, Rfyflf b Vtrcbrf pfdthibkb gthtujdjhs gjghtlkjétyyjve Ctdthjfvthbrfycrjve cjukfitybñ jcdjåjlyjq njhujdkt (YFANF) (North American Free TradeAgreement – NAFTA). Cnfnmz ÖÖȪ UFNN hfcrhsdftnpyfxtybt nthvbyf ≤pjyf cdjåjlyjq njhujdkb≥ d hfvrföUFNN b jghtltkztn uhfybws ghbvtybvjcnb dctö ghjxbögjkjétybq UFNN r pjyfv cdjåjlyjq njhujdkb. Cv.nfrét Tlbysq dytiybq nfhba – Common External Tariff;Nfvjétyysq cjñp – Customs Union; Tdhjgtqcrfz fccjwbf-wbz cdjåjlyjq njhujdkb – European Free Trade Association;Utythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt – GeneralAgreement on Tariffs and Trade; Ctdthjfvthbrfycrjt cjukf-itybt j cdjåjlyjq njhujdkt – North American Free TradeAgreement; b Cjukfitybt j cdjåjlyjq njhujdkt vtéleCIF b Rfyfljq – U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement.

CJUKFITYBT J PJYT CDJÅJLYJQNJHUJDKB VTÉLE CIF B BPHFBKTV –U.S.-Israel Free Trade Area Agreement.Gthdjt gjlgbcfyyjt CIF cjukfitybt j cdjåjlyjq njh-ujdkt, rjnjhjt dcnegbkj d cbke 1 ctynzåhz 1985 u. Änjcjukfitybt ghtlecvfnhbdfkj gjänfgyeñ jnvtye nfhbajdd njhujdsö jnyjitybzö vtéle ldevz cnhfyfvb d ntxt-ybt 10-ktnytuj gthbjlf. Dct nfhbas ljkéys åsnm gjk-yjcnmñ jnvtytys r 1 zydfhz 1995 u. D hfvrfö Cjukf-itybz j pjyt cdjåjlyjq njhujdkb vtéle CIF b Bphfb-ktv åskf nfrét jåhfpjdfyf Cjdvtcnyfz rjvbccbz lkzyflpjhf pf dsgjkytybtv lfyyjuj cjukfitybz b lkzgthbjlbxtcrjuj jåceéltybz ldecnjhjyybö jnyjitybqvtéle cnhfyfvb-exfcnybwfvb. Cv. nfrét Ldecnjhjyyttnjhujdjt cjukfitybt – Bilateral Trade Agreement; Nfhba-yjt jåzpfntkmcndj – Binding; Ecnegrf – Concession;Rjycekmnfwbz – Consultation; Nfhba – Tariff; b Njhujdjtcjukfitybt – Trade Agreement.

CJUKFITYBT J VTÉLEYFHJLYJQNJHUJDKT VYJUJDJKJRJYYSVBNTRCNBKMYSVB BPLTKBZVB – Multi-Fiber Arrangement Regarding InternationalTrade in Textiles (MFA).Vtéleyfhjlyj cjukfcjdfyyjt bcrkñxtybt bp ghfdbkUFNN, gjpdjkzñott kñåjq gjlgbcfditq tuj cnhfyt-bvgjhnthe ghbvtyznm rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz d jnyjitybb bvgjhnf ntrcnbkmysö bpltkbq d ckexft,rjulf jyf cxbnftn änb juhfybxtybz ytjåöjlbvsvb lkzghtljndhfotybz gjlhsdf hsyrf, lfét tckb nfrbt juhf-ybxtybz d bysö jåcnjzntkmcndfö ghjnbdjhtxbkb åsghfdbkfv UFNN. Wtkmñ Cjukfitybz j vtéleyfhjlyjqnjhujdkt vyjujdjkjrjyysvb ntrcnbkmysvb bpltkbzvbzdkztncz cjukfcjdfybt bynthtcjd cnhfy-ärcgjhnthjd bcnhfy-bvgjhnthjd ntrcnbkmysö bpltkbq gentv cjplfybzdjpvjéyjcnb lkz egjhzljxtyyjuj hfcibhtybz njhujdkb

c jlyjdhtvtyysv ghtljndhfotybtv gjlhsdf hsyrf. Jl-yfrj hfytt ghtlecvjnhtyysq chjr ltqcndbz ukjåfkmyjqcbcntvs ldecnjhjyybö rdjn yf njhujdkñ ntrcnbkmysvbbpltkbzvb b ghtlvtnfvb jltéls bp ntrcnbkmysö nrf-ytq, cjcnfdyjq xfcnmñ rjnjhjq b zdkztncz lfyyjtCjukfitybt, d cjjndtncndbb c gthdjyfxfkmysv gkfyjvljkéty crjhj bcntxm. D cjjndtncndbb c gjkjétybzvbcjukfitybz, pfrkñxtyyjuj dj dhtvz ghjdtltybz Ehe-udfqcrjuj hfeylf vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN, cnhfys ljujdjhbkbcm j gjänfgyjqjnvtyt rdjn, ghtlecvjnhtyysö Cjukfitybtv j vtéle-yfhjlyjq njhujdkt vyjujdjkjrjyysvb ntrcnbkmysvbbpltkbzvb, yfxbyfz c 1 bñkz 1995 u., c wtkmñ pfdth-itybz änjuj ghjwtccf r rjywe bñkz 2005 u. Yf pfrkñ-xbntkmyjv änfgt änjuj gthtöjlyjuj gthbjlf ghfdbkfnjhujdkb ntrcnbkmysvb bpltkbzvb ljkéys åsnm≤dcnhjtys≥ d cbcntve ghfdbk Jhufybpfwbb gj vtéleyf-hjlyjq njhujdkt, cjplfdftvjq d hfvrfö cjukfitybz,gjlgbcfyyjuj yf Eheudfqcrjv hfeylt. Dct cnhfys,gjlgbcfdibt gjcktlytt cjukfitybt, ljkéys åelengjlgbcfnm b yjdjt cjukfitybt j njhujdkt ntrcnbkmyjqghjlerwbtq ytpfdbcbvj jn njuj, åskb kb jyb bkb ytn d xbckt ujcelfhcnd, gjlgbcfdibö Cjukfitybt j vtéle-yfhjlyjq njhujdkt vyjujdjkjrjyysvb ntrcnbkmysvbbpltkbzvb.Ghfdbkf, cjlthéfobtcz d Cjukfitybb j vtéleyfhjlyjqnjhujdkt vyjujdjkjrjyysvb ntrcnbkmysvb bpltkbzvb,ghtlecvfnhbdfñn, xnj ddjlbvst rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfyb-xtybz yt ljkéys dtcnb r cjrhfotybñ bvgjhnf lj ehjd-ytq ybét jåotuj jåütvf bvgjhnf, ljcnbuyenjuj pfghtlsleobq ujl, b, d ckexft bö cjöhfytybz, ljkéysgjpdjkbnm hfcibhtybt njhujdkb yf ytrjnjhsq jghtlt-ktyysq ghjwtyn. Gjcrjkmre cnhfyf-bvgjhnth vjétn d jlyjcnjhjyytv gjhzlrt ddtcnb nfrbt rdjns c wtkmñjuhfybxtybz åscnhjuj hjcnf jåütvf ntrcnbkmyjuj bv-gjhnf, åjkmibycndj dtleobö cnhfy-ärcgjhnthjd ntrc-nbkmysö bpltkbq cxbnfñn dsujlysv lkz ctåz pfrkñ-xfnm ldecnjhjyybt cjukfitybz c jcyjdysvb cnhfyfvb-bvgjhnthfvb. Cjukfitybt j vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdktvyjujdjkjrjyysvb ntrcnbkmysvb bpltkbzvb dcnegbkj d cbke1 zydfhz 1974 u. b åskj dgjcktlcndbb ghjlktyj d ltrfåht 1977 u., pfntv d ltrfåht 1981 u., d bñkt 1986 u. b, yfrjytw, gjcktlybq hfp d bñkt 1991 u. ÄnjCjukfitybt cnfkj ghjljkétybtv Ljkujchjxyjuj cjukf-itybz j vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt ökjgxfnjåevféysvbntrcnbkmysvb bpltkbzvb (Long-Term Agreement on Inter-national Trade in Cotton Textiles – LTA), rjnjhjt ltqcndj-dfkj c 1962 u. D jnkbxbt jn gjcktlytuj cjukfitybz,rjnjhjt hfcghjcnhfyzkjcm njkmrj yf ökjgxfnjåevféyeñntrcnbkmyeñ ghjlerwbñ, Cjukfitybt j vtéleyfhjlyjqnjhujdkt vyjujdjkjrjyysvb ntrcnbkmysvb bpltkbzvbjödfnsdftn nfrét djghjcs njhujdkb ithcnzysvb bbcreccndtyysvb (cbyntnbxtcrbvb) ntrcnbkmysvb bp-ltkbzvb, f nfrét ntrcnbkmysvb bpltkbzvb yf jcyjdt

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cvtcjdsö itkrjdsö b hfcnbntkmyj-djkjrybcnsö nrfytqb ghtlvtnfvb jltéls bp ntrcnbkmysö nrfytq. Cv.nfrét Ldecnjhjyytt njhujdjt cjukfitybt – BilateralTrade Agreement; Utythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö bnjhujdkt – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; Gjlhsdhsyrf – Market Disruption; Rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz– Quantitative Restrictions; Cnhfntubxtcrb dféyst dblsghjlerwbb – Sensitive Products; b Ntrcnbkmyst bpltkbz –Textiles.

CJUKFITYBT J GJKEGHJDJLYBRJDSÖBPLTKBZÖ (≤GJKEGHJDJLYBRJDJTCJUKFITYBT≥) – SemiconductorArrangement.Cjukfitybt j gjkeghjdjlybrjdsö bpltkbzö vtéleCIF b Zgjybtq (U.S.-Japanese Semiconductor Arrange-ment), dcnegbditt d cbke 1 fduecnf 1991 u., cjlthébngjkjétybz, yfghfdktyyst yf hfcibhtybt ljcnegf yfzgjycrbq hsyjr byjcnhfyysö ghjbpdjlbntktq gjkeghj-djlybrjdsö bpltkbq, bvtñobö ljxthybt ghtlghbznbz d Zgjybb. Änj cjukfitybt nfrét ghtlecvfnhbdftnytpfvtlkbntkmyjt hfccvjnhtybt ghfdbntkmcndjv CIFéfkjå j ghbvtytybb ltvgbyujdsö vtnjljd, gjlfdftvsöfvthbrfycrbvb ghjbpdjlbntkzvb gjkeghjdjlybrjdsöbpltkbq. Yjdjt ≤Gjkeghjdjlybrjdjt cjukfitybt≥, rjnj-hjt ghbikj yf cvtye ghtéytve Cjukfitybñ j gjkeghj-djlybrjdsö bpltkbzö 1986 u., ltqcndetn eét d ntxtybtgznb gjcktlybö ktn. Cv. nfrét Ldecnjhjyytt njhujdjtcjukfitybt – Bilateral Trade Agreement; Jåzpfntkmyfzecnegrf – Binding Concession; b Njhujdjt cjukfitybt –Trade Agreement.

CJUKFITYBT J CEÅCBLBZÖ B RJVGTYCFWBJYYSÖ GJIKBYFÖ –Agreement on Subsidies and CountervailingDuties.Cv. Rjvgtycfwbjyyst gjikbys – Countervailing Duties;b Ärcgjhnyst ceåcblbb – Export Subsidies.

CJUKFITYBZ J LJÅHJDJKMYSÖJUHFYBXTYBZÖ (CLJ) – Voluntary RestraintAgreements (VRAs).Cjukfitybz, gjchtlcndjv rjnjhsö ärcgjhnths ljåhj-djkmyj yfrkflsdfñn juhfybxtybz yf ärcgjhn ytrjnjhsödbljd ghjlerwbb, jåsxyj c gjvjomñ ärcgjhnysö rdjn,dj bpåtéfybt ärjyjvbxtcrbö ytehzlbw d cnhfyt-bvgjh-ntht, f nfrét c wtkmñ ghtljndhfotybz djpvjéyjujddtltybz jåzpfntkmysö juhfybxtybq yf bvgjhn. Nfrbtcjukfitybz, rfr ghfdbkj, yt ghtlecvfnhbdfñn ybrfrbö≤rjvgtycfwbq≥ cnhfyt-ärcgjhnthe. Cv. nfrét Rjvgty-cfwbz – Compensation; Ärcgjhnyst rdjns – ExportQuotas; Ärcgjhnyst juhfybxtybz – Export Restraints; b Cjukfitybz jå egjhzljxbdfybb cåsnf – OrderlyMarketing Agreements.

CJUKFITYBZ J LJÅHJDJKMYSÖJUHFYBXTYBZÖ YF NJHUJDKÑ CNFKMYJQ GHJLERWBTQ (CLJ) – SteelVoluntary Restraint Arrangements (VRAs).Ajhvfkmyst cjukfitybz vtéle CIF b ghfdbntkm-cndfvb 16 cnhfy, f nfrét TC. Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj dctänb cjukfitybz bvtñn hfpkbxyeñ cnhernehe, dctö böjåütlbyztn jlyj – juhfybxtybt ärcgjhnf d CIF rfrjåsxyjq eukthjlbcnjq cnfkb, nfr b cgtwbfkmysö cjhnjdcnfkb, dshféftvjt kbåj d dblt cgtwbfkmyjq rdjns,kbåj d dblt ghjwtynyjq ljkb jn jåotuj jåütvf bvgjhnfCIF, hfccxbnsdftvjq yf jcyjdt tétrdfhnfkmysöjwtyjr jåütvf dyenhtyytuj gjnhtåktybz änjq ghjlerwbbd CIF. Gthdjyfxfkmyj ghjuhfvvf CLJ åskf hfccxb-nfyf yf gznm ktn, f tt jceotcndktybt yfxfnj 1 jrnzåhz1984 u. D ctynzåht 1989 u. chjr tt ltqcndbz åsk ghj-lkty tot yf 2,5 ujlf. Htfkbpfwbz gjcktlytq ghjuhfvvsCLJ åskf pfrjyxtyf 31 vfhnf 1992 u. Cv. nfrét Ärc-gjhnyst rdjns – Export Quotas; Ärcgjhnyst juhfybxt-ybz – Export Restraints; Utythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhb-afö b njhujdkt – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade;Vtéleyfhjlyjt njdfhyjt cjukfitybt – InternationalCommodity Agreement; Vyjujcnjhjyytt cjukfitybt –Multilateral Agreement; Cjukfitybz jå egjhzljxbdfybbcåsnf – Orderly Marketing Agreements; b Cnhfntubxtcrbdféyst dbls ghjlerwbb – Sensitive Products.

CJUKFITYBZ JÅ EGJHZLJXBDFYBBCÅSNF (CEC) – Orderly Marketing Agreements(OMAs).Vtéleyfhjlyst cjukfitybz bkb ljujdjhs, pfrkñxft-vst vtéle ghfdbntkmcndfvb ldeö bkb åjktt cnhfy, gjrjnjhsv njhujdst gfhnyths ljujdfhbdfñncz j clthéb-dfybb hjcnf jåütvjd njhujdkb ytrjnjhsvb jghtltkty-ysvb ≤cnhfntubxtcrb dféysvb≥ dblfvb ghjlerwbb, rfrghfdbkj, gentv ddtltybz ärcgjhnysö rdjn. Cjukfitybzjå egjhzljxbdfybb cåsnf yfghfdktys yf jåtcgtxtybtnjuj, xnjås åeleobq hjcn njhujdkb yt ghbdjlbk r gjl-hsde, euhjpt bkb eöelitybñ gjkjétybz rjyrehty-njcgjcjåysö jnhfcktq ghjvsiktyyjcnb bkb pfyznsö d ybö hfåjnybrjd d cnhfyfö-bvgjhnthfö. Cv. nfrétÄrcgjhnyst rdjns – Export Quotas; Gjlhsd hsyrf –Market Disruption; Cnhfntubxtcrb dféyst dbls ghj-lerwbb – Sensitive Products; b Cjukfitybz j ljåhjdjkmysöjuhfybxtybzö – Voluntary Restraint Agreements.

CJUKFITYBZ JÅ ÄRCGJHNYSÖJUHFYBXTYBZÖ – Export RestraintAgreements.Cv. Cjukfitybz j ljåhjdjkmysö juhfybxtybzö – Volun-tary Restraint Agreements.

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CJLTQCNDBT D GTHTCNHJQRT –Adjustment Assistance.Abyfycjdjt, ntöybxtcrjt bkb byjt cjltqcndbt abhvfv,hfåjnybrfv b yfctktybñ d ghtjljktybb nhelyjcntqgthtcnhjqrb, dspdfyysö djphjcitq rjyrehtywbtq cjcnjhjys bvgjhnysö njdfhjd bkb lheubvb bpvtytybzvbärjyjvbxtcrbö eckjdbq. Wtkm nfrjuj cjltqcndbz jåsxyjpfrkñxftncz d njv, xnjås gjvjxm njq bkb byjq jnhfckbghjvsiktyyjcnb cnfnm åjktt rjyrehtynjcgjcjåyjq, ytvtyzz ghb änjv fccjhnbvtynf ghjlerwbb, bkb gjvjxmänjq jnhfckb gthtqnb r lheubv dblfv ärjyjvbxtcrjqltzntkmyjcnb. Gjvjom, jrfpsdftvfz hfåjnybrfv, vjétnghbybvfnm ajhve ghjatccbjyfkmyjuj jåextybz (c wtkmñghbjåhtntybz bvb nheljdsö yfdsrjd, ytjåöjlbvsö lkzecnhjqcndf yf hfåjne d yjdsö bkb hfcibhzñoböczjnhfckzö ghjvsiktyyjcnb), dsgkfn gjlütvysö gjcjåbq(xnjås gjvjxm nfrbv hfåjnybrfv gthttöfnm bp hfqjyjdc dscjrbv ehjdytv åtphfåjnbws d hfqjys, ult bvtñnczhfåjxbt dfrfycbb), kbåj dsgkfn gjcjåbq gj åtphfåjnbwt(xnjås gjpdjkbnm gjnthzdibv hfåjne kñlzv ghtjlj-ktnm ébpytyyst nhelyjcnb yf dhtvz gjbcrf yjdjqhfåjns). Gjvjom, jrfpsdftvfz abhvfv, vjétn ghbyb-vfnm ajhve ccel, rhtlbnjd bkb ufhfynbq ghtljcnfd-ktybz ccel bkb rhtlbnjd, yfkjujdsö kmujn bkb bysöajhv gjvjob. Ghtbveotcndf jn edtkbxtybz jåütvjdnjhujdkb lkz cnhfys-bvgjhnthf, rfr ghfdbkj, ghtdjc-öjlzn hfcöjls yf gthtcnhjqre, jlyfrj änb ghtbveotcndfhfcghtltktys jxtym ibhjrj, f hfcöjls yf gthtcnhjqrebyjulf crjywtynhbhjdfys eprj – b, rfr crfpfkb åsytrjnjhst ärjyjvbcns, ytcghfdtlkbdj – yf ytåjkmijvxbckt jntxtcndtyysö ghjbpdjlbntktq b yfctktybb cnhf-ys. Rfr juhfybxtybz yf bvgjhn, nfr b vths cjltqcndbzd gthtcnhjqrt vjuen bvtnm wtkmñ evtymitybt nzujn,jlyfrj gjcktlybt, d jnkbxbt jn gthdsö, gjpdjkzñnärjyjvbrt gjkyjcnmñ bcgjkmpjdfnm dct ghtbveotcndf,cdzpfyyst c bvgjhnbhjdfybtv vtytt ljhjujcnjzobönjdfhjd. Gjvjom d gthtcnhjqrt vjétn nfrét ckeébnmlkz cjltqcndbz cnhernehysv cldbufv d hfcghtltktybbhtcehcjd gentv bö gthtvtotybz jn vtytt ghjlernbdysöjnhfcktq ghjvsiktyyjcnb r åjktt ghjlernbdysv, xnjljkéyj tot åjkmit cgjcjåcndjdfnm hjcne äaatrnbd-yjcnb ärjyjvbrb b gjdsitybñ ébpytyyjuj ehjdyzyfctktybz. Cv. nfrét Gthtcnhjqrf – Adjustment; Jujdjh-rf j djpvjéyjcnb jnrfpf jn dsgjkytybz ljujdjhysöjåzpfntkmcnd – Escape Clause; Cnhernehyjt bpvtytybt– Structural Change; b Pfrjy j njhujdkt jn 1974 u. –Trade Act of 1974.

CJLTQCNDBT HFPDBNBÑ ÄRCGJHNF –Export Promotion.Ujcelfhcndtyyfz bkb xfcnyfz gjllthérf cåsne ghj-lerwbb rfrjq-kbåj cnhfys pf heåtéjv, jceotcndkztvfzd ajhvt jhufybpfwbb njhujdsö vbccbq b njhujdsözhvfhjr yf jcyjdt bvtñotqcz byajhvfwbb j hsyrt

b tt fyfkbpt. Cv. nfrét Jåobq ajyl – Common Fund;Rjyrehtynjcgjcjåysq – Competitive; Hfcghtltktybt –Distribution; Vtéleyfhjlyjt njdfhyjt cjukfitybt –International Commodity Agreement; Wtynh vtéleyfhjl-yjq njhujdkb ÑYRNFL/UFNN – International Trade CenterUNCTAD/GATT; Hsyjr – Market; VNG – MITI; Cyfåét-ybt – Supply; Njhujdfz zhvfhrf – Trade Fair; b Njhujdfzvbccbz – Trade Mission.

CJPLFYBT ECKJDBQ LKZ NJHUJDKB –Trade Creation.Cv. Gthtjhbtynfwbz njhujdkb – Trade Diversion.

CJWBFKBCNBXTCRBT CNHFYS – SocialistEconomies.Cv. Cnhfys c gjkyjcnmñ rjynhjkbhetvjq ujcelfhcndjvdytiytq njhujdktq – State Trading Nations.

CGP – SDRs.Cv. Cgtwbfkmyst ghfdf pfbvcndjdfybz – Special DrawingRights.

CGTREKZNBDYSQ HBCR – Speculative Risk.Cv. Hbcr – Risk.

CGTWBFKMYST GHFDF PFBVCNDJDFYBZ(CGP BKB CLH) – Special Drawing Rights(SDRs).Ddtltyyst d 1969 u. Vtéleyfhjlysv dfkñnysv ajy-ljv (VDA) d rfxtcndt ljgjkybntkmyjuj vtéleyfhjlyj-uj dfkñnyjuj htpthdyjuj chtlcndf, CGP (CLH) dsltkz-ñncz ghfdbntkmcndfv cnhfy xthtp VDA b vjuen bcgjkm-pjdfnmcz d hfcxtnfö vtéle VDA b ujcelfhcndfvb-xktyfvb änjq jhufybpfwbb. Cnhfys-xktys VDA ljuj-djhbkbcm hfccvfnhbdfnm CGP d rfxtcndt ljgjkytybz r pjkjne b htpthdysv dfkñnfv ghb ghjdtltybb vtéle-yfhjlysö hfcxtnjd. Cnjbvjcnm jlyjuj CGP cjjndtn-cndetn dfkñnyjq cnjbvjcnb ≤rjhpbys≥ dfkñn ytcrjkm-rbö dtleobö cnhfy, exfcndeñobö d vtéleyfhjlyjqnjhujdkt (ljkkfh CIF, ytvtwrfz vfhrf, ahfywepcrbqahfyr, zgjycrfz btyf b fyukbqcrbq aeyn cnthkbyujd).CGP ghtdhfnbkbcm d tlbybwe vtéleyfhjlysö hfcxtnjd b d yfcnjzott dhtvz bcgjkmpeñncz VDA, b yf jcyjdf-ybb bö rehcf hfccxbnsdfñncz jåvtyyst rehcs ytcrjkm-rbö yfwbjyfkmysö dfkñn. Ytrjnjhst rjvvthxtcrbtåfyrb ghbybvfñn ltgjpbns c yjvbyfkjv, dshfétyysv d CGP. Cv. nfrét Dfkñnf – Currency; Vtéleyfhjlysqdfkñnysq ajyl – International Monetary Fund; b Htpthd-yfz dfkñnf – Reserve Currency.

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CGTWBFKMYSQ B LBAATHTYWBFKMYSQHTÉBV – Special And Differential Treatment(S&D).Rjywtgwbz, cjukfcyj rjnjhjq ärcgjhne bp hfpdbdfñobö-cz cnhfy ljkéty åsnm ghtljcnfdkty ghtathtywbfkmysqljcneg r hsyrfv hfpdbnsö cnhfy, f hfpdbdfñobtczcnhfys, exfcndeñobt d njhujdsö gthtujdjhfö, yt jåz-pfntkmyj ljkéys blnb yf fåcjkñnyj fltrdfnyst ecneg-rb d jåvty yf ecnegrb, ghtljcnfdktyyst bv cfvbv.Änjn ghbywbg åsk dgthdst gjldthuyen ibhjrjve jå-ceéltybñ d öjlt ghjdtltybz Rtyytlbqcrjuj hfeylfvyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN, d htpekmnfnt rjnjhjuj åskf ghbyznf Xfcnm Ȫ UFNN,jåzpfdifz hfpdbnst cnhfys ghjdjlbnm cdjñ njhujdeñgjkbnbre c extnjv gjnhtåyjcntq hfpdbnbz hfpdbdfñ-oböcz cnhfy. Dgjcktlcndbb Njrbqcrfz ltrkfhfwbzghjdjpukfcbkf, xnj ärcgjhne bp hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfyljkéys åsnm ghtljcnfdktys jcjåst kmujns, rjnjhstcjjndtncndjdfkb ås bö njhujdsv b abyfycjdsv gjnhtå-yjcnzv, f nfrét gjnhtåyjcnzv hfpdbnbz. Chtlb ghtlkj-étybq gj ghtndjhtybñ d ébpym änjuj ghbywbgf, hfccvj-nhtyysö d öjlt ghjdtltybz gthtujdjhjd Njrbqcrjujhfeylf, åskb: ghtlkjétybt j rjvgtycfwbjyysö cybét-ybzö nfvjétyysö nfhbajd d jnyjitybb ärcgjhnf bphfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfy c wtkmñ pfxtnf kñåsö gjybétybqbö vfhéb ghtathtywbb, rjnjhst vjuen zdbnmcz htpekm-nfnjv ljcnbétybz yf Njrbqcrjv hfeylt ljujdjhty-yjcntq jå evtymitybb nfhbajd; ghtlkjétybt j gthdj-jxthtlyjv (ghtldfhbntkmyjv) dsgjkytybb ljujdjhty-yjcntq Njrbqcrjuj hfeylf j cybétybb nfvjétyysönfhbajd, clthébdfñobö ärcgjhn bp hfpdbdfñoböczcnhfy; ghtlkjétybt j pyfxbntkmyjv juhfybxtybb bkbjnvtyt ghfrnbrb nfhbayjq äcrfkfwbb; ghtlkjétybt j drkñxtybb cgtwbfkmysö gjkjétybq, rfcfñoböcz ärc-gjhnf bp hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfy, dj dct yjdst rjltrcsghfdbk, htuekbheñobö ecnfyjdktybt nfhbaysö åfhmt-hjd; ghtlkjétybt jå jåtcgtxtybb njuj, xnjås kñåfzyjdfz cbcntvf vyjujcnjhjyybö vth gj pfobnt dyenhty-ytq ärjyjvbrb drkñxfkf d ctåz cgtwbfkmyst gjkjétybzjå ärcgjhnt bp hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfy; f nfrét ghtlkj-étybt j ghbyznbb ghbywbgf, d cjjndtncndbb c rjnjhsvjn hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfy yt cktletn nhtåjdfnm gjkyjqdpfbvyjcnb ghb ghtljcnfdktybb bv njhujdsö ecnegjrhfpdbnsvb cnhfyfvb. Hfvjxyjt cjukfitybt (FrameworkAgreement), pfrkñxtyyjt yf pfdthifñotv änfgt Njrbq-crjuj hfeylf vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN, jåtcgtxbdftn ghfdjdeñ jcyjde lkz cgt-wbfkmyjuj b lbaathtywbfkmyjuj htébvf d gjkmpe ärc-gjhnf bp hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfys. Rhjvt njuj, djpvjé-yjcnm ghbvtytybz nfrjuj htébvf ghtlecvjnhtyf ytrjnj-hsvb bp rjltrcjd, ghbyznsö yf Njrbqcrjv hfeylt. D cjjndtncndbb c gjkjétybzvb cjukfitybz, pfrkñxty-yjuj yf Eheudfqcrjv hfeylt vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsögthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN, hfpdbdfñobvcz cnhfyfv

ghtljcnfdkty ujhfplj åjktt lkbntkmysq, gj chfdytybñ c hfpdbnsvb cnhfyfvb, chjr yf gjänfgyjt ghbyznbt vthgj kbåthfkbpfwbb njhujdkb d ytcrjkmrbö hfpkbxysöjnhfckzö ärjyjvbrb, drkñxfz ctkmcrjt öjpzqcndj, by-ntkktrnefkmyeñ cjåcndtyyjcnm b bydtcnbwbb. Yf Ehe-udfqcrjv hfeylt gthtujdjhjd nfrét åskb ecbktysghbyznst hfytt ghfdbkf UFNN d jnyjitybb ltvgbyujdsövtnjljd b ceåcblbhjdfybz, b hfpdbdfñobvcz cnhfyfvåsk ghtljcnfdkty åjktt lkbntkmysq gj chfdytybñ c hfpdbnsvb cnhfyfvb chjr lkz ghbdtltybz cdjtujdyenhtyytuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf b yjhvfnbdysö gjkjét-ybq d cjjndtncndbt c änbvb yjdsvb ghfdbkfvb. Cv. nfr-ét Rjltrcs ghfdbk – Codes of Conduct; Ecnegrf – Con-cession; Hfvjxyjt cjukfitybt – Framework Agreement;Utythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt – GeneralAgreement on Tariffs and Trade; Jåjåotyyfz cbcntvfghtathtywbq – Generalized System of Preferences; Vfhéfghtathtywbb – Margin of Preference; Ljcneg yf hsyjr –Market Access; Njhujdkz vtéle ≤cnhfyfvb Ctdthf≥ b ≤cnhfyfvb Ñuf≥ – North-South Trade; Ghtathtywbb –Preferences; Dpfbvyjcnm – Reciprocity; Vths gj pfobntdyenhtyytq ärjyjvbrb – Safeguards; Nfhbayfz äcrfkfwbz– Tariff Escalation; Njrbqcrfz ltrkfhfwbz – Tokyo Decla-ration; Njrbqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsögthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Tokyo Round; b Eheudfqcrbqhfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrföUFNN) – Uruguay Round.

