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avTandil sonRulaSvili
qarTuli ena
da
erovnuli umciresoba
gamomcemloba `universali~
Tbilisi 2012
2
UDC(uak)811.353.1.323.15(47922) s_677
naSromSi axali saarqivo dokumenturi wyaroe-
bisa da mdidari samecniero literaturis gaTvalis-
winebiT, Seswavlilia qarTuli enis roli da adgi-
li sazogadoebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze.
naCvenebia qarTuli enis mniSvneloba erovnuli
TviTSegnebis formirebaSi. warmoCenilia Sida da ga-
reSe mtrebis brZola qarTuli enis winaaRmdeg.
calke adgili eTmoba saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi
erovnuli umciresobis damokidebulebas qarTuli
enisadmi.
naSromi gaTvalisiwnebulia mkiTxvelTa farTo
sazogadoebisaTvis.
redaqtori: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori zurab gamezardaSvili
recenzentebi: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori igor kveselava
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori murman papaSvili
© a. sonRulaSvili, 2012
gamomcemloba `universali~, 2012
Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-9941-17-515-2
3
w i n a T q m a
yvelaze didi saocreba, rac kacobriobas
Seuqmnia Tavisi arsebobis manZilze aris ena. ena
is fenomenia, romelmac adamiani gamoyo cxovel-
Ta samyarosagan da amiT dasabami misca msofli-
os dRevandel saxes Tavisi sulieri da materia-
luri kulturis grandiozuli ganviTarebiT.
enam Seqmna adamiani, rogorc gonieri moazrovne
arseba. ,,arc miwisqveS mfrinavi stiqionebi, arc
varskvlaveTis etli me ise ar maocebs, rogorc
enis fenomeni. romelma zenarulma Seqmna ena,
ukeT rom vTqvaT, msoflios enebi? eniT wvdeba
adamianis goneba yovelives samyura balaxidan
dawyebuls vidre varskvlavebis legionebamdis~
– werda enis fenomenis arsiTa da genezisiT ga-
ocebuli konstantine gamsaxurdia.
magram Tu enam Seqmna adamiani, rogorc go-
nieri arseba da sazogadoebis wevri, meore
mxriv adamianma, adamianTa sazogadoebam Seqmna
ena, adamianTa koleqtivis gareSe ena verc war-
moiqmneboda da verc iarsebebda. amdenad, enis
arseboba gulisxmobs sazogadoebas, sazogadoe-
bisa – ki enas. es ori fenomeni dialeqtikur er-
TianobaSi gvevlineba. [1, 6].
,,deda-ena garegnobiT rodia adamianis arse-
basTan SekavSirebuli, igi rodi hgavs tanisa-
mossa, romlis gamocvla advilad da uvneblad
SeiZleba. mas aqvs Rrmad gamdgari fesvebi ada-
mianis tvinSi, nervebSi, xmis organoebSi, Zvalsa
da rbilSi, mTels mis bunebaSi; igi aris uZvir-
4
fasesi iaraRi, romelic bunebas zed gamouWria
adamianis sulsa da xorczed, mis fsiqologi-
urs agebulebazed~ [2, 207-208] – aRniSnavda didi
qarTveli pedagogi iakob gogebaSvili.
enis Seqmnis procesi aracnobieria, mravali
Taobis fiqrisa da tanjvis anarekli, saukuneTa
wiaRSi danTqmuli, iseve aracnobieri, rogorc
bavSvis mier mSobliuri enis aTviseba. metyvele-
bis unari geneturad aris mocemuli, magram ara
konkretuli enisa. igi iseve Sedis genebSi, ro-
gorc SiSis an siamovnebis grZnoba, feris an ge-
mos SegrZneba, rac cxadyofs, rom ena Zalian
didi xnis win Camoyalibda, mravali aTaswleu-
lis miRma [3, 57].
enis saidumloebis axsnis Sesaxeb azri ada-
mianebs uZvelesi droidanve aReZraT. eZebdnen
pasuxs enis warmoSobis sakiTxze, msjelobdnen
saganTa saxeldebis principebze. am mimarTule-
biT fiqrma Seqmna Zveli ebrauli miTebi enis
warmoSobis Sesaxeb. Semdeg am miTebma erTiani
Camoyalibebuli saxe miiRo bibliaSi, sadac
ori gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisia warmodgenili:
pirveli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT ,,RmerTma uwo-
da naTelsa dRe da bnelsa uwoda Rame~ e.i. ise
rogorc mTeli samyaro, enac RmerTma Seqmna,
RmerTia yovlis Semoqmedi da maT Soris enisac.
xolo meore Tvalsazrisis mixedviT ki adamia-
nia enis pirveli Semoqmedi, adamianis winaparma
adamma uwoda sinamdvilis sagnebs saxelebi.
roca bibliis avtorebi enis warmoSobaze
werdnen, ra Tqma unda, mxedvelobaSi hqondaT
5
ebrauli, magram maT aseve mxedvelobidan ar ga-
morCeniaT sxva enebic. bibliaSi mravalenianoba
asea axsnili: warRvnis Semdeg adamianebma Caidi-
nes saZageli argagonili saqme. maT gadawyvites
iseTi simaRlis koSki aegoT, romelic cas mis-
wvdeboda, raTa RmerTTan asuliyvnen. RmerTi
amas rogor dauSvebda da miiRo gadamwyveti zo-
mebi: man auria momuSave adamianebs enebi, ramac
sruli gaugebroba gamoiwvia mSeneblebSi da bo-
los CaSala maTi wamowyeba. ase warmoiSva sxva-
dasxva enebi bibliis mixedviT.
ra Tqma unda, enis Tu enaTa warmoSobis am-
gvar miTologiur axsnas araferi aqvs saerTo
mecnierebasTan, magram aq mTavari problemis ax-
sna ki ar aris, aramed dasma. amitom bibliuri
legendebi enis Tu enaTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb,
miuxedavad maTi aSkara miTologiuri arsisa,
garkveul yuradRebas imsaxurebs da lingvis-
tur moZRvrebaTa istoriaSi gasaTvaliswinebe-
lia [1, 13-14].
enaSi daleqilia xalxis koleqtiuri ga-
mocdileba. igi nacionaluri msoflxedvis gamo-
xatulebaa. erovnul mimarTebaTa ufaqizesi ga-
ma, ukidegano samyaros damtevia. is, rac eniT
ar gamoTqmula, adamianuri cnobierebisaTvis
ararsebulia an dakarguli, maradi wyvdiadiT
moculi. ena aris samyaros cnobierebaSi arsebo-
bis forma. ,,enobrivi sazrisi~ ukavSirdeba
,,eris sazriss~, radgan nacionalobis umTavresi
niSani enaa da amitom aris sityvis Semoqmedi
6
yvelaze Rrmad SeWrili Tavisi xalxis fsiqiki-
sa da yofis labirinTebSi [3, 48].
eTnikur-erovnuli tradiciebi da m S o b
l i u r i e n a mTlianobaSi Seadgenen erov-
nuli kulturis ZiriTad nawils, romelic gan-
sazRvravs ama Tu im xalxis nacionalur iersa-
xes, mis erovnul fizionomias. am mTavari ele-
mentebis Sesusteba, damcireba nolze dayvana iw-
vevs eris mospobas [4, 7].
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom cnobili mecnieri
v. h u m b o l d t i enis mniSvnelobas eris
ganmartebas ukavSirebda. misi azriT ,,eris cneba
unda daemyaros~ enas. ,,eris~ (xalxis) enobri-
vad gansazRvris principul SesaZleblobas av-
tori ase asabuTebs: ,,ramdenadac enis ganviTare-
biT aris Sepirobebuli adamianebSi adamianuri
bunebis ganviTareba, amdenad uSualod TviTon
enidan unda iqnes miRebuli cneba e r i s a, r o
g o r c g a r k v e u l i azriT, enis Sem-
qmnel adamianTa jgufebisa~.
h. S t a i n T a l i ase ganmartavs am ad-
gils: ,,ramdenadac enam aqcia adamiani adamianad,
amdenad eri miCneul unda iqnas im arsebaTa
jgufad, romlebic adamianebad iqcnen erTsa da
imave enobriv garemoSi, ramdenadac adamianTa
ganviTareba arsebiTad da aucileblobiT mudam
eniT iyo Sepirobebuli, amdenad eri SemdgomSi
ukve gvevlineba iseT adamianTa erTianobad, ro-
melTa sulieri ganviTareba mimdinareobs erTsa
da imave enobriv garemoSi~. aqve unda aRiniS-
7
nos, rom cnebebi ,,xalxi~ da ,,eri~ humboldtis
dros ar iyo erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli [5, 39].
enac warmoiSoba, viTardeba da zogjer
,,kvdeba~ kidec, magram es ar aris biologiuri
sikvdili, es aris ,,sikvdili~, romelic socia-
lur-ekonomikur xasiaTs atarebs. enis ,,sikvdi-
li~ aris misi xmarebidan gasvla. es ki xdeba ma-
Sin, roca saTanado enobrivi koleqtivi, garkve-
uli socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebis gamo, Ta-
vis mSobliur enas iviwyebs da gadadis sxva ena-
ze [1, 122].
8
S e s a v a l i
adamiani sazogadoebrivi arsebaa. igi urTi-
erTobaSia sxva adamianebTan. maT Soris myarde-
ba kontaqti, romlis mizania urTierTgagebis
miRweva. mas uwodeben komunikacias. es aris pro-
cesi, romlis Sedegad adamianebi erTmaneTs age-
bineben azrebis urTierT gadacemisa da gaziare-
bis meSveobiT.
komunikacia urTierTobis iseTi saxea, ro-
desac adamianebi urTierTgagebas aRweven cnobi-
erebis meSveobiT. igi aris adamianebis erTmaneT-
Tan cnobieri urTierToba, e.i. azrebis Setyobi-
neba da gagebineba. misi safuZvelia ena [6, 136].
ena yoveli xalxis nacionaluri kulturis yve-
laze ufro TavisTavadi da ganuyofeli elemen-
tia. adamiani, xalxi Tavisi nacionaluri TviT-
myofobisa da Semecnebis ideebs yvelaze ufro
srulad Tavisi sakuTari enisa da, maSasadame,
literaturis meSveobiT gamoTqvams. jer kidev e.
s e p i r m a da b. u o r f i m naTelyves,
rom adamianTa azrovneba, msoflmxedveloba da
yofaqceva umniSvnelovanesi zomiT pirobadebu-
lia, gansazRvrulia, TaviseburebebiT im enisa,
romelzedac isini laparakoben da romelic
TviT maTi erToblivi cxovrebis nayofia [7, 23].
ena arc metyvelebaa da arc damwerloba.
pirveli misi gamoTqmis, xolo meore – Caweris
saSualebaa. maT Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebaa.
metyveleba da ena erTdroulad warmoiSva. ada-
miani metyvelebs garkveul enaze. magaliTad,
9
qarTveli metyvelebs qarTul enaze. rodesac
daibada pirveli qarTveli, masTan erTad gaCnda
qarTuli metyvelebac da enac. rac Seexeba dam-
werlobas, igi Cndeba mogvianebiT, civilizaciis
ganviTarebis garkveul etapze. damwerlobis
Seqmna kacobriobis udidesi aRmoCenaa, ramac ga-
damwyveti gavlena moaxdina kulturis ganviTa-
rebaze. maSasadame, metyveleba da mwerloba enis
materialuri realizaciaa [6, 137].
msoflioSi 5500-mde enaa. Wirs zusti rao-
denobis dasaxeleba, radgan bevri ena araa saTa-
nadod Seswavlili da Zneli saTqmelia, damou-
kidebeli enaa is Tu dialeqti. zogjer enaTa
dayofas politikuri an religiuri safuZveli
aqvs da ara lingvisturi. magaliTad, Zalian
hgavs erTmaneTs Cexuri da slovakuri, rusuli
da belorusuli, serbiuli da xorvatuli, mag-
ram maT miiCneven ara dialeqtebad, aramed ene-
bad [8, 13]. ernest gelneri SeniSnavs, rom deda-
miwaze arsebobs 8000-ze meti ,,bunebrivi~ ena,
maT Soris 700 mTavari, eri ki 200-ze naklebi.
bevri ufro Zveli erovnuli saxelmwifo, ro-
melSic ori an meti enobrivi jgufi erTiandeba,
rogorc, vTqvaT, espaneTi Tavisi baskuri umci-
resobiT, dRes zewolas ganicdis, raTa yoveli
calkeuli jgufis meoba aRiaros [9, 278].
msoflioSi 200-ze meti qveyanaa da aqedan
100-ze mets saxelmwifo enad ara mSobliuri,
aborigenuli, aramed ucxo qveynis ena aqvs Tav-
smoxveuli. magaliTad, inglisuri ena, garda
sakuTriv inglisisa, saxelmwifo enis statusiT
10
kidev msoflios erT mesamedze – 68 qveyanaSia
dakanonebuli, maT Soris 12 qveyanaSi – adgi-
lobriv xalxTa enebTan erTad.
inglisuri ena erTaderT saxelmwifo enad
dakanonebulia afrikis iseT qveynebSi, rogori-
caa: tanzania, zimbabve, Uuganda, Lliberia, zam-
bia, mavrikia, botsvana, nigeriis federaciuli
respublika da bevri sxva. CamoTvlili qveynebi-
dan gamorCeulia nigeria, romelic Tavisi mra-
valricxovani mosaxleobiT – 135 milion 560
aTasi – pirvel adgilzea afrikaSi.
nigeriaSi ramdenime eTnikuri jgufis mosax-
leobaa, romelTagan mravalricxovnebiT gamoir-
Cevian h a u s a (26 milioni), i o r u b a (21
milioni) da i g b o (17 milioni). miuxedavad
aseTi didi ricxovnebisa, nigeriis am xalxTa
enebma ver moipoves saxelmwifo enebis statusi.
Zneli saTqmelia, miaRweven Tu ara nigeriis aR-
niSnuli eTnikuri jgufebi, rom axlo momaval-
Si TavianTi enebi TavianTi qveynebis saxelmwi-
fo enebad aqcion.
afrikaSi gamonaklisi mxolod samxreT af-
rikis respublikaa. xangrZlivi brZolis Sede-
gad inglisis am yofil koloniaSi, romelsac
saTaveSi cnobili patrioti nelson mandela ed-
ga, xalxma gadaagdo ingliselebisagan Tavsmox-
veuli aparteidis reJimi da damoukideblobas
miaRwia. Tu adre am qveyanaSi saxelmwifo enad
mxolod inglisuri iTvleboda, dRes inglisu-
ris Tanabrad saxelmwifo enis aRiareba kidev
12 eTnikuri jgufis mravalmilionianma adgi-
11
lobrivma mosaxleobamac moipova; esenia: seso-
to, kosa, zuli, leboa, siskati da sxvebi.
aziis qveynebidan inglisuri ena saxelmwi-
fo enad dakanonebulia singapurSi, bruneiSi da
indoeTSi hindi enasTan erTad.
amerikis kontinentze inglisur enas gabato-
nebuli saxelmwifo enis statusi miniWebuli
aqvs: aSS-Si, kanadaSi, iamaikaSi, grenadaSi, be-
lizSi, dominikis respublikaSi, bagamisa da
bermudis kunZulovan saxelmwifoebSi da sxv.
avstralia-okeaneTis 17 saxelmwifos samu-
Sao enad aseve inglisuria dakanonebuli. ker-
Zod: avstraliaSi, axal zelandiaSi, papua –
axal gvineaSi, mikroneziaSi, fijis respublika-
Si da sxv.
evropis qveynebidan inglisuri ena saxelmwi-
fo enad aRiarebulia irlandiaSi, gibraltarSi,
maltaSi da ra Tqma unda did britaneTSi.
inglisuri enis Semdeg saxelmwifo enis
rangSi ricxovnebiT meore adgilze franguli
enaa, ZiriTadad, safrangeTis yofil kolonieb-
Si, romlebic dRes damoukidebeli qveynebia;
kerZod: senegali, Cadi, ruanda, mali, nigeri,
madagaskari, mavritania, kot-diuari (yofili
spilos Zvlis napiri), kongos demokratiuli
respublika da sxv.
mTel rig qveynebSi, magaliTad, kanadaSi, ka-
merunSi da sxv. – franguli saxelmwifo enad
inglisur enasTan erTadaaa dakanonebuli. evro-
pis iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa monako, luqsem-
burgi, Sveicaria da belgia franguli ena sa-
12
xelmwifo enad iTvleba sxva enebis Tanabrad.
sul safrangeTis CaTvliT, franguli ena sa-
xelmwifo enis saxiT msoflios 30 qveyanaSi mu-
Saobs.
mesame adgils saxelmwifo enis ricxovnobiT
arabuli ena ikavebs, romelic saxelmwifo enis
statusiT azia-afrikis 23 qveyanaSi muSaobs. ker-
Zod: alJirSi, marokoSi, tunisSi, libiaSi, egvip-
teSi, iordaniaSi, saudis arabeTSi da sxv. azia-
afrikis xuT qveyanaSi – israelSi, CadSi, eritre-
aSi, somalsa da jibutSi arabuli ena saxelmwi-
fo enis rolSi sxva enebTan erTad gamodis.
meoTxe adgilze espanuri enaa, romelic sa-
xelmwifo enis saxiT msoflios 23 qveyanaSi mu-
Saobs: evropaSi – sakuTriv espaneTSi, afrikaSi
– ekvatoriul gvineaSi. yvela danarCeni qveyana
amerikis kontinetzea (meqsika, gvatemala, venesu-
ela, panama, kuba, ekvadori, paragvai, urugvai,
bolivia, kolumbia, Cile, argentina da sxv).
portugaliuri da germanuli enebi saxel-
mwifo enaTa saxiT 7 qveyanaSi gamoiyeneba, upi-
ratesad – sxva saxelmwifo enaTa gverdiT. ase-
ve, sxva saxelmwifo enebTan erTad.
zemoT CamoTvlili saxelmwifo enebidan
dRes yvelaze metad mxolod inglisuri mZlav-
robs, rac pirvel rigSi, inglisurenovani zesa-
xelmwifos – aSS-is msoflio politikaze didi
gavleniT aixsneba [10, 25].
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom msoflioSi ama
Tu im enaze molaparakeTa raodenobis mixedviT
Cinuris Semdeg meore adgilzea inglisuri, ro-
13
melic 322 milioni adamianisaTvis aris mSobli-
uri ena (amaTgan mxolod 55 milioni adamiani
cxovrobs did britaneTSi). inglisurs, rogorc
meore mSobliur enas, 400 milioni adamiani iye-
nebs, xolo rogorc ucxo enas – 800 milioni.
msoflios mraval qveyanaSi seriozulad
arian SeSfoTebuli isglisuri enis masobrivi
SemoWris gamo, rasac uwodes ,,mondializacia’’
– gamsofliureba; lingvistebi Tu politikuri
moRvaweebi wuxan, rom bevr enaSi saocrad mom-
ravlda inglisuri sityvebi [8, 25].
frangebi uaRresad pativs scemen TavianT
qveyanas, kulturas, istorias, enas. amitom mo-
laparakebas umetesad erovnul enaze warmarTa-
ven. saqmian urTierTobaSi inglisurad an germa-
nulad saubars da mimoweras erovnuli Rirse-
bis Selaxvad aRiqvamen [11, 247].
safrangeTis senatis wamyvani specialisti
benediqt ruJe erT-erT werilSi saubrobda
franguli enis dacvis politikaze. aRsaniSnavia,
rom yoveli wlis 20 marts 50-mde frankofonur
saxelmwifoSi aRiniSneba frankofoniis msof-
lio dRe. ewyoba franguli enis kvireuli (Svei-
cariaSi, kvebeksa da belgiaSic), cdiloben moqa-
laqeTa yuradrebis mipyrobas (e.w. sensibiliza-
cias) franguli enisadmi. ,,TiToeul frangs un-
da davanaxoT~ mravali waxnagi franguli enisa:
is, rom franguli ena warmoadgens pirovnulsa
da koleqtiur kapitals. maT unda gaacnobieron
franguli enis roli sazogadoebrivi urTier-
Tobebis CamoyalibebaSi, misi saerTaSoriso
14
mniSvneloba, raTa yvelasTvis misaRebi gaxdes
franguli enis sicocxlisa da prestiJis mniS-
vneloba. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom parale-
lurad zrunaven regionaluri enebis ganviTare-
baze (bretonuli, katalonuri, korsikuli, bas-
kuri, oqsitanuri, kreoluri).
marTlac, samagaliToa safrangeTisa da
frangebis damokidebuleba mSobliuri enisadmi [8,
33] da es maSin, rodesac maTi ena isedac daculia
radgan msoflio enad aris aRiarebuli. an kidev
aviRoT espanuri. 1997 wlis 7 aprils meqsikis qa-
laq sakatekaSi gaimarTa espanuri enis saerTaSo-
riso kongresi [12, 182]. servantesis institutis
monacemebis Tanaxnad, dResdReobiT espanurs la-
parakobs 400 milionze meti adamiani da am mxriv
espaneTs meoTxe adgili uWiravs Cinuris, ingli-
surisa da hindis Semdeg [12, 192].
enobrivi pozicia politikis uSualo Semad-
geneli nawilia. eTnokonfliqtebi da erovnuli
dapirispirebani erovnuli enis Cagvrisa da dis-
kriminaciis Sedegia. adamianebi mtkivneulad ga-
nicdian enobriv damcirebas, Seviwroebas, rad-
gan mcirericxovani erebi xSirad idevnebian da
iCagrebian.
kacobriobis mTeli istoriis manZilze
,,Zlierni ama qveynisani’’ enas politikis samsa-
xurSi ayenebdnen, krZalavdnen mSobliur enaze
swavlas da aCeCebdnen misTvis gaugebar ucxour
enas [8, 21].
meore msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg 1946
wlis 5 marts, CerCilis cnobili gamosvlis
15
dros fultonSi man ganacxada: ,,Tu inglisureno-
vani xalxebis Tanamegobroba da SeerTebuli Sta-
tebi gaerTiandebian da iTanamSromleben rogorc
mecnierebasa da industriaSi, ise moralis sfero-
Si, maSin msoflioSi saimedo balansi da usaf-
rTxoebis sruli garantia damyardeba~ [13, 175].
CerCilis gamosvlas imave dReebSi mkacri
kritika eloda. misuris auditoriam kargad mii-
Ro, magram meore diliT gamoqveynebul gazeTeb-
ze amas ver vityviT. ,,vol sTriT jernali~ wer-
da: ,,SeerTebul Statebs aliansi ar surs. saer-
Tod, aliansismagvaric araferi surs sxva rome-
lime erTan~. ,,Cikago sani~ acxadebda, rom CerCi-
lis ,,daxuruli sesiis sityvebis~ erTi kviriT
adre SeTavazebul gamocemas auqmebda. londo-
nis ,,Taimsic~, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, civad
gamoexmaura. gansakuTrebiT mtruli pozicia
,,pravdam~ daikava. stalini ,,pravdaSi~ intervius
iSviaTad beWdavda, magram CerCilis inglisure-
novani xalxebis gaerTianebis araerTgzis moT-
xovnas swored ,,pravdaSi~ gamoqveynebuli inter-
viuTi upasuxa da naTlad gamoavlina, rapirasac
da xelketsac erTdroulad da kargad rom xma-
robda:
`batoni CerCili (hitleris ar iyos) rasob-
riv Teoriaze dafuZnebul axal oms iwyebs. ac-
xadebs, TiTqos mxolod inglisur enaze mola-
parake xalxebs aqvT wminda sisixli da mxolod
isini arian mowodebulni, msoflios bed-iRbali
gadawyviton. faqtobrivad, batoni CerCili da
misi amerikeli da ingliseli megobrebi im xal-
16
xebs, romlebic inglisurad ar saubroben, ul-
timatums gviyeneben – an unda vaRiaroT maTi
upiratesoba, an omi gardauvali iqneba~ [13, 176].
Sin dabrunebul CerCils Tavis gamosvlas-
Tan dakavSirebiT araerTgvarovani reaqcia dax-
vda. etlim ganacxada, rom CerCili fultonSi
parlamentis saxeliT ar saubrobda da ar aris
aucilebeli, misi piradi mosazreba moviwonoT
an ar moviwonoT. leiboristuli partia, CerCi-
lis konservatiuli partiis araerTi wevrisagan
gansxvavebiT, amerikis vizits dadebiTad afaseb-
da; bevins sagareo politika swored fultonis
mimarTulebiT mihyavda. deputatebis erTma na-
wilma ki winadadeba Seitana, CerCilisTvis un-
dobloba gamoecxadebina.
yvelaze saeWvod da damafiqreblad prezi-
denti Trumeni iqceoda. TeTr saxlSi gamarTul
preskonferenciaze prezidentma ganacxada, rom
warmodgena ar hqonda, CerCili fultonSi ra
Temaze apirebda saubars da rom leqciaze misi
daswreba Tanamoazreobas sulac ar niSnavda.
ufro metic, saxelmwifo mdivnis moadgiles,
aCesons aukrZala, erTi kviris Tavze niu-iorkSi
Casul CerCilTan SeerTebuli Statebis mTavro-
bis saxeliT esaubra. saboloo jamSi, am ambebs
CerCilis da Trumenis urTierTobaze ar
umoqmedebia. CerCilma Trumens, rogorc ruz-
veltis memkvidres, ufleba misca, kiborCxalas
nabijebiT evlo didi miznisaken [13, 177].
erovnuli sazRvrebis moSlis da enobrivi
barieris moxsnis meTods mimarTavda uklebliv
17
yvela imperia mis mier dapyrobil teritoriaze.
e.i. ZiriTadi samizne erovnuli TviTmyofadobis
mospobisaTvis sami ram gaxldaT: teritoria, re-
ligia da ena, anu `ena, mamuli, sarwmunoeba~.
msofliosaTvis cnobili dampyroblebi,
sxvadasxva dros rom idgnen imperiaTa saTaveSi,
TavianT Zlevamosil laSqrobas sxvadasxva miz-
niT niRbavdnen. erTni ambobdnen, rom civiliza-
cia unda SeetanaT naxevrad velur tomebSi da
isini kulturis gzaze SeeyenebinaT, meoreni
sxva saxelmwifoTa egreT wodebuli tiraniisa-
gan gasaTavisufleblad modiodnen, mesameni ki,
da es ki ufro iSviaTad xdeboda, pirdapir re-
ligiur omebSi ebmebodnen, saerTo teritoriis
warTmeviT iwyeboda da mere amuSavdeboda dap-
yrobili qveynis kulturul-religiuri dauTo-
vebis sastiki manqana.
am dauTovebas dampyrobeli axerxebda im
formiT da meTodiT civilizaciis ra donec
TviTon gaaCnda, zogjer SeniRbulad (voronco-
vi) zogjer ki e. w. najaxuri politikiT.
gadavxedoT saqarTvelos istorias da davi-
naxavT ra kirTebiT, cecxliT da maxviliT cdi-
lobdnen arabebi, sparselebi, Turqebi da sxvani
saqarTveloSi qristianuli sarwmunoebis aRmof-
xvras. eris ganadgurebis maxvili teritorias-
Tan da religiasTan erTad enas daatydeboda
xolme Tavs.
dampyrobeli Tvlida, rom damoukidebloba
dakarguli saxelmwifos ena imperiisTvis sru-
liad zedmeti bargi iyo da am enaze kulturis
18
ganviTareba imperiis momaval mdgradobas saf-
rTxes Seuqmnida. Sors rom ar wavideT axlo
warsulis magaliTic ikmarebda. rakiRa dampyro-
belma rusma saqarTveloSi mefoba gaauqma, amis
Semdeg faqtobrivad kulturis upirvelsi niS-
nis – enis mospoba gaxda saWiro [14, 526]. swo-
red amitom gadairecxa gacrecili palimfseste-
bi. masze ki axali warwerebi gaCnda. gaismoda
qoraluri glovis xmebi. drom Tanabrad waSala
laCrebisa da gmirebis safexurebi, JamTa denam
gaaniava xmliT mogebuli saganZuri, gaaqro fo-
liantebi, daangria sasaxlebi. qveyanas warRvnam
gadauara da TiTqos yvelaferi waritaca. ami-
tom qviTinebda damarcxebuli istoria poetis
SemoqmedebaSi:
SoTas meore, SoTas mesame, SoTas meoTxe
wigni sad aris!
an is – daviTi! daviT meoTxe! vis jars mi-
uZRvis gmiri sardali.
visi Toria uumtkicesi – aTas adgilas Sub-
naZgerebi! wyvdiadisferad vin gadaReba uspeta-
kesi maTi cxenebi!
Tumc... ara skiptra bagratovanTa, an sefe
droSa amilaxvaris, Salvas, biZinas da eliz-
baris suls enatreba sami laxvari!
magram sad aris xmali, – is xmali!
anda sad aris fari – is fari!
ukve gaWrili sami tuzia Salva, biZina da
elizbari.
maTTvis parakliss ar gadaixdis tyeSi Cad-
gmuli cicqna saydari!
19
aRar frutunebs – beri Tevdores gamxdari
jori aRarsad ari.
(t. W a n t u r i a) [3, 248].
dReisaTvis 200-mde saxelmwifos Soris te-
ritoriis sididiT saqarTvelo okupirebuli te-
ritoriebis CaTvliT (70 aTasi kv. km.) 118-e ad-
gilzea msoflioSi, e. i. msoflios 74 suvere-
nul saxelmwifoze didia, maT Soris: daniaze,
niderlandebze, belgiaze, Sveicariaze, israel-
ze da a. S.
mosaxleobis raodenobiT Cveni samSoblo
planetaze 97-e adgilzea, e.i. msoflios 96 suve-
renul saxelmwifos aRemateba, maT Soris: axal
zelandias, TurqmeneTs, irlandias, norvegias,
slovakeTs, fineTs, yirgizeTs, Cads da sxv. mo-
saxleobis simWidrovis mixedviT ki saqarTvelo
me-80 adgilzea msoflioSi [15, 103-104].
yovel qarTvels unda axsovdes, rom msof-
lioSi ar arsebobs sxva qveyana, sadac qarTu-
lad weren da metyveleben, rom mxolod Cven
varT did qarTvel moazrovneTa, moRvaweTa mem-
kvidreni. amitom gvmarTebs kargad vicodeT Cve-
ni dedaenis istoria, misi adgili da mniSvnelo-
ba msoflio enaTa Soris. unda gavacnobieroT,
rom dedaenis gareSe Cveni azrovneba ver ganvi-
Tardeba da sxvagvarad Cveni sazogadoebis win-
svla SeuZlebelia.
20
mSobliuri enis madli
lev tolstoi moTxroba `Набег~ –is sqolio-
Si SeniSnavs – Лягушки на кавказе производят звук, не имеюший обшего с кваканием русских лягушек~. Tuki
sacxovrebeli adgilisda mixedviT, bayayebic ki
sxvadasxva `enaze~ yiyineben, ra didi unda iyos
adamianTa Soris sxvaoba? mwuxareba mwuxarebaa,
siyvaruli siyvarulia, sixaruli sixarulia,
magram sxvadasxva eris kaci sxvadasxvagvarad
ganicdis da gamoxatavs am grZnobebs. swored es
Taviseburebania mimzidveli da saintereso. ami-
tom ipyrobs Cvens yuradRebas sxvadasxva xal-
xis mwerloba da xelovneba. Tu es Tavisebureba
davkargeT, davkargavT im andamats, uromliso-
bac erTferovans, mosawyens, uRimRamos xdis
mwerlobas da xelovnebas, ufro metic saerTod
adamianis suls [16, 48].
yovel adamians erTi dedaena aqvs, romelze-
dac deda esaubreba, romelzedac enas aidgams.
aRsaniSnavia, rom fereidneli qarTvelebidan
qarTuli ena mxolod im ojaxebma SeinarCunes,
sadac bavSvebs deda qarTveli hyavdaT! esaa misi
eris mSoblebis ena. rogorc wesi, adamiani
mxolod dedaenaze azrovnebs, fiqrobs (cxadia,
arian gamonaklisebic, romelTac SeuZliaT ram-
denime enaze azrovneba, magram enis yvela niuan-
sisa da siRrmis wvdoma mxolod dedaenazea Se-
saZlebeli). TiTqmis yvela genialuri nawarmoe-
bi dedaenaze SeuqmniaT, radgan mxolod mSob-
21
liur enas aqvs ganumeorebeli xibli da adamia-
nis Sinagan samyarosTan dakavSirebulia uxi-
lavi simebiT. dedaenaze naTqvami TiToeuli
sityva uCveulo feriT, surneliT gamoirCeva,
rac gvagonebs ubednieres xanas – yrmobas, de-
dis alerssa da mSobliuri kuTxis koloritul
xmebs [8, 28].
cnobilma eqimebma gamoikvlies, Tu ra gav-
lenas axdenda janmrTelobaze aramSobliur
skolebSi swavla. magaliTad, pediatrma sikor-
skim Caatara eqsperimenti poloneTSi germanu-
lenovan skolebSi (msgavsi cda Caatares iaponi-
aSi inglisurenovan skolebSic), profesorma
irakli faRavam ki – saqarTveloSi. aRmoCnda,
rom aramSobliur skolebSi bavSvebs arteriu-
li wneva ufro maRali hqondaT (kvira dRes ki
wneva normaluri aRmoaCndaT).
didi pedagogisa da moazrovnis k. uSinskis
azriT, aramSobliur enaze bavSvis aRzrada-ga-
naTleba uaryofiT gavlenas axdens mis goneb-
riv ganviTarebaze. iakob gogebaSvili dedaenas
uwodebda ,,gonebis bunebiTs iaraRs~. a.wereTe-
li werda, rom XIX saukuneSi pedagogebma SeniS-
nes, vinc dedaena da qarTuli wera-kiTxva ico-
da rusuls ukeT swavlobda, rusulad swavlis
dros ki bavSvebs goneba uClungdebodaT. ,,es
rom gaigo voroncovma, brZana, qarTveli ymawvi-
lebisTvis jer, pirvel xanebSi, dedaena eswav-
lebinaT da mere gadaeyvanaT ucxoze~. ilia Wav-
WavaZe Tavis publicictur werilSi ,,b-n ianov-
skis werilis gamo~ werda: ,,udedaenod gonebis
22
gaxsna bavSvisa yovlad SeuZlebelia. maSin sko-
la gonebis gaxsnis saxsari ki ar aris, gonebis
daCagvrisaa, gonebis daxSvisa da daTrgunvisa,
gaTaxsirebisa~.
ufro metic, qarTvelma lingvistma, fone-
tistma prof. z. jafariZem eqsperimentulad daa-
dastura, rom adamianis metyvelebis pirveli
niSnebi Cvil bavSvebSic arsebobs. sxvadasxva
erovnebis (kerZod, qarTvel da rus) axalSo-
bilTa tirilis SedarebiT man gamoavlina sru-
liad moulodneli da sensaciuri faqti: maTi
tirilis maxasiaTeblebSi gansxvaveba yofila,
e.i. Turme isini gansxvavebulad tirian. es daa-
dastura specialurma aparaturamac da xan-
grZlivma auditorulma analizma. mecnierma es
faqti axsna qarTulisa da rusulis cnobili
fonetikuri TaviseburebebiT da gamoitana eWvmi-
utaneli daskvna, rom mSobliuri enis sawarmoT-
qmo CvevaTa Canasaxi axalSobilsac aqvs.
aSS-Si, SvedeTsa da ruseTSi fsiqologebi-
sa da lingvistebis cdebiT dadasturda, rom
dedis namReri `iavnana~ da bavSvTan specialu-
rad moCleqiT, alersiT laparaki xels uwyobs
misi Semecnebis ganviTarebas, dedaenis foneti-
kuri struqturisa da saerTod unar-Cvevebis
swraf aTvisebas. ucxoeTSi Caatares cda, Tu ra
zegavlenas axdens ZuZumwovara bavSvze dedaena-
ze saubari. aRmoCnda, rom bavSvi gacilebiT in-
tensiurad wovs ZuZus, roca mas deda esaubreba
dedaenaze da ara – romelime ucxo enaze [8, 32,
33].
23
sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs dedaenis mov-
las, masze zrunvas. zogma adamianma, poliglot-
ma, SeiZleba icodes 8, 10, 20, 40 an meti enac ki,
magram dedaenis msgavsad verc erTs ver daeuf-
leba, siRrmiseul niuansebs ver Caswvdeba da Zi-
riTadad mainc mSobliur enaze iazrovnebs. di-
di ilia ambobda: `ena adamianisa, misi sityviere-
ba mTeli xelTuqmneli istoriaa, erisa calke
da kacobriobisa sazogadod~. marTlac qar-
Tveli xalxis istoria, erovnuli fsiqologia
da uZvelesi tradiciebi ukufenilia qarTul
enaSi. masSi gamoxatulia Cveni xalxis suli, ig-
rZnoba gardasul saukuneTa sunTqva, Cans Sore-
ul winaparTa msoflaRqma, radgan enaSi Cadebu-
lia qarTveli eris genetikuri kodi, romelic
memkvidreobiT gadaecema.
absurdulia ori mSobliuri enis qadageba.
sxva ena adamianisaTvis verasodes gaxdeba deda-
ena. rac unda srulyofilad da zedmiwevniT
flobdes adamiani ucxour enas, is verasodes
Seucvlis dedaenas, romelic erovnebis burjad
iTvleba. dedaenaze didadaa damokidebuli ada-
mianis xasiaTis formireba da pirovnebis Camoya-
libeba [8, 34].
`qarTuli ena iseTive mdidaria da mraval-
ferovani, rogoric aris buneba kavkasionisa, sa-
dac erTs patara manZilze polusi, tropiki da
zomieri sartyeli erTad Seyrilan, sadac sau-
kuno TovliT Semosili mTis wverebi zevidan
dascqerian: broweuls, leRvs, vazs, limons,
forToxals da sxva tropikul mcenareulobas
24
da sadac ramdensac nabijs gadasdgam, imdens
axal suraTs Sexvdebi. qarTuli ena iseTive
mravalferovania, rogoric aris Cveni eris is-
toria, warsuli cxovreba, savse mravalgvaris
moqmedebiTa, TvisebiTa, azrovnebiTa, didi sixa-
ruliTa, Zlieri mwuxarebiTa, da romelic war-
moadgens imgvars Rrmas da dausrulebels dra-
mas, rom asi Seqspiric ver amoswuravda mas Zi-
ramdis~.
amas werda iakob gogebaSvili XIX saukune-
Si da mouwodebda xalxs wmindad daecvaT es
burji erovnebisa. maSin Cveni ena autanel devna-
sa da Seviwroebas ganicdida. dauRalavi brZo-
liTa da mondomebiT rom ar exsnaT Cvens did
mwerlebs, vin icis, iqneb saSinel safrTxeSic
Cavardniliyo. aseTi didi brZoliTa da saTuTi
movliT gamoutarebia Cveni ena saukuneebis man-
Zilze, saSinel qarcecxlsa da gaWirvebaSi. Cve-
ni mravaltanjuli mSromeli xalxi zepirsit-
yvaobiT gadmoscemda xolme Taobebs saocari
sxartulobiTa da iumoriT momxiblav zRapreb-
sa da gmirul Tqmulebebs, Cveni didi mwignobre-
bi Rameebs texdnen da mbJutavi sanTlis mqrqal
Suqze sasoebiT gamohyavdaT lamazi qarTuli
anbani, qmnidnen udides erovnul sibrZnes; er-
Txel gadawerils kidev aTasjer werdnen da
mkacri saukuneebis wyvdiadSi, – rogorc erTa-
derT Svebasa da nugeSs, gawamebuli sulis ma-
lamosa da vaJkacuri simxnis wyaros, romelic
gaurkveveli momavlis gzas unaTebdaT, – Taobi-
25
dan Taobebs gadascemdnen xolme am sanukvar Ci-
raRdans [17, 381-382].
qarTulma Semogvinaxa da gadaarCina berZnu-
li, bizantiuri, sparsuli da arabuli mwerlo-
bis ZeglTa Targmanebi, romelTa dednebic da-
kargula (ipolite romaelis, mitrofanes da
sxv.). magaliTad, sparsuli romanis `vis o rami-
nis~ sparsuli teqstis dasadgenad iSvelieben
mis brwyinvale Targmans qarTulad (`visrami-
ans~).
da kvlav aRvniSnavT, rom veraviTar ucxo
enas ver iswavlis kaci ise srulyofilad, ro-
gorc dedaenas, e.i. im enas romliTac metyvele-
bas iwyebs. amitomac ar aris marTebuli zogier-
Ti mSoblis gadawyvetileba, rom Svili araqar-
Tul skolaSi miabaros, im motiviT, TiTqos
qarTuls isedac iswavlis, da kidev erTi zedme-
ti ena ecodinebaT. faqtiurad bavSvi verc erT
enas ver iTvisebs safuZvlianad, mas aRarc erTi
dedaena ara aqvs. ucxo enis swavla saWiroa da
aucilebeli. uamisod adamiani ver miiRebs
srulyofil ganaTlebas. magram ucxo enis Ses-
wavla unda xdebodes paralelurad, mSoblebisa
da maswavleblebis didi mecadineobiTa da gul-
modginebiT [17, 480-481].
rogorc didi indoeli moRvawe m a h a T m
a g a n d i miuTiTebs: mSoblebi, romlebic
TavianT Svilebs dabadebidan ucxo enaze `az-
rovnebasa da laparaks aswavlian, Svilebsac Ra-
latoben da samSoblosac. isini Svilebs Tavian-
Ti eris sulier da socialur memkvidreobas
26
akargvineben da, amdenad, qveynis samsaxurisaT-
vis gamousadegars xdian~ [18, 278]. didi mamuliS-
vili aseve aRniSnavda: `ramxela tragediaa qvey-
nisTvis, rom ucxo ena misi oficialuri enaa,
xolo mSobliur enas tabu adevs da viRac Sem-
TxveviTi adamianis mier oficialur viTarebaSi
mSobliur enaze sityvis warmoTqma misaloci
xdeba~ [18, 389].
Cveni didi winaprebi SesaniSnavad xvdebod-
nen dedaenis mniSvnelobas erovnuli TviTmyofa-
dobisa da meobis SesanarCuneblad, erTianobis
gansamtkiceblad. uZveles qarTvelebTan Cven
gvakavSirebs mxolod ena, romelic Cvens Tavze
datrialebuli mravali qartexilisa da ubedu-
rebis mowmea. varlam Tofuria werda: `qarTul
enaSi asaxulia, rogorc es yvela enaSi xdeba
xolme, misi Semqmneli eris warsuli, awmyo da
momavali, misi zneobrivi da gonebrivi cxovre-
ba~, radgan `ena aris xalxis meobis ZiriTadi
niSani~ (arn. Ciqobava). TiToeulma dampyrobelma
Semoitana enaSi Tavisi sityvebi (romauli, ber-
Znuli, sparsuli, arabuli, Turquli...), magram
qarTulma SeZlo am zewolis mogerieba, ar ga-
dagvarebula, SeinarCuna Tavisi saxe da funqcia.
marTlac, qarTul enaze ufro Zvirfasi sa-
unje qarTvel kacs ar gaaCnia. erTi ubralo
sityvis sikvdilic ki, misi gadagvareba da gada-
Seneba, kacis sikvdiliviT aris... rioni ra rioni
iqneba, an ra iqneba kaxeTis zvari, Tu iq rusTa-
velis enas ver gaigoneb.
27
muxran maWavarianis sityvebi gavixsenoT:
`qarTuli marto enaa?!
qarTuli qarTvelT rwmenaa,
RmerTia! bedisweraa!
zRva roa! –
imodenaa!~
didi xani araa, rac gangaSis zarad gaisma
am SesaniSnavi poetis sityvebi:
`ki magram...
RmerTi aRaraa?!
bnela? –
qarTuli iqneb vinmes norCi hgonia ena!!~ [19,
88].
iakob gogebaSvilis `ai iaTi~ aRzrdilebs
TiTqos aRar unda gvWirdebodes gamofxizleba
da imis Sexseneba, rom moyvrad mosuli mteri
ufro saSiSia!
sityva `ucxo~ ar unda gvxiblavdes da gvab-
rmavebdes, rom ar wagvlekos inglisurma sit-
yvebma, rusicizmebma, vulgarulma gamoTqmebma,
Jargonma da bilwsityvaobam. ucxouri enebiT
modurma gatacebam mSobliuri ar unda dagva-
viwyos da udierad mopyroba ar gagvabedvinos.
didma iakobma dedaenas uwoda `burji erov-
nebisa~, amitomac aRmarTes `dedaenis~ Zegli sa-
qarTveloSi, magram qarTuls sWirdeba movla,
patronoba enis winaSe, rom vweroT da vimetyve-
loT daxvewili qarTuliT, vikiTxoT bevri da
gavamdidroT sityvaTa maragi [8, 4-5].
28
gogebaSvilis `dedaena~ saqarTvelos Sem-
kvreli wigni aRmoCnda. man Tavis droze mTeli
amer-imeri gaaerTiana. mas Semdeg ki, rac misi
saswavlo programidan amovardna daiwyo, dedae-
nam aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia dakarga. iuneskos
monacemebiT `dedaena~ safrTxis winaSea. marTa-
lia, qarTul enas gaqrobis safrTxe jerjero-
biT ar emuqreba, magram, roca ena tradiciebs
Sordeba da ucxour gamoTqmebs iTavsebs, sakon-
taqto enad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos missave te-
ritoriaze. swored amitom iuneskom 2003 wels
konvencia miiRo aramaterialuri kulturuli
memkvidreobis dacvis Sesaxeb. metad mniSvnelo-
vania, rom `ai ias~ principma 1960 wels qalaq ka-
rakasSi aRiareba miiRo, rogorc erT-erTma sau-
keTeso modelma.
rac Seexeba axal saanbane wignebs, isini uc-
xo enis swavlebis meTodzea gaTvaliswinebuli
da Zaladobis faqtebs Seicavs. maTi Sinaarsi
qarTul mentalitets ar miesadageba. es fsiqo-
logebma, lingvistebma da pedagogebma daaskvnes.
swored am daskvnis Semdeg mimarTes ganaTlebis
saministros, rom `deda ena~ skolebSi dabrune-
buliyo rogorc saxelmZRvanelo da rogorc
swavlebis meTodi. dRes gavrcelebul saanbane
wignebSi xan asoa gamotovebuli, xan 12-is nac-
vlad 32 weria da a.S.
`rwyili da WianWvelac~ ki sapirispiro men-
talobiT iswavleba, Tuki originali nawarmoebi
bavSvebs megobrobasa da gaWirvebulis gverdSi
dogmas aswavlis, gadakeTebuli nawarmoebi sru-
29
liad sapirispiros unergavs maT. magaliTad,
ormoSi Cavardnili adamianisa da gamvlelis
dialogi aseTia: gciva? – mciva. geSinia? – meSi-
nia. xeli gaqvs? – maqvs. Tvali gaqvs? – maqvs. ma-
Sin Sen TviTon amodio. faqtia, mozardebs gan-
sacdelSi myofi adamianis mitovebas unergaven.
Zaladobis Semcvel nawarmoebebSi, magaliTad,
aRwerilia, bavSvebma rogor dalies limonaTi
daukiTxavad, rogor Caasxes masSi wyali, rogor
gauries wiwaka da daalevines mamas, romlis re-
aqciazec isini xalisoben.
fsiqologebis SefasebiT, zemoxsenebuli na-
warmoebebi bavSvebze uaryofiT fsiqologiur
zewolas axdens da maT mcdar aratradiciul
mentalobas uyalibebs. maSin, roca iakob goge-
baSvilis `deda ena~ mozards cnobierebasa da
msoflmxedvelobas qarTul tradiciebze, qar-
Tul mentalitetsa da Rirebulebebze dayrdno-
biT uviTarebs [20, 10].
Tbilisis mosaxleoba mudam Wreli da mra-
valferovani iyo, magram igi yovelTvis Tavisi
eniT metyvelebda: es iyo qalaquri ena. qarTuli
enis bgeraSi xSirad ismoda arabul-sparsuli,
somxuri sityvebi, magram es sityvebi yovelTvis
Sesisxlxorcebuli iyo qarTuli enis cocxal
gamoTqmasTan. Tbilisma frTxilad `moanaruqa~
sxvadasxva eris waxnagovani sityvebi da misca
Taviseburi eSxi da mzeosnoba. TandaTanobiT es
sityvebi imdenad Secvlila da xSirad qarTuli
gamoTqmisaTvis ise Snoianad gakeTebula, rom am
leqsikas verc sparsuli da verc sxva romelime
30
eri mxolod Tavis sakuTrebad veRar miiCnevs
[21, 132]. magram dRes ra xdeba dedaqalaqSi? ai,
ramdenime magaliTi:
,,marSrutkaSi~ ori Tineijeri erTmaneTs
emSvidobeba
– damiqolinge, ra!