CGTWBFKMYSQ GHTLCNFDBNTKM YF NJHUJDSÖ GTHTUJDJHFÖ (CGNG) –Special Representative for Trade Negotiations.Cv. Njhujdsq ghtlcnfdbntkm CIF – United States TradeRepresentative.

CGTWBABXTCRFZ GJIKBYF – SpecificDuty.Cv. Cgtwbabxtcrbq nfhba – Specific Tariff.

CGTWBABXTCRBT JUHFYBXTYBZ YFNJHUJDKÑ – Specific Limitations on Trade.Ghfdbntkmcndtyyst vths, yfghfdktyyst yf juhfybxtybtbvgjhnf bkb ärcgjhnf rfrjuj-kbåj njdfhf d ntxtybtjghtltktyyjuj gthbjlf dhtvtyb lj zdyj pflfyyjujabpbxtcrjuj bkb cnjbvjcnyjuj jåütvf, jåsxyj gentvddtltybz kbwtypbhjdfybz bkb lheubö ujcelfhcndtyysöhfphtitybq yf ghjdtltybt rféljq ärcgjhnyjq bkbbvgjhnyjq jgthfwbb. Cv. nfrét Åjqrjn – Boycott;Ävåfhuj – Embargo; Dfkñnysq rjynhjkm – ExchangeControls; Ärcgjhnyst rdjns – Export Quotas; Kbwtypb-hjdfybt – Licensing; Ytnfhbayst åfhmths – Non-TariffBarriers; Rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz – QuantitativeRestrictions; b Nfhbayfz rdjnf – Tariff Quota.

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CGTWBABXTCRBQ NFHBA – Specific Tariff.Nfvjétyyfz gjikbyf, jghtltkztvfz d dblt abrcbhjdfy-yjq ltytéyjq cevvs yf tlbybwe abpbxtcrjuj rjkb-xtcndf njdfhf, yfghbvth, d wtynfö pf aeyn, åeitkm bkbzhl, ytpfdbcbvj jn cnjbvjcnb bvgjhnbhetvjq ghjler-wbb. Cv. nfrét Nfhba ≤fl dfkjhtv≥ – Ad Valorem Tariff;b Nfhba – Tariff.

CGBCJR GHTLKJÉTYBQ – Offer List.Cgbcjr jnjåhfyysö vth, ghb gjvjob rjnjhsö rfrfz-kb-åj cnhfyf, exfcndeñofz d njhujdsö gthtujdjhfö, ghtl-kfuftn hfcibhbnm ljcneg yf tt dyenhtyybq hsyjr d jåvty yf chfdybvst ecnegrb cj cnjhjys tt njhujdsögfhnythjd. Gthdjyfxfkmysq cgbcjr ghtlkjétybq kñåjqcnhfys yf kñåjv hfeylt gthtujdjhjd ghtlcnfdkztncjåjq tt gthdeñ htfrwbñ yf cgbcrb nhtåjdfybq, ghtl-cnfdkztvst änjq cnhfyt tt njhujdsvb gfhnythfvb, b vj-étn dgjcktlcndbb åsnm hfcibhty bkb cjrhfoty d pfdb-cbvjcnb jn jndtnyjq htfrwbb lheubö cnhfy yf tt cjå-cndtyyst cgbcrb nhtåjdfybq. Gjvbvj ghtlkjétybq j hfcibhtybb ljcnegf yf dyenhtyybq hsyjr gjchtlcndjvcybétybz nfvjétyysö gjikby b hfcibhtybz cathsghbvtytybz rjltrcjd ghfdbk dtltybz njhujdkb, cgbcrbghtlkjétybq vjuen nfrét cjlthéfnm ghtlkjétybz jåecnfyjdktybb bcrkñxtybq bp cjukfcjdfyyjq ajhvekscybétybz nfhbajd yf dct ghjxbt dbls njdfhjd. Cv.nfrét Rjltrcs ghfdbk – Codes of Conduct; Ecnegrf –Concession; Kbytqyjt cybétybt nfvjétyysö nfhbajd –Linear Reduction of Tariffs; Ljcneg yf hsyjr – MarketAccess; Gthtujdjhs – Negotiations; Jcyjdyjq gjcnfdobr –Principal Supplier; Cgbcjr nhtåjdfybq – Request List;Hfeyl – Round; b Cnhfntubxtcrb dféyst dbls ghjlerwbb– Sensitive Products.

CGBCJR NHTÅJDFYBQ – Request List.Cgbcjr, ghtljcnfdkztvsq rfrjq-kbåj cnhfyjq jlyjve bp tt njhujdsö gfhnythjd yf yfxfkmyjv änfgt njhujdsögthtujdjhjd b cjlthéfobq gthtxtym ecnegjr, rjnjhsölfyyfz cnhfyf cnhtvbncz ljåbnmcz yf gthtujdjhfö. Cv.nfrét Ecnegrf – Concession; Gthtujdjhs – Negotiations;Cgbcjr ghtlkjétybq – Offer List; b Hfeyl – Round.

CGHFDTLKBDJCNM – Equity.Xtcnyjcnm, pfrjyyjcnm. Rhjvt njuj, fyukbqcrbq nthvby“equity” bcgjkmpetncz lkz jåjpyfxtybz njq xfcnb cnjb-vjcnb cjåcndtyyjcnb, rjnjhfz ghtdsiftn jåobq hfpvthltytéyjq cevvs, rjnjheñ ytjåöjlbvj pf ytt egkfnbnmd cxtn ljkuf. Cv. nfrét Ghzvjq yfkju – Direct Tax.

CGHJC – Demand.Rjkbxtcndj rfrjuj-kbåj njdfhf, rjnjhjt åeltn regktyjgj jghtltktyyjq wtyt d jghtltktyyjt dhtvz yf lfyyjvrjyrhtnyjv hsyrt. Uhfabr cghjcf gjrfpsdftn rjkb-

xtcndj rfrjuj-kbåj njdfhf, rjnjhjt åeltn regktyj gjdctv djpvjéysv wtyfv d jghtltktyyjt dhtvz yflfyyjv rjyrhtnyjv hsyrt. Ghb hsyjxyjq ärjyjvbrtcghjc gjldthéty cbkmyjve dkbzybñ ghtlgjxntybqgjnhtåbntktq bkb bylbdblefkmyjve dsåjhe vyjétcndfytpfdbcbvsö gjregfntktq d pfdbcbvjcnb jn bö ghtl-cnfdktybq j hfpvtht wtys yf lfyysq njdfh. Cv. nfrétNjdfhs – Goods; Hsyjr– Market; Hsyjxyfz ärjyjvbrf –Market Economy; Wtyf – Price; Gjregfntkmyfz cgjcjå-yjcnm – Purchasing Power; Ghtlkjétybt – Supply;Gthtjhbtynfwbz njhujdkb – Trade Diversion; Gjktpyjcnm– Utility; b Cnjbvjcnm – Value.

CGNG – STR.Cv. Njhujdsq ghtlcnfdbntkm CIF – United States TradeRepresentative.

CHFDYBNTKMYJT GHTBVEOTCNDJ –Comparative Advantage.Jlyf bp ukfdysö rjywtgwbq ntjhbb vtéleyfhjlyjqnjhujdkb, endthélfñofz, xnj kñåfz cnhfyf bkb htubjyljkéys cgtwbfkbpbhjdfnmcz yf ghjbpdjlcndt b ärcgjhntntö dbljd njdfhjd b eckeu, rjnjhst lfyyfz cnhfyf bkbhtubjy cgjcjåys ghjbpdtcnb c jnyjcbntkmyj åjktt ds-cjrjq äaatrnbdyjcnmñ gj chfdytybñ c lheubvb njdf-hfvb b eckeufvb, b ljkéys bvgjhnbhjdfnm nt dblsnjdfhjd b eckeu, ghjbpdjlcndj rjnjhsö bv jnyjcbntkmyjvtytt dsujlyj. Änf ntjhbz åskf dgthdst ghtlkjétyfLfdbljv Hbrfhlj d 1817 u. d rfxtcndt jcyjds lkzgjdsitybz ärjyjvbxtcrjuj åkfujcjcnjzybz yfctktybzkñåjq cnhfys gjchtlcndjv vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb.Rfr ghfdbkj, ntjhbz chfdybntkmysö ghtbveotcndgjjohztn cjplfybt d cnhfyt cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyjuj ghj-bpdjlcndf yf jcyjdt byntycbdyjuj bcgjkmpjdfybz ntöghjbpdjlcndtyysö afrnjhjd, rjnjhsvb lfyyfz cnhfyfjåtcgtxtyf jnyjcbntkmyj öjhjij (r nfrbv afrnjhfvjnyjczncz, yfghbvth, cshmt, gkjljhjlyst ptvkb brdfkbabwbhjdfyyfz hfåjxfz cbkf), f nfrét, djpvjéyj,yf jcyjdt yfrjgktybz rfgbnfkf d ajhvt vfnthbfkmysöwtyyjcntq (abpbxtcrjuj rfgbnfkf) b byntycbdysö yfex-ysö bccktljdfybq. Cv. nfrét Rjyrehtynjcgjcjåysq –Competitive; Äaatrnbdyjcnm – Efficiency; Cnfnmbärcgjhnf – Exports; Cnhernehyjt bpvtytybt – StructuralChange; b Åkfujcjcnjzybt – Welfare.

CHTLYZZ WTYF NJDFHYJQ TLBYBWS –Unit Value.Xbcktyysq gjrfpfntkm, hfdysq jnyjitybñ jåotq cnjb-vjcnb rfrjuj-kbåj rjyrhtnyjuj jåütvf njdfhyjujgjnjrf, bpvthtyyjuj pf ytrjnjhsq jghtltktyysq gthbjldhtvtyb, r änjve jåütve. Chtlybt wtys njdfhysötlbybw xfcnj abuehbheñn d ljrevtynfö vtéleyfhjlyjqnjhujdjq cnfnbcnbrb dvtcnj afrnbxtcrbö wty. Cv.

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nfrét Gjcnjzyyj ceotcndeñofz ntyltywbz – SecularTrend; b Eckjdbz dytiytq njhujdkb – Terms of Trade.

CHTLCNDJ JÅVTYF – Medium of Exchange.Ljrevtynfkmysq bycnhevtyn, bcgjkmpetvsq d rjvvth-xtcrbö cltkrfö vtéle gjregfntkzvb b ghjlfdwfvb lkzbpvthtybz cnjbvjcnb jåvtybdftvsö njdfhjd. Cnjbvjcnmcfvbö änbö bycnhevtynjd jåsxyj dshféftncz d yfwbj-yfkmyjq dfkñnt, yfghbvth d ljkkfhfö CIF. Cv. nfrétDtrctkm – Bill; Dfkñnf – Currency; Hsyjr – Markets;b Ltymub – Money.

CCNCR – CFTA.Cv. Ldecnjhjyyzz vtéujcelfhcndtyyfz ärcgthnyfzuheggf – Binational Panel; b Cjukfitybt j cdjåjlyjqnjhujdkt vtéle CIF b Rfyfljq – U.S.-Canada FreeTrade Agreement.

CNFÅTRC – STABEX.Cv. Kjvtqcrfz rjydtywbz – Lomé Convention.

CNFÅBKBPFWBZ WTY – Price Stabilization.Cv. Åeathyst (htpthdyst) pfgfcs – Buffer Stocks;b ≤Eghfdkztvfz njhujdkz≥ – Managed Trade.

CNFYLFHNS – Standards.Ntöybxtcrbt jgbcfybz (cgtwbabrfwbb), d rjnjhsö ghtl-cnfdktys öfhfrnthbcnbrb rfrjuj-kbåj njdfhf, yfghbvth,tuj hfpvth, rfxtcndj, hfåjxbt gfhfvtnhs bkb cntgtymåtpjgfcyjcnb. Cnfylfhns vjuen nfrét hfcghjcnhfyznmczyf nthvbyjkjubñ, vtnjls bcgsnfybq, nhtåjdfybz gjegfrjdrt bpltkbq, cyfåétybñ bö änbrtnrfvb bkb vfhrb-hjdrt. Gjlgbcfyyjt yf Njrbqcrjv hfeylt vyjujcnjhjy-ybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN Cjukfitybt j ntöybxtcrbö åfhmthfö lkz njhujdkb (Agreement onTechnical Barriers to Trade), rjnjhjt jåsxyj yfpsdfñn≤Rjltrcjv cnfylfhnjd≥ (Standards Code), yfwtktyj yfdjcghtgzncndjdfybt bcgjkmpjdfybñ yfwbjyfkmysö cnfy-lfhnjd lkz clthébdfybz bkb juhfybxtybz njhujdkb. Cv.nfrét Rjltrcs ghfdbk – Codes of Conduct; Ytnfhbayståfhmths – Non-Tariff Barriers; Ghfdbkf b yjhvs egfrjdrb,cyfåétybz änbrtnrfvb b vfhrbhjdrb ghjlerwbb –Packaging, Labeling and Marking Regulations; Rfhfynby-yst, cfybnfhyst b vtlbwbycrbt pfrjys b yjhvs – Quaran-tine, Sanitary and Health Laws and Regulations; b Pfrjy j njhujdsö cjukfitybzö jn 1979 u. – Trade AgreementsAct of 1979.

CNFKM – Steel.Cv. Cnhfntubxtcrb dféyst dbls ghjlerwbb – SensitiveProducts; b Vtöfybpv ≤pfgecrfñobö≥ wty – Trigger PriceMechanism.

CNFYRB – Machine Tools.Cv. Rfgbnfkmyst njdfhs – Capital Goods.

CNFNMZ 11 (CNFNMZ ÖÈ UFNN) – Article 11 (GATT Article XI).Cnfnmz UFNN, rjnjhfz pfghtoftn bcgjkmpjdfnm rjkbxt-cndtyyst juhfybxtybz (yfghbvth, ävåfhuj, pfghtns,rdjns, juhfybxbntkmyst kbwtypbb) lkz htuekbhjdfybzbvgjhnysö b ärcgjhnysö gjcnfdjr, pf bcrkñxtybtvytrjnjhsö jcjåsö jåcnjzntkmcnd, f nfrét ckexftd, rju-lf nfrbt juhfybxtybz ghtlecvjnhtys rfrjq-kbåj lheujqcnfnmtq UFNN. Cv. nfrét Rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz –Quantitative Restrictions; b Hfpltk 22 – Section 22.

CNFNMZ 19 (CNFNMZ ÖÈÖ UFNN) – Article 19 (GATT Article XIX).Cnfnmz UFNN, rjnjhfz cjlthébn jgbcfybt eckjdbq, ghbrjnjhsö vjuen åsnm ghbyzns xhtpdsxfqyst vths(yfghbvth, juhfybxbntkmyst vths, yt jnyjczobtcz r jåsxysv vthfv nfhbayjuj htuekbhjdfybz) c wtkmñjuhfybxtybz bkb pfghtnf gjcnfdjr bvgjhnyjq ghjlerwbb,yfyjczotq dhtl jntxtcndtyysv ghjbpdjlbntkzv. Cv.nfrét Jujdjhrf j djpvjéyjcnb jnrfpf jn dsgjkytybzljujdjhysö jåzpfntkmcnd – Escape Clause; b Vths gjpfobnt dyenhtyytq ärjyjvbrb – Safeguards.

CNFNMZ 23 (CNFNMZ ÖÖÈÈÈ UFNN) – Article 23 (GATT Article XXIII).Cnfnmz UFNN, rjnjhfz yfhzle cj Cnfnmtq ÖÖÈÈ nhtåetnjn dctö cnhfy-xktyjd UFNN ghjdtltybz cjdvtcnysörjycekmnfwbq gj hfphtitybñ cgjhjd, djpybrfñobö d jnyjitybb ghfdbk UFNN. Cnfnmz ÖÖÈÈÈ nfrétcjlthébn jcyjdyst gjkjétybz, rfcfñobtcz hfphtitybzcgjhjd, rjnjhst yt vjuen åsnm ehtuekbhjdfys gjchtl-cndjv ghjdtltybz ldecnjhjyybö rjycekmnfwbq. Cv.nfrét Rjycekmnfwbz – Consultation; Hfphtitybt cgjhjd –Dispute Settlement; b Rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz –Quantitative Restrictions.

CNFNMZ 24 (CNFNMZ ÖÖȪ UFNN) – Article 24 (GATT Article XXIV).Cnfnmz UFNN, rjnjhfz htuekbhetn cjplfybt nfvjétyysöcjñpjd b pjy cdjåjlyjq njhujdkb, zdkzñoböcz bcrkñ-xtybzvb bp gjkjétybq Cnfnmb È j htébvt yfbåjkmitujåkfujghbzncndjdfybz. Cnfnmz ÖÖȪ cjlthébn gjkjét-ybz, ghtlecvfnhbdfñobt ytjåöjlbvjcnm edtljvktybzLjujdfhbdfñoböcz cnjhjy UFNN, ghjdtltybz cgtwbfkm-yjq hfåjxtq dcnhtxb b ghbvtytybt vfnthbfkmyj-ghfdj-dsö rhbnthbtd lkz cjplfybz nfrbö htubjyfkmysö njh-ujdsö fccjwbfwbq. Cv. nfrét Nfvjétyysq cjñp –Customs Union; b Cdjåjlyfz njhujdkz – Free Trade.

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CNFNMZ JÅ EYFCKTLJDFYYJV GHFDT –Grandfather Clause.Gjkjétybt rfrjuj-kbåj ñhblbxtcrjuj ljrevtynf,yfghbvth, UFNN, hfphtifñott cnhfyfv, ghbcjtlbyzñ-obvcz r änjve ljrevtyne, cjöhfybnm d cbkt cdjbdyenhtyybt pfrjys, yt cjjndtncndeñobt gjkjétybzvlfyyjuj ljrevtynf. Cv. nfrét Ghbcjtlbytybt – Access-ion; Utythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt –General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; Ghjnjrjk j dht-vtyyjv ltqcndbb – Protocol of Provisional Application;b Jcnfnjxyst juhfybxtybz – Residual Restrictions.

CNFNMB UFNN – Articles of GATT:CNFNMZ È. Cv. Hfphtibntkmyfz cnfnmz – EnablingClause; Htébv yfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzncndjdfybz –Most-Favored-Nation Treatment.CNFNMZ ÈÈ. Cv. Ecnegrf – Concession.CNFNMB ÈÈÈ-ÖÖÈÈÈ. Cv. Rjltrcs ghfdbk – Codes of Conduct.CNFNMZ ªÈ. Cv. – Htuekbhjdfybt yfkjujjåkjétybzärcgjhnbhetvsö b bvgjhnbhetvsö njdfhjd – Border TaxAdjustments; Rjvgtycfwbjyyst gjikbys – CountervailingDuties; Ltvgbyu – Dumping.CNFNMZ ÖÈ. Cv. Cnfnmz 11 – Article 11;Rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz – Quantitative Restrictions;Hfpltk 22 – Section 22.CNFNMZ ÖÈÈ. Cv. Rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz – Quan-titative Restrictions.CNFNMZ ÖÈÈÈ. Cv. Rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz – Quan-titative Restrictions.CNFNMZ Öª. Cv. Rjycekmnfwbb gj djghjcfv gkfnté-yjuj åfkfycf – Balance of Payments Consultations.CNFNMZ ÖªÈ. Cv. Htuekbhjdfybt yfkjujjåkjétybzärcgjhnbhetvsö b bvgjhnbhetvsö njdfhjd – Border TaxAdjustments; Ärcgjhnyfz ceåcblbz – Export Subsidy.CNFNMZ ÖªÈÈÈ. Cv. Rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz –Quantitative Restrictions.CNFNMZ ÖÈÖ. Cv. Cnfnmz 19 – Article 19; Jujdjhrf j djpvjéyjcnb jnrfpf jn dsgjkytybz ljujdjhysö jåz-pfntkmcnd – Escape Clause; b Vths gj pfobnt dyen-htyytq ärjyjvbrb – Safeguards.CNFNMZ ÖÖ. Cv. Rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz – Quan-titative Restrictions.CNFNMZ ÖÖÈ. Cv. Rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz – Quan-titative Restrictions.CNFNMB ÖÖÈÈ, ÖÖÈÈÈ. Cv. Cnfnmz 23 – Article 23; Rjy-cekmnfwbb – Consultations; Hfphtitybt cgjhjd – DisputeSettlement.CNFNMZ ÖÖȪ. Cv. Cnfnmz 24 – Article 24; Nfvjéty-ysq cjñp – Customs Union; Pjyf cdjåjlyjq njhujdkb –Free Trade Area.CNFNMB ÖÖÖªÈÈ, ÖÖÖªÈÈÈ. Cv. Utythfkmyjt cjukf-itybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt – General Agreement onTariffs and Trade; Xfcnm Ȫ UFNN – Part IV of the GATT.

CNFNMB BVGJHNF – Imports.Ghbnjr njdfhjd b eckeu yf hsyjr rfrjq-kbåj cnhfys c wtkmñ gjnhtåktybz. Kñåfz cnhfyf vjétn gjdscbnmcdjt åkfujcjcnjzybt, bvgjhnbhez ibhjrbq fccjhnbvtyndscjrjrfxtcndtyysö njdfhjd b eckeu ghb åjktt ybprböhfcöjlfö gj chfdytybñ c hfcöjlfvb, rjnjhst gjnht-åjdfkbcm ås lkz bö ghjbpdjlcndf dyenhb lfyyjq cnhfys.Nfrbv jåhfpjv, hfpdbnbt vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb,yfåkñlftvjt cj dhtvtyb jrjyxfybz Dnjhjq vbhjdjqdjqys, cnfkj jlybv bp ukfdysö afrnjhjd, jåtcgtxbdiböjåott gjdsitybt ébpytyyjuj ehjdyz d åjkmibycndtcnhfy. Cv. nfrét Chfdybntkmyjt ghtbveotcndj –Comparative Advantage; Gjnhtåktybt – Consumption;Nfvjéyz – Customs; Gjikbyf – Levy; Vfrhjärjyjvbrf –Macroeconomics; Hsyjr – Market; Wtyjdfz äkfcnbxyjcnmcghjcf – Price Elasticity of Demand; Ghjntrwbjybpv –Protectionism; Rjvbccbz CIF gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjl-yjq njhujdkb – U.S. International Trade Commission;b Åkfujcjcnjzybt – Welfare.

CNFNMB ÄRCGJHNF – Exports.Njdfhs b eckeub, ghjbpdtltyyst d jlyjq cnhfyt b ghj-lfdftvst d lheubö cnhfyfö d jåvty yf lheubt njdfhs b eckeub, pjkjnj, byjcnhfyyeñ dfkñne bkb d cxtn gjuf-itybz ljkuf. Cnhfys yfghfdkzñn yf ärcgjhn pyfxb-ntkmyeñ xfcnm cdjbö dyenhtyybö htcehcjd, gjcrjkmre yfdfkñne b lheubt vfnthbfkmyst wtyyjcnb, gjkextyyst jn ärcgjhnf, jyb vjuen ghbjåhtcnb åjkmit njdfhjd beckeu, xtv yf chtlcndf, rjnjhst jyb vjukb ås gjke-xbnm, yfghfdbd nt ét cfvst htcehcs yf ghjbpdjlcndjnjdfhjd b eckeu dyenhb cnhfys. Cv. nfrét Chfdybntkm-yjt ghtbveotcndj – Comparative Advantage; Cjltqcndbthfpdbnbñ ärcgjhnf – Export Promotion; Vfrhjärjyjvbrf– Macroeconomics; b VNG – MITI.

CNJBVJCNM – Value.Gjlkbyyfz wtyyjcnm rfrbö-kbåj rjyrhtnysö njdfhjdbkb eckeu, jåsxyj jghtltkztvfz rfr ltytéyfz cevvf,yf rjnjheñ bö vjéyj jåvtyznm d kñåjq pflfyysqvjvtyn dhtvtyb. Cv. nfrét Ltymub – Money; Wtyf –Price; b Gjktpyjcnm – Utility.

≤CNJBVJCNM B AHFÖN≥ – Cost and Freight.Cv. RFA – C and F.

CNJBVJCNM, VTYMIFZ XTVCGHFDTLKBDFZ CNJBVJCNM – Less Than Fair Value.Cv. Fynbltvgbyujdsq rjltrc – Antidumping Code;b Ltvgbyu – Dumping.

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CNJBVJCNM YF BYJCNHFYYJV HSYRT(CBH) – Foreign Market Value (FMV).Cjukfcyj jghtltktybñ, ghbdtltyyjve d Pfrjyt j nfhb-afö jn 1930 u. (Tariff Act of 1930) c cjjndtncndeñobvbgjghfdrfvb, ≤cnjbvjcnm yf byjcnhfyyjv hsyrt≥ – änjwtyf, gj rjnjhjq njdfh ghjlftncz bkb ghtlkfuftncz r ghjlfét yf ukfdysö hsyrfö cnhfys, bp rjnjhjq jyärcgjhnbhetncz. Tckb lfyysq njdfh yt ghjlftncz yfdyenhtyytv hsyrt pfheåtéysö cnhfy, cnjbvjcnm yf byj-cnhfyyjv hsyrt jghtltkztncz yf jcyjdt wty, gj rjnj-hsv jy ghjlftncz d nhtnmbö cnhfyfö, bkb hfcxtnyjqcnjbvjcnb. Lkz ghjdtltybz yflktéfotuj chfdytybz c wtyfvb d CIF d änb erfpfyyst dsit wtys ytjåöjlb-vj dytcnb hzl rjhhtrnbhjdjr. Cv. nfrét Gthtcnhjqrf –Adjustment.

CNJBVJCNM CLTKRB – Transaction Value.Cv. Rjltrc ghfdbk jghtltktybz nfvjétyyjq cnjbvjcnbnjdfhjd – Customs Valuation Code; b Jghtltktybtcnjbvjcnb – Valuation.

≤CNJBVJCNM, CNHFÖJDFYBT B AHFÖN≥ –Cost, Insurance and Freight.Cv. CBA – CIF.

CNJRUJKMVCRFZ RJYDTYWBZ –Stockholm Convention.Cv. Tdhjgtqcrfz fccjwbfwbz cdjåjlyjq njhujdkb – Euro-pean Free Trade Associations.

CNHFYS FRN – ACP Countries.Ujcelfhcndf Fahbrb, åfcctqyjd Rfhbåcrjuj vjhz b Nb-öjuj jrtfyf, cdzpfyyst cj cnhfyfvb Tdhjgtqcrjuj cjjå-otcndf Kjvtqcrjq rjydtywbtq. Cv. nfrét Kjvtqcrfzrjydtywbz – Lomé Convention.

≤CNHFYS CTDTHF≥ – North.Cv. Hfpdbnst cnhfys – Developed Countries.

≤CNHFYS ÑUF≥ – South.Cv. Hfpdbdfñobtcz cnhfys – Developing Countries.

CNHFNTUBXTCRBT PFGFCS – StrategicStockpiles.Yfrjgktyyst pfgfcs cshmz bkb lheubö njdfhjd, bvtñ-obt ébpytyyj dféyjt pyfxtybt lkz ujcelfhcndtyyjqjåjhjys b gjllthébdftvst nfrbv jåhfpjv, xnjåsafrnbxtcrbq bkb gjntywbfkmysq jåütv ghtlkjétybzgjvtotyysö d pfgfcs njdfhjd yt cjrhfofkcz ybétytrjnjhjuj pfhfytt jghtltktyyjuj pyfxtybz, rjnjhjt,rfr cxbnftncz, gjnhtåetncz cnhfyt yf ytrjnjhsq jght-ltktyysq gthbjl dhtvtyb, gjrf d ytq åeltn cjöhfyznmczxhtpdsxfqysq htébv. Pfrjy j cjplfybb b gjllthéfybbcnhfntubxtcrbö b rhbnbxtcrbö pfgfcjd CIF jn 1946 u.

(U.S. Strategic and Critical Stockpiling Act of 1946) egjk-yjvjxbk Flvbybcnhfwbñ jåobö ckeéå CIF gjllthéb-dfnm cnhfntubxtcrbt pfgfcs b hfcibhznm bkb cjrhfofnmbö d cjjndtncndbb c bpvtytybtv jwtyjr jåjhjyysö yeélujcelfhcndf, cltkfd ghb änjv dct djpvjéyjt lkz hfp-åbtybz pfregjr bkb ghjlfé yf jnltkmyst änfgs c ntv,xnjås jyb jrfpfkb rfr vjéyj vtymitt dkbzybt yfvbhjdst wtys. D jnkbxbt jn cnhfntubxtcrbö pfgfcjd,åeathyst bkb htpthdyst pfgfcs ghtlyfpyfxtys lkzcnfåbkbpfwbb wty b, ntv cfvsv, lkz pfobns ärcgjh-nthjd jn ärjyjvbxtcrjuj eothåf, rjnjhsq jyb vjukbås gjytcnb d htpekmnfnt htprjuj gfltybz wty. Cv.nfrét Åeathyst (htpthdyst) pfgfcs – Buffer Stocks;b Njdfh (cshmtdjq njdfh) – Commodity.

CNHFNTUBXTCRBT BVGJHNYST NJDFHS– Import-Sensitive Products.Cv. Njdfhs cnhfntubxtcrjuj pyfxtybz – SensitiveProducts.

CNHFNTUBXTCRB DFÉYST DBLSGHJLERWBB – Sensitive Products.Njdfhs dyenhtyytuj ghjbpdjlcndf, rjnjhst, rfr cxb-nftncz, bvtñn åjkmieñ ärjyjvbxtcreñ b gjkbnbxtcreñdféyjcnm d cnhfyt, rjyrehtynjcgjcjåyjcnm rjnjhjqvjukf ås åsnm gjcnfdktyf gjl euhjpe d ckexft cyb-étybz pfobnysö åfhmthjd ghjnbd bvgjhnf fyfkjubxysönjdfhjd bp-pf uhfybws. Nfr, yfghbvth, dj vyjubö hfpdb-nsö cnhfyfö d vtnfkkehubxtcrjq b ntrcnbkmysö jnhfc-kzö ghjvsiktyyjcnb pfyznj åjkmijt xbckj hfåjxbö, b ghb änjv cjjndtncndeñobt ghjbpdjlcndf xfcnj hfpvt-ofñncz d nfrbö yfctktyysö geyrnfö b hfqjyfö, ult e edjktyysö hfåjnybrjd ytn djpvjéyjcnb pf rjhjnrjtdhtvz yfqnb lheueñ hfåjne. D cdzpb c änbv d änböcnhfyfö ceotcndetn cbkmyjt ghjnbdjltqcndbt cybétybñnfvjétyysö nfhbajd b ghbybvfñncz hfpkbxyst vthsjuhfybxtybz bvgjhnf cnhfntubxtcrb dféysö dbljdghjlerwbb. Cv. nfrét Gthtcnhjqrf – Adjustment; Rjy-rehtynjcgjcjåysq – Competitive; Jujdjhrf j djpvjé-yjcnb jnrfpf jn dsgjkytybz ljujdjhysö jåzpfntkmcnd– Escape Clause; Jåjåotyyfz cbcntvf ghtathtywbq –Generalized System of Preferences; Kbåthfkbpfwbz –Liberalization; Kbytqyjt cybétybt nfvjétyysö nfhbajd– Linear Reduction of Tariffs; Cjukfitybz jå egjhzlj-xbdfybb cåsnf – Orderly Marketing Agreements; Pfobnf –Protection; b Ntrcnbkmyst bpltkbz – Textiles.

CNHFÖJDFYBT – Insurance.Ljujdjh bkb rjynhfrn (jåsxyj yfpsdftvsq ≤gjkbcjv≥)vtéle cnhföetvsv, dsgkfxbdfñobv cnhföjdjq dpyjccnhföjdfntkñ, rjnjhsq d jåvty yf änj jåtoftn dsgkf-nbnm cnhföetvjve rjvgtycfwbñ (cnhföjdjt djpvtotybt)d ckexft, tckb njve åeltn yfytcty jghtltktyysq dhtlbkb eothå, yfghbvth, d htpekmnfnt gjéfhf, rhféb bkb

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fdnjvjåbkmyjq fdfhbb. Hfpvths cnhföjdsö dpyjcjd hfc-cxbnsdfñncz nfrbv jåhfpjv, xnjås jåofz cevvf, dyt-ctyyfz dctvb cnhföetvsvb cnjhjyfvb, gjpdjkbkf cnhf-öjdfntkñ eljdktndjhbnm pfzdktybz j dsgkfnt cnhföj-djuj djpvtotybz b gjrhsnm dct flvbybcnhfnbdysthfcöjls. Afrnbxtcrb cnhföjdfybt hfcghtltkztn hbcrbnfrbv jåhfpjv, xnj rjvgtycfwbz kñåjve kbwe, rjnj-hjve ghbxbyty dhtl bkb eåsnrb, dsgkfxbdftncz pf cxtndctö ntö cnhföetvsö, rjnjhst pfcnhföjdfkb ctåz jnänbö hbcrjd. Cv. nfrét Hsyjr rfgbnfkjd – CapitalMarket; Cnhföjdfybt ärcgjhnysö rhtlbnjd – ExportCredit Insurance; Cnhföjdfz ghtvbz – Premium; Gtht-cnhföjdfybt – Reinsurance; Hbcr – Risk; Eckeub – Services;b Ufhfyn (gjhexbntkm) – Underwriter.

CNHFÖJDFYBT ÄRCGJHNYSÖ RHTLBNJD– Export Credit Insurance.Cnhföjdfybt c wtkmñ jåtcgtxtybz ufhfynbb njuj, xnjärcgjhnth gjkexbn jgkfne pf cdjb njdfhs gjckt böljcnfdrb. Tckb ärcgjhnth bvttn nfreñ cnhföjdre,jndtncndtyyjcnm pf gjkextybt ltytu d cxtn jgkfns jnrjvgfybb, bvgjhnbheñotq lfyyst njdfhs d lheueñcnhfye, kbåj futynf änjq rjvgfybb, ytctn gjhexbntkm-ufhfyn gj lfyyjq cnhföjdrt ärcgjhnyjuj rhtlbnf. Cv.nfrét Cnhföjdfybt – Insurance; b Ufhfyn (gjhexbntkm)– Underwriter.

CNHFÖJDFZ GHTVBZ – Premium.Htuekzhyfz gkfnf pf cnhföjdjq gjkbc, jåtcgtxbdfñobqpfobne jn rfrjuj-kbåj hbcrf. Cv. nfrét Cnhföjdfybt –Insurance.

CNHERNEHYJT BPVTYTYBT – StructuralChange.Gjcnjzyyj ceotcndeñofz ntyltywbz d jcyjdysö äktvty-nfö kñåjq ärjyjvbxtcrjq cbcntvs, drkñxfz tt cnher-nehs ghjbpdjlcndf, gjnhtåktybz, njhujdkb b jnyjcbntkm-ysö wty. Cnhernehyst bpvtytybz vjuen ghjbcöjlbnmdyenhb yfwbjyfkmysö ärjyjvbxtcrbö cbcntv b ghjzdkz-ñncz d tot åjkmitv hfcibhtybb b eukeåktybb cdzptqvtéle änbvb cbcntvfvb b, rfr cktlcndbt, d edtkbxtybbdpfbvjpfdbcbvjcnb vbhjdjq ärjyjvbrb. Hfcibhtybtärjyjvbrb d wtkjv b dhtvtyyst wbrkbxtcrbt cvtotybztt rjvgjytynjd yt jnyjczncz r cnhernehysv bpvtyt-ybzv. Cj dhtvty Ghjvsiktyyjq htdjkñwbb cnherneh-yst bpvtytybz d yfwbjyfkmysö ärjyjvbxtcrbö cbcntvföåjkmibycndf cnhfy zdbkbcm, d jcyjdyjv, htpekmnfnjvbpvtytybq d chfdybntkmyjv ghtbveotcndt, cdzpfyyjv c ntöybxtcrbv ghjuhtccjv; ekexitybzvb byahfcnherne-hs b bpvtytybzvb d ghtlgjxntybzö gjnhtåbntktq;afrnjhfvb, rjnjhst yfukzlyj jnhféfñn ldbétybt jnyfnehfkmyjuj ctkmcrjuj öjpzqcndf r rjvvthxtcrjvectkmcrjve öjpzqcnde; evtymitybtv ghjwtynyjq ljkbhfåjxtq cbks, pfyznjq d ctkmcrjv öjpzqcndt; gjdsit-

ybtv jnyjcbntkmyjq pyfxbvjcnb ghjvsiktyyjuj ghjbp-djlcndf (yf åjktt gjplybö änfgfö – tot b lfkmytqibvhfpdbnbtv caths eckeu); bpvtytybzvb jnyjcbntkmyjqärjyjvbxtcrjq dféyjcnb hfpkbxysö jnhfcktq ghjvsi-ktyyjcnb; hjcnjv b cgfljv ärjyjvbxtcrjq frnbdyjcnb d rjyrhtnysö dblfö ltzntkmyjcnb d hfpkbxysö cnhfyföb htubjyfö; f nfrét bpvtytybtv cnhernehs ärcgjhnf b bvgjhnf. Cv. nfrét Gthtcnhjqrf – Adjustment;Chfdybntkmyjt ghtbveotcndj – Comparative Advantage;Rjyrehtynjcgjcjåysq – Competitive; Ärjyjvbxtcrjthfpdbnbt – Economic Development; Ghjvsiktyyfzhtdjkñwbz – Industrial Revolution; Byahfcnhernehf –Infrastructure; Ghjuhtcc – Progress; Gjcnjzyyj ceotcn-deñofz ntyltywbz – Secular Trend; Eckeub – Services;Ntöyjkjubz – Technology; Gthtjhbtynfwbz njhujdkb –Trade Diversion; Gthtlfxf ntöyjkjubb – Transfer ofTechnology; b Åkfujcjcnjzybt – Welfare.

CNC – CCC.Cv. Cjdtn gj nfvjétyyjve cjnhelybxtcnde – CustomsCooperation Council.

CEÅCBLBZ – Subsidy.Ärjyjvbxtcrfz kmujnf, ghtljcnfdkztvfz ghfdbntkmcndjvnjdfhjghjbpdjlbntkzv, xfcnj c wtkmñ gjdsitybz börjyrehtynjcgjcjåyjcnb. Ceåcblbb vjuen åsnm ghzvsvb(d dblt åtpdjpvtplysö ltytéysö ccel) bkb rjcdtyysvb(yfghbvth, d dblt ghtljcnfdktybz ärcgjhnysö rhtlbnjdgjl ybprbt ghjwtyns gjl ufhfynbñ rfrjuj-kbåj ujcelfh-cndtyyjuj exhtéltybz). D cjjndtncndbb c cjukfitybtv,ljcnbuyensv d öjl Eheudfqcrjuj hfeylf vyjujcnjhjyybönjhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN, cnhfys-exfcnybwsUFNN ljujdjhbkbcm j gjdsitybb ghtlcrfpetvjcnbnjhujdsö ghfdbk, rfcfñoböcz ceåcblbq, gentv hfpltkt-ybz dctö ceåcblbq yf nhb rkfccf: 1) pfghtotyyst(prohibited), 2) lfñobt jcyjdfybt lkz ghbyznbz jndtnysövth (actionable) b 3) yt lfñobt nfrjuj jcyjdfybz (non-actionable). Kñåfz cnhfyf bvttn ghfdj ghbyznm jndtnystvths d jnyjitybb pfghtotyyjq ceåcblbb b ceåcblbb,lfñotq jcyjdfybt lkz nfrbö vth, yj yt vjétn ghbyb-vfnm jndtnyst vths d jnyjitybb ceåcblbq nhtnmtujrkfccf. Cv. nfrét Rjyrehtynjcgjcjåysq – Competitive;Ärcgjhnyfz ceåcblbz – Export Subsidy; Ghjvsiktyyfzgjkbnbrf – Industrial Policy; Fhuevtyn j ytjåöjlbvjcnbpfobns ≤vjkjlsö≥ jnhfcktq ghjvsiktyyjcnb – InfantIndustry Argument; Vtéleyfhjlyjt cjukfitybt jå ärc-gjhnysö rhtlbnfö – International Arrangement on ExportCredits; b Ytnfhbayst åfhmths – Non-Tariff Barriers.

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CEÅCBLBHJDFYBT LJÅSDFÑOBÖJNHFCKTQ GHJVSIKTYYJCNB –Upstream Subsidies.Ghtljcnfdktybt ceåcblbq gjcnfdobre döjlysö htcehcjd,cyfåéfñotve bvb ghjbpdjlbntkz rfrjuj-kbåj njdfhf.Lkz extnf afrnjhf ceåcblbhjdfybz ljåsdfñobö jnhfc-ktq ghjvsiktyyjcnb ghb hfcxtnt cjjndtncndeñotqrjvgtycfwbjyyjq gjikbys nfrfz ceåcblbz ljkéyfjåtcgtxbdfnm ≤rjyrehtynyeñ kmujne≥ bkb ghtljcnfd-kznmcz ghjbpdjlbntkñ d ljåsdfñotq ghjvsiktyyjcnb,dsgecrfñotve ghjlerwbñ, d jnyjitybb rjnjhjq dtltn-cz hfccktljdfybt, b ghb änjv ljkéyf jrfpsdfnm pyfxb-ntkmyjt dkbzybt yf dtkbxbye hfcöjljd yf gththfåjnrelfyyjq ghjlerwbb. Ghtélt xtv vjétn åsnm yfxfnjhfccktljdfybt gj afrne ceåcblbhjdfybz ljåsdfñotqghjvsiktyyjcnb, gtnbwbjyths ljkéys ghtlcnfdbnmdtcrbt fhuevtyns b ljcnfnjxyst ljrfpfntkmcndf yfkb-xbz nfrjuj ceåcblbhjdfybz. Cv. nfrét Rjvgtycfwbjy-yst gjikbys – Countervailing Duties; Rjltrc ceåcblbq –Subsidies Code; b Ceåcblbz – Subsidy.

CEL GJ DJGHJCFV VTÉLEYFHJLYJQNJHUJDKB (CDVN) – Court of InternationalTrade (CIT).Cel CIF gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb (hfyttyfpsdfdibqcz Nfvjétyysv celjv CIF) ghtlcnfdkztncjåjq cel, cjplfyysq b ltqcndeñobq d cjjndtncndbb cjCnfnmtq ÈÈÈ Rjycnbnewbb CIF c wtkmñ ghjdtltybzhfpjdsö pfctlfybq c exfcnbtv ärcgthnjd d jåkfcnbvtéleyfhjlyjuj njhujdjuj ghfdf lkz ñhblbxtcrjujhfccvjnhtybz flvbybcnhfnbdysö vth, ghbybvftvsöujcelfhcndtyysvb jhufyfvb d jnyjitybb bvgjhnysöcltkjr b jgthfwbq. Cel hfccvfnhbdftn htitybz, ghb-ybvftvst Nfvjétyyjq ckeéåjq CIF, Eghfdktybtvvtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb Vbybcnthcndf njhujdkb CIF,f nfrét Rjvbccbtq CIF gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjqnjhujdkb. R htitybzv, hfccvjnhtybt rjnjhsö döjlbn d rjvgtntywbñ Celf gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njh-ujdkb, jnyjczncz, d xfcnyjcnb, htitybz j dytctybb bpvt-ytybq d ecnfyjdktyysö rkfccbabrfwbjyysö nfhbafö b gjikbyfö, ghbyznbb fynbltvgbyujdsö vth, ddtltybbrjvgtycfwbjyysö gjikby b ävåfhuj, f nfrét dct kñåstlheubt htitybz jå ecnfyjdktybb rjkbxtcndtyysö juhf-ybxtybq yf njhujdkñ. Jåsxyj ghb hfccvjnhtybb jcgfhb-dftvsö flvbybcnhfnbdysö htitybq Cel gjllthébdftnhtitybt, ghbyznjt cjjndtncndeñobv ujcelfhcndtyysvjhufyjv, tckb njkmrj jyj yt jrfétncz ytgjlrhtgkty-ysv ceotcndtyysvb ljrfpfntkmcndfvb bkb tckb jyj ytghjnbdjhtxbn pfrjyjlfntkmcnde CIF. Pfbynthtcjdfyyfzcnjhjyf vjétn jghjntcnjdfnm kñåjt htitybt, dsytcty-yjt Celjv gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb, d fgtkkzwbjyysq cel cjjndtncndeñotuj atlthfkmyjujjrheuf, rjnjhsq ghb hfccvjnhtybb ltkf åeltn ghbvty-znm nt ét cfvst ghfdjdst yjhvs, xnj b CDVN. Yfrj-

ytw, pfbynthtcjdfyyfz cnjhjyf vjétn jghjntcnjdfnm kñ-åjt htitybt, dsytctyyjt fgtkkzwbjyysv celjv atlt-hfkmyjuj jrheuf, d cel Atlthfkmysq jrheéyjq celgentv gjlfxb d Dthöjdysq cel CIF pfzdktybz j dsyt-ctybb ghbrfpf jå bcnhtåjdfybb ltkf.

CEC – OMAs.Cv. Cjukfitybz jå egjhzljxbdfybb cåsnf – OrderlyMarketing Agreements.

CEÖBT UHEPS – Dry Cargoes.Cv. Yfdfkjxyjt celyj (åfkrth) – Bulk Carrier.

CXTN LDBÉTYBZ RFGBNFKJD – CapitalAccount.Cjcnfdyfz xfcnm ujcelfhcndtyyjuj gkfntéyjuj åfkfycf,drkñxfñofz d ctåz cnfnmb, exbnsdfñobt ghb njr b jnnjr ltytéysö chtlcnd, yfghfdkztvsö yf rfgbnfkj-dkjétybz, f nfrét yf ghtljcnfdktybt vtéleyfhjlysöåtpdjpdhfnysö ccel (uhfynjd) bkb pfqvjd (rfr ujcelfh-cndtyysö, nfr b xfcnysö). Cv. nfrét Gkfntéysqåfkfyc – Balance of Payments; b Cxtn ntreobö jgthfwbq –Current Account.

CXTN NTREOBÖ JGTHFWBQ – CurrentAccount.Cjcnfdyfz xfcnm gkfntéyjuj åfkfycf cnhfys, rjnjhfzexbnsdftn ntreobt (d jnkbxbt jn rfgbnfkmysö) jgt-hfwbb, drkñxfz ≤dblbveñ njhujdkñ≥ (ärcgjhn b bvgjhnnjdfhjd), ≤ytdblbveñ njhujdkñ≥ (ljöjls b hfcöjls gjjrfpfybñ eckeu), ghbåskm jn pfheåtéysö jgthfwbq,dsgkfns ghjwtynjd b nhfycathnyst gkfntéb. Cv. nfrétGkfntéysq åfkfyc – Balance of Payments; Cxtnldbétybz rfgbnfkjd – Capital Account; ≤Ytdblbvfznjhujdkz≥ – Invisible Trade; Nhfycathnyst gkfntéb –Transfer Payments; b ≤Dblbvfz njhujdkz≥ – Visible Trade.

CÄD – COMECON.Cv. Cjdtn ärjyjvbxtcrjq dpfbvjgjvjob – Council forMutual Economic Assistance.

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NNFVJÉTYYFZ UFHVJYBPFWBZ – CustomsHarmonization.Vtéleyfhjlyst ghjuhfvvs gj gjdsitybñ jlyjhjl-yjcnb nfvjétyysö yjvtyrkfneh b ghjwtleh d cjnhelyb-xfñobö cnhfyfö. Jåceéltybz änbö ghjuhfvv b ghfrnb-xtcrbt ltqcndbz gj bö lfkmytqitq htfkbpfwbb jåsxyjrjjhlbybheñncz Cjdtnjv gj nfvjétyyjve cjnhelyb-xtcnde (CNC) – vtéleyfhjlyjq jhufybpfwbtq, ctrhtnf-hbfn rjnjhjq hfpvtoftncz d Åhñcctkt (Åtkmubz). Dgth-dst ghbyznfz d 1970 u. Ufhvjybpbhjdfyyfz cbcntvf –tlbyfz cbcntvf nfhbayjq rkfccbabrfwbb, ghbyznfz d gjcktlybt ujls d åjkmibycndt cnhfy, frnbdyj exfcn-deñobö dj dytiytq njhujdkt, – cnfkf jlyjq bp nfrböghjuhfvv. CNC nfrét pfybvftncz hfphfåjnrjq vtéle-yfhjlysö cnfylfhnjd jåvtyf njhujdjq byajhvfwbtq,jghtltktybtv vtéleyfhjlysö ghfdbk ecnfyjdktybzcnhfys ghjbcöjéltybz njdfhf, f nfrét htitybtv cjjn-dtncndeñobö ntöybxtcrbö djghjcjd aeyrwbjybhjdfybzvtéleyfhjlyjq nfvjétyyjq cbcntvs. Cv. nfrét Nfvj-étyyfz rkfccbabrfwbz – Customs Classification; Ufhvj-ybpfwbz – Harmonization; Ufhvjybpbhjdfyyfz cbcntvf –Harmonized System; b Rbjncrfz rjydtywbz – KyotoConvention.

NFVJÉTYYFZ PJYF – Customs Area.Utjuhfabxtcrbq hfqjy, jåsxyj, yj yt jåzpfntkmyj, cjd-gflfñobq c nthhbnjhbtq, yföjlzotqcz gjl gjkbnbxtcrjqñhbclbrwbtq jlyjuj bkb ytcrjkmrbö cjctlybö ujce-lfhcnd, d rjnjhjv ltqcndetn cdjq jcjåsq gthtxtym nfhb-ajd yf njdfhs, ddjpbvst bkb dsdjpbvst bp lfyyjujhfqjyf. Cv. nfrét Nfvjéyz – Customs; Nfhba – Tariff; b Gthtxyb nfhbajd – Tariff Schedules.

NFVJÉTYYFZ RKFCCBABRFWBZNJDFHJD – Customs Classification.Jcjåfz rfntujhbz d nfhbayjq yjvtyrkfneht, d cjjndtn-cndbb c rjnjhjq ghjlerwbz rkfccbabwbhetncz d wtkzöecnfyjdktybz cnfdjr nfvjétyysö nfhbajd, bkb ghjwt-lehf jghtltktybz cjjndtncndeñotq nfhbayjq rfntujhbbd yjvtyrkfnehyjq cbcntvt cnhfys, bcgjkmpetvjq lkzrkfccbabrfwbb, rjlbhjdfybz b jgbcfybz njdfhjd dvtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt. Åjkmibycndj cnhfy, frnbdyjexfcndeñobö dj dytiytq njhujdkt, rkfccbabwbheñnbvgjhnbhetvst njdfhs d cjjndtncndbb c Ufhvjybpbhj-dfyyjq cbcntvjq nfvjétyyjuj jgbcfybz b rjlbhjdfybznjdfhjd, yfpsdftvjq nfrét Ufhvjybpbhjdfyyjq cbcnt-vjq. CIF ddtkb e ctåz Ufhvjybpbhjdfyyeñ cbcntve 1 zydfhz 1989 u. Cv. nfrét Nfvjétyyfz ufhvjybpfwbz

– Customs Harmonization; Ufhvjybpbhjdfyyfz cbcntvf –Harmonized System; Nfhba – Tariff; b Jghtltktybt cnjb-vjcnb – Valuation.

NFVJÉTYYFZ GJIKBYF – Customs Duty.Cv. Nfhba – Tariff.

NFVJÉTYYSQ CRKFL – CustomsWarehouse.Cv. Crkfl lkz öhfytybz uhepjd c ytjgkfxtyysvbgjikbyfvb – Bonded Warehouse.

NFVJÉTYYSQ CJÑP – Customs Union.Uheggf cnhfy, jnvtybdibö e ctåz nfhbas, f byjulf b lheubt åfhmths, ghtgzncndeñobt njhujdkt vtéleybvb, ghb jlyjdhtvtyyjv cjöhfytybb tlbyjuj dytiytujnfhbaf yf njdfhs, bvgjhnbhetvst bp cnhfy, yt zdkzñ-oböcz xktyfvb cjñpf. Jåobq hsyjr Tdhjgtqcrjujcjjåotcndf ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq yfbåjktt bpdtcnysqghbvth nfvjétyyjuj cjñpf. Cnfnmz ÖÖȪ UFNNjghtltkztn pyfxtybt nthvbyf ≤nfvjétyysq cjñp≥ dhfvrfö UFNN, f nfrét ghbvtytybt lheubö gjkjétybqUFNN d jnyjitybb nfvjétyysö cjñpjd. Cv. nfrétTlbysq dytiybq nfhba – Common External Tariff;Tdhjgtqcrjt cjjåotcndj – European Community; Pjyfcdjåjlyjq njhujdkb – Free Trade Area; Rbjncrfzrjydtywbz – Kyoto Convention; Gthtjhbtynfwbz njhujdkb– Trade Diversion; b Åkfujcjcnjzybt – Welfare.

NFVJÉYZ – Customs.Ujcelfhcndtyyfz ckeéåf, jndtxfñofz pf jwtyre b cåjhbvgjhnysö b ärcgjhnysö gjikby b yfkjujd, f nfrét pfghbvtytybt lheubö pfrjyjlfntkmysö b yjhvfnbdysöfrnjd, jnyjczoböcz r jgthfwbzv gj bvgjhne, nhfypbnyjqgthtdjprt b ärcgjhne njdfhjd. Cv. nfrét Ghjwtlehsnfvjétyyjuj b flvbybcnhfnbdyjuj extnf bvgjhnbhet-vsö njdfhjd – Customs and Administrative Entry Procedu-res; Rbjncrfz rjydtywbz – Kyoto Convention; Gjhn ddjpf– Port of Entry; Nfhba – Tariff; Gthtxyb nfhbajd CIF –Tariff Schedules of the United States; Nhfypbnyfz pjyf –Transit Zone; b Jghtltktybt cnjbvjcnb – Valuation.

NFGBC – TRIPS.Cv. Njhujdst fcgtrns ghfd yf byntkktrnefkmyeñcjåcndtyyjcnm – Trade-Related Aspects of IntellectualProperty Rights.

NFHBA – Tariff.Gjikbyf (bkb yfkju), yfkfuftvfz yf njdfhs, rjnjhstnhfycgjhnbheñncz bp jlyjq nfvjétyyjq pjys d lheueñ,d wtkzö pfobns bkb gjkextybz ljöjlf. Nfhbas gjds-ifñn wtys yf bvgjhnyst njdfhs, ntv cfvsv, rfr ghf-dbkj, cybéfz bö rjyrehtynjcgjcjåyjcnm yf dyenhtyytvhsyrt cnhfys-bvgjhnthf, pf bcrkñxtybtv ckexftd,

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rjulf änf cnhfyf cfvf yt ghjbpdjlbn fyfkjubxyst njdf-hs. Gjckt ghjdtltybz ctvb hfeyljd njhujdsö gthtujdj-hjd d hfvrfö UFNN, yf rjnjhsö åjkmijt dybvfybteltkzkjcm cybétybñ nfhbajd, gjcktlybt cnfkb buhfnmvtytt dféyeñ hjkm d jåtcgtxtybb pfobns yfwbjyfkmyjqärjyjvbrb, xtv ghtélt. Nthvby ≤nfhba≥ xfcnj bcgjkm-petncz lkz jåjpyfxtybz dctjåütvkñotuj cgbcrf bkbgthtxyz njdfhjd c erfpfybtv cnfdrb nfvjétyyjq gjikb-ys, gjlktéfotq egkfnt ujcelfhcnde pf bvgjhn gthtxbc-ktyysö njdfhjd, d nj dhtvz rfr nthvby ≤gjikbyf≥jnyjcbncz njkmrj r cnfdrt nfvjétyyjq gjikbys, ghb-vtyztvjq r njve bkb byjve njdfhe. Cv. nfrét Ärdbdf-ktyn ≤fl dfkjhtv≥ – Ad Valorem Equivalent; Nfhba ≤fldfkjhtv≥ – Ad Valorem Tariff; ≤Nfhbayst cnfdrb gthdjqrjkjyrb≥ – Column 1 Rates; ≤Nfhbayst cnfdrb dnjhjqrjkjyrb≥ – Column 2 Rates; Rjyrehtynjcgjcjåysq –Competitive; Cvtifyysq nfhba – Compound Tariff;Ecnegrf – Concession; Rjydtywbjyysq nfhba – Conven-tional Tariff; Nfvjétyyfz pjyf – Customs Area; Nfvjéty-yfz rkfccbabrfwbz njdfhjd – Customs Classification;Ldeörjkjyjxysq nfhba – Double Column Tariff; Äaatr-nbdyfz cnfdrf nfvjétyyjuj nfhbaf – Effective TariffRate; Jåobq nfhba – General Tariff; Ufhvjybpfwbz –Harmonization; Gjikbyf – Levy; Kbytqyjt cybétybtnfvjétyysö nfhbajd – Linear Reduction of Tariffs; Hsyjr– Market; Htébv yfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzncndjdfybz –Most-Favored-Nation Treatment; Yjvbyfkmyfz cnfdrfnfvjétyyjuj nfhbaf – Nominal Tariff Rate; Wtyf –Price; Pfobnf – Protection; Hfeyl – Round; Cgtwbabxt-crbq nfhba – Specific Tariff; Cnhfys c gjkyjcnmñrjynhjkbhetvjq ujcelfhcndjv dytiytq njhujdktq – StateTrading Nations; Pfrjy j nfhbafö jn 1930 u. – Tariff Act of 1930; Nfhbayfz äcrfkfwbz – Tariff Escalation; Nfhba-yfz rdjnf – Tariff Quota; Yfkju – Tax; Rjvbccbz CIF gjdjghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb – U.S. InternationalTrade Commission; b Jghtltktybt cnjbvjcnb – Valuation.

NFHBA ≤FL DFKJHTV≥ – Ad Valorem Tariff.Nfhba, hfccxbnsdftvsq ≤d cjjndtncndbb cj cnjbvjcnmñ≥bkb d ghjwtynfö jn cnjbvjcnb njdfhf, ghjitlituj nfvj-étyyeñ jxbcnre; yfghbvth, cnfdrf nfhbaf ≤fl dfkjhtv≥d hfpvtht 15fi jpyfxftn, xnj nfhba dpbvftncz d hfpvtht15 ghjwtynjd jn cnjbvjcnb njdfhf. Cv. nfrét Cgtwbab-xtcrbq nfhba – Specific Tariff; Nfhba – Tariff; b Jghtlt-ktybt cnjbvjcnb – Valuation.

NFHBA UHEYLB – Grundy Tariff.Cv. Pfrjy j nfhbafö jn 1930 u. – Tariff Act of 1930.

NFHBAYFZ UFHVJYBPFWBZ – TariffHarmonization.Cv. Ufhvjybpfwbz – Harmonization.

NFHBAYFZ RDJNF – Tariff Quota.Ghbvtytybt cybétyyjq bkb yektdjq cnfdrb nfvjétyyjqgjikbys lkz ytrjnjhjuj jghtltktyyjuj rjkbxtcndfbvgjhnysö njdfhjd bkb lkz njdfhjd, ddjpbvsö d cnhfyed ntxtybt ytrjnjhjuj jghtltktyyjuj gthbjlf dhtvtyb.Cv. nfrét Cgtwbabxtcrbt juhfybxtybz yf njhujdkñ –Specific Limitations on Trade; b Nfhba – Tariff.

NFHBAYFZ ÄCRFKFWBZ – Tariff Escalation.Cbnefwbz, ghb rjnjhjq nfvjétyyst nfhbas yf cshmtjncencndeñn bkb zdkzñncz jnyjcbntkmyj ybprbvb, nfhb-as yf gjkeafåhbrfns – evthtyysvb, f nfhbas yfghjvsiktyyst njdfhs – jnyjcbntkmyj dscjrbvb. Nfrfz≤äcrfkfwbz≥, ghtlecvjnhtyyfz d gthtxyzö nfhbajdvyjubö hfpdbnsö cnhfy, jåtcgtxbdftn åjkmieñ pfobnedyenhtyybö ghjvsiktyysö ghjbpdjlcnd, xtv cfvbnfhbayst cnfdrb b, cktljdfntkmyj, vjétn jrfpsdfnmclthébdfñott dkbzybt yf hfpdbnbt ghjbpdjlcndtyysövjoyjcntq d hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfyfö. Cv. nfrét Äaatr-nbdyfz cnfdrf nfvjétyyjuj nfhbaf – Effective TariffRate; Gthdbxysq cshmtdjq njdfh – Primary Commodity;Ghjbpdjlcndj – Production; Pfobnf – Protection; Nfhba– Tariff; b Gthtxyb nfhbajd – Tariff Schedules.