– ofkorsunebii!
mZRoli Suaxnis mamakacia, aSkarad Semcbari
da gaognebuli Cans, verafers xvdeba. TargmanSi
misTvis nacnob enaze asea: amerikuli ,,damiqo-
linge” rusul – qarTul slengze ,,damizvano-
ke~, xolo ,,ofkorsunebi~ – ,,kaneSna, to~.
mTlianobaSi ki slengis pirveli nawili
qarTulad ,,gTxov, damireke~ – d iTargmneba, me-
ore ki – ,,ra Tqma unda~ – d.
Suaxnis mZRolebi iqiT iyos da, erT-erT in-
ternetforumze axalgazrda avtomoyvarulebs
didi msjeloba hqondaT gamarTuli – ra hqvia
,,pavarotniks~ qarTulad. zogi werda, rom –
cimcima, zogi – moxvevis maniSnebelio. avtosag-
zao moZraobis wesebis TeoriaSi ,,pavarotniki~
moxvevis Suqura-maCvenebelia. avtosaxelosnoSi,
anu ,,profilaktikaSi~ ki ,,JeStianCiks~, ,,eleq-
triks~, ,,xadaviks~ da ,,dverSiks~ ufro advilad
miagnebT, vidre meTunuqes, eleqtrobis an sava-
li nawilebis SemkeTebels. iqneb ukanac gamo-
gabrunon: ,,ara genacvale, me JeStianCiki var, me-
Tunuqe aq saerTod ar gvyavso~.
Cvens realobaSi damkvidrebuli slengebis
aseTi simravle rusulis an CvenSi esoden ase
gapopularebuli inglisuris codniT ganpirobe-
31
buli araa. qarTuli enis mesveurni amas mSob-
liuri enis mimarT upativcemulobas uwodeben.
aRniSnuli sakiTxi, raRa Tqma unda, loka-
luri sulac ar aris da mxolod avtomoyvaru-
lebiT, mgzavrebiT, TineijerebiTa da avtoSemke-
TeblebiT ar Semoifargleba. Cvens sinamdvileSi
es ufro globaluri sakiTxia.
am Temaze Jurnalistebic sakmaod xSirad
scodaven (gnebavT – presisa, gnebavT – televi-
ziis).
magaliTisTvis, ratom ,,musirebs~ qarTul
telesivrceSi yoveli siuJetis nabijze sityva
,,musirebs~?
an ras niSnavs sruliad gaumarTavi da
alogikuri fraza – `arc uaryofs da arc adas-
turebs~? mxolod qarTul telearxebze SeiZle-
ba Sexvde avtomanqanis markas ,,biemdabliu~, xo-
lo ruseTis premiers yovelgvari Radaobis ga-
reSe ,,puwini~ uwodo [22, 15].
presa udidesi zemoqmedebis mqonea, magram
rogorc adidebuli mdinaris niaRvari STan-
Tqavs da anadgurebs napirze yvelafers, zustad
aseve, emsaxureba ngrevas Tavis nebaze miSvebu-
li Jurnalistis kalami, magram kidev ufro me-
ti zianis motana SeuZlia, Tuki mas vinmes kar-
naxiT marTaven [18, 254].
,,mteroba enis, ars mtroba qveynis” – wminda
ilia marTalma brZana da ra gamodis? yoveli
fexis nabijze sakuTari qveynis ,,mtroba~ gvi-
wevs. amis dasamtkiceblad rusTavelis gamzirze
erTi uwyinari gaseirnebac sakmarisia. dawvri-
32
lebiT ar CamovTvliT im maRaziebsa Tu kompani-
ebs, romelTac sakuTar abrebze mxolod ingli-
surenovani warwerebi amSvenebs.
kidev erTi kuriozuli faqti: samuSaos maZe-
barTaTvis aseTi gancxadeba iyo gamokruli –
maSveli sWirdebodaT, romelmac wyalSi dasax-
rCobad ganwiruli unda gadaarCinos. moTxovnebi
Sesabamisi iyo – 100 metris umokles vadaSi ga-
curva, sportuli aRnagoba, gamocdileba da... in-
glisuri enis srulyofili codna (?!), ese igi,
maSveli xedavs wyalSi mofarTxale subieqts,
romelsac wyali aqvs blomad naylapi, sawyalob-
lad iqnevs xel-fexs da yviris `helf, helf~!
qarTvelma maSvelma, inglisuri Tu ar icis, arc
xels gaanZrevs da yursac ar gaabartyunebs, sa-
napirodan fexsac ar moicvlis [22, 15].
rogorc gvaxsovs rusuli enis codnisTvis
msgavsi araferi gaukeTebiaT bolSevikebs [10,
25].
dimitri yifiani enas eris upirveles niSnad
Tvlida. misi azriT `ukeTu romelime xalxi
enas kargavs, amiT kargavs Tavis saxesa da arse-
bobas. mSobliur ena miviwyebul xalxs ar SeiZ-
leba xalxis saxeli ewodos~ [23, 26-27].
cxadia, `mTeli tragizmi da saSineleba im
erovnebis mdgomareobisa, romelsac aZaleben mi-
si fsiqiuri bunebisaTvis sruliad ucxo da Se-
usabameli enis terminebSi iazrovnos. tragizmi
norCi Taobisa, romelic iZulebulia Tavisi
axali frTagaSlili azrovneba sxvis mier Seq-
mnils kalapotSi Casvas~ [24, 160].
33
dRes msoflios bevr universitetSi SemoRe-
bulia qarTuli enis kursi, aswavlian Zvel qar-
Tul literaturas, eTnografias. yovelive es
mowmobs, rom sakmaod didia interesi qarTuli
enisadmi msoflioSi da cdiloben Rrmad Cas-
wvdnen am uaRresad rTul, magram Zalze sainte-
reso da enaTmecnieruli TvalsazrisiT metad
mniSvnelovan enas [8, 114]. gavixsenoT, rom XIX
saukunis 40-iani wlebidan ruseTSi saintereso
movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme. garkveuli politiku-
ri mosazrebiT, mTavrobis dadgenilebiT 1848-
1867 wlebSi peterburgSi qarTuls aswavlidnen
yvela saswavlebelSi., sadac ki kavkasielebi
iRebdnen ganaTlebas.
peterburgis da saerTod, ruseTis pirveli
qarTveli profesori iyo daviT CubinaSvili,
leqsikografi, enaTmecnieri, literaturaTmcod-
ne, romelic iqve ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg, 27
weli kiTxulobda leqciebs mis mier daarsebul
qarTuli enisa da sityvierebis kaTedraze. imave
kaTedris Semdegi gamge iyo a. cagareli, rome-
lic 46 weli msaxurobda [25, 44-45].
metad mniSvnelovania, rom iseT zesaxelmwi-
foSi, rogoric amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia
qarTuli enis swavleba 1986 wlidan daiwyo. man
amde igi iswavleboda sporadulad, erTi an ori
semestris ganmavlobaSi da, rogorc wesi, am
kursebis msmeneli iyo TiTo-orola, umTavresad
lingvistikiT dainteresebuli studenti.
1971-1972 saswavlo wels Camoyalibda qarTu-
li enis Semswavleli pirveli jgufi indianis
34
universitetis mTavar filialSi, romelic am
Statis qalaq blumingtonSi mdebareobs. am saq-
mis iniciatorad mogvevlina slavuri enebisa da
literaturis ganyofilebis dekani, profesori
uiliam ejertoni. pirvel jgufSi Sediodnen
ara ubralod damwyebi studentebi, aramed sami
profesori, batoni ejertonis CaTvliT da ori
aspiranti [26, 80]. qarTuli enis Seswavlas ar-
Tulebda is garemoeba, rom specialurad ingli-
surenovani msmenelisTvis gaTvlili raime sa-
xelmZRvanelo ar arsebobda. es, bunebrivia, ar
iyo gasakviri, vinaidan dasavleTSi qarTuli
enis akademiuri formiT swavlebis precedenti
TiTqmis ar yofila. erTaderT gamonakliss war-
moadgenda XX saukunis 40-iani wlebis bolos,
SveicariaSi, ciurixis universitetSi, moRvawe
SesaniSnavi lingvistis, kita Cxenkelis mier
Seqmnili qarTvelologiuri centri. misi sami
erTguli studenti qalis monawileobiT man Se-
adgina da 1958 wels germanul enaze gamosca
dRes ukve kargad cnobili qarTuli enis saxel-
mZRvanelo or tomad [26, 81].
sabednierod, amerikaSi qarTul enas moev-
lina energiuli da WeSmaritad Tavdadebuli
propagandisti, Cikagos universitetis profeso-
ri, h a u a r d a r o n s o n i, romlis damsa-
xureba amerikeli studentebis qarTuli eniT da
saqarTveloTi dainteresebaSi fasdaudebelia.
swored man Cauyara safuZveli qarTuli enis
sistematur swavlebas amerikis SeerTebul Sta-
tebSi. profesor aronsons indianis universi-
35
tetSi hqonda miRebuli diplomi da Semdgom, sa-
mociani wlebis bolos, ukve aspirantma, erTi
saswavlo weli moskovSi gaatara da saqarTve-
losac estumra. aqedan iwyeba mis mier qarTuli
gramatikis fundamenturi Seswavla da Semdgom,
samocdaaTian wlebSi misi lingvistur-Teoriu-
li kuTxiT swavleba Cikagos universitetis
slavuri enebisa da literaturis kaTedraze. mi-
si studentebi iyvnen dRes kargad cnobili qar-
Tvelologebi: alisa harisi, qevin tuiti da di
holiski, romlebsac dResac mWidro kavSiri
aqvT saqarTvelosTan.
ukanaskneli 7-8 wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTu-
li eniT daintereseba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda.
dRes igi iswavleba amerikis ramdenime universi-
tetsa da kolejSi, agreTve specialuri daniS-
nulebis saxelmwifo saswavleblebSi; magram ne-
bismier am dawesebulebaSi qarTuli enis kursi
ar aris stacionaruli; kursis gaxsna damokide-
bulia studentebis dainteresebaze da amitom
mas umTavresad droebiTi xasiaTi aqvs. sistema-
turad ki, ukve oc welze metia, rac igi mxo-
lod indianis universitetis sazafxulo skola-
Si iswavleba [26, 83].
qarTul enas ukvdavebis garantias is gare-
moebac aZlevs, rom am enaze werdnen rusTaveli,
sulxan-saba, daviT guramiSvili, ilia, akaki, va-
Ja, galaktioni, gamsaxurdia. Cveni eris am wmin-
da mamaTa Txzulebebis originalSi wakiTxva
yovelTvis iqneba civilizebuli moqalaqis sur-
vili da ocneba [14, 636].
36
dasavleT evropaSi, mxolod renesansma ga-
moaRviZa erovnuli TviTSegneba. warmoSva lite-
ratura xalxur enaze da laTinuri enis bato-
nobam Sewyvita Tavisi arseboba [27, 15]. swored
renesansis epoqaSi warmoiSva erovnuli enebi da
adgilobrivi dialeqtebisa da laTinuris nac-
vlad, gaformda xalxuri literaturuli enebi.
XVI saukunis pirveli naxevris dasasruls daiw-
yes am enebis gamarTleba da qeba. J. diu belem
dawera traqtati `dacva da qebai frangulisa
enisa~ [27, 38]. sagulisxmoa, rom pirvelad in-
glisuri sityva inglisis parlamentSi 1362
wels gaisma. 1731 wlamde ki sasamarTlo proce-
si laTinur enaze mimdinareobda [28, 65]. jorj I
inglisuri ena ar icoda da Tarjimanis saSua-
lebiT amyarebda urTierTobas Tavis ministreb-
Tan. misi Svilic, jorj II (1727-1760) inglisSi
Tavs ucxoelad grZnobda. enis ucodinarobis
gamo, mefe ver Tavmjdomareobda saidumlo sab-
Wos, Semdeg ki saerTod ar eswreboda mis sxdo-
mebs [28, 73-74).
Tu me mxolod saxlSi an metad viwro wre-
Si vlaparakob Cems enaze da vcxovrob Cemi kul-
turis principebiT (matriciT), xolo arsad
sxvagan ar mWirdeba, arcerT socialur, ekono-
mikur Tu politikur doneze, ramdenime Taobis
Semdeg am enaze aRaravin ilaparakebs. amis maga-
liTi mravlad arsebobs istoriaSi [29, 110].
Cven rodesac viyaviT imperiis nawili, impe-
riaSi ki iyo ena, romelic iTvleboda sakavSiro
komunikaciis enad, maSin qarTul enas Cven rusu-
37
lis eqspansiisagan vicavdiT. im dros ruseTSi
wignebic ki gamodioda imis Sesaxeb, rom saqar-
TveloSi rusuli enis gavrcelebasa da damkvid-
rebas xels is uSlis, rom qveyanaSi Zalin Zlie-
ria qarTuli enis poziciebi. qarTulad iTar-
gmneboda sazRvargareTis klasikosi mwerlebis
nawarmoebebi. specialuri mTargmnelobiTi ko-
legia iyo Seqmnili amisTvis. gamdioda uamravi
leqsikoni. es ki aZlierebda qarTuli enis dac-
vas imperiis e.w. xalxTaSorisi enis winaSe. ga-
suli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan viTareba icvle-
ba. saqarTvelo xdeba damoukidebeli qveyana.
aRaravis eSinia, rom romeliRac ena saqarTve-
loSi qarTul enas daCagravs da konkurencias
gauwevs. magram globalizaciis pirobebSi dadga
sakiTxi – qarTvel kacs ra enaze hmarTebs komu-
nikacia gare samyarosTan. daiwyo procesi, rome-
lic TandaTan rusuls saqarTveloSi anacvlebs
inglisuriT. amaSi araferia sagangaSo, Tu ki am
mimarTulebiT Cven TviTonve ar wavalT ise
Sors, rom qarTuli Cvens qveyanaSi ukana planze
gadaiwevs. movlenebis amgvarma ganviTarebam ki
zogierTebisTvis qarTul enaze sagangebo zrun-
va saeWvodac ki SeiZleba gaxados.
yuradReba unda mieqces erT garemoebasac.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Cvens qveyanaSi inglisu-
ris sakomunikacio SesaZleblobebis gamomyene-
belTa raodenoba ganuxrelad izrdeba, dRes
qarTvelebis absoluturi umetesoba am enas ar
flobs imdenad, rom inglisuri teqstis kiTxvi-
sas, anu inglisurenovani mwerlis nawarmoebis
38
mxatvrul Rirsebebs eziaros. Sesabamisad, sazo-
gadoebis didi nawilisaTvis inglisurma rusu-
li mxolod elementarul, praqtikul-gamoyene-
biT doneze Caanacvla.
inglisuris aRzeveba qarTulis uflebebis
SezRudvis xarjze erisTvis damRupvelia. mar-
Talia, dRes inglisuri ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso
enaa, magram veravin ityvis, ra iqneba naxevari an
erTi saukunis Semdeg. gamoricxuli araa misi
adgili Cinurma an romelime sxva aziurma enam
daikavos. amitom movuaroT qarTul enas, romel-
mac aTaswleulebis manZilze mravali saerTaSo-
riso enis konkurencias gauZlo da dRemde qar-
Tvelobis burjs warmoadgens [30, 17].
39
qarTuli enisa da damwerlobis
saTaveebTan
qarTuli ena cocxal enaTa Soris erT-erTi
uZvelesia msoflioSi, am sityvis pirdapiri da
ara metaforuli gagebiT: saerTo-qarTveluri
fuZe-ena Tanaarsebobda sivrcesa da droSi sa-
erTo-indoevropul da saerTo-semitur fuZe-
enebTan, razedac cocxlad metyvelebs enobrivi
kontaqtebis Sedegad urTierTnasesxobaTa pov-
niereba fuZe-enaTa qronologiur doneze; saer-
To-qarTveluri fuZe-enis istoriulad dadastu-
rebul enebad diferenciaciis, ufro zustad,
saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe-enidan qarTuli enis
gamoyofis TariRad, enobrivi monacemebis, maT
Soris enobrivi kontaqtebis kvalis mixedviT, Zv.
w. V-IV aTaswleulebis mijna unda iqnes miRebu-
li. am periodidan iwyeba sakuTriv qarTuli
enis damoukidebeli istoria. qarTuli enis gan-
sakuTrebul siZveleze metyvelebs enobrivi kon-
taqtebis mravalricxovani faqtebi [31, 9].
qarTuli ena Tavisi leqsikuri Semadgenlo-
biT da wyobiT, mis monaTesave sxva adgilobriv
kavkasiur enebTan erTad, gansxvavdeba yvela Ta-
namedrove evropuli da aziuri enebisagan. gamo-
nakliss warmoadgens mxolod baskuri ena bas-
koniaSi.
qarTuli ena xasiaTdeba Semdegi niSnebiT: 1.
konsonansebis siWarbe; 2. gramatikuli sqesis
uqonloba. qarTulma, iseve rogorc zogierTma
sxva kavkasiurma enam (afxazuri da yabardouli)
40
klas-kategoriebad dayofa ar Semoinaxa; 3. sa-
xelTa brunvis formebi aRiniSneba damatebiTi
marcvliT; 4. zmnebi iyofa subiqturad da obieq-
turad; arsebobs pasiuri konstruqcia; 6. zmnis
saxe, ricxvi, dro, piri gamosaxuli prefiqsebi-
Ta da sufiqsebiT; 7. zogierTi zmniszeda ib-
runvis. qarTvelur enaTa jgufSi Sedis: sakuT-
riv qarTuli, megrul-lazuri (Wanuri) da svanu-
ri, romelTac aqvT rigi dialeqtebi. enaTa am
jgufs enaTesaveba wina aziis mravali Zveli ena
da xmelTaSua zRvis auzis enebi [32, 16-17].
varaudoben, rom qaTul fuZeenas (preqar-
Tuls anu winareqarTuls) pirvelad gamoeyo
svanuri, daaxloebiT aTasi wlis Semdeg ki gai-
yo megrul-Wanuri da qarTulic. es dadasturda
leqsikur-statistikuri anu glotoqronologiu-
ri meTodiTac.
qarTvelolog giorgi klimovis azriT, sva-
nuris gamoyofa saerTo qarTveluri fuZeenidan
dawyebula Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Semdeg, qarTu-
lisa da zanuris diferenciacia ki – Zv.w. III sa-
ukuneSi.
Tamaz gamyreliZe da givi maWavariani pir-
vel movlenas aTariReben Zv.w. X saukuniT, qar-
Tul-zanuris gayofas ki axali welTaRricxvis
mijniT.
varaudoben, rom 4-5 aTasi wlis winaT qar-
Tuli, megrul-Wanuri da svanuri qarTveluri
fuZeenis dialeqtebi yofilan, Semdeg ki Camoya-
libebulan enebad. Zveli qarTuli ufro axlo-
saa fuZeenasTan, vidre dRevandeli qarTveluri
41
enebi. arqauli formebis rekonstruqciisaTvis
Zalze faseulia zanurisa da svanuris monaceme-
bi. samwuxarod, werilobiTi Zeglebis ararsebo-
ba am enebze SeuZlebels xdis maTi arqauli sa-
xis aRdgenas [8, 49].
qarTuli kultura da ena saqarTvelos yve-
la mkvidrisTvis saerToa. qarTveluri enebis
naTesaoba, erTiani warmomavloba damtkicebulia
regularuli kanonzomieri bgeraTSesatyviso-
biT, rac TvalsaCinoa aramecnierisTvisac ki.
qarTveluri tomebis naTesaobis dasadgenad gan-
sakuTrebiT faseulia toponimika, gasaTvaliswi-
nebelia am enebis fonematuri, morfologiuri,
sintaqsuri sistemebi, leqsikuri masala [8, 50].
qarTuli enis fiqsirebuli istoriis peri-
odizaciaze aris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, romlis
mTavari mizezi qarTuli saliteraturo enis up-
recedento konservatulobaa. Zveli qarTuli da
axali qarTuli ar warmoadgenen or sxvadasxva
enas, rogorc magaliTad Zveli berZnuli da
axali berZnuli, laTinuri da italiuri an Zve-
li somxuri (grabari) da axali (aSxarabari) da
sxv. q a r T u l i s a l i t e r a t u r o
e n a e r T i e n a a: saukuneTa manZilze Zve-
li qarTuli axali qarTuliT Seicvala: cvla
daetyo leqsikasa da gramatikas, magram es
cvlileba, metadre gramatikuli sistema mosa-
lodnelze mcirea: ara Tu vefxistyaosani, ara-
med ,,grigol xanZTelis cxovreba” da ,,SuSani-
kis wameba” (XI saukunis teqsti) TiTqmis sru-
lad gasagebia axlandeli kulturuli mkiTxve-
42
lisaTvis. magram periodizacia xom swored er-
Ti enis istorias sWirdeba. ori sxvadasxva enis,
magaliTad, laTinurisa da italiuris istori-
ebs, cxadia, erTi, saerTo periodizacia ver eq-
neba [31, 13].
qarTuli saliteraturo enis safuZveli
gaxda qarTuli zedialeqtikuri koine – dedaqa-
laqis metyveleba. sruliad saqarTvelos pirve-
li dedaqalaqi – mcxeTa – koine – dedaqalaqis
metyveleba. sruliad saqarTvelos pirveli de-
daqalaqi – mcxeTa – Tavisi mdgomareobis stra-
tegiuli mniSvnelobis gamo, jer kidev farnava-
zis mier calkeul qarTul politikur erTeul-
Ta erT saxelmwifod gaerTianebamde, kavkasiis
umniSvnelovanes ekonomikur da kulturul
centrs warmoadgenda, is akontrolebda samxreT
kavkasiaSi gamaval saqaravno gzaTa umravleso-
bas, maT Soris e.w. ,,abreSumis gzas”, romlis
funqcionirebac, rogorc savaWro-satranzito
magistralisa, arqeologiuri monacemebis Tanax-
mad, jer kidev brinjaos xanaSi unda dawyebu-
liyo; akontrolebda agreTve, zafxulisa da
zamTris saZovrebze cxvris gadasarek trasebs,
rasac kavkasiis ekonomikisTvis tradiciulad
hqonda gadamwyveti mniSvneloba. am mizezTa ga-
mo xalxmraval antikur da elinistur mcxeTaSi
qarTvelebTan erTad ramdenime angariSgasawevi
diaspora binadrobda: ebraelTa, sparsTa, ber-
ZenTa, somexTa da sxv. mcxeTaSi isini kompaqtu-
rad, ubnebad iyvnen dasaxlebulni. mcxeTeli
qarTvelebi, da es bunebrivia dedaqalaqisTvis,
43
sxvadasxva qarTuli tomebis konglomerats war-
moadgendnen, da mcxeTis metyvelebac, aqedan ga-
momdinare, erT romelime, maT Soris arc adgi-
lobriv dialeqts ar emTxveoda arc fonetiku-
ri Sedgenilobisa Tu procesebis, da arc leq-
sikis TvalsazrisiT. masSi warmodgenili iyo
mxolod is bgerebi, fonetikuri procesebi da
leqsika, rac saerTo iyo yvela imJamindeli qar-
Tuli dialeqtisTvis, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
dedaqalaqis metyvelebaSi calkeul dialeqtTa
specifika nivelirebuli iyo, anu mcxeTis met-
yveleba zedialeqtur Tu interdialeqtur koi-
nes warmoadgenda.
magram Tundac zedialeqtikuri, rogori
mdidari leqsikac ar unda hqondes mas, ver it-
virTavs saxelmwifo enis funqciebs, radgan mas-
Si ar moipoveba sakmarisi terminologiuri ba-
za, saxelmwifos funqcionirebis sakancelario-
administraciuli, diplomatiuri, samxedro, eko-
nomikuri, saganmanaTleblo, samecniero da sxva
sferoebisaTvis. marTalia qarTul enaSi moipo-
veba socialur struqturaTa Tu dasaxlebaTa
tipebis araerTi termini namemkvidrevi jer ki-
dev saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe-enidan, magram ter-
minTa es baza principuli xasiaTis Sefasebasa
da gadaxalisebas moiTxovda Tvisobrivad gan-
sxvavebuli epoqis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. qar-
Tuli enis saxelmwifo enad gamocxadebas win
uZRoda misi terminologiuri uzrunvelyofis
intensiuri procesi, romelic misi funqcionire-
44
bis yvela etapze Tansdevda mas da dRemde
grZeldeba [31, 9-10].
evropeli mecnierebi ukve XIX saukunis pir-
vel naxevarSi dainteresdnen kavkasiuri, kerZod,
qarTveluri, enebiT. cnobili enaTmecnieri
franc bopi (1791-1867ww.), 1847 wels gamoqveyne-
bul naSromSi ,,kavkasiis wevrebi indo-evropul
enaTa ojaxisa”, qarTvelur enebs (sakuTriv qar-
Tuls, megruls, lazurs da svanurs) uwodebs
,,iberiuls anu qarTuls”. avtori Sesaval na-
wilSi gadmogvcems rozenis, klaproTis, senmar-
tenis, broses Sexedulebebs qarTvelur enaTa
Sesaxeb da Semdeg asabuTebs sakuTar Tavlsaz-
riss.
franc bopis Sromis mizania cxadi gaxados,
rom enobrivi organizmis yvela nawilSi – sa-
xelTa fleqsiaSi, zedsarTavebSi, nacvalsaxe-
lebis fuZeebsa da brunebaSi, ricxviT saxeleb-
Si, agreTve zmnis uRvlilebaSi – pirTa, ric-
xvTa, droTa da kiloTa mixedviT – qarTuli
ena indoevropul enebTan naTesaobas avlens
(sanskritTan da sxv.).
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, bopis aRniSnul
naSromSi ar aris laparaki f o n e t i k u r
S e s a t y v i s o b a T a S e s a x e b; sa-
kiTxi ganxilulia mxolod m o r f o l o g i
i s a da l e q s i k i s CvenebaTa mixedviT.
miuvedavad imisa, rom bopis wignSi warmod-
genili enobrivi masala da Sedarebebi Tavis ar-
sebiT nawilSi damarwmunebeli ar aris, mainc
unda iTqvas, rom man gamoTqva rigi saintereso
45
da udavod swori dakvirveba, rasac garkveuli
mniSvneloba aqvs qarTuli enis morfologiis
kvlevis dargSi. bopis naSromis kritikuli ana-
lizi mogvca akademikosma mari brosem, miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom isic qarTuls indoevropuli ene-
bis monaTesaved Tvlida.
qarTuli enis genezisuri urTierToba sxva
ojaxis enebTan, ase dawvrilebiT, rogorc bopma
ganixila, arc adre ganuxilavs vinmes da arc –
Semdeg; am mxriv bopis cdas gansakuTrebuli ad-
gili uWiravs [1, 93]. rogorc davinaxeT, gar-
kveulwilad analogiuri debuleba warmoadgina
jer kidev 1834 wels didma frangma qarTvelo-
logma mari brosem. samagierod m. miuleri 1855
wels amtkicebda, rom kavkasiuri enebi Turanu-
li (e.i. Turqul-TaTruli) enebis Soreuli mo-
naTesaveni arian, xolo 1888 wlidan niko mari
cdilobda qarTveluri enebis semitur enebTan
monaTesaoba daesabuTebina. Semdgomma kvleva-Zie-
bam uciloblad gviCvena yvela am mtkicebis usa-
fuZvloba. ufro sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda
jer kidev 1864 wels gamoTqmuli debuleba (fr.
miuleri), rom kavkasiuri (,,iberul-kavkasiuri~)
enebi ar enaTesaveba arc indoevropulsa da arc
uralur-alTaur (Turqul-TaTrul) enaTa oja-
xebs, isini, baskurTan erTad, narCenia odesRac
mravalricxovan enaTa ojaxisa, romelic gav-
rcelebuli iyo kavkasiis miwa-wyalze da mis
samxreTiT jer kidev manam, sanam aq indoevropu-
li, semituri Tu uralur-alTauri enebi gav-
rceldebodnen. qarTveli mecnierebidan indoev-
46
ropulTan an TuranulTan naTesaobis winaaR-
mdeg erT-erTma pirvelma gailaSqra profesorma
aleqsandre cagarelma, romelmac qarTuli ase-
ve, calke gansxvavebuli jgufis naSTad miiCnia
[33, 327-328].
dRes gaziarebuli mtkicebulebis Tanaxmad,
qarTvelurs akuTvneben iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa
ojaxs. TviT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli zogi
ena sxva enaTa ojaxs ekuTvnis. amitom geografi-
uli cnebaa kavkasiis enebi, xolo genealogiuri
– kavkasiuri (an iberiul-kavkasiuri) enebi sadac
40-mde ena Sedis. mag., kavkasiaSi indoevropulia
somxuri (armenuli jgufis), osuri (iranuli
jgufis), rusuli, ukrainuli (slavuri jgufis),
berZnuli; Turqul – alTauria – azerbaijanu-
li [8, 20].
iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxSi Sedis ena-
Ta oTxi jgufi:
1. qarTveluri (qarTuli, zanuri anu meg-
rul-Wanuri, igive megrul-lazuri da
svanuri.
2. afxazur-adiReuli anu afsuur-adiReuri
(afxazuri qvejgufi: afxazuri anu afsu-
uri da abazuri; adiReuli qvejgufi:
adiReuri anu Cerqezuli, yabardouli da
ubixuri) 3. naxuri anu veinaxuri (CeCnuri, inguSuri,
qisturi, bacburi anu wovaTuSuri 4. daRestnuri (30-mde ena); daRestnurSi gamoiyofa oTxi qvejgufi:
47
a) xunZur-andiur-didouri; b) darguuli; g)
lakuri; d) lezgiuri.
daRestnuri enebia aseve: arCiuli, aRuluri,
axvaxuri, boTlixuri, bagulaluri, kapuWuri,
kartauli, kriwuli, kubaCuri, rutuluri, udi-
uri, tabasaranuli, waxuruli da sxv.
iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxSi yvelaze
Zveli da kulturuli enaa qarTuli, romelsac
werilobiTi Zeglebi moepoveba V saukunidan da
Teqvsmetsaukunovani literaturuli tradiciebi
aqvs.
kavkasiuri enebidan mxolod cxra enas aqvs
damwerloba, Seqmnili rusuli (slavur-kirilu-
ri) anbanis safuZvelze: afxazurs, abazurs, CeC-
nurs, inguSurs da xuT daRestnur enas – xun-
Zurs (avaruls), darguuls, lakurs, lezgiurs,
tabasaranuls. danarCeni umwerlobo enebia. ena-
Ta mravalricxovnobis gamo kavkasias ,,enaTa
mTas~ uwodeben [8, 47-48].
qarTuli anbani erT-erTi uZvelesi da
srulyofilia rogorc bgeraTa satyvisobis, ise
grafikuli moxazulobis TvalsazrisiT msof-
lios damwerlobis sistemaTa Soris. amas xazs
usvamdnen ucxoeli mecnierebi: ingliseli devid
marSal aleni, germaneli baron fon lixtenber-
gi, rusi petre uslari da sxv. anbanis daxvewi-
loba da srulyofileba ar gulisxmobs grafi-
kuli niSnebis garegnul silamazes. mTavari
isaa, rom qarTul anbanSi Tavidanve TiToeuli
aso Seesabameba calkeul sametyvelo bgeras –
fonemas da yvelgan erTnairad ikiTxeba.
48
Tanamedrove qarTulSi 33 aso da 33-ve bge-
raa, e.i. anbanSi srulyofiladaa asaxuli qar-
Tuli warmoTqmis (artikulaciis) mTeli simdid-
re. am mxriv arc erTi sxva anbani araa msofli-
oSi ase srulyofili [8, 84].
erovnuli damwerlobis kvlevisas gverdi
ar unda avuaroT umniSvnelovanes arqeologiur
masalebs, mopovebuls rogorc aRmosavleT sa-
qarTveloSi, ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze dadasturebuli
eneoliTuri da brinjaos kulturebis maRali
mxatvruli done, Salva amiranaSvilis azriT,
,,uTuod amtkicebs im garemoebas, rom Cveni qvey-
nis mosaxleobas damwerloba unda hqonoda~.
igive avtori Tvlis, rom amiranis goraze napov-
ni Tixis WurWeli, romelic zustad Zv.w. III
aTaswleuliT TariRdeba, Seicavs yuris qveS
amokawvris wesiT Sesrulebul aT gansxvavebul
niSans, WurWelze simetriulad gars Semovle-
buls, romlebic piqtografiuli xasiaTisaa da
adreuli xanis namdvili damwerlobis nimuSs
warmoadgens.
saqarTveloSi uZveles periodSi piqtogra-
fiuli damwerlobis arsebobas adasturebs ar-
qeologi boris kuftinic. igi ambobs, rom Tria-
leTis sifel oznSi napovni fiala Seicavs sim-
bolur niSnebs, romlebic warmoadgens piqtog-
rafiul damwerlobas da emsgavsebao proto-
elamur niSnebs. v. gobejiSvilis azriTac, es
niSnebi uZvelesi qarTveluri tomebis tabale-
49
bis (RESP. tibarenebis, iberebis) mier Seqmnili
xatovani damwerloba ariso [34, 34].
Zveli civilizaciis moTaveni – berZeni av-
torebi, romlebic erovnuli inteleqtis Zalmo-
silebiT galaRebulni, yvela araberZens barba-
ross uwodebdnen – maT gansakuTrebiT gamoarCi-
es kolxeTi da kolxebi. Cans, misi realuri sa-
fuZveli ucilod arsebobda. Tanac Zneli war-
mosadgeni iqneboda, rom berZen avtorTa mxriv
warmoCenili kolxuri kulturis umaRlesi do-
ne ar ganesazRvra sakuTriv samwerlo kultu-
ras. etyoba, faqtiurad es asec yofila. amas
kolxuri oqros sawmisis uZvelesi da adre Sua
saukuneebis berZnuli interpretaciebi amxels.
evstaTi Tesalonikelma (XII s.), romelmac
dionisios periegetis erT-erTi Txzuleba gan-
marta, xazgasmiT aRniSna: i x a r q s i [perga-
moneli] a m b o b s, rom oqros sawmisi iyo et-
ratebze aRnusxuli x e r x i o q r o d a m w
e r l o b i s a, romlis gamoco, amboben, ro-
gorc Rirssarwmunoa, ,,argos~ laSqroba moewyo~
[34, 27].
sxva berZen avtorebs, paralelurad, moepo-
vebaT iseTi cnobebi, romlebic ganamtkiceben
azrs kolxuri damwerlobis arsebobis Sesaxeb
TviT winaberZnul, kreta-mikenis zeobis xanaSi.
ase, magaliTad, apolonios rodoselis ,,argo-
navtikis” IV wignSi argosi, Ze friqsesa da aie-
tis asulis qalkiopesi, eladaSi mimaval argo-
navtebs mouTxrobs gadmocemas aia-kolxeTis da-
arsebis Sesaxeb da mis awindel viTarebasac uT-
50
valiswinebs, kerZod imas, rom kolxebs dResac
ki ,,Senaxuli aqvT TavianT mamapapaTagan n a w
e r i k v i r b e b i, romlebzec irgvliv mog-
zaurTaTvis naCvenebia zRvisa da xmeleTis yve-
la gza da sazRvari. cnobili mecnieri k.rite-
ri SeniSnavs, rom `kartografiuli xelovnebis
gamogonebis pativ-dideba sruliad ar ekuTvnis
mcire aziis berZnebs. igi, bevrad ufro adre,
xmarebaSi yofila kolxidelTa mogzaur vaWar-
Ta Soris~ [34, 29].
mkvlevarma vl. siWinavam `kirbebi~ (kvirbe-
bi), igive `kiribiSi~, daukavSira megrulSi Se-
morCenil leqsemas `kiribi~, rac `cxvars~ niS-
navs. am mosazrebas amagrebs Zv. w. IV-III ss. ber-
Zeni avtoris palefates Txzulebidan momdinare
cnoba, romelsac gadmogvcems anonimuri avtori
miTografiuli traqtatis erT-erT TavSi: `oq-
ros sawmisisaTvis~. aq naTqvamia, rom kolxeTSi
daculi iyo ara oqros sawmisi, aramed tyavze
naweri wigni, romelSiac aRwerili iyo qimiis
saSualebiT oqros miRebis SesaZleblobani.
kolxeTis oqros sawmisis analogiuri ganmarte-
baa Semonaxuli ioane antioqelTanac (VIIs.) da s
v i d a s (Is.) leqsikonSiac. am cnobebSi gansa-
kuTrebiT sayuradRebo isaa, rom berZenTa war-
modgeniT qarTul (kolxur) damwerlobas ase
Zveli fesvebi aqvs [33, 767-768].
Teimuraz bagrationi qarTuli anbanis war-
moSobas farnavazis winare xanaSi varaudobs,
romelsac qurumebi iyenebdnen. am versias zogi-
erTi somxuri wyaroc uWers mxars. magaliTad,
51
XIII saukunis somexi mematiane mxiTar airivaneci
naSromSi `qronografiuli istoria~, romelic
sxvadasxva mematianeTa monacemebzea agebuli
(samuel aneci, vardan aRmosavleli, kirakos
ganZakeci da sxv).
qarTuli anbanis warmoSoba warmarTul
epoqaSi gadaaqvs sulxan-saba orbeliansac. amave
azrs icavs batoniSvili vaxuSti [1, 178-179].
da mainc, qarTuli damwerlobaTmcodneobis
fuZemdeblad iTvleba iv. javaxiSvili (`qarTu-
li paleografia~), romelic qarTulis warmoSo-
bis TariRad asaxelebda ara ugvianes VII sauku-
nes. qarTul anbans Z.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT aTa-
riRebda p. ingoroyvac.
r. patariZis azriT qarTuli asomTavruli
igive unikaluri warmarTuli kalendaria, ro-
melSic daculia mzisa da mTvaris kalendaru-
li sistemebi, TiToeuli aso-niSani ideograma-
caa, aqvs ricxviTi mniSvneloba, astronomiuli
da kalendaruli daniSnuleba.
`qarTul asomTavrulSi~ (1980w.) r. patariZe
qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis TariRad asaxelebs:
ara uadres Zv. w. 403 wlisa da ara ugvianes Zv.
w. 284 wlisa (qarTuli asomTavrulis saxelmwi-
fo damwerlobad gamocxadebis weli).
Semdeg naSromSi (`qarTuli mwignobroba~,
1989w.) r. patariZem daazusta es TariRebi da aR-
niSna: qarTuli asomTavruli Seiqmna Zv. w. 415
wels, 412 wels man daiwyo mzis kalendaruli
epoqa, Zv. w. 284 wels farnavaz mefem SemoiRo
52
sruliad saxelmwifo qarTuli mwignobroba da
erovnuli welTaRricxvao.
qarTuli anbani unda Seeqmna aRmosavluri
da dasavluri kulturebis zedmiwevniT mcodne
pirovnebas, qarTvel qurums (egeb qarTvel piTa-
gorels), romelmac mTeli am codnis sinTezi
moaxdina.
anbansac da kalendarsac qurumTa wre ina-
xavda, rogorc saidumlo codnas, sanam farna-
vazma ar gamoacxada is saerTo qarTul saxel-
mwifo damwerlobad.
qarTuli enisa da mwignobrobis aRorZine-
bis dawyebad samecniero literaturaSi miCneu-
lia ax. w. 311 weli, rasac gvauwyebs davaTis
stelac (367w.) [8, 91].
asomTavrulis uZvelesi nimuSebi aRmoCeni-
lia nekresis warwerebSi (I-IIIss.), manmade ki uZ-
velesad iTvleboda palestinisa da bolnisis
warwerebi [8, 95].
somexi istorikosis koriunis (Vs.) naSromSi
da somxur `epistoleTa wignSi~ aRniSnulia,
TiTqos qarTuli anbani Seqmna somexma ganmanaT-
lebelma mesrop-maStocma V saukunis 20-ian
wlebSi somxur da albanur enebTan erTad. mes-
rop-maStoci (361-440) moRvaweobda maSin, roca
qarTlSi mefobda bakur mefe. koriunis cnobas
imeorebs mose xoreneli (Vs.), magram imave sau-
kunis somexi istorikosi lazare farpeli maS-
tocs miawers mxolod somxuri anbanis Seqmnas.
mecnierebaSi didi xania dokumenturad damtki-
cebulia mesropis mier qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis
53
usafuZvloba. miuxedavad amisa bevr ucxour da
sacnobaro literaturaSi swored somxuri ver-
siaa dafiqsirebuli.
aRiarebulia, rom qarTuli mxedruli dam-
werloba unikaluria msoflio ambanur damwer-
lobaTa sistemebSi. amisi mtkicebisaTvis arse-
bobs obieqturi, gramatologiuri kriteriumi:
mxedruli warmoadgens fonologiuri damwerlo-
bis idealuri formulis `e r T i f o n e m a:
e r T i g r a f e m a~ realizaciis erTaderT
povnier nimuSs kacobriobis damwerlobaTa Soris
[31, 19]. es maSin, roca sakuTari anbani ar gaaCniaT
iseT ukvdav enebs, rogoricaa inglisuri, frangu-
li, germanuli, espanuri da sxv.
qarTuli enis statusi
qarTuli ena qarTveli eris, yovelTa qar-
TvelTa erovnuli ena –saqarTvelos saxelmwi-
fo enaa. saqarTvelos gamaerTianebeli pirveli
mefis farnavazis Sesaxeb mematiane aRniSnavs,
rom `da ese farnavaz iyo pirveli mefe qar-
Tlsa Sina qarTlosisa naTesavTagani~ [35, 17]. am
faqts avtori ramdenjerme aRniSnavs. SeiZleba
gavikvirvoT: kacma rom Tqvas, ramdenjer unda
ganmeordes erTi da igiveo. ara, es gameoreba
araa, esaa erTi saTqmelis gabmulad, gaxan-
grZlivebulad Tqma, axal-axali feradovnebiTa
da surnelebiT aJRereba, raTa Rrmad da samuda-
mod CaebeWdos mkiTxvels da aki TiTqmis ocda-
54
oTxi saukunea, rac SegvenivTa `almasiviT gam-
kveTavi da gamomafxizlebeli fraza~ – mauwye-
beli qarTveli mefis zeobisa. axla isic gavix-
senoT, Tu rogor amTavrebs avtori Txrobas: `a
m a n (farnavazma–a.s.) g a n a v r c o e n a q
a r T u l i, d a a r R a r a i z r a x e b o
d a s x u a e n a q a r T l s a S i n a T
v i n i e r q a r T u l i s a, d a a m a n S
e q m n a m w i g n o b r o b a q a r T u l
i~ [35, 17]. Txrobis aseTi dasasruli warmoad-
gens erTgvar Sejamebas, kvintesencias farnava-
zis saqmianobisas; amasTanave, esaa apoTeozi mi-
si moRvaweobisa. am frazaSi Caqsovilia ara mar-
to informaciuli, SemecnebiTi funqcia, aramed,
upirveles yovlisa, TvalSi sacemia mTqmelisa
Tu mwerlis emociuri damokidebuleba faqti-
sadmi. aSkaraa, rom amas ambobs adamiani, rome-
lic piradad itanjeba da mwvaved ganicdis, rom
mis qveyanaSi mSobliur enas dakarguli aqvs mo-
qalaqeobrivi ufleba, saxelmwifoebrivi fun-
qcia da ai, moxda saswaulebrivi gardatexa.
mSobliuri enis devniT ganawamebi da Seurac-
xyofili adamiani moeswro im saocnebo dRes,
rodesac farnavazis sibrZniTa da qvelobiT mi-
si qveyana imdenad gaZlierda, rom qarTuli ena
saxelmwifo enad dakanonda. mSobliurma enam
Tavisi Rirseba da pativi, aRiareba da uflebebi
moipova da am didi erovnuli da moqalaqeobri-
vi aRiarebiT aRzevebuli mamuliSvili aRtace-
biTa da TavSeukavebeli bednierebiT saqveynod
RaRadebs – ,,arRara izraxeboda sxua ena qar-
55
Tlsa Sina Tvinier qarTulisa~. esaa faqtiT ga-
mowveuli uSualo reaqcia im mamuliSvilisa,
romelic swored im cxovrebiT cxovrobs, im at-
mosferoTia gaJRenTili, rodesac mis qveyanaSi
xdeba es didi istoriuli Zvrebi. Zvrebi, romel-
Tac saZirkveli daudes erisa da enis simtkice-
sa da ganviTarebas.
farnavazisa da misi epoqis Sesaxeb Cvenamde
rom araviTar cnobas ar moeRwia da es bolo
sami striqoni SemorCenoda istorias, esec sru-
liad sakmarisi iqneboda farnavazis Rvawlisa
da epoqis grandiozuli SemoqmedebiTi masStabe-
bis gasaTvaliswineblad. saqme isaa, rom mwig-
nobrobis Seqmnasa da ganviTarebas eri mxolod
maSin aRwevs, rodesac uamravi socialuri da
saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri problemebi warma-
tebiT aqvs daZleuli, rodesac cxovrebis sxva-
dasxva sferoSi did aRmavlobas ganicdis da
yovelive amis Tanmimdevruli da logikuri dag-
virgvinebaa sulieri saganZuris, mwignobrobis
dafuZneba da ganviTareba. mwignobrobis damam-
kvidrebelni ar etevian mxolod saxelmwifo
moRvaweTa ,,rubrikaSi~, aseTi adamianebis Sesa-
xeb konstantine gamsaxurdia wers, rom isini an
beladebi arian, an winaswarmetyvelnio. WeSmari-
tad rom asea! da swored am rangSi gaiazra
STamomavlobam farnavazi [36, 12-13].
diax, farnavazma brZoliTa da sibrZniT
SeZlo calkeuli kuTxeebis Semomkvidreba da
erTiani, mTliani saqarTvelos saxelmwifos
Seqmna. am didi mTlianobis xerxemlad man mSob-
56
liuri qarTuli ena aqcia; saqarTvelos mTel
teritoriaze saxelmwifo enad qarTuli daaka-
nona, udidesi erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi
mniSvnelobis faqti da Wkviani mmarTvelis Sors
gamiznuli nabijia. amiT man safuZveli Cauyara
qarTveli tomebis gaerTianebisa da SemWidrove-
bis saqmes. am mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli nabiji
swored es unda yofiliyo. es aris farnavazis
mTeli moRvaweobis amosavali wertili, misi me-
fobis mTavari arsi [37, 177].
amdenad, farnavazis mier saxelmwifo enad
gamocxadebuli qarTuli – gaxda saxelmwifo ena
ara mxolod am sityvis viwro mniSvnelobiT, anu
samefo kancelariis ena, aramed is aRiWurva po-
livalenturi funqciiT da gaxda ganaTlebis,
mecnierebis, literaturis, kulturisa da reli-
giis erTaderTi ena qarTul saxelmwifoSi [31, 6].
Zv.w. II-I saukuneebSi garesamyarosTan gacxo-
velebuli urTierTobis da ucxoelTa eqspansi-
is Sedegad, saSiSroeba Seeqmna saxelmwifo enas.
antikuri xanis saqarTveloSi zewolis Sedegad
farTo gamoyeneba pova damwerlobis ucxourma –
berZnulma da arameulma sistemebma. rogorc
cnobilia, am damwerlobiTa da am enebze Cvenam-
de moaRwia antikuri saqarTvelos araerTma sa-
yuradRebo Zeglma.
aRmoCenil warweraTa Soris gvxvdeba ber-
Znuli, arameuli da, agreTve, zogjer ebraulic.
gamoirCeva samSeneblo warwerebi, epitafiebi,
warwerebi xelisuflebis niSnebze (insigniebze),
samkaulze da vercxlis WurWelze [33, 768].
57
oTxi saukunis ganmavlobaSi, pirvelidan me-
oTxis CaTvliT, miuxedavad xanmokle warmatebe-
bisa, qveyanaSi Rrma politikuri krizisia, ramac
pirvel rigSi qarTuli enis, rogorc saxelmwi-
fo enis statusze imoqmeda. marTalia qarTvel
mefes romSic epatiJebian da biustsac udgamen,
magram gaurkvevelia ra konfesiis farglebSi
swiravs msxverpls kapitoliumSi. am xnis ganmav-
lobaSi orjer, pirvelsa da meoTxe saukuneSi,
samefo Suaze iCexeba, dgindeba orxelisuflebi-
anoba. armazis kerZ samefoze sparseTi bato-
nobs, muxranis kerZs–romi ganagebs. aRrevaa re-
ligiuri TvalsazrisiTac. mcxeTaSi wamyvani
mazdeanoba Cans, es kargad aris asaxuli arma-
zisxevis samarovnis masalebiT da im socialu-
ri siWreliT, romelic aq aris warmodgenili
samefo elitaSi. vin arian eseni – pitiaxSi,
ezosmoZRvari, an saxeldebiT – serafita, zeva-
xi, iodmangani, xsefarnugi, agripa. niSneulia,
rom Tu ara berZnul teqstSi naxsenebi `iberiis
mefe~, arameuli teqstiT verc SevityobdiT, rom
saqme iberiis samefo kars exeba da mis karze
damkvidrebul ucxo institutebis patronebs.
arameuli da berZnuli teqstebi uciloblad mi-
uTiTebs saxelmwifo aparatis da kancelariis
samuSao enaze. q a r T u l i a r a T u d a
m w e r l o b a, a r a m e d m e t y v e l e
b a c g a m o d e v n i l i a. qarTuls iyenebs
albaT dabali fenebi, masa. Cans, rom mcxeTa
kvlav mravalenovani qalaqia, SeiZleba nomina-
lurad, magram mainc, qarTveli mefis xelSi im-
58
yofeba. tomTa aRrevas swored mcxeTis qveyanaSi
aqvs adgili. aq aris dadasturebuli TiTqmis
yvela, arameuli, falauri, berZnuli damwerlo-
bis nimuSi, romelTa TariRic, ZiriTadad,
ax.w.aR. I-III saukuneebze modis (mcxeTa, urbnisi,
ufliscixe, dedoflis gora. . .). rogori SeiZ-
leboda yofiliyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
damokidebuleba ucxo kulturuli eqspansiisad-
mi, im mosaxleobisa, romelsac warmarTobidan
gaaCnda sakuTari erovnuli damwerloba da sa-
kuTari erovnuli kultura. warmovidginoT pi-
tiaxSTa gansasvenebeli II-III saukuneebSi. samTav-
ros samarovani damSvenebuli iyo ebrauli da
berZnuli epitafiebiT, armazisxevSi ki aRmarTu-
li iyo arameul-berZnuli bilingva, mis axlos
ki e.w. Saragasis ,,gamarjvebis stela~, romlebic
elitarul gansasvenebel adgils gamorCeul sa-
xes aZlevda. es iyo silueti qarTlis samefos
socialurad da politikurad dakninebuli ga-
remosi. magram rogori ganviTareba miiRo yove-
live aman, ra suraTi gvaqvs ori saukunis Sem-
deg: ebrauli warwerebi ayrilia saflavebidan
da samarxis kedlebad aris gamoyenebuli. ber-
Znuli warwera, sadac qalaqis mTavari mxatvris
Tu arqiteqtoris saxeli aqolisi iyo aRniSnu-
li, isic saflavis qvad gamouyenebiaT. meore
berZnulwarweriani qvac, sadac igive aqolisi
iyo moxseniebuli, eklesiis SesasvlelSi dades
warweris nawiliT qveviT. rac Seexeba arameul
warwerebs – bilingvas da e.w. Saragasis stelas,
isini mouglejiaT adgilidan da imave samaro-
59
vanze qvis samarxis kedlebad gamouyenebiaT. es
iyo mcxeTelebis protesti qarTlis damouki-
deblobisTvis brZolis gzaze. es gza ki I-II sau-
kuneebidan unda dawyebuliyo, rodesac qarTlis
sazogadoebas axli socialuri fena moevlina
feodal aznaurebis saxiT, romlis istoriuli
misiac, sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, erovnuli TviT-
myofadobis aRdgena iyo. swored es iyo ganmsaz-
Rvreli, rodesac isini samefo karTan erTad, ar
eridebian sisastikes, sparsuli ideologiis –
mazdeanobis gansadevnad, da axali ideologiis,
qristianobis dasamkvidreblad [38, 102-103].
arabTa batonobis dros axali ZaliT iwyeba
brZola qarTuli enisa da qristianuli sarwmu-
noebis statusis aRsadgenad. VIII-IX saukuneebSi,
axali qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis Camoyalibe-
bis periodSi, rodesac paralelurad mimdinare-
obs moZraoba feodaluri saqarTvelos politi-
kuri gaerTianebisaTvis bizantiis mxridan didi
winaaRmdegoba aRimarTeba. gaerTianebuli saqar-
Tvelo bunebrivia sruli damoukideblobisaT-
vis yvela Rones mimarTavda. aseve bizantiac yve-
la Rones xmarobs sxvadasxva saSualebebiT Sei-
narCunos Tavisi gavlena kavkasiaSi. aq ukve yu-
radReba gamaxvilebulia, rogorc religiur
faqtorze, aseve qarTuli enis statusTan dakav-
SirebiT.
,,ukve IX saukuneSi, rogorc qarTlSi, ise
tao-klarjeTSi, kaxeTSi, hereTsa da afxazeTis
samefoSi qarTuli ena iyo mwerlobis, saxelmwi-
fo marTva-gamgeobis, samoqalaqo urTierTobisa
60
da eklesiis erTaderTi ena. qristianobis saSua-
lebiT qarTuli ena gadavida Crdilo kavkasia-
Sic. upirveles yovlisa – Cerqezebsa da alaneb-
Si~ [39, 133].
rogorc cnobilia, dasavleT saqarTveloSi
Tavidanve berZnuli eklesia gabatonda. saekle-
sio mRvdelmsaxurebac berZnul enaze mimdinare-
ibda. magram dasavleT saqarTveloSi berZnul
eklesiasa da berZnul enas imTaviTve upirispir-
deboda qarTuli eklesia mcxeTis sakaTaliko-
sos saxiT [40, 511].
mniSvnelovnad angariSgasawevi faqtoria,
rom saqarTvelos politikur gaerTianebas win
uswrebda saeklesio gaerTianeba. im dros, tao-
klarjeTi, kaxeTi, hereTi jer kidev damoukide-
bel politikur erTeulebs warmoadgendnen, ek-
lesiurad imTaviTve yuvela eseni mcxeTis
taxts eqvemdebarebodnen, xolo dasavleT saqar-
Tvelos eklesia, Tu ufro adre ara, X saukunis
Sua wlebSi, ukve gaerTianebulia sruliad sa-
qarTvelos eklesiasTan [40, 512].
amitom iyo, rom egris-afxazeTis mefeebma
eklesiuri gamoyofis mopovebisTanave daiwyes
Zveli (bizantiuri) saepiskoposo kaTedrebis
moSla dasavleT saqarTveloSi da maT sapiris-
pirod axali qarTuli kaTedrebis daarseba. X
saukunis manZilze moiSala gudayvis (ZiRanevis)
kaTedra, foTis kaTedra, xolo aSenda Wyondi-
dis, moqvis, bediisa da sxva saydrebi, sadac Se-
iqmna axali, qarTuli saepiskoposo kaTedrebi.
ase TandaTan idevneboda bizantiis eklesiis
61
gavlena. bizantiis eklesia RvTismsaxurebas da-
savleT saqarTveloSi berZnul enaze awarmoeb-
da. mcxeTis taxts ki qarTuli ena Semohqonda.
aRniSnuli garemoeba didad uwyobda xels mcxe-
Tis taxtisa da egris-afxazeTis mefeebis er-
Tobliv saqmianobas, radgan dasavleT saqarTve-
los mosaxleobis didi umravlesobisaTvis qar-
Tuli erovnulo ena iyo da amdenad bevrad uf-
ro misaRebi, vidre berZnuli [40, 425-426].
aseT viTarebaSi SemuSavda ,,qarTlis~ poli-
tikuri mniSvnelobis is farTo gageba, romelic
gvamcnobs, rom ,,qarTlad friadi qveyanai aRi-
racxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami
Seiwirvis da locvai yoveli aResrulebis...~ [41,
279-280]. niSandoblivia, rom giorgi merCules es
formula IX saukunis Sua wlebis movlenebs
asaxavs. saqme imaSia, rom IV msoflio saeklesio
krebis kanonis Tanaxmad adgilobrivi eklesiis
sazRvrebi saxelmwifo sazRvrebs unda damTxve-
oda, qarTulenovani liturgiis funqcionirebis
arealis, anu saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqci-
is sazRvrebic erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwi-
fos sazRvrebad aRiqmeboda.
swored am faqtorebma gamoiwvies bizantiis
saimperatoro karis gaRizianeba. diplomatiuri
lavirebis moSveliebiT berZenTa Soris xSirad
ismeboda kiTxva – SeZlebda Tu ara qarTuli
ena mecnierebisa da azrovnebis enad gadaqceu-
liyo? hqonda Tu ara mas TavisTavadi mniSvne-
loba? aqvT Tu ara qarTvelebs ufleba da sa-
Sualeba RvTis msaxureba dedaenaze Seasrulon?
62
da maT mohyavdaT bizantiaSi ganmtkicebuli Se-
xeduleba, rom mwerloba SesaZlebelia Turme
im sam enaze, romlebzedac aRniSnuli iyo
braldeba jvarcmuli qristesi, ese igi – ber-
Znul, laTinur da ebraul enebze. amitom isini
aRniSnuli argumentis moSveliebiT eWvis Tva-
liT uyurebdnen sxva enaze arsebul qristia-
nul literaturas. erT-erTi versiis Tanaxmad
sinas mTis gamoCenili qarTveli moRvawis, ioa-
ne-zosimes piriT X saukuneSi qarTvelebma aseTi
Sexedulebis winaaRmdeg wamoayenes Teoria, rom-
lis mixedviT, qarTuli ena savsebiT gaTanaswo-
rebulia berZnulTan iqamdis, rom isini ,,orni~
dani arian, viTarca mariam da marTa, da mego-
barni, viTarca nino da helene ,,dedofali~. uf-
ro metic, avtori ayenebs qarTuli enis mesianu-
ri daniSnulebis ideas. qarTuli enis saqebrad
gasaocari eqspresiiT daweril himnSi avtori
aviTarebs im azrs, rom qarTul enas aqvs ufle-
ba da SesaZlebloba ara mxolod originaluri,
adgilobrivi kulturis Seqmnisa, aramed SeuZ-
lia msoflio enad gadaiqces, msoflio kultu-
ris mesaWeoba qarTulma enam ikisros: ,,damar-
xul ars enai qarTuli dRemde meored mosvlisa
mesiisa sawameblad, raTa yovelsa enasa Rmer-
Tman amxilos amiT eniTa... rameTu yoveli sai-
dumlo amas enasa Sina damarxul ars... da es
enai, Semkuli da kurTxeuli saxeliTa uflisai-
Ta, mdabali da dawunebuli – moelis dResa mas
meored mosvlasa uflisasa...~ [42, 47, 48]. …
63
aRniSnuli Zegli, romelic ,,qebai da dide-
bai qarTulisa enisai” anu mokled ,,qebais~ sa-
xelwodebiT aris specialur literaturaSi
cnobili, mcire moculobis natifi stiliT Ses-
rulebuli nawarmoebia. Zeglis dedaarss qarTu-
li enis gansakuTrebulobis mtkiceba warmoad-
gens, rac Txzulebis mixedviT gamovlindeba mo-
mavalSi, meored mosvlis Jams: maSin qarTuli
mesiis ena iqneba.
ufalTan qarTuli enis sxvebze meti siax-
love rom TvalsaCino gaxados, avtori eZiebs
analogias da ,,saxarebaSi~ mis Sesatyvisad qris-
tes usayvarles mowafesa da megobars lazares
saxavs.
,,qebaiSi~ xazgasmulia, rom qarTuli enis
arseba cxadyofili ar aris, amis gamo is arc
saTanadod dafasebulia, magram qarTuli rom
namdvilad uflis mier rCeuli enaa, amis dama-
dasturebeli faqtebi awmyoSive gveZlevian sas-
waulebis saxiT.
Txzuleba eldasaviTaa. mkiTxvels saxtad
tovebs Zveli qarTveli mwerlis Camoyalibebu-
li erovnuli TviTSegneba, eTnikuri kuTvnile-
biT gamowveuli daufaravi siamaye mis xmaSi. ase
mkafiod, ase Zlierad, aseTi RirsebiT qarTul
literaturaSi mSobliuri enis siyvarulis Se-
saxeb arasodes Tqmula. amitom sruliad buneb-
rivia: qarTveli eris istoriisaTvis ,,qebais~ av-
tori ar aris martooden konkretuli mwignoba-
ri, igi aRiqmeba rogorc zogadi ,,cxovelyofi-
li saxe qarTvelobisa~ [43, 40].
64
ZeglTan da misi avtoris vinaobasTan dakav-
SirebiT gamoTqmulia ramdenime mosazreba. erTi
ekuTvnis korneli kekeliZes, romelic Tvlida,
rom ,,qebais” avtori X saukunis sabawmindelsi-
neli mwignobari ioane-zosimea.
pavle ingoroyva ki Txzulebis savaraudo
avtorad giorgi merCules asaxelebda. misi az-
riT: `es Zegli gamosulia giorgi merCulis sa-
literaturo skolidan. araa gamoricxuli isic,
rom avtori iyos TviT giorgi merCule~.
pavle ingoroyva `qebais~ wyobilsityvaobis
nimuSad miiCnevda, iseve rogorc identifikacii-
saTvis moxmobil giorgi merCulis `grigol xan-
ZTelis cxovrebidan~ amoRebuli teqstis naw-
yvets. magram `qebai~ ar aris leqsi. marTalia,
masSi SeiniSneba garkveuli ritmi, mTlianobaSi
Zegli ar warmoadgens ritmulad organizebul
sistemas. metic, `qebai~ araTu leqsi ar aris
formiT, igi SinaarsoblivaTac ar aris poezia.
Tavisi struqturiT es teqsti mecnieruli msje-
lobis analogiuria. masSi gamoiyofa logiku-
rad erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli ram-
denime mikroteqsti: pirveli mikroteqsti warmo-
adgens debulebas (qarTuli enis gansakuTrebu-
lobis maCvenebelia misi damarxuloba); meore
mikroteqsti aris debulebis sazrisis ganmarte-
ba (qarTuli ena lazarea, nino ganmanaTlebeli
da elene dedofali igiveni arian misTvis, rac
lazaresTvis debi mariam da marTa, romlebic
Zmis aRdgnisaTvis qristes winaSe Suamdgomlo-
ben); mesame mikroteqstiT xdeba debulebis argu-
65
mentireba (qarTuli ena rom 4 dRes damarxuli
lazarea, amas aCvenebs qarTuli saxareba, ker-
Zod ki, misi pirveli aso `w~, romlis ricxviTi
mniSvnelobacaa 4000; es ki igivea, rac 4, radgan
wminda weriliT 1000 weli udris 1 dRes, e.i. 4
udris 4000); momdevno mikroteqsti warmoadgens
daskvnas (qarTuli ena qristes dabrunebiT, e.i.
meored mosvliT, viTarca uflis rCeuli, laza-
resaviT aRdgeba); meoTxe mikroteqsti ki damate-
biTi argumentia (qarTuli enis rCeulobas, la-
zareobas misi sxvebze adre moqceva, qarTuli
qristianobis sxvebTan SedarebiT xandazmuloba
adasturebs) [43, 42].
Zeglis daTariRebas da realuri avtoris
Ziebas saintereso da angariSgasawevi naSromebi
miuZRvnes mecnierebma e. WeliZem da m. CxartiS-
vilma. axali varaudiT Zegli unda Seqmniliyo
IV saukunis Sua xanebSi, xolo misi avtori un-
da iyos rev mirianis Ze.
aRniSnuli varaudis sasargeblod mariam
CxartiSvils mohyavs Semdegi argumentebi: IV sa-
ukunis damdegisaTvis qarTls Seeqmna metad
rTuli sagareo-politikuri pirobebi. sasanuri
iranis agresiis gardauvalobam igi daRupvis
safrTxis winaSe daayena. aseT dros mefe miria-
ni atarebda erovnuli meobis SenarCunebisaTvis
gamiznul politikas. mis mier qarTuli saxel-
mwifos damaarseblis, qarTuli enisTvis saxel-
mwifoebrivi statusis mimniWeblis farnavazis
saflavis `Semkoba~, ris Sesaxebac sagangebod
gvamcnobs leonti mroveli, swored am kursis
66
maCvenebelia. qristianobis miRebac erovnuli ga-
darCenis swrafviT gamowveuli aucilebloba
iyo. magram axali sarwmunoebis aRiarebas qar-
Tveli moazrovneni qarTvelobis SenarCunebis
fiqrisagan ar SeiZleboda gaeTavisuflebina. pa-
radoqsia, magram faqtia, rom pirvel etapze
qristianoba, rogorc kosmopolitiuri sarwmu-
noeba, romelsac qarTvelTa TvalsawierSi Se-
mohyavda sxva erebic, zogadsakacobrio kultu-
ruli faseulobani, erovnul meobas uqmnida
aranakleb safrTxes, vidre iranis samxedro ag-
resia. amas unda gaemZafrebina zrunva yovelive
qarTulisaTvis. am procesisgan ganze ar SeiZ-
leba darCeniliyo mefis Ze [43, 47-48].
bizantielTa siamayis grZnobas imis gamo,
rom maTi sataxto qalaqi RvTismSoblis sagange-
bo mfarvelobis qveS imyofeba, qarTulma erov-
nulma TviTSegnebam upasuxa swored am dros IX
saukuneSi Casaxuli azriT, rom qarTlis qveyana
`wilxvdomilia~ imave RvTismSoblisa. es azri, X
saukuneSi mTlian sistemad Camoyalibda da Tavi
iCina ilarion qarTvelis `cxovrebaSi~. ZeglSi
aRniSnulia: rodesac ilarioni mivida ulumbos
mTaze, adgilobrivi berZnuli lavris mamasax-
lisma moindoma misi da misi mowafeebis iqidan
gaZeveba. amisaTvis daimsaxura kidec RvTismSob-
lis mxileba: `ubadruko! – raisa inebe ganZebai
ucxoTa maT, romelni mosrul arian siyuaruli-
saTvis Zisa da RmrTisa Cemisa? anu ara uwyia, vi-
Tarmed mravalni damkvidrebad arian mTasa amas
m a T i s a e n i s m e t y v e l n i? da ro-
67
melni maT ara Seiwynareben, mter Cemda arian, ra-
meTu Cemda miniWebul ars Zisa mier Cemisa naTe-
savi igi Seuryevlad marTlmadideblobisaTvis
maTisa, vinaidan hrwmena saxeli Zisa Cemisai da
naTel iRes~ [44, 517].
qarTuli enis dacvas bizantiis berZnule-
novani gavlenisagan exeba giorgi mTawmindeli
,,iovanesa da eqvTimes cxovrebaSi~, sadac mog-
viTxrobs patara eqvTimes mZime avadmyofobis am-
bavs ucxoeTSi. mamas misi gadarCenis imedic ki
gadaewura da yovel wams eloda Svilis sik-
vdils. sasowarkveTili mSobeli RvTismSoblis
wminda taZarSi wavida da wminda mariamis xats
evedreboda Semweobas. senakSi dabrunebulma io-
vanem igrZno sakvirveli surneli da dainaxa eq-
vTime, romelic RvTismSoblis madliT wamoweu-
liyo da sawolze sruliad gamojanmrTelebu-
li ijda. gaxarebul mamas eqvTimem uambo wminda
mariamis gamocxadebis ambavi: ,,awRa warmomidga
vinme didebuli dedofali da mrqva q a r T u
l i T a e n i T a: – rai ars, rai gelmis, ef-
Tvime? – xolo me varqv, viTarmed: – movkvdebi
dedofalo! – ararai ars vnebai Sen Tana, aRdeg,
nu geSinin, da q a r T u l a d x s n i l a d
u b n o b d i~ [45, 390].
marTlac eqvTime ganikurna. manmade Tu qar-
Tulad Zlivs laparakobda, axla wyarosaviT
gadmosCqefda misi piridan uwmindesi qarTuli:
,,viTarca wyaro aRmodian uwmides yovelTa qar-
TvelTasa~. igi qarTvelebs moevlina axal oq-
68
ropirad da wignTagan didad naklovani qveyana
gaamdidra sulieri saunjiT.
qarTuli enis Rirseba da berZnul enasTan
sworuflebianoba xazgasmulia kvlav ilarion
qarTvelis ,,cxovrebaSi~, sadac gadmocemulia,
rom imperatorma basil II makedonelma (976-1025
ww.) Tavisi ori vaJis, aleqsandresa da leonis
aRzrda miando ara berZnebs, aramed ilarionis
qarTvel mowafeebs, romelTac uTxra: ,,locva
yavT amaTTvis, wmidano mamano, da aswaveT amaT
enai da wigni Tqveni, raTa Svilni locvisa
Tqvenisani iyvnen egeni~ [44, 524].
saerTod, mas Semdeg, rac wera-kiTxva, yve-
lasaTvis Tu ara, bevrisTvis misawvdom da gasa-
geb xelobad da codnad iqca, saidumlo poli-
tikuri da samxedro cnobebis Sesatyobineblad
gansakuTrebuli, gareSe pirisaTvis srulebiT
waukiTxav-gaugebari, anbanis Seqmna aucilebeli
gaxda. amitomaa, rom yvela kulturul ers, Cve-
ulebrivs garda, saidumlo mravali sxvadasxva-
nairi anbanic hqonda xolme. qarTulad, saidum-
lo anbanis garda, saidumlo enac, metyvelebac
arsebobda, romlis mTavars, sityvaTa saxis Sem-
cvlel elements marcvalsa da marcvals Sua
ganzrax CanarTi marcvali, magaliTad ,,w” Se-
satyvisi xmovniTurT Seadgenda. amis wyalobiT
,,Sikriki movida~ –s magier gamodioda ,,Sikwiri-
wikiwi mowoviwidawa~.
saqarTveloSi aseve scodniaT kriptografi-
is xeloba. akad.m. broses naTqvami aqvs, rom bev-
69
ri sxvadasxva qarTuli saidumlo anbanis nimu-
Si hqonia xelT.
uZveles nimuSad jerjerobiT mainc pavle
ingoroyvas mier ganmartebuli X saukunis xel-
nawerSi Senaxuli sagalobelTa krebulis Sem-
dgeneli miqael modrekilis ,,miqaelis~ krip-
togramaa, romelSiac asoebis magier ricxviTi
mniSvnelobaa gamoyenebuli: ,,ormoci aTi equsa-
si erTi xuTi da ocdaaTi~. raki 40 Zvel qar-
Tul mwerlobaSi aso ,,m~ – aniT, 10 ,,i~ – niT,
600 ,,q~ – aniT, 5 ,,e~ – niT, 30 ,,l~ – asiT aRiniS-
neboda. amitom am saidumlo anbanis mcodne pirs
zemomoyvanil ricxvTa krebuli ,,miqael~ – ad
unda waekiTxa.
Zvelad ras uwodebdnen CvenSi saidumlo an-
bans, jer ar viciT, magram XVII saukuneSi ,,anja-
nis anbani~ –s saxeliT yofila cnobili. es
termini gorgijaniZes aqvs naxmari, romelsac
Tavis TxzulebaTa krebulSi saidumlo anbanze
aqvs saubari da erTi amgvari nimuSic aqvs moy-
vanili [46, 134, 136].
xazgasasmelia, rom sruliad qarTuli sa-
xelmwifos calkeul samefo-samTavroebad dana-
wevrebis periodebSi, ugamonaklisod yvela am
politikur erTeulSi qarTuli inarCunebda sa-
xelmwifo enis statuss da, amdenad, qarTuli
enis oficialuri funqcionirebis arealis saz-
Rvrebi erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifo saz-
Rvrebad aRiqmeboda; magaliTad: ,,iverielTa er-
Tobis traxtati~, xelmowerili 1790 wels qar-
TvelTa mefe-mTavrebis mier, Tavis preambulaSi
70
gvamcnobs ,,erTobis~ safuZvels: ,,vinaidan yovel-
Tave iverielTa, msaxlobelTa samefosa Sina qar-
Tlisa, kaxeTisa, imerTa, odiSisa da guriisaTa
aqvsT erTmorwmuneoba, arian Svilni erTisa ka-
Tolike eklesiisagan Sobilni da e r T i s a e
n i s a m q o n e b e l n i, aqvsT mavasaxelobi-
Tica siyvaruli viTarca sisxliT naTesavTa da
moyvrobiT SekrulTa urTierTTa Soris~ [31, 5].
imperiis marwuxebSi
rogorc davinaxeT, mTeli Sua saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi, qarTuli Cven-jgufis wevrebi er-
Tobad Tavs moiazrebdnen iseT faseulobebze
dayrdnobiT, rogoricaa qarTuli ena, qristia-
nuli sarwmunoeba da mefobis instituti [47, 14].
swored amitom XIX saukunis dasawyisidan
moyolebuli ruseTis xelisuflebam saqarTve-
los saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis gauq-
mebis Semdeg mTavari Zala mimarTa qarTuli er-
Tobis arsebobis tradiciuli elementebis, me-
fobis institutis, qarTuli marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis da qarTuli enis Sesusteba-gauqmebis-
ken [47, 15].
enis warTmeviT qarTvel xalxs, mozard Ta-
obas erTmeoda Tavis qveyanaSi sulieri kontaq-
tis yvelaze efeqturi iaraRis gamoyenebis – az-
ris, Wkuis, erovnuli meobis, TavisTavadobis, pi-
rovnuli Rirsebisa da Tavisufali Semoqmedebis
saSualeba [48, 24].
71
carizmisaTvis da misi swavlulebisaTvis
naTeli iyo, rom saerTo qarTuli enis daSliT
da odindeli gvar-tomobrivi qarTveluri enebis
aRdgeniT qarTvelebs daqucmacebisa da Suasau-
kuneebrivi sibnelisaken miaqanebda, rac TavisTa-
vad erTian qarTul sxeuls klavda. carizmma
icoda, rom saerTo qarTuli damwerlobisa da
misi mdidari literaturis waqceva ioli rodi
iyo, amitom SeniRbuli gziT jer qarTveluri
enebi unda gaerusebina. am mizniT kidevac Sedge-
nil iqna rusuli grafikuli anbani – `deda ni-
na~ da `luSnu abaan~. gaTvaliswinebuli iyo,
rom samegrelos mosaxleoba megrul enaze, xo-
lo svaneTis – svanurze unda gadaeyvanaT, raTa
Semdeg isini iolad gaerusebinaT (aba ra lite-
raturiT gaumklavdebodnen isini rusuls?). amis
Semdeg ki ruseTs Seteva qarTulze unda gadae-
tana [49, 35].
es amocana garkveulwilad saTaves iRebs
dekabristTa programidan. kerZod p. pestelis
mier dawerili konstituciis proeqti, romel-
sac `ruskaia pravda~ uwoda. am saprogramo do-
kumentis mixedviT ruseTis dedaqalaqi niJni-
novgorodi unda yofiliyo, axali saxeliT–vla-
dimiri. aqedan Cans dekabristebis miswrafeba
msoflio batonobisaken. `ruseTis saxelmwifo-
Si mcxovrebi yvela eri da tomi unda garusdes,
– naTqvamia `ruskaia pravdaSi~ – ruseTis sa-
xelmwifos mTel sivrceze mxolod erTi – ru-
suli ena unda batonobdes. erT enaze molapara-
ke xalxi mtkice kavSiriT Seikvreba da erT
72
erad Camoyalibdeba. yvela erisa da tomis gan-
sxvavebuli saxelwodeba unda moispos da saer-
To rusul saxelwodebaSi Seirwyas. ruseTis
mTel teritoriaze unda moqmedebdes erTi da
igive kanonebi da mmarTvelobis erTnairi for-
ma~.
rogor unda moxvedriliyvnen rusebi saqar-
TveloSi da an saerTod kavkasiaSi? aq ukve sxva
anderZi moqmedebda. amis dasturia petre pirve-
lis politikuri anderZi, romelic 1812 wels,
ruseTTan omis dros xelSi CauvardaT frangebs.
swored es dokumenti warmoadgens ruseTis saga-
reo politikis eqspansiur miswrafebaTa safuZ-
vels. kerZod, petre pirveli werda: `konstanti-
nopolisa da indoeTisaken waviwioT. am mizniT
SevqmnaT saomari viTareba, xan TurqeTTan, xan
sparseTTan. erTmorwmune kavkasieli ZmebisaTvis
gavisarjoT. SevecadoT, rom ama Tu im mxarem
mfarvelobis TxovniT mogvmarTos, mere ki maT
srul damorCilebas mivaRwioT. SeviyvanoT jari
droebiT da manmade davtovoT, sanam sabolood
iq ar davrCebiT~ [50, 72].
imperiuli gegmis Tanaxmad, aRmosavleT sa-
qarTvelos yofdnen qarTvelebis, rusebis, TaT-
rebis, somxebis, germanelebis da malaknebis mo-
saxleobis Sesabamisad. Tbilisic aseve narev qa-
laqad unda gamocxadebuliyo. yvela am nawilSi
mmarTvelobac eTnikuri mosaxleobis enebis mi-
xedviT unda warmoebuliyo Sereulad – Tanas-
woruflebianobis principze (?!). Tu am mxriv ra-
ime garTuleba da gaugebroba warmoiSoboda, ma-
73
Sin arbitris (msajulis) rolic ruseTs unda
Seesrulebina (rac rusuli enis `udidesi avto-
ritetiT~ aixsneboda!) [49, 37].
amdenad, koloniuri batonobis ganmtkiceba-
Si, uwinaresad, igulisxmeboda rusuli enis,
fsiqologiis, wesebis damkvidreba. rusuli
axalSenebis mowyobiT saqarTveloSi demografi-
uli situacia mkveTrad Seicvleboda. aseT pi-
robebSi ukiduresad Seviwrovdeboda qarTuli
enis moqmedebis areali, mkvidri erovnebis wina-
aRmdegobac Zalas dakargavda da maTi damorCi-
leba advilad moxerxdeboda [51, 85].
is vinc ruseTis xelisuflebis samsaxurSi
Cadga TiTqmis yvela daupirispirda qarTul ena-
sa da erovnul kulturas. ase magaliTad, 1804
wlis 29 maiss, imperatorisadmi wardgenil pa-
takSi, cicianovi xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom vax-
tang orbeliani rusuli mmarTvelobis mimarT
gansakuTrebul erTgulebasa da Tavdadebas
iCenda. amis gamo mas polkovnikoba misces da
750 maneTi wliuri jamagiri dauniSnes. am ambav-
ma igi metad gaadidgula. mas auTvalwunebia
qarTuli ena da saerTod qarTveloba. javrob-
da, roca bavSvebi qarTul wera-kiTxvas swav-
lobdnen. Turme fiqrobda: Cemma Svilebma Tu
qarTuli ena ar daiviwyes uimisod ruseTSi sa-
swavleblad ver gamodgebiano. ruseTis erTgu-
lebisaTvis sakuTari enis uarmyofeli vaxtang
orbeliani amaxinjebda axalgazrdobis sulier
ganviTarebas [52, 56-57].
74
swored vaxtang orbelianis msgavsi qarTve-
lebis gasagonad brZanebda didi ilia: `Cven rom
erTmaneTs gadavudeqiT, Tavi SevyaviT Cvens pa-
tara xuxulebSi... rasakvirvelia, enac, dagvimun-
jdeboda da dagvikoWldeboda... Cven TviTon dav-
carieldiT gudafSutasaviT da enac gaRatakda,
calieri sityvebiRa gvinda, calieri xmebi, rom
enam pirSi iStvinos... sxva risTvis gvinda ena?
– saerTo saxeli `qarTveli~ kerZoobiTi gavxa-
deT, `mamuli~ – danexvil nafuZrad, `pativi~ –
nexvad, `Tavi~ – gograd, da Cveni kacoba iqamdin
miviyvaneT, rom `kaci~ kacs aRar niSnavs, Tu
zed `kacuri~ ar davumateT... [53, 94].
ganvlili wlebis gacnobierebas dro da
manZili sWirdeba, raTa perspeqtivaSi mTelis
sisruliT aRiqva warsuli movlenebis mniSvne-
loba. yoveli eris istorias Tan axlavs Wri-
lobebi, romelTac gaqroba da daviwyeba araso-
des uweria, magram usaTuod unda moSuSdes,
rom masze dinjad da obieqturad ilaparako.
XIX saukunis Cvenma didma winaprebma Tavian-
Ti madliani moRvaweoba, romelic qveynisa da
xalxis cxovrebis yovel dargs swvdeboda, enis
siwmindis dacviT daiwyes: ilia WavWavaZem pirve-
lad qarTuli enis barbarosulad dammaxinje-
belTa winaaRmdeg aRimaRla xma da TaobaTa So-
ris cnobili brZolac CvenSi enis sakiTxebiT
daiwyo. es ar aris SemTxveviTi movlena. es,
upirveles yovlisa, imas amtkicebs, rom Cveni
sasiqadulo qarTuli ena, romlis adgili (Tuki
saerTod SeiZleba enebis Sedareba) iqneb bevri
75
ar aRmoCndes qveyanaze, udidesi mzrunvelobiT
movlili gadaecemoda xolme Taobidan Taobebs
[17, 459].
qarTuli enis winaaRmdeg brZolas win
aRudga gamoCenili sasuliero da sazogado
moRvawe Ggabriel episkoposi. igi erT-erTi pir-
veli, mtkiced da mkacrad gamoeqomaga enasac da
erovnul Tavmoyvareobasac. yvelasaTvis cnobi-
lia mefis maRali moxelis giorgi muxranbato-
nis antierovnuli broSura, romelic kacobrio-
bis progresad patara erebis mospobisa da didi
erebis gabatonebas Tvlida, gardauvalad miaC-
nda mcire erebis gaqroba. gabriel episkoposi
aRaSfoTa am didmpyrobelurma `Teoriam~, igi
maSinve gamoexmaura mkacrad da dasabuTebulad.
`ori sruliad sxvadasxvagvari ena SeerTdes,
Tan mcire xalxi... gareSe yovlisa iZulebisa,
ganqardes da mis magierad sruliad sxvagvari
ena miiRos, rac gind mcire iyos is xalxi, es
SeuZlebelia~. mometebul decentralizacias iq-
neb Tavisi uaryofiTi mxare hqondes, wers igi,
,,magram isev isa sjobia pirvels, e.i. centrali-
zacias~. Sen amtkiceb, ,,suyvela mcire xalxis
enebi ganqardes, mxolod saxelmwifo gamagrde-
so. magram saxelmwifo amiT ver gamagrdeba~. da
jon milis Txzulebas Seaxsenebs Tavisufleba-
ze: gaixsene ,,mesame Tavi, sadac is ucxoT amtki-
cebs, rom individualoba, e.i. yoveli sakuTari
ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba, xasiaTi – saWironi ari-
an yoveli kacisa (maSasadame xalxis) keTil-
mdgomareobisa da bednierebisaTvis. Tu es asea,
76
maSin enis gamocvla arc mcire xalxs argebs da
arc didi xalxisaTvis aris sasurveli...~.
gabriel episkoposis pasuxma didi gamoxmau-
reba hpova. ,,... gmadlob Sen enaca mSobliuri,
ena, romelic mdidari hyav Sen qadagebiTa Seni-
Ta, romlisTvisaca ebrZodi Sen medgrad im ga-
nusjelTa pirTa, romelTaca ena petriwisa, gi-
orgi mTawmindelisa... uarhyves... Sen gamoesarCle
Cvens enas, rodesac erTma didma pirma uqadaga
am enas sikvdili...~ ase mimarTavdnen mas gamoT-
xovebis Jams 1896 wels, Tumca im paeqrobis Sem-
deg meoTxedi saukune iyo gasuli [17, 51-52
qarTuli enis devnis gamo rusi moRvawe nik.
durnovic ki aRSfoTebiT aRniSnavda: ,,ruseTis
saeklesio ierarqias didi msxverpli moaqvs da
ufro metad Rupavs marTlmadidebel qarTve-
lebs, vidre saracinelebi, sparselebi, Turqebi,
romlebic enas mainc ar glejdnen maT “ – o.
oficialuri rusuli eklesia sdevnida yo-
velive qarTuls. qarTvelTa taZrebSi wirva-
locvis dros episkoposebi, qarTvel morwmune-
ebs Tarjimnis meSveobiT uqadagebdnen. sagulis-
xmo faqti, romelic bodbis monasterSi moxda,
monasterSi, sadac qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebeli
wm. ninoa dakrZaluli... moxucebulma qarTvelma
qalebma episkoposs mimarTes TxovniT – weli-
wadSi erTxel mainc qristes aRdgomis Rames,
wirva-locvis qarTulad mosmenis saSualeba
mogveciTo... episkoposma ki maT `brZnulad~ ur-
CiaT: umjobesi iqneba rusuli ena SeiswavleTo...
77
rom aRaraferi vTqvaT qarTvel episkoposTa
devnis faqtebze [54, 165].
amitomac ambobda vaJa-fSavela, rom `iq vin
naxa Tavisufleba, saca me Cems dedaenaze lapa-
raks miSlian: arc maswavlian, arc maubneben,
arc mamRereben, arc magalobeben?! ra guli un-
da mqondes maSin? ras unda vgrZnobdeT?! –
sxvas arafers, garda zizRisa, mZulvarebisa. mo-
wamlulmoSxamulia Cemi sicocxle, vgrZnob mxo-
lod usiamovnebas, siZulvils da vwyevli im Za-
lebs, im mglebs... da vucdi marjve SemTxvevas
Sevmusro isini... roca es dro dadgeba da mec
moqmedebas viwyeb am ZalTa Sesamusravad, dasaT-
rgunad, maSinve iwyeba Cemi Tavisufali cxovre-
ba; aq aris dasawyisi Tavisuflebisa...~ [55, 409].
imperiis skolebSi, gansakuTrebiT XIX sau-
kunis 70-iani wlebidan, rodesac ruseTis ganaT-
lebis beds ganagebdnen mefis satrapebi tol-
stoi da pobedonoscevi skolebSi gamefebuli
iyo e.w. `klasicizmi~, e.i. laTinuri da berZnu-
li enebi. mowafeebs suls uxuTavdnen da tvins
ufitavdnen, raTa arsebiTi saxelebi da Tande-
bulebi mtkiced da samudamod CabeWdiliyo mex-
sierebaSi. es yvelaferi leqsebad iyo dawyobi-
li da TuTiyuSebiviT azepirebinebdnen. iakob
mansvetaSvili geografiis swavlebasTan dakav-
SirebiT Semdegs igonebs: `mogexsenebaT, rom ia-
ponia kunZulebze sZevs, romelTagan samia moz-
rdili da aRsaniSnavia, saxeldobr: niponi, iezo
da kiusiu. da ai rom, – RmerTma nu qnas – aramc
da aramc Cven sicocxleSi ar dagviwyeboda es
78
didad mniSvnelovani sami saxeli, ase galeqsi-
lad gvaswavlidnen:
`nipon, iezo–sikoko,
kiu-siu drikoko!~
an kidev Crdilo amerikis axlos mdebare
kunZulebi: kuba, iamaika, portoriko, gaiti, –
rusulad ase iyo galeqsili:
`Куба, ямайка, _ знай _ ка Порторико, Гайти, _ не забивайте~ [56, 13]. 1871 wlis 14 maiss gamoica saimperatoro ka-
ris gadawyvetileba, romlis ZaliTac qarTuli
ena uqmdeboda yvela tipis saswavlebelSi. di-
daqtikuri mosazrebiT, qarTuli ena mxolod sa-
suliero saswavleblis mosamzadebel ganyofi-
lebaze datoves. mTavrobis am gadawyvetilebam
qarTveli sazogadoebis didi aRSfoTeba gamoiw-
via. qarTul presaSi imperatoris dadgenilebis
sawinaaRmdegod araerTi publikacia gamoqvey-
nda, ramac xelisufleba aiZula, droebiT ukan
daexia. ruseTis sinodma, qarTvelebisTvis Tva-
lis axvevis mizniT, saimperatoro gadawyvetile-
ba odnav saxecvlili formiT Camoayaliba, rom-
lis mixedviTac sasuliero saswavleblebSi
qarTli enis swavleba daSvebul iqna, rogorc
damxmare saSualeba rusuli enis Sesaswavlad,
qarTuli enisa da literaturisaTvis calke sa-
aTebi ar gamoyofila. igi sxva sagnebTan erTad
gaaerTianes. dadgenilebis Sesabamisad, sasulie-
ro saswavleblebSi swavleba rusul enaze unda
ganxorcielebuliyo. qarTuli literatura da
79
saqarTvelos istoria iswavleboda rusuli li-
teraturisa da istoriis kursTan erTad. SezRudvis miuxedavad, i. gogebaSvili da
sxva qarTveli pedagogebi kvlav Zveleburad ag-
rZelebdnen moRvaweobas. saswavleblis adminis-
traciis mxridan maTze mkacri zedamxedveloba
iyo dawesebuli. 1873 wels ruseTis sinodma i.
gogebaSvilisa da sxva qarTveli pedagogebis
saqmianobis Sesaswavlad gamogzavna specialuri
komisia. komisiis moxsenebis safuZvelze i. goge-
baSvili da sxva qarTveli pedagogebi gaaTavi-
sufles Tanamdebobidan. amis Semdeg didi peda-
gogi saxelmwifo samsaxurSi arasodes Camdgara
da mTeli Tavisi moRvaweoba pedagogiuri mecni-
erebis ganviTarebas moaxmara [57, 326]. quTaisis progimnaziis yvela klasSi qarTu-
li, rogorc sagani iswavleboda, magram, moswav-
leebs Sesvenebaze sastikad ekrZalebodaT er-
TmaneTSi qarTulad saubari. is, vinc qarTulad
dailaparakebda, mas zedamxedveli ajarimebda
da sajarimo baraTs gadascemda. dajarimebuls
unda moexerxebina baraTis sxvisTvis gadacema.
visac dRis bolos sajarimo baraTi aRmoaCnde-
boda, usadilod tovebdnen [58, 201]. aleqsandre II-is mkvlelobis (1881 wlis 1
marti) Semdeg reaqciam kulminacias miaRwia. gam-
kacrda cenzura. carizmi imperiis sruli rusi-
fikaciis gzas daadga. gansakuTrebuli samizne
qarTuli ena gaxda. saxalxo skolebSi qarTul
enaze ara Tu swavla, laparakic ki aikrZala da
mis nacvlad rusuli ena SemoiRes. saqarTvelos
80
erovnuli mTlianobis sazianod, samegreloSi
megrul, svaneTSi svanur da aWaraSi Turqul
enebze swavlebis danergva gadawyvites [59, 50]. 1884 wlis ianvarSi kavkasiis saswavlo ol-
qis mzrunvelma k. ianovskim gamosca sagangebo
dadgenileba samgrelo-samurzayanos skolebSi
qarTuli enis akrZalvis Sesaxeb. Catarda winas-
wari samuSaoc. xelisufleba imdenad did mniS-
vnelobas aniWebda am aqcias, rom peterburgidan
specialurad gamogzavnes mecnierebaTa akademi-
is warmomadgeneli profesori greni [60, 7], ro-
melsac rusuli damwerlobis safuZvelze meg-
ruli enis anbanis Seqmna daevala. aseve gadaw-
yvites religiuri literaturis megrulad Tar-
gmna da RvTismsaxurebis am enaze gadayvana. xe-
lisuflebis wamowyebebs adgilobrivi elitis
da sazogadoebis mxridan seriozuli winaaRmde-
goba Sexvda. rusulis bazaze Seqmnili megruli
da svanuri anbani da am enebze gamocemuli daw-
yebiTi skolis saxelmZRvaneloebi praqtikulad
gamouyenebeli darCa. unda aRiniSnos, rom ilia
WavWavaZe sagangebod ewvia samegrelos, sadac
warmoTqva cnobili sityvebi `samegreloSi move-
di da saqarTvelo vnaxeo.~ [59, 50]. 1877-1878 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omis Sem-
deg gansakuTrebiT mizanswrafuli xdeba imperi-
is koloniuri politika afxazeTSi. am politi-
kis umTavresi mizani iyo: saqarTvelos nawilis,
qarTvelTa gansaxlebis teritoriis nawilis –
afxazeTis – Camocileba saqarTvelodan; adgi-
lobrivi, mkvidri, qarTuli mosaxleobis maqsi-
81
maluri Seviwroveba; afxazeTis asimilacia. es
yoveli SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda kerZod, maSin,
Tu afxazeTidan ganidevneboda q a r T u l i e
n a, q a r T u l i e k l e s i a, q a r T u
l i k u l t u r a, e.i. afxazebi da iqauri
qarTvelebi moswydebodnen qarTul samyaros. afxazeTis kolonizaciis daCqarebuli tem-
pebiT ganxorcieleba daemTxva ruseTSi poli-
tikuri reaqciis dasawyiss, romelic dakavSire-
buli iyo imperator aleqsandre meoris mkvle-
lobasTan da aleqsandre mesamis mefobis dasaw-
yisTan. koloniuri politikis umTavres praqti-
kul mizans warmoadgenda: pirveli – situaciis
Secvla afxazeTSi, ucxotomelTa Camosaxlebis
kvalobaze qarTuli mosaxleobis xvedriTi wi-
lis Semcireba; meore – eklesiidan qarTuli
enis gandevna; mesame – saeklesio samrevlo da
saero skolebSi qarTuli enis swavlebis ak-
rZalva. meoTxe – qarTuli mosaxleobis yovel-
mxrivi Seviwroeba; mexuTe – afxazebis garuseba,
maTi asimilireba. am miznis ganxorcielebisaTvis koloniurma
xelisuflebam konkretuli nabijebi gadadga.
kerZod, 1898 wlis 3 seqtembris brZanebulebiT,
afxazeTis im eklesiebSi, romelTa mrevls afxa-
zebi Seadgendnen, RvTismsaxureba saeklesio
slavur enaze unda aResrulebinaT. saqarTvelo-
imereTis sinodaluri kantoris 1898 wlis 17
martis brZanebulebiT, afxazeTisa da samurza-
yanos skolebSi aikrZala qarTuli enis swavle-
ba; RvTismsaxurebis saeklesio-slavur enaze aR-
82
srulebis da skolebSi qarTuli enis swavlebis
akrZalvis ganxorcielebaze sasuliero da admi-
nistraciulma xelisuflebam umkacresi kontro-
li daawesa [61, 92-93]. cxadi iyo, rom afxazeTis saqarTvelodan
Camocileba da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis asimi-
lacia SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda mxolod qarTu-
li enis gandevnis Semdeg. es ar aris gadaWarbe-
buli mtkiceba – qarTuli ena da misi funqcio-
nireba gadamwyveti Zalis iaraRi iyo, rasac kar-
gad acnobierebdnen mefis satrapebi. afxazeTis eklesiidan da skolebidan qar-
Tuli enis gandevnis aucileblobaze mTeli Se-
saZleblobiT ibrZoda quTaisis general-guber-
natori [61, 94]. cnobilia, rom rusma kolonizatorebma qar-
Tveli eri dahyves xalxebad: `megrelebi~, `gu-
rulebi~, `svanebi~, `imerlebi~, `aWarlebi~, da
sakuTriv `qarTvelebi~ (qarTvelebi da kaxele-
bi). mizani naTeli iyo: Tu aRar iarsebebda er-
Tiani qarTveli eri, maSin aRarc erTiani saqar-
Tvelos moTxovna iqneboda SesaZlebeli. maSin
afxazeTis saqarTvelodan `gayvanac~ ganxorcie-
lebadi saqme iqneboda. koloniuri politikis am
miznis xorcSesxmas win eRobeboda, pirvel rig-
Si, qarTuli enis faqtori. `megrelebad~, `guru-
lebad~, `svanebad~, `imerlebad~ da `qarTvele-
bad~ `daSlili~ qarTveli eri mainc erT erad
– qarTvel erad darCeboda, sanam megrelic, gu-
rulic, svanic, aWarelic, imerelic, qarTlelic
da kaxelic erT enaze – q a r T u l e n a z e
83
i l a p a r a k e b d a, sanam eklesiaSi RvTis-
msaxureba q a r T u l e n a z e a R e s r u
l e b o d a, sanam skolebSi bavSvebi q a r T
u l e n a z e iswavlidnen... [61, 96].
soxumis okrugSi mcxovrebi ,,afxazebis~ ab-
soluturma umravlesobam rusuli ar icoda,
ris gamoc maT hqondaT ufleba, moeTxovaT
RvTismsaxurebis aRsruleba im enaze, romelic
maT ufro esmodaT. am moTxovnas mosaxleobis
didi nawili uWerda mxars, rac, ra Tqma unda,
aSinebda koloniur xelisuflebas.
quTaisis samxedro gubernatoris fraza –
`Абхазцы не имея своей письменности, одинакого грузинского и славянского языков~ – aradamajerebe-
lia. Tu afxazebma qarTuli ena ar icodnen,
qarTuls da megruls ki tradiciulad flob-
dnen da amitomac arsebobda moTxovna eklesieb-
Si RvTismsaxurebis qarTul enaze aRsrulebis
Sesaxeb...
ruseTis eklesiis sinodis 1898 wlis 3 seq-
tembris brZanebulebiT, im eklesiebSi, romlis
mrevls megrelebi (e.i. qarTvelebi) Seadgendnen,
RvTismsaxureba qarTul enaze unda aResrulebi-
naT. soxumis mosaxleobis erovnuli Semadgen-
lobis statistika, TviT quTaisis samxedro gu-
bernatoris cnobiT, aseTi iyo: soxumSi 1900
wlisaTvis cxovrobda 1658 megreli (e.i. qarTve-
li), 1300 imereli (e.i. qarTveli), 200 qarTveli
da 100 afxazi, e.i. sul soxumSi 3158 qarTveli
da 100 afxazi cxovrobda. maS visTvis aRasru-
lebdnen soxumis eklesiebSi RvTismsaxurebas
84
rusulad, Tu ki soxumSi araqarTveli mosaxle-
oba absolutur umciresobas warmoadgenda (100
kaci)? soxumis eklesiebSi RvTismsaxurebis ru-
sul enaze aRsrulebis Taobaze gadawyvetileba
arc ruseTis eklesiis uwmindes sinods da arc
saqarTvelo-imereTis sinodalur kantoras ar
miuRia, soxumis episkoposi aSkarad TviTnebobda
[61, 102-103].