NFHBAYJT JÅZPFNTKMCNDJ – Binding.Gjkjétybt njhujdjuj cjukfitybz bkb ljujdjhf, ghtle-cvfnhbdfñott, xnj d ntxtybt dctuj chjrf ltqcndbzlfyyjuj cjukfitybz bkb ljujdjhf yt vjuen ghbvtyznmczcnfdrb nfvjétyyjuj nfhbaf, ghtdsifñobt nt cnfdrb,rjnjhst erfpfys d änjv cjukfitybb bkb ljujdjht. Cv.nfrét Cdzpfyyst cnfdrb nfvjétyyjuj nfhbaf – BoundRates; Rjvgtycfwbz – Compensation; b Nfhba – Tariff.

≤NFHBAYST CNFDRB DNJHJQRJKJYRB≥ – Column 2 Rates.Pfrjyjlfntkmyj ecnfyjdktyyst cnfdrb nfvjétyysönfhbajd d CIF, rjnjhst jåsxyj ddjlzncz gj Pfrjye j nfhbafö Cvenf-Öfekb jn 1930 u. (Smoot-Hawley TariffAct of 1930) c cjjndtncndeñobvb gjghfdrfvb. Änb cnfd-rb jåsxyj pyfxbntkmyj dsit, xtv ≤nfhbayst cnfdrbgthdjq rjkjyrb≥. Lkz cnhfy, gjkmpeñoböcz htébvjvyfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzncndjdfybz d njhujdkt c CIF,jyb pfvtytys åjktt ybprbvb nfhbaysvb cnfdrfvb,ecnfyjdktyysvb d htpekmnfnt ddtltybz ecnegjr b pfyt-ctyysvb d gthdeñ rjkjyre nfåkbws nfhbajd. D yfcnjz-ott dhtvz ≤nfhbayst cnfdrb dnjhjq rjkjyrb≥ ghbvtyz-ñncz njkmrj r njdfhfv, bvgjhnbhetvsv bp cnhfy, rjnj-hst yt gjkmpeñncz htébvjv yfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzn-cndjdfybz d njhujdkt c CIF. Dct änb cnhfys jnyjcznczr cnhfyfv c gjkyjcnmñ rjynhjkbhetvjq ujcelfhcndjvdytiytq njhujdktq. Cv. nfrét ≤Nfhbayst cnfdrb gthdjqrjkjyrb≥ – Column 1 Rates; Ecnegrf – Concession; Htébvyfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzncndjdfybz – Most-Favored-Nation Treatment; Cnhfys c gjkyjcnmñ rjynhjkbhetvjq

99

N

ujcelfhcndjv dytiytq njhujdktq – State Trading Nations;b Pfrjy j nfhbafö jn 1930 u. – Tariff Act of 1930.

≤NFHBAYST CNFDRB GTHDJQRJKJYRB≥ – Column 1 Rates.Cnfdrb nfvjétyysö nfhbajd d CIF (gjxnb dct bprjnjhsö zdkzñncz nfr yfpsdftvsvb ≤cdzpfyysvb≥cnfdrfvb), ecnfyfdkbdftvst gjchtlcndjv ghjdtltybznjhujdsö gthtujdjhjd. Jåsxyj änb cnfdrb pyfxbntkmyjybét, xtv ≤nfhbayst cnfdrb dnjhjq rjkjyrb≥, b ghb-vtyzñncz rj dctv cnhfyfv, gj jnyjitybñ r rjnjhsvCIF bcgjkmpeñn htébv yfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzncndj-dfybz. Cv. nfrét Cdzpfyyst cnfdrb nfvjétyyjuj nf-hbaf – Bound Rates; ≤Nfhbayst cnfdrb dnjhjq rjkjyrb≥– Column 2 Rates; b Htébv yfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzn-cndjdfybz – Most-Favored-Nation Treatment.

NDTHLST DJKJRYF – Hard Fibers.Cbpfkm, fåfrf (ntrcnbkmysq åfyfy) b djkjryf rjrjcjdjqgfkmvs. Cv. Byntuhbhjdfyyfz ghjuhfvvf cshmtdsönjdfhjd – Integrated Program for Commodities.

NTR – TEC.Cv. Tlbysq dytiybq nfhba – Common External Tariff.

NTRCNBKMYST BPLTKBZ – Textiles.Cjukfitybt j vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt vyjujdjkjrjy-ysvb ntrcnbkmysvb bpltkbzvb (Multi-Fiber ArrangementRegarding International Trade in Textiles – MFA) jnyjcbn r ntrcnbkmysv bpltkbzv ghzée, ybnrb, nrfyb d recrfö,ujnjdst bpltkbz, ghtlvtns jltéls b lheubt bpltkbz,cltkfyyst bp ökjgrf, ithcnb, bcreccndtyysö djkjrjybkb bö cvtctq, d rjnjhsö dct bkb kñåst änb djkjryf d rjvåbyfwbb cjcnfdkzñn jcyjdyeñ cnjbvjcnm dctödjkjrjy, kbåj 50fi bkb åjktt ghjwtynjd jn dtcf (lkzithcnb – 17 bkb åjktt ghjwtynjd jn dtcf) dctuj bplt-kbz. Bcnjhbxtcrb lkz ghjbpdjlcndf ntrcnbkmysö bplt-kbq nhtåjdfkbcm vtytt rdfkbabwbhjdfyyfz hfåjxfz cbkfb vtytt ckjéyst (b, cktljdfntkmyj, åjktt ltitdst)rfgbnfkmyst njdfhs b ntöyjkjubb, xtv d lheubö jåhfåf-nsdfñobö jnhfckzö ghjvsiktyyjcnb. Gj änjq ghbxbytdj vyjubö hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfyfö ntrcnbkmyfz ghjvsi-ktyyjcnm cnfkf gthdjq äaatrnbdyj aeyrwbjybheñotqyfwbjyfkmyjq jnhfckmñ ghjvsiktyyjcnb. Pf gjcktlybtujls cnhernehf ntrcnbkmyjq ghjvsiktyyjcnb ghtnth-gtkf ytrjnjhst bpvtytybz, dspdfyyst ntv, xnj ghjbpdj-lbntkb ntrcnbkmysö bpltkbq d hfpdbnsö cnhfyfö b d yjdsö ghjvsiktyyj hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfyfö cnfkb bc-gjkmpjdfnm åjktt rfgbnfkjtvrbt ntöyjkjubb vfccjdjujghjbpdjlcndf, jcjåtyyj xnj rfcftncz ghbvtytybz yjdtq-ibö cbyntnbxtcrbö djkjrjy b ckjéysö nhbrjnféysöghtlvtnjd jltéls. D hfvrfö cjukfitybz, ljcnbuyenjujd öjlt ghjdtltybz Eheudfqcrjuj hfeylf vyjujcnjhjyybönjhujdsö gthtujdjhjd, cnhfys-xktys UFNN ljujdjhbkbcm

jå jnvtyt r 2005 u. ukjåfkmyjq cbcntvs ldecnjhjyybördjn yf ntrcnbkmyst bpltkbz b ghtlvtns jltéls d hfvrfö Cjukfitybz j vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt vyj-ujdjkjrjyysvb ntrcnbkmysvb bpltkbzvb (cbcntvsMFA). Cv. nfrét Rfgbnfkmyst njdfhs – Capital Goods;Äaatrnbdyjcnm – Efficiency; Ghjvsiktyyfz htdjkñwbz– Industrial Revolution; Cjukfitybt j vtéleyfhjlyjqnjhujdkt vyjujdjkjrjyysvb ntrcnbkmysvb bpltkbzvb –Multi-Fiber Arrangement Regarding International Trade inTextiles; Cnhfntubxtcrb dféyst dbls ghjlerwbb – Sensi-tive Products; b Ntöyjkjubz – Technology.

NTÖYBXTCRBT ÅFHMTHS LKZ NJHUJDKB– Technical Barriers to Trade.Cv. Ytnfhbayst åfhmths – Non-Tariff Barriers; Rfhfy-nbyyst, cfybnfhyst b vtlbwbycrbt pfrjys b yjhvs –Quarantine, Sanitary and Health Laws and Regulations;b Cnfylfhns – Standards.

NTÖYBXTCRBT YJHVS – TechnicalRegulations.Yjhvs, cjlthéfobt öfhfrnthbcnbrb njdfhjd bkb ghjwtc-cjd b ntöyjkjubq ghjbpdjlcndf njdfhjd, drkñxfz ghb-vtyztvst flvbybcnhfnbdyst gjkjétybz, jåzpfntkmystlkz cjåkñltybz. Nthvby ≤ntöybxtcrbt yjhvs≥ vjétnnfrét jödfnsdfnm bkb ét jpyfxfnm bcrkñxbntkmyjnhtåjdfybz r nthvbyjkjubb, cbvdjkfv, egfrjdrt, vfhrb-hjdrt bkb cyfåétybñ änbrtnrfvb ghbvtybntkmyj r rfrjve-kbåj bpltkbñ, ghjwtcce bkb ntöyjkjubb ghjbp-djlcndf. Cjukfitybt j ntöybxtcrbö åfhmthfö lkz njh-ujdkb d hfvrfö UFNN (GATT Agreement on TechnicalBarriers to Trade) jåzpsdftn gjlgbcfdibt tuj cnhfys,gjvbvj dctuj ghjxtuj, ghtljcnfdkznm yfwbjyfkmysqhtébv lkz lheubö cnhfy-exfcnybw Cjukfitybz ghbecnfyjdktybb b htuekbhjdfybb bö ntöybxtcrbö yjhv b yt ghbvtyznm ntöybxtcrbt yjhvs c wtkmñ cjplfybzytjåjcyjdfyysö ghtgzncndbq lkz vtéleyfhjlyjq njh-ujdkb. Cv. nfrét Utythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

NTÖYJKJUBXTCRJT HFPDBNBT –Technological Development.Ghbjåhtntybt uhfélfyfvb b ghtlghbznbzvb rfrjq-kbåjcnhfys pyfybq, yfdsrjd b jhufybpfwbjyysö djpvjé-yjcntq, gjpdjkzñobö bv ghjbpdjlbnm njdfhs b eckeubåjktt äaatrnbdyj, xtv jyb vjukb änj ltkfnm ghtélt.Cv. nfrét Ntöyjkjubz – Technology.

NTÖYJKJUBZ – Technology.Pyfybt j chtlcndfö b vtnjlfö ghjbpdjlcndf njdfhjd b eckeu bkb ghbvtytybt yferb lkz wtktq ghjbpdjlcndfbkb hfcghtltktybz, ghbdjlzobt r cjplfybñ yjdjqghjlerwbb, yjdsö ghjbpdjlcndtyysö ghjwtccjd bkbåjktt äaatrnbdysö vtnjljd hfcghtltktybz. Cv. nfrét

100

N

Gthtcnhjqrf – Adjustment; Hfpdbdfñobtcz cnhfys –Developing Countries; Hfcghtltktybt – Distribution; Gf-ntyn – Patent; Ghjbpdjlcndj – Production; Cnhernehyjtbpvtytybt – Structural Change; Njhujdfz vfhrf – Trade-mark; Gthtlfxf ntöyjkjubb – Transfer of Technology; b Dctvbhyfz jhufybpfwbz gj jöhfyt byntkktrnefkmyjqcjåcndtyyjcnb – World Intellectual Property Organization.

NRR – CCC.Cv. Njdfhyfz rhtlbnyfz rjhgjhfwbz – Commodity CreditCorporation.

NYR – TNC.Cv. Vtéleyfhjlyfz (vyjujyfwbjyfkmyfz) rjhgjhfwbz –Multinational Corporation; b Pfrkñxbntkmysq frn – FinalAct.

NJDFH (CSHMTDJQ NJDFH) – Commodity.D ibhjrjv cvsckt ckjdf njdfh – änj kñåjq ghtlvtn,jåvtybdftvsq yf lheujq ghtlvtn bkb ghtlvtns gj-chtlcndjv njhujdkb. Jlyfrj yfbåjktt xfcnj fyukbqcrbqnthvby “commodity” bcgjkmpetncz lkz jåjpyfxtybzcshmtdsö vfnthbfkjd, drkñxfz nfrbt vbythfks, rfrjkjdj, vtlm b vfhufytw, f nfrét nfrbt njdfhs vfccj-djuj ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyjuj ghjbpdjlcndf, rfr rjat, xfqb rfexer. Cv. nfrét Åeathyst (htpthdyst) pfgfcs –Buffer Stocks; Jåobq ajyl – Common Fund; Hsyjr cltkjryf chjr – Forward Market; Byntuhbhjdfyyfz ghjuhfvvfcshmtdsö njdfhjd – Integrated Program for Commodities;Gthdbxysq cshmtdjq njdfh – Primary Commodity; b Nhj-gbxtcrbt ghjlerns – Tropical Products.

NJDFHYFZ ÅBHÉF – Commodity Exchange.Cv. Hsyjr cltkjr yf chjr – Forward Market.

NJDFHYFZ RHTLBNYFZ RJHGJHFWBZ(NRR) – Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC).Ujcelfhcndtyyfz rjhgjhfwbz, cjplfyyfz ghb Vbybcnth-cndt ctkmcrjuj öjpzqcndf CIF, rjnjhfz jrfpsdftnabyfycjdst b byst dbls eckeu, cdzpfyyst c hfpkbxys-vb yfghfdktybzvb ujcelfhcndtyyjq gjkbnbrb wtyjdjqgjllthérb ghjbpdjlbntktq ytrjnjhsö dbljd ctkmcrj-öjpzqcndtyyjq ghjlerwbb, drkñxfz ghjuhfvvs ghtlj-cnfdktybz ccel b ufhfynbq, pfregjr, gjvjom d htfkbpf-wbb, öhfytybb b nhfycgjhnbhjdrt, f nfrét ärcgjhnystghjuhfvvs. Cv. nfrét Ghjuhfvvf hfcibhtybz ärcgjhnf– Export Enhancement Program.

NJDFHYJT CJUKFITYBT – CommodityAgreement.Cv. Vtéleyfhjlyjt njdfhyjt cjukfitybt – InternationalCommodity Agreement.

NJDFHYST PFGFCS – CommodityStockpiles.Cv. Åeathyst (htpthdyst) pfgfcs – Buffer Stocks.

NJDFHS – Goods.Bpltkbz bkb cshmt, gjktpyst gj cdjtq cenb b jnyjcb-ntkmyj ltabwbnyst, jnkbxyst jn eckeu b ghjbpdjlbvstjåhfåfnsdfñotq b ljåsdfñotq jnhfckzvb ghjvsikty-yjcnb, cnhjbntkmysv ctrnjhjv bkb ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyjqjnhfckmñ yfhjlyjuj öjpzqcndf. Njdfhs bvtñn åjkmijtärjyjvbxtcrjt pyfxtybt, gjcrjkmre jyb vjuen jåvtyb-dfnmcz yf ltymub bkb lheubt njdfhs b eckeub. Cv. nfr-ét Rfgbnfkmyst njdfhs – Capital Goods; Njdfh(cshmtdjq njdfh) – Commodity; Gjnhtåbntkmcrbt njdfhs– Consumer Goods; Ltymub – Money; Wtyf – Price; Ghjbp-djlcndj – Production; Eckeub – Services; b Gjktpyjcnm –Utility.

NJDFHS GHJBPDJLCNDTYYJUJYFPYFXTYBZ – Producer Goods.Cv. Rfgbnfkmyst njdfhs – Capital Goods.

NJRBQCRFZ LTRKFHFWBZ – TokyoDeclaration.Pfzdktybt, gjlgbcfyyjt d ctynzåht 1973 u. vbybcnhfvb105 cnhfy b ajhvfkmyj gjkjébditt yfxfkj Njrbqcrjujhfeylf vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrföUFNN. Njrbqcrfz ltrkfhfwbz gjlxthryekf yfvthtybtcnhfy-exfcnybw eltkbnm gthdjcntgtyyjt dybvfybt pfobntnjhujdsö bynthtcjd hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfy gjchtlcndjvghjdtltybz gthtujdjhjd. Cv. nfrét Hfvjxyjt cjukfit-ybt – Framework Agreement; Cgtwbfkmysq b lbaatht-ywbfkmysq htébv – Special and Differential Treatment;b Njrbqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdj-hjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Tokyo Round.

NJRBQCRBQ HFEYL (VYJUJCNJHJYYBÖNJHUJDSÖ GTHTUJDJHJD D HFVRFÖUFNN) – Tokyo Round.Njrbqcrbq hfeyl vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjdd hfvrfö UFNN, ajhvfkmyjt yfxfkj rjnjhjve åskjgjkjétyj gjlgbcfybtv d 1973 u. Njrbqcrjq ltrkfhfwbb,cnfk b lj yfcnjzotuj dhtvtyb ghjljkéftn jcnfdfnmczyfbåjktt dctcnjhjyytq gjgsnrjq jnvtys, cybétybz bkbrjynhjkz pf ecnfyjdktybtv ytnfhbaysö åfhmthjd,juhfybxbdfñobö njhujdkñ ytctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyysvbdblfvb ghjlerwbb, b jcjåtyyj ghbvtxfntkty ntv, xnj yfytv åskb cjukfcjdfys ytcrjkmrj rjltrcjd ghfdbk,ghtlyfpyfxtyysö lkz juhfybxtybz ghbvtytybz ytnfhba-ysö åfhmthjd d rfxtcndt bycnhevtynjd pfobns. D änbögthtujdjhfö ghbybvfkj exfcnbt åjkmit cnhfy, xtv d gthtujdjhfö kñåjuj ghtlsleotuj hfeylf, d njv xbcktcdsit 20 hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfy, yt zdkzñoböczxktyfvb UFNN, b ytcrjkmrj cnhfy Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs.

101

N

Njrbqcrbq hfeyl ghjöjlbk d Étytdt (Idtqwfhbz) bpfdthibkcz d 1979 u. Cv. nfrét Fynbltvgbyujdsqrjltrc – Anti-Dumping Code; Ghtwtltynyjt ghfdj – CaseLaw; Rjltrcs ghfdbk – Codes of Conduct; Rjltrc ghfdbkjghtltktybz nfvjétyyjq cnjbvjcnb njdfhjd – CustomsValuation Code; Hfphtitybt cgjhjd – Dispute Settlement;Hfphtibntkmyfz cnfnmz – Enabling Clause; Hfvjxyjtcjukfitybt – Framework Agreement; Gjkbnbrf b ghfrnb-rf ujcelfhcndtyysö pfregjr – Government ProcurementPolicies and Practices; Vyjujcnjhjyybt njhujdstgthtujdjhs – Multilateral Trade Negotiations; Ytnfhbayståfhmths – Non-Tariff Barriers; Pfobnf – Protection;Rfhfynbyyst, cfybnfhyst b vtlbwbycrbt pfrjys b yjhvs– Quarantine, Sanitary and Health Laws and Regulations;Hfeyl – Round; Vths gj pfobnt dyenhtyytq ärjyjvbrb –Safeguards; Cnfylfhns – Standards; Njrbqcrfz ltrkfhf-wbz – Tokyo Declaration; Pfrjy j njhujdkt jn 1974 u. –Trade Act of 1974; Pfrjy j njhujdsö cjukfitybzö jn 1979 u. – Trade Agreements Act of 1979; b RjvbccbzEbkmzvcf – Williams Commission.

NJHUJDFZ VFHRF – Trademark.Pyfr bkb cbvdjk, jöhfyztvsq gentv pfrjyyjq htubcnhf-wbb b bcgjkmpetvsq ghjbpdjlbntktv bkb njhujdwtv lkzecnfyjdktybz jnkbxbq ghjbpdjlbvsö bkb ghjlfdftvsöbv njdfhjd jn njdfhjd, ghtlkfuftvsö tuj rjyrehtynfvb.Cv. nfrét Rjvvthxtcrfz rjynhfafrwbz – CommercialCounterfeiting; Byntkktrnefkmyfz cjåcndtyyjcnm –Intellectual Property; Njhujdst fcgtrns ghfd yf byntkktr-nefkmyeñ cjåcndtyyjcnm – Trade-Related Aspects ofIntellectual Property Rights; b Ntöyjkjubz – Technology.

NJHUJDFZ VBCCBZ – Trade Mission.Uheggf ärcgthnjd b/bkb åbpytcvtyjd, gjcskftvfz ghf-dbntkmcndjv bkb rjvvthxtcrbvb ghtlghbznbzvb rfrjq-kbåj cnhfys c wtkmñ cnbvekbhjdfybz ärcgjhnf yf hs-yjr lheujq cnhfys. Cv. nfrét Hfcghtltktybt – Distri-bution; Cjltqcndbt hfpdbnbñ ärcgjhnf – Export Promo-tion; Cnfnmb ärcgjhnf – Exports; b Hsyjr – Market.

NJHUJDFZ ZHVFHRF – Trade Fair.Hsyjr bkb njhujdfz dscnfdrf, jåsxyj jhufybpetvstgjl ujcelfhcndtyysv bkb gjkeujcelfhcndtyysv gfnhj-yfétv, yf rjnjhsö ghjbpdjlbntkb b njhujdws ghtl-cnfdkzñn cdjb njdfhs c wtkmñ cnbvekbhjdfybz cåsnf.Njhujdst zhvfhrb åskb jcjåtyyj gjgekzhys d Tdhjgt d chtlybt dtrf, rjulf jyb ckeébkb dféysvb rhegysvbhsyrfvb cåsnf. Gjckt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys jåsxystnjhujdst zhvfhrb bcgjkmpjdfkbcm ukfdysv jåhfpjv d rfxtcndt vtéleyfhjlysö dscnfdjr bpltkbq, f yt lkzghjlféb njdfhjd. D gjcktlybt ujls dféyeñ b dctåjktt pyfxbveñ hjkm cnfkb buhfnm cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyystnjhujdst zhvfhrb, bcgjkmpetvst d rfxtcndt vtcn dcnht-xb gjregfntktq b ghjlfdwjd cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyysö njdf-

hjd. Cv. nfrét Cghjc – Demand; Hfcghtltktybt – Distri-bution; Cjltqcndbt hfpdbnbñ ärcgjhnf – Export Promo-tion; Hsyjr – Market; b Ceåcblbz – Subsidy.

NJHUJDKZ B HFPDBNBT – Trade andDevelopment.Cv. Rjyathtywbz Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq gjnjhujdkt b hfpdbnbñ – United Nations Conference on Tradeand Development.

NJHUJDKZ VTÉLE DJCNJRJV BPFGFLJV – East-West Trade.Lfyyjt gjyznbt bcgjkmpetncz lkz jåjpyfxtybz njhujdsöjnyjitybq vtéle åsdibv CCCH b åsdibvb cjwbfkb-cnbxtcrbvb cnhfyfvb Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs (≤Djcnjrjv≥), c jlyjq cnjhjys, b hfpdbnsvb cnhfyfvb c hsyjxyjqärjyjvbrjq Pfgflyjq Tdhjgs b Ctdthyjq Fvthbrb, f nfrét Zgjybtq (≤Pfgfljv≥), c lheujq cnjhjys. Cv.nfrét Dcnhtxyfz njhujdkz – Countertrade; Ythsyjxyfzärjyjvbrf – Non-Market Economy; b Cnhfys c gjk-yjcnmñ rjynhjkbhetvjq ujcelfhcndjv dytiytq njhujd-ktq – State Trading Nations.

NJHUJDKZ VTÉLE ≤CNHFYFVB CTDTHF≥B ≤CNHFYFVB ÑUF≥ – North-South Trade.Jåvty njdfhfvb b eckeufvb vtéle hfpdbnsvb cnhfyfvb(≤cnhfyfvb Ctdthf≥) b hfpdbdfñobvbcz cnhfyfvb (≤cnhf-yfvb Ñuf≥). Jåjåotyyfz cbcntvf ghtathtywbq (Genera-lized System of Preferences), cjukfcjdfyyfz b endthélty-yfz yf Dnjhjq rjyathtywbb JJY gj njhujdkt b hfpdb-nbñ (ÑYRNFL ÈÈ), b Hfvjxyjt cjukfitybt (FrameworkAgreement), pfrkñxtyyjt dj dhtvz ghjdtltybz Njrbq-crjuj hfeylf vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN, åskb yfwtktys yf cnbvekbhjdfybthfpdbnbz njhujdkb vtéle ≤cnhfyfvb Ctdthf≥ b ≤cnhfyf-vb Ñuf≥. Cv. nfrét Hfpdbnst cnhfys – DevelopedCountries; Hfpdbdfñobtcz cnhfys – Developing Countries;Hfvjxyjt cjukfitybt – Framework Agreement; Jåjåoty-yfz cbcntvf ghtathtywbq – Generalized System of Prefe-rences; Wtynh vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb ÑYRNFL/UFNN –International Trade Center UNCTAD/GATT; Dpfbvyjcnm –Reciprocity; Cgtwbfkmysq b lbaathtywbfkmysq htébv –Special and Differential Treatment; b Rjyathtywbz Jhufyb-pfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq gj njhujdkt b hfpdbnbñ –United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.

NJHUJDKZ VTÉLE ≤CNHFYFVB ÑUF≥ –South-South Trade.Njhujdkz vtéle hfpdbdfñobvbcz cnhfyfvb. Cv. nfrétHfpdbdfñobtcz cnhfys – Developing Countries; ≤Ärjyjvb-xtcrjt cjnhelybxtcndj vtéle hfpdbdfñobvbcz cnhfyf-vb≥ – Economic Cooperation Among Developing Countries; b Ukjåfkmyfz cbcntvf njhujdsö ghtathtywbq – GlobalSystem of Trade Preferences.

102

N

NJHUJDKZ AFKMIBDSVB NJDFHFVB BECKEUFVB – Trafficking in Counterfeit Goodsand Services.Vtéleyfhjlyfz njhujdkz bkb gjgsnrb dtltybz njh-ujdkb njdfhfvb bkb eckeufvb, ghb rjnjhsö xfcnyjt bkbñhblbxtcrjt kbwj pfdtljvj bcgjkmpetn pyfr, zdkzñ-obqcz bltynbxysv bkb ceotcndtyyj ytjnkbxbvsv jnpyfrf, jabwbfkmyj pfhtubcnhbhjdfyyjuj lkz änbö njdf-hjd bkb eckeu, b bcgjkmpjdfybt rjnjhjuj vjétn ddtcnbd pfåkeéltybt, ghbdtcnb r jibårt bkb jåvfye gjnht-åbntkz. R njdfhfv c gjlltkmysvb njhujdsvb vfhrfvbjåsxyj jnyjczn kñåst njdfhs, drkñxfz egfrjdre, yfrjnjhsö bvttncz ytpfrjyyj bcgjkmpetvsq njhujdsqpyfr, bltynbxysq njhujdjve pyfre, rjnjhsq åsk yfl-ktéfobv jåhfpjv jabwbfkmyj pfhtubcnhbhjdfy d jnyj-itybb nfrbö njdfhjd bkb rjnjhsq ytdjpvjéyj jnkbxbnmdj dctö yfbåjktt ceotcndtyysö fcgtrnfö jn nfrjujnjhujdjuj pyfrf, b rjnjhst ntv cfvsv eotvkzñn ghfdfdkfltkmwf lfyyjq njhujdjq vfhrb d cjjndtncndbb c pfrj-yjlfntkmcndjv cnhfys ddjpf. D hfvrfö cjukfitybz, lj-cnbuyenjuj d ltrfåht 1993 u. d öjlt ghjdtltybz Ehe-udfqcrjuj hfeylf vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjdgjl äubljq UFNN, cnhfys-xktys UFNN ljujdjhbkbcm j ghbyznbb dctjåütvkñotuj yfåjhf vtéleyfhjlysöghfdbk b jå ecbktybb vth gj jöhfyt yfwbjyfkmysöuhfybw lkz ghtrhfotybz njhujdkb gjlltkmysvb njdfhf-vb b eckeufvb. Pfrkñxtybt cjukfitybz j NFGBC (njh-ujdsö fcgtrnfö ghfd yf byntkktrnefkmyeñ cjåcndty-yjcnm) zdkzkjcm jlyjq bp ukfdysö wtktq ltktufwbbCIF yf Eheudfqcrjv hfeylt vyjujcnjhjyybö gthtujdj-hjd d hfvrfö UFNN. Cv. nfrét Rjvvthxtcrfz rjynhf-afrwbz – Commercial Counterfeiting; Fdnjhcrjt ghfdj –Copyright; Byntkktrnefkmyfz cjåcndtyyjcnm – Intellec-tual Property; Vyjujcnjhjyytt njhujdjt cjukfitybt –Multilateral Trade Agreement; Gfntyn – Patent; Njhujdfzvfhrf – Trademark; Njhujdst fcgtrns ghfd yf byntk-ktrnefkmyeñ cjåcndtyyjcnm – Trade-Related Aspects ofIntellectual Property Rights; b Eheudfqcrbq hfeyl (vyjuj-cnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) –Uruguay Round.

NJHUJDJT CJUKFITYBT – TradeAgreement.Ldecnjhjyybq bkb vyjujcnjhjyybq ljujdjh bkb byjqjåtcgtxtyysq ghfdjdjq cfyrwbtq ljujdjhysq frn, djp-kfufñobq yf ldt bkb åjktt ljujdfhbdfñobtcz cnhfysjåzpfntkmcndf gj dsgjkytybñ jujdjhtyysö eckjdbqcjdthitybz njhujdsö jgthfwbq b jåsxyj ghtlecvfnhb-dfñobq ghtljcnfdktybt dpfbvjdsujlysö ecnegjr. Cv.nfrét Jåzpfntkmyst ecnegrb – Binding Concessions;Ecnegrf – Concession; Utythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhb-afö b njhujdkt – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade;b Hfeyl – Round.