mefis xelisufleba aseve energiulad ib-
rZoda, raTa mahmadiani qarTvelebisaTvis qarTu-
li ena ucxo yofiliyo. mTeli misi mcdeloba
iqiTken iyo mimarTuli, rom adgilobrivi mosax-
leobisaTvis rusuli ena gamxdariyo erTaderT
sasaubro enad.
carizmi aviwroebda agreTve progresulad
moazrovne qarTvel pedagogebs, romlebic erov-
nul suls aRvivebdnen adgilobriv mosaxleoba-
Si. Sovinisturi Zalisxmeva mimarTuli iyo swo-
red aseT erovnul niadagze mdgari maswavleb-
lebis winaaRmdeg. carizmis Cinovnikebis Sefase-
biT qarTveli pedagogebi ,,ubnelebdnen moswav-
leebs gonebas, araswori mimarTulebiT mihyav-
daT maTi aRzrdis saqme, unergavdnen qarTul
nacionalizms~!
ai, rogori xasiaTis werili gaugzavna baTu-
mis olqidan kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrun-
vels adgilobrivma gubernatorma. werili exebo-
da qarTvel pedagogs mirian ramiSvils, romlis
daniSvna Turme baTumis olqis skolaSi yovlad
miuReblad CaTvales. werilSi xazgasmulia: ,,me
iZulebuli var gTxovoT Tqven miaqcioT yurad-
85
Reba baTumis olqSi isedac Semcirebul raode-
nobas... adgilobrivi mosaxleoba religiuri Se-
xedulebebis gamo iribad uyurebs rusul sko-
lebs da aseT skolebSi maswavleblebad qarTve-
lebis daniSvna da Tanac iseTebis, romlebic po-
litikurad arasaimedoa, namdvilad arasasiamov-
noa. amas isic emateba, rom qarTveli pedagogebi
yovel Rones xmaroben gaavrcelon TavianTi po-
lotikuri Sexedulebebi mahmadianebze da maTSi
Seitanon qarTuli wigniereba. vimeoreb ,,qarTu-
li wigniereba~. Semdeg gubernatori ganagrZobs,
rom qarTvelebs ara Tu SeuZlia saskolo qse-
lis gazrda olqSi, aramed Tavis SemoqmedebiT
musulmanebis TvalSi amcireben skolebis mniS-
vnelobas da amitom qarTvelebi ar unda iqnan
daSvebuli skolebSi pedagogebad, es saxifaToa,
rogorc politikurad, aseve zneobrivad. unda
vecadoT pedagogebad iyos mxolod da mxolod
rusebi imisaTvis, rom mZlavri tempiT daiwyos
olqis skolebSi rusifikaciis procesi~. amisaT-
vis ki aucilebelia – rogorc miuTiTebda gu-
bernatori – rusuli skolebis gaxsna. saWiroa
pedagogebad imuSaon rusebma, somxebma da Tu-
gind musulmanebmac, garda qarTvelebisa, rom-
lebmac kargad ician rusuli ena. amiT es mxare
(baTumis olqi) kidev ufro Seezrdeba rusul –
nacionalur kulturas~ [62,40-41].
rac Seexeba samcxe –saaTabagos, jer kidev
XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi osmaleTis klanWebSi Ca-
vardnili mosaxleoba nel-nela stovebda Tavis
erovnul sarwmunoebas. marTalia, mesxeTis qar-
86
TvelTa erTma nawilma mahmadianoba miiRo, Tavs
Turqad acxadebda, magram iyo meore nawili –
qarTveli kaTolikebi, romlebic Tavs ,,frange-
bad~ acxadebdnen da amitom Turqebma ver SeZ-
les qarTuli enis amogdeba. carizmis batono-
bis periodSi, qarTuli ena gaxda saerTo dama-
kavSirebeli ,,Turqi~ qarTvelebisa da kaTolike
(,,frangi~) qarTvelebisaTvis, e.i. qarTuli ena
aerTianebda samcxe-saaTabagos qarTul mosaxle-
obas [63, 82]. da mainc, qarTuli enis winaaRmdeg
brZolis mTavari ,,poligoni” Tbilisis sasuli-
ero seminaria iyo. XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebi
is periodia, rodesac antiqarTuli ,,triumvira-
ti~ gaafTrebiT ebrZvis qarTul enasa da qar-
Tul TviTSegnebas. eseni iyvnen egzarqosi pavle,
kavkasiis saswavlo olqis ,,mzrunveli~ ianovski
da seminariis reqtori Cudecki. 1886 wlis 24 ma-
iss, Tbilisis sasuliero seminariidan garic-
xulma axalgazrdam, 20 wlis ioseb laRiaSvil-
ma, xanjliT mokla amave seminariis reqtori
pavle Cudecki! oficialuri, anu sasamarTlosa
da maSindeli presis versia am mkvlelobisa ase-
Tia: seminariis zedamxedvelma laRiaSvils qar-
Tulad dawerili dRiuri aRmouCina, amisTvis
stipendiac moexsna da pansionidanac daiTxo-
ves... [64, 51]. momxdari faqtis Semdeg kidev ufro
gaZlierda reaqcia xelisuflebis mxridan. mog-
vianebiT, 1896 wlis 16-24 ianvars seminariis pe-
dagogiuri krebis gadawyvetilebiT miiRes dad-
genileba: ,,moswavleTa Soris rusuli sametyve-
lo enis xmarebis gaZlierebis Sesaxeb~. dadgeni-
87
leba moiTxovda seminariis SenobaSi da mis
farglebs gareTac ki qarTul enaze metyvele-
bis faqtebis ara marto akrZalvas, aramed qar-
Tulad dalaparakebis sababis warmoSobasac ki.
qarTulad metyveleba sruliad aekrZalaT mo-
samsaxureebs [65, 110].
aRniSnuli politikis Sedegad XX saukunis
dasawyisSi Tbilisis quCebSi iSviaTad gaismoda
qarTuli laparaki. dawesebulebebSi ucxo ena
batonobda, ucxo enaze unda miemarTaT kerZo
savaWroebSic. rogorc cnobili moRvawe samson
fircxalava igonebs: ,,saqarTvelo gaZevebuli
iyo Tbilisidam da yovelgvari zoma iyo miRebu-
li, rom Tbiliss dahkargoda sruliad qarTu-
li ieri~. qarTvels angariSs ar uwevdnen. ofi-
cialuri gamosvlebis dros qarTvelTa warmo-
madgenlebs ukan ayenebdnen. aseTi mopyroba fsi-
qikurad moqmedebda qarTvelebze, isini TavisTa-
vad gaubedavni gaxdnen, Tavis gamoCenas eride-
bodnen [66, 39]. 1902 wels dekanozma vostor-
govma saswavlo olqis mzrunvelTan da egzar-
qosTan SeTanxmebiT saeklesio-samrevlo skole-
bisaTvis Seadgina axali saswavlo programa,
romlis mixedviTac yvela saxis skolaSi swav-
lebis enad aRiarebul iqna rusuli ena. zogad-
saganmanaTleblo skolebidan iTxovdnen ,,nacio-
nalist” maswavleblebs da maT adgils rusi da
sxva araqarTveli maswavleblebi ikavebdnen. ga-
naTlebis sferoze rusifikatorTa farTo Semo-
tevam saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mosaxle-
obis didi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. samegreloSi,
88
aWaraSi, imereTSi da a.S. saprotesto gamosvleb-
sac ki hqonda adgili. bevrgan moswavleebi uars
ambobdnen sagnebis rusulad swavlebaze da to-
vebdnen skolebs. moTxovnileba erovnul sko-
lebze kidev ufro izrdeboda [67, 86]. ruseTis
saxelganTqmuli msaxiobi aleqsandre sumbaTaS-
vili (iuJini), romelic TviTon swavlobda garu-
sebul skolaSi, wers: `maswavleblebs ar SeeZ-
loT aexsnaT, rom бык aris xari an дом – saxli,
aramed unda eCvenebinaT xari da saxli. ufro
ganyenebuli axsna-ganmartebisaTvisac es meTodi
ixmareboda. maswavlebeli ver gabedavda gadae-
Targmna qarTulad, magaliTad fraza: `курица снесла яйцо.~ is cucqiT unda damjdariyo, qaTmi-
seburad daekakanebia da gamoeRo qvemodan kver-
cxi, eCvenebia is klasisaTvis da Semdeg daeval-
debulebina mowafeebi, rom motanili fraza da-
eswavlaT~ [68, 331].
sagulisxmoa sacenzuro komitetis Tav-
mjdomaris werilis Sinaarsis is adgili, rome-
lic gaugzavna beWdviTi sityvis mTavari sammar-
Tvelos ufross peterburgSi: ` ... quTaisSi ad-
gilobrivi ena megrulia, romelic qarTul, la-
zur da svanur enebTan erTad egreTwodebul
avariuli enebis (!) jgufs ekuTvnis. maT ara
aqvT TavianTi mwerloba da xmaroben qarTul
anbans~.
motanili cnoba cxadad mowmobs mefis am
ubadruki moxelis namdvil ganzraxvas [68, 333].
89
saqarTveloSi bevri gamoTqvamda wuxils,
rom deda-ena ekargeboda, magram ubedureba is
iyo, rom am savalalo procesSi TviT qarTveli
sazogadoebis erT nawilsac miuZRoda brali.
magaliTad, am SemTxvevaSi arCil jorjaZe gu-
lisxmobda sazogadoebis, gansakuTrebiT ki Ta-
vadaznauruli inteligenciis im nawils, rome-
lic nebayoflobiT ugulvebelyofda mSobliu-
ri enis xmarebas da rusulad metyvelebda iqac,
`sadac qarTuli enis xmareba kanoniT ar iyo
aRkrZaluli~. am e.w. sazogadoebis ganaTlebul
`mowinave klass~ mSobliuri enis gareSec io-
lad SeeZlo cxovreba, ucxo enis codniT, mag-
ram mas unda Seegno, rom danaSauls sCadioda
qarTveli xalxis winaSe, roca mSobliur enas
iviwyebda [69, 59].
ilia aRniSnavda, rom egreT-wodebuli maRa-
li sazogadoeba, gansakuTrebiT qalaqebSi, Taki-
lobda mSobliur enaze saubars. `naTqvamia, Tev-
zi Tavidam yroldebao, swored egre mogvdis
Cvenc; Tu Cvens egreT-wodebul maRal sazoga-
doebas davakvirdebiT~. aristokratiul fenas
ar esmis qarTuli sityvierebis simdidre da yo-
velive gadaaviwyda, rac enis Rirsebas warmoad-
gens. `Cveni azri Cvenis eniT aRar moZraobs, Cve-
ni guli Cvenis eniT aRar Tbeba~ [59, 70-71].
qarTuli enis Seviwroebam da SebRalvam,
Sin da gareT abuCad agdebam kulminacias miaR-
wia. radganac skolaSi ar iTvleboda savalde-
bulo sagnad, ris gamoc `qarTul enas `sxvaTa
90
Soris~ misCerebia qarTveli mowafe da qarTve-
li mSobeli...~
qarTuli enis daviwyeba ki xels uwyobda
axalgazrdebSi sakuTari qveynis istoriis ar-
codnas, erovnuli cnobierebis gadagvarebas: `is
ena, romelzedac bavSvobis xanaSi, mSobeli de-
da gvimReroda tkbil iavnanas, gvinergavda spe-
tak siyvaruls samSoblosadmi, warsulis Rrma
pativiscemas, is ena, romelzedac deda mogviT-
xrobda saqarTvelos Tavgadasavals, bed-iR-
bals, warsuls da mTel mis istorias, dRes is
daviwyebia qarTvel mowafes da gadagvarebis
gzas damdgara~ – gulistkiviliT aRniSnavda ga-
zeTi `Temi~ [47, 65]. modas ayolili `vai-qarTve-
lebi~ skolaSi mibarebamde bavSvs uazrod atik-
tikebdnen rusul enaze da vinicobaa qarTuli
wamocdebodaT, yursac auwevdnen [47, 68]. bavSvs
aRar esmoda ojaxSi qarTuli ena, qarTuli la-
paraki. qarTuli `ailufxa~ sxva enaSi. qarTveli
inteligenciis didi nawili qarTulad Zlivs
axerxebda saubars, `wamdauwum waurusulebda~.
qalebi, Cveni momavali dedebi xom sul `parus-
kobdnen~ [47, 71].
gazeT `imereTis~ 1913 wlis #4-Si gamoqvey-
nebul publicistur narkvevSi – `Cven da ucxoe-
lebi~, vxvdebiT erovnuli problemebis sainte-
reso axsnas da warmoCenas. kerZod, avtori wers:
`metad kritikul mdgomareobaSia dRes Cveni
qarTveli eri, igi kargavs enas, xelidan ecleba
teritoriebi, kargavs da iviwyebs erovnul kul-
turas, magram mkvdari mainc ar aris, maS riT
91
mogvagonebs igi mkvdars? imitom rom karga xa-
nia man ufleba dakarga da am uflebisaTvis
jer kidev ar amouRia xma, brZola ar dauwyia.
sanam qarTveli eri namdvil erovnul uflebas
ar moipovebs, im uflebas, romlis farglebSic
ganviTardeba, frTebs gaSlis da ayvavdeba Cveni
erovnuli kultura, manam veraviTari Zala ver
ixsnis gaqrobisagan. Civili, godeba, cremlis
Rvra, Tundac wyevla-krulva veras uSvelis
Zvel ers, romelic TandaTanobiT istoriuli
pirobebiT gaqrobis gzas adgas, sanam qarTvel
ers iseTive ufleba ar eqneba mopovebuli, ro-
goriTac sxva erebi sazrdooben, manam misi
aRorZineba gazafxulis zRaparia.
vin unda moupovos ers es ufleba, cxadia
TviTon erma, Torem ucxoeli ityvis ra menaRve-
leba da Tu xsna aRaraa dae gaqres, vinaidan
sxvebi aRmocendebian ufro turfa da Zvirfasi,
maTgan TanagrZnobis garda arafers ar unda ve-
lodeT.
aba sxvam rogor unda izrunos SenTvis, Tu
TviTon Sen ar scem pativs Sens Tavs da sxvas
SesaWmelad nebdebi. ai amitom aris rom ucxoe-
lebi jer kviroben Cvens umoqmedobas da bolos
Cveni dapatronebis survilic aRiZreba maTSi~
[70, 213].
imave gazeTis furclebze, ucnobi avtori
,,farcxanelis~ fsevdonimiT gamoTqvams Semdeg
mosazrebas: qarTveli eris saWiroebisaTvis au-
cilebelia enis, teritoriis, saxelis da gvaris
SenarCuneba, rasac sami umTavresi mteri hyavs,
92
gareSe uxeSi Zala, nacionaluri Seuguebloba,
mamulis ,,usiyvaruloba~ da Tu ,,mTavrobis Sko-
lebSi enas saTanado adgili ar uWiravs, Cven
Cveni moqmedebiT ojaxSic, sadac aravin Semog-
vxtomia da ar aukrZalavs laparaki qarTulad,
Cveni inteligenciis umravlesoba rusulad
JRurtulebs Tavis col-SvilSi, ityvian es aR-
zrdis braliao, magram saqmec is aris, rom Cven
Cvens Svilebs ise ar vzrdiT, rogorc amas na-
cionaluri Segneba moiTxovs~ [70, 215].
ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom yvela imperiis um-
Tavres amocanas Seadgenda adgilobrivi enis ak-
rZalva, an SeZlebisdagvarad, mospoba da gaday-
vana imperiis enaze. ,,rusifikacia~, pirvel rigSi
politikuri strategia iyo, romelic enobriv
gardaqmnas gulisxmobda da gulisxmobs. kolo-
niebis mosaxleoba, bunebrivad, kolonizatore-
bis enaze iwyebda laparaks. marTalia, ZiriTa-
dad cudad da sakuTar enasTan ,,nazavis~ saxiT,
magram garkveuli ,,maRali~ fenebi, romlebic
swavlas axerxebdnen metropoliaSi, bunebrivad
iqceodnen ,,germanofonebad~, ,,frankofonebad~,
,,anglofonebad~, ,,rusofonebad~ da a.S. [29, 266-
267]. giorgi lasxiSvili igonebs, rom odesaSi
myofi qarTveli studentebidan ,,zogma maTganma
qarTuli laparakic ar icoda~ [71, 20].
ilia WavWavaZe erT-erT polemikur werilSi
miuTiTebs, rom ruseTis sazRvrebSi, yovel ara-
russ (,,inorodecs~) rwmenis sakiTxebSi qonda
sakuTari, damoukidebeli mmarTveloba; somxebi,
mahmadianebi, ebraelebi da sxvebi aRmsareblobis
93
saqmeSi Tavad iyvnen uflebamosilni. aseve gaaC-
ndaT sakuTari saswavleblebi, sadac swavla
maT mSobliur enaze mimdinareobda. maTi sasu-
liero wodebac TiTqmis sruliad damoukidebe-
li iyo raime zewolisagan. rogori paradoqsu-
lic ar unda iyos, yovelive am sikeTes mokle-
buli iyvnen mxloddamxolod marTlmadidebeli
qarTvelebi [72, 41].
pirveli msoflio omis win naTeli gaxda,
rom carizmis rusifikatorulma politikam, ro-
melsac imperiis ganapira mxareebSi axorcieleb-
dnen, saerTo marcxi ganicada. reaqciis ukan da-
xeva daadastura sruliad ruseTis saxalxo
maswavlebelTa pirvelma yrilobamac, romelic
1913 wlis dekembersa da 1914 wlis ianvarSi mim-
dinareobda. aRniSnuli yrilobis muSaobaSi mo-
winave qarTvel pedagogTagan arsebuli saganma-
naTleblo sistemis mkacri kritikiT gamovidnen
ivane gomarTeli da dimitri uznaZe. imperiis
mowinave inteligenciis Zalisxmevis Sedegad
yrilobam miiRo umniSvnelovanesi gadawyvetile-
ba, romlis ZaliTac dawyebiT da saSualo sko-
lebSi swavleba erovnul enaze unda warmarTu-
liyo [67, 88].
da mainc, qarTveli eris ,,gamoRviZebaSi~
udidesi roli Seasrules Cvenma ,,samocianeleb-
ma~. i. gogebaSvilis dedaenis gamocema (1876w.),
qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli
sazogadoebis Seqmna (1879w.) da a.S.
umniSvnelovanesia qarTuli (qarTulenova-
ni) Teatris garSemo mimdinare movlenebi. qar-
94
Tveli sazogado moRvaweebi did yuradRebas
uTmobdnen Teatrs da mis rols sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi. XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebis bolos,
dimitri yifianis TaosnobiT, iwyeba moZraoba
qarTulenovani Teatris CamoyalibebisaTvis
(,,scenis gamarTvisaTvis~), sadac daidgmeboda
Seqspiris, molieris da sxvaTa nawarmoebebi. aR-
niSnul movlenebs exmaureba ilia WavWavaZe. misi
azriT, savalalo da samarcxvino mdgomareobaSi
Cayenebuli qarTuli enisaTvis scena ,,swored
cisnamia damWknaris yvavilisaTvis~. ilias Teat-
ri esaxeba ,,im adgilad, s a d a c C v e n i e
n a fexzed unda wamodges mTelis Tavis Segne-
biTa da simdidriTa~ [59, 71].
pirdapir gansacvifrebelia qarTvel moRva-
weTa sibrZne da gamWriaxoba. marTlac ra xde-
boda? aRar iyo saqarTvelo, rogorc saxelmwi-
fo, igi ruseTis uzarmazari imperiis ori pata-
ra gubernia gaxda, amitom mas aRar gaaCnda ara-
viTari saxelmwifo dawesebuleba. aseT viTare-
baSi iqmneba banki, romelic, faqtiurad, finan-
sTa saministros funqciebs asrulebda; Seiqmna
wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba, ro-
melic ganaTlebis saministros funqciebs warma-
tebiT asrulebda; daarsda saTeatro sazogado-
eba, romelic kulturis saministros movaleo-
bas eweoda! maSasadame, faqtiurad Seiqmna sami
saministro! es ki xdeboda carizmis gaZlierebu-
li rusifikatoruli politikis pirobebSi, ro-
ca yovelgvari qarTuli idevneboda da ispobo-
da. aRtacebisa da madlierebis gareSe rogor
95
unda vilparakoT Cvens im winaprebze, vinc ase
brZnulad, moqnilad da gonivrulad eRvawa
erisTvis! maT Soris xom ilia WavWavaZe upirve-
lesi da udidesi iyo [73, 91].
erovnuli umciresobis sakiTxisaTvis
Tanamedrove msoflioSi 340 milioni ada-
miani ar cxovrobs Tavis samSobloSi da erov-
nul umciresobas warmoadgens, aqedan 80 mln. –
mde adamiani jer kidev rCeba enobriv umcireso-
bad [74, 131].
Tu romelime xalxis gansaxlebis dros
xdeba misi calke jgufebis geografiuli mow-
yveta, rac ufro xSiria sazRvao gziT gadasax-
lebis dros, maSin ZiriTadi ,,mSobliuri~ xal-
xisagan gamoiyofa axali damoukidebeli eTnose-
bi. swored ase daemarTaT ingliselebs, fran-
gebs, espanelebs, portugalielebs, holandie-
lebs da dasavleT evropis sxva xalxebs, roca
koloniur periodSi (XVI-XIX ss.) moxda maTi
gansaxleba CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikis, av-
straliisa da okeaniis mkvidri mosaxleobisaT-
vis warTmeul da dapyrobil miwebze. aseT axal
eTnosebs warmoadgenen amerikelebi, inglisel-
kanadelebi, frangi kanadelebi, laTinuri ameri-
kis TiTqmis yvela ,,msxvili~ xalxi, inglisel-
avstralielebi, inglisel-axalzelandielebi
da sxva mravalni.
96
zogierTi eTnosocialuri erTobebi Camo-
yalibdnen jer kidev pirvelyofili Temuri wyo-
bilebis stadiaze, romlebic dReisaTvis Semor-
Cnen asobiT, xolo nawili mxolod aTobiT ada-
mians moiTvlis. maSin, rodesac sxva eTnosebis
– erebis formireba moxda axalsa da uaxles pe-
riodSi milionebs Seadgenen. aRsaniSnavia, rom
kacobriobis raodenobis naxevars Seadgens mxo-
lod 11 dasaxelebis xalxi. maTgan SedarebiT
mravalricxovania (100 milionze meti) [75, 7]. ese-
ni arian Cinelebi, ukve didi xania miliardze
meti, hindustanelebi (200 milionze meti), aSS –
s amerikelebi (daaxloebiT 180 milioni), benga-
lielebi (170 milioni), rusebi (150 milionze me-
ti), brazilielebi (135 milionamde), iaponelebi
(120 milionze meti) [75, 300].
erovnuli saxelmwifoebi moicaven uamrav
religiur, enobriv da regionalur dajgufe-
bebs, romelTaganac romeliRac mainc gamoT-
qvams pretenzias ,,eris~ statusze. yofili iu-
goslavia, romelic Tavis droze versalelma
mSvidobismyofelebma gansazRvres, CaTvales,
rogorc ,,slavTa qveyana~. sinamdvileSi is yo-
velTvis dasaxlebuli iyo sxvadasxva religi-
ur-eTnikuri erTobebiT, romelTac gaaCndaT sa-
kuTari ena da istoria. amas mohyva eTnikuri
wmendis saSiSroeba da es moxda kidec bosnieli
serbebis mxridan [76, 94-95].
Tanamedrove pirobebSi msoflio politi-
kis wamyvani Zalebi cdiloben mravalerovnul
qveynebSi ori ZiriTadi modeliT daareguliron
97
nacionaluri umciresobebis da sxva eTnikuri
jgufebis problema.
p i r v e l i – es aris modeli, romlis
arsi mdgomareobs erovnuli umciresobebis da
eTnosebis asimilaciaSi (mesame-meoTxe Taoba da
a.S.). igi damaxasiaTebelia amerikis, kanadis,
safrangeTis, TurqeTis da sxva ganviTarebuli
qveynebisaTvis. klasikur magaliTad SeiZleba
dasaxeldes ruseTic, sadac ebraelebis TiTqmis
mTliani asimilacia moxda, magram gasakviri is
aris, rom ruseTSi ebraelTa umciresobam Tvi-
Ton moaxdina inteleqtualuri zegavlena umrav-
lesobaze da sxva umciresobebTan erTad didi
gavlena iqonia rusuli erovnuli cnobierebis
Camoyalibebaze. Tumca erovnuli sulis gamodev-
nis procesma mTlianobaSi uaryofiTi nakadi
SesZina ruseTis sazogadoebriv-politikur, eko-
nomikur da fsiqologiur ganviTarebas. am mo-
delTan axlos dgas yvela yofili sabWoTa res-
piblika.
m e o r e modelad moiazreba mxolod
kulturuli pluralizmi, rodesac qveynis mas-
StabiT ar arsebobs erTiani normatiuli kul-
tura da fiqsirdeba kulturuli mravalsaxeoba
[77, 40-41].
XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi gamoikveTa e.w.
arSemdgari saxelmwifoebis ricxvis zrda. es is
qveynebia, sadac erovnuli umciresobebis separa-
tizmis gamo saxelmwifo, faqtiurad, daSlilia
calkeul nawilebad da centralur xelisufle-
bas ar SeuZlia Tavisi iurisdiqcia gaavrcelos
98
sakuTari saxelmwifos mTel teritoriaze. mec-
nierTa garkveuli nawilis azriT, momavali
msoflios ZiriTadi polotikuri winaaRmdegoba
iqneba dapirispireba saxelmwifosa da eTnikur
umciresobebs Soris [78, 47].
XXI saukunis dasawyisisaTvis msoflios
suverenuli saxelmwifoebis sam meoTxedze mets
hyavda erovnuli umciresobebis mniSvnelovani
raodenoba, romlebic Seadgenen dedamiwis mo-
saxleobis erT meeqvseds [78, 149].
istoriuli da socialuri ganviTarebis
Sedegad ukve Camoyalibebuli eTnikuri jgufi
warmoadgens erTian cocxal organizms Tavisi
Sinagani struqturiT. rogorc yovel cocxal
organizmSi, eTnosSic, axal bunebriv-klimatur
an ucxo eTno-kulturul garemoSi moxvedrisas,
iwyebs moqmedebas adaptaciuri meqanizmi, gamomu-
Savebuli saukuneebis manZilze. am meqanizmis
qmediTunarianobazea damokidebuli, SesZlebs
Tu ara esa Tu is eTnosi Seeguos axal garemos,
SeiTvisos misTvis aratradiciuli faseulobebi
da warmodgenebi, Tanamedrove sazogadoebis
normebi, wavides garkveul kulturul kompro-
misze ise, ar daarRvios misi specifikuroba da
sistemuri mTlianoba, anu adaptacia ar gadai-
zardos asimilaciaSi. zogierTi mecnieris Sexe-
dulebiT, eTnosTa swored es madaptirebeli
unari SeiZleba iqnas miRebuli eTnikur jgufTa
ganmasxvavebel, saklasifikacio niSnad, maTi ti-
pologizaciis safuZvlad. uxeSi dayofiT eTno-
sebi am niSnis mixedviT SeiZleba miekuTvnos ad-
99
viladmodernizebad da Zneladmodernizebad, an
dasavlur da aRmosavlur tipebs. Tu mivmarTavT
kvlevis sistemur meTodologias, eTnikuri sis-
temebi am maxasiaTeblis mixedviT Seesabameba
Ria da daxurul sistemebs [79, 81].
erovnuli umciresobis sakiTxi zogadsaka-
cobrio problemaa. cnobilia, rom arsebobs eT-
nikuri sazRvrebi da arsebobs saxelmwifoebri-
vi politikuri sazRvrebi. es ori cneba erTma-
neTs rom emTxveodes, maSin srul harmoniasTan
gveqneboda saqme. magram cxovrebaSi ase ar xde-
ba. es sazRvrebi yovelTvis daSorebulia. ami-
tom politikur sazRvrebSi xSirad xvdeba mra-
vali eris warmomadgeneli. politikuri saz-
Rvrebi erT mTlian saxelmwifos gamoxatavs da
masSi moxvedrili adamianebi ukve erTi uzarma-
zari sociumis anu saxelmwifos warmomadgenle-
bi arian. erovnuli umciresobebi, romelnic do-
minant, avtoqtonuri eris gverdiT cxovroben
erT saxelmwifoSi, ukve politikurad dominire-
buli eris ,,sakuTreba xdeba~. swored es princi-
pi aqvs aRebuli dasavleT da, Tu gnebavT, aRmo-
savleT qveynebsac, sadac, oficialurad Tu ara-
oficialurad, yvela mosaxle, erovnebis miuxe-
davad, iTvleba im saxelmwifos kuTvnilebad,
mis Semadgenel nawilad, romelic avtoqtonuri
eris saxels atarebs.
ar arsebobs adamianisaTvis imaze maRali
ram, vidre erovnebaa. erovnebis gareSe adamiani
mouwesrigebeli arsebis STabeWdilebas tovebs.
erovnulobaSia akumulirebuli misi struqtura,
100
Tavisi Tavis da adgilis povna. erovnuli mikuT-
vnebuloba miRebulia rogorc aucilebeli, Ta-
visTavadi. igi axdens arsebiT gavlenas xalxis
moqmedebaze iseT situaciebSi, roca erovnulo-
bis dacva uTanaswordeba cxovrebis da STamomav-
lobis dacvas. magram araferi ar aris ise saSi-
Si, rogorc erovnuloba, rodesac igi sakuTari
ambiciebis dasaokeblad separatistuli da poli-
tikanuri elitis manipulirebis sagani xdeba.
dayofili sazogadoebebi aris arasamar-
Tlebriobis Sedegi. Tu ar arsebobs samarTleb-
rioba, mRelvareba da konfliqti umciresobasa
da umravlesobas Soris TiTqmis gardauvalia. s
a e r T a S o r i s o o r g a n i z a c i e b
i k i u f r o x S i r a d m x a r s u W e
r e n u m c i r e s o b a T a m o T x o v n e
b s, x S i r a d u m c i r e s o b a s g a r
e d a n a q v s s t r a t e g i u l i d a i
d e o l o g i u r i m x a r d a W e r a. yo-
velive amas Sedegad mohyveba gaxangrZlivebuli,
Zvirad Rirebuli konfliqti, sazogadoebis da
ekonomikis dezintegracia da, bolos, rac mTa-
varia, didi sakiTxis winaSe aRmoCndeba is Rire-
bulebebi, romelTa dacva gaxda konfliqtis
Tavdapirveli mizezi, anu konfliqti Seuqmnis
safrTxes Tavad eTnikuri jgufis arsebobas, eT-
nikur kulturas.
xSirad umciresoba Tvlis, rom pirovnuli
usafrTxoebis dacvas uzrunvelyofs sazogado-
ebis avtonomiuri mowyoba. arsebobs azri, rom
gadawyvetileba teritoriuli avtonomiis mini-
101
Webis Sesaxeb ar aris marTebuli, radganac igi
warmoqmnis sxva umciresobebs avtonomiis Sig-
niT. amitom saerTaSoriso organizaciebi mxars
ar uWeren teritoriul avtonomias, isini ufro
metad emxrobian kulturuli avtonomiis miniWe-
bas. xolo imis gamo, rom kulturuli avtonomi-
ac xSir SemTxvevaSi TavisTavad moiTxovs gar-
kveul teritorias, umciresoba umjobesad
Tvlis garkveuli doziT moipovos administra-
ciuli da finansuri avtonomia da amiT daicvas
identuroba.
magram politikur samyaroSi isicaa cnobi-
li, rom umciresobebi yovelTvis imaze mets iT-
xoven, vidre saxelmwifos miaCnia saWirod miani-
Wos maT. msoflio praqtikam gviCvena, rom erov-
nuli saxelmwifoebis umetesoba Tavs Tvlis mo-
noeTnikur sazogadoebad, Tumca igi Tavisi Se-
madgenlobiT polieTnikuria da ar qmnis gansa-
kuTrebul kanonebs eTnikuri umciresobisaTvis,
sjerdeba mxolod adamianis uflebebis dacvas,
rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs jgufis dacvasac.
TavisTavad polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi
yvela adamians, ganurCevlad imisa, eTnikuri um-
ravlesobis Tu umciresobis warmomadgenelia
igi, unda hqondes Tanabari uflebebi da saxel-
mwifos winaSe Tanabari movaleoba. saxelmwifo
maT, rogorc Tavisi qveynis moqalaqeebs, erTnai-
rad unda icavdes, amitom arsebobs tendencia,
rom Tavisi identifikacia yvelam moqalaqeobas
daukavSiros.
102
aseve problemuria saxelmwifo mowyobi-
saTvis eTnikuri TviTSegnebis sakiTxi. igi Ta-
vis mxriv ukavSirdeba sxvis (arasakuTari) teri-
toriaze mcxovrebi xalxis TviTgamorkvevis uf-
lebis gansazRvras e.i. im eTnikuri jgufebis,
romlebic ama Tu im saxelmwifoSi warmoadgenen
eTnikur umciresobebs. s a e r T a S o r i s o
g a e r T i a n e b a n i e r T d r o u l a
d a R i a r e b e n, r o g o r c T v i T
g a m o r k v e v a s, a s e v e s a z R v r e
b i s d a u r R v e v l o b i s p r i n c i p
s, r a c Y T a v i s T a v a d e r T m a n e
T s e w i n a a R m d e g e b a.
arsebobs mosazreba `SidaTviTgamorkvevis~
Sesaxeb, romelic gulisxmobs erTi saxelmwi-
fos SigniT eTnoumciresobaTa `TviTgamorkve-
vas~. amitom saxelmwifos garadqmnebis periodSi
saWiroa yovelive zemoTmoyvanili sakiTxis ara
marto politikuri gaazreba, aramed mecnieruli
kvlevac. aseTi Seswavlis gareSe am sakiTxebis
gadaWra ar SeiZleba, radgan, Tu umciresobebs
gansakuTrebul uflebebs mianiWeben, warmoiqmne-
ba saSiSroeba, koleqtiuri uflebebis moTxov-
nebma miiRos avtonomiis, TviTmarTvelobis,
TviTgamorkvevis, damoukideblobis, politikuri
gamoyofis da sxva mezobel saxelmwifosTan Se-
erTebis forma, rac daemuqreba qveynis terito-
riul mTlianobas [79, 305-306]. amerikeli
mkvlevarebi k e g l i da v i T q o f i Tana-
medrove msoflioSi eTnikuri daZabulobis ge-
ografiuli ganawilebis Semdeg suraTs iZlevi-
103
an: dasavleTis demokratiul qveynebSi 31 eT-
nopolitikuri jgufia. SeiaraRebul konfliq-
tSi arc erTi eTnikuri jgufi ar aris Cabmuli.
xuTi eTnikuri jgufi saSualo riskis pirobeb-
Sia moxvedrili (baskebi, CrdiloeT irlandie-
lebi da sxv.) [78, 149]. aRmosavleT evropa da yo-
fili sabWoTa kavSiri iTvlis 59 eTnopoliti-
kur jgufs. aqdean ori eTnikur omSia Cabmuli.
rva imyofeba maRali, xolo Svidi saSualo ris-
kis mdgomareobaSi (maT Soris arian somxebi,
azerbaijanelebi, qarTvelebi, afxazebi, osebi,
CeCnebi, bosnielebi, kosovos albanelebi).
aRmosavleTi da samxreT-aRmosavleTi azia
34 eTnopolitikur jgufs aerTianebs. xuTi jgu-
fi omis mdgomareobaSia, sami imyofeba maRali
riskis pirobebSi. kidev 12 jgufis mdgomareoba
SeiZleba Sefasdes rogorc saSualo riskis do-
ne (karenebi, minebi, Sanebi birmaSi, uiRurebi da
tibetelebi CineTSi).
dasavleTi da samxreT azia 25 eTnopoli-
tikur jgufs iTvlis. maTgan 11 eTnikuri omis
viTarebaSi, 6 maRali da 13 saSualo riskis ka-
tegoriaSi SeiZleba gavaerTianoT xazarebi,
tajikebi, uzbekebi avRaneTSi, qaSmirebi indoeT-
sa da pakistanSi, Tamilebi Sri-lankaSi).
axlo aRmosavleTsa da CrdiloeT afrika-
Si 28 eTnopolitikuri jgufi gamoiyofa. 3 jgu-
fi Cabmulia eTnikur omSi. maRali riskis piro-
bebSi imyofeba 6, saSualo riskis pirobebSi ki
2 jgufi (qurTebi TurqeTsa da eraySi, Siitebi
eraysa da libanSi, arabebi israelSi). tropiku-
104
li afrika 57 eTnopolitikur jgufs moicavs,
romelTagan 11 eTnikuri omis mdgomareobaSia,
12 maRali riskis, xolo 8 saSualo riskis do-
neze imyofeba (hutu burundiSi, ioruba nigeria-
Si, tutsi zairSi, afarebi eTiopiaSi).
laTinuri amerika da karibis auzi sul 32
eTnopolitikur jgufs iTvlis. maTgan eTnikuri
omis mdgomareobaSia erTi, xolo saSualo ris-
kis mdgomareobaSia 11 jgufi (miskito–nikaragu-
aSi da maia–meqsikaSi da sxv.).
sruli absurdi iqneboda imis mtkiceba,
rom nebismier xalxs, visac erovnuli identu-
roba aqvs, saxelmwifo unda hqondes, am logi-
kiT Tanamedrove msoflioSi 6 aTasamde damou-
kidebeli saxelmwifo iqneboda, rac sruli ab-
surdia. saerTaSoriso samarTalSi aRiarebuli
principi – xalxTa Tanasworuflebianobisa da
TviTgamorkvevis principi Tanamedrove etapze
srul SesabamisobaSia saerTaSoriso samarTlis
meore fundamentur principTan – teritoriul
mTlianobasTan [78, 151]. Tamanedrove msof-
liosaTvis samarTlianobisa da wesrigis garkve-
uli balansis moZieba da maT Soris wyalgamyo-
fi xazis povna aris erT-erTi umwvavesi prob-
lema da mravali mkvlevaris mosazrebiT, kvla-
vac darCeba momaval msoflioSi.
amerikeli mkvlevari g. gotlibi Tavis
wignSi `eri saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg~ cdilobs
gadaWras es problema da gvTavazobs Tavis Teo-
rias `saxelmwifos alus erebi~, romlis mixed-
viTac saxelmwifoTa sistemis gverdiT unda Se-
105
iqmnas axali sivrce – erebis sistema. eris sta-
tusis mqone erTeulebs SeeZlebaT gaxdnen saer-
TaSoriso urTierTobebis aqtorebi da warmod-
genilni iyvnen saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi e.
i. erebs eniWebaT saerTaSoriso statusi, rome-
lic ar gulisxmobs axali teritoriuli sa-
xelmwifoebis Seqmnas. daaxloebiT am pozicia-
zea espaneli mkvlevari m. giberno. misi azriT,
erovnuli umciresobani gaxdebian saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis monawileni mxolod ekonomiku-
ri da politikuri integraciis maRal doneze.
gibernos miaCnia, rom evrokavSiri warmoadgens
iseT organizacias, romlis SigniTac ukve Se-
saZlebelia Tanabar subieqtebad gamoikveTon
rogorc saxelmwifoebi, ise saxelmwifos gareSe
darCenili erebi. kerZod, Sotlandias, uelss,
katalonias, kastilias da baskeTs, didi brita-
neTisa da espaneTis msgavsad, unda hqondeT uf-
leba warmoadgendnen evrokavSiris srulufle-
bian wevrebs, sargeblobdnen politikuri avto-
nomiis imave doniT evrokavSirSi da hyavdeT Ta-
vianTi warmomadgenlebi evroparlamentSi. isini,
faqtiurad, iZenen im uflebebs, rac adre mxo-
lod saxelmwifosaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebli,
magram saxelmwifos SigniT isini kvlav rCebian
eTnikur umciresobad [78, 154].
umciresobis sakiTxi CvenTvis metad aqtua-
luri problemaa. ZiriTadad arsebobs ramdenime
saxis umciresoba: p o l i t i k u r i, e n o b
r i v i da r e l i g i u r i umciresobebi [80,
23].
106
pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia ganvasxvavoT
monoeTnikuri da polieTnikuri saxelmwifoebi.
ris Sesaxeb SeiZleba iTqvas, rom eTnikuri
TvalsazrisiT absoluturad erTgvarovani sa-
xelmwifo warmonaqmni realurad ar arsebobs.
amitom samecniero literaturaSi gamoiTqva mo-
sazreba, rom pirobiTad monoeTnikur saxelmwi-
fod CaeTvalaT is qveynebi, sadac mosaxleobis
absoluturi umravlesoba (ukidures SemTxveva-
Si 95%) miekuTvneba erT eTnoss. aseTebia, maga-
liTad, bangladeSi, brazilia, iordania, ita-
lia, madagaskari, norvegia, portugalia, Ggerma-
nia, iaponoa, arabuli qveynebis umravlesoba [75,
3000-301].
`sabWoTa mecnierebaSi~ cneba `umcireso-
bis~ aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda sinonimuri ga-
monaTqvamebi: `erovnuli umciresoba~ da `mcire
xalxebi~ [81, 94].
ucxoeli mecnierebi iyeneben iseT termi-
nebs, rogoricaa `erovnuli umciresobebi~, `in-
digenuri xalxi~, `urbanuli umciresobebi~ da
a.S. [81, 95].
bolo periodSi qarTul istoriografiaSi
gamoiTqva ramdenime mosazreba `erovnuli umci-
resobis~ definiciasTan dakavSirebiT. magali-
Tad, l. kiknaZis azriT, `ama Tu im xalxis si-
Warbe xSirad ricxobrivia, Tumca eTnikuri jgu-
fi, romelsac ara aqvs socialuri privilegiebi
da miiCnevs Tavs uuflebod, SeiZleba ganisaz-
Rvros, rogorc umciresoba~ [82, 32]. es ganmarte-
ba mTlad gasagebi ver aris. marTalia, statiis
107
avtori ucxour samecniero literaturas ey-
rdnoba, magram ramdenad misaRebia aseTi defini-
cia? ras niSnavs, rom `ama Tu im xalxis siWarbe
xSirad ricxobrivia~? xalxis siWarbe sxvas ras
unda warmoadgendes TuUara ricxobriv upirate-
sobas! an eTnikuri jgufis socialuri privile-
giebis nakleboba da uufleboba SeiZleba iyos
`erovnuli umciresobisaTvis~ mikuTvnebis kri-
teriumi?
aRmosavleT evropaSi da yofil sabWoTa
kavSirSi mimdinare dramatulma movlenebma ra-
dikalurad Secvales situacia am regionSi. sa-
Wiro gaxda evropis usafrTxoebis axali siste-
mis Seqmna da am mizniT evroTaTbirSi struqtu-
ruli cvlilebebis Setana (e u T o).
holandiis iniciativiT SemoRebuli iqna
erovnul umciresobaTa saqmeSi umaRlesi komis-
ris Tanamdeboba 1992 wlis ivnisSi helsinkSi ga-
marTul umaRlesi donis Sexvedraze [83, 152].
erovnuli umciresobebis amJamad yvelaze
miRebuli gansazRvreba ekuTvnis gaeros diskri-
minaciis acilebis da umciresobaTa dacvis qve-
komisiis specialur raportiors (momxsenebels)
franCesko kapoports. Tumca am ganmartebam yve-
la eqsperti ar daakmayofila da gaero jer ki-
dev eZebs mis definicias. am ganmartebis Tanax-
mad, ,,erovnuli umciresoba aris saxelmwifos
danarCen mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT mcireric-
xovani, aradominanturi poziciis, am saxelmwi-
foSi mcxovreb ama Tu im erovnebis warmomadge-
nelTagan dakompleqtebuli jgufi, romlis wev-
108
rebs aqvT danarCeni mosaxleobisagan gansxvave-
buli eTnikuri, religiuri an lingvisturi ma-
xasiaTeblebi da TavisTavad gamoxataven soli-
darobas Tavisi kulturis, tradiciis, religii-
sa da enis dasacavad [81, 96].
eTnikuri istoriis procesSi yofila Sem-
Txvevebi, rodesac romelime eTnosis (eTnikuri
erTobis) nawili gadaadgilebis, an sxvasTan
Serwymis dros aRmoCenila calke ZiriTadi bir-
Tvisagan, da ganviTarebula damoukideblad. ama-
ve dros SeunarCunebia Tavisi eTnikuri erToba.
saerTo kulturiTa da warmoSobiT adamianTa
aseTi specifikuri jgufebi, gancalkevebiT ari-
an irgvliv myofi eTnikuri masivisagan, xalxisa-
gan, anu erisagan da iwodebian eTnografiul
jgufebad. msgavs jgufebs, akademokos i.v. brom-
leis azriT, SeiZleba vuwodoT ,,eTnikosebi~ [75,
32]. (berZ. ethnikos) ixmareba ama Tu im tomTan,
xalxTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelobiT [84, 123].
maSasadame, eTnografiuli jgufi aseve
specifikuri erTobaa. mas SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT
Turqulenovani gagauzebi bulgareTSi, iranule-
novani iranelebi uzbekeTSi, manjurulenovani
orokebi saxalinze da sxv.
eTnografiuli jgufi ar SeiZleba gavaigi-
voT erovnul umciresobasTan, romelic warmo-
adgens eris erovnuli erTobis nawils ZiriTa-
di sacxovreblis sazRvrebs gareT, Tumca maT
Soris SesaZlebelia zogierTi gardamavali ti-
pi vigulisxmoT [85, 58-59].
109
terminebi ,,umciresoba~ – ,,umravlesoba~
relatiuria. umciresoba mxolod umravlesobas-
Tan mimarTebaSi arsebobs (da piriqiT) da See-
satyviseba sazRvrebis garkveul sistemas. Tana-
medrove sazogadoebaSi es sazRvrebi ZiriTadad
saxelmwifo sazRvrebs gulisxmobs. saxelmwifo
sazRvrebis Secvlam, bunebrivia, SeiZleba gamo-
iwvios umciresoba-umravlesobis Tanafardobis
cvlilebebic. amasTanave, garkveul sazRvrebs
SigniT myofi umciresoba sxvagan SeiZleba um-
ravlesobas warmoadgendes, an piriqiT.
yvela umciresobas aqvs saerTo niSani-po-
tenciurad konfliqturi damokidebuleba sa-
xelmwifosa da dominantur erTan [86, 22].
,,socialuri identifikaciis Teoriis Ta-
naxmad, adamianebi midrekilni arian ufro metad
pozitiurad daaxasiaTon is ,,warmosaxviTi er-
Toba~ (yvelaze xSirad ki eri), romelsac Tavad
miekuTvnebian. es tendencia gansakuTrebiT mniS-
vnelovania erTobis SigniT myari kavSiris Se-
narCunebisaTvis. Sesabamisad, mas, vinc am erTo-
bas ar miekuTvneba, yvelaze uaryofiT Tvisebebs
miaweren [87, 73-74]. magaliTad, leki anwuxebi Ta-
vianT Tavs uwodben ,,maraxSal~ (,,Snoiani~, ,,la-
zaTiani~), xolo isini mezobel kapuWebs uwode-
ben ,,xvanalebs~, rac sapalneakidebul pirutyvs
niSnavs [88, 18].
eTnikuri jgufis socialuri fsiqologii-
saTvis damaxasiaTebeli e.w. eTnocentrizmis fe-
nomeni amerikelma anTropologma u. s a m e r m
a gamoavlina. eTnocentrizmisaTvis mniSvnelova-
110
nia sxva eTnosebis Sefasebisas sakuTari eTniku-
ri jgufis etalonurad, referenturad aRiare-
ba, Sesabamisad sxva jgufi miiCneva Tavisaze ua-
resad, rac iwvevs maTdami agdebul, mtrul da-
mokidebulebas, undoblobas. eTnocentrizmi,
rogorc wesi, Tavs iCens eTnikuri jgufisaTvis
eqstremalur situaciaSi, rodesac mis identu-
robas safrTxe emuqreba [79, 92]. magaliTad, ka-
tegoria ,,zangi~ SesaZloa mxolod neitralur
damokidebulebas gamoxatavdes da aranair nega-
tivizmis safuZvels ar qmnides, magram rodesac
kategorias ,,zangoba~ daemateba misi musikalu-
roba, sizarmace, crumorwmuneoba, CamorCenilo-
ba da a.S., Cven ukve saqme gvaqvs stereotipul
xatebTan da warmodgenebTan. faqtobrivad, aq
laparakia xat-warmodgenebze, socialur ganwyo-
baze, winaswar eTnikur ganwyobaze [79, 277].
adamianTa cnobierebis erT-erTi aucilebe-
li aqsesuari ,,Cven – isini“, ukve mkafiod ikve-
Teba pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi. kerZod, Tavi-
sianisa da ucxos fenomeni. sxva tomis warmo-
madgenlebi mtrebad iTvlebodnen. Semgroveble-
bi da monadireebi ki mters araadamianad
Tvlidnen. brZolis dros adamiani ar klavda
mas, vinc flobda iseTive informacias, rogor-
sac TviTon... is anadgurebs ucxos, mters, visi
,,fizionomia~ misTvis ucnobia [89, 117].
Zveli egviptelebi sakuTar Tavs uwodeb-
dnen ,,remeCs~ (rac maT enaze niSnavda ,,adami-
ans~), xolo danareCni xalxi maTTvis ,,velure-
bi~ iyvnen [90, 42].
111
CineTSi, cinis epoqisa da ufro adreuli
xanis werilobiT ZeglebSi, agreTve gomindanis
reJimis droindel literaturaSi, CineTis mci-
rericxovani erebis aRmniSvnel TiTqmis yvela
ieroglifs, romelic klasifikatoris funqcias
asrulebda da ikiTxeboda, rogorc ,,ZaRli~. es
faqti, cxadia migviTiTebs Cinuri eTnocentriz-
mis erT-erT umTavres maxasiaTebelze – erovnu-
li umciresobisadmi lamis zoologiur zizRze.
samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi (upiratesad in-
doCineTis naxevarkunZulze) mcxovrebi taiebis
TviTsaxelwodebaa t a i, t h a i, rac siamur ena-
ze niSnavs ,,adamians~. sxva eTnosebis mimarT ki
isini iyeneben klasifikators meng (`mweri~, `mwe-rebi~). am SemTxvevaSic saqme gvaqvs eTnocentriz-
mis friad vulgarul gamovlinebasTan [90, 43].
afrikaSi mcxovrebi hotentotebis avtoeT-
nonimia k o i k o i n, rac maT enaze ,,namdvil
adamianebs~ an ,,rCeul, saukeTeso adamianebs~
niSnavs. mezobel buSmenebs ki isini uwodebdnen
s a n s, rac ,,veluris~ Sinaarss itevda. es sa-
gulisxmo faqti ukve imis TvalsaCino mowmobaa,
rom eTnocentrizmi kulturuli ganviTarebis
dabal safexurze mdgom xalxebTanac aranakleb
eqspresiuli formiT iCens Tavs [90, 44]. xamura-
bis kanonebis mixedviT Zveli babiloni msof-
lio saxelmwifos warmoadgenda. amitomac yvela
Tavisufali, Tanaswori iyo kanonis winaSe. ar
arsebobda raime privilegia erovnuli niSnis
mixedviT. elamelis, babilonelis, qanaanelis
mimarT kanoni erTnairad moqmedebda. xamurabis
112
kanonebma ar icis mosulisa da ucxotomelis
cneba [91, 10].
jer kidev aristotele aRniSnavda, rom
,,stumroba ucxoelebisa, romlebic aRzrdili
arian sul sxva kanonebze, saxelmwifosaTvis
araa sasargeblo da ewinaaRmdegeba saxelmwi-
fos kargad marTvis saqmes~. marTlac, praqtiku-
lad dadasturebulia, rom emigrantebis mozRva-
veba, gansakuTrebiT ki mcire saxelmwifosaTvis,
demokratiuli viTarebis TvalsazrisiTac wamge-
biania [92, 47].
eTikuri aRzrdis principebis Tvalsazri-
siT, elinisturi epoqis arsebiTi maxasiaTebeli
misi araeTnikurad da religiurad gaudiferen-
cirebeli xasiaTia da samoqalaqo konvenciaSi
Tvisis gansazRvra oden kulturuli maxasiaTeb-
lebiT Semdegia: berZenia yvela vinc cxovrobs
berZnul kulturaSi.
elinistur epoqaSi eTnikuri sazomi dai-
karga monoTeizmSic – iudevelia yvela, vinc
aRiarebs moses sjuls (eTnikuri warmoSobisa,
Tu eTnikuri kuTvnilebis miuxedavad), risi
erT-erTi mizezic aris ebrauli enis sikvdili
da moses sjulis mimdevarTa ametyveleba arame-
ul, berZnul, laTinur Tu qarTul enaze [93, 92].
berZen-romael avtorTa TvalsazrisiT ama
Tu im pirisa Tu jgufis erovnuli kuTvnilebis
gasarkvevad mniSvneloba eniWeboda ara mxolod
sisxliT monaTesaobas (e.i. piris, jgufis) cxov-
rebis wessac: socialurs, ekonomikurs, religi-
113
ursa da kulturuls. didi, Tu ara gadamwyveti,
mniSvneloba hqonda e n o b r i v faqtorsac.
Zv.w. 380 wels isokrate amayad acxadebda,
rom ,,elinuri kulturis wyalobiT saxelwode-
ba elini aRniSnavs ukve ara warmomavlobas,
aramed sulier erTobas; elinebs ukve uwodeben
ara maT, vinc sisxliT monaTesaoben, aramed maT,
vinc Cvens ganaTlebas arian naziarebi~ [94, 14].
aristoteles SexedulebiT, barbarosi da mona
bunebis mixedviT identuri cnebebi iyo. barba-
rosebi elinebisaTvis warmoadgendnen Tavisu-
fal cxovelebs. aristotele imowmebda evripi-
des, romelic ambobda: ,,berZenT neba aqvT bato-
nobdnen barbarosebze~ [93, 125].
mis sawinaaRmdegod ki, mociquli pavle ga-
latelTa mimarT epistoleSi wers: ,,ukve aRar
arsebobs arc iudveli da arc berZeni, arc mona
da arc Tavisufali, arc mamri da arc dedri,
vinaidan Tqven yvelani xarT qriste iesoSi~ [95,
408]. maSasadame maT yvelas aqvT erTi da igive
adamianuri Rirsebebi da Tanabari movaleobani
maTi zneobrivi qmedebebisadmi. yoveli adamianis
Tanasworuflebianoba mxolod qristianuli
moZRvrebis saSualebiT iyo SesaZlebeli.
saerTod, demokratiis fuZemdeblebi ber-
Znebi xasiaTdebodnen lamis zoologiuri qseno-
fobiiT, da ara marto barbarosebis mimarT, ara-
med sxva berZnuli polisis (qalaq-saxelmwifos)
moqalaqe berZnebis mimarTac ki: klasikuri ber-
Znuli epoqis samoqalaqo samarTlis Tanaxmad,
bavSvebi moqalaqisa da ucxoelis (anu sxva ber-
114
Znuli polisis moqalaqis) qorwinebidan umrav-
les SemTxvevaSi ver iRebdnen moqalaqeobas. ase-
Ti mdgomareoba dakanonebul iqna aTenSi perik-
les mier Zv.w. 451 wels. amis gamo gaCnda praqti-
ka specialuri SeTanxmebebisa, romelTa Tanaxmad
aseTi internacionaluri qorwinebani iTvlebod-
nen kanonierad SeTanxmebaSi monawile qalaq –
saxelmwifoTa moqalaqeebs Soris. es iyo xel-
Sekrulebebi e.w. epigamiis Sesaxeb [93, 108-109].
rac Seexeba Zveli msoflios klasifika-
torul-kvalitatiur terminTa Soris upopula-
res ,,barbaross~, is berZnul enaze Tavdapirve-
lad niSnavda zogadad ,,ucxos, ucxoels, elini-
saTvis gaugebar enaze molaparakes~ da faqtob-
rivad moklebuli iyo raime odiozur niSans,
Tumca mogvianebiT man SeiZina ,,uxeSis, veluris,
ukulturos semantikuri niuansic~ [90, 44
aris mosazreba, rom berZnebi barbaross
yvela ara elins anu ara berZens uwodebdnen.
ucxoenovani xalxebis saubari berZnebs, buneb-
rivia, ar esmodaT da maTi smenisaTvis gaugeb-
rad aRiqmeboda. zogierTi avtoris Sexedule-
biT, aqedan gamomdinareobs sityva ,,barbar-os~ –
i. TandaTanobiT Zvelma berZnebma maTgan gan-
sxvavebuli kulturis xalxebs qedmaRlurad
dauwyes yureba. isini maT ufro dabla mdgomad,
velurebad miiCnevdnen. amitom TandaTan termini
,,barbarosi~ veluris sinonimi gaxda [96, 49].
Tumca, rogorc Cans, termini ,,barbarosis~
gamoyenebas ,,elinTan~ dapirispirebaSi gansakuT-
rebiT farTo gasaqani eZleva maSin, rodesac
115
berZen tomebs sabolood uyalibdebaT eTnikuri
erTobis Segneba da maTTan myarad ikidebs fexs
is azri, rom ,,Zveli elinebi~ barbarosi xalxe-
bisagan gansxvavdebodnen rogorc meti mosazre-
bulobiT, ise ufro sruli TavisuflebiT su-
lieri miamitobisagan (herodote).
Zveli berZnebi afrikis CrdiloeT sanapi-
roze jer kidev ,,didi kolonizaciis~ xanaSi
(Zv.w. VII-VI ss.) ikideben fexs. adgilobriv av-
toqtonur mosaxleobasTan intensiur kontaqtSi
Sesvlis Semdeg isini niadag ecnobian b e r b e
r T a Soris imxanad farTod gamoyenebul eT-
nonims ,,braber – brabars~ an ,,beraber – baraba
– barabars~, romelsac iTviseben ,,barbar – bar-
barosis~ formiT.
rogorc Cans, berberebma Tavisi egzoti-
kuri yofiT, kulturiT, ucnauri garegnobiT da
wesCveulebebiT, agreTve berZenTaTvis sruliad
gaugebari eniT, imdenad Zlieri STabeWdileba
moaxdines evropel kolonistebze, rom isini
elinTaTvis ,,sruliad ucxo, ucnauri, araCveu-
lebrivi xalxis~ erTgvar etalonad iqcnen.
aseTnairma eTnokulturulma stereotipma Tavis
mxriv, ,,elini – araelinis~ dixtomiur Sepiris-
pirebas Cauyara safuZveli da droTa ganmavlo-
baSi termini ,,barbarosic~ TandaTan daicala
dasabamiTi viwro – eTnikuri Sinaarsisagan da
aRniSnul dixtomias moergo rogorc zogadad
,,ucxos, ucxotomelis, ucxoelis~, ,,gaugebrad
molaparakis~ sinonimi... mogvianebiT, sxva arae-
lin eTnosebTan urTierTobis negatiuri gamoc-
116
dilebis dagrovebis pirobebSi ki, `barbarosma~
ara marto `ucxos~, ucxoelis, ucxo tomelis~,
aramed `uxamsis, uxeSis, ukulturos, veluris,
warmarTis~ damatebiTi mniSvneloba SeiZina [90,
49-50].
terminis – `barbarosis~ berberTa tomob-
rivi saxelwodebisagan momdinareobis sasargeb-
lod unda metyvelebdes is faqtic, rom Zvel
qarTvel mwignobarTac barbarosebi maincdama-
inc afrikelebad hyavdaT warmodgenili. Tqmu-
lis sailustraciod sakmarisia davimowmoT
sulxan-saba orbelianis `sityvis kona~, sadac
vkiTxulobT: `barbarozi – afrikis Temi Savni.
afrikaSi Temi erTi SavTa, warmarTi, mona ucxo-
Tesli~ [97, 50].
romaelebma pirvelebma SemoiRes moqala-
qis cneba (`romis moqalaqe~. romis moqalaqd
yofnisaTvis romaelad (e.i. eTnikur laTinad)
yofna ar iyo aucilebeli. romi ara Tu ar ga-
narCevda Tavis moqalaqeebs eTnikuri da reli-
giuri niSniT, metic, is aniWebda romis moqala-
qeobas mis mier dapyrobili qveynebis moqalaqe-
ebs, riTac aTanabrebda romis mkvidrTan. romis
moqalaqeobis aucilebeli pirobac da Sedegic
romaul samoqalaqo konvenciaSi gawevrianeba
iyo [93, 114].
amave dros romauli formula RaRadebda
divide et impera – e.i. saxelmwifoSi dasaqmebul
erovnebaTa Soris sTese Suri da gaTiSe, arev-
darevasa da erTmaneTTan kinklaobaSi amoxade
suli maT erovnul da politikur miswrafebeb-
117
so [98, 150]. Zveli romis 12 tabulis kanonebis
mixedviT ki romis teritoriaze mxolod romis
moqalaqes hqonda miwis sakuTrebis ufleba. uc-
xoelebi am SesaZleblobas moklebuli iyvnen
[91, 16].
romSi sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgene-
li danaSaulisaTvis gansxvavebul sasjels
iRebda. magaliTad, jvarze gakvras hqonda
mkveTrad gamoxatuli klasobrivi da erovnuli
xasiaTi: romis moqalaqis da, saerTod, Tavisu-
fali adamianis sikvdiliT dasja jvarze mkac-
rad iyo akrZaluli yvelaze mZime danaSaulis
Cadenis SemTxvevaSic ki [99, 39].
aseve, adrefeodalur sazogadoebaSi eTni-
kuri gansxvaveba ganuyofeli iyo samarTlebriv
gansxvavebasTan. saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi ka-
nonmdebloba jer kidev Camoyalibebis process
ganicdida da adamians asamarTlebdnen ara im
teritoriis, mxaris kanonmdeblobis mixedviT,
sadac cxovrobda, aramed im tomis tradiciidan
gamomdinare, saidanac iyo misi warmoSoba. ami-
tom, marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba, pirvel
rigSi, miznad isaxavda gansasjelis eTnikuri
vinaobis gamorkvevas. arsebul saqmis warmoebas
dokumentebSi, nawilobriv adrefeodaluri xa-
nis naratiul wyaroebSi, eTnonimebi miTiTebu-
lia adamianis pirad saxelTan erTad. zogjer
is pirdapir dasaxelebulia goTad, frankad,
romaelad da a.S. zogjer naTqvamia, rom is
cxovrobs ama da am xalxis kanonebis mixedviT
[100, 228].
118
oficialuri bizantiuri samarTali ar
mijnavda adamianebs eTnikuri niSniT, yvela Ta-
naswori iyo, Tuki aRiarebda marTlmadideblo-
bas da icavda basilevsis erTgulebas. am samar-
TliT, marTlmadideblobis aRiareba, faqtobri-
vad, savaldebulo iyo berZnebTan gasaTanabreb-
lad, rac eTnikuri Tanasworobis kanons fiqci-
ad aqcevda. eTnikuri Tanasworobis kanoni praq-
tikaSi yovel nabijze irRveoda: imperiaSi mrav-
lad iyvnen sxvadasxva erovnebis monebi, maSin
rodesac ikrZaleboda berZeni monis floba. mar-
Talia, xelisufleba did sifrTxiles iCenda
ucxo eTnosTan damokidebulebaSi politikuri
garTulebebis dros, magram roca es garTulebe-
bi cxreboda, uxeSad devnidnen orTodoqsidan
gansxvavebul konfesiebs da Zalas mimarTavdnen
qalkedonizmis dasanergad [101, 79].
Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi ucxoe-
lis beds mTlianad is mefe an feodali swyvet-
da, romlis samflobeloSi savaWrod an sxva
saqmianobisTvis ucxo piri aRmoCndeboda. evro-
pis qveynebSi, rogor Cans, sakmaod mZime adaT-we-
sebi iyo gabatonebuli ucxoelTa mimarT, miuxe-
davad dacvis sigelis qonebisa, am ukanasknelTa
pirovnebisa da sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba ar
iyo uzrunvelyofili. safrangeTSi, germaniasa
da evropis zogierT sxva qveyanaSi moqmedebda
wesi, romlis mixedviTac, Tu sxvis samflobelo
teritoriaze myofi ucxoeli erTi wlis da er-
Ti dRis ganmavlobaSi ver moipovebda adgilob-
rivi feodalis mfarvelobas, ukanasknels uf-
119
leba hqonda ucxo piri Tavis ymad eqcia, qoneba
ki CamoerTva [102, 214].
marTalia sasanianTa iranSi sparselebi
Tavs aravis uyadrebdnen, maT Soris arc sxva
iranuli modgmis xalxebs, magram eTnikuri niS-
niTac aravis Cagravdnen da esec aqemeniduri
iranis memkvidreoba iyo, Tumca TviT aqemenidur
iranTan SedarebiTac ki, sasanidi mefeebis aR-
zrdis instituts axasiaTebda eTnikuri Semwyna-
reblobis arnaxuli done – sasanuri iranis im-
periaSi Semavali arcerTi xalxi ZalmomreobiT
ar gadaSenebula da maTma absoluturma umrav-
lesobam dRemde moaRwia Tavisi eTnografiuli
kulturiTa da dedaeniT; metic, Tavisi istori-
uli sazRvrebiT. SesaZleblobis miuxedavad,
sparselebs ar mouxdeniaT da arc ucdiaT maTi
eTnikuri asimilacia.
am mxriv axlo aRmosavleTSi iranis impe-
rias erTaderTi analogi moeZebneba saqarTve-
los samefos saxiT, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
farnavazma pirveli sruliad qarTuli saxel-
mwifo sparsTa samefos msgavsad moawyo [93, 197].
saqarTvelo mxolod qarTveluri tomebiT
ar unda yofiliyo dasaxlebuli, aseve rogorc
sxvagan, CvenTanac iyo intensiuri Serevis zone-
bi.
gzebi sagrZnob gavlenas axdenda ara
mrto ekonomikuri, aramed xalxTa Soris urTi-
erTobis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaze. am
gzebze mdebare dasaxlebebisaTvis ucxo ar iq-
neboda kavSirebi sxvadasxva ekonomikurad gan-
120
sxvavebul jgufebTan da kulturebTan (sxva su-
raTia gzidan moSorebul punqtebSi). garda
mSvidobiani urTierTobisa, xSiri iqneboda ro-
gorc samezoblo, ise Soreuli Semosevebi, ag-
reTve aborigenTa mier sxvaTa dapyroba da tyve-
Ta wamosxma. momTabareTa masebis dausrulebeli
moZraobebi, sxvadasxva tomTa Tu calkeul in-
dividTa gadaadgilebani, rac istoriuli wyaro-
ebiT SesaZlebelia ar iyos asaxuli da rac
warmoadgenda demografiul da anTropologiur
procesebs, romlis drosac mosuli mosaxleo-
bis nakadis infiltracia aborigenebTan mimdina-
reobda. misi saboloo Sedegi Zalze mniSvnelo-
vani xdeboda eTnikurad gansxvavebuli elemen-
tebis ,,daleqviT~ da maTi Semdgomi gamovline-
biT drois sxvadasxva monakveTSi, mravalfero-
vani kombinaciebiT [103].
mraval obieqtur garemoebaTa Sedegad,
qarTli msoflios sxvadasxva regionebidan
sxvadasxva mizeziT mosuli eTnosebis samSob-
loc gaxda. swored aq, qarTlSi Caeyara safuZ-
veli, saxelmwifos Tanacxovrebis fenomens, rac
qarTul miwaze Camosaxlebulebs yvela pirobas
uqmnida SeenarCunebinaT sakuTari ena, religia,
tradiciebi da amasTanave gaeTavisebinaT qar-
TvelTa kulturul-zneobrivi Rirebulebebi
[104, 3].
`qarTlis cxovreba~ ar gamoxatavs mtri-
sadmi siZulvils. calkeuli adamianis daxasia-
Tebis dros, is nakleb yuradRebas aqcevs mis
eTnikur warmoSobas. adamiani kargia da keTili,
121
an cudi da `mesisxle~, miuxedavad misi eTnikur-
religiuri kuTvnilebisa.
gansakuTrebiT Tbiladaa ganwyobili `qar-
Tlis cxovreba~ saqarTvelos mezobeli, kavkasi-
eli xalxebis mimarT. am mxriv Txzulebas ga-
mokveTili pozocia aqvs: rodesac qarTvelebi,
somxebi, albanelebi da sxva kavkasieli xalxebi
erTad ibrZvian, maT mteri Znelad Tu daamar-
cxebs [96, 35].
istoriulad qveynis SigniT gadaadgile-
bis, Tu qveynis garedan mosuli `ucxos~ socia-
luri statusi saqarTveloSi mkveTrad icvle-
boda. es vlindeboda cxovrebis sxvadasxva sfe-
roSi – miwaTsargeblobaSi, mmarTvelobaSi, da-
saxlebis formaSi, qcevis normebSi [105, 92].
XI saukunis avtoris leonti mrovelis mi-
xedviT qarTlSi mosulma ebraelebma mcxeTis
mamasaxlisisagan dasaxlebis nebarTvis safasu-
rad xarkis gadaxda ikisres. igive avtoris cno-
biT, qarTlis xelisufalT qveyanaSi miuRiaT da
dausaxlebiaT Turqebi, berZnebi, asurelebi da
xazarebi im pirobiT, rom isini aaSenebdnen
axal qalaqebs, xolo ukve arsebulT gaamagreb-
dnen [105, 93].
arqeologiuri Ziebebis saSualebiT mopo-
vebuli epigrafikuli Zeglebi damatebiT infor-
macias gvawvdian qarTlis samefo dedaqalaqis –
mcxeTis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis, kerZod ki, mi-
si eTnikuri siWrelis saCveneblad. samecniero
literaturaSi xSirad aRniSnaven: `SesaZlebeli
xdeba qarTvelebis garda dedaqalaq mcxeTaSi
122
gavarCioT berZen-romaelebis, sparselebis da
ebraelebis mcire jgufebi mainc!~ [106, 45].
`moqcevai qarTlisai~ ganarCevs erTmaneTi-
sagan mcxeTis mkvidrs da aramkvidrs, ucxos.
mcxeTis mkvidrebi Seadgenen TavisufalTa fe-
nas, romelsac Sesabamis statuss aniWebda mefe.
samecniero literaturaSi mcxeTis mkvidrobis
ufleba-movaleobaTa gansazRvrisas Cveulebriv
eyrdnobian ninos mier mogvi sparsis gankurne-
bis epizods, sadac miriani eubneba ninos: `ukue-
Tu gankurno mTavari ese, gangamdidro da gyo
mkvidr mcxeTas Sina msaxurad armazisa~.
mirianis sityvebidan Cans, rom mcxeTis
mkvidroba mefes SeeZlo ucxoelisaTvisac mieni-
Webina, Tu armazis ymobas aRiarebda. aseTi piri
xdeboda `mdidaric~, e.i. miwis mflobeli da
samxedrovaldebuli, anu samoqalaqo Temis sru-
luflebiani wevri [107, 178].
mirianma qristianobis aRiarebis Semdeg
mcxeTis ebraelTagan mxolod isini datova
mcxeTaSi, romlebic qristianobaze moiqcnen.
aseTTagani iyvnen barabeanni, `romaelnica moi-
naTlnes ormeocda aTi suli saxelisa maTisai.
da mkvidr iqmnes mcxeTas Sina. da miuboZa mefe-
man dabai erTi, romelsa hrqvian cixedidi~ [107,
180]. qarTul naratiul wyaroebSi aborigeni
mosaxleoba, qarTveli tomebis warmomadgenlebi,
araqarTvelebisagan gansxvavebiT, terminiT –
`naTesaviT qarTveli~ moixseniebian. saintere-
soa, rom leonti mroveli ebraelebs `qarTvel-
Ta naTesavad~ moixseniebs – `ucxoni igi naTe-
123
savTagan~ gansxvavebiT. vaxuStic `naTesavni qar-
TlosianSi~ gulisxmobs qarTlosianebs da eb-
raelebs [108, 37].
Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi erovnebaT-
Sorisi urTierTobebis politikis humanur prin-
cipebs, jer kidev taos samefos politikur wre-
ebSi unda Cayroda safuZveli. aseTi varaudis
SesaZlebloba garkvulwilad emyareba Tavad ta-
os samefos xasiaTs, romlic Tavisi eTnikuri
siWreliT momavali didi kavkasiuri qarTuli
saxelmwifos erTgvar models warmoadgenda, da
bunebrivia, iseTsave eTnokonfesiuri probleme-
bis winaSe unda damdgariyo, romelTa pirispi-
rac aRmoCnda XII-XIII saukuneebis saqarTvelo
[101, 72]. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom rusTavelis
azriT ucxoeloba ar niSnavs mis bunebriv mono-
bas, ucxoelic namdvili, srulyofili adamiania
da is SesaZlebelia didi megobari iyos. `vef-
xistyaosanSi~ sxvadasxva erovnebisa da sarwmu-
noebis adamianebis, rogorebic iyvnen tarieli,
avTandili, fridoni, urTierToba megobrobis
iSviaT nimuSad gvevlineba [27, 227].
qarTl-kaxeTis mefis giorgi XII memkvidrem
daviT bagrationma peterburgs dawera naSromi –
,,saqarTvelos samarTlisa da kanonebis mimo-
xilva~. sxva mraval sakiTxTan erTad, avtori
exeba saqarTveloSi mcxovreb erovnul umcire-
sobebs da momavalSi maTi dasaqmebis miseul
perspeqtivebs. daviT bagrationi aRniSnavs, rom
sqarTveloSi qarTvelebis gverdigverd cxovro-
ben berZnebi, somxebi, ebraelebi, Turqebi, TaT-
124
rebi. gabatonebuli naciis warmomadgenlebi
(qarTvelebi) ikaveben yvela saxelmwifoebriv
Tanamdebobebs. berZnebis funqcias Seadgens sam-
Tamadno warmoeba, somxebisa da ebraelebisa –
vaWroba [109, 238].
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, rodesac, ruse-
Tis saimperatoro karma aRmosavleT saqarTve-
lo xuT mazrad da xuT distanciad dayo, saub-
no erTeulebi – distanciebi aRmosavleT saqar-
Tvelos araqarTvel mkvidrTa dasaxlebebisaT-
vis Seiqmna [110, 7]. rogorc vxedavT, ruseTis xe-
lisuflebam Tavidanve gansakuTrebuli yurad-
Reba miaqcia saqarTvelos erovnul umcireso-
bas. bunebrivia, ara raRac demokratiuli Rire-
bulebebidan gamomdinare, rac dampyroblis fsi-
qologias arasdros axasiaTebs, aramed es nabi-
ji iyo Sorsgamiznuli politikuri manevri, mo-
mavalSi dasayrdenis gasaCenad, Cveni qveynis
srulyofili damonebisaTvis.
XIX saukuneSi, rodesac Tavad saqarTve-
los dakarguli hqonda saxelmwifoebrivi damo-
ukidebloba, aq mcxovrebi araqarTvelebi piro-
biTad SeiZleba CavTvaloT erovnul umcireso-
bad. ruseTSi Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg
samxreT kavkasiaSi, kerZod saqarTveloSi – Tbi-
lisSi somxebma da sxva erovnebebma Seqmnes
erovnuli sabWoebi, romelTac mniSvnelovani
politikuri datvirTva eniWebodaT – yofiliy-
vnen TavianTi erebis politikuri xelmZRvanele-
bi. situacia Seicvala 1918 wlis maisSi samxreT
kavkasiaSi sami damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seq-
125
mnis Semdeg. erovnulma sabWoebma dakarges wi-
nandeli xasiaTi da statusi, saqarTvelo sa-
xelmwifoebrivad Camoyalibda da aq mcxovrebi
danarCeni erebi erovnul umciresobad iqcnen
[111, 191].
metad mtkivneul sakiTxs warmoadgenda is
faqti, rom TiTqmis yvela sasazRvro zolSi
kompaqturad cxovrobdnen araqarTvelebi. isini
xSir SemTxvevaSi mtrulad iyvnen ganwyobili
qarTvelebisadmi. mexadiridan dawyebuli res-
publika rkaliviT iyo garSemortymuli an ucxo
tomis xalxiT, an kidev iseTebiT, romelTac ar
gaaCndaT qarTuli TviTSegneba [112, 312].
sabWoTa reJimis damyarebis pirvel wlebSi
bolSevikebi adamianis erovnul kuTvnilebas yu-
radRebas ar aqcevdnen, TiTqos arc aintereseb-
daT. grafa erovnebis aRsaniSnavad, rogorc cno-
bilia, mxolod 1924 wlidan Cndeba. Tumca arc
amis Semdeg gaumaxvilebiaT yuradReba am sakiT-
xze. ai, erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli SemTxveva: q.
goris 1924 w. saqorwino aqtSi 24 wlis Toroz
grigolis Ze Torozovs, erovnebis grafaSi uwe-
ria, rom is aris ,,internacionalisti~ [113, 68].
mniSvnelovania, rom Tu 1800 wels araqar-
Tuli mosaxleoba saqarTvelos mosaxleobis
mxolod 11% Seadgenda, 1897 wels araqarTvelTa
xvedriTi wili 32%-mde gaizarda. XIX saukunis
damlevisaTvis saqarTvelo kidev ufro mravale-
rovani qveyana iyo, vidre wina saukuneebSi. am pe-
riodSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze Seqmnili iyo
mravali sofeli, romelTa mosaxleoba mTlia-
126
nad araqarTvelTagan (somxebi, berZnebi, rusebi)
Sedgeboda da yofa-cxovrebiT didad gansxvavde-
boda aborigeni mosaxleobisagan. kidev ufro
mravalerovani gaxda qalaqebi, sadac aReb-mice-
mobas umTavresad araqarTvelebi misdevdnen [114,
766-767].
XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi araqarTvelebi
851 557 suls, anu mosaxleobis 32,3% – Seadgen-
dnen. am droisaTvis saqarTveloSi cxovrobda
19 kompaqturad da 33 gafantulad dasaxlebuli
erovneba [115, 33]. mosaxleobis dinamika gviCve-
nebs, rom 20-30-ian wlebSi SeimCneoda qarTveli
mosaxleobis zrdis Semcireba. magaliTad, 1922
wels qarTvelebi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis
74,7%-s Seadgendnen, 1926 wels 70, 9%-s, xolo
1939 wlis monacemebiT 64,6%-s [116, 51].
nebismieri civilizaciisaTvis Tvisisa da
ucxos garCevis aRsaniSnavad sagangebo sityve-
bic aris napovni ama Tu im enaSi: iavan – san-
skritSi, barbarosi – berZnulSi, goi – ebraul-
Si, ajam – arabulSi, kaiCi – iaponurSi, nemec –
slavurSi da a.S. arc erTi maTgani ar niSnavs
wminda saxiT velurs. is SeiZleba am sityvis
mTqmelze maRali kulturisa da civilizaciis
warmomadgenelic ki iyos. magaliTad, sparseli
– barbarosi iyo berZnisTvis da ajami arabis-
Tvis. orive am xalxma icoda, rom sparselebs
meti Tu ara maTze naklebi kultura ar
hqondaT, da bevri ram TviTon aTvisebulic
hqondaT maTgan. egvipteli, misi brwyinvale ci-
127
vilizaciiT, damonebuli ebraelisTvis mainc
goi iyo da sxv.
mTavari, am erTa mimarTebaSi sxvebisadmi
maT civilizaciasTan sxvaTa uziarebloba iyo.
sxvebi sxva, ucxo konvenciaSi imyofebodnen [117,
10-11].
XX saukuneSi rasobrivi, nacionaluri
(resp.eTnikuri), religiuri Tu politikuri Seuw-
ynareblobis arnaxuli maStabebi moxda – ori
msoflio omi (maT Soris erTi – masobrivi mos-
pobis, birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebiT). revolu-
ciebi, samoqalaqo omebi, politpatimarTa da
tyveTa sakoncentracio banakebis qselebi, apar-
teidi, mkvidri mosaxleobis deportaciebi da
kidev mravali moulodneli cvlilebebi XXI sa-
ukunis dasawyisSi.
drom Seitana cvlilebebi eris gansaz-
RvrebaSic. Tu adre ,,kacobriobis dayofa enebad
udrida kacobriobis dayofas erebad~ (humbol-
dti), axla samSoblo gagebul iqna, rogorc
,,erTiani saarCevno sivrce~ da am sivrceSi re-
gistrirebuli amomrCevlebi identificirebul
iqna erad. Sesabamisad, saarCevno uflebisaTvis
brZola (qalTa, feradkanianTa da sxv.) gamocxa-
debul iqna moqalaqeTa TanasworobisaTvis
brZolad – anu erad gagebul iqna ,,samoqalaqo~
konvenciis wevrebi [117, 52-53]. Tumca es recepti
yvela qveynisTvis misaRebad ver gamodgeba.
msoflioSi arsebobs ori modeli, romli-
Tac ganisazRvreba pasportSi erovnebis grafa.
erTia – tradiciuli modeli, meore – evropu-
128
li. tradiciuli modeliT, pasportSi erovnebis
grafa imis gaTvaliswinebiT ivseba, romeli na-
ciaa ama Tu im qveyanaSi avtoqTonuri, anu Zir-
Zveli. evropuli modeliT ki, sapasporto gra-
faSi iwereba ,,moqalaqeoba~. magaliTad, safran-
geTSi moqalaqeobis gaswvriv iwereba ,,frangu-
li~ (frangi). rodesac 1975 wels safrangeTSi
Catarda gamokvleva, xelisuflebam naxa, rom mo-
saxleobis mxolod 28 procenti iyo ZirZveli
frangi. amitom, adgnen da safrangeTis yvela mo-
qalaqes pasportSi moqalaqeobis gaswvriv Cauwe-
res ,,frangi~ [14, 167-168].
iseT tradiciul qveyanaSi, rogoric sa-
qarTveloa, mosulisa da mkvidris problemas
ver gadaWris piradobis mowmobidan da paspor-
tidan erovnebisa da mamis saxelis amoReba. sa-
qarTvelos moqalaqis statusi somexis, azerbai-
janelis, rusis, osis, ebraelis, qurTis, afsuas
da a.S. erovnuli TviTSegnebis Secvlaze ver
imoqmedebs, rac kargad Cans sinamdvileSi. ami-
tom gasaTvaliswinebelia saerTaSiroso orga-
nozaciebis rekomendaciebi Zveli istoriis mqo-
ne saxelmwifoebisadmi, sadac cxovroben erov-
nuli umciresobebi da Tavad am qveynebis kompe-
tenciaa maTi statusis gansazRvra.
dReisaTvis SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TiTqmis
yoveli Zlieri saxelmwifos swrafi an TandaTa-
nobiTi gadaqceva mravalerovan qveynad – ufro
metad kanonzomieria, vidre gamonaklisi. es pro-
cesi erTnairad mimdinareobda dedamiwis yvela
129
nawilSi, sadac Camoyalibdnen saxelmwifoebi
[75, 173].
aSS-s magaliTi albaT miuRebeli iqneba
sxva qveynebisaTvis am saxelmwifos Tavisebure-
baTa gamo. zogierTi eTnografis azriT, amerike-
li xalxi jerjerobiT ar SeiZleba miviCnioT
eTnosad, aramed, ufro metad metaeTnikur erTo-
bad. harvardis universitetis enciklopediis mo-
nacemebis Tanaxmad, masSi Sedis asze meti eTni-
kuri jgufi, da 170 jer kidev gadarCenili indi-
elTa tomi [75, 288].
samoqalaqo omamde (1861-1865ww.) aSS mosax-
leoba ZiriTadad Sedgeboda irlandielebis,
Sotlandiel-irlandielebis, Sotlandielebis,
britanelebis, germanelebis da skandinavielebi-
sagan. maTi ,,SereviT~ Camoyalibda ,,amerikelis~
sruliad gansakuTrebuli tipi. samoqalaqo omis
kvaldakval daiwyo SeuzRudavi imigracia, ris
Sedegadac ramdenime aTeul weliwadSi aRmosav-
leT da samxreT evropidan mravali milioni
adamiani damkvidrda amerikaSi, maT Soris iyo
ruseTidan da ,,ruseTis poloneTidan~ sakmao
raodenobis ebraeli [118, 229].
identobaTa istoriaSi xSirad aris iseTi
SemTxvevebi, roca identobis markerebs gamok-
veTs ara dabadebiT Cvenjgufis wevri, aramed
swored mkvidrad qceuli ucxo, romelmac ukeT
SeigrZno miRebuli identobis buneba [119, 106].
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi Tavidanve
mozaikur safuZvelze Seiqmna. Tumc, rogorc
sabWoTa imperia Tavidan ,,erTa gadafqvevis~ wis-
130
qvilad aRiqmeboda. swored aSS magaliTi adas-
turebs, rom mozaikuri principis (sxvagvarad,
,,kulturul avtonomiuri principis~) safuZvel-
Si devs racionalisturi gageba er-saxelmwifo-
si, romlis erovnul gansazRvrulobas da ko-
leqtiur ,,Cven-s~ qmnis mxolod moqalaqeoba da
kanonebisadmi damokidebuleba anu civiluroba
moqalaqeoba cvlis erovnuli kuTvnilebis
yvela sxva maxasiaTebels da niSans. am Tval-
sazrisiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aSS-is moqalaqe-
ebs ara aqvT `mistiuri erovnuli meoba~ anu is
metafizikuri koordinata romelic realurad
arsebuli eris metafizikuri simboluri gansa-
xiereba iqneboda. es niSnavs, rom `amerikeli
eri~, am sityvis ontologialuri gagebiT ar ar-
sebobs. arsebobs federaluri saxelmwifo – aSS
da misi moqalaqeebi, romelTa mozaikur enobriv
da kulturul matricas urTierT Sejaxebisgan
`iWers~ kanonmdebloba (romelmac, espanurenova-
ni mosaxleobis zrdis gamo espanuri enis aras-
ruli Tanabroba daadgina jerjerobiT da sa-
dac, Tu CinelTa matebas gaviTvaliswinebT, Ci-
nuri `inkrustracia~ sakmaod rTuli problema
SeiZleba gaxdes momavalSi... da a.S.) mozaikuri
saxelmwifos amerikuli forma da principi
Rrmad paradoqsulia. rogorc `emigrantebis qve-
yana~ is gaxsnili unda iyos, magram rogorc sa-
xelmwifo, romelsac sakuTar moqalaqeebze
zrunva evaleba is e r-s a x e l m w i f o e b
r i v formas iZens. SesaZloa, amerikis SeerTe-
buli Statebis arsebobis yvelaze mZlavri ar-
131
gumenti aris is, rom igi ar warmoadgens saxel-
mwifoebrivi arsebobis dasrulebul formas.
dasrulebuls ara istoriuli TvalsazrisiT,
aramed Tavisi ganuwyveteli procesualurobiT
da `amerikelobis~ ara erovnuli aramed lega-
lur-uflebrivi konteqstiT. es aSS-s erTTavad
da principulad masobrivi civilizaciis for-
mas aniWebs. oras wels gadacilebuli istoria,
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT erebis Camoyalibebis (anu
pirvel-saxis, arsebis, gamoTqmis) aTaswlovan
procesebs, mxolod dasawyisia am gzisa. amito-
mac, aSS-is winaSe mTelis ZaliT jer ar wamoW-
rila is `erovnuli~ problemebi, romlebic wa-
moiWra Zveli msoflios erTa da saxelmwifoTa
winaSe [29, 200].
migraciuli da demografiuli procesebis
Sedegad, eTnikurad erTgvarovan garemoSi Cnde-
bodnen da Cndebian mravalricxovani da sxvadas-
xvagvari erovnuli umciresobani, romlebic in-
tegrirebulni xdebian mkvidr erebTan da Tan-
mimdevrulad ebmebian maTs ekonomikur, politi-
kur da kulturul cxovrebaSi. isini amdidre-
ben mosaxleobis erovnuli Semadgenlobis mra-
valferovnebas, rac gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia
did qalaqebSi da qalaqis tipis dabebSi.
`erovnuli umciresobis~ cneba CvenSi kar-
ga xania damkvidrda oficialur dokumentebSi,
samecniero da publicistur literaturaSi [120,
13]. terminiT `erovnuli umciresoba~ igulisxme-
ba erovneba, romelic cxovrobs sxva eris teri-
toriaze gafantulad, an Tundac kompaqturad
132
da mTlianobaSi Seadgens umciresobas adgilob-
riv (aborigen) mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT.
mravalerovani saxelmwifo, rodesac icavs
da uzrunvelyofs erovnuli, an religiuri um-
ciresobis pirTa an jgufebis uflebebs, auci-
lebelia agreTve daicvas umravlesobis ufle-
bebi maTi erovnuli suverenitetisa da saxel-
mwifoebrivi mTlianobis xelyofis usafuZvlo
mcdelobisagan.
gansakuTrebiT unda dafiqsirdes im pirTa
moRvaweoba, romlebic ekuTvnian erovnul umci-
resobebs. maT mkacrad unda moeTxovoT kanone-
bis Sesruleba da pativi scen erovnul suvere-
nitetisa da im saxelmwifoebis teritoriul
mTlianobas, romelSic isini cxovroben. sxvanai-
ri midgoma gamoiwvevs erovnul umciresobaTa
warmomadgenlebis gaucxoebas da adamianis uf-
lebaTa darRvevis erT-erT umTavres mizezad iq-
ceva.
amrigad:
1. saqarTvelo ar aris monoeTnikuri saxel-
mwifo. aq cxovroben sxvadasxva erovnebis
adamianebi, romelTac aqvT TavianTi eTniku-
ri, religiuri Tu lingvisturi maxasiaTeb-
lebi. isini qveynis ZiriTad mosaxleobasTan
mimarTebaSi erovnul umciresobebs miekuT-
vnebian.
2. mravalerovnul qveyanaSi saWiroa swori,
samarTlebrivi politikis warmoeba calkeu-
li erisa da erovnebis mimarT. erovnul um-
133
ciresobaTa ufleba-movaleobebs icavs 1995
wels miRebuli konvencia, romelsac evro-
sabWos 27 qveyana awers xels. saqarTvelo
mierTebulia am knvencias.
3. saqarTvelo odiTgan gamoirCeva eTnikuri
da religiuri SemwynareblobiT, qveyanaSi
mcxovrebi sxva erovnebebisadmi saxelmwifo-
ebrivi da tolerantuli midgomiT. am eTno-
istoriul tradicias qarTuli saxelmwifo
arc dRes Ralatobs: icavs erovnul umci-
resobaTa uflebebs, Tumca, zogjer igives
ver axerxebs erovnuli umravlesobis uf-
lebebis dasacavad. xelisuflebam meti un-
da gaakeTos am mimarTulebiT, raTa xelyo-
fili ar iqnes erovnuli suvereniteti da
saxelmwifoebrivi mTlianoba.
4. meti pasuxismgebloba unda daekisros erov-
nul umciresobaTa politikur liderebs,
sainformacio saSualebebs, raTa ar gaRviv-
des xalxTa Soris SuRli da mtroba, xeli
ar Seuwyos separatistuli reJimebis war-
moqmnas, ar dairRves saxelmwifos erTiano-
ba. qarTvel xalxs unda mieces Tavisi enis,
kulturis, saxelmwifos, sulieri da mate-
rialuri faseulobebis srulyofilad dac-
vis SesaZlebloba.
134
1005 dRe
1918 wlis 25 maiss xaSurTan axlomdebare
sofel aZvisSi erTi ubralo qarTveli glexi
kaci, daviT kapanaZe, gardaicvala. 26 maiss sa-
qarTveloSi istoriuli kviradRe gaTenda – ga-
mocxadda saqarTvelos Tavisufleba da damou-
kidebloba.
istoriam Semoinaxa saocari saflavis qva,
romliTac Svilebma ara marto sakuTari mamis –
daviT kapanaZis saxeli ukvdavyves, aramed im Ta-
obebis qarTvelTa gulisTqmac gaacxades, sam-
Soblos bednierebisaTvis rom ibrZodnen, magram
am sanukvar dRes ver moeswrnen. ai, ra weria im
saflavis qvaze: `monobaSi tanjulo, dauviwyaro
mamav! Seni natvra aRsrulda – saqarTvelo gan-
Tavisuflda! 1918 w. 26 maisi~.
diax, 1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelo ganTa-
visuflda: qarTvelma xalxma gadaigdo ruseTis
imperiis 117 wlovani koloniuri uReli, daibru-
na dakarguli saxelmwifoebrioba da Seqmna
sruluflebiani damoukidebeli saxelmwifo –
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika [121, 5].
didi xnis manZilze saqarvelos damoukideblo-
bis wlebis qarTul kulturas da inteleqtua-
lur azrovnebas tabu hqonda dadebuli. raki ma-
Sindeli social-demokratiuli (`menSevikuri~)
mTavroba xalxis uborotes mtrad iyo gamocxa-
debuli, iseve, rogorc yvelaferi arasabWoTa
da arakomunisturi. meqanikurad amoSales Cveni
istoriidan isic, rasac im wlebSi TviT xalxi
135
qmnida, xazi gadausves mis maSindel Semoqmede-
bas. erTaderTi risi ugulebelyofac ver moxer-
xda, Cveni universitetis daarseba iyo (rac, ram-
denime TviT uswrebda damoukideblobis oficia-
lur gamocxadebas). sxva mniSvnelovan faqtebs
an sul ar axsenebdnen, an – calybad, gakvriT,
agdebulad da gaborotebiT.
namdvilad ki is wlebi didad nayofieri
iyo swored sulieri, SemoqmedebiTi Tvalsazri-
siT. kulturis yvela dargSi – mecnierebaSi, ga-
naTlebaSi, literaturasa da xelovnebaSi –
drois im sul mcire monakveTSi, mZime ekonomi-
kuri pirobebis miuxedavad, yoveli mxriT mtru-
li ZalebiT garSemortymulma saqrTvelom bevri
ram axali da mniSvnelovani Seqmna (erTaderTi
dargi, im wlebs rom kvali ar dautovebia, xu-
roTmoZRvrebaa). gasaocrad mravalmxrivi da in-
tensiuri iyo SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba. aseTi aR-
tyineba mxolod erovnuli aRmavlobis drosaa
SesaZlebeli [122, 7].
saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi
qarTuli ena WeSmaritad saxelmwifo enad iqca.
swored maSin Caeyara safuZveli skolisa da sa-
xelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoTa gaerovnule-
bas, erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebas. moiWra
qarTuli fuli.
damoukidebel saqarTveloSi Tanasworad
iyo uzruvnelyofili yvela moqalaqis samoqa-
laqo Tu politikuri uflebebi ganurCevlad
erovnebisa, sarwmunoebisa, socialuri mdgomare-
obisa da sqesisa. saqarTvelos demokratiulma
136
respublikam ganviTarebis Tavisufali asparezi
misca mis teritoriaze mosaxle yvela ers, ga-
uxsna maT erovnuli skolebi. pativs scemda maT
enebs. sakanonmdeblo organoebSi saqarTvelos
erovnul sabWoSi, Semdeg ki damfuZnebel kreba-
Si arCeuli iyvnen saqarTveloSi mcxovreb erov-
nebaTa warmomadgenlebi – afxazebi, osebi, ruse-
bi, somxebi, azerbaijanelebi, ebraelebi, berZne-
bi, germanelebi. sagulisxmoa, rom TviT 26 maiss
damoukideblobis aqts qarTvel politikur da
sazogado moRvaweebTn erTad xels awerdnen sa-
qarTveloSi mcxovreb xalxTa warmomadgenle-
bic [123, 25]. miuxedavad amisa, erovnul umcire-
sobaTa mxridan garkveul paradoqssac qonda
adgili. kerZod, somex deputatebs erovnul sab-
WoSi surdaT rusuli enis xmareba, da saerTo-
dac, saxelmwifo enad rusuli enis damkvidre-
bis aucileblobas Tvlidnen saqarTveloSi.
pirvelive dRes, 1918 wlis 27 maiss, saqalaqo
sabWos sxdomaze deputatebi: social-demokrati
iaSkovi, socialist-revolucioneri xudadovi,
daSnaki xatisovi, ebraeli gruzenburgi – rusu-
lad gamovidnen. xatisovmac, qalaqis sabWos
Tavmjdomarem, ganawyenebulma aRniSna, rom sa-
qarTvelos damoukidebloba somxebisaTvis mou-
lodneli iyo da maSin miiRebdnen mas, Tu aq de-
mokratia gabatondeboda.
grigol veSapelma qarTulad warmoTqva
sityva, ris gamoc aRSfoTebulma deputatebma
mas yvirili dauwyes. veSapelis sityva krebis
Tavmjdomarem – aleqsandre lomTaTiZem rusu-
137
lad Targmna, ramac kidev ufro gaanawyena erov-
nul-demokrati veSapeli da Tqva: qarTuli enis
xmareba aqamde yvelas ufleba iyo, amis Semdeg
ki yvelas movaleobaao.
marTlac, 1918 wlis 1 oqtombers erovnulma
sabWom miiRo kanoni dedaenis Sesaxeb, riTac
qarTuli ena saxelmwifo enad gamocxadda. Ta-
namdebobaze myof yvela pirs 6 Tvis vada mieca
qarTuli enis Sesaswavlad, vinc ar iswavlida,
samuSaodan ganTavisufldeboda [124, 222]. magram,
samwuxarod am kanons aRniSnul etapze sruli
ganxorcieleba ar eRirsa, radgan sul male
parlamentma gamosca `wesi enis xmarebisa~, rom-
lis mixedviT deputatebs, vinc qarTuli ena ar
icoda, SeeZloT gamoeyenebinaT rusuli enac.
rusuli erovnuli umciresobis enad iqca da
somexi deputatebi qarTulad arc arasodes ga-
modiodnen. es Secdoma konstituciam gaaswora,
rodesac erTmniSvnelovnad dakanonda saxelmwi-
fo organoebSi qarTuli enis gamoyenebis auci-
lebloba [124, 245].
administraciuli mmarTvelobis, fosta-te-
legrafis da sxva saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis
ena qarTuli gaxda. saqarTvelos dedaqalaqic
gaqarTulda: qalaqis Tavic da administraciis
sxva organoebis meTauric – qarTvelebi gaxdnen
[124, 251].
qarTvel moRvaweTa Soris gansakuTrebuli
kamaTi iyo aWaris mahmadiani mosaxleobis swav-
lebis enaze, zogi fiqrobda, sanam erovnuli
moZraoba susti iyo da Turqebi mbrZaneblob-
138
dnen am regionSi, ZiriTadi ena Turquli yofi-
liyo, masTan erTad eswavlebinaT qarTulic. sa-
zogadoebrivi azris didi nawili winaaRmdegi
iyo amisa, igi aWaraSi swavlebis ZiriTad enad
samarTlianad miiCnevda qarTuls, romelic mo-
saxleobam kargad icoda. ivane gomarTeli aye-
nebda swavlis proforientirebul formas, Ziri-
Tad enad qarTuls miiCnevda, Turquls ki – dam-
xmared, amasTan winadadebas iZleoda gaezardaT
mahmadianTa Soris pedagogi qalebi, romlebic
ukeTesad aswavlidnen, vidre mamakacebi. misi az-
riT, moswavleebisaTvis unda miecaT samedicino
da sasoflo-sameurneo codna, baTumSi unda gax-
sniliyo pedagogTa daxelovnebis kursebi [124,
287-288].