NJHUJDST FCGTRNS GHFD YFBYNTKKTRNEFKMYEÑ CJÅCNDTYYJCNM(NFGBC) – Trade-Related Aspects of IntellectualProperty Rights (TRIPS).Ddjlbvst ghfdbntkmcndjv gjcnfyjdktybz bkb flvbyb-cnhfnbdyst ghjwtlehs – kbåj, yfghjnbd, bö jncencndbt,– rjnjhst evtymifñn pfobne byntkktrnefkmyjqcjåcndtyyjcnb bkb jnrfpsdfñn d jåtcgtxtybb nfrjqpfobns. D hfvrfö cjukfitybz, ljcnbuyenjuj d ltrfåht1993 u. d öjlt ghjdtltybz Eheudfqcrjuj hfeylf vyjuj-cnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd gjl äubljq UFNN,cnhfys-xktys UFNN ljujdjhbkbcm j ghbyznbb dctjåütv-kñotuj yfåjhf vtéleyfhjlysö ghfdbk b jå ecbktybbvth gj pfobnt uhfybw cnhfy-exfcnybw lkz ghtrhfotybznjhujdkb njdfhfvb, rjnjhst yfyjczn eothå ghfdfv yfbyntkktrnefkmyeñ cjåcndtyyjcnm. D cjjndtncndbb ccjukfitybtv j njhujdsö fcgtrnfö ghfd yf byntkktr-nefkmyeñ cjåcndtyyjcnm, cnhfys-exfcnybws jåzpeñnczgthtcvjnhtnm cdjb yfwbjyfkmyst pfrjys lkz ghbdtltybzbö d cjjndtncndbt c vtéleyfhjlyj cjukfcjdfyysvbyjhvfvb gj pfobnt gfntynjd, njhujdsö vfhjr, fdnjh-crbö ghfd, ghjvsiktyysö jåhfpwjd, njhujdsö ctrhtnjd,byntuhbhjdfyysö cötv (hfphfåjnjr vfcjr lkz gjkeghj-djlybrjdsö rhbcnfkkjd) b utjuhfabxtcrbö jåjpyfxtybq.Änj cjukfitybt nfrét hfcibhztn jåkfcnb pfobns,drkñxfz d ybö ntöyjkjubxtcrbt hfphfåjnrb – nfrbt rfrafhvfwtdnbxtcreñ ghjlerwbñ, ghjuhfvvyjt jåtcgt-xtybt lkz rjvgmñnthjd, f nfrét bpjåhtntybz b hfphf-åjnrb, djpybrfñobt d htpekmnfnt gjzdktybz b bcgjkm-pjdfybz yjdsö ntöyjkjubq, – rjnjhst d yfcnjzottdhtvz dj vyjubö cnhfyfö dct tot yt jåtcgtxtys pfob-njq. Ghjvsiktyyj hfpdbnst cnhfys gjkexbkb jlby ujlyf ddtltybt d ltqcndbt cjjndtncndeñobö gjkjétybq,jncxbnsdftvsq jn vjvtynf dcnegktybz d cbke erfpfy-yjuj cjukfitybz, f bvtyyj jn 1 bñkz 1995 u. Hfpdbdfñ-obtcz cnhfys b cnhfys, yföjlzobtcz d cnflbb gthtöjlfjn wtynhfkbpjdfyyjq gkfyjdjq ärjyjvbrb r hsyjxyjqärjyjvbrt, gjkexbkb ljgjkybntkmyj xtnsht ujlf yfghbyznbt e ctåz cjjndtncndeñobö pfrjyjd, pf bcrkñ-xtybtv afhvfwtdnbxtcrjq jnhfckb b ctkmcrjuj öj-pzqcndf, lkz rjnjhsö ghtlecvjnhtyysq ljgjkybntkmysqchjr cjcnfdkztn ltdznm ktn (nfrbv jåhfpjv, jåobqgthbjl jnchjxrb ljcnbuftn 10 ktn cj lyz dcnegktybzcjukfitybz d cbke). Yfbvtytt hfpdbnst cnhfys ljkéysghbdtcnb cdjt pfrjyjlfntkmcndj d cjjndtncndbt c gjkj-étybzvb erfpfyyjuj cjukfitybz lj yfcnegktybz 2006 u.Cjukfitybt j njhujdsö fcgtrnfö ghfd yf byntkktr-nefkmyeñ cjåcndtyyjcnm cjlthébn gjkjétybz j ddtlt-ybb tuj d ltqcndbt, rjnjhst ghtlecvfnhbdfñn bcgjkmpj-dfybt ecjdthitycndjdfyysö ghjwtleh hfphtitybzvtéleyfhjlysö cgjhjd vtéle cnhfyfvb-exfcnybwfvb d hfvrfö Jhufybpfwbb gj vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt.Rhjvt njuj, änj cjukfitybt hfphtiftn bcgjkmpjdfnm≤gthtrhtcnyst≥ jndtnyst vths d hfpkbxysö jnhfckzö

103

N

ärjyjvbrb ghjnbd yfheibntktq jåzpfntkmcnd NFGBC.Änj jpyfxftn, xnj tckb, yfghbvth, rfrfz-kbåj cnhfyf ytjåtcgtxbn yflktéfotq pfobns gfntynjd, ghjnbd yttvjuen åsnm ghbyzns vths d jnhfckb, yt bvtñotq ybrf-rjuj jnyjitybz r gfntynjdtltybñ. Cv. nfrét Byntk-ktrnefkmyfz cjåcndtyyjcnm – Intellectual Property; bEheudfqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtuj-djhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Uruguay Round.

NJHUJDST GTHTUJDJHS – TradeNegotiations.Cv. Gthtujdjhs – Negotiations; Hfeyl – Round; b Njhuj-dsq ghtlcnfdbntkm CIF – U.S. Trade Representative.

NJHUJDSQ ÅFKFYC – Balance of Trade.Jlyf bp cjcnfdkzñobö gkfntéyjuj åfkfycf, ghtlcnfdkz-ñofz cjåjq gjkjébntkmyjt cfkmlj bkb ltabwbn, jght-ltkztvst d htpekmnfnt chfdytybz hfcöjljd lfyyjqcnhfys yf bvgjhn njdfhjd b ljöjlfvb änjq ét cnhfysjn ärcgjhnf tt njdfhjd. Cv. nfrét Rhtlbn – Credit; b Vthrfynbkbpv – Mercantilism.

NJHUJDSQ GHTLCNFDBNTKM CIF (NG CIF) – United States Trade Representative(USTR).Ljkéyjcnyjt kbwj, cnfnec rjnjhjuj cjjndtncndetn cnf-nece xktyf rfåbytnf vbybcnhjd, yföjlzottcz d hfyutgjckf b zdkzñottcz ukfdysv cjdtnybrjv ghtpbltynfCIF gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdjq gjkbnbrb.Njhujdsq ghtlcnfdbntkm CIF pfybvftncz djghjcfvbjghtltktybz dytiytnjhujdjq gjkbnbrb CIF, hfcibht-ybz ärcgjhnf CIF, exfcnbz CIF d UFNN, njdfhysvbdjghjcfvb, djghjcfvb njhujdsö jnyjitybq vtéleDjcnjrjv b Pfgfljv, ≤cnhfyfvb Ctdthf≥ b ≤cnhfyfvbÑuf≥, f nfrét ghzvsö bydtcnbwbq, jnyjczoböcz r njh-ujdkt. Åelexb jlyjdhtvtyyj ghtlctlfntktv RjvbntnfCIF gj njhujdjq gjkbnbrt, njhujdsq ghtlcnfdbntkmnfrét zdkztncz ukfdysv ljkéyjcnysv kbwjv CIF,jndtxfñobv pf exfcnbt CIF dj dctö vtéleyfhjlysönjhujdsö gthtujdjhfö. Lj ddtltybz d ltqcndbt Pfrjyf j njhujdsö cjukfitybzö jn 1979 u. (Trade Agreements Actof 1979), d cjjndtncndbb c rjnjhsv åskj cjplfyj Åñhjnjhujdjuj ghtlcnfdbntkz CIF, fyfkjubxyfz ljkéyjcnmyjcbkf jabwbfkmyjt yfpdfybt ≤cgtwbfkmysq ghtlcnfdb-ntkm ghtpbltynf CIF yf njhujdsö gthtujdjhfö≥ b åskfdgthdst exhtéltyf Pfrjyjv j hfcibhtybb njhujdkb jn1962 u. (Trade Expansion Act of 1962). Cv. nfrét Utyt-hfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt – GeneralAgreement on Tariffs and Trade; Gthtujdjhs – Negotiations;Pfrjy j njhujdsö cjukfitybzö jn 1979 u. – Trade Agree-ments Act of 1979; Pfrjy j hfcibhtybb njhujdkb jn 1962 u. – Trade Expansion Act of 1962; b Rjvbntn gjnjhujdjq gjkbnbrt – Trade Policy Committee.

NG CIF – USTR.Cv. Njhujdsq ghtlcnfdbntkm CIF – United States TradeRepresentative.

NHFYPBNYFZ PJYF – Transit Zone.Nthhbnjhbz djrheu gjhnf ddjpf d rfrjq-kbåj ghbåhté-yjq cnhfyt, ckeéfofz wtynhjv öhfytybz b hfcghtlt-ktybz njdfhjd lkz eljåcndf cjctlytq cnhfys – yfghbvthcnhfys, jrheétyyjq cj dctö cnjhjy ceitq, – rjnjhfz yt bvttn cjjndtncndeñobö gjhnjdsö cjjheétybq bkbdsöjlf r vjhñ. Htuekbhjdfybt nhfypbnyjq pjys jceot-cndkztncz nfrbv jåhfpjv, xnj njdfhs, gthtdjpbvstnhfypbnjv d lfyyeñ cjctlyññ cnhfye bkb bp ytt, ytjåkfufñncz nfvjétyysvb gjikbyfvb, yt gjlgflfñngjl bvgjhnysq rjynhjkm bkb yf ybö yt hfcghjcnhfyz-ñncz vyjubt ajhvfkmyst ghjwtlehs htubcnhfwbbddjpbvsö b dsdjpbvsö njdfhjd, ltqcndeñobt d ghbyb-vfñotq cnhfyt. Nhfypbnyfz pjyf zdkztncz åjktt juhf-ybxtyysv jåütrnjv, xtv pjyf cdjåjlyjq njhujdkb bkbcdjåjlysq gjhn. Cv. nfrét Nfvjéyz – Customs;Cdjåjlyfz pjyf – Free Zone; b Gjhn ddjpf – Port of Entry.

NHFYCYFWBJYFKMYFZ RJHGJHFWBZ –Transnational Corporation.Cv. Vtéleyfhjlyfz (vyjujyfwbjyfkmyfz) rjhgjhfwbz –Multinational Corporation.

NHFYCGJHNBHJDRF – Transportation.Cv. Eckeub – Services.

NHFYCATHNYST GKFNTÉB – TransferPayments.Nhfycathnyst gkfntéb d vfcinfåfö yfwbjyfkmyjqärjyjvbrb – änj gkfntéb, ghjbpdjlbvst ujcelfhcndjvbkb jnyjcbntkmyj åjktt åjufnsvb ckjzvb jåotcndf, d gjkmpe jnyjcbntkmyj åjktt åtlysö ckjtd yfctktybzlfyyjq cnhfys, yfghbvth, gjchtlcndjv cbcntvs gkf-ntétq gj cjwbfkmyjve jåtcgtxtybñ, gjcjåbq gj åtphf-åjnbwt b gtycbq, dsgkfxbdftvsö dljdfv. Nfrbt gkfntébjceotcndkzñncz yt d jåvty yf rfrbt-kbåj njdfhs bkbeckeub, yj c wtkmñ gththfcghtltktybz ljöjljd. Vtéle-yfhjlyst nhfycathnyst gkfntéb drkñxfñn åtpdjp-vtplyeñ abyfycjdeñ gjvjom, jrfpsdftveñ hfpdbnsvbujcelfhcndfvb hfpdbdfñobvcz cnhfyfv, f nfrét ghj-uhfvvs b vthjghbznbz, jceotcndkztvst xfcnysvbljåhjdjkmysvb jhufybpfwbzvb, pfhtubcnhbhjdfyysvb d jlyjq cnhfyt b hfcghtltkzñobvb abyfycjdeñ gjvjomchtlb yfctktybz rfrjq-kbåj lheujq cnhfys. Nfrbt gkf-ntéb cxbnfñncz cjcnfdyjq xfcnmñ cxtnf ntreobö jgthf-wbq gkfntéyjuj åfkfycf. Cv. nfrét Ljgjkybntkmyjcnm– Additionality; Cxtn ntreobö jgthfwbq – Current Account;Ghzvjq yfkju – Direct Tax; b Jabwbfkmyfz gjvjomhfpdbnbñ – Official Development Assistance.

104

N

NHTÅJDFYBZ R ÄAATRNBDYJCNBRFGBNFKJDKJÉTYBQ – InvestmentPerformance Requirements.Cgtwbfkmyst eckjdbz, ecnfyfdkbdftvst lkz ghzvsöbyjcnhfyysö rfgbnfkjdkjétybq ujcelfhcndfvb-gjkexf-ntkzvb, byjulf drkñxfñobt d ctåz nhtåjdfybz j ghbyz-nbb bydtcnjhjv jåzpfntkmcnd j gjcnfdrt jghtltktyyjqljkb ghjlerwbb yf ärcgjhn, j pfregrt erfpfyysö dbljdcshmz b vfnthbfkjd yf vtcnyjv hsyrt bkb jå jåtcgtxt-ybb pfyznjcnb erfpfyyjuj ghjwtynf jn jåotuj xbckfujlysö r nhele vtcnysö ébntktq b eghfdktyxtcrjujgthcjyfkf. Cv. nfrét Ghjvsiktyyfz gjkbnbrf –Industrial Policy.

NHBVC – TRIMS.Cv. Vths gj htuekbhjdfybñ bydtcnbwbq, pfnhfubdfñobtnjhujdkñ – Trade-Related Investment Measures.

NHJGBXTCRBT GHJLERNS – TropicalProducts.Nhflbwbjyyj r nhjgbxtcrbv ghjlernfv jnyjczn ctkmcrj-öjpzqcndtyyeñ ghjlerwbñ, rjnjhfz ghtlcnfdkztn ärc-gjhnyeñ wtyyjcnm lkz hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfy, yföjlz-oböcz d nhjgbxtcrbö hfqjyfö Fahbrb, Kfnbycrjq Fvt-hbrb b Djcnjxyjq Fpbb (yfghbvth, rjat, xfq, cgtwbb,yfnehfkmysq rfexer, gfkmvjdjt vfckj, åfyfys b nhj-gbxtcrbt cjhnf ndthljq lhtdtcbys). Cv. nfrét Njdfh(cshmtdjq njdfh) – Commodity.

NEHBPV – Tourism.Cv. Eckeub – Services.

TARIFF EXTIRIEUR COMMUN.Cv. Tlbysq dytiybq nfhba – Common External Tariff.

105

N

EEÅSNJR – Loss.Cv. Ghbåskm – Profit; b Hbcr – Risk.

EBKMZVCÅTHUCRFZ DCNHTXF YFDSCITV EHJDYT – Williamsburg Summit.Dcnhtxf ukfd ujcelfhcnd ctvb dtleobö hfpdbnsö cnhfyvbhf, cjcnjzdifzcz d Ebkmzvcåthut (in. Dbhubybz,CIF) d vft 1993 u., yf rjnjhjq, gjvbvj dctuj ghjxtuj,åskj ghbyznj htitybt j yfxfkt ghjdtltybz vtéleyf-hjlysö rjycekmnfwbq d ghtlldthbb yjdjuj hfeylf vyj-ujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN, fnfrét rjycekmnfwbq gj cjdthitycndjdfybñ vtéleyf-hjlyjq dfkñnyjq cbcntvs. Cv. nfrét Utythfkmyjtcjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; Kbåthfkbpfwbz – Liberalization; b Hfeyl – Round.

EGHFDKTYBT (VTYTLÉVTYN) –Management.Jhufybpfwbz b rjjhlbyfwbz ltzntkmyjcnb ghtlghbznbz.Eghfdkzñobq (vtytléth), rjnjhsq, r ghbvthe, herj-djlbn bkb jceotcndkztn yflpjh pf hfåjnjq ghjbpdjlcn-dtyyjuj ghtlghbznbz, vjétn zdkznmcz jgkfxbdftvsvcgtwbfkbcnjv d jåkfcnb eghfdktybz (flvbybcnhbhjdf-ybz), d jnkbxbt jn ghtlghbybvfntkz, rjnjhsq gthdjyf-xfkmyj pflevfk änj ghtlghbznbt b dpzk yf ctåz hbcr,cdzpfyysq c tuj cjplfybtv. D cjdhtvtyysö rjhgjhfwbzöghjcktébdftncz ntyltywbz r jnltktybñ aeyrwbq eghf-dktybz b rjynhjkz jn ghfd cjåcndtyyjcnb, rjnjhsvbyfltktys frwbjyths. Cv. nfrét Ghtlghbybvfntkm –Entrepreneur; Vbrhjärjyjvbrf – Microeconomics; Ghjbp-djlcndj – Production; Ghbåskm – Profit; b Hbcr – Risk.

≤EGHFDKZTVFZ NJHUJDKZ≥ – Managed Trade.Ecbkbz ghfdbntkmcnd yf yfwbjyfkmyjv b vtéleyfhjl-yjv ehjdyzö gj jrfpfybñ dkbzybz bkb rjynhjkñ yflärcgjhnjv b bvgjhnjv, jcyjdfyyst yf ghtlgjkjétybb j njv, xnj änb ecbkbz c åjkmitq dthjznyjcnmñ jåtcgt-xfn d jghtltktyyjv cvsckt ≤jgnbvfkmyeñ≥ njhujdeñghfrnbre, xtv d htpekmnfnt ltqcndbz yteghfdkztvsöhsyjxysö cbk. Yf yfwbjyfkmyjv ehjdyt ≤eghfdkztvfznjhujdkz≥ xfcnj zdkztncz jnhfétybtv dkbzybz gjkb-nbrb bkb äktvtynjd ghjntrwbjybpvf d ärjyjvbrt. Lfy-ysq nthvby vjétn nfrét bcgjkmpjdfnmcz lkz jgbcfybzhfpkbxysö ljujdjhtyyjcntq b cjukfitybq j cjplfybbåeathysö (htpthdysö) pfgfcjd b cnfåbkbpfwbb wty –yfghbvth, ghjuhfvvs ≤CNFÅTRC≥ (STABEX) bkb

Byntuhbhjdfyyjq ghjuhfvvs cshmtdsö njdfhjd (Integra-ted Program for Commodities). Cv. nfrét Ghjvsiktyyfzgjkbnbrf – Industrial Policy; Byntuhbhjdfyyfz ghjuhfv-vf cshmtdsö njdfhjd – Integrated Program for Commodi-ties; Kjvtqcrfz rjydtywbz – Lomé Convention; Hsyjxystcbks – Market Forces; VNG – MITI; b Ghjntrwbjybpv –Protectionism.

EH – UR.Cv. Eheudfqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsögthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Uruguay Round.

EHJDTYM NJHUJDJUJ HTUEKBHJDFYBZ(ENH) – Level of Trade Adjustment (LOT).Htuekbhjdfybt wty ghjlféb d CIF ghb ghjdtltybbfynbltvgbyujdjuj hfpåbhfntkmcndf c wtkmñ rjvgtycfwbbhfpybws vtéle hfcöjlfvb gj ghjlfét njdfhjd yfhfpkbxysö rjvvthxtcrbö ehjdyzö njhujdkb. Cv.Ltvgbyu – Dumping; b ≤Wtyf d CIF≥ – United StatesPrice.

EHEUDFQCRBQ HFEYL(VYJUJCNJHJYYBÖ NJHUJDSÖGTHTUJDJHJD D HFVRFÖ UFNN) – Uruguay Round.Eheudfqcrbq hfeyl gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN,rjnjhsq pfdthibkcz d Étytdt (Idtqwfhbz) d ltrfåht1993 u., åsk gjcktlytq cthbtq vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsögthtujdjhjd, yfwtktyysö yf gthtcvjnh, jåyjdktybt bhfcibhtybt gjkjétybq UFNN. Änjn hfeyl åsk ajh-vfkmyj yfxfn d ctynzåht 1986 u. yf dcnhtxt vbybcnhjdcnhfy-xktyjd UFNN d Geynf-ltkm-Äcnt (Eheudfq).Jcyjdyjq wtkmñ ghjdtltybz gthtujdjhjd Eheudfqcrjujhfeylf åskj ecnhfytybt nfhbaysö b ytnfhbaysöåfhmthjd lkz njhujdkb, f nfrét hfphfåjnrf zcysö bbvtñobö cbke pfrjyf ghfdbk vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb.Gjkjétybz cjukfitybz, pfrkñxtyyjuj yf Eheudfqcrjvhfeylt, ghtlecvfnhbdfñn ghtljcnfdktybt hfpdbdfñobv-cz cnhfyfv åjktt lkbntkmyjuj gj chfdytybñ c ghjvsi-ktyyj hfpdbnsvb cnhfyfvb gthbjlf dhtvtyb lkz ghb-dtltybz cdjtuj yfwbjyfkmyjuj pfrjyjlfntkmcndf dcjjndtncndbt c änbvb yjdsvb ghfdbkfvb. Xnj rfcftnczyfbvtytt hfpdbnsö cnhfy, nj ytrjnjhst bö ybö gjkexbkbtot åjkmieñ jnchjxre bkb lfét djdct åskb jcdjåjé-ltys jn änbö jåzpfntkmcnd. Ybét ghbdjlzncz jcyjdystjnkbxbntkmyst xthns yjdjuj cjukfitybz:• Nfhbas: vtéle cnhfyfvb-exfcnybwfvb UFNN ljcnbu-yenf ljujdjhtyyjcnm j cybétybb bvgjhnysö nfvjéty-ysö gjikby d chtlytv yf 36fi.• Ntrcnbkmyst bpltkbz: vtéle cnhfyfvb-exfcnybwfvbljcnbuyenf ljujdjhtyyjcnm j gjcntgtyyjq jnvtyt r 2005 u. cbcntvs bvgjhnysö rdjn yf ntrcnbkmystbpltkbz b ghtlvtns jltéls, ltqcndjdfditq yf ghjnz-étybb gjcktlybö 20 ktn. Rdjns ljkéys åsnm pfvtytys

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nfhbafvb, rjnjhst cj dhtvtytv ljkéys åsnm cybétys.• Ctkmcrjt öjpzqcndj: ljcnbuyenf ljujdjhtyyjcnm j cjrhfotybb r 2001 u. ghzvsö ärcgjhnysö ceåcblbq yf 36fi gj jnyjitybñ r gjrfpfntkzv, bvtdibv vtcnj d gthbjl vtéle 1986 b 1990 uu., f nfrét j cjrhfotybbjåütvjd ärcgjhnf ceåcblbhjdfyysö njdfhjd. Nfrétljcnbuyenj cjukfitybt j pfvtyt rdjn, bvgjhnysö kbwty-pbq b lheubö juhfybxtybq yf bvgjhn yf nfvjétyystnfhbas, rjnjhst gjlktéfn lfkmytqitve gjcntgtyyjvecybétybñ.• Eckeub: ljcnbuyenf ljujdjhtyyjcnm j hfphfåjnrtjcyjdysö ghfdbk c ntv, xnjås ufhfynbhjdfnm ghtlghbz-nbzv b jhufybpfwbzv caths eckeu ghtljcnfdktybt ntöét eckjdbq ltzntkmyjcnb pf heåtéjv, rfrbt jyb bvtñnd cdjbö cnhfyfö. D ytrjnjhsö jåkfcnzö caths eckeugthtujdjhs åelen ghjljkétys d 1996 u.• Byntkktrnefkmyfz cjåcndtyyjcnm: ljcnbuyenf ljuj-djhtyyjcnm jå jåtcgtxtybb pfobns gfntynjd, njhujdsövfhjr b fdnjhcrbö ghfd b j ddtltybb d ltqcndbt cjjn-dtncndeñobö pfrjyjlfntkmysö b yjhvfnbdysö frnjd, f nfrét jå juhfybxtybb njhujdkb gjlltkmysvb ghjbpdt-ltybzvb ndjhxtcndf b gjlltkmysvb bpjåhtntybzvb.• Bydtcnbwbb: ljcnbuyenf ljujdjhtyyjcnm jå jnrfpt jnghbvtytybz vth, juhfybxbdfñobö bkb ghbyeélfñoböjceotcndkznm ytrjnjhst dbls bydtcnbwbq, j ghtljc-nfdktybb ≤yfwbjyfkmyjuj htébvf≥ byjcnhfyysv bydtc-njhfv, f nfrét jå jnvtyt rdjn b lheubö juhfybxtybq.• Ceåcblbb: ljcnbuyenf ljujdjhtyyjcnm j gjdsitybb≤ghtlcrfpetvjcnb≥ ghfdbk, htuekbheñobö pfrjyyjtghbvtytybt njhujdsö ceåcblbq, gentv hfpltktybz dctöceåcblbq yf cktleñobt nhb rkfccf: pfghtotyyst (prohi-bited), lfñobt jcyjdfybt lkz ghbyznbz jndtnysö vth(actionable) b yt lfñobt nfrjuj jcyjdfybz (non-actio-nable).• Ltvgbyu: ljcnbuyenf ljujdjhtyyjcnm j hfphfåjnrtåjktt gjlhjåysö ghfdbk, htuekbheñobö ghfdf cnhfy-xktyjd UFNN gj ghbyznbñ vth ghjnbd bvgjhnf njdfhjd,ghjlfdftvsö gj ärcgjhnysv wtyfv c ytljåhjcjdtcnyjddtltyysvb crblrfvb.• Vths gj pfobnt dyenhtyytq ärjyjvbrb: ljcnbuyenfljujdjhtyyjcnm jå eétcnjxtybb ghfdbk, ecnfyfdkbdfñ-obö dhtvtyyst juhfybxtybz yf bvgjhn lkz pfobnsdyenhtyytq ghjvsiktyyjcnb jn yfgksdf ytljåhjcj-dtcnyj ghjlfdftvjq bvgjhnyjq ghjlerwbb (n.t. vth gjpfobnt dyenhtyybö ghjbpdjlbntktq). Cnhfys-xktysUFNN ljujdjhbkbcm, xnj ddjlbvst bvb vths gj pfobntdyenhtyytq ärjyjvbrb yt åelen ltqcndjdfnm d ntxtybtåjktt 8 ktn. Rhjvt njuj, jyb ljujdjhbkbcm j ddtltybbpfghtnf yf ghbvtytybt nfr yfpsdftvsö vth cthjqcaths (“gray area measures”), n.t. ljåhjdjkmysö vth gjjuhfybxtybñ ärcgjhnf b lheubö ytajhvfkmysö ljujdj-htyyjcntq, yfghfdktyysö yf cjrhfotybt jåütvf ljåhj-cjdtcnyj ghjlfdftvjq bvgjhnyjq ghjlerwbb.

• Bycnbnewbjyyfz cnhernehf: cnhfys-xktys UFNN ljuj-djhbkbcm j cjplfybb Jhufybpfwbb gj vtéleyfhjlyjqnjhujdkt – gjcnjzyyj ltqcndeñotq jhufybpfwbb, rjnjhfzljkéyf pfvtybnm UFNN (rjnjhjt, rfr gthdjyfxfkmyjghtlgjkfufkjcm, ljkéyj åskj dsgjkyznm hjkm dhtvty-yjq cnhernehs) rfr åjktt ckfåjt exhtéltybt.• Hfphtitybt cgjhjd: cnhfys-xktys UFNN ljujdjhbkbcmjå ecbktybb ghfdbk hfphtitybz cgjhjd d hfvrfö UFNNpf cxtn drkñxtybz d ybö gjkjétybz, cjukfcyj rjnjhjvecnhfys vjuen pfåkjrbhjdfnm htitybz, dsyjcbvst ärc-gthnysvb uheggfvb UFNN, njkmrj d njv ckexft, tckbänb htitybz yt gjkexfn gjllthére dctö xktyjd UFNN.

Cv. nfrét Åhñcctkmcrfz dcnhtxf vbybcnhjd – BrusselsMinisterial; ≤Rähycrfz uheggf≥ – Cairns Group; Hfphtit-ybt cgjhjd – Dispute Settlement; Ltvgbyu – Dumping;Pfrkñxbntkmysq frn – Final Act; Utythfkmyjt cjukfit-ybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt – General Agreement on Tariffsand Trade; Vjyhtfkmcrfz dcnhtxf vbybcnhjd – MontrealMinisterial; Cjukfitybt j vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdktvyjujdjkjrjyysvb ntrcnbkmysvb bpltkbzvb – Multi-Fiber Arrangement Regarding International Trade in Textiles;Vyjujcnjhjyybt njhujdst gthtujdjhs – MultilateralTrade Negotiations; Vyjujcnjhjyyzz jhufybpfwbz gjnjhujdkt – Multilateral Trade Organization; Dcnhtxfvbybcnhjd d Geynf-ltkm-Äcnt – Punta del Este Mini-sterial; Rfhfynbyyst, cfybnfhyst b vtlbwbycrbt pfrjysb yjhvs – Quarantine, Sanitary and Health Laws andRegulations; Hfeyl – Round; Vths gj pfobnt dyenhtyytqärjyjvbrb – Safeguards; Eckeub – Services; Cgtwbfkmysq b lbaathtywbfkmysq htébv – Special and DifferentialTreatment; Ceåcblbz – Subsidy; Ljgjkytybt r Hfpltke 301 – Super 301; Vtöfybpv fyfkbpf njhujdjq gjkbnbrb –Trade Policy Review Mechanism; Njhujdst fcgtrns ghfd yf byntkktrnefkmyeñ cjåcndtyyjcnm – Trade-RelatedAspects of Intellectual Property Rights; Vths gj juhfyb-xtybñ bydtcnbwbq, pfnhfubdfñobt njhujdkñ – Trade-Related Investment Measures; Njhujdkz afkmibdsvbnjdfhfvb b eckeufvb – Trafficking in Counterfeit Goods andServices; b Jhufybpfwbb gj vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt –World Trade Organization.

ECKJDBZ DYTIYTQ NJHUJDKB – Terms of Trade.Jnyjitybt wty (chtlybö wty njdfhysö tlbybw) ärcgjhnfrfrjq-kbåj cnhfys r wtyfv (chtlybv wtyfv njdfhysötlbybw) bvgjhnf änjq cnhfys. Ytrjnjhst ärjyjvbcnseukzltkb d änjv jnyjitybb lkz hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfy d wtkjv ytreñ jåoeñ ytåkfujghbznyeñ ntyltywbñ.Lheubt ét ärjyjvbcns endthélfñn, xnj gjcrjkmreeckjdbz dytiytq njhujdkb d jghtltktyyst gthbjlsvjuen cnfnm vtytt åkfujghbznysvb lkz ytrjnjhsöcnhfy – bkb lfét d ntxtybt ytrjnjhsö gthbjljd lkzdctö hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfy, – nt ét cfvst eckjdbz

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dytiytq njhujdkb ekexibkbcm lkz lheubö hfpdbdfñ-oböcz cnhfy d nt ét gthbjls dhtvtyb, f djpvjéyj, blkz åjkmibycndf hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfy d ntxtybt lheubögthbjljd. Cv. nfrét Hfpdbdfñobtcz cnhfys – Develop-ing Countries; Ärcgjhnyst wtys – Export Prices; Gjcnj-zyyj ceotcndeñofz ntyltywbz – Secular Trend; b Chtl-yzz wtyf njdfhyjq tlbybws – Unit Value.