Tu damoukideblobamde saqarTvelos sko-
lebSi swavla ZiriTadad rusul enaze mimdina-
reobda, gansakuTrebiT ki TbilisSi didi rao-
denobiT rusuli skola iyo, qveynis damoukideb-
lobis Semdeg moxda skolebis kvalifikacia:
bevri Zveli skola gauqmda, magram amasTanave
daarsda axali skolebi. skolebisa da dawesebu-
lebebis `gaerovnebis~ procesi, sinamdvileSi
warmoadgenda qarTuli enis ganviTarebisadmi
axal, farTo saxelmwifo programas, romelSic
CarTuli iyo mTeli qarTveli inteligencia, sa-
zogadoebis farTo wreebi, xelZRvaneli ki am
kampaniisa Tavad xelisufleba iyo [125, 72].
maswavlebelTa Zveli kadrebis gaSvebis ga-
mo axliT Sevseba droze ver xdeboda, rac
skolebis muSaobas aferxebda. bevri maswavlebe-
139
li cdilobda, axali moTxovnilebis pasuxad,
qarTuli enis Seswavlas, iTxovda daxelovnebis
kursebze gagzavnas, zogi ki – Tavs anebebda pe-
dagogobas da sxva saqmianobas iwyebda.
gansakuTrebiT simwvaviT dadga qarTuli
enisa da literaturis, saqarTvelos istoriisa
da geografiis swavlebis sakiTxi ara marto
qarTul, aramed respublikaSi arsebul erov-
nul umciresobaTa skolebSic. sazogadoebrivi
azris mixedviT, qarTuli enis maswavleblebi
ver psauxobdnen Tanamedrove moTxovnebs. ro-
gorc gazeTi `erToba~ aRniSnavda, isini maswav-
leblebad im wlebSi iyvnen daniSnulni, rode-
sac saqarTveloSi rusuli skola iyo da xeli-
sufleba mSobliuri enis swavlebas ara Tu
xels uwyobda, aramed devnida kidec.
unda iTqvas, rom am sakiTxs jer kidev ami-
erkavkasiis mTavrobam miaqcia yuradReba da 1918
wlis 29 ianvars gamosca kanoni qarTuli enis
swavlebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos skolebSi.
rogorc aRvniSneT damoukideblobis Semdeg
qarTuli enis swavleba savaldebulo gaxda yve-
la skolaSi, magram, vinaidan araqarTvelebma
qarTuli ena sul ar icodnen da zogierTi Cven-
Si droebiT cxovrobda, SeuZlebeli iyo maT-
Tvis saxelmwifo enis swavlebis daZaleba. mxo-
lod I klasSi gamocxadda qarTuli ena saval-
debulod, zeda klasebSi ki – survilis mixed-
viT irCevdnen. vinaidan kanoni krZalavda saxel-
mwifoSi saqmeebis sxva enaze warmoebas da qar-
Tuli enis ucodinarebs warTmeuli hqondaT sa-
140
muSaos Sovnis SesaZlebloba, amitom, yvela,
vinc saqarTveloSi apirebda cxovrebas, Tavis
nebiT swavlobda saxelmwifo enasac. yvela ti-
pis saswavlebels daemata 1 Statis maswavlebe-
li qarTul enaSi, risTvisac, droebiT, jamagi-
ri saswavleblis specialuri xarjidan unda mi-
ecaT.
aseve savaldebulo gaxda saqarTvelos is-
toriisa da geografiis swavlebac. maT, vinc
qarTuli ena ar icoda, am sagnebs rusul enaze
aswavlidnen [125, 69-70].
qarTuli skolis `gaerovnebam~ qarTuli
enis saxelmwifo enad qcevam, gansakuTrebuli
reaqcia gamoiwvia saqarTveloSi mcxovreb som-
xebSi. isini paralelurad – qarTulisa – sa-
xelmwifo – administraciis enad iTxovdnen som-
xursa da rusuls. ra Tqma unda, saqarTvelos
xelisuflebam, amaze uari ganacxada, ris gamoc
somxuri presa, saqarTveloSi Tu sazRvargareT,
cils swamebda qveynis demokratiul mTavrobas,
adanaSaulebda mas sxva erovnebaTa CagvraSi,
adamianis uflebebis darRvevaSi. gansakuTrebiT
somex-qarTvelTa omis Semdeg maTi avantiura sa-
qarTvelos mTavrobis erovnuli politikis mi-
marT gaaqtiurda.
miuxedavad Seqmnili politikuri daZabulo-
bisa, saqarTvelos samTavrobo Zalebi demokra-
tiuli meTodebiT udgebodnen rogorc yvela
sxva erovnebis, aseve somexTa kulturul cxov-
rebas, maT aZlevdnen sakuTari presis, kultu-
rul-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebisa da
141
erovnuli skolebis daarsebis uflebas, Seuz-
Rudavi iyo maTi religiuri kerebis saqmianoba
da sxva [125, 74-75].
erovnul umciresobaTa skolebi imazec ki
gamoxatavdnen protests – ratom avalebdnen
qarTuli enisa, saqarTvelos istoriisa da ge-
ografiis swavlebas, rac kanonzomier movlenas
warmoadgenda erovnul-demokratiul saxelmwi-
foSi [125, 76].
1919-1920 wlebis saswavlo gegmis Tanaxmad
pirveli klasidanve iwyeboda ucxo enis Seswav-
la. skola irCevda erT-erT ucxo enas, germa-
nuls an franguls. miuxedavad presaSi gamoqvey-
nebuli mravali publikaciisa, sadac msjeloba
iyo inglisuri enis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelo-
baze saerTaSoriso urTierTobaSi, saqarTvelos
skolebSi inglisur enas iSviaTad aswavlidnen.
es faqti albaT, politikur motivs ukavSirdeba.
1919-1920 wlebSi saqarTveloSi inglisis poli-
tika imdenad uaryofiT reaqcias iwvevda, rom
qarTuli sazogadoeba am enasac boikots ucxa-
debda [126, 197].
1919 wels saxalxo ganaTlebis saministros
iniciativiT Sedga komisia dabal skolaTaTvis
axali programebis SesamuSaveblad.
komisiis Tavmjdomared miwveuli iqna ivane
javaxiSvili, komisiaSi Sevidnen profesorebi:
dimitri uznaZe, Salva nucubiZe, dabal skola-
Ta mTavargamge – giorgi WumburiZe da sxva dam-
saxurebuli moRvaweebi.
142
ganaTlebis saministroSi imarTeboda TaT-
birebi Tbilisis skolebis direqtorebisa da
cnobili pedagogebis monawileobiT. umaRles da
saSualo skolaTa mTavargamgis – sergi daneli-
as TavmjdomareobiT – saSualo skolebisaTvis
yvela saganSi programebis SesamuSaveblad.
saministros mier muSavdeboda da skolebs
egzavneboda saskolo programebi, rasac yvela
skola Taviseburad anxorcielebda, skolis pi-
robebis Sesabamisad.
ucxo enebis swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT sa-
ministro Tavis mimarTvaSi werda: `sxvadasxva
istoriul mizezTa zegavleniT Cveni mozardi
Taoba friad aranormalur swavlebis pirobebSi
imyofeba. am pirobaTa gamo norC bavSvebs, ro-
melTac jer Tavisi deda-ena ver SeuTvisebiaT
rigianad, ramdenime ucxo enis erTdroulad
Seswavla uxdeba, xSirad amisTvis mowafe ise
amTavrebs saswavlebels, rom arc erTi ena ar
icis warCinebulad. garda amisa, mraval enaTa
Seswavla im zomaze ipyrobs mowafis energias,
rom mas naklebad rCeba dro realuri codnis
misaRebad. es naklovaneba moiTxovs Cveni sko-
lis saswavlo gegmis Secvlas, raTa erTi
mxriT, verbaluri swavlebis SekveTiT meti ad-
gili dauTmos realur swavlebas, meore mxriT
ki, TviT enebis swavleba ufro racionalurad
warmoebdes moswavlis energiis meti koncentra-
ciis dacviT~ [125, 57-58].
miuxedavad yovelgvari integrirebis gaTva-
liswinebisa, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma erov-
143
nulma da religiurma umciresobam saqarTvelos
pirveli respublikis konstituciis sajaro gan-
xilvis dros rigi sakiTxebis Sesaxeb sxvadas-
xva proeqti Semoitanes. kerZod, rusTa da so-
mexTa erovnulma sabWoebma, amierkavkasiis germa-
nelTa kavSirma, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma ebra-
elebma – yvelam sakuTari proeqti (sul 7 pro-
eqti) waradgina da yvela maTgani saqarTvelos
axlad Seqmnili damoukidebeli saxelmwifosad-
mi garkveuli undoblobiT iyo ganmsWvaluli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi umcire-
sobaTa mier moTxovnili uflebebis dakmayofi-
leba da maTi konstituciaSi Cadeba TavisTavad
kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebda Tavad saqarTve-
los, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifos ar-
sebobas (magaliTisTvis rusTa erovnuli sabWos
mier e.w. `enaTa Tanasworuflebianobis~ sakiT-
xis dRis wesrigSi dayenebac kmara, romlis
cxovrebaSi gatarebis SemTxvevaSi faqtobrivad,
qreboda saxelmwifo enis cneba, radgan aRniSnu-
li statusiT sargeblobis pretenzia saqarTve-
loSi daaxloebiT 16-mde enas uCndeboda). yove-
live amis miuxedavad, maSindeli saqarTvelos
mesveurebma SeZles am tipis winaRobebis gada-
laxva da Tan ise, rom am fonze arcerTi eTni-
kuri da religiuri umciresobis ufleba ar Se-
laxula [127, 92].
bneli Zala ki Tavisas akeTebda.. Cveni qvey-
nis mcire `oqros xana~ – demokratiuli saqar-
Tvelos arseboba 1921 wlis TebervalSi damTav-
144
rda. ruseTma meored daipyro saqarTvelo da
sabWoTa reJimi daamyara...
sabWoTa reJimi
diax, dedamiwis patara nawilaki, romelsac
hqvia saqarTvelo, is saqarTvelo, istoriam geo-
politikur jvars rom acva, saswaulebrivad
gaxda yvela im ubedurebisa da winaaRmdegobis
Sesayari, romlebic imperiam Caimkvidra Tavis
genetikur kodSi, romlebsac niadag iwvevda
provokaciulad, da romlebic axlac ki, misi
daRupvis Semdeg gvazanzarebs [128, 253].
XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da XX saukunis
pirvel aTwleulSi TviTmpyrobelobam SeZlo
qarTuli enis rolis daknineba – mkveTrad Sez-
Ruda misi moqmedebis sfero, dauSva ra misi
moqmedeba mxolod sakulto adgilebis far-
glebSi da agreTve mcirericxovan-saganmanaT-
leblo dawesebulebebSi [129, 192]. SemdegSi, rac
mefis mTavrobam daaklo qarTul enas, is bol-
Sevikurma ruseTma Seusrula.
TvaslaCino xdeba sabWoTa xelisuflebis
damokidebuleba erovnuli enisadmi da erovnu-
li kulturisadmi, rodesac vecnobiT qarTvel
bolSevikTa erT-erTi lideris f. maxaraZis
msoflmxedvelobas am problemisadmi. igi miuTi-
Tebda, rom `CvenTvis nacionaluri kultura ar
arsebobs, nacionalur enas mxolod pirobiTi
da warmavali mniSvneloba aqvs; rac Seexeba na-
145
cionalur zne-Cveulebebs, eseni mxolod kon-
servatorobis gamomxatvelia~ [130, 129].
`leninuri gvardiis jariskacs~ stefane Sa-
umians miaCnda, rom Turme mTavari yofila `is,
rac unda aswavlon bavSvebs da ara is, Tu ra
enaze iqneba swavla-ganaTleba~.
saxelmwifo enisadmi mcdari damokidebule-
ba qarTvelma bolSevikebma gamoTqves jer kidev
rsdmp (b) kavkasiis samxareo (saolqo) yriloba-
ze 1917 wlis oqtomberSi. yriloba `moiTxovda
saxelmwifo enis privilegiis mospobas da enaTa
Tanasworuflebianobas yvela saxelmwifo da sa-
zogadoebriv dawesebulebaSi~ 131, 329]. bolSevi-
kebma xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave daiwyes aR-
niSnuli moTxovnis cxovrebaSi gatareba.
amitomac iyo, rom 1921 wlidanve qarTul
enas pirvel rigSi rusuli ena daupirispirda.
rusuli ena gabatonda sabWoTa aparatis TiT-
qmis yvela rgolSi, gaerTianebul saxalxo ko-
misariatebSi mTeli saqmis warmoeba da adgi-
lebTan urTierToba rusul enaze iyo. Tbilis-
Si mokalaTebuli Zveli Savrazmuli Cinovnikoba
yvela movlenas iseT Sefasebas aZlevda, rom
`saqarTvelos bolo moeRo. `erTiani ganuyofe-
li ruseTi iqnebao~ [132, 180].
xSirad zogierT dawesebulebaSi Statebis
Semcirebis sababiT aTavisuflebdnen Tanamdebo-
bidan mxolod erovnebiT qarTvels. mokle dro-
Si gauqmebul Tanamdebobas aRadgendnen da da-
niSnavdnen rus an sxva araqarTuli erovnebis
warmomadgenels, romelmac qarTuli ena saer-
146
Tod ar icoda. `bolSevikebma Tavisuflebisa da
eris damcveli gvardielebi, qarTveli oficro-
ba, Rirseuli mamuliSvilebi, mwerloba – yove-
live qarTveli da qarTuli saqme eWvis qveS da-
ayenes, jaSuSebi miuCines samsaxurSi, dawesebu-
lebebSi, rkinis gzebze, depo-saxelosnoSi –
yvelgan da TviT sakuTar ojaxSic qarTveli
devnili Seiqna, ucxoelebi gaabatones..~ [133, 58].
marTalia, ukve 1921 wels saqarTvelos rev-
komma ramdenjerme gamosca brZaneba, rom saqar-
Tvelos respublikaSi saxelmwifo ena qarTuli
ena yofiliyo. brZanebis mixedviT respublikis
teritoriaze arsebul saxwelmwifo Tu sazoga-
doebriv dawesebulebebSi valdebuli iyvnen
mtkiced SeesrulebinaT es miTiTeba. swored am
periodSi daiwyo moqmedeba provokatorTa
jgufma TbilisSi, romlebic duqnebze, maRazieb-
ze da sxva dawesebulebebze Slidnen qarTul
warwerebs... [134, 59]. TbilisSi maRaziebis mflo-
belTa umravlesoba araqarTveli iyo, ris gamoc
Zneldeboda aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis cxovre-
baSi gatareba [135].
samarTlianad aRniSnavda gazeTi `tribuna~,
rom `ra gind gulwrfeli ar iyos `komunizmis~
mqadagebeli, raoden Zlieri surviliTac ar un-
dodes mas am moZRvrebis Zliereba saqarTvelo-
Si, igi ver ipovnis swor gamoZaxils manamde, sa-
nam ar miva qarTvel xalxTan im eniT ra enac
mas esmis da romelzedac mas SeuZlia azrovne-
ba~ [136].
147
qarTuli ena saxelmwifo enad aRiarebuli
iqna 1922 wlis sabWoTa saqarTvelos konstitu-
ciis mier, magram misi faqtobrivi mdgomareoba
ar Seesabameboda am saxelmwifoebrivi enis sta-
tuss. xazgasasmelia, rom pirveli qarTulenova-
ni oqmi daTariRebulia 1922 wlis 11 seqtembriT
[137, 86].
saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis I yrilo-
baze, 1922 wlis ivnisis bolos orjonikiZe aR-
niSnavda, rom `qarTvelebi saqarTveloSi – ese-
nia velikorusebi ruseTSi. esaa `mpyrobeli~ eri
– mas ar SeuZlia ilaparakos imaze, rom mas Cag-
raven, radgan is aris gabatonebuli eri saqar-
TveloSi~ [138, 192]. mware Rimilis momgvrelia
saqarTvelos da qarTvelebis Sedareba veliko-
rusebTan. orjonikiZis sityviT gamodis, rom Ta-
vis samSobloSi gabatonebuli eri `mpyrobeli~
eri yofila. e.i. ar yofila kanonzomiereba, rom
safrangeTSi frangi, inglisSi ingliseli da sa-
qarTveloSi qarTveli yofiliyo baton-patroni
Tavisi qveynisa. iqve `brZen politikoss~ (da
sxva gamosvlebis drosac) aWarlebi qarTvelebi-
sagan calke erovnul umciresobad miaCnia [138,
92, 193, 244, 150].
orjonikiZis azriT, `Cven somxebs unda vuT-
xraT: Tqven SegiZliaT axalqalaqSi awarmooT
saqmeebi somxur enaze. Tu qarTvelebs surT
awarmoon TavianTi saqmeebi qarTul enaze, maSin
somxebsac da afxazebsac mieciT neba awarmoon
saqmeebi TavianT mSobliur enaze~ [138, 193-184].
ai, kidev erTi nimuSi saxelmwifo enis abuCad
148
agdebisa. gamodis, rom saqarTveloSi ramdeni
erovneba yofila imden enaze unda yofiliyo
saqmis warmoeba.
renegat qarTvelebs ra gamolevda, romle-
bic mtris wisqvilze asxamdnen wyals da gamoC-
ndnen mravlad rusuli enis apologetebi. maga-
liTad, T. Rlontis azriT Turme `rusuli ena
iyo saqarTvelos ekonomikis erT-erTi didi
wyaro. is iyo saqarTvelos simdidris erTi di-
di saSualebaTagani..~ rusuli enis mexotbe iqve
miuTiTebda: `qarTuli enis gamagreba mxolod
rusuli eniT SeiZleba... is revoluciis enaa, is
Cveni inteligenciis arsbobis enaa, Cveni marCena-
li enaa, Cveni gazrdis iaraRia~ [139].
salaparako enaTa Tanasworobis ideam
mkvidr erovnul mosaxleobas momavalSi aumxed-
ra erovnuli umciresobis nawili. lozungma:
`sakiTxi savaldebulo saxelmwifo enis Sesaxeb
kargavs simZafresa da mniSvnelobasac ki~ saqar-
Tvelos teritoriaze, marTlac, daukarga qar-
Tul enas is upiratesoba, rac yvela civilize-
bul qveyanaSi mSobliur, saxelmwifo enas eniWe-
ba. faqtobrivad somexs, azrebaijanels, ossa da
sxv. iseTive survilebi da uflebebi gauCnda,
rogoric maT unda hqonodaT Tavis sakuTar res-
publikebSi [140, 35].
1923 wlis ivnisSi saqarTvelos kp centra-
luri komitetis dadgenilebaSi miTiTebuli
iyo, rom `... urTierTobis ena axalqalaqis maz-
rasTan – somxuria, borCalosa da axalcixis
mazrebSi – rusuli an Turquli, TviT mosaxle-
149
obis arCevanis mixedviT. yvela saxalxo komisa-
riati, agreTve yvela dawesebuleba valdebulia
gasces pasuxi im enaze, romelzec Semosulia
gancxadeba~.
imave wlis 9 agvistos saqarTvelos kp cen-
traluri komitetis dadgenilebiT axalcixis
mazraSi dawesda azerbaijanuli, qarTuli, ru-
suli da somxuri; mocemuli Temis erovnuli Se-
madgenlobis Sesabamisad axalqalaqis mazraSi
mTavar enad somxuri, xolo TemebTan urTier-
Tobis ena – rusuli, azrebaijanuli, qarTuli
da somxuri [141, 45].
Sesabamisad amierkavskaiis cakis 1923 wlis
ivnisis deklaraciisa da 13 agvistos dekretisa
mazris im dawesebulebebSi, sadac mcxovrebTa
umravlesoba araqarTuli erovnebisa iyo, saqme
unda ewarmoebinaT am umravlesobis enaze.
rac Seexeba sasamarTlo warmoebas, gansaz-
Rvruli iyo, rom mxares romelmac ar icoda sa-
xelmwifo ena da ama Tu im adgilis mcxovrebTa
umravlesobis ena, ufleba eZleoda saCivari,
gancxadeba da sxva daewera am mazris erovnul
umciresobaTa enaze da moeTxova pasuxi amave
enaze [142].
amrigad, dekreti icavda erovnul umcireso-
baTa enis uflebebs da ugulebelyofda qar-
Tuls, rogorc saxelmwifo enas. zemoaRniSnuli
aqtiT Cagruli mxolod qarTuli ena gamodio-
da. aseTi midgomiT saqarTvelos teritoriaze
mcxovreb araqarTvel mosaxleobas aravin ava-
lebda eswavla da aucileblad scodnoda im
150
eris ena, romlis teritoriazec iyo damkvidre-
buli. piriqiT, qarTveli xdeboda iZulebuli
saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovreb araqarTve-
lebisaTvis miemarTa rusulad an mis mSobliur
enaze.
erovnuli umciresobis enebis Tanasworuf-
lebianoba im enasTan, romelic saxelmwifo enaa,
erebis politikur Tanasworuflebianobasac ga-
moricxavs. calkeul raionsa Tu mazraSi mcxov-
reb mcire erebs gauCndaT sindromi maT mier
dasaxlebuli qarTuli teritoriis mSobliurad
miCnevisa da dasakuTrebisa.
1922 wlis TebervalSi Tbilisis mazris aR-
maskomma cirkularebi daugzavna Tavis ganyofi-
lebebs da miuTiTa, rom yaraiazis, aRbulaRis
da walkis Temebis aRmsakomebTan saqmis warmoe-
ba rusul enaze hqonodaT. am gadawyvetilebas
Tbilisis xelisufleba ususuri argumentiT
amarTlebda. kerZod, CamoTvlil aRmaskomebs
Turme ar hyoliaT qarTuli enis mcodne Tanam-
Sromeli, TiTqos Zneli yofiliyo qarTveli Ta-
namSromlis gamoZebna [143]. aseTi moqmedebis Se-
degs warmoadgenda (somxebis siWarbeze rom aRa-
raferi vTqvaT) Tbilisis gadaqceva arsebiTad
rusul qalaqad.
qarTuli enisadmi aseTi damokidebuleba
Tanamdebobis pirTa upasuxismgeblobas rodi mi-
ewereba. aq saqme gvaqvs centris kargad organi-
zebul da Sors gamiznul CanafiqrTan, rasac
mravali qarTveli komunisti – xelmZRvaneli
adgilze axorcielebda.
151
memarcxene socialist-federalistTa gaze-
Ti `tribuna~ sistematurad aSuqebda qarTuli
enisa da qarTuli eTnikuri elementis Seviwroe-
bis faqtebs, ramac gaaborota somxuri gazeTi
`karmir astRi~. somxurma gazeTma aSkara brZo-
la wamoiwyo `tribunas~ winaaRmdeg, riTac gamo-
xata Tavisi pozocia da mdgomareoba ufro ga-
arTula [144].
foTSi, sadac mosaxleobis 99%-s qarTvele-
bi Seadgendnen, arsebobda WiaTuris marganecis
eqsportis aqcioneruli sazogadoeba `Cemo~-s
ganyofileba. samwuxarod saqmis warmoeba aqac
rusul enaze mimdinareobda da yvela sapasuxis-
mgeblo Tanamdeboba araqarTvelebs ekavaT. ana-
logiuri mdgomareoba iyo soxumis saxalxo ban-
kSi [144].
axalcixis mazraSi xelmZRvanel Tanamdebo-
baze upiratesoba eZleoda Turqulenovan mosax-
leobas. saqmis warmoeba, rogorc zeviT aRvniS-
neT, erovnul enebze mimdinareobda [142, 2].
borCalos mazris xelmZRvaneloba ukmayofi-
lebas gamoTqvamda saqmis warmoebaSi qarTuli
enis danergvis moTxovnis gamo. rogorc Cans,
mTels aparatSi ar moipoveboda erTi qarTveli
an qarTuli enis mcodne. amitom moiTxovdnen,
rom respublikis mTavrobis yvela uwyebas saqme
ewarmoebina mxolod rusul enaze [146, 12].
sainteresoa, rom am periodSi mraval xel-
mZRvanel Tanamdebobaze dawinaurdnen somexi
erovnebis warmomadgenlebi. magaliTad, 1924
wlisaTvis saqarTvelos cekavSirSi 217 Tanam-
152
Sromlidan 35, socialuri uzrunvelyofis sa-
xalxo komisariatSi 50-dan 11, xolo iusticiis
saxalxo komisariatSi 268 TanamSromlidan 58
somexi iyo. 1925 wlisaTvis respublikis saxel-
mwifo dawesebulebebSi, savaWro organizaciebsa
da sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebSi dasaqmebuli
43 878 kacidan 5 892, xolo axalcixis mazris
yvela dawesebulebasa da sawarmoebSi 1254 kaci-
dan 335 somexi muSaobda. aseTive mdgomareoba
iyo sxva mazrebSi, qalaqebsa da raionebSi [147,
44-45].
rogorc cnobilia, aWaris avtonomiis Seq-
mnis iniciatorebad qemal faSa da lenini gvev-
linebian. osmalTa uRelqveS mravaltanjul
aWaras yvelaze metad sWirdeboda saTuTi mop-
yroba da qarTuli sulis aRorZineba. sabWoTa
xelisuflebam da komunisturma partiam Tavi-
danve ar miaqcies yuradReba saqarTvelos am ga-
nuyofel nawils. sainteresoa, rom aWaris sa-
xalxo sameurneo sabWoSi sul 233 TanamSrome-
li iyo; aqedan 90 rusi, 48 somexi, 7 poloneli,
2 ukraineli, 13 berZeni, 10 rusi ebraeli, qar-
Tveli ki mxolod 53. sabWos gamged da saer-
Tod yvela sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobaze ara-
qarTvelebi iyvnen daniSnuli. amasTan xazgasas-
melia, rom arc erTma maTganma qarTuli ar
icoda. aseTive mdgomareoba iyo sxva xelmZRva-
nel organoebSi.
marTalia, qarTvelebi araqarTvelobiT ara-
vis iwunebdnen, magram Tanamdebobis pirebisagan
153
samarTlianad moiTxovdnen qarTuli enis cod-
nas.
yalbad gagebulma internacionalizmma, Tu
kadrebis SerCevis Segnebulad gaazrebulma po-
litikam aWaraSi, saSiSroeba Seuqmna erovnuli
kulturis ganviTarebas [148].
amave periodSi damkvidrda yovlad gaumar-
Tlebeli praqtika, roca aWareli ar SeiZlebo-
da yofiliyo mmarTveli (bolSevikuri) partiis
saolqo Tu raionuli komitetebis pirveli mdi-
vani. saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetisa da misi
raionuli ganyofilebis xelmZRvaneli, zogjer
TanamSromelic ki. faqtobrivad es iyo uzneo
RonisZiebaTa mTeli Taiguli, romelic miznad
isaxavda mudmiv dapirispirebaSi hyoloda avto-
nomiuri respublikis mkvidri mosaxleoba da
danarCeni qarTveloba [149, 54]. baTumis sagange-
bo komisiis Tavmjdomare xrucki aSkarad acxa-
debda: `axla iseTi kursia aRebuli, rom sagan-
gebo komisiidan yvela qarTveli SeiZleba daiT-
xovoo~ [132, 179].
1924 wels saqarTvelos cakma gamosca dek-
reti `respublikis saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi
saxelmwifo enis xmarebis Sesaxeb~, romlis mi-
xedviT saqarTvelos ssr saxelmwifo enas qar-
Tuli warmoadgenda. dekreti nebas rTavda sa-
xelmwifo dawesebulebebSi gamoyenebuli yofi-
liyo araqarTveli erovnebis mcxovrebTa umrav-
lesobisa da agreTve erovnul umciresobaTa sa-
laparako ena.
154
xelisuflebis adgilobrivi organoebis mi-
er gamocemuli savaldebulo dadgenilebebi,
gankarguleba da gancxadeba qarTulTan erTad
unda gamoqveynebuliyo mazris mcxovrebTa um-
ravlesobisa da erovnul umciresobaTa salapa-
rako enaze.
dekretis VI muxli nebas rTavda respubli-
kis yvela moqalaqes misTvis mSobliur enaze
Seetana gancxadeba, saCivari Tu cnoba (werilo-
biT da sityvierad) centraul saxelmwifo dawe-
sebulebebSi da pasuxic mieRo misTvis sasur-
vel enaze.
im mazrebSi, sadac qarTvelebs araqarTve-
lebi Warboben saqmis warmoeba unda yofiliyo
umravlesobis enaze. mazrebis urTierToba cen-
tralur organoebTan da piriqiT warmoebda mo-
cemuli `mazris dawesebulebebSi saqmis warmoe-
bisaTvis miRebul enaze~.
dekretis XII muxliT `pirs, vinc ar ekuT-
vnis im erovnebas, romlis enac saxmareblad
cnobilia mTlad respublikis teritoriaze an
romelsame mazraSi, neba eZleva yvela dawesebu-
lebaSi, am dekretis VI muxlSi gaTvaliswinebu-
li wesiT, ixmaros rusuli ena~ [150, 5].
warmovidginoT ra babilonis godoli iyo
saqarTveloSi am `brZnuli~ dadgenilebis Sede-
gad. axalcixis, bolnisis Tu sxva mazris xeli-
sufleba da mosaxleoba Turqulad ebaaseboda
respublokis centralur organoebs, xolo bog-
danovkis mcxovrebni somxurad da ase yvela da-
narCeni.
155
faqtiurad dekreti uaryofda imave doku-
mentiT miRebul uflebas qarTulis, rogorc sa-
xelmwifo enis Sesaxeb.
analogiurad, saqarTvelos respublikis
saxkomsabWos 1924 wlis 2 ivlisis dadgenileba-
Si aRiniSna, rom `winadadeba mieces yvela sa-
xalxo komitetebs, raTa saqarTvelos centra-
luri aRmaskomis a/w. aprilis 4-is TariRiT ga-
mocemuli dekretis Tanaxmad, respublikis sa-
xelmwifo dawesebulebebSi saxelmwifo enis
xmarebis Sesaxeb, samxreT oseTis da afxazeTis
s.s. respublikebTan da axalqalaqis da borCa-
los samazro aRmaskomebTan yovelgvari miwer-
mowera awarmoon rusul enaze~ [151, 4].
Tbilisis universiteti iyo inteligenciis,
namdvili qarTveli patriotebis ukanaskneli ci-
xe-simagre. aq daaxloebiT xuTi aTasi studenti
swavlobda xuT fakultetze. leqciebi bunebri-
via qarTulad tardeboda. `wiTeli~ diqtaturis
damyarebis Semdeg cxadia, normaluri viTareba
didxans ver gagrZeldeboda. reqtori, Cveni eris
siamaye ivane javaxiSvili universitets Camoaci-
les. igi Secvala bolSevikebis samsaxurSi Cam-
dgarma vinme Rlontma, gaunaTlebelma kacma,
romelic axalgazrdobaSi, studentic ki ar yo-
fila.
pedagogebs ebrZanaT leqciebi rusul enaze
CaetarebinaT, im cru sababiT, rom studentebi
kargad dauflebodnen rusuls da swavlis dam-
Tavrebis Semdeg, ruseTSi muSaobis saSualeba
hqonodaT... am cinikurma qmedebebma studentTa
156
reaqcia gamoiwvia. aRelvebuli axalgazrdebis
dasawynareblad universitetSi wiTeli razmebi
Sevidnen. gadmocemiT mokles 13 da daiWra 60-ze
meti adamiani [152, 28-29].
Cveni mwerlobis warmomadgenlebi fxizlad
idgnen erovnuli interesebis sadarajoze. `Ce-
kas~ mxriv mosalodneli mkacri represiebis mi-
uxedavad aSkarad ilaSqrebdnen bolSevikuri
xelisuflebis antierovnuli politikis winaaR-
mdeg. amis magaliTia 1925 wlis 22 ivniss qar-
Tvel xelovanTa erTi jgufis memorandumi, ro-
melSic gakritikebulia saqarTvelos sabWoTa
mTavrobis sakadro politika, oficialuri xe-
lisuflebis mier qarTuli enis ugulebelyofa
da a.S. memorandums xels aweren konstantine
gamsaxurdia, ia kargareTeli, anastasia wereT-
lisa. ai es dokumentic: `saqarTvelos saxelga-
mis gamged dainiSna moqalaqe virapi, kaci, ro-
melmac srulebiT ar icis qarTuli ena. Tqven
mogexsenebaT, rom nawili qarTveli inteligen-
ciisa da mwerlobisa qarTul komunistur xe-
lisuflebasTan TanamSromlobs qarTuli erov-
nuli kulturis aRorZinebisaTvis, rac Tavis
droze aRniSnuli iyo qarTvel xelovanTa kav-
Siris deklaraciaSi. moq. virapis daniSvnaSi
Cven vxedavT sabWoTa saqarTvelos respublikis
konstituciis darRvevas, radganac Cven mokle-
buli varT saSualebas uSualo kavSiri viqoni-
oT mTavrobis moxelesTan, romelTanac Cven saq-
me gvaqvs Cveni profesiis mixedviT, da Cven imde-
nad loialuri varT, rom ar gvinda davarRvioT
157
saqarTvelos mTavrobisave dekreti saxelmwifo
enis savaldebulo xmarebis Sesaxeb.
Cven gamovsTqvamT gancvifrebas, nuTu qar-
Tvelobas ar moeZeva iseTi qarTveli komuniste-
bi, romelTac ufro maRali Tanamdebobebis Ses-
ruleba SeuZliaT? nuTu saqarTveloSi ar aris
TviT komunistur wreebSic iseTi kaci, romel-
sac qarTuli saxelgamis xelmZRvaneloba SeeZ-
los? Cven darwmunebuli varT, mTavroba ar dai-
naxavs amaSi araloialobas da uyuradRebod ar
dastovebs am gancxadebas, romelic gamowveulia
mxolod da mxolod qarTuli enis siyvaruliT
da qarTuli saxelmwifosadmi loialuri gan-
wyobilebiT~ [153].
qarTuli enis devnisa da Seviwroebisadmi
aseve ver malavs aRSfoTebas saqarTvelos dam-
fuZnebeli krebis wevri – imJamad politikuri
patimari andro WiabriSvili. xelisuflebisadmi
gagzavnil werilSi politpatimari aRniSnavda:
`qarTvelebs rusuli enis arcodnis gamo dev-
nian samsaxuridan, formalurad datovebuli sa-
xelmwifo ena, faqtobrivad gandevnilia yvela
organizaciidan... rusuli ena gabatonebulia
komkavSirsa da profkavSirSi... enis Sesaxeb
Tqvenma dekretebma gamoavlines mTeli Sinagani
siyalbe~. amaze obieqturi Sefaseba arsebuli
viTarebisa SeuZlebelia. miT ufro, rom a. Wiab-
riSvili gansakuTrebiT akritikebs xelisufle-
bis enobriv politikas saqarTvelos regioneb-
Tan dakavSirebiT. igi gulmosuli miuTiTebs:
`qarTuli enis statusi ar vrceldeba regioneb-
158
ze, oseTSi arcerTi rusuli enis mcodne ar
cxovrobs, aseve soxumSi... osebsa da afxazebs
arc osurad wera-kiTxva ar SeuZliaT. maS, ra-
tom unda isaubron iq rusulad, rodesac ician
qarTuli? ra enaze unda swavlobdnen somxebi
da berZnebi? maT xom kargad ician qarTuli da
ratom aswavlian maT skolebSi rusul enaze?
ra enaze unda swavlobdnen aWarlebi? isini xom
eTnikuri qarTvelebi arian?~ is, rom a. WiabriS-
vilis werilSi moyvanili informacia saqarTve-
los regionebSi qarTuli enis saxelmwifo sta-
tusis ignorirebis Sesaxeb, marTlac WeSmarite-
bas Seefereba, dasturdeba dokumenturi wyaroe-
biT. magaliTad, 1923 wels afxazeTis Sinagan
saqmeTa komisars – agrbas saqarTvelos komunis-
turi partiis centralurma komitetma sastiki
sayveduri gamoucxada swored imis gamo, rom
man ugulebelyo qarTuli enis saxelmwifo sta-
tusi da Tbilisidan ar miiRo qarTul enaze
Sedgenili oficialuri dokumenti im sababiT,
rom `afxazeTSi oficialur saxelmwifo enas
warmoadgenda rusuli [154, 70-71].
qarTuli enis mowinaaRmdegeni xSirad aSka-
ra mtrul pozicias avlendnen. magaliTad, Tbi-
lisis saqalaqo sadguris rkinigzis inspeqtor-
ma laxterma qarTul enaze Sedgenili da xel-
mosawerad gamzadebuli dokumenti daxia da mo-
iTxova misi Sedgena `gasageb enaze~ da Tan do-
kuments demonstraciulad xeli ebraulad moa-
wera. Tbilisis telegrafis me-3 ubnis ufrosma
vinme rogovskim qarTvel muSebs ganucxada: `me
159
ar mesmis Seni ZaRluri ena, ilaparake rusu-
lad~.
gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo mdgomareoba rki-
nigzaze. aq zogierTi rusi erovnebis TanamSro-
meli aSkara sabotaJs uwevda qarTuli enis sa-
xelmwifoebrivi statusis gansamtkiceblad war-
moebul saqminaobas, cdilobda saqmis arev-dare-
vas, zogjer erTi mimarTulebiT mimaval matare-
bels sruliad sxva mimarTulebiT uSvebdnen,
radgan maT qarTulenovani dokumentebi hqondaT
da sxv. [137, 87-88].
1928-1929 wlebSi respublikis rigi wamyvani
sawarmos xelmZRvaneli araqarTvelia: 26 komis-
ris saxelobis qarxnis direqtori iyo Cexi –
bureSi, orTqlmavalvagonSemkeTebeli qarxnis –
aruTinovi, leninis saxelobis Tambaqos fabri-
kis – abramiani, borjomis SuSis qarxnis – ega-
novi, baTumis TuTiis qarxnis – Jeglovi, kali-
ninis saxelobis qarxnis avetikovi, baTumis Tu-
jis Camosasxmeli qarxnis – mecleri, Tbilisis
Zafsaxvevi qarxnis –xurda da a.S. [155, 86-87].
abrebis, reklamebis qarTul enaze warmoCe-
nas mtrulad ekidebodnen Tbiliseli somxebi.
magaliTad, RviniT vaWrobis firmam `oborotma~,
romlis mflobeli iyo vasil pininovi (solo-
lakis q. #5) gancxadebiT mimarTa saTanado uw-
yebebs, rom firmis qarTuli saxeli `brunva~
ver iTargmneboda da rusuli sityva unda dar-
Ceniliyo qarTuli asoebiT [156, 2].
garda imisa, rom maRaziebsa da dawesebule-
bebze Zneldeboda rusuli warwerebis Secvla
160
qarTuliT, sadac cvlidnen iqac rusulis gav-
leniT amaxinjebdnen qarTul enas. magaliTad,
aRniSnul periodSi gvxvdeboda aseTi warwere-
bic: `kampeti rdziT~, `wignakTa pereregistra-
cia~ da sxv. maSindeli WeSmariti qarTveloba
Zalian mwvaved ganicdida qarTulisadmi amgvar
barbarosul damokidebulebas [157, 211].
1926 wlis bolos quTaisSi 45 238 suli
cxovrobda. aqedan rusul enas dedaenad Tvli-
da 1001 kaci, ufro meti, vidre rusi erovnebis
mcxovrebi iyo [158, 18]. es faqti rusifikaciis
warmatebiT aixsneba.
1927 wels saqarTvelos kp (b) xelmZRvane-
lobam aSkarad gadadga nabiji ukan: axalcixis
mazraSi ZiriTad enad gamocxadda Turquli ena.
gadaisinja adgilobrivi administraciuli kad-
rebis erovnuli kuTvnilebis sakiTxic, rac gu-
lisxmobda adgilobrivi partiuli da sabWoTa
aparatis nacionalizacias – adgilobrivi um-
ravlesobis warmomadgnlebis aqtivizacias, mah-
madiani mosaxleobis warmomadgenlebisaTvis
upiratesi xelSewyobis reJimis damkvidrebas
partiul da sabWoTa Tanamdebobaze vakansiis
dros.
magram Turquli enis mcodne inteligenciis
TiTqmis ararsebobis pirobebSi metad gaZnelda
dadgenilebis am moTxovnebis Sesruleba. amitom
mizanSewonilad CaiTvala rusuli enis gamoyene-
ba saswavlo dawesebulebebSi, rac ufro gasage-
bi iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis.
161
aSkaraa, rom es gadawyvetileba ewinaaRmde-
geboda saqarTvelos erovnul interesebs, rad-
gan xels veRar Seuwyobda regionSi saxelmwifo
enis – qarTuli enis uflebrivi mdgomareobis
ganmtkicebas da am mxaris enobriv inkorporaci-
as centrTan – TbilisTan. msgavsi procesebi da-
maxasiaTebeli iyo axalqalaqis mazrisaTvis,
borCalosaTvis. Seiqmna rTuli viTareba: isto-
riuli saqarTvelo – mesxeT-javaxeTi, istoriu-
li bedukuRmarTobis Sedegad saqarTvelos er-
Tian sxeuls Camocilebuli, gamahmadianebuli,
gasomxebuli, mSobliur ena dakarguli, Turqe-
Tis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi xangrZlivad
myofi, Turquli orientaciiT, ruseTis samxed-
ro Carevis Sedegad ukan mierTebuli, ruseTis
imperiuli politikis wyalobiT qarTul samya-
rosTan gaucxoebuli, saqarTvelos kp (b) ck-is
am gadawyvetilebiT kvlav unda yofiliyo for-
malurad saqarTvelosTan, faqtobrivad ki Ta-
visTvis [159, 164-165].
Cveulebriv movlenad iqca, rom qesalosa
da nazarloSi saqmis warmoeba rusul enaze mim-
dinareobda. braldebuli da mowme sasamarTlo
uwyebas rusul enaze iRebdnen, sasamarTlo aq-
tebi aseve rusul enaze formdeboda [160, 142].
1929 wlidan rusuli enis gabatonebam saqmis
warmoebaSi, romelic gaugebari iyo adgilobri-
vi erovnuli umciresobisaTvis dakanonebuli
xasiaTi miiRo. amdenad, ZiriTad mizans warmoad-
genda qarTuli enis ignorireba da erovnul um-
ciresobaTa enebis moCvenebiTi yuradRebis fon-
162
ze rusulis damkvidreba, rac bolSevikuri re-
Jimis qvakuTxedad iqca.
Turquli Tu azerbaijanuli enis ucodina-
robis gamo ver axerxebdnen samedicino profi-
laqtikuri codnis propagandas mosaxleobaSi.
qarTul enas ki ar cnobda sabWoTa xelisufle-
ba saqarTvelos teritoriaze [161, 3].
samagierod ki sabWoTa reJimis damyarebis
dRidan, kremlis miTiTebiT samegrelos mosax-
leobis garkveulma wreebma mravaljer daayenes
megrelebisaTvis nacionaluri olqis an okru-
gis Seqmnis moTxovna. 1929 wels maT SeZles ga-
moecaT megrul enaze (qarTuli anbaniT) gazeTi.
sasamarTlosa da sabWoTa aparatis muSaoba
gardaqmnes megrul enaze. aseve, megruli salapa-
rako ena gabatonda dawyebiT klasebSi da wera-
kiTxvis salikvidacio skolebSi [162, 4]. megrul
enaze gamodioda broSurebi da saxelmZRvanelo-
ebi pirveli safexuris skolebisaTvis. aRsaniS-
navia, rom pirveli safexuris 15 skolaSi swav-
la mimdinareobda megrul enaze da momavalSi
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo yvela skolaSi saswavlo
procesis megrul enaze gadasvla [162, 12].
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom erovnuli umcire-
sobebisaTvis 1932-1933 saswavlo wels Sedgenil
saxelmZRvaneloebis gamosacem siaSi megruli
saxelmZRvaneloc aris dasaxelebuli. wera-kiT-
xvis ucodinarTaTvis saxelmZRvaneloebis gamo-
cemis xelSekrulebis teqstSi, romelic dade-
bul iqna ganaTlebis saxalxo komisris erik be-
dias mier saxelmwifo gamomcemlobasTan ru-
163
sul, somxur, Turqul, berZnul, qarTul da ai-
sorul enebze; Setanilia saxelmZRvanelo meg-
rul enazec 5 aTasi egzemplaris raodenobiT
[163, 1].
`marTalia – aRniSnulia saqarTvelos cak-
is dokumentSi–megrelebi arian igive qarTvele-
bi da gansakuTrebul ers ar warmoadgenen... meg-
ruli salaparako ena, romelzec laparakobs
megreli glexobis ZiriTadi masa da maT cudad
esmiT qarTuli ena... ~ yuradRebas saWiroebda
xelisuflebis mxridan [164, 3].
1933 wels saTanado organoebi mividnen im
daskvnamde, rom `megrul enaze swavlis SemoRe-
ba Tundac 1-l jgufSi arafriT ar SeiZleba
gamarTlebul iqnes~ [163, 41]. jer kidev 1904
wels `iveria~ aRniSnavda: `sulieri interesi
da ekonomikuri aucilebloba yovelTvis qar-
Tul enasTan miiyvans megrels, is ver Seeleva
am enas, rogoradac ver Seeleva haers, sarwmu-
noebas, Tavis miwa-wyals~ [165].
zemoT aRniSnuli procesebis Semxedvare
mraval eTnografiul jgufs gauCnda survili
Seeqmna anbani. magaliTad, lazebi, romelTa ra-
odenobda mxolod 639 suls Seadgenda gadawyvi-
tes anbanis Seqmna. afxazeTSi isini sul 85
komls Seadgendnen da gafantulad cxovrobdnen
oTx sofelSi. aq lazurad swavlas arc moswav-
leebi etanebodnen da arc saswavlebels hqonda
avtoriteti.
aWaraSi, kerZod, sofel sarfSi, sadac 50-ze
meti komli cxovrobda, iyo qarTuli skola.
164
1932 wels laTinizaciis komitetis xelSewyobiT
Seadgines anbani lazurad da laTinuri Srif-
tiT, ganaTlebis saxalxo kamosariatis uneb-
arTvod dabeWdes afxazeTSi. anbanis Seqmnis ini-
ciatorebi lazurad swavlebas moiTxovdnen oT-
xwledSi, Semdeg klasebSi ki – rusul enaze
gadasvlas. laTinuri anbanis safuZvelze Semo-
Rebas imiT asabuTebdnen, rom TurqeTis laTini-
zaciis gamo ufro advili gaxdeboda TurqeTis
lazebTan dakavSireba.
sarfis skolam da mosaxleobam am saxel-
mZRvanelos da, saerTod, lazurad swavlebas
mxari ar dauWira, radgan, rogorc prof. arn.
Ciqobava werda: `qarTuli ena mTeli Tavisi age-
bulebiT da ZirTa umetesobiT emTxveoda meg-
rulsac da Wanursac, gonebrivi fsiqologia er-
Tia. amitom aRmzrdelobiTi TvalsazrisiT mas
SeuZlia uzrunvelyos moswavlis fsiqikis bu-
nebrivi, Seuferxebeli ganviTareba, miT umetes,
rom qarTulad mas SeuZlia miiRos saSualo da
umaRlesi ganaTleba. Caswvdes Tavis metyvele-
bas, Tavis warsuls. amgvarad, qarTuli anbani
srulebiT faravs lazuris saWiroebas, maSin
rodesac laTinur SriftSi mTeli rigi damate-
biTi niSnebi unda Seiqmnas~ [147, 83].
amave periodSi qarTvelma komunistebma ki-
dev erTi `kacTmoyvareoba~ gamoiCines. 1930 wels
xelisuflebis umaRlesi organoebis gadawyveti-
lebiT, germanelebiT dasaxlebul soflebSi:
luqsemburgSi, asureTSi da traubenbergSi ga-
dawyvites moewyoT sasoflo-sabWoebi, sadac
165
mxolod germanelebi iqnebodnen aparatis muSa-
kebad. amiT undodaT uzrunveleyoT mTlianad
saqmis warmoeba germanul enaze. Tbilisis saqa-
laqo komitets miTiTeba mieca Seemowmebina sa-
soflo-sabWoebis deputatTa erovnuli Semad-
genloba da xeli Seewyo mxolod germanelebiT
dakompleqtebaSi [166, 30].
bolSevikuri reJimi ganmeorebiTi dadgeni-
lebebiT kvlav adasturebda adre miRebul ga-
dawyvetilebebs. magaliTad, 1932 wlis 29 Teber-
vals amierkavkasiis cakis dadgenilebis Tanax-
mad axalqalaqis raionSi saqmis warmoebis enad
miRebul iqna somxuri, yaraiazis, luqsemburgis,
baSkiCeTis, axalcixis, adigenis raionebSi Tur-
quli [167, 6]. am droisaTvis axalcixis mazris
qurTi mosaxleoba Turqul enaze laparakobda
[168, 12].
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom gansakuTrebiT 30-
iani wlebis dasawyisidan erovnul umciresoba-
Ta raionebSi sasamarTlo saqmis warmoeba xde-
boda rusul enaze. am droisaTvis saerTod
ugulvebelyofil iqna qarTuli, rogorc saxel-
mwifo ena. araqarTvels Tu rusuli ar ecodine-
boda Tarjimans auyvandnen. qarTuli, mxolod
qarTvelTa salaparako enas warmoadgenda. ro-
gorc vxedavT aRniSnul periodSi saqarTvelo-
Si mcxovrebi erovnuli umciresobisaTvis qar-
Tuli enis arseboba arafers niSnavda. saqarTve-
loSi e.w. `leninuri erovnuli politika~ mxo-
lod araqarTvelebisa da rusuli enis intere-
sebis dacvas emsaxureboda. cnobilia, rom bog-
166
danovkis raionSi cxovrobdnen somxebi, rusi
duxoborebi, TaTrebi da Turqebi. umravlesobas
somxebi Seadgendnen. rogorc zeviT aRiniSna
yvela erovnebas mowyobili qonda e.w. ,,qveda
sabWoTa aparati~ mSobliur enaze. raionul
centrs saqmis warmoeba sasoflo – sabWoebTan
da piriqiT hqonda im enaze, romelic iTvleboda
ZiriTadad ama Tu im sasoflo sabWosa da so-
felSi.
sasamarTloSi laparaki warmoebda rusul
da somxur enaze, xolo ganaCeni da gadawyveti-
leba gamohqondaT mxolod rusul enaze [169, 5-6].
gansxvavebiT sxva erovnuli umciresobisa-
gan komunistebi xSir SemTxvevaSi antiebraul
politikas atarebdnen. magaliTad, e.w. ,,samxreT
oseTis~ teritoriaze mcxovrebma qarTvelma eb-
raelebma samarTlianad moiTxoves, rom sasko-
lo ganaTleba ebraul enaze mieRoT, ise, ro-
gorc es sxva erovnebebisadmi keTdeboda. magram
qarTvel bolSevikebs ratomRac ar awyobdaT eb-
raelebisaTvis xelis Sewyoba. saqarTvelos ca-
kis Tavmjdomare f. maxaraZe 1932 wels aRniS-
navda: ,,davisaxoT miznad Zveli ebrauli enis
aRorZineba, ewinaaRmdegeba Cvens leninur erov-
nul politikas. es ena warmoadgens religiis
enas, ebraul nacionalur-Sovinisturi partiis
– sionistebisa da burJuaziis enas. am enis
aRorZineba, ewinaaRmdegeba Cvens erovnul poli-
tikas. am enis aRorZineba iqneba politikuri
Secdoma” [170, 5]. am dros qarTuli enis Senaxva
– patronobaSi mesxeTis ebraelobas didi Rvaw-
167
li miuZRvis da aseTi misi samsaxuri arasoden
unda iqnas daviwyebuli. 900-iani wlebis axalci-
xes Tu kidev qarTuli ieri SerCenili hqonda,
es ebraelebis wyaloba iyo [171, 135-136].
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi erovnuli umcire-
sobis Sesaxeb geronti qiqoZe aRniSnavda, rom
,,Cven aravis vaiZulebT Cven samSobloSi eZios
bedniereba. magram raki ucxoelebi Tavisi sur-
viliT modian da Cvens miwa-wyalze esaxlebian,
Cven zneobrivi ufleba gvaqvs vurCioT, rom Cve-
ni kultura SeiTvison, Cveni ena Seiswavlon~
[24, 32].
grigol lorTqifaniZe ,,daujerebel ambad~
Tvlida, rom saqarTvelos xelisufleba avto-
nomiur respublikebsa da ,,erovnulad Wrel~
kuTxeebTan urTierTobas rusulad awarmoebda,
,,rom erovnuli umciresobani saqarTvelos xazi-
nas ratomRac rusulad unda gaenaTlebina da
rusuladve emarTa~ [172, 157].
qarTuli enis problemebs grigol lorTqi-
faniZe qarTuli kulturis mdgomareobasac ukav-
Sirebda. ,,saukunis ganmavlobaSi dakodili da
dasaxiCrebuli qarTuli kultura, misi skola,
wigni, gazeTi, Teatri da sxva erTgvar socia-
listur anazRaurebas unda Rebulobdes wminda
rusuli e.i. rsfsr-is biujetidan, namdvilad ki
xdeba daujerebeli ambavi, qarTuli xazina udi-
des xarjs aZlevs rusuli kulturisa da enis
saqmes~.
saqarTveloSi wignebisa da Jurnal-gazeTe-
bis didi raodenoba rusul enaze gamodioda.
168
,,rogor SeuZlia pawia qarTvel xalxs iseTi gi-
Juri flangva, rogoricaa saerTo or enaze
cxovreba~ – kiTxulobda g. lorTqifaniZe [172,
157-158].
qarTuli enis dakninebis naTeli magaliTia
saqarTveloSi leninis tomebze xelmoweris kam-
pania, romelic mimdinareobda tomebis qarTul
da rusul variantze. es Tanabari kompleqtebi
(25 tomi) rusul enaze Rirda 15 maneTi da unda
dabeWdiliyo erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, qarTu-
lad ki 100 maneTi. daibeWdeboda xuTi wlis man-
Zilze.
aqve avRniSnavT, rom rusulenovani gazeTi
,,raboCaia pravda~ Rirda 2 kapiki, xolo qarTu-
li gazeTebis fasi 5 kapikze naklebi ar iyo
[172, 160].
siamayis grZnobiT aris aRniSnuli ruseTSi
gamosul saxelmZRvaneloebSi, rom 1926 wlidan
mniSvnelovnad Semcirda im pirTa ricxvi, rom-
lebic mSobliurad Tvlis Tavisi erovnebis
enas da, piriqiT, gaizarda im pirTa raodenoba,
romlebic mSobliurad Tvlis rusul enas. (ma-
galiTad, mansebis, selkupebis, nivxebisa da
oxoCebis 50%) [173, 377].
aRsaniSnavia, rom 1926 wlidan 1979 wlamde
erebis raodenoba sabWoTa kavSirSi TiTqmis ga-
naxevrda: 194-dan 101-mde davida [174].
ekonomikurad da kulturulad CamorCenili
erovnebebisadmi 20-ian wlebSi dawyebulma dax-
marebam 30-wlebSi garkveuli Sedegi gamoiRo. am-
denad, ,,adre CamorCenilma xalxebma daiwyes da-
169
winaureba im xalxebTan SedarebiT vinc maT
daxmareba aRmouCina. SemdgomSi aseTi viTarebis
SenarCunebam saSiSroeba Seqmna axali, faqtiuri
uTanasworobis warmoSobisaTvis~ [175, 150].
sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebisTanave
enaTa Tanasworuflebianobis gamocxadebam saTa-
ve daudo aramkvidri erovnebis nihilistur da-
mokidebulebas saqarTvelos warsulisa da qar-
Tvelebisadmi. safuZveli Cauyara erebs Soris
eTnokonfliqtebis warmoSobas, ramac gansakuT-
rebiT XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi iCina Tavi.
sxva saqme iyo da savsebiT kanonzomieri respub-
likaSi mcxovrebi erovnuli umciresobebisaTvis
qarTvelebTan erTad politikuri Tanasworobis
damkvidreba.
warmovidginoT, rom inglissa Tu safran-
geTSi Tundac kompaqturad yofiliyvnen qarTve-
lebi dasaxlebuli, inglisurTan da frangul-
Tan romeli WkuaTmyofeli mianiWebda qarTuls
Tanabar uflebebs. an dRevandel germaniaSi kom-
paqturad dasaxlebul Turq emigrantebs germa-
nuli enis Tanaswori uflebebi rom miniWeboda.
sainteresoa, Tu aseTi politika marTebuli
iyo, ratom sabWoTa ruseTma ar misca iseTive
Tanabari uflebebi ararusi erovnebis enebs,
romlebic federaciis teritoriaze cxovrob-
dnen?
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom mogvianebiT som-
xebs, osebs da zogierT sxva erovnebas qarTuli
miwis sakuTrebad miTvisebis survili gauCnda.
raSi Wirdeboda da risTvis daeufleboda qar-
170
Tul enas somexi Tu azerbaijaneli, osi Tu af-
xazi, rodesac saqarTvelos xelisuflebis
umaRles organoebSi nebismier erovnebas SeeZ-
lo Tavis enaze miemarTa da pasuxic misTvis sa-
survel enaze mieRo.
ra Tqma unda, amas araviTari internaciona-
lizmi ar hqvia. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es
iyo qarTveli eris winaaRmdeg mimarTuli agre-
sia im xelisuflebis mier, Tavs saqarTvelos
mTavrobas rom uwodebda.
ebraeli xalxi, romelic 2000 welze metia
saqarTvelos miwaze cxovrobs, Tavs mainc mosu-
lad Tvlis da saqarTvelo israelis wminda mi-
wis Semdeg meore samSoblod miaCnia. xolo ose-
bi, somxebi da zogierTi sxva erovnebis warmo-
madgenlebi, romelTa ltolvili winapris saso-
ebiT mopyrobili saxe dResac cocxalia, maspin-
Zlis rolSi gvevlineba. araswori iyo zogi-
erTi bolSeviki xelmZRvanelis azri, rom res-
publikaSi mcxovrebma erovnulma umciresobebma
qarTuli ena ar icodnen. jer erTi valdebuli
iyvnen eswavlaT. meorec, jer kidev 1922 wels
akad. niko mari aRniSnavda, rom qarTuli sazo-
gadod kavkasiis sazogadoebriv enas warmoad-
gens. mecnieris dakvirvebiT, im droisaTvis qar-
Tulad laparakobda ,,kavkasiis mTianeTis sam-
xreTi ferdobebis osTa mosaxleobis didi nawi-
li, afxazTa eris garkveuli fenebi iseve, ro-
gorc saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi mobinadre somxe-
bic... agreTve lekebis erTi nawili, saxeldobr
– didoelni, da Turqebic ki...~ [176, 42].
171
saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis (b) cen-
tralurma komitetma 1933 wlis oqtomberSi mii-
Ro dadgenileba ,,rusuli enis swavlebis daye-
nebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos yvela safexuris sas-
wavlo dawesebulebebSi~. sagulisxmoa, rom 1934
wlidan saxelmwifo universitetTan Camoyalib-
da rusuli enisa da litaraturis ganyofileba.
rusuli enis swavlebisadmi gansakuTrebu-
li yuradRebis daTmobam TandaTanobiT wamyvani
adgili daikava saqarTveloSi. amas xels uwyob-
dnen partokrati ,,wiTeli profesorebi~, romle-
bic rusuls TavianT ZiriTad samuSao da sala-
parako enad iyenebdnen. zogma maTganma qarTuli
xeirianad arc icoda. maT Soris iSviaTad Tu
vinme flobda ucxo enas. amitom ,,wiTel profe-
sorebs~ aRizianebdaT ucxo enis propaganda da
mis mimarT yuradRebis gamaxvileba [177, 90].
skkp XX yrilobis Semdeg stalinis pirovne-
bis kultis kritikam farTo xasiaTi miiRo. ru-
seTis presaSi bevrjer es kritika, faqtobrivad,
qarTveli eris lanZRvasa da damcirebaSi gadai-
zarda.
bunebrivia, ioseb stalinis kulti saqarTve-
loSi ufro mtkiced iyo fexmokidebuli. wle-
bis manZilze stalinisa da samSoblos siyva-
ruls erTnairi ZaliT unergavdnen axalgaz-
rdobas.
saqarTveloze zewola qarTuli eniT daiw-
yo. 50-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi aSkarad ig-
rZnoboda qarTuli enis Seviwroebis faqtebi.
xSir SemTxvevaSi adgili hqonda qarTuli enis
172
ignorirebas, sxvadasxva organizaciebSi amaxin-
jebdnen qarTul enas. dedaqalaqis quCebSi kino-
Teatrebis rogorc reklamebi, ise warwerebi,
mxolod rusul enaze sruldeboda [178, 163].
kompozitorTa yrilobaze, mxatvarTa Sekre-
baze qarTulad xmas aravin iRebda da iqmneboda
iseTi STabeWdileba, rom qarTuli ena gadaiqca
ojaxuri urTierTobis gamomxatvel enad [178,
194].
XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi sakavSiro mTav-
robam moiTxova, mecnierebaTa akademiis gamom-
cemlobas qarTulis nacvlad SemoeRo rusuli
ena. aseve Seumcira dafinanseba istoriis, lite-
raturis, enaTmecnierebis da xelovnebis samec-
niero-kvleviT institutebs. saqme iqamdec ki mi-
vida, rom erovnuli gansxvavebulobis wasaSle-
lad Semoitanes axali cneba – ,,sabWoTa xalxi~
[179, 43].
qarTveli eri ar Serigebia imperiul erov-
nul politikas da mis winaaRmdeg sxvadsxva fo-
rumebze, yrilobebze gamodiodnen. am mxriv, ga-
moirCeoda qarTveli samecniero inteligencia.
akademikosma niko kecxovelma mtkice protesti
gamoxata da Tavis gamosvlebsa da werilebSi
amxila antierovnuli politika. amisaTvis niko
kecxovels akademiis prezidiumi daatovebines.
cnobilma qarTvelma maTematikosma viqtor kup-
raZem, roca gaigo, rom akademiis qarTvelolo-
giur dargebs mkveTrad Seumcirda dafinanseba,
moiTxova maTematikosebs, saerTod sabunebismet-
yvelo da teqnikur mecnierebaTa kvleviT insti-
173
tutebs, maTze gamoyofili Tanxebis mniSvnelo-
vani nawili gadaecaT qarTvelologiis kvlevi-
Ti institutebisaTvis. vinaidan sabunebismetyve-
lo mecnierebaSi kvleva-ZiebiTi muSaoba msof-
lios yvela qveyanaSi warmoebda, xolo qarTve-
lologiur dargebSi mxolod saqarTveloSi.
mweralTa sakavSiro yrilobaze, romelic
60-ian wlebSi gaimarTa kritikosma besarion
JRentma mkacrad gailaSqra xelisuflebis anti-
erovnuli politikis winaaRmdeg da sajarod
dagmo mcdeloba, erovnuli mwerlebi gadasu-
liyvnen rusul enaze. man moiTxova rus gamoCe-
nil mwerlebs eCvenebinT magaliTi frangul da
inglisur enebze TavianTi leqsebisa da mxat-
vruli nawarmoebebis werisa.
publicisti da mecnieri oTar egaZe gamovi-
da rusuli Sovinisturi plitikis winaaRmdeg.
amis gulisaTvis igi gazeT ,,zaria vostokas~
redaqtorobidan gaaTavisufles [179, 43-44].
70-ian wlebSi erTgvar liberalizacias,
rac helsinkis SeTanxmebasTan sabWoTa kavSiris
mierTebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, respublikaTa
erovnul Rirebulebebze Setevis axali talRa
mohyva. sapasuxo reaqciamac ar daayovna: saqar-
TveloSi gaCnda araformaluri organizaciebi –
helsinkis kavSiri, ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoeba.
amave periodSi erovnul enaze umaRlesi ganaT-
lebis miReba sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT, mxo-
lod Tbilisisa da erevnis universitetebSi iyo
SesaZlebeli. sxva respublikebSi erovnuli is-
toriis kaTedrebic ki iSviaTobas warmoadgenda.
174
sxvadasxva Sekrebebis dros kievis universite-
tis profesor-maswavleblebi arc ijerebdnen,
rom Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi leq-
ciebi qarTulad ikiTxeboda [180, 58].
saqme is aris, rom saxelmwiofo enis statu-
si sabWoTa respublikebidan gaaCnda mxolod sa-
qarTvelos erovnul enas. mogvianebiT, sabWoTa
kavSiris xelmZRvanelobis gadawyvetilebiT,
imisTvis, rom saqarTvelo ar yofiliyo erTa-
derTi gamonaklisi, aseTive statusi mieniWaT
amierkavkasiis sxva respublikebis erovnul
enebsac. yvela danarCen sabWoTa respublikebSi,
maT Soris – ruseTis federaciaSic, saxelmwi-
fo enis statusi ar arsebobda. qarTuli enis
gansxvavebuli statusi xels ar uSlida ssr
kavSiris xelmZRvanelobas iseve mopyroboda mas,
rogorc litvur, estonur da a.S. enebs. es sta-
tusi aranair privilegias ar aniWebda qarTul
enas sxva mokavSire respublikebis erovnul
enebTan SedarebiT.
isic unda iTqvas, rom sabWoTa konstituci-
iT garantirebuli bevri ufleba cxovrebaSi sa-
erTod ar moqmedebda.
rac Seexeba ama Tu im enis saxelmwifo sta-
tusis sakiTxisadmi komunistebis damokidebule-
bas; jer kidev 1903 wels, leninis mier daweril
da rsdmp II yrilobaze miRebul partiis pirvel
programaSi erovnul sakiTxze ori ganmsazRvre-
li punqti iyo dafiqsirebuli: 1. yvela enis Ta-
nasworuflebianoba da 2. erTa TviTgamorkvevis
ufleba. 1918 wels miRebul ruseTis xalxTa uf-
175
lebebis deklaraciaSi, Semdeg ki rsfsr konsti-
tuciaSic es muxlebi ucvleli saxiT gadavida.
lenini Tvlida, rom romelime eris enisaTvis
saxelmwifo statusis miniWebis moTxovna aris
`burJuaziuli~ moTxovna da igi laxavs sxva
erebisa da enebis uflebebs. misi azriT, ruse-
Tis federaciaSi mcxovreb xalxebs Soris ru-
suli enis saurTierTo enad aRiareba moxdebo-
da bunebrivad, nebayoflobiT da amisTvis saWi-
ro ar iyo misi gansakuTrebuli konstituciuri
statusi.
rsfsr-s Semdeg warmoqmnili yvela sxva sab-
WoTa respublikis konstitucias safuZvlad le-
ninuri rusuli konstitucia daedo. sabWoTa sa-
qarTvelos konstituciaze muSaoba 1922 wels
mimdinareobda. sakonstitucio komisiis muSaoba-
Si komunistebTan erTad monawileobas memarcxe-
ne federalistebic Rebulobdnen. swored maTi
warmomadgeneli – simon xundaZe gamovida wina-
dadebiT – konstituciaSi SeetanaT muxli qar-
Tuli enis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis Sesaxeb. es
statusi qarTul enas gaaCnda demokratiuli sa-
qarTvelos konstituciis mixedviT. Tu Cven
uars vityviT am statusze, amiT seriozul ar-
guments mivcemT emigraciaSi myof menSevikur
opozicias amtkicos sabWoTa xelisuflebis
araerovnuloba, – ganacxada man komisiis sxdo-
maze. xundaZis es argumenti qarTvel bolSevi-
kebsac WkuaSi daujdaT. bunebrivia, maT konsti-
tuciisaTvis kremls, lenins da stalins mimar-
Tes. sabWoTa xelmZRvanelebma maSin SesaZleb-
176
lad CaTvales saqarTvelosTvis gamonaklisis
daSveba. leninis azriT, koniunqturis gaTvalis-
winebiT, sabWoTa xelisufleba unda wasuliyo
iseT kompromisebze, romlebic mocemul momen-
tSi xels Seuwyobdnen sabWoTa wyobilebis gan-
mtkicebas. konstituciidan mcdari muxlebis
amoReba ki merec SeiZleboda, rodesac sabWoTa
xelisufleba fexze myarad dadgeboda.
1937 wels egreT wodebuli gamarjvebuli
socializmis konstituciis proeqtze muSaobi-
sas, iuristebma qarTuli konstituciidan sa-
xelmwifo enis muxlis amoReba moiTxoves, Tum-
ca, stalinma es nabiji maSin naCqaravad miiCnia.
1978 wels, ukve `ganviTarebuli socializmis~
konstituciis proeqtze muSaobisas, iuristebma
kvlav daayenes konstituciidan aRniSnuli mux-
lis amoRebis sakiTxi. saqme is iyo, rom nebismi-
eri momdevno sabWoTa konstitucia ucvlelad
imeorebda yvela enis Tanasworobis leninur de-
bulebas. leninis kultis pirobebSi am muxlis
konstituciidan amoRebaze laparakic ki ar Se-
iZleboda. ara da, es debuleba pirdapir winaaR-
mdegobaSi iyo saxelmwifo enis punqtTan. mar-
Tlacda, Tu yvela ena Tanasworuflebiania, ma-
Sin ras niSnavs erTi enis gamorCeva saxelmwifo
statusiT? swored amitom iuristebi moiTxov-
dnen konstituciaSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobis
aRmofxvras [181, 36-37].
sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobas esmoda, rom kon-
stituciidan qarTuli enis statusis amoRebas
saqarTveloSi viTarebis daZabva mohyveboda.
177
amis miuxedavad, misi amoReba mainc gadawyda.
qarTveli xalxis mosalodneli aRSfoTebis ga-
saneitraleblad ki saxelmwifo enis nacvlad
konstituciis proeqtSi Caiwera, rom saxelmwi-
fo yvelanairad Seuwyobs xels qarTuli enis
ganviTarebasa da ayvavebas.
aman saqmes ver uSvela. rodesac sabWoTa
kavSiris xelisuflebam es RonisZieba momwife-
bulad da kanonzomier movlenad miiCnia da res-
publikis mTavrobac amas daTanxmda, saqarTve-
los inteligenciam, saxeldobr Tbilisis mecni-
erebma da studentobam gaanaliza, Tu ras niS-
navda uwindeli konstituciidan qarTuli enis
statusis amoReba da SeniRbulad `misi xmarebis
uflebis datoveba~ – yvelaferi gasagebi gaxda.
amitom mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriis, arqeo-
logiisa da eTnografiis institutis saerTo sa-
xalxo krebam Sesabamisi xmauri atexa. krebaze
gamovida rva kaci, romelTac daasabuTes, rom
qarTuli enis saxelmwifo enis statusis amoRe-
ba niSnavda qarTuli enis xelyofas da amiT
qarTveli xalxisaTvis metyvelebis warTmevas:
e.i. Tavisi ganaTlebis, saqmis warmoebis, sakuTa-
ri swavlebis qselis, mecnieruli kvlavwarmoe-
bis fsiqikur-fsiqologiuri TviTSegnebis, war-
sulisadmi pativiscemis, saukuneobrivi litera-
turis da a.S. akrZalvas (sxvaTa Soris, roca am
sakiTxis ganxilva saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa
akademiis istoriis institutSi gaxmaurda, kre-
baze 8 mecnieris gamosvlis 35 gverdiani oqmi
Sedga, romelic umal cekam moiTxova misi mdiv-
178
nis viqtoria siraZis meSveobiT). amis Semdeg ce-
kam mweralTa kavSirs saqmis ganxilvis oqmis
Sedgena aukrZala. saqmis ganxilvam mwvave deba-
tebi gamoiwvia agreTve saqarTvelos mecniereba-
Ta akademiis janaSias saxelobis saxelmwifo
muzeumSi da saerTod Tbilisis mraval saxel-
mwifo dawesebulebaSi, saerTod mTel inteli-
genciaSi. rasac mohyva Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis studentobis da mTeli inteli-
genciis Tavdadebuli protesti quCaSi gamos-
vliT (rusTavelis gamziri da leninis moedani
demonstrantebiT gaivso) [182, 36]. xelnaweris sa-
xiT gavrcelebuli poetis striqonebi sazoga-
doebas gamosvlebisaken mouwodebda:
sixliT morwyul qarTul miwas
isev sisxlis wvima elis,
mterma bevrjer daamiwa
bevrjer aRsdga risxva mteris.
am ubadlo mdinareebs,
am usazRvro zRvas,
cisferi ar Rirsebia
mxolod sisxli rwyavs.
vai, Cemo saqarTvelov
Sen ar gevxar sxvas
ra patara, ris patara
vin gibedavs Tqmas.
179
mitom RmerTis rCeuli xar,
RmerTi gaCnda SeniT,
Tu ar RmerTi, vis SeeZlo
Soba SoTas enis.
ukan gidgas farul Ralats
SeCveuli mteri,
vaglax mteric rom ara gyavs
Seni Sesaferi.
Seni zurgi ar unaxavs sulTans,
Sahs Tu bizantias.
gaiRviZe, Torem Semdeg
yvelaferi gviania.
uqarqaSo xmalo aRsdeg
moZraoba gSvenis,
Sen ara xar im rjulisa
eSinia visac mteris.
ra patara, ris patara
ra vuyoT, rom didi gebrZvis
didi? ara bevri mxolod
Seni fexis mtveri.
gklavdnen zRaprul devis msgavsad,
Tavs gWridnen da ifaravdi,
didi rom ar yofiliyav
devi rom ar yofiliyav
RmerTi rom ar yofiliyav
ras izamdi?
180
eris sulo geZeb, geZeb
o, ra iSviaTad gxvdebi,
eqvsjer aTi weliwadi
umiwawylod vcdebiT, vcdebiT.
saqarTvelos gulo Cemo,
sisxlo Cemo vcxovrob SeniT
winaparTa Zvlebis darad
mjera Seni gadarCenis!
ra Znelia rusTavelo,
metexo da diRmis velo,
midiode da fiqrobde
es ar aris saqarTvelo.
momitingeebi acxadebdnen, rom sisxliT
daicavdnen qarTuli enis saxelmwifo uflebebs.
mRelvarebis eqom kremlamde miaRwia. miuxedavad
amisa saqarTvelos xelisuflebam saqmis gan-
xilva (winaswar dakveTili sqemis mixedviT) ma-
inc gadawyvita umaRlesi sabWos sesiaze. roca
momxsenebeli e. SevardnaZe darwmunda, rom quCa-
Si gamosuli inteligencia ar xumrobda da pro-
testma saSiSi xasiaTi miiRo – ikadra da sus-
lovs daukavSirda. rodesac misgan sanugeSo
verfaeri miiRo, iZulebuli gaxda breJnevisaT-
vis miemarTa (am dros mSfoTvare inteligenciam
alyaSi moaqcia mTavrobis sasaxle da mis pir-
vel sarTulSi kidevac SeiWra, sadac sesia mim-
dinareobda). sakavSiro mTavroba Sedrka, radgan
181
ganviTarebulma movlenebma saSiSi xasiaTi mii-
Ro, breJnevma neba darTo xelisuflebas ZalaSi
daetovebinaT uwindeli konstituciis formu-
lireba qarTuli enis saxelmwifo statusis Ta-
obaze. amis Semdeg SevardnaZemac igive gaimeora,
rasac breJnevi daTanxmda (mtknari sicruea TiT-
qos SevardnaZem raime moindoma da gadawyvita.
`nebayoflobiT~ – mas rogorc marionets, Tanam-
debobisaTvis da karierisaTvis Tavdadebul
pirs, Tundac am SemTxvevaSi araferi mousurve-
bia da gadauwyvetia, inteligenciis (ra Tqma un-
da studentobasTan erTad) mrisxane protestma
aiZula is da misi moskoveli favoritebi saqme
Zveleburad daetovebinaT. aqve unda aRiniSnos,
rom qarTuli enis winaaRmdeg kremlis Seteva
iqamde iyo misuli, rom saqarTvelos ganaTle-
bis saministroSi ukve miRebuli iyo direqtiva
– respublikis yvela umaRles saswavlebelSi
qarTulis adgilze rusulad warmarTuliyo
leqciebi yvela ZiriTad saganSi [182, 37].
saqarTvelos konstituciaSi qarTulma
enam jerovani adgili daikava. es iyo sabWoTa
kavSiris istoriaSi pirveli erovnuli gamos-
vla. romelic gamarjvebiT dasrulda... [183, 227].
1978 wlis 14 aprils qarTvelma axalgaz-
rdebma daamtkices erovnuli idealebisadmi Ta-
vianTi erTguleba. mTel sabWoTa sivrceSi, ro-
gorc aRvniSneT, es iyo pirveli precendenti,
rodesac xelisuflebam ver gabeda iaraRiT da-
pirispireboda demonstrantebs. am Tvalsazri-
siT, qarTveli studentebis gamarjveba iyo sab-
182
WoTa xelisuflebis kuboSi CaWedebuli pirveli
lursmani. 14 aprilma gamarjvebis rwmena Cauner-
ga ara mxolod qarTvel xalxs, aramed sabWoTa
kavSirSi Semaval sxva xalxebsac. man cxadyo,
rom axlovdeboda sabWoTa imperiis aRsasruli
[181, 38].
erovnuli umciresoba da saxelmwifo ena
komunisturi reJimis strategiuli poli-
tikidan gamomdinare, rac iTvaliswinebda `daya-
vi da ibatone~ – miznis realurad gatarebas,
saqarTvelo erovnul raionebad daiyo, rasac
axali administraciul-teritoriuli dayofa
ewoda. maTi SefasebiT es iyo leninuri erovnu-
li politikis cxovrebaSi ganxorcieleba.
saqarTvelos erovnul umciresobaTa mom-
saxurebis mizniT gamoiyo administraciul-teri-
toriuli erTeulebi, sadac saqmis warmoeba
erovnul enaze iqneboda. e.i. romeli erovnebac
cxovrobda mocemul teritoriaze, maTi salapa-
rako ena xdeboda yvela sferoSi gabatonebuli.
sad aris aq `ZaRlis Tavi~ damarxuli? bolSe-
vikTa erTi umTavresi mizani erTa sruli asimi-
lacia iyo. sabWoTa liderebis (pirvelyovlisa
leninisa da stalinis mcdelobiT) `nacmenTa~
enebi cxaddeboda lamis yvela ubedurebis saTa-
ved. Seiqmna mTeli fsevdomecnieruli spekula-
cia, romlis mixedviT enebs braldeboda erebis
gaTiSva, urTierTdapirispireba. `naTeli momav-
183
lis~ aSenebis erT umTavres pirobad ki miCneu-
li iyo jer enaTa, Semdeg ki erTa `daaxloeba
da Serwyma~, erTiani komunisturi enis da eris
warmoSoba. swored am mizniT, momavalSi rusu-
li enis gabatonebisaTvis bolSevikurma xeli-
suflebam `mokavSire~ respublikebSi mcxovreb
erovnul umciresobebs yovelgvari piroba Seuq-
mna, rom maTi salaparako ena saqmis warmoeba-
Sic gaTanabreboda da xSir SemTxvevaSi privi-
legirebuli yofiliyo im enasTan, romel res-
publikaSic cxovrobdnen.
ukve 20-iani wlebis bolos sakavSiro da
amierkavkasiis xelmZRvaneloba sabWoTa xeli-
suflebis miRwevad miiCnevda saqmis warmoebis
gadasvlas erovnul enebze [184, 38]. es ki faqti-
urad ama Tu im respublikis saxelmwifo enis
ignorirebas niSnavda. saboloo jamSi ki xels
uwyobda rusuli enis privilegiis zrdas.
xelisufleba yvela Rones xmarobda, rom
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxov-
reb osebsa da lekebs eswavlaT mSobliuri ena
da saqmis warmoeba yofiliyo maT enaze. qarTu-
li ena osebmac da lekebmac kargad icodnen, es
ki ewinaaRmdegeboda `msoflioSi yvelaze inter-
nacionaluri politikis gatarebas~.
es iyo obieqturi gagrZeleba im pozicii-
sa, romelsac 1921 wels Caeyara safuZveli. ker-
Zod, saqarTvelos suverenitetis ugulebelyo-
fam, antiqarTuli politikis gatarebam, saqar-
Tvelos revkomi da qarTveli bolSevikebi anti-
qarTuli misiiT movlenil emisrebad aqcia. sa-
184
magierod, isini araqarTuli mosaxleobisadmi
gansakuTrebul Tanadgomas avlendnen. maTi
kulturulad da ekonomikurad dawinaurebisa
da uflebrivad mkvidr mosaxleobasTan enobri-
vi gaTanabrebis mizniT, maqsimums akeTebdnen.
am mimarTulebiT pirveli qmediTi nabiji
xelisuflebam 1921 wlis aprilSi gadadga, ro-
desac agitacia-propagandis ganyofilebasTan
erovnul umciresobaTa qveganyofileba Seqmna.
mis ZiriTad funqcias warmoadgenda: saqarTve-
loSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobebis saer-
To mdgomareobis dawvrilebiT Seswavla da mas-
ze dayrdnobiT saTanado gadawyvetilebebis mi-
Reba. 1921 wlis ivlisSi Seqmnilma erovnul um-
ciresobaTa sabWom da misma operatiulma biu-
rom 1921-1922 wlebSi eTnikur umciresobaTa
mSobliur enaze saswavlo programebi, saxel-
mwZRvaneloebi da Jurnalebi gamosca.
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umcire-
sobebis socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli
RonisZiebebis koordinaciis mizniT, saqarTve-
los centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis
prezidiumis 1926 wlis 22 oqtombris dadgenile-
biT, centralur aRmasrulebel komitetebTan
`erovnul umciresobaTa saqmeebis Semswavleli
biuro~ Seiqmna, xolo imave wlis 8 dekembris
dadgenilebiT, `erovnul umciresobaTa saqmeebis
Semswavleli komisia~. mis SemadgenlobaSi Se-
vidnen: mirza daud huseinovi (Tavmjdomare –
azerbaijaneli), aSot xumariani (Tavmjdomaris
moadgile – somexi), vasil bogdanovi (rusi),
185
ilia dimoevi (berZeni), gerSon zonenaSvili
(qarTveli ebraeli), riza najafovi (Turqi),
aleqsandre tarnozovi (asirieli), paSa isabeko-
vi (qurTi), albert ceebi (germaneli), Wanba (af-
xazi), abaevi (osi) [184, 472-473]. saqarTvelos
kompartiis ck 1929 wlis 6 ivnisis plenumisa da
saqarTvelos sabWoebis V yrilobis gadawyveti-
lebis safuZvelze ganxorcielda axali admi-
nistraciul-teritoriuli dayofa. amave wlis 1
oqtombrisaTvis yofili damoukidebeli mazrebi-
sagan Seiqmna 4 olqi, romlebic dayofili iyo
raionebad da sasoflo sabWoebad, xolo droe-
biT darCenil damoukidebel mazrebSi, magali-
Tad, axalqalaqisa da axalcixis mazrebSi, Teme-
bis nacvlad Seiqmna raionebi da sasoflo sab-
Woebi. aseTma daraionebam kidev ufro meti uf-
lebebi mianiWa erovnul umciresobebs [141, 51].
erovnul umciresobaTa aseTi erTeulebi
gamoiyo mxolod sasoflo adgilebSi. aRniSnu-
li procesi ZiriTadad dasrulda 30-iani wle-
bis dasawyisSi, rogorc respublikis masStabiT,
aseve avtonomiur formirebebSi. xazgasasmelia,
rom saarqivo dokumentur wyaroebSi saqarTve-
lo gamijnulia avtonomiebisagan, rogorc cal-
ke respublika, TiTqos xelovnurad Seqmnili av-
tonomiuri warmonaqmnebi saqarTvelos istori-
ul teritoriaze ar yofiliyo.
Tu gerTianebamde axalaqalaqisa da axal-
cixis mazrebsa da Tbilisis olqSi saqmis war-
moeba azerbaijanul enaze iyo 16 saTemo sabWo-
Si, somxur enaze – 10 sabWoSi, daraionebis Sem-
186
deg saqmis warmoeba azerbaijanul enaze xorci-
eldeboda ukve 35 sabWoSi, somxur enaze – 21...
[141, 51].
erovnul umciresobaTa interesebis `dam-
cveli~ xelisufleba Seudga Seswavlas Sereu-
li erovnebebiT dasaxlebuli sasoflo-sabWoe-
bisa, Tu rogor ganesazRvra maTi adgili admi-
nistraciul dayofaSi. mogvianebiT, saqarTve-
los axali niSniT daraionebis Semdeg Seiqmna
59 administraciul-teritoriuli raioni, aqedan
25-is statusi ganisazRvra erovnul umciresoba-
Ta raionebad. arsebuli TemsabWoebis gamsxvile-
bis Semdeg Camoyalibda 688 sasoflo-sabWo. av-
tonomiuri respublikebis gareSe 537. ufro me-
tic, SesaZleblad CaTvales kidev gamoeyoT uf-
ro meti eTnografiuli, erTgvarovani qveda sab-
WoTa erTeulebi. Sedegad miviReT 205 erovnul-
umciresobaTa sasoflo sabWo da 16 mravale-
rovnuli (avtonomiuri respublikebis gareSe
pirveli ricxvi 108-s udrida [164, 2].
afxazeTSi 93 sasoflo-sabWodan afxazuri
iyo 35, qarTuli – 27, somxuri – 8, berZnuli –
3, estonuri – 2, danarCeni 18 – Sereuli, sadac
saqmis warmoeba rusul enaze mimdinareobda.
saqmiswarmoebis dokumentebis Targmna erovnul
enebze mTlianobaSi ver xorcieldeboda, radgan
ar hyavdaT momzadebeli kadrebi. ZiriTadad am
movlenas adgili hqonda afxaz mosaxleobaSi.
amitom erovnebebze da erebze `mzrunvelma~ xe-
lisuflebam 1929 wels oqtomberSi sasoflo-
sabWos mdivnebisaTvis moawyo mosamzadebeli
187
kursebi. kursebze teqnikur momzadebasTan er-
Tad mTavari yuradReba mieqca saqmis warmoebis
Targmnas erovnul enebze, gansakuTrebiT e.w.
`axali afxazuri anbanis~ cxovrebaSi gatarebas
[164, 2]. amdenad, mTavari iyo qarTul enas,
rogorc saxelmwifo enas ar gaedga fesvebi sa-
qarTvelos teritoriaze. mxolod rusuli da
erovnul umciresobaTa enebi unda yofiliyo
prioritetuli, raTa saqarTveloSi qarTvels
ar egrZno Tavi qveynis baton-patronad.
e.w. `samxreT oseTSi~ 28 sasoflo-sabWodan
7 qarTuli iyo, 21 osuri. rac Seexeba aWaras –
26 sasoflo-sabWodan 24 aWaruli yofila, sadac
saqmis warmoeba Turme qarTul enaze mimdinare-
obda [164, 2]. (daakvirdiT dokumentis Semdgenel-
Ta pozicias) amave dros 1 berZnuli, 1 Sereuli.
droTa ganmavlobaSi limitirebul zonaSi
mcxovrebma erovnulma umciresobebma gabatone-
bul mdgomareobas miaRwies (iq, sadac qarTve-
lebi umciresobas Seadgendnen, aseTi ki 20 rai-
onia) da daiwyes Tavis mikro teritoriaze mo-
saxle qarTvelebis (am SemTxvevaSi umciresobis)
Seviwroeba, gasaqani mieca asimilaciis process.
dairRva adamianis uflebebi.
saqarTveloSi momxdarma movlenebma gviC-
vena, rom daZabuli kerebi swored iq gaCnda, sa-
dac mosaxleoba Tavis Tavs mosazRvre saxel-
mwifoSi mcxovrebi xalxis monaTesaved Tvlis,
Tumca, xSirad, isini im qveynis ZirZveli mosax-
leni ar arian. magaliTad, somxebis ZiriTadi
masa saqarTveloSi movida ara somxeTidan, ara-
188
med TurqeTidan; azerbaijanelebi ki iranidan
arian wamosulebi da ara azerbaijanidan, magram
eTnikurad Tavs miakuTvneben am respublikis
mkvidrT, rogorc aq daakanona sabWoTa aRwereb-
ma [80, 114].
afxazeTis rusuli saero xelisufleba da
eklesia yvelafers akeTebda imisaTvis, rom af-
xazeTis qarTveloba Cqara gaerusebina an gane-
devnaT afxazeTidan. amisaTvis ara mxolod ru-
sul wirva-locvas, saqmis warmoebas da dawye-
biT swavlebas iyenebdnen, aramed adgilze dar-
Cenili afsuebis naZirala pirebsac, romlebic
rusuli politikis fexdafex ukiJinebdnen qar-
Tvelebs, rom maT daetovebinaT TavianTi sam-
kvidro saxl-kari da gaqceuliyvnen afxazeTi-
dan [185, 285].
ruseTidan afxazeTSi gadmosaxlebul mar-
TlmadideblebisaTvis xelisufleba, pirvel
rigSi, rusul eklesias aSenebda, romelic regi-
onSi cdilobda Seemcirebina saeklesio-samrev-
lo saswavleblebis ricxvi da, rac mTavaria,
qarTuli ena gamoedevna iqidan. qarTul enas
devnidnen ara marto afxazeTidan, aramed sameg-
relodan, svaneTidan da samaCablodan [186, 83].
qarTul enas aramarto gudauTaSi aviwro-
ebdnen yovelmxriv, aramed mTlianad qarTvele-
biT (megrelebiT) dasaxlebul galSic ki. qar-
Tvelma mosaxleobam imas miaRwia, rom saegzar-
qosom maT neba darTo galis samrevlo-saekle-
sio skolaSi swavla qarTulad warmoebuliyo.
magram es uflebac formaluri gamodga, radgan
189
qarTuli enis swavleba, mxolod bolo, meeqvse
gakveTilze dauSves da male programidan saer-
Tod amoiRes [186, 85].
xazgasasmelia, rom 1810 wels, rodesac af-
xazeTis samTavro ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sevida
dokumenti daiwera qarTul enaze da saerTod,
afxazeTis xelisuflebis kancelariaSi mTeli
XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSic ki saqmiswarmoeba
mxolod qarTulad xdeboda. aseve, kavkasiis me-
fisnacvlis kancelarias `afxazebi~ qarTulad
mimarTavdnen. XIX saukunis meore naxevramde
ar arsebobs arcerTi dokumenti, arcerTi na-
warmoebi, romelic dawerili iqneboda `afsua-
afxazur~ enaze [187, 19-20].
orive periodis imperiuli ruseTi – ca-
rizmi da bolSevikuri – gansakuTrebul yurad-
Rebas uTmobda enobriv politikas, romelic da-
fuZnebuli iyo qarTul-afxazuri lingvisturi
konfliqtis provocirebaze.
ai, ras ambobda carizmis rusifikatoruli
politikis apologeti e. veidenbaumi: `afxazuri
ena, romelsac ar gaaCnia damwerloba da lite-
ratura, axlo momavalSi ganwirulia gaqrobi-
saTvis. sakiTxis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu
romeli ena Secvlis mas? naTelia, rom mosaxle-
obis kulturuli ideebisa da gagebis roli un-
da gamoxatos rusulma da ara qarTulma enam. me
mgonia, rom afxazuri damwerlobis damkvidreba
TviTmizani ki ar unda iyves, aramed saSualeba,
romelic Seasustebs eklesiisa da skolis gav-
190
leniT qarTul enaze moTxovnas da TandaTano-
biT Seicvleba rusuli eniT~.
`afxazuri anbanis~ Seqmnis komisiis Tav-
mjdomare, mecnieri da generali p. uslari miiC-
nevda, rom kavkasiis mTis xalxebs ar SeuZliaT
hqondeT sakuTari damwerloba da literatura~.
generali amtkicebda: `tuzemcebis wera-kiTxvis
codna unda emsaxurebodes mxolod imas, rom
maT gauadvildeT rusuli enis Seswavla~ [187,
34-35].
rogorc cnobilia rusebi kavkasiis mosax-
leobas `tuzemcebs~ uwodebdnen. maTi azriT
`tuzemci~ iyo bunebis mier SecdomiT gaCenili
biologiuri arseba, romelsac arc warsuli
hqonda, arc awmyo da, bunebrivia, rom arc moma-
vali eqneboda [188, 14].
yovelive amas, rogorc wesi separatistebi
dumiliT xvdebian. samagierod, rodesac sauba-
ria enobriv politikaze, isini uapelaciod ada-
naSauleben saqarTvelos xelisuflebas laTi-
zinirebuli anbanis qarTuliT SecvlasTan da-
kavSirebiT.
gavixsenoT, rom pirveli `afxazuri~ anba-
ni Seiqmna 1862 wels afxazuri enisaTvis sruli-
ad ucxo kirilicas – SriftiT. 1926 wels afxa-
zeTis assr mTavrobam gaauqma rusuli grafikis
safuZvelze SemuSavebuli `afxazuri~ anbani da
mis nacvlad SemoiRo akademikos n. maris mier
Sedgenili laTinizebuli anbani. Semdeg 1929
wels SemoRebul iqna anbani, SemuSavebuli aseve
laTinuris safuZvelze n. iakovlevis mier. 1938
191
wels afxazeTSi miiRes axali afxazuri anbani,
romelsac safuZvlad edo qarTuli grafika. am
anbanis proeqtis avtori iyo afxazuri litera-
turis fuZemdebeli d. gulia, romelTanac er-
Tad mis SemuSavebaSi monawileobdnen agreTve
qarTveli mecnierebi s. janaSia da a. SaniZe. 1954
wels ki miRebul iqna axali amJamindeli anbani
rusul grafikul safuZvelze [129, 51-51].
jer kidev 1919-1920 wlebSi afxazeTis mo-
saxleobis didi nawili rusulad laparakobda.
da es xdeboda ara mxolod afxazeTSi, aramed
samurzayanoSic, sadac mosaxleobis umravleso-
bas megrelebi Seadgendnen [189, 51-52].
rogorc cnobilia, afxazeTis konstituci-
is safuZvelze 1925 wlidan saqmis warmoeba mxo-
lod rusul enaze xdeboda, ar iqna gaTvaliswi-
nebuli respublikis erovnuli Semadgenloba,
daamcires roli da mniSvneloba rogorc `afxa-
zuri~, aseve qarTuli erovnuli enebisa [190,
102]. mxolod 1926 wlis 27 Tebervlis samTavro-
bo gadawyvetilebiT, saxelmwifo dawesebule-
bebSi rusuls uflebrivad gauTanabres `afxa-
zuri~ da qarTuli[190, 104].
rusuli enisadmi prioritetis miniWebis
Sedegi iyo, rom 1926 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis Ziri-
Tad centralur dawesebulebebSi momuSaveTa
erovnuli Semadgenloba Semdegnairad gamoiyu-
reboda: rusebi 44,9%, qarTvelebi 22, 3%, afxaze-
bi 8, 9%. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1926 wels afxa-
zebi Seadgendnen 27, 8%, qarTvelebi 36, 6%, xo-
lo rusebi 6,2% [190, 121, 122].
192
saerTod unda aRiniSnos, rom am periodSi
yvela sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobaze mxolod
afxazebi iniSnebodnen. afxazebs eZleodaT upi-
ratesoba miliciaSi, navsadgurSi muSad miRebis
dros sxva erovnebebTan SedarebiT.
Sovinizmis TvalsaCino suraTs iZleva kom-
kavSiris saolqo komitetis cirkulari yvela
komkavSiruli organizaciisadmi, sadac naTqva-
mia, rom komkavSirSi unda mieRoT mxolod afxa-
zi axalgazrdebi. marTalia, es cirkulari mog-
vianebiT uaryofil iqna, magram misi am saxiT
gamoqveyneba aSkarad aCvenebs ramdenad iyo Sovi-
nizmi gabatonebuli axalgazrdebSic [145, 28, 29].
sabWoTa afxazeTis xelmZRvanelobam Tavisi
erovnuli politikiT aamxedra mosaxleobis sa-
mi meoTxedi.