ECKJDYJCNM – Conditionality.Yfåjh eckjdbq, ecnfyjdktyysö Vtéleyfhjlysv dfk-ñnysv ajyljv lkz bcgjkmpjdfybz dsltkztvsö bvltytéysö chtlcnd, drkñxfz jåzpfntkmcndf b gjkbnbregthtcnhjqrb gj djccnfyjdktybñ b gjllthéfybñ ecnjq-xbdjuj gkfntéyjuj åfkfycf d ntxtybt jn jlyjuj lj nhtöktn. Cv. nfrét Gthtcnhjqrf – Adjustment; b Vtéleyf-hjlysq dfkñnysq ajyl – International Monetary Fund.

ECKJDYSQ HTÉBV YFBÅJKMITUJÅKFUJGHBZNCNDJDFYBZ – ConditionalMost-Favored-Nation Treatment.Ghtljcnfdktybt ecnegjr rfrjq-kbåj cnhfyjq-bvgjhnthjvlheubv cnhfyfv, rjnjhst, d cdjñ jxthtlm, ghtljcnfdkz-ñn lfyyjq cnhfyt ärdbdfktynysq kmujnysq htébv lkztt ärcgjhnf. CIF ghbvtyzkb eckjdysq htébv yfbåjkm-ituj åkfujghbzncndjdfybz d cdjbö njhujdsö jnyjitybzöc lheubvb cnhfyfvb d gthbjl c 1789 u. gj 1923 u., rjulfjyb dgthdst bcgjkmpjdfkb åtpeckjdysq htébv yfbåjkm-ituj åkfujghbzncndjdfybz ghb pfrkñxtybb njhujdjujcjukfitybz c Uthvfybtq. D rfxtcndt åjktt cdtétujghbvthf vjéyj ghbdtcnb ytlfdytt gjlgbcfybt Cjukf-itybz j ujcelfhcndtyysö pfregrfö, d rjnjhjv cnhfys-exfcnybws, drkñxfz CIF, ghbvtybkb eckjdysq htébvyfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzncndjdfybz d njhujdkt lheu c lheujv d njv cvsckt, xnj kmujns, ghtlecvjnhtyystlfyysv Cjukfitybtv, hfcghjcnhfyzñncz njkmrj yfgjlgbcfdibt tuj cnhfys. Cv. nfrét Gjkbnbrf b ghfrnb-rf ujcelfhcndtyysö pfregjr – Government ProcurementPolicies and Practices; b Htébv yfbåjkmituj åkfujghb-zncndjdfybz – Most-Favored-Nation Treatment.

ECKEUB – Services.Hfpkbxyst dbls ärjyjvbxtcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb – nfrbtrfr nhfycgjhnbhjdrf, åfyrjdcrjt ltkj, cnhföjdfybt,nehbpv, ntktrjvveybrfwbjyyfz cdzpm, htrkfvf, bylec-nhbz hfpdktxtybq, jåhfåjnrf lfyysö b rjycfknbyu, –rjnjhst jåsxyj gjnhtåkzñncz gj vtht bö ghjbpdjlcndf,d jnkbxbt jn njdfhjd, rjnjhst zdkzñncz åjktt vfnt-hbfkmysv gjyznbtv. Hfpkbxyst jnhfckb caths eckeu,rjnjhst jåsxyj jnkbxfñncz dscjrjq nheljtvrjcnmñ,cnfkb buhfnm dct åjkmieñ hjkm dj dyenhtyytq b vté-leyfhjlyjq njhujdkt yfxbyfz, gj rhfqytq vtht, c 20-öujljd ÖÖ dtrf. D CIF yf ljkñ eckeu ghböjlbnczghbvthyj ldt nhtnb dctö dbljd ärjyjvbxtcrjq ltzntkm-yjcnb, f bö ghjwtynyfz ljkz d ärcgjhnt änjq cnhfys

ghjljkéftn cnhtvbntkmyj hfcnb. Nhflbwbjyyst ghfdbkfUFNN yt ghtlecvfnhbdfkb jlbyfrjdst yjhvs juhfybxt-ybq yf ddtltybt ytnfhbaysö åfhmthjd lkz vtéleyf-hjlyjq njhujdkb gj jnyjitybñ r njdfhfv b eckeufv.Ghbyznbt b drkñxtybt d UFNN gjkjétybq j njhujdkteckeufvb zdkzkjcm jlyjq bp jcyjdysö wtktq Eheudfq-crjuj hfeylf vyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd dhfvrfö UFNN. Pfrkñxtyyjt yf änjv hfeylt cjukfitybtcjplftn ñhblbxtcrbt hfvrb lkz jåtcgtxtybz åjkmitqcdjåjls njhujdkb d åjktt xtv 140 hfpkbxysö jnhfckzöärjyjvbrb, drkñxfz cnhjbntkmcndj b nehbpv. Änjcjukfitybt ecnfyfdkbdftn ytrjnjhst jcyjdyst ghfdbkf,d njv xbckt rfcfñobtcz nhtåjdfybq r yfwbjyfkmysvhtébvfv, jnrhsnjcnb b ghbpyfybñ, ghbpdfyyst gjpdj-kbnm byjcnhfyysv rjvgfybzv b uhfélfyfv bp jlyjqcnhfys gjkexbnm hfphtitybz (kbwtypbb bkb cthnbabrf-ns) yf dtltybt ghjatccbjyfkmyjq ltzntkmyjcnb d lheujqcnhfyt. D 1996 u. åelen ghjljkétys gthtujdjhs cwtkmñ ljcnbétybz cjukfitybq b ljujdjhtyyjcntq dytrjnjhsö jåkfcnzö ltzntkmyjcnb, d njv xbckt d cathtabyfycjdsö eckeu b eckeu gj jceotcndktybñ vjhcrbögthtdjpjr. Cv. nfrét Dcnhtxf vbybcnhjd cnhfy-xktyjdUFNN 1982 u. – GATT Ministerial Meeting of 1982; Njdfhs –Goods; Cnhföjdfybt – Insurance; ≤Ytdblbvfz njhujdkz≥– Invisible Trade; Wtyf – Price; Cnhernehyjt bpvtytybt –Structural Change; ≤Bybwbfnbdf gj dszdktybñ becnhfytybñ cnhernehysö ghtgzncndbq≥ – StructuralImpediments Initiative; Eheudfqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybönjhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN) – Uruguay Round;b Gjktpyjcnm – Utility.

ECNEGRF – Concession.Ghtljcnfdktybt jlyjq bp cnjhjy, exfcndeñobö d gtht-ujdjhfö, rfrjq-kbåj djpvjéyjcnb, ghbdbktubb, kmujnsbkb ghfdf lheujq cnjhjyt-exfcnybwt c wtkmñ cnbvekb-hjdfnm tt nfrét ghtljcnfdbnm d jndtn rfreñ-kbåjärdbdfktynyeñ djpvjéyjcnm, ghbdbktubñ, kmujne bkbghfdj. Ghb ghjdtltybb njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrföUFNN jlyf bp cnhfy jåsxyj ltkftn ecnegrb d ajhvtcybétybz bkb ghbyznbz yf ctåz jåzpfntkmcnd gjcybétybñ nfhbaysö b ytnfhbaysö åfhmthjd lkzbvgjhnf d jåvty yf cjjndtncndeñott cybétybt bvgjhn-ysö åfhmthjd cj cnjhjys lheubö cnhfy-exfcnybw gthtuj-djhjd. ≤Gthtxtym ecnegjr≥ rféljq cnhfys, ghbybvft-vsq d rfxtcndt xfcnb tt jåzpfntkmcnd gthtl lheubvbLjujdfhbdfñobvb cnjhjyfvb, cnfyjdbncz cjcnfdyjqxfcnmñ gjkjétybq UFNN d cjjndtncndbb cj Cnfnmtq ÈÈänjuj cjukfitybz. Cv. nfrét Nfhbayjt jåzpfntkmcndj– Binding; Cdzpfyyst cnfdrb nfvjétyyjuj nfhbaf –Bound Rates; Rjvgtycfwbz – Compensation; Jujdjhrf jdjpvjéyjcnb jnrfpf jn dsgjkytybz ljujdjhysö jåzpf-ntkmcnd – Escape Clause; Htébv yfbåjkmituj åkf-ujghbzncndjdfybz – Most-Favored-Nation Treatment;Gthtujdjhs – Negotiations; Cgbcjr ghtlkjétybq – Offer

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List; Jcyjdyjq gjcnfdobr – Principal Supplier; Dpfbv-yjcnm – Reciprocity; Vths gj pfobnt dyenhtyytqärjyjvbrb – Safeguards; Hfpltk 301 – Section 301; Nfhba– Tariff; b Gthtxyb nfhbajd CIF – Tariff Schedules of theUnited States.

ENH – LOT.Cv. Ehjdtym njhujdjuj htuekbhjdfybz – Level of TradeAdjustment.

EOTHÅ – Injury.Cv. Rjvgtycfwbjyyst gjikbys – Countervailing Duties;Ltvgbyu – Dumping; Jujdjhrf j djpvjéyjcnb jnrfpf jndsgjkytybz ljujdjhysö jåzpfntkmcnd – Escape Clause;Gjlhsd hsyrf – Market Disruption; Ghtltk cybétybzbvgjhnysö gjikby – Peril Point; Vths gj pfobntdyenhtyytq ärjyjvbrb – Safeguards; b Rjvbccbz CIF gjdjghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb – U.S. InternationalTrade Commission.

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AAFÅHBXYFZ CBCNTVF GHJBPDJLCNDF –Factory System of Production.Cv. Ghjvsiktyyfz htdjkñwbz – Industrial Revolution.

AFC (AHFYRJ DLJKM ÅJHNF CELYF) –FAS.D vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt nthvby ≤ahfyrj dljkmåjhnf celyf≥ (“free alongside ship”) jåjpyfxftn geyrnpfuheprb, bp rjnjhjuj djlyjt bkb djpleiyjt celyj,dsåhfyyjt gjregfntktv, åeltn jceotcndkznm nhfycgjh-nbhjdre njdfhjd. Ghb nfrjq cbcntvt ghjlfdtw jåzpfyjgkfnbnm dct hfcöjls b dpznm yf ctåz dct hbcrb,cdzpfyyst c nhfycgjhnbhjdrjq regktyysö njdfhjd jnvtcnf yföjéltybz ghtlghbznbz–ghjlfdwf lj geyrnfAFC. D njhujdjq cnfnbcnbrt nthvby ≤cnjbvjcnm AFC≥jpyfxftn, xnj xbcktyyst lfyyst jå jåütvt ärcgjhnf bkbbvgjhnf njdfhjd hfccxbnfys yf jcyjdt AFC, ytpfdbcbvjjn öfhfrnthf jnltkmysö cltkjr, jnhféftvsö d cnfnbcnb-xtcrbö cdjlrfö. Cv. nfrét CBA – CIF; b AJÅ – FOB.

AKJHTYNBQCRJT CJUKFITYBT –Florence Agreement.Cjukfitybt, yjczott jabwbfkmyjt yfpdfybt ≤Cjukf-itybt jå bvgjhnt jåhfpjdfntkmysö, yfexysö b rekmne-hysö vfnthbfkjd≥ b dcnegbditt d cbke d 1952 u. Tujabyfycbhjdfybt jceotcndkztncz Jhufybpfwbtq Jåüt-lbytyysö Yfwbq gj djghjcfv jåhfpjdfybz, yferb brekmnehs (ÑYTCRJ), rjnjhfz cjukfcyj cdjtve ecnfdeyfltktyf ghfdjv cjltqcndjdfnm jåvtye geåkbrfwbzvb,ghtlvtnfvb öeljétcndtyyjq b yfexyjq wtyyjcnb blheubvb vfnthbfkfvb, bvtñobvb byajhvfwbjyyjtpyfxtybt, f nfrét htrjvtyljdfnm lkz ghbyznbz vtéle-yfhjlyst cjukfitybz, rjnjhst åelen cgjcjåcndjdfnmcdjåjlyjve jåvtye bltzvb. Akjhtynbqcrjt cjukfitybtghtlecvfnhbdftn, yf jghtltktyysö eckjdbzö, djpvjé-yjcnm åtcgjikbyyjuj ddjpf hfpkbxysö dbljd vfnthbf-kjd, ghtlyfpyfxtyysö lkz bcgjkmpjdfybz d jåhfpjdf-ntkmysö, yfexysö b rekmnehysö wtkzö.

AJÅ (AHFYRJ-ÅJHN) – FOB.Fååhtdbfnehf, bcgjkmpetvfz d ytrjnjhsö vtéleyfhjl-ysö rjynhfrnfö regkb-ghjlféb, gj rjnjhsv cnjbvjcnmbvgjhnbhetvsö njdfhjd jwtybdftncz d ytrjnjhjv jght-ltktyyjv vtcnt, cjukfcjdfyyjv vtéle gjregfntktv b ghjlfdwjv b yfpsdftvjv ≤ahfyrj-åjhn≥ (“free onboard”). D nfrbö rjynhfrnfö ghtlghbznbt-ghjlfdtw jåz-pfyj egfrjdfnm njdfh b gjlujnjdbnm tuj r jnghfdrt bpeckjdktyyjuj vtcnf, zdkzñotujcz kbåj vtcnjv yföjé-

ltybz ghtlghbznbz-ghjlfdwf, kbåj ytrjnjhsv ghjvtée-njxysv geyrnjv, f gjregfntkm jåsxyj ytctn åhtvz dctöhfcöjljd gj nhfycgjhnbhjdrt njdfhf gj ceit b dcthbcrb, ceotcndeñobt d cnhfyt ärcgjhnthf, f nfrét dcthfcöjls gj lfkmytqitq nhfycgjhnbhjdrt, drkñxfzhfcöjls gj gjuheprt njdfhf yf åjhn celyf. Jlyfrj tckbd rjynhfrnt erfpfyj ≤AJÅ celyj≥ (“FOB vessel”), änjjpyfxftn, xnj ghjlfdtw ytctn dct hfcöjls gj nhfycgjhnb-hjdrt njdfhf lj celyf, erfpfyyjuj gjregfntktv, fnfrét dct hfcöjls gj gjuheprt njdfhf yf åjhn celyf.Njn ét cfvsq ghbywbg ghbvtyztncz r fååhtdbfnehfv≤AJH≥ (≤ahfyrj-dfujy≥ – “free on rail”) b ≤AJN≥(≤ahfyrj-étktpyjljhjéyfz gkfnajhvf≥ bkb ≤ahfyrj-uhepjdbr≥ – “free on truck”). Cv. nfrét RFA – C and F;CBA – CIF; b AFC – FAS.

AJYLJDSQ ÅHJRTH – Stockbroker.Cv. Åhjrth – Broker.

AJH (AHFYRJ-DFUJY) – FOR.Cv. AJÅ – FOB.

AJN (AHFYRJ-ÉTKTPYJLJHJÉYFZGKFNAJHVF BKB AHFYRJ-UHEPJDBR) –FOT.Cv. AJÅ – FOB.

AHFYRJ-ÅJHN – Free on Board.Cv. AJÅ – FOB.

AHFYRJ DLJKM ÅJHNF CELYF – FreeAlongside Ship.Cv. AFC – FAS.

AMÑXTHCS – Futures.Cv. Hsyjr cltkjr yf chjr (amñxthcysq hsyjr) – ForwardMarket.

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ÖÖTLÉ – Hedge.Vths, ghbybvftvst gjregfntktv bkb ghjlfdwjv lkzpfobns cdjtuj ghtlghbznbz (ltkf) bkb frnbdjd jn bpvt-ytybz wty. Yfghbvth, verjvjkmysq pfdjl vjétn djghtltktyysq vjvtyn dhtvtyb pfregbnm ytrjnjhjtrjkbxtcndj gitybws lkz tt gjcktleñotq gththfåjnrb d vere b jlyjdhtvtyyj ljujdjhbnmcz j ghjlfét fyf-kjubxyjq gfhnbb gitybws, rjnjhfz tve ghbyflktébn, gjnjq ét cfvjq wtyt c gjcnfdrjq d jghtltktyysq vjvtyndhtvtyb d åeleotv. Tckb wtyf yf gitybwe egfltn, nfrjqverjvjkmysq pfdjl gjytctn eåsnrb yf gjregrt git-ybws gj åjktt dscjrjq wtyt, yj d nj ét dhtvz gjkexbnghbåskm yf gitybwt, rjnjheñ jy vjétn gjplytt regbnmgj åjktt ybprjq wtyt; tckb ét wtyf yf gitybwe djp-hfcntn, pfdjl gjkexbn ljgjkybntkmyeñ ghbåskm yfcdjtq vert, rjnjhjq tve ghbltncz gjéthndjdfnm d ht-pekmnfnt gjregrb gitybws gj ntreotq dscjrjq wtyt. D kñåjv ckexft nfrjve pfdjle jåtcgtxtyf ufhfynbhj-dfyyfz ghbåskm jn ghjbpdjlcndf. Cv. nfrét Hsyjrcltkjr yf chjr (amñxthcysq hsyjr) – Forward Market.

ÖKJGXFNJÅEVFÉYST NTRCNBKMYSTBPLTKBZ – Cotton Textiles.Cv. Cjukfitybt j vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt vyjujdjkj-rjyysvb ntrcnbkmysvb bpltkbzvb – Multi-Fiber Arran-gement Regarding International Trade in Textiles; b Ntrc-nbkmyst bpltkbz – Textiles.

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WWTKTDFZ UJCELFHCNDTYYFZ GJKBNBRF– Targeting.Dctvthyfz vjåbkbpfwbz ntöyjkjubq, rfgbnfkjd b rdfkb-abwbhjdfyyjq hfåjxtq cbks, ghtlecvfnhbdfñofz ghz-veñ bkb rjcdtyyeñ bynthdtywbñ ujcelfhcndf yf hsyjrlkz gjllthérb rfrjq-kbåj rjyrhtnyjq jnhfckb ghjvs-iktyyjcnb. Yfkjujdst kmujns, ujcelfhcndtyyst pfqvs bujcelfhcndtyyst pfregrb, juhfybxbdfñobt byjcnhfyyeñrjyrehtywbñ, f nfrét lheubt, åjktt enjyxtyyst cgjcj-ås juhfybxtybz rjyrehtywbb b hfcghtltktybz htcehcjd –djn kbim ytvyjubt vtnjls, bcgjkmpetvst lkz gjl-lthérb dyenhtyybö jnhfcktq ghjvsiktyyjcnb, lkz rj-njhsö pfgkfybhjdfy hjcn. Rjytxysv htpekmnfnjv jce-otcndktybz wtktdjq ujcelfhcndtyyjq gjkbnbrb zdkztnczdsltktybt htcehcjd cgtwbfkmyj jghtltktyysv ghbjhb-ntnysv jnhfckzv ghjvsiktyyjcnb. Cv. nfrét Gjkb-nbrf b ghfrnbrf ujcelfhcndtyysö pfregjr – GovernmentProcurement Policies and Practices; Ljcneg yf hsyjr –Market Access; Juhfybxbntkmyfz ltkjdfz ghfrnbrf –Restrictive Business Practices; b Ytxtcnyst vtnjls dtlt-ybz njhujdkb – Unfair Trade Practices.

WTYF – Price.Cnjbvjcnm rfrjuj-kbåj njdfhf, dshfétyyfz d ltytéyjqajhvt, bkb ltytéyfz cevvf, dsgkfxbdftvfz pf änjnnjdfh. Ärjyjvbcns jghtltkzñn ≤hfdyjdtcyeñ≥ wtyenjdfhjd b eckeu d eckjdbzö rjyrehtywbb ghb hsyjxyjqärjyjvbrt rfr wtyjdjq ehjdtym, ghb rjnjhjv cghjc yfänb njdfhs cjjndtncndetn bö ghtlkjétybñ. Cv. nfrétCghjc – Demand; Hfdyjdtcbt – Equilibrium; Njdfhs –Goods; Byakzwbz – Inflation; Hsyjxyfz ärjyjvbrf –Market Economy; Hsyjxyst cbks – Market Forces; Vbrhj-ärjyjvbrf – Microeconomics; Ltymub – Money; Vjyjgjkbz– Monopoly; Eckeub – Services; b Ghtlkjétybt – Supply.

≤WTYF D CIF≥ – United States Price (USP).Wtyf njdfhf, chfdybdftvfz c tuj cnjbvjcnmñ yf byj-cnhfyyjv hsyrt (foreign market value) lkz dszdktybzckexftd, rjulf bvgjhnysq njdfh ghjlftncz gj wtytybét, xtv tuj cghfdtlkbdfz wtyf. ≤Wtyf d CIF≥ – änjkbåj wtyf gjregrb, kbåj ghjlféyfz wtyf ärcgjhnthf.Cv. nfrét Ehjdtym njhujdjuj htuekbhjdfybz – Level of Trade Adjustment.

WTYF UFNN – GATT Price.Cv. Gthtvtyyfz gjikbyf – Variable Levy.

WTYYJCNM – Wealth.Rfgbnfk, ltymub, cjåcndtyyjcnm, bveotcndj, ljrevtynsyf ghfdj cjåcndtyyjcnb, ljcneg r kmujnfv bkb djjåotxnj-kbåj, bvtñott vfnthbfkmyeñ cnjbvjcnm. Cv. nfrétRfgbnfk – Capital; Ltymub – Money; Cjåcndtyyjcnm –Property; b Cnjbvjcnm – Value.

WTYJDFZ ÄKFCNBXYJCNMGHTLKJÉTYBZ – Price Elasticity of Supply.Ghjwtynyjt bpvtytybt ghtlkjétybz lfyyjuj dblf ghj-lerwbb, rjnjhjt, crjhtt dctuj, ghjbpjikj ås, tckb wtyfyf ytuj bpvtybkfcm yf jlby ghjwtyn. Cv. nfrét Wtyf –Price; b Ghtlkjétybt – Supply.

WTYJDFZ ÄKFCNBXYJCNM CGHJCF – PriceElasticity of Demand.Ghjwtynyjt bpvtytybt cghjcf yf lfyysq dbl ghjlerwbb,rjnjhjt, dthjznyj, ghjbpjikj ås, tckb wtyf yf ytujbpvtybkfcm yf jlby ghjwtyn. Kñåjt ytåjkmijt cybét-ybt bkb gjdsitybt nfvjétyyjuj nfhbaf jrfétn åjkm-itt dkbzybt yf jåütv bvgjhnf kñåjuj njdfhf, bvtñ-otuj dscjreñ wtyjdeñ äkfcnbxyjcnm cghjcf, xtv nj étcfvjt bpvtytybt nfhbaf vjukj ås jrfpfnm yf bvgjhnnjdfhf c ytdscjrjq äkfcnbxyjcnmñ cghjcf. Cv. nfrétCghjc – Demand; Wtyf – Price; b Gjregfntkmyfzcgjcjåyjcnm – Purchasing Power.

WTYNH VTÉLEYFHJLYJQ NJHUJDKBÑYRNFL/UFNN (WVN) – International TradeCenter UNCTAD/GATT (ITC).Gjkeytpfdbcbvfz jhufybpfwbz d cbcntvt JhufybpfwbbJåütlbytyysö Yfwbq, gjljnxtnyfz jlyjdhtvtyyj rfrUFNN, nfr b ÑYRNFL b bvtñofz infå-rdfhnbhe dÉtytdt (Idtqwfhbz), rjnjhfz ghtljcnfdkztn ibhjrbqlbfgfpjy ntöybxtcrjq gjvjob hfpdbdfñobvcz cnhfyfv c wtkmñ hfpdbnbz b gjllthérb bö ärcgjhnyjuj gjnty-wbfkf. WVN zdkztncz jabwbfkmyj ghbpyfyysv bcgjkyb-ntkmysv jhufyjv gj jceotcndktybñ Ghjuhfvvs hfp-dbnbz JJY (U.N. Development Program) d jåkfcnbcjltqcndbz hfpdbnbñ njhujdkb. Cv. nfrét Cjltqcndbthfpdbnbñ ärcgjhnf – Export Promotion; Utythfkmyjtcjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt – General Agreement onTariffs and Trade; Rjyathtywbz Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbyty-ysö Yfwbq gj njhujdkt b hfpdbnbñ – United NationsConference on Trade and Development; b Ghjuhfvvfhfpdbnbz Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq – UnitedNations Development Program.

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WTYNHFKBPJDFYYJT GKFYBHJDFYBT –Central Planning.Cv. Ythsyjxyfz ärjyjvbrf – Non-Market Economy.

WVN – ITC.Cv. Wtynh vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb ÑYRNFL/UFNN –International Trade Center UNCTAD/GATT; b RjvbccbzCIF gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb – U.S.International Trade Commission.

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XXFCNYSQ CTRNJH – Private Sector.Xfcnm yfwbjyfkmyjq ärjyjvbrb, cjcnjzofz bp xfcnysöghtlghbznbq, xfcnysö kbw b ytrjvvthxtcrbö jhufyb-pfwbq, d jnkbxbt jn ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ctrnjhf, rjnjhsqjåhfpjdfy ujcelfhcndtyysvb b rjynhjkbhetvsvb ujce-lfhcndjv ghtlghbznbzvb b jhufybpfwbzvb. Cv. nfrétHsyjxyfz ärjyjvbrf – Market Economy; Jabwbfkmyfzgjvjom hfpdbnbñ – Official Development Assistance; Wtyf– Price; b Ujcelfhcndtyysq ctrnjh – Public Sector.

XFCNM Ȫ UFNN – Part IV of the GATT.Cnfnmb ÖÖÖªÈ, ÖÖÖªÈÈ b ÖÖÖªÈÈÈ UFNN, ljåfdktyystr Utythfkmyjve cjukfitybñ j nfhbafö b njhujdkt d 1965 u. b pfnhfubdfñobt jcjåst gjnhtåyjcnb hfpdb-dfñoböcz cnhfy (yfbvtytt hfpdbnsö cnhfy). Xfcnm ȪUFNN bpkfuftn ghbywbgs b wtkb htébvf, ghtljcnfdk-ztvjuj lkz yfbvtytt hfpdbnsö cnhfy d hfvrfö UFNN,jåzpsdftn Ljujdfhbdfñobtcz cnjhjys jrfpsdfnm gj-vjom änbv cnhfyfv gjchtlcndjv kbåthfkbpfwbb njhujd-kb b, rhjvt njuj, cjlthébn ghbywbg, cjukfcyj rjnjhjveghb ghjdtltybb njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd hfpdbnst cnhfysyt ljkéys nhtåjdfnm jn yfbvtytt hfpdbnsö cnhfy dpyj-cjd (rjynhbåewbq), yt cjjndtncndeñobö bö bylbdblefkm-ysv gjnhtåyjcnzv. Cv. nfrét Hfvjxyjt cjukfitybt –Framework Agreement; b Hfphtibntkmyfz cnfnmz –Enabling Clause.

XBCNSQ HBCR – Pure Risk.Cv. Hbcr – Risk.

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IITHCNZYST NTRCNBKMYST BPLTKBZ –Woolen Textiles.Cv. Cjukfitybt j vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt vyjujdj-kjrjyysvb ntrcnbkmysvb bpltkbzvb – Multi-FiberArrangement Regarding International Trade in Textiles;Cnhfntubxtcrb dféyst dbls ghjlerwbb – SensitiveProducts; b Ntrcnbkmyst bpltkbz – Textiles.

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ÄÄRDBDFKTYN ≤FL DFKJHTV≥ – Ad ValoremEquivalent.Gjikbyf, dpbvftvfz gj cgtwbabxtcrjve nfhbae bkbcvtifyyjve nfhbae, dshfétyyjve d ghjwtynfö jncnjbvjcnb bvgjhnbhetvjuj njdfhf. Nfr rfr cgtwbab-xtcrbq nfhba hfccxbnsdftncz yf jcyjdt abpbxtcrbötlbybw (jåütvf bkb dtcf), f yt cnjbvjcnb, b wtys cjdhtvtytv vjuen bpvtyznmcz, ärdbdfktyn ≤fl dfkjhtv≥nfrét vjétn åsnm hfpkbxysv ghb hfcxtnt d hfpkbxystgthbjls dhtvtyb. Cv. nfrét Nfhba ≤fl dfkjhtv≥ – Ad Valorem Tariff; Cvtifyysq nfhba – Compound Tariff;b Cgtwbabxtcrbq nfhba – Specific Tariff.

ÄRJYJVBXTCRJT HFPDBNBT – EconomicDevelopment.Ghjwtcc hjcnf cjdjregyjuj ljöjlf b ljöjlf yf leieyfctktybz, jcjåtyyj d hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfyfö, cjghj-djélftvsq hfpdbnbtv b hfcibhtybtv byahfcnhernehs,byntycbabrfwbtq ghjvsiktyysö dbljd ltzntkmyjcnb,cjdthitycndjdfybtv vtnjljd dtltybz ctkmcrjuj öjpzq-cndf, vbuhfwbtq nheljdsö htcehcjd bp ctkmcrbö hfqjyjdd ujhjlcrbt ghjvsiktyyst hfqjys, hjcnjv uhfvjnyjcnbyfctktybz, hfcibhtybtv djpvjéyjcntq lkz nheljecnhjq-cndf b gjcntgtyysv jckfåktybtv pfdbcbvjcnb jn ujce-lfhcndtyyjq gjvjob d hfpdbnbb. Cv. nfrét Hfpdbdfñ-obtcz cnhfys – Developing Countries; Byahfcnhernehf –Infrastructure; Ghjuhtcc – Progress; Cnhernehyjt bpvt-ytybt – Structural Change; b Ghjuhfvvf hfpdbnbz Jhuf-ybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq – United Nations DevelopmentProgram.

≤ÄRJYJVBXTCRJT CJNHELYBXTCNDJHFPDBDFÑOBÖCZ CNHFY≥ (ÄCHC≤) –Economic Cooperation Among DevelopingCountries (ECDC).Ghjuhfvvf, jceotcndkztvfz hfpdbdfñobvbcz cnhfyfvb,jcjåtyyj cnhfyfvb, döjlzobvb d ≤uhegge 77≥, lkzhfpdbnbz b hfcibhtybz njhujdsö b bysö ärjyjvbxtcrböjnyjitybq vtéle cjåjq. Cv. nfrét Ukjåfkmyfzcbcntvf njhujdsö ghtathtywbq – Global System of TradePreferences; ≤Uheggf 77≥ – Group of 77; Njhujdkz vtéle≤cnhfyfvb Ñuf≥ – South-South Trade; b RjyathtywbzJhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq gj njhujdkt b hfpdb-nbñ – United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.

ÄRCBVÅFYR – Eximbank.Cv. Ärcgjhnyj-bvgjhnysq åfyr CIF – Export-ImportBank of the United States.

ÄRCGTHNYFZ UHEGGF UFNN – GATT Panel.Uheggf njhujdsö ärcgthnjd, cjplfyyfz Ljujdfhbdfñob-vbcz cnjhjyfvb UFNN c wtkmñ hfccvjnhtybz kñåsönjhujdsö vth d ckexft djpybryjdtybz cgjhf; dsytctybzpfrkñxtybz j cjukfcjdfyyjcnb vth, ghbybvftvsö dhfvrfö UFNN; f nfrét lkz dshfåjnrb b ghtlkjétybzhtrjvtylfwbq jnyjcbntkmyj njuj, rfrbt nhtåjdfybz, tckbnfrjdst djjåot ghbtvktvs, ljkéys ghtlüzdkznmczLjujdfhbdfñobvbcz cnjhjyfvb d jnyjitybb cgjhzoböcnjhjy lkz jåtcgtxtybz dsgjkytybz bvb cdjbö jåzpf-ntkmcnd gj UFNN. Jåsxyj Ljujdfhbdfñobtcz cnjhjysdsåbhfñn nhtö ljkéyjcnysö kbw jn ntö ljujdfhbdfñ-oböcz cnjhjy, rjnjhst yt ghbybvfñn exfcnbz d cgjht.Ghb änjv d ntxtybt dctuj chjrf hfåjns änbö kbw dcjcnfdt ärcgthnyjq uheggs UFNN ghtlgjkfuftncz, xnjjyb åelen ltqcndjdfnm ytpfdbcbvj jn bynthtcjd cdjböujcelfhcnd. Cv. nfrét Fhåbnhfé – Arbitration;Utythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö b njhujdkt – GeneralAgreement on Tariffs and Trade; Hfphtitybt cgjhjd –Dispute Settlement; b Uheggf ärcgthnjd – Panel of Experts.

ÄRCGJHN B BVGJHN NJDFHYJQGHJLERWBB – Merchandise Exports andImports.Cv. Njhujdsq åfkfyc – Balance of Trade; b Cxtn ntreoböjgthfwbq – Current Account.

ÄRCGJHNYFZ CEÅCBLBZ – Export Subsidy.Ceåcblbz, gjljåyfz ntv, xnj jgbcfys d Bkkñcnhfnbd-yjv cgbcrt ärcgjhnysö ceåcblbq (Illustrative List of ExportSubsidies) Rjltrcf ceåcblbq UFNN (GATT SubsidiesCode). D wtkzö dsgjkytybz nhtåjdfybq pfrjyjlfntkmcndfCIF j rjvgtycfwbjyysö gjikbyfö ärcgjhnyfz ceåcblbzcxbnftncz rjvgtycbhetvjq d ckexft, tckb ghfdj ghbvt-ytybz bkb hfpvth kmujn, ghtljcnfdkztvsö d cjjndtn-cndbb c rfrjq-kbåj ghjuhfvvjq, ghbdzpfys r afrnb-xtcrjve bkb jéblftvjve dsdjpe njdfhjd bkb ljöjljdjn ärcgjhnf. Cv. nfrét Rjvgtycfwbjyyfz gjikbyf –Countervailing Duty; Bkkñcnhfnbdysq cgbcjr – Illustra-tive List; b Ljcneg yf hsyjr – Market Access.

ÄRCGJHNYFZ NJHUJDFZ RJVGFYBZ –Export Trading Company.Rjhgjhfwbz bkb lheujt ghtlghbznbt, jhufybpjdfyyjt b eghfdkztvjt ghtbveotcndtyyj c wtkmñ ärcgjhnf njdf-hjd b eckeu, kbåj c wtkmñ jrfpfybz lheubv rjvgfybzveckeu, jnyjczoböcz r ärcgjhnysv jgthfwbzv. Pfrjy jåärcgjhnysö njhujdsö rjvgfybzö jn 1982 u. (ExportTrading Company Act of 1982) jcdjåjélftn jabwbfkmyjpfhtubcnhbhjdfyyst njhujdst rjvgfybb jn ytjåöjlb-vjcnb dsgjkyznm ytrjnjhst nhtåjdfybz, cjlthéfobtczd fynbnhtcnjdcrbö pfrjyfö CIF. Cv. nfrét Fynbnhtc-njdcrbq – Anti-Trust; b Pfrjy Eäååf-Gjvthtyf – Webb-Pomerene Act.

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ÄRCGJHNYJ-BVGJHNYSQ ÅFYR CIF(ÄRCBVÅFYR) – Export-Import Bank of theUnited States (Eximbank).Ujcelfhcndtyyfz rjhgjhfwbz, cjplfyyfz d 1934 u. gjcnf-yjdktybtv ghtpbltynf CIF b jajhvktyyfz yf pfrjyj-lfntkmyjq jcyjdt d 1945 u. Ärcbvåfyr pfybvftnczdslfxtq ufhfynbq b cnhföjdfybtv pfqvjd lkz jrfpfybzgjvjob ghb abyfycbhjdfybb ärcgjhnf CIF, d xfcnyjcnbärcgjhnf jåjheljdfybz, ghtlyfpyfxtyyjuj lkz bcgjkm-pjdfybz ghb htfkbpfwbb ghjtrnjd cjdthitycndjdfybzcnhernehs rfgbnfkjdkjétybq. Rhjvt njuj, åfyr ytgjc-htlcndtyyj bkb cjdvtcnyj c fvthbrfycrbvb rjvvth-xtcrbvb åfyrfvb ghjbpdjlbn dslfxe rhfnrjchjxysöufhfynbq gj jåzpfntkmcndfv, cdzpfyysv c gjkbnbxtcrbvhbcrjv. Cv. nfrét Fccjwbfwbz gj cnhföjdfybñ pfuhf-ybxysö rhtlbnjd – Foreign Credit Insurance Association.

ÄRCGJHNYST RDJNS – Export Quotas.Cgtwbfkmyst juhfybxtybz bkb vfrcbvfkmyst ghtltks,ecnfyfdkbdftvst cnhfyjq-ärcgjhnthjv d jnyjitybbcnjbvjcnb bkb jåütvf jghtltktyysö dbljd ärcgjhnysönjdfhjd lkz pfobns jntxtcndtyysö ghjbpdjlbntktq bgjnhtåbntktq jn dhtvtyyjuj ltabwbnf lfyysö njdfhjdbkb lkz gjllthéfybz wty yf änb njdfhs yf vbhjdjvhsyrt. Ytrjnjhst vtéleyfhjlyst njdfhyst cjukfitybzcjlthéfn cgtwbfkmyst gjkjétybz, erfpsdfñobt, rjulfghjbpdjlbntkb ljkéys ghbvtyznm nfrbt juhfybxtybz.Ärcgjhnyst rdjns nfrét xfcnj ghbvtyzñncz d cjukfit-ybzö jå egjhzljxbdfybb cåsnf b d cjukfitybzö j ljåhj-djkmysö juhfybxtybzö, f nfrét c wtkmñ cnbvekbhjdf-ybz gththfåjnrb cshmz jntxtcndtyysvb ghtlghbznbzvbd cnhfyfö, d rjnjhsö jyj ghjbpdjlbncz bkb ljåsdftncz.Cv. nfrét Vtéleyfhjlyjt njdfhyjt cjukfitybt –International Commodity Agreement; Cjukfitybz jåegjhzljxbdfybb cåsnf – Orderly Marketing Agreements;b Cjukfitybz j ljåhjdjkmysö juhfybxtybzö – VoluntaryRestraint Agreements.

ÄRCGJHNYST RHTLBNS – Export Credits.Cv. Vtéleyfhjlyjt cjukfitybt jå ärcgjhnysö rhtlbnfö– International Arrangement on Export Credits; b Ceåcblbz –Subsidy.

ÄRCGJHNYST JUHFYBXTYBZ – ExportRestraints.Rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz, ddjlbvst cnhfyfvb-ärc-gjhnthfvb c wtkmñ juhfybxtybz ärcgjhnf d jghtlt-ktyyst pfheåtéyst cnhfys, rfr ghfdbkj, d cjjndtncndbbc jabwbfkmysv bkb ytjabwbfkmysv cjukfitybtv,pfrkñxtyysv gj ghjcmåt cnhfy-bvgjhnthjd. Cv. nfrétCjukfitybz jå egjhzljxbdfybb cåsnf – OrderlyMarketing Agreements; Rjkbxtcndtyyst juhfybxtybz –Quantitative Restrictions; b Cjukfitybz j ljåhjdjkmysöjuhfybxtybzö – Voluntary Restraint Agreements.

ÄKFCNBXYJCNM – Elasticity.Cv. Wtyjdfz äkfcnbxyjcnm cghjcf – Price Elasticity ofDemand; b Wtyjdfz äkfcnbxyjcnm ghtlkjétybz – PriceElasticity of Supply.

ÄVÅFHUJ – Embargo.D vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt nthvby ≤ävåfhuj≥ jpyfxftnltqcndbz ghfdbntkmcndf gj juhfybxtybñ bkb pfghtneärcgjhnf b/bkb bvgjhnf njdfhjd b/bkb eckeu. Nfrbtjuhfybxtybz vjuen ghbvtyznmcz rfrjq-kbåj jnltkmyjqcnhfyjq, ecnfyfdkbdfñotq ävåfhuj, ytgjchtlcndtyyjqghjnbd rfrjq-kbåj rjyrhtnyjq cnhfys – rfr, yfghbvth,ävåfhuj, ddtltyyjt CIF yf njhujdkñ c Reåjq – bkbuheggjq cnhfy ghjnbd rfrjq-kbåj nhtnmtq cnhfys –yfghbvth, ävåfhuj, ecnfyjdktyyjt d 1990 u. JJY yfkñåst ajhvs njhujdkb c Bhfrjv, bkb ddtltyyjt hfyttJJY ävåfhuj d jnyjitybb njhujdkb c ÑFH. Ävåfhujvjétn nfrét ghbvtyznmcz ghjcnj d jnyjitybb njhujdkbrfrbvb-kbåj jghtltktyysvb njdfhfvb, ytpfdbcbvj jn böghjbcöjéltybz – yfghbvth, pfghtn yf njhujdkñ ckjyj-djq rjcnmñ. Cv. nfrét Åjqrjn – Boycott; b Ljcneg r cshmñ b vfnthbfkfv – Supply Access.

ÄVÅFHUJ YF ÄRCGJHN – Export Embargo.Cv. Ävåfhuj – Embargo; b Ljcneg r cshmñ b vfnthbf-kfv – Supply Access.

ÄJ – ERs.Cv. Ärcgjhnyst juhfybxtybz – Export Restraints.

ÄCRFKFWBZ – Escalation.Cv. Nfhbayfz äcrfkfwbz – Tariff Escalation.

ÄAATRNBDYFZ CNFDRF NFVJÉTYYJUJNFHBAF – Effective Tariff Rate.Rjywtgwbz, d cjjndtncndbb c rjnjhjq ≤äaatrnbdyfz≥pfobnf, yföjlzofz cdjt jnhfétybt d nfhbat, ghtlcnfd-kztn cjåjq cevve äktvtynjd pfobns cjcnfdysö xfcntqujnjdjuj ghjvsiktyyjuj bpltkbz. Änf rjywtgwbzgjlhfpevtdftn, xnj ≤yjvbyfkmyfz≥ cnfdrf nfvjétyyjujnfhbaf ujnjdjuj njdfhf d pyfxbntkmyjq vtht ghtevtym-iftn cntgtym afrnbxtcrjq pfobns lkz ljåfdktyyjqcnjbvjcnb, ghbdytctyyjq d lfyysq njdfh dj dhtvz ghj-wtccf ghjbpdjlcndf. D hzlt frfltvbxtcrbö bccktljdfybq,ghjdtltyysö d rjywt 60-ö b d yfxfkt 70-ö ujljd, åskfpfkjétyf ntjhtnbxtcrfz jcyjdf rjywtgwbb äaatrnbdyjqcnfdrb nfvjétyyjuj nfhbaf, jlyfrj åjkmibycndjärcgthnjd d jåkfcnb njhujdjq gjkbnbrb cöjlzncz djvytybb, xnj lfyyfz ntjhbz yt bvttn åjkmijq ghfrnbxtc-rjq gjkmps, gjcrjkmre vyjétcndj hfpkbxysö jåcnjz-ntkmcnd, dkbzñobö yf xfcnb b rjvgjytyns, döjlzobt d cjcnfd åjkmibycndf ghjvsiktyysö bpltkbq, pfnhel-yzñn ecnfyjdktybt lkz ybö ≤äaatrnbdysö≥ cnfdjrnfvjétyyjuj nfhbaf. Cv. nfrét Yjvbyfkmyfz cnfdrf

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Ä

nfvjétyyjuj nfhbaf – Nominal Tariff Rate; Nfhba –Tariff; b Nfhbayfz äcrfkfwbz – Tariff Escalation.

ÄAATRNBDYJCNM – Efficiency.D eprjv cvsckt ckjdf nthvby ≤äaatrnbdyjcnm≥ jpyf-xftn ntöybxtcrjt cjjnyjitybt gj ghbywbge ≤döjl-ds-öjl≥, ceotcndeñott vtéle rjkbxtcndjv bcgjkmpjdfy-ysö vfnthbfkjd b rjkbxtcndjv ghjbpdtltyysö njdfhjd.D åjktt ibhjrjv cvsckt ckjdf änjn nthvby jåjpyfxftnyfbkexibq htpekmnfn (c extnjv öfhfrnthbcnbr rfxtcndf,f nfrét rjkbxtcndf), ljcnbuftvsq d ghjbpdjlcndt bkbhfcghtltktybb njdfhjd b eckeu ghb yfbvtymibö pfnhf-nfö. Åjkmibycndj ärjyjvbcnjd ghblthébdfñncz njujvytybz, xnj cybétybt njhujdsö åfhmthjd cgjcjåcndetngjdsitybñ äaatrnbdyjcnb vtéleyfhjlyjq ärjyjvbrb,gjcrjkmre jyj cnbvekbhetn hfpkbxyst cnhfys cgtwbf-kbpbhjdfnmcz yf ghjbpdjlcndt ntö njdfhjd b eckeu, gjrjnjhsv jyb bvtñn chfdybntkmyjt ghtbveotcndj,jåtcgtxbdfz ntv cfvsv ljcnegyjcnm lkz gjnhtåbntktqcfvsö rjyrehtynjcgjcjåysö d vbht njdfhjd b eckeu pf ghtltkfvb hfqjyjd, ult jyb ghjbpdjlzncz. Cv.Chfdybntkmyjt ghtbveotcndj – Comparative Advantage;Rjyrehtynjcgjcjåysq – Competitive; Ghtlghbybvfntkm –Entrepreneur; Ntrcnbkmyst bpltkbz – Textiles; Gthtjhbty-nfwbz njhujdkb – Trade Diversion; b Åkfujcjcnjzybt –Welfare.

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Ä

ÑÑYRNFL – UNCTAD.Cv. Rjyathtywbz Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq gjnjhujdkt b hfpdbnbñ – United Nations Conference on Tradeand Development.

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ZZHVFHRF – FAIR.Cv. Njhujdfz zhvfhrf – Trade Fair.

ZEYLCRFZ RJYDTYWBZ – YaoundéConvention.Cv. Kjvtqcrfz rjydtywbz – Lomé Convention.

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ACDA Arms Control and Disarmament AgencyFutyncndj gj rjynhjkñ yfl djjheétybzvb b hfpjheétybñ, FRDH

ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific countriesCnhfys Fahbrb, åfcctqyjd Rfhbåcrjujvjhz b Nböjuj jrtfyf, cnhfys FRN

ACTPN Advisory Committee on Trade PolicyNegotiationsRjycekmnfnbdysq rjvbntn gj gthtujdjhfv j njhujdjq gjkbnbrt, RRGNG

AD anti-dumpingfynbltvgbyujdsq

Ad Val ad valorem tariff ratecnfdrf nfhbaf ≤fl dfkjhtv≥

ADB Asian Development BankFpbfncrbq åfyr hfpdbnbz, FPÅH

A/DS Agent Distributor Service (U.S. CommerceDepartment)Futyncrj-lbcnhbåmñnjhcrfz ckeéåf (ghb Vbybcnthcndt njhujdkb CIF)

AECA Arms Export Control ActPfrjy j rjynhjkt pf ärcgjhnjv djjheétybq (CIF)

AFDB African Development BankFahbrfycrbq åfyr hfpdbnbz, FAÅH

AFDF African Development FundFahbrfycrbq ajyl hfpdbnbz, FAH

AID U.S. Agency for International DevelopmentFutyncndj CIF gj vtéleyfhjlyjvehfpdbnbñ, FVH

AIT American Institute in TaiwanFvthbrfycrbq bycnbnen yf Nfqdfyt, FBN

APCAC Asia-Pacific Council of American Chambers of CommerceFpbfncrj-Nböjjrtfycrbq cjdtn fvthbrfycrbönjhujdsö gfkfn

APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation≤Fpbfncrj-Nböjjrtfycrjt ärjyjvbxtcrjtcjnhelybxtcndj≥, FNÄC

APTA Automotive Products Trade ActPfrjy j njhujdkt ghjlerwbtqfdnjvjåbkmyjq ghjvsiktyyjcnb (CIF)

ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian NationsFccjwbfwbz ujcelfhcnd Ñuj-DjcnjxyjqFpbb, FCTFY

ATA admission temporaire dhtvtyysq ljcneg

ATAC(s) Agricultural Technical Advisory Committee(s)Rjvbntn(s) gj ntöybxtcrbv rjycekmnfwbzvd jåkfcnb ctkmcrjuj öjpzqcndf

ATCA Agreement on Trade in Civil AircraftCjukfitybt j njhujdkt cfvjktnfvbuhfélfycrjq fdbfwbb

ATPA Andean Trade Preference ActPfrjy j njhujdsö ghtathtywbzö lkzujcelfhcnd Fylcrjq uheggs

AUI ASEAN-U.S. InitiativeBybwbfnbdf FCTFY b CIF

AVE ad valorem equivalentärdbdfktyn ≤fl dfkjhtv≥, fldfkjhysqärdbdfktyn

BARs buy American restrictionsjuhfybxtybz yf gjcnfdrb njdfhjd, cdzpfyystc ghtbveotcndfvb ghjlerwbb fvthbrfycrjujghjbpdjlcndf ghb dsgjkytybbujcelfhcndtyysö pfregjr d CIF

BEA Bureau of Economic Analysis (U.S. Commerce Department)Åñhj ärjyjvbxtcrjuj fyfkbpf (ghb Vbybcnthcndt njhujdkb CIF)

BFC Business Facilitation Center (U.S. Commerce Department)Wtynh cjltqcndbz ghtlghbybvfntkmcnde (ghb Vbybcnthcndt njhujdkb CIF)

BIS Bank for International SettlementsÅfyr vtéleyfhjlysö hfcxtnjd, ÅVH

BISNET Business Information Service for the NewlyIndependent States (U.S. Commerce Department)Ckeéåf ltkjdjq byajhvfwbb j yjdsöytpfdbcbvsö ujcelfhcndfö (ghb Vbybcnthcndt njhujdkb CIF)

BIT bilateral investment treatyldecnjhjyybq ljujdjh jå bydtcnbwbzö, LLB

BNC binational commissionldecnjhjyyzz vtéujcelfhcndtyyfz rjvbccbz

BOND Business Outreach to New Democracies ProgramGhjuhfvvf hfpdbnbz ghtlghbybvfntkmcndf dyjdsö ltvjrhfnbxtcrbö ujcelfhcndfö

BOP balance of paymentsgkfntéysq åfkfyc

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FRHJYBVS, BCGJKMPETVSTD VTÉLEYFHJLYJQ NJHUJDKT

BOT balance of tradenjhujdsq åfkfyc

BSP business sponsoredabyfycbhetvsq yf chtlcndf ghtlghb-ybvfntktq bkb beetween show promotionghjldbétybt njdfhjd (eckeu) yf hsyjr dgththsdfö vtéle dscnfdrfvb, zhvfhrfvb b bysvb gjrfpfvb

BTN Brussels Tariff NomenclatureÅhñcctkmcrfz nfhbayfz yjvtyrkfnehf, ÅNY

BXA Bureau of Export Administration (U.S. Commerce Department)Åñhj ärcgjhnyjuj rjynhjkz (ghb Vbybcnthcndt njhujdkb CIF)

C&F cost and freightcnjbvjcnm b ahfön, RFA

CACM Central American Common MarketWtynhfkmyjfvthbrfycrbq jåobq hsyjr,RFRV

CAD/CAM computer aided design/computer aidedmanufacturingfdnjvfnbpbhjdfyyjt ghjtrnbhjdfybt bbpujnjdktybt

CADIC comparative analysis of domestic industry’sconditionchfdybntkmysq fyfkbp cjcnjzybz dyenhtyytqghjvsiktyyjcnb

CAFC Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuitfgtkkzwbjyysq cel atlthfkmyjuj jrheuf

CAP Common Agricultural Policy (EU)Tlbyfz ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyfz gjkbnbrf (TC),TCG

CAP country action plangkfy ltqcndbq d jnyjitybb rfrjq-kbåjcnhfys

CARIBCAN Canadian-Caribbean Basin Initiative≤Bybwbfnbdf Rfyfls b cnhfy Rfhbåcrjujåfcctqyf≥

CARICOM Caribbean Common MarketRfhbåcrbq jåobq hsyjr, RFHBRJV

CBERA Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery ActPfrjy j vthfö gj jébdktybñ ärjyjvbrbcnhfy Rfhbåcrjuj åfcctqyf (CIF)

CBI Caribbean Basin Initiative≤Bybwbfnbdf cnhfy Rfhbåcrjuj åfcctqyf≥,≤BCRÅ≥

CCC Commodity Credit CorporationNjdfhyfz rhtlbnyfz rjhgjhfwbz, NRR

CCC Customs Cooperation CouncilCjdtn gj nfvjétyyjve cjnhelybxtcnde, CNC

CCCN Customs Cooperation Council NomenclatureYjvtyrkfnehf Cjdtnf gj nfvjétyyjvecjnhelybxtcnde, YCNC

CCL Commerce Control List (hfytt:Commodity Control List)cgbcjr njhujdjuj rjynhjkz (hfytt: cgbcjrnjdfhyjuj rjynhjkz)

CCNAA Coordination Council for North American Affairs (Taiwan)Rjjhlbyfwbjyysq cjdtn gj ltkfv CtdthyjqFvthbrb (Nfqdfym)

CCPIT China Council for the Promotion of InternationalTradeCjdtn Rbnfz gj cjltqcndbñ vtéleyfhjlyjqnjhujdkt

CEA Chinese Economic AreaRbnfqcrfz ärjyjvbxtcrfz pjyf

CEA Council of Economic AdvisorsRjycekmnfnbdysq ärjyjvbxtcrbq cjdtn (ghb ghtpbltynt CIF)

CEO chief executive officerukfdysq flvbybcnhfnjh, utythfkmysqlbhtrnjh, ukfdysq bcgjkybntkmysq lbhtrnjh

CER Australia-New Zealand Closer EconomicRelations Cjukfitybt vtéle Fdcnhfkbtq b YjdjqPtkfylbtq j åjktt ntcysö ärjyjvbxtcrböjnyjitybzö

CET common external tarifftlbysq dytiybq nfhba, TDN

CFIUS Committee on Foreign Investment in the UnitedStatesRjvbntn gj byjcnhfyysv bydtcnbwbzv dCIF

CFTA U.S.-Canada Free Trade AgreementCjukfitybt j cdjåjlyjq njhujdkt vtéleCIF b Rfyfljq, CCNCR

CG consul general, consulate generalutythfkmysq rjycek, utythfkmyjtrjycekmcndj

CG-18 Consultative Group of Eighteen (GATT)Rjycekmnfnbdyfz uheggf djctvyflwfnb(UFNN)

CIF cost, insurance and freightcnjbvjcnm, cnhföjdfybt b ahfön, CBA

CIME Committee on International Investment andMultinational EnterprisesRjvbntn gj vtéleyfhjlysv bydtcnbwbzv bvyjujyfwbjyfkmysv ghtlghbznbzv

CIMS Commercial Information Management System(U.S. Commerce Department)Cbcntvf eghfdktybz rjvvthxtcrjqbyajhvfwbtq (Vbybcnthcndf njhujdkb CIF)

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CIS Commonwealth of Independent StatesCjlheétcndj ytpfdbcbvsö ujcelfhcnd, CYU

CIT Court of International TradeCel gj djghjcfv vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb,CDVN

CITA Committee for the Implementation of TextileAgreementsRjvbntn gj dsgjkytybñ cjukfitybq jntrcnbkmysö bpltkbzö

CITIC China International Trust and Investment Corp.Vtéleyfhjlyfz nhfcnjdfz bbydtcnbwbjyyfz rjhgjhfwbz Rbnfz,rjhgjhfwbz ≤Xfqyf bynthyäiyk nhfcn äylbydtcnvtyn rjhg.≥

CIV Customs Import Valuenfvjétyyfz cnjbvjcnm bvgjhnyjuj njdfhf

CMP country marketing plangkfy vfhrtnbyujdjq ltzntkmyjcnb d rfrjq-kbåj cnhfyt

CNUSA Commercial News USA (U.S. Commerce Department)Ckeéåf rjvvthxtcrbö yjdjcntq CIF (ghb Vbybcnthcndt njhujdkb CIF)

COCOM Coordinating Committee for Multilateral ExportControlsRjjhlbyfwbjyysq rjvbntn gj vyjuj-cnjhjyytve ärcgjhnyjve rjynhjkñ, RJRJV

CODEX Codex Alimentarius CommissionRjvbccbz gj rjltrcfv yjhv lkz gbotdsöghjlernjd RJLTRC

COE Council of EuropeCjdtn Tdhjgs, CT

COMECON Council for Mutual Economic AssistanceCjdtn ärjyjvbxtcrjq dpfbvjgjvjob, CÄD

CON consul, consular sectionrjycek, rjycekmcrbq jnltk

COP cost of productionpfdjlcrfz ctåtcnjbvjcnm, bplthérbghjbpdjlcndf

CP Contracting PartyLjujdfhbdfñofzcz cnjhjyf, LC

CPAC Commodity Policy Advisory CommitteeRjycekmnfnbdysq rjvbntn gj njdfhyjqgjkbnbrt

CPE centrally planned economyärjyjvbrf c wtynhfkbpjdfyysvgkfybhjdfybtv, cnhfyf c wtynhfkbpjdfyyjqgkfyjdjq ärjyjvbrjq

CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in EuropeCjdtofybt gj åtpjgfcyjcnb b cjnhel-ybxtcnde d Tdhjgt, CÅCT

CSIS Center for Strategic and International StudiesWtynh cnhfntubxtcrbö b vtéleyfhjlysöbccktljdfybq (CIF)

CT countertradedcnhtxyfz njhujdkz

CTA Committee on Trade in Agriculture (GATT)Rjvbntn gj njhujdkt ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyjqghjlerwbtq (UFNN)

CTF Certified Trade Fair (U.S. Commerce Department)Cthnbabwbhjdfyyfz njhujdfz zhvfhrf(ghjdjlbncz Vbybcnthcndjv njhujdkb CIF)

CV constructed valuehfcxtnyfz cnjbvjcnm

CVD countervailing dutyrjvgtycfwbjyyfz gjikbyf, RG

CXT common external tarifftlbysq dytiybq nfhba, TDN

DAC Development Assistance Committee (OECD)Rjvbntn gj cjltqcndbñ d hfpdbnbb, RCH

DAV domestic added valuedyenhtyyzz ljåfdktyyfz cnjbvjcnm

DCs developed countrieshfpdbnst cnhfys

DF duty freeyt jåkfuftvsq gjikbyfvb, åtcgjikbyysq

DISC Domestic International Sales CorporationFvthbrfycrfz rjhgjhfwbz gjvtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt, FRVN

DOC U.S. Department of CommerceVbybcnthcndj njhujdkb CIF

DOD U.S. Department of DefenseVbybcnthcndj jåjhjys CIF

DOT U.S. Department of TransportationVbybcnthcndj nhfycgjhnf CIF

DRAM dynamic random access memorylbyfvbxtcrjt gjcnjzyyjt pfgjvbyfñottecnhjqcndj, LGPE

DS dispute settlementhfphtitybt cgjhjd

DSU Understanding on Rules and ProceduresGoverning the Settlement of Disputes (Uruguay Round)Cjukfitybt j ghfdbkfö b ghjwtlehfö,htuekbheñobö hfphtitybt cgjhjd(gjlgbcfyj yf Eheudfqcrjv hfeyltvyjujcnjhjyybö njhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN)

EAA Export Administration Act (U.S.)Pfrjy j htuekbhjdfybb ärcgjhnf (CIF)

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EAI Enterprise for the Americas Initiative≤Ghtlghbznbt hflb bybwbfnbds Ctdthyjq b Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb≥

EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction andDevelopmentTdhjgtqcrbq åfyr htrjycnherwbb b hfpdbnbz,TÅHH

EC European CommunityTdhjgtqcrjt cjjåotcndj, TC

ECDC economic cooperation among developingcountriesärjyjvbxtcrjt cjnhelybxtcndj hfpdb-dfñoböcz cnhfy, ÄCHC

ECE Economic Commission for EuropeÄrjyjvbxtcrfz rjvbccbz lkz Tdhjgs, ÄRT (JJY)

ECGF Export Credit Guarantee FacilityVtöfybpv ghtljcnfdktybz ufhfynbbgjufitybz ärcgjhnyjuj rhtlbnf, VGUGÄR

ECSC European Coal and Steel CommunityTdhjgtqcrjt jåütlbytybt eukz b cnfkb,TJEC

ECU European currency unitTdhjgtqcrfz hfcxtnyfz tlbybwf, ÄRÑ

EEC European Economic CommunityTdhjgtqcrjt ärjyjvbxtcrjt cjjåotcndj,TÄC

EEP Export Enhancement Program (U.S.)Ghjuhfvvf hfcibhtybz ärcgjhnf, GHÄ (CIF)

EFTA European Free Trade AssociationTdhjgtqcrfz fccjwbfwbz cdjåjlyjq njhujdkb,TFCN

EITCA U.S.-Soviet Union Agreement to FacilitateEconomic, Industrial and Technical CooperationFvthbrfyj-cjdtncrjt cjukfitybt j hfpdbnbbärjyjvbxtcrjuj, ghjvsiktyyjuj bntöybxtcrjuj cjnhelybxtcndf

EMS European monetary systemTdhjgtqcrfz dfkñnyfz cbcntvf

EMU European monetary unitTdhjgtqcrfz ltytéyfz tlbybwf

EPC Economic Policy Council (U.S.)Cjdtn gj ärjyjvbxtcrjq gjkbnbrt (CIF)

EPC European Patent ConventionTdhjgtqcrfz rjydtywbz j gfntynfö

EPROM erasable programmable read-only memorycnbhftvjt ghjuhfvvbhetvjt pfgjvbyfñottecnhjqcndj, CGGPE

ERs export restraintsärcgjhnyst juhfybxtybz

ERM exchange rate mechanismvtöfybpv dfkñnysö (jåvtyysö) cnfdjr

ESA European Space AgencyTdhjgtqcrjt rjcvbxtcrjt futyncndj, TRF

ESAF Enhanced Structural Adjustment FacilityEcjdthitycndjdfyysq vtöfybpv abyfy-cbhjdfybz cnhernehyjq gthtcnhjqrb

ESCMIA Education, Scientific and Cultural MaterialImport ActPfrjy j ddjpt jåhfpjdfntkmysö, yfexysö brekmnehysö vfnthbfkjd (CIF)

ESP exporter’s sales priceghjlféyfz wtyf ärcgjhnthf, GWÄ

ETC export trading companyärcgjhnyfz njhujdfz rjvgfybz, ÄRN

ETSI European Telecommunications Standards InstituteTdhjgtqcrbq bycnbnen cnfylfhnjd d jåkfcnbntktrjvveybrfwbjyyjq cdzpb

EU European UnionTdhjgtqcrbq cjñp, TC

Ex-Im Bank Export-Import Bank of the United StatesÄrcgjhnyj-bvgjhnysq åfyr CIF,Ärcbvåfyr

FAO Food and Agricultural OrganizationGhjljdjkmcndtyyfz b ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyfzjhufybpfwbz, AFJ (JJY)

FARA Foreign Agents Registration ActPfrjy j htubcnhfwbb byjcnhfyysö futynjd,PHBF (CIF)

FAS Foreign Agriculture Service (U.S. Agriculture Department)Byjcnhfyyfz ctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyfz ckeéåf(ghb Vbybcnthcndt ctkmcrjuj öjpzqcndfCIF)

FAS free alongside shipahfyrj dljkm åjhnf celyf, AFC

FCIA Foreign Credit Insurance Association (U.S.)Fccjwbfwbz gj cnhföjdfybñ pfuhfybxysörhtlbnjd, FCPR

FCN Freedom, Commerce and Navigation TreatyLjujdjh j cdjåjlt, njhujdkt b yfdbufwbb,LCNY

FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Office (U.K.)Vbybcnthcndj byjcnhfyysö ltk b gj ltkfvCjlheétcndf (Dtkbrjåhbnfybz)

FCPA Foreign Corrupt Practices ActPfrjy j rjhhegwbjyysö vtnjlföbyjcnhfyysö ujcelfhcnd, ghtlghbznbq b kbw(CIF)

124

FCS Foreign Commercial Service (U.S. Commerce Department)Byjcnhfyyfz rjvvthxtcrfz ckeéåf (ghb Vbybcnthcndt njhujdkb CIF)

FDIUS foreign direct investment in the United Statesghzvst byjcnhfyyst bydtcnbwbb yfnthhbnjhbb CIF

FISC Foreign International Sales CorporationDytiytnjhujdfz rjhgjhfwbz, DR

FMC Federal Maritime Commission (U.S.)Atlthfkmyfz vjhcrfz rjvbccbz, AVR (CIF)

FMS foreign military salesdjtyyst gjcnfdrb d pfheåtéyst cnhfys

FMSCR foreign military sales creditrhtlbn yf djtyyst gjcnfdrb d pfheåtéystcnhfys

FMV foreign market valuecnjbvjcnm yf byjcnhfyyjv hsyrt, CBH

FOB free on boardahfyrj-åjhn, AJÅ

FOGS functioning of the GATT systemaeyrwbjybhjdfybt cbcntvs UFNN

FOIA Freedom of Information Act (U.S.)Pfrjy j cdjåjlt byajhvfwbb (CIF)

FOR free on railahfyrj-dfujy, AJH

FOREX foreign exchangebyjcnhfyyfz dfkñnf

FOT free on truckahfyrj-étktpyjljhjéyfz gkfnajhvf bkbahfyrj-uhepjdbr, AJN

FR Federal Register (U.S.)Atlthfkmysq htubcnh, ≤Atlthfk htlébcnth≥(CIF)

FTA free trade areapjyf cdjåjlyjq njhujdkb, PCN

FTA free trade agreementcjukfitybt j cdjåjlyjq njhujdkt, CCN

FTA Federal Trade Commission (U.S.)Atlthfkmyfz njhujdfz rjvbccbz, ANR (CIF)

FTS Federal Telecommunications System (U.S.)Atlthfkmyfz cbcntvf lfkmytq cdzpb, ACLC (CIF)

FTZ foreign trade zonepjyf dytiytq njhujdkb, PDN

FTZ-board Federal Trade Zone BoardAtlthfkmysq cjdtn gj njhujdsv pjyfv(CIF)

FTZ-SZ FTZ-Subzoneceåpjyf pjys dytiytq njhujdkb

FV fair valuecghfdtlkbdfz cnjbvjcnm, cghfdtlkbdfz wtyf

FX Foreign Exchange ServiceDfkñnyfz ckeéåf

GAB General Agreement to BorrowUtythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j pfbvcndjdfybb,UFÅ

GATS General Agreement on Trade in ServicesUtythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j njhujdkteckeufvb, UFNC

GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeUtythfkmyjt cjukfitybt j nfhbafö bnjhujdkt, UFNN

GCC Gulf Cooperation CouncilCjdtn cjnhelybxtcndf fhfåcrbö ujcelfhcndGthcblcrjuj pfkbdf, CCFUGP

GDP gross domestic productdfkjdjq dyenhtyybq ghjlern, DDG

GEF Global Environmental FacilityVtöfybpv abyfycbhjdfybz vthjghbznbq gjjöhfyt jrheéfñotq chtls d ukjåfkmysövfcinfåfö

GNG Group of Negotiations on GoodsUheggf gthtujdjhjd gj njdfhfv

GNP gross national productdfkjdjq yfwbjyfkmysq ghjlern, DYG

GNP government procurementujcelfhcndtyyst pfregrb

GNS Group of Negotiations on ServicesUheggf gthtujdjhjd gj eckeufv

GP-zones general purpose FTZspjys dytiytq njhujdkb jåotuj yfpyfxtybz

GSP Generalized System of PreferencesJåjåotyyfz cbcntvf ghtathtywbq, JCG

GSTP global system of trade preferencesukjåfkmyfz cbcntvf njhujdsö ghtathtywbq,UCNG

HM home marketdyenhtyybq hsyjr

HS Harmonized SystemUfhvjybpbhjdfyyfz cbcntvf

HTS Harmonized Tariff ScheduleUfhvjybpbhjdfyysq gthtxtym nfhbajd CIF, UGN

HTSUS Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United StatesUfhvjybpbhjdfyysq gthtxtym nfhbajd CIF,UGN CIF

125

IA Import Administration (U.S. Commerce Department)Eghfdktybt gj bvgjhne (Vbybcnthcndf njhujdkb CIF)

IAEA International Atomic Energy AgencyVtéleyfhjlyjt futyncndj gj fnjvyjqäythubb, VFUFNÄ

IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction andDevelopmentVtéleyfhjlysq åfyr htrjycnherwbb bhfpdbnbz, VÅHH

IC integrated circuitbyntuhfkmyfz cötvf, BC

IC Industry Committee of the OECDRjvbntn gj ghjvsiktyyjcnb JÄCH

ICA International Coffee AgreementVtéleyfhjlyjt cjukfitybt gj rjat, VCR,International local agreement Vtéleyfhjlyjtcjukfitybt gj rfrfj, VCR

ICA international commodity agreementvtéleyfhjlyjt njdfhyjt cjukfitybt

ICAO International Civil Aviation OrganizationVtéleyfhjlyfz jhufybpfwbz uhfélfycrjqfdbfwbb, BRFJ

ICB international competitive biddingvtéleyfhjlyst rjyrehtynyst njhub

ICC International Chamber of CommerceVtéleyfhjlyfz njhujdfz gfkfnf, VNG

ICITO Interim Commission of International TradeOrganizationDhtvtyysq rjvbntn jhufybpfwbb gjvtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt, BCBNJ (JJY)

ICO International Coffee OrganizationVtéleyfhjlyfz jhufybpfwbz gj rjat

IDA International Development AssociationVtéleyfhjlyfz fccjwbfwbz hfpdbnbz, VFH

IDB (IADB) Inter-American Development BankVtéfvthbrfycrbq åfyr hfpdbnbz, VÅH

IEC International Electrotechnical CommissionVtéleyfhjlyfz äktrnhjntöybxtcrfzrjvbccbz, VÄR

IEEP International Emergency Economic Powers ActPfrjy j xhtpdsxfqysö vtéleyfhjlysöärjyjvbxtcrbö gjkyjvjxbzö

IESC International Executive Service CorpsVtéleyfhjlysq rjhgec eghfdktyxtcrböeckeu

IFAD International Fund for Agricultural DevelopmentVtéleyfhjlysq ajylctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyjuj hfpdbnbz, BAFL,VACH

IFC International Finance CorporationVtéleyfhjlyfz abyfycjdfz rjhgjhfwbz,VAR

IFI International Finance Institutionvtéleyfhjlyjt abyfycjdjt exhtéltybt

IIC Inter-American Investment CorporationVtéfvthbrfycrfz bydtcnbwbjyyfzrjhgjhfwbz, VBR

IIPA International Intellectual Property AllianceVtéleyfhjlysq fkmzyc gj jöhfytbyntkktrnefkmyjq cjåcndtyyjcnb

ILO International Labor OrganizationVtéleyfhjlyfz jhufybpfwbz nhelf, VJN (JJY)

IMF International Monetary FundVtéleyfhjlysq dfkñnysq ajyl, VDA

IMO International Maritime OrganizationVtéleyfhjlyfz vjhcrfz jhufybpfwbz, BVJ (JJY)

INR initial negotiating rightghfdj yf yfxfkj gthtujdjhjd

INRA International Natural Rubber AgreementVtéleyfhjlyjt cjukfitybt gjyfnehfkmyjve rfexere, VCYR

INRO International Natural Rubber OrganizationVtéleyfhjlyfz jhufybpfwbz gjyfnehfkmyjve rfexere

INTELSAT International Telecommunications SatelliteOrganizationVtéleyfhjlysq rjycjhwbev cgenybrjdjqcdzpb, BYNTKCFN

IOS International Organization for StandardizationVtéleyfhjlyfz jhufybpfwbz gjcnfylfhnbpfwbb, VJC

IPAC Industry Policy Advisory Committee (U.S.)Rjycekmnfnbdysq rjvbntn gj ghjvsiktyyjqgjkbnbrt (CIF), RRGG

IPC Integrated Program for CommoditiesVtéleyfhjlyfz ghjuhfvvf cshmtdsönjdfhjd, BGCN

IPR intellectual property rightsghfdf yf byntkktrnefkmyeñ cjåcndtyyjcnm

ISA International Sugar AgreementVtéleyfhjlyjt cjukfitybt gj cföfhe, VCC

ISAC Industry Sector Advisory Committee (U.S.)Rjycekmnfnbdysq rjvbntn gj jnhfckzvyfhjlyjuj öjpzqcndf (CIF)

ISO International Standards OrganizationVtéleyfhjlyfz jhufybpfwbz gjcnfylfhnbpfwbb, VJC

126

ITA International Trade Administration (U.S. Commerce Department)Eghfdktybt gj vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt(Vbybcnthcndf njhujdkb CIF)

ITC International Trade CommissionVtéleyfhjlyfz rjvbccbz gj djghjcfvnjhujdkb, VRDN

ITO International Trade OrganizationVtéleyfhjlyfz jhufybpfwbz gj djghjcfvnjhujdkb, VJDN (JJY)

IWC International Whaling CommissionVtéleyfhjlyfz rjvbccbz gj rbnjåjqyjveghjvscke, VRRG

JCCT Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade (U.S.-Mexico)Cjdvtcnyfz rjvbccbz gj rjvvthwbb bnjhujdkt (vtéle CIF b Vtrcbrjq)

JCP Japan Corporate Program≤Rjhgjhfnbdyfz ghjuhfvvf Zgjybb≥

JETRO Japan External Trade OrganizationZgjycrfz dytiytnjhujdfz jhufybpfwbz, ZDJ

LAFTA Latin America Free Trade AreaKfnbyjfvthbrfycrfz fccjwbfwbz cdjåjlyjqnjhujdkb, KFCN

LASU Large Aircraft Sector Understanding≤Åjkmijt fdbfghjvsiktyyjt cjukfitybt≥,≤ÅFC≥

LC letter of creditfrrhtlbnbd

LDC less developed countryvtytt hfpdbnfz cnhfyf, VHC, hfpdbdfñofzczcnhfyf, HC

LIBOR London Interbank Offered Ratekjyljycrfz vtéåfyrjdcrfz cnfdrf,kjyljycrbq vtéåfyrjdcrbq ghjwtyn, KBÅJH

LLDC least (lesser) developed countryyfbvtytt hfpdbnfz cnhfyf, YHC

LOT level of trade adjustmentehjdtym njhujdjuj htuekbhjdfybz, ENH

LTA long-term arrangement (textiles)ljkujchjxyjt cjukfitybt (j njhujdktntrcnbkmysvb bpltkbzvb)

LTFV less than fair valuecnjbvjcnm, vtymifz xtv cghfdtlkbdfzcnjbvjcnm

MDB multilateral development bankåfyr vyjujcnjhjyytuj hfpdbnbz

MFA Multi-Fiber ArrangementCjukfitybt j vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdktvyjujdjkjrjyysvb ntrcnbkmysvbbpltkbzvb

MFN most favored nationcnhfyf, rjnjhjq ghtljcnfdkty htébvyfbåjkmituj åkfujghbzncndjdfybz

MIGA Multinational Investment Guarantee AgencyVyjujyfwbjyfkmyjt futyncndj gjbydtcnbwbjyysv ufhfynbzv, VFBU

MITI Ministry of International Trade and Industry(Japan)Vbybcnthcndj vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb bghjvsiktyyjcnb (Zgjybb)

MNC multinational corporationvyjujyfwbjyfkmyfz (vtéleyfhjlyfz,nhfycyfwbjyfkmyfz) rjhgjhfwbz, VYR, NYR

MOFERT Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations andTrade (PRC)Vbybcnthcndj dytiytärjyjvbxtcrbö cdzptqb njhujdkb (RYH)

MOSS Market-Oriented Sector-Specific negotiationprocess (U.S.-Japan)ghjwtcc gthtujdjhjd gj jnltkmysv jnhfckzvärjyjvbrb, bvtñobq hsyjxyeñ jhbtynfwbñ(vtéle CIF b Zgjybtq)

MOU memorandum of understandingvtvjhfylev j gjybvfybb/dpfbvjgj-ybvfybb/ljujdjhtyyjcnb

MPT Ministry of Posts and TelecommunicationsVbybcnthcndj gjxnjdsö, ntktuhfaysö bntktajyysö eckeu

MSA Multilateral Steel AgreementVyjujcnjhjyytt cjukfitybt gj cnfkb, VCC

MT metric tonvtnhbxtcrfz njyyf

MTN multilateral trade negotiationsvyjujcnjhjyybt njhujdst gthtujdjhs

MTO Multilateral Trade OrganizationVyjujcnjhjyyzz jhufybpfwbz gj njhujdkt

NADBANK North American Development BankCtdthjfvthbrfycrbq åfyr hfpdbnbz, CÅH

NAFTA North American Free Trade AgreementCtdthjfvthbrfycrjt cjukfitybt jcdjåjlyjq njhujdkt, YFANF

NAM non-aligned movementldbétybt ytghbcjtlbytybz

NIC newly industrializing countryyjdfz ghjvsiktyyj hfpdbdfñofzcz cnhfyf,YGHC

NIE newly industrializing economyyjdfz ghjvsiktyyj hfpdbdfñofzcz cnhfyf,YGHC

NIS Newly Independent Statesyjdst ytpfdbcbvst ujcelfhcndf

127

NME non-market economyythsyjxyfz ärjyjvbrf, cnhfyf c ythsyjxyjqärjyjvbrjq

NOAA National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration (U.S. Commerce Department)Yfwbjyfkmyjt eghfdktybt gj jrtfybxtcrbv bfnvjcathysv bccktljdfybzv (Vbybcnthcndfnjhujdkb CIF)

NP Nairobi ProtocolYfqhjåbqcrbq ghjnjrjk

NSC National Security Council (U.S.)Cjdtn yfwbjyfkmyjq åtpjgfcyjcnb (CIF)

NTB non-tariff barrierytnfhbaysq åfhmth (lkz njhujdkb)

NTDB National Trade Data Bank (U.S.)Yfwbjyfkmysq åfyr lfyysö gj njhujdkt(CIF)

NTE new to exportyjdsq ärcgjhnysq njdfh bkb yjdjtghtlghbznbt-ärcgjhnth

NTE National Trade Estimates Reportjnxtn jå jwtyjxysö lfyysö gj yfwbjyfkmyjqnjhujdkt

NTIA National Telecommunications and InformationAdministration (U.S. Commerce Department)Yfwbjyfkmyjt eghfdktybt ntktrjv-veybrfwbjyyjq cdzpb b byajhvfwbb(Vbybcnthcndf njhujdkb CIF)

NTIS National Technical Information Service (U.S.Commerce Department)Yfwbjyfkmyjt eghfdktybt ntöybxtcrjqbyajhvfwbb (Vbybcnthcndf njhujdkb CIF)

NTM new to marketnjdfh bkb ghtlghbznbt, dgthdst dsöjlzobtyf hsyjr

NTM non-tariff measureytnfhbayfz vthf

NTT Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Co.zgjycrfz rjvgfybz ≤Ybggjy ntktajy äylntktuhfa Rj.≥

OAS Organization of American StatesJhufybpfwbz fvthbrfycrbö ujcelfhcnd, JFU

ODA official development assistancejabwbfkmyfz gjvjom hfpdbnbñ, JGH

OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation andDevelopmentJhufybpfwbz ärjyjvbxtcrjuj cjnhelybxtcndfb hfpdbnbz, JÄCH (JJY)

OEM original equipment manufacturersghjbpdjlbntkm jhbubyfkmyjuj (gjlkbyyjuj)jåjheljdfybz

OMA orderly marketing agreementcjukfitybt jå egjhzljxbdfybb cåsnf

OMC Office of Munitions ControlÅñhj gj rjynhjkñ pf djjheétybzvb

OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting CountriesJhufybpfwbz cnhfy-ärcgjhnthjd ytanb,JGTR

OPIC Overseas Private Investment Corporation (U.S.)Rjhgjhfwbz pfuhfybxysö xfcnysöbydtcnbwbq, RPXB (CIF)

OTA Office of Technology Assessment (U.S. Congress)Åñhj ntöybxtcrjq jwtyrb ghjtrnjd (ghb Rjyuhtcct CIF)

PAS Paris Air ShowGfhbécrfz fdbfwbjyyfz dscnfdrf

PCG policy coordinating groupuheggf gj rjjhlbyfwbb gjkbnbrb

PEC President’s Export Council (U.S.)Ärcgjhnysq cjdtn ghb ghtpbltynt CIF

PL public lawgeåkbxysq pfrjy (CIF)

PL 480 Public Law 480 (U.S.)≤Pfrjy 480≥ (CIF) bkb byfxt AgriculturalTrade Development and Assistance Act (“Food For Peace”) Pfrjy j hfpdbnbb b cjltqcndbb njhujdktctkmcrjöjpzqcndtyyjq ghjlerwbtq(≤Ghjljdjkmcndbt hflb vbhf≥)

PPA protocol of provisional applicationghjnjrjk j dhtvtyyjv ghbvtytybb

POI period of investigationgthbjl hfccktljdfybz

POR period of reviewgthbjl fyfkbpf

PRC People’s Republic of ChinaRbnfqcrfz Yfhjlyfz Htcgeåkbrf, RYH

PSI pre-shipment inspectionrjynhjkm pf njdfhfvb, jceotcndkztvsqgthtl bö jnghfdrjq

PUDD potential uncollected dumping dutygjntywbfkmyfz ytjgkfxtyyfz fynbltv-gbyujdfz gjikbyf, GYFG

PVOs private voluntary organizationsxfcnyst ljåhjdjkmyst jhufybpfwbb

QR quantitative restrictionrjkbxtcndtyyjt juhfybxtybt

R&D research and developmentbccktljdfybt b hfphfåjnrf; yfexyj-bccktljdfntkmcrbt b jgsnyj-rjycnhernjhcrbt hfåjns, YBJRH

128

RBP restrictive business practicesjuhfybxbntkmyfz ltkjdfz ghfrnbrf

S&D special and differential treatmentcgtwbfkmysq b lbaathtywbfkmysq htébv

SAR Structural Adjustment FacilityVtöfybpv abyfycbhjdfybz cnhernehyjqgthtcnhjqrb

SB surveillance bodycjdtn gj yflpjhe

SBA Small Business Administration (U.S.)Eghfdktybt gj pfobnt bynthtcjd vtkrböghtlghbybvfntktq (CIF)

SCM subsidies and countervailing measuresceåcblbb b rjvgtycfwbjyyst vths

SDR special drawing rightscgtwbfkmyst ghfdf pfbvcndjdfybz, CGP, bkb CLH

SEED Support for East European Democracy≤Gjllthérf Djcnjxyjtdhjgtqcrjqltvjrhfnbb≥

SFO Solo Fair Washington-recruitedDfibyunjycrfz ≤zhvfhrf nheljecnhjqcndf≥

SIC standard industrial classificationCnfylfhnyfz ghjvsiktyyfz rkfccbabrfwbz

SII Structural Impediments Initiative (U.S.-Japan)≤Bybwbfnbdf gj dszdktybñ b ecnhfytybñcnhernehysö ghtgzncndbq≥ (vtéle CIF bZgjybtq)

SIMIS single internal market information systemstlbyst byajhvfwbjyyst cbcntvsdyenhtyytuj hsyrf

SIMS single internal market servicetlbyfz ckeéåf dyenhtyytuj hsyrf

SITC Standard International Trade ClassificationVtéleyfhjlyfz cnfylfhnyfz njhujdfzrkfccbabrfwbz, VCNR

SNPA substantial new program of action≤Dféyfz yjdfz ghjuhfvvf ltqcndbq≥,≤DYGL≥

SPS sanitary and phytosanitary measurescfybnfhyst b abnjcfybnfhyst vths

STC security trade controlrjynhjkm pf njhujdktq wtyysvb åevfufvb

STE state trading enterpriseujcelfhcndtyyjt dytiytnjhujdjtghtlghbznbt

STR special representative for trade negotiationscgtwbfkmysq ghtlcnfdbntkm (ghtpbltynfCIF) yf njhujdsö gthtujdjhfö

TAA Trade Adjustment Assistance Program (U.S.)Ghjuhfvvf cjltqcndbz gthtcnhjqrt njhujdkb(CIF)

TBT technical barriers to trade ntöybxtcrbt åfhmths lkz njhujdkb

TCMD Third Country Meat Directive≤Lbhtrnbdf gj vzcyjq ghjlerwbb nhtnmböcnhfy≥

TD Trade Development(U.S. Commerce Department)≤Hfpdbnbt njhujdkb≥ (Vbybcnthcndfnjhujdkb CIF)

TDP Trade and Development ProgramGhjuhfvvf njhujdkb b hfpdbnbz

TEC common external tarifftlbysq dytiybq nfhba, TDN

TELMEX Telefono de Mexicovtrcbrfycrfz ntktajyyfz rjvgfybz≤Ntktajyj lt Vtöbrj≥

TNC Trade Negotiations CommitteeRjvbntn gj njhujdsv gthtujdjhfv, RNG

TPC Trade Policy Committee (U.S.)Rjvbntn gj njhujdjq gjkbnbrt (CIF)

TPM trigger price mechanismvtöfybpv ≤pfgecrfñobö≥ wty, VPW

TPRG Trade Policy Review Group (U.S.)Uheggf gj fyfkbpe njhujdjq gjkbnbrb(CIF)

TPRM trade policy review mechanismvtöfybpv fyfkbpf njhujdjq gjkbnbrb,VFNG

TPSC Trade Policy Staff CommitteeInfnysq rjvbntn gj njhujdjq gjkbnbrt

TPSC Trade Policy Sub Committee (U.S.)Gjlrjvbntn gj njhujdjq gjkbnbrt (CIF)

TRIMS trade-related investment measuresvths gj htuekbhjdfybñ bydtcnbwbq,pfnhfubdfñobt njhujdkñ, NHBVC

TRIPS trade-related aspects of intellectual property rightsnjhujdst fcgtrns ghfd yf byntkktr-nefkmyeñ cjåcndtyyjcnm, NFGBC

TSB Textile Surveillance BodyCjdtn gj yflpjhe pf ntrcnbkmysvbbpltkbzvb

TSUS Tariff Schedule of the United StatesGthtxtym nfhbajd CIF, NG CIF

TVA value added taxyfkju yf ljåfdktyyeñ cnjbvjcnm, YLC

129

TWA trade-weighted averagechtlytdpdtityyjt njhujdjt (pyfxtybt)

TWEA Trading With Enemy ActPfrjy j njhujdkt c dhféltåysvbujcelfhcndfvb, PNDU

UN United NationsJhufybpfwbz Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq, JJY

UNCITRAL United Nations Center on InternationalArbitration LawRjvbccbz Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbqgj vtéleyfhjlyjve fhåbnhféyjve ghfde

UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade andDevelopmentRjyathtywbz Jhufybpfwbb JåütlbytyysöYfwbq gj njhujdkt b hfpdbnbñ, ÑYRNFL

UNCTC United Nations Center on TransnationalCorporations Jhufybpfwbb Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq gjnhfycyfwbjyfkmysv rjhgjhfwbzv

UNDP United Nations Development ProgramGhjuhfvvf hfpdbnbz JhufybpfwbbJåütlbytyysö Yfwbq, GHJJY

UNEP United Nations Environment ProgramGhjuhfvvf Jhufybpfwbb JåütlbytyysöYfwbq gj jrheéfñotq chtlt, ÑYTG

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific andCultural OrganizationJhufybpfwbz Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq gjdjghjcfv jåhfpjdfybz, yferb b rekmnehs,ÑYTCRJ

UNIDO United Nations Industrial DevelopmentOrganizationJhufybpfwbz Jåütlbytyysö Yfwbq gjghjvsiktyyjve hfpdbnbñ, ÑYBLJ

UR Uruguay RoundEheudfqcrbq hfeyl (vyjujcnjhjyybönjhujdsö gthtujdjhjd d hfvrfö UFNN)

USC U.S. coderjltrc CIF

USDA U.S. Department of AgricultureVbybcnthcndj ctkmcrjuj öjpzqcndf CIF

USDOC U.S. Department of CommerceVbybcnthcndj njhujdkb CIF

USEC U.S. Mission to European CommunitiesVbccbz CIF d Tdhjgtqcrbö cjjåotcndfö

USIS U.S. Information ServiceByajhvfwbjyyfz ckeéåf CIF, ÑCBC

USITC U.S. International Trade CommissionRjvbccbz CIF gj djghjcfvvtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkb, RDVN CIF

USOECD U.S. Mission to the Organization for EconomicCooperation and DevelopmentVbccbz CIF d Jhufybpfwbbärjyjvbxtcrjuj cjnhelybxtcndf b hfpdbnbz

USP U.S. pricewtyf d CIF

USTR U.S. Trade Representativenjhujdsq ghtlcnfdbntkm CIF

USTR Office of the U.S. Trade RepresentativeÅñhj njhujdjuj ghtlcnfdbntkz CIF

USITA U.S. Travel and Tourism Administration (U.S.Commerce Department)Eghfdktybt gj gentitcndbzv b nehbpveCIF (Vbybcnthcndf njhujdkb CIF)

USUN U.S. Mission to the United NationsVbccbz CIF d JJY

VARs value added resellersnjhujdws, cjplfñobt ghb gthtghjlfétregktyyjuj bvb njdfhf ljgjkybntkmyeñcnjbvjcnm

VAT value added taxyfkju yf ljåfdktyyeñ cnjbvjcnm, YLC

VER voluntary export restraintljåhjdjkmyjt juhfybxtybt yf ärcgjhn

VL variable levygthtvtyyfz gjikbyf

VRA voluntary restraint agreementcjukfitybt j ljåhjdjkmysö juhfybxtybzö,CLJ

WEPZA World Export Processing Zones AssociationDctvbhyfz fccjwbfwbz pjy jåhfåjnrb bgththfåjnrb ärcgjhnysö njdfhjd

WIPO World Intellectual Property OrganizationDctvbhyfz jhufybpfwbz gj jöhfyt by-ntkktrnefkmyjq cjåcndtyyjcnb, DJBC

WTDR World Traders Data ReportDctvbhysq byajhvfwbjyysq jnxtn jnjhujdsö ghtlghbznbzö b jhufybpfwbzö

WTO World Trade Organization or World TourismOrganizationJhufybpfwbz gj vtéleyfhjlyjq njhujdkt,JVN (JJY), bkb Dctvbhyfz jhufybpfwbz gjnehbpve, DNJ