20-ian wlebSi afxazs yvelgan da yovel-
Tvis eniWeboda upiratesoba da amitom araafxa-
zuri erovnebis warmomadgeneli iZulebuli xde-
boda Tavi afxazad gamoecxadebina (gaafxazebu-
liyo), raTa samsaxuri eSovna. swored amis Se-
degi iyo, rom 1926 wlis aRweris dros `ramdeni-
me aTasma kacma Tavisi Tavi afxaz erovnebas mia-
kuTvna. Tumca maTi ena iyo ara afxazuri, ara-
med qarTuli (megruli)~ [191, 213].
30-ian wlebSi afxazeTSi kvlav qarTuli
moqmedebda, magram afsuebSi ukve rusuli ena
inergeba – ara mxolod dawyebiT skolebSi, ara-
med moqmed eklesiebSi (gansakuTrebiT axal
aTonSi), agreTve samrewvelo raion tyvarCelSi
da sxvagan. amas xeli Seuwyo ara mxolod rusu-
193
lis saxelmwifo enad gamocxadebam da rusuli
swavlebis gaZlierebam, aramed afxazeTis kolo-
nizaciam da meore msoflio omis win (bunebri-
via gansakuTrebiT omis dros) aq ruseTis jare-
bis dasadgurebam. amasTan, afsuebis mizidvam
ruseTis sxvadasxva saswavleblebSi afsuebs ni-
adagi moumzada qarTuli swavlebisa da qarTu-
li enisadmi zurgis Sesaqcevad. maT 1946 wels
brZola gaaCaRes afxazeTSi qarTuli skolebis
rac SeiZleba SezRudvisa da likvidaciisaTvis,
xolo samagierod afsuuri da gansakuTrebiT
rusuli skolebis gafarToebisaTvis [182, 72-73].
osTa mier qarTuli enis codna garkveul
farglebSi qarTuli damwerlobis codnasac gu-
lisxmobda. mTeli, saqmiani mimowera qarTlis
da imereTis mmarTveli wreebisa osebTan, Tu pi-
riqiT, qarTul enaze sruldeboda. XVIII sauku-
neSi Seqmnilia mdidari dokumenturi masala
osebis Sesaxeb qarTul enaze. es imas niSnavs,
rom qarTuli ena da damwerloba sakmaod fex-
mokidebuli iyo osTa Soris. is ki ara, xSirad
ruseTis administraciisadmi mimarTuli osTa
werilebic qarTul enazea Sesrulebuli. 1784
wlis 10 Tebervlis werili nareli `starSinebi-
sa~ pavle potiomkinisadmi Sesrulebulia qar-
Tulad os vasil (yarajaevis) xeliT, werilSi
isini iTxoven ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi miRebas
[192, 230]. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi osi mwerle-
bi sargeblobdnen qarTuli anbaniT. amis safuZ-
velze iwereboda osuri wignebi. gamocdilebam
yovelmxriv daadastura osebisaTvis qarTuli
194
anabnis upiratesoba yvela danarCen anbanTan Se-
darebiT [193, 15].
XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisidan
raWis mazris `rCevis ganyofilebas~ xelmZRvane-
lobda dekanozi aleqsi giorgobiani, romelic
amave dros kurirebda saeklesio samrevlo sko-
lebis `sablaRoCino olqs~. dekanozi aleqsi aq-
tiur mzrunvelobas iCenda, rogorc qarTveli,
aseve erovnuli umciresobis warmomadgenelTa
Svilebze. 1891 wlis dasawyisSi saxeldaxelod
TavSeyril osebs aleqsim aseTi sityviT mimar-
Ta: `Svilebo, me gavige, viTomc Tqven skolaSi
aRar agzavniT... amas wineT yovlad samRvdeloe-
ba aRtacebuli darCa am skolaSi naswavli Tqve-
ni pawia baRnebis codniT, Tu gaxsovT, locva-
kurTxevasTan maTma meufebam madloba giZRvnaT,
rom Tqvens Svilebs pirjvris gamosxva, locve-
bis warmoTqma da mcire wera-kiTxva SeeswavlaT.
Tqven aRuTqviT, rom skolis saqmes ar uRala-
tebT da SeZlebisdagvarad ar movaklebT aR-
zrdas Cvens Svilebso. dRes ra pasuxs aZlevT
an RmerTs da an maT meufes, rom Svilebis aR-
zrdaze xeli agiRiaT da SesulxarT codvaSi,
Tu am keTil saqmes meti sicocxle ar elodeba
TqvenSi, risTvis gaswieT Sroma, risTvis aageT
Senoba.~
darcxvenilma osebma mokrZalebiT upasu-
xes: `vin mogaxsena batono dekanoz, rom Cven,
osebma skolebSi Svilebi ar gavgzavneT. vin uT-
xra Tu osebs swavla ar ginda, hai, hai, ginda
swvala osebs, mara vin gaswavla. mRvdeli sul
195
sofelSi waxval, misi popoSniki aq ar aris da
visTan waiyvane Svilebi Seni Wirime, Tu iqneba
mowyaleba, kargi uCiteli daayenebs da skolaSi
iqneba, Cvenc gvinda, Tu ara tyuilad biWebi ar
gaacdinebT, Seni Wirime~ – mimarTa osma gogiam
giorgobians da xalxis yrilobas. – `avTe~, er-
Txmad daiRriales osebma (ase ariso da ase gax-
lavTo) [194, 75].
1923 wlis agvistoSi `samxreT oseTis av-
tonomiuri olqis~ cakma miiRo dadgenileba
`olqis farglebSi osuris, rogorc saxelmwifo
enis SemoRebis Sesaxeb~. dadgenilebaSi aRniSnu-
li iyo, rom `SemoRebul iqnas TandaTanobiT
mSobliuri osuri ena yvela saxelmwifo da par-
tiul dawesebulebebSi samxreT oseTis avtono-
miuri olqis SigniT. mezobel respublikebTan
urTierTobis enad datovebul iqnas rusuli ena
da moeTxovos respublikas samxreT-oseTTan xse-
nebul rusul enaze urTierTobis warmoeba~ [195].
e.w. `samxreT-oseTis~ mxareTmcodneobis sa-
zogadoeba farTo RonisZiebebs axorcielebda
saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi osuri enis Semo-
RebasTan dakavSirebiT. ganzraxuli iyo yvela
dawesebulebis saqmis warmoebis osur enaze ga-
dayvana [196].
amave periodSi Seiqmna laTinizebuli osu-
ri anbani. gamocdilebam aCvena, rom anbani ar
Seesabameboda osuri salaparako enis bunebas
da ver amarTlebda daniSnulebas. amave dros,
Zalian rTuli iyo asaTviseblad. laTinizebuli
anbanis Secvlis sakiTxi ufro misaRebi axali
196
anbaniT didi xnis manZilze mwifdeboda, magram
mis ganxorcielebas xels uSlidnen osi erovne-
bis antiqarTuli Zalebi, romlebic olqis xel-
mZRvanel Tanamdebobaze imyofebodnen. maTTvis
mTavari iyo, rom osebi yovelive qarTulisagan
Sors yofiliyvnen. xelisuflebaSi jansaRi Za-
lebis mosvlis Semdeg, anbanis Secvlis sakiTxi
axal relsebze gadavida. problemis ganxilvaSi
aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo inteligenciam [193,
13]. warmoadgines ori proeqti. erTi iTvaliswi-
nebda osuri anbanis qarTulze dafuZnebas, meo-
re proeqtis avtorebi moiTxovdnen rusuli an-
banis bazaze Seqmnas.
qarTuli anbani didi xnis manZilze stiqi-
urad vrceldeboda osebSi. olqis erT-erTi
xelmZRvaneli muSakis sanakoevis sityviT `arc
Tu ise didi xnis winaT yizlarSi yofnis dros
iq myofma osma mwyemsebma ojaxebidan miiRes 19
werili. aqedan 3 werili Sedgenili iyo laTi-
nuri asoebiT osur enaze.~
osuri soflis mcxovrebi raJden Tedeevi
acxadebda: `ramdenic ar unda maswavloT wera
laTinuri asoebiT... sul erTia verasodes ver
SevZleb Seviswavlo da davimaxsovro. me vici
qarTuli anbani da maswavleT qarTuli anbani~
[193, 16].
zemoTaRniSnuli da sxva sagulisxmo faq-
torebis gaTvaliswinebiT, 1938 wlis 1 ivliss
respublikis xelmZRvaneli organoebis gadawyve-
tilebiT miiRes dadgenileba `osuri anbanis
qarTulis bazaze gadasvlis Sesaxeb~.
197
am gadawyvetilebas win aRudgnen antiqar-
Tuli Zalebi CiCoevis, abaevis, kulaevis, jatie-
visa da sxvaTa saxiT, romlebmac werilobiT mi-
marTes berias [193, 17].
am faqtis Sesaxeb saintereso informacias
iZleva ck-is pirveli mdivnis k. Carkvianis mier
g. malenkovisadmi gagzavnili werili, romelic
1938 wlis 5 oqtombriT TariRdeba. k. Carkviani
wers, rom l. beriam maT gadmougzavna `samxreT
oseTidan~ sakavSiro cekaSi gagzavnili anonimu-
ri werilis asli, romelic osuri anabnis Semo-
Rebas Seexeba, amasTan dakavSirebiT man saWirod
miiCnia centris informireba saqmis namdvili
motivebis Sesaxeb.
werilSi naTqvamia, rom laTinizebuli
osuri anbanis gamoyenebis 14 wlianma gamocdi-
lebam cxadyo misi sruli Seusabamoba da uvar-
gisoba osuri bgerebis gamoxatvisa da aTvisebi-
saTvis. olqis xelmZRvanelobam axali osuri an-
banis Seqmna daavala ganaTlebis adgilobriv
saxkoms. mis momzadebasa da ganxilvaSi monawi-
leobdnen mecnierebi, maswavleblebi, mwerlebi,
xelmZRvaneli muSakebi, kolmeurneebi, muSebi da
sxv. am sakiTxis garSemo orenovan gazeT `komu-
nistis~ mier organizebul iqna azrTa gacvla-
gamocvla.
warmodgenili iyo Zveli anbanis reformi-
rebis ori varianti – qarTuli enis safuZvelze
da rusuli enis safuZvelze, maTi yovelmxrivi
ganxilvis Sedegad adgilobrivma ganaTlebis
saxkomma da aRmaskomma miiRes pirveli varian-
198
tis arCevis gadawyvetileba, romelic mowonebu-
li da damtkicebuli iyo partiuli organoebis
mier.
qarTuli anbanisaTvis upiratesobis mini-
Weba am werilSi imiT aris axsnili, rom is sru-
lad da zustad asaxavs kavkasiuri enebis TiT-
qmis yvela bgeras. naTqvamia, rom kavkasiuri ene-
bi Seicaven specifiur Tanxmovnebs (w, W, Z, j, R,
q, f, y, T), romelTa analogebi ar moipoveba ev-
ropul, maT Soris rusul enebSi. rusuli enis
38 bgeridan yvela SeiZleba iyos gamoxatuli
qarTuli asoebiT, maTgan 33 axali qarTuli an-
banidan, 4–Zveli qarTuli anbanidan da mxolod
1 modificirebuli `a~ asoTi. amrigad yvela
osuri bgera gamoixateba erTi normaluri aso-
Ti, romelsac qarTulSic igive mniSvneloba
aqvs. amiT aixsneba striqonzeda niSnebis (ro-
gorc es aris laTinizirebuli anbanis SemTxve-
vaSi) gamoyenebis aucilebloba, rac bunebrivia,
rom didi dabrkolebis Semcvelia, msjelobs k.
Carkviani. is imasac aRniSnavs, rom qarTuli an-
banis safuZvelze osuri anbanis Seqmna ganpiro-
bebuli iyo sameurneo-kulturuli cxovrebiTa
da istoriuli warsuliT [197, 212-213].
dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sanam
afxazisa da osisaTvis qarTuli ena iyo mwig-
nobrobis, saxelmwifos, religiis ena, isinic
qarTuli erovnuli samyaros nawilad Tvlidnen
Tavs. rogorc ki qarTuli rusulma Secvala da
mwignobrobis, saxlemwifos, religiis enad af-
xazisa da osisTvis rusuli gaxda, isini rusul
199
erovnul samyaroSi gadasaxldnen da qarTuli
araTu daiviwyes, mtradac moekidnen [198, 13].
XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi aWaraSi 1000-mde
lazi cxovrobda, xolo afxazeTSi 2000. aRmo-
savluri enebis institutma Seadgina laTinizi-
rebuli lazuri anbani. soxumSi am alfavitze
gamovida gazeTi `maCita murucxi~ (wiTeli var-
skvlavi). es iyo msoflioSi pirveli gazeTi la-
zur enaze. kavSiris masStabiT mcxovrebi laze-
bis Txovnis gamo gazeTis tiraJi 500-dan 1000 eg-
zempliaramde gaizarda [164, 8].
saqarTveloSi mcxovreb qurTebSi wera-
kiTxvis mcodneTa ricxvi 1-2%-s udrida. axal-
cixis mazrisa da Tbilisis mTel qurTul mo-
saxleobas hqonda mxolod 2 skola da 1 klubi.
erT skolaSi aswavlidnen qurTuli anbaniT,
romelic qurTi pedagogebis Sedgenili iyo, meo-
reSi–TurquliT. 1922 wels erevanSi SemoRebul
iqna e.w. `qurTuli damwerloba~. gamoqveynda
pirveli anbanis wignic – `Samsi~. 1944 wels i.
orbelma da qurTma mecnierma arabe Samom rusu-
li grafikis safuZvelze laTinuris nacvlad
Seadgines qurTuli anbani [199, 126].
arameul enas Cvens qveyanaSi didi xnis is-
toria aqvs – igi 20 saukuneze metia saqarTve-
loSi ismis, ufro metic, savaraudoa, rom arame-
ulis gamoyenebas samwerlo enad (Tundac saqmis
warmoebaSi) saTave unda hqondes aqemenianTa im-
periis (e.i. Zv. w. VI-IVss.) xanidan. swored `sa-
xelmwifo arameulis~ xangrZlivi xmarebis nia-
dagze Seiqmna `armazuli damwerloba~ – arameu-
200
li damwerlobis saxeoba, romelic ZiriTadad
saqarTvelosTvisaa specifikuri.
axali arameuli saqarTvelos teritoria-
zec fiqsirdeba; kerZod, aq SexvdebiT misi aRmo-
savluri dialeqtebis mTel jgufs (urmiuls,
salmasurs, vanurs, jilus, botanis).
amave dros, Tanamedrove aRmosavlurma di-
aleqtebma, romelTa warmomadgenlebi dRes sa-
qarTvelos mkvidrni arian, ZiriTadad daicves
Zveli semituri enis tipi, Tumca misma struqtu-
ram mravali cvlileba ganicada.
saqarTveloSi `aisorebi~ asiriulis garda
ver flobdnen sxva enebs, rac aZnelebda maT Car-
Tvas maSindeli saqarTvelos ekonomikursa da
politikur cxovrebaSi. mwvave moTxovna iyo asi-
riul beWdviT sityvaze. aRsaniSnavia, rom Srif-
ti asiriul enaze mxolod TbilisSi hqondaT.
orkvireuli Jurnali `madinxa~ (`aRmosav-
leTi~) gamodioda TbilisSi 1913-1914 wlebSi
asiriul enaze. Jurnali ZiriTadad gankuTvnili
iyo samxreT kavkasiisa da ruseTSi mcxovrebi
asirielebisaTvis, Tumca, rogorc Cans, am Jur-
naliT ucxoeTSic sargeblobdnen [199, 137-138].
erovnebis gansazRvra yovelTvis ver xer-
xdeboda salaparako enis mixedviT. ase magali-
Tad, qarTveli ebraelebi, romlebic XX sauku-
nis 30-ian wlebSi 20 aTass iTvlidnen laparakob-
dnen qarTulad. somxebis nawili laparakobda
qarTulad da maTi kulturuli TviTSegneba qar-
Tuli iyo. isini qarTvelebisgan gansxvavdebod-
nen mxolod religiuri aRmsareblobiT [164, 2].
201
cnobilia, rom XIX saukunis TbilisSi
mcxovreb somexTa ZiriTad salaparako enas ro-
gorc ojaxSi, ise mis gareT qarTuli ena warmo-
adgenda, xolo somxuri ena TviT somxebis udi-
des nawils arc ki scodnia [200, 31].
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi berZnebis 54
aTasze meti laparakobda Turqul enaze [164, 2].
pontoeli berZnebis is masa, romelic saqarTve-
loSi gadmosaxlda da romelmac sxvadasxva re-
gionebSi daido bina, ar yofila Tavidanve er-
Tgvarovani. saqarTvelos berZnebis dayofa SeiZ-
leba or ZiriTad jgufad: elinofinur, anu ber-
Znul enaze molaparake da Turqulenovan jgu-
fad [201, 7]. berZnebis nawilma, romlebic Savi
zRvis sanapirodan da mTiani adgilebidan Camo-
saxldnen, SeinarCunes Tavisi ena. saqme imaSi
iyo, rom sulTan hamidis brZanebis mixedviT
berZnebs, romelTac survili hqondaT SeenarCu-
nebinaT Tavisi religia, Turqulad unda elapa-
rakaT. ra Tqma unda, brZaneba orive SemTxvevaSi
asimilacias iTvaliswinebda [202, 22].
sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom walkaSi
mcxovrebi berZnebi laparakobdnen Sereulad –
berZnul-somxur-Turqul enaze [203, 35, 77]. amas-
Tan, berZnebi romlebic cxovrobdnen osmaleTis
imperiaSi, ar atarebdnen gvarebs. saqarTveloSi
Camosaxlebis Semdeg saWiro gaxda mieRoT gva-
rebi [204, 12].
samcxe-javaxeTSi SedarebiT metia politi-
kuri ganaTlebis done. maT ufro ician saxel-
202
mwifo ena vidre azerbaijanelebma da Sesabami-
sad, somexTa Temic ufro gaxsnilia.
somexTa 4,5% qarTul enas miiCnevs mSob-
liur enad. sainteresoa, rom Tbiliselma som-
xebma somxurad laparaki mxolod XIX saukunis
80-iani wlebis Semdeg daiwyes. manamde maTi sa-
laparako ena ZiriTadad qarTuli iyo [205, 333].
samcxe-javaxeTSi rusuli respodent so-
mexTa 10% miaCnia mSobliur enad. muslimi qar-
Tvelebis 17% mSobliur enad miiCnevs azerbai-
januls (albaT gulisxmobdnen Turquls), rac
adasturebs, rom am SemTxvevaSi maTSi religiu-
ri kuTvnileba SeiZleba iyos ganmsazRvreli
enobrivi identobisac [206, 96-87].
informaciis miRebis mTavar wyarod gvev-
lineba televizia. rac Seexeba Jurnal-gazeTebs,
am gziT yvelaze naklebad informacias Rebu-
lobs azerbaijanuli mosaxleoba. amis mizezi
SesaZloa iyos is, rom azerbaijaneli mosaxle-
obis didma nawilma ar icis qarTuli wera-kiT-
xva da Sesabamisad, maTTvis problemas warmoad-
gens Jurnal-gazeTebis qarTul enaze gacnoba.
amave dros, romc icodnen saxelmwifo ena, sava-
raudod beWduri media mainc naklebi popularo-
biT sargeblobs. qarTuli media sivrcis rea-
lobaSi da gavrcelebis arealic, regionebis
SemTxvevaSi sakmaod SezRudulia. rac Seexeba
internetiT miRebul informacias, aq gamokveTi-
lad dabali maCvenebelia yvelgan, garda mar-
Tlmadidebeli qarTvelebisa [206, 99].
203
XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolos, rode-
sac dmanisSi svaneTidan pirveli axalmosaxlee-
bi Camaosaxales, am droisaTvis raionSi 43 aTa-
si kaci cxovrobda, romelTagan qarTvelebi um-
ciresobaSi iyvnen, xolo umravlesobas azerbai-
janelebi warmoadgendnen. viTareba iseTi rTu-
li iyo, rom azerbaijanelebTan saurTierTobo
enas azerbaijanuli warmoadgenda. axladdaarse-
bul qarTul skolaSi mxolod 21 bavSvi swav-
lobda [207, 347].
dmanisis azerbaijanul mosaxleobaSi er-
Ti saintereso tendencia SeiniSneba. dRes dmani-
sis mosaxleoba, rogorc mTel saqarTveloSi,
serialebis yurebiT cdilobs mZime cxovrebis
Semsubuqebas. dmanisSi am process Tavisi dade-
biTi mxarec aqvs. qarTulad gaxmovanebuli se-
rialebi azerbaijanul mosaxleobas qarTul ga-
remosTan enobrivi TvalsazrisiT daaxolebas
uwyoben xels. pirobiTad, rom iTqvas, XX sauku-
nis 20-30-ian wlebSi dabadebul dmanisel azer-
baijanelebs serialebs qarTulidan SviliSvi-
lebi da Svilebi uTargmnian, rac xels uwyobs
maT mier qarTuli enis Seswavlas. zogadad ki
enobrivi integracia garemosTan urTierTobiT
xdeba. kerZod: skolaSi qarTvelebis gverdiT
swavlisas, bazarSi qarTvelebis gverdiT vaWro-
bisas, qarTvelebTan erT sofelSi cxovrebisas,
qarTul enaze gaxmovanebuli teleserialebis
meSveobiT [207, 349].
Tu erovnuli umciresoba TavianTi istori-
uli samSoblos mimdebare teritoriaze cxov-
204
robs da kritikul situaciaSi iqidan realuri
daxmarebis imedi aqvT, am dros mravalerovani
sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli dapirispire-
ba – `Cven~ da `isini~, Zalze mZafrdeba [208, 63].
Cveni tolerantuli Semwynareblobis gamo,
qarTul daba-soflebs Camosaxlebulma ucxo
tomis Svilebma iseTi saxelebi daarqves verc
ki mixvdebiT, rom es dasaxlebebi saqarTvelos
teritoriazea. Tavad gansajeT: filipovka, mias-
nikiani, kirovakani (axalqalaqis r-ni), yaurma,
yulalisi, vladimirovka, gorelovka, efremovka,
orlovka, spasovka, orojolari, asfara, rodio-
novka (bogdanovkis r-ni), magirlo, jafarlo, in-
jaoRli, asaxonjalo, muRanlo, taStikulari,
qoSaqilisi, ahmedlo, abdalo, yaraTiqani, yara-
daSi (bolnisis r-ni), aRTaRala, yaraTaRali,
yarajali, nazarlo, muRanlo (gardabanis r-ni)
da a.S.
saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis wess gansaz-
Rvravs saqarTvelos konstitucia [209, 9-10]. sa-
qarTvelos moqalaqeobis mopovebis meore Ziri-
Tadi saSualeba aris n a t u r a l i z a c i
a, anu ucxo qveynis moqalaqis an moqalaqeobis
armqone piris mier garkveuli procedurebis
gavlis Semdeg saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis miRe-
ba. Tumca adamianis survilis garda aucilebe-
lia garkveuli moTxovnebis dakmayofileba da
procesis gavla, rac gansazRvrulia 1993 wlis
25 marts miRebuli saqarTvelos organuli kano-
niT ,,saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb~. Cven-
Tvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa aRniSnuli ka-
205
nonis 26-e muxlis b) da g) punqtebi, sadac naT-
qvamia, rom moqalaqeobis msurvelma ,,dadgenil
farglebSi icodes saxelmwifo ena; aseve ,,dad-
genil farglebSi icodes saqarTvelos istoria
da kanonmdebloba~ [210, 221]. xazgasmiT unda aRi-
niSnos, rom ara mxolod naturalizaciiT, aseve
saqarTveloSi dabadebiT mcxovrebi somxebisa
da azerbaijanelebis didi nawili qvemo qar-
Tlsa da mesxeT- javaxeTSi ver (an ar) floben
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enas, ar ician minima-
luradac ki saqarTvelos istoria da saxeli-
suflebo struqturebTan dRemde rusuli enis
meSveobiT urTierToben.
qarTuli ena da evropuli
qartia
XIX-XX saukuneebSi ucxotomelTa saqarTve-
loSi Semosvla da gansaxleba organizebul,
marTul xasiaTs iZens. saqarTvelos administra-
ciul dayofaSic gaTvaliswinebulia ,,mosulTa~
da ,,mkvidrTa~ iseTi demografiuli proporcie-
bis Seqmna, rom mudmivad yofiliyo saWiro am
koleqtivebs Soris urTierTobaTa daregulire-
baSi ,,mesamis~ Careva. ,,mosulTa~ interesebis me-
urveobas kisrulobs ,,mesame~ (ruseTi), romelic
deklaraciulad ,,sustis~ (umciresobis) mxare-
zea. ,,mosulisa~ da ,,mkvidris~ urTierTobaTa
ena xdeba ara mkvidri ena, aramed ,,mesamisa~. XX
saukuneSi sxva paradoqsic gvxvdeba – ,,mkvidrs~
206
gamiznuli demografiuli politikis Sedegad
,,mosulis~ ena uwevs diskriminacias [74, 65-66].
1992 wlis 5 dekembers evrosabWos wevrma sa-
xelmwifoebma strasburgSi miiRes ,,evropuli
qartia regionul da umciresobaTa enebis Sesa-
xeb~, xolo 1995 wlis 1 Tebervals aqve, xeli
moewera ,,CarCo konvencias erovnul umciresoba-
Ta dacvis Sesaxeb~. konvenciis SemuSavebis
dros, evropis sabWom didi yuradReba gaamaxvi-
la imaze, rom konvencias gaeTvaliswinebina ev-
ropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis orga-
nizaciis (euTo-s 1993 wels miRebuli e.w. ,,venis
deklaraciis~ debulebebi da principebi [211, 30].
aRniSnuli dokumentebi evrosabWos wevrebisa da
wevrobis msurvelTaTvis saxelmZRvanelo debu-
lebebis krebuls warmoadgens erovnul da lin-
gvistur umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvis sfe-
roSi; kerZod, qartia da konvencia iTxovs: sa-
xelmwifos ZiriTadi mosaxleobisagan gansxvave-
buli avtoqtoni, aborigeni eTnikuri Tu enob-
riv-kulturuli sazogadoebisaTvis umciresobis
statusis miniWebasa da saTanado uflebebiT aR-
Wurvas.
t. futkaraZes miaCnia, rom ,,evropis qartii-
sa da konvenciis fundamenturi principebidan
gamomdinare, enobriv umciresobad iTvleba is
sazogadoeba, romelic erovnul-eTnikurad gan-
sxvavdeba ZoriTadi mosaxleobisagan da avtoq-
tonia, ZvelisZveli mkvidria am saxelmwifos te-
ritoriaze. CeCnebi, azerbaijanelebi, osebi, som-
xebi, berZnebi, rusebi da sxva saqarTveloSi
207
araavtoqtonebia, aramed sxvadasxva drois mig-
rantebi arian. Sesabamisad, evropuli qartiis
debulebebidan gamomdinare, isini saqarTveloSi
ver CaiTvlebian erovnul Tu eTnikur umcireso-
bebad. garda amisa, am xalxebs mezoblad aqvT
erovnuli saxelmwifoebi: somxeTi, azerbaijani,
oseTi (ra Tqma unda Crdilo oseTi!), CeCneTi,
ruseTi, saberZneTi...
amJamad saqarTveloSi erovnuli umcireso-
bebis yvela ufleba mxolod afxazebs unda mi-
vaniWoT, vinaidan qarTvelobis axlomonaTesave
am xalxs sxvagan arsad aqvs perspeqtiva, hqon-
des is uflebebi, romlebsac iTvaliswinebs ev-
ro-sabWos dokumentebi~ [212, 39-40].
am Sefasebidan ar Cans ra statuss aniWebs
dRemde `erovnul umciresobad~ miCneul zemoCa-
moTvlil erovnebebs avtori. Tavad mas kargad
moexseneba da igive naSromSi aRniSnavs kidec,
rom strasburgis dokumentebze xelismomweri
xelisuflebis azriT, am cnebebis-terminebis ga-
azreba da eTnikuri umciresobebis Tu umcire-
sobaTa enebis CamonaTvalis Seqmna konkretuli
saxelmwifos kompetenciaa, vinaidan dasaxele-
bul terminTa mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb evropaSi
ver moxexrda SeTanxmeba dava-kamaTis Semdegac
ki [212, 10].
konvenciisa Tu qartiis mixedviT, umcireso-
baTa uflebebi StambeWdavia: umciresobis enaze
saqmis warmoeba da swavleba baga-baRSi, skola-
sa da umaRles saswavlebelSi (ix. qartiis me-8
muxlis I e. punqti): saxelmwifom unda miiRos
208
zomebi, raTa xelmisawvdomi gaxados sauniversi-
teto da sxva saxis umaRlesi ganaTleba Sesaba-
mis regionul da umciresobaTa enebze.
konvenciis me-12 muxlis me-2 punqtis Tanax-
mad, erovnul umciresobad aRiarebuli sazoga-
doebis ena mocemul regionSi administraciuli
organoebis saqmiswarmoebis enad gamocxaddeba,
Tuki saxelmwifoSi trdaciulad mcxovrebi um-
ciresobebi am regionSi dResac umravlesobaSi
arian, an didi raodenobiT cxovroben da, Tuki,
amave dros maT es surT.
maSin ratom vakritikebT bolSevikebis po-
litikas? aRsaniSnavia, rom 1930 wels amierkavka-
siis caki-s gadawyvetilebiT saqmiswarmoeba yve-
la erovnuli umciresobiT dasaxlebul raio-
nebSi unda gadasuliyo maT mSobliur enaze
[213, 5].
qartiasa da konvencias dRemde SeuerTda 44
qveyana, ratifikacia ki ocdacxrametma moaxdina:
belgiis, irlandiisa da luqsemburgis parla-
mentebs mTavrobis xelmowerili dokumentebi
jerjerobiT ar daumtkicebia.
evropul saxelmwifoebSi, eTnikuri warmo-
mavlobis miuxedavad, sxva kontinentidan Camo-
sulic ki, Tu is mocemuli qveynis moqalaqe gax-
deba, saxelmwifos ZiriTadi (saxelmdebeli)
eris Semadgenel nawilad iTvleba, ramdenadac
is ukve flobs saxelmwifo enas da emorCileba
saxelmwifo kanonebs.
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi erovnuli umcire-
sobebi evropasTan integraciis lozungis moSve-
209
liebiT maTi enis privilegiebs moiTxoven, rac
momavalSi sxva Canafiqrebis ganxorcielebas Se-
uwyobs xels.
1999 wels saqarTvelo evropis sabWos (ev-
rosabWos) sruluflebiani wevri gaxda. Sevar-
dnaZis mTavrobam qartiisa da konvenciis doku-
mentebs 2000 wels moawera xeli. saqarTvelos
parlamentma 2005 wlis 13 oqtombers, daamowma
konvencia; uaxloes xanSi ki qartiis dadasture-
bac igegmeba.
faqtia, rom SevardnaZis administracia 2000
welsve cdilobda orive dokumentis ratifika-
cias; enis kanonis miRebiT sazogadoebrivi az-
ris formirebasac Seecada. Tumca qarTul sazo-
gadoebaSi gaCenilma winaaRmdegobam aiZula ma-
Sindeli faqtobrivi reJimi, uari eTqva Tavisi
gegmis ganxorcielebaze.
qartiis da konvenciis lingvisturi cnebe-
bis arakompetenturi ganmartebiT Seqmnili Se-
vardnaZis reJimis dokumentebi saqarTvelos
daSlas aformebda. kerZod, terminebis (erovnu-
li umciresoba, umciresobaTa ena, dialeqti...)
ulogiko gaazrebiT Cndeboda saSiSroeba, saqar-
TveloSi dakanonebuliyo aTamde regionuli sa-
xelmwifo ena; avtoqtonad aRiarebuliyo amdeni-
ve eTnikuri jgufi, romelsac, sakuTar enaze sa-
Sualo skolebisa da umaRlesi saswavleblebis
gaxsnis garda, ufleba eqneboda saxelmwifo da-
wesebulebebSi saqmis warmoeba qarTulisagan
gansxvavebul enaze ewarmoebina da a.S. [212, 8-9].
210
dRes evrokavSirisaken swrafva gaaqtiurda,
Sesabamisad dRis wesrigSi dgas evrosabWos
warmodgenili dokumentebis miRebac. yovelmxriv
cdiloben saqarTvelo gamoacxadon mravale-
rovan da mravalenovan saxelmwifod. Sesabami-
sad ibrZvian, saqarTveloSi dakanondes aTamde
erovnuli umciresoba da amdenive saxelmwifo
ena [212, 9]. aseTi pozicia did saSiSroebas uq-
mnis ara mxolod qarTul enas, rogorc saxel-
mwifo enas, aramed, angrevs qarTul erovnul
TviTSegnebas da gadagvarebas uqadis qarTvel
erovnebas.
aqve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom ar
aris aucilebeli evrosabWos qveyanam miiRos ev-
ropuli qartiis yvela dokumenti. magaliTad,
umciresobebis enebis qartiisa da erovnuli um-
ciresobebis konvencias safrangeTi dRemde ar
aris mierTebuli. xsenebul dokumentebSi, aseve
ar aris ganmartebuli cnebebi: erovnuli umci-
resoba, kulturuli umciresoba, ena, dialeqti,
enis saxesxvaoba da sxv.
strasburgis dokumentebze xelmomweri xe-
lisuflebis azriT, am cnebebis–terminebis ga-
azreba da eTnikuri umciresobebis Tu umcire-
sobaTa enebis CamonaTvalis Seqmna konkretuli
saxelmwifos kompetenciaa [212, 10]. mxolod ar-
sebuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo, kon-
venciasTan SeerTebis momentSi akeTebs Sesabamis
gancxadebas, romelSic gansazRvravs `erovnuli
umciresobebis~ terminis mniSvnelobas (avstria,
estoneTi, germania, luqsemburgi, ruseTi, slo-
211
venia, Sveicaria) an asaxelebs konkretul erov-
nul umciresobebs, romlebzec gavrceldeba
CarCo-konvenciis debulebebi (dania, germania,
slovenia, makedonia) [211, 31].
CvenTvis mTavaria Tavis sasargeblod ar ga-
moiyenon evropuli qartiidan `amoglejili~
muxlebi aq mcxovrebma araqarTvelebma, rasac
sagangebo yuradReba unda mieqces, radgan saqar-
Tvelos saxelmwifo valdebuli ar aris sxva-
dasxva droSi TavSefarebul jgufebs TavianT
enebze dauarsos baga-baRebi, skolebi, universi-
tetebi. agreTve maTi kompaqturad Camosaxlebis
velSi saxelisuflo struqturebis saqmis war-
moeba migrantTa enaze daiweros.
imas rasac dasavleTi axal msoflio wes-
rigs uwodebs, faqtobrivad kacobriobisadmi
Tavsdatexili mixakisferi Wiria. es aris vanda-
lizmi da qarborbala, romelic msofliosa da
saqarTvelos Tavze trialebs. eWvia, rom es cu-
namebi da wyaldidobebi, qariSxali, avadmyof-
obebi da misTanebi xelovnurad gamowveuli da
malTusisa da ZmaTa maTTa programis safuZvel-
ze xorcieldeba [214, 4].
SemTxveviTi namdvilad ar aris, rom bolo
wlebSi axalgazrdebis nawilSi istoriisa da
tradiciebisadmi nihilisturi damokidebuleba
SeimCneva, romlebic `pop-kulturis~, dasavle-
Tis sxvadasxva Rirebulebebis Tayvanismcemlebi
gaxdnen. praqtikosi pedagogebi aRniSnaven, rom
qarTveli axalgazrdoba aseve cudad swavlobs
saqarTvelos istorias... am SemTxvevaSi zogier-
212
Ti cudad Sedgenil saxelmZRvanelosTan erTad
damnaSavea globalizaciis tendencia; aseve zo-
gierTi seqtisa da organizaciis saqmianoba,
romlebic aRmerTeben yovelive dasavlurs, da-
savluri cxovrebis wess, sadac ukve aRar rCeba
erovnuli, mSobliuris adgili.
mSobliuri istoria, ise rogorc mSobliu-
ri literatura, ZiriTadad saskolo sagnebia.
eseni aris pirovnebis, moqalaqis Camoyalibebis
safuZveli. pirovneba, romelic iqneba patrioti
da ara Sovinisti, unda aRvzardoT toleranti
da ara globalisti. adamiani, romlisTvisac
mTavari iqneba, rogorc tradiciuli – marTlma-
didebluri Rirebulebebi, aseve msoflio civi-
lizaciis miRwevebi [215, 52].
rodesac globalizaciaze vlaparakobT, un-
da gaviTvaliswinoT, rom `globalistebis~ ra-
dikaluri frTis warmomadgenlebi eris cnebas
saerTod uaryofen da erTgvari ironiiTac ac-
xadeben, rom erovnuli aRqma (idenity) mxolod
romantikuli fantaziaa. xolo termini `eri~ aR-
niSnavs saxalxo sazogadoebas dafuZnebuls sa-
erTo sakuTrebasa da interesebze (romlis wev-
rebic iziareben azrs genealogiuri da geogra-
fiuli fesvebis Sesaxeb da swamT saerTo bedi-
sa) [74, 123-124]. globalizzma ,,gadasinja~ re-
ligiis, genetikis, istoriuli erTobis sakiTxe-
bi; eWvqveS dayena terminebis – ,,patriotizmi~,
,,erovnuloba~, ,,avtoqtonoba~, ,,erovnuli ena~ –
da sxvaTa pozitiuroba; seqtebis, calke admi-
nistraciuli erTeulebis, idologiuri Tu sqe-
213
sobrivi uflebaTa dacvis humanuri motiviT sa-
zogadoeba dayo ,,dasacav~ nawilebad da gaar-
Tula maTi tradiciuli erTobis dacva; samagie-
rod, danawilebul koleqtivebs SesTavaza sxva
gamaerTianebeli niSnebi warsuli tradiciis ga-
reSe – saerTo (magram ucxo) ena, saerTo (magram
mxolod ekonomikiT dakavSirebuli) sivrce, sa-
erTo fuladi niSnebi, erTnairi samosi, erTiani
kanonmdebloba, erTnairi masmedia, erTnairi
cnobiereba,saerTo mteri da saerTo moyvare [74,
131]. globalizaciam planetaze yovelmxrivi eq-
spansiis xasiaTi miiRo. mas axorcieleben cal-
keuli pirebi, koleqtivebi, saxelmwifoebi da
saxelmwifoTaSorisi gaerTianebebi iseT sfero-
ebSi, rogoricaa: vaWroba, finansebi, mrewvelo-
ba, komunikacia, informatika, mecniereba, teqnika,
kultura, religia da a.S. am process Tan ax-
lavs konvergencia. kacobrioba Tavisi arsebo-
bis metad rTul epoqaSi Sevida, sadac samyaro
erTdroulad organizebuli da qaoturi, glo-
baluri da lokaluri, gaerTianebuli da gayo-
fili xdeba.
amdenad, globalozaciis axali talRis
epoqaSi, qarTvelma erma Tanamedrove civiliza-
ciis miRwevebi unda miiRos da gaiTavisos ara
romelime saerTaSoriso enis, aramed erovnuli
qarTuli enisa da damwerlobis saSualebiT. Ta-
namedrove teqnikuri miRwevebi, axali teqnolo-
giebi qarTulenovani unda iyos. Cveni mezobeli
xalxebi ufro momzadebuli Sexvdnen globali-
zaciis Tanamedrove Semotevas. magaliTad avi-
214
RoT TiTqosda umartivesi mobiluri telefoni
– saqarTveloSi am teqnikuri saSualebisaTvis
viyenebT laTinur Srifts, maSin, roca amisaT-
vis azerbaijanSi, somxeTSi, ukrainasa da yvela
mezobel qveyanaSi erovnuli saanbano Sriftebi
gamoiyeneba. amis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom Cveni
mozardi Taobis erT nawils laTinuri asoebiT
ufro emarjveba azrebis Cawera, vidre aTaswlo-
vani qarTuli SriftiT. es Tavzardamcemi momen-
tia.
axla aris mowodeba sayovelTaod Seviswav-
loT saerTaSoriso enebi (inglisuri da a.S.) da
maTi saSualebiT veziaroT Tanamedrove msof-
lio civilizacias. es mcdari gzaa. gvaqvs winap-
rebis kargi magaliTi. aToneli mamebis dros X-
XI saukuneebSi saerTaSoriso civilizaciis da
globalizaciis ena bizantiur samyaroSi iyo
berZnuli, dasavleT evropaSi ki laTinuri. maTi
codnis gareSe TiTqosda veravin eziareboda im-
Jamindel civilizacias, magram aTonelma qar-
Tvelma mamebma sxva gza airCies, maT ki ar mou-
wodes qarTvelebs, rom yvelas Seeswavla ber-
Znuli ena, aramed TviTon daiwyes berZnulidan
Targmna uzarmazari literaturisa da berZnu-
lenovani civilizacia qarTuli enis meSveobiT
gaaTavisebines qarTvelTa Taobebs. amJamd saWi-
roa, Tanamedrove teqnikuri saSualebebi aRi-
Wurvos qarTuli SriftiT, dainergos sayovel-
Tao kompiuteruli Tu satelevizio qarTule-
novneba da globalizaciis talRa miviRoT
erovnuli identobis sruli SenarCunebiT. ase
215
ukve iqcevian azerbaijanelebi, somxebi, ukraine-
lebi, Tu ararafers vityviT TurqeTsa da ru-
seTze, bulgareTsa da rumineTze [216, 12-13].
da bolos, unda aRiniSnos, rom erovnul
umciresobas ar SeiZleba hqondes saxelmwifo
enis statusi.
rogorc didi ilia brZanebda, ,,sxvisi ar
vici da Cven ki mSobel mamasac ar davuTmobdiT
Cven mSobliuri enis miwasTan gasworebas. ena
saRmrTo ram aris, sazogado sakuTrebaa, magas
codvili xeliT aravin ar unda Seexos~.
216
qarTuli ena da
erovnuli TviTSegneba
xalxi Tavis enas rom hkargavs, amiT is
hkargavs sicocxles, Tavis adgils istoriaSi.
mTeli Tavisi mravalsaukunovani istoriis
manZilze, qarTveli xalxi icavda Tavis deda
enas sisxlis ukanasknel wveTamde, ukanasknel
amosunTqvamde. ramdeni magaliTi axsovs istori-
as, roca kaci safrTxeSi agdebda Tavis sicoc-
xles oRond gadaerCina wignebi da xelnawerebi,
qarTuli kulturis uZvirfasesi Zeglebi.
arnold Ciqobava wers, rom vaxtang VI-is
amalis STamomavlobas ena daaviwyda da amitom
TandaTan gvartomobac SeecvalaT. bulgaruli
ena slavuri enaa, tomiT ki bulgarelebi Tur-
quli modgmisani arian. axla bulgarelebs sla-
vebad miiCneven, radgan enam Secvala xalxis me-
obis Segnebao. ase, rom ena gansazRvravs erov-
nulobas da saxelmwifos arsebobisaTvisac ga-
damwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs.
ucxo enaze sityvebis `raxaruxi~ oden Sir-
maa sakuTari ususurobis dasafaravad. ucxo
enebis codna sazogadoebis TvalSi pirovnebas
graciiT mosavs da inteleqtad aRiqmeba. gavixse-
noT bernard Sous SesaniSnavi nawarmoebi `pig-
malioni~, sadac ubralo meyvavile gogona eli-
ze diulitli daxvewili, aristokratiuli in-
glisuris dauflebis Semdeg miiRes elitarul
sazogadoebaSi da eWvic ar SehparviaT mis mda-
217
bio warmomavlobaSi. ase didi mniSvneloba aqvs
metyvelebis daxvewilobas, leqsikis simdidres.
XIX saukuneSi didma iakob gogebaSvilma
Tavis brwyinvale moTxrobaSi `iavnanam ra
hqmna?~ kidev erTxel Segvaxsena dedis namReri
`iavnanas~ saswaulmoqmedi Zala.
anda ra tkivili igrZnoba mixeil javaxiSvi-
lis `miwis yivilSi~! samSoblo – da enadaviwye-
bul moxuc andre kaSorSi TandaTan iRviZebs
qarTveloba da xdeba saocreba: mas aviwydeba
franguli, veravis cnobs da qarTulad amet-
yveldeba. sikvdilis win dedaenam is isev andro
kaiSaurad aqcia. nostalgiis mtanjvelma grZno-
bam sakuTari fesvebi moaZebnina, gauRviZa bav-
Svobisa da samSoblos suraTebi.
dedaenis da mamulis monatreba bevr qar-
Tvels eqca mouSuSebel tkivilad. bevrs Cahyva
samareSi ukanasknel natvrad, saqarTvelos erTi
muWa miwa mainc moebniaT maTs mkerdze...
wlebis win germaniaSi gardaicvala qarTve-
li kaci nikoloz janeliZe, romelic omis Sem-
deg iq darCa da samSoblo aRar unaxavs. is si-
cocxlis bolomde qarTul saqmes emsaxureboda:
aswavlida qarTuls germanelebs (maT Soris
prof. vinfrid boeders), erT-erT skolaSi Camo-
ayaliba qarTuli Teatraluri dasi da germa-
nel bavSvebs qarTul simRerebs aswavlida. Tar-
gmna da dabeWda `qarTuli zRaprebi~, moTxrobe-
bi, `qarTuli samzareulo~. marTlac, mas ar ak-
lda saxeli, pativiscema, magram mainc ucxo da
marto iyo, amitomac werda erT-erT pirad ba-
218
raTSi: `Cemi Zvlebic ki tirian saqarTvelozeo~
[8, 10]. da marTlac, dedaenis zemoqmedebis Zalas
kaci yvelaze Zlierad maSin gebulobs, roca
samSoblodan Sorsaa! sailustraciod fereid-
nel qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTSegnebis magali-
Tic ikmarebda.
ucxo mxareSi gadakargulebma Tavi ar dau-
xares SahinSahis veragul zraxvebs. mtris gasak-
virad vaJkacurad gauZles yvela gaWirvebas,
damcirebas da saqveynod gamoitanes qarTveli
xalxis Seudrekeli buneba da sulieri simdid-
re.
fereidneli qarTvelisaTvis yvelaze saama-
yo da sanukvaria qarTveloba da yvelaze mSob-
liuri adgili dedamiwaze – ocnebadqceuli sa-
qarTvelo, romlis siyvaruls akvnidanve uner-
gavs Svils fereidneli deda [217, 26-27].
fereidanSi arsebobs gadmocema, rom maT wi-
napars saqarTvelodan wamoRebuli vazis rqa
daurgavs, romelsac iq mourwyvelad gauxaria
da gamravlebula. am adgils `papas baRi~ dar-
qmevia da mis midamoebSi yovel gazafxuls sa-
locavad miaSureben martyofelebi. aq xdeba
axalagazrdebis gacnoba da erTmaneTis arCevac.
`papas baRi~ martyofelebs dakarguli samSob-
los simbolod miaCniaT. `RmerTma nu qnas misi
gaxmoba, maSin xom mama-papaTa da didi saqarTve-
los maxsovroba daekargeba Cven xalxs~ [217, 21].
fereidnelma qarTvelma jariskacebma erTi
meoris gatana da qomagi ician. XX saukunis 20-
ian wlebSi erTma maTganma, cudad mopyrobisaT-
219
vis, Tavis ufros oficers xeli hkra da auzSi
gadaayirava. amis gamo gaasamarTles da sasje-
lad asi rozgis dartyma gadauwyvites. roca
sasjeli sisruleSi unda moeyvanaT, jaris uf-
rosebi da TviT jaric moiyvanes sayureblad.
ukanasknel wuTSi jaridan gamovida misi amxana-
gi, martyofeli jariskaci m o h a s e b d a v
i T a S v i l i da ganacxada: sasjeli gayaviT
Suaze. aqedan ormocdaaTi me damkariTo.
– Sen raRa dagiSavebia? – ekiTxeba ufrosi.
– me araferic ar damiSavebia, magas rom asi
SaRali dahkraT, ver aitans. SeiZleba mok-
vdes kidevac. maSin me Tavi cocxali raRaT
minda?!.
– yoCaRi yofilxar, – eTqva ufross gakvir-
vebiT. garozgva sxva droisaTvis gadadves da
Semdeg sruliad apaties [218, 91-92].
baxTiarebisa da qurTebis soflebSi qar-
Tvelebic cxovroben, romelTac deda-ena Semou-
naxavT. fereidneli qarTvelis mustafa papaSvi-
lis naambobi: `wavediT yaCaRebis dasaWerad,
qurTis erT sofelSi davbinavdiT. Cven ori qar-
Tveli erTs ojaxSi SevediT Ramis gasaTevad.
daRlilebi viyaviT. wamovweqiT, magram gvSioda.
Zili ar mogvekida. cota xnis Semdeg qalebma
qarTulad laparaki daiwyes Cven Sesaxeb:
– axla amaT saWmeli ar CavaxeTqoTo?...
– Tvalebic davsebiaT da SimSiliTac amow-
yvetilan. magaTi dardi maqvs?
– Uupasuxa meorem.
220
Cven jer gavitruneT. Semdeg vifiqreT, aq
keti ar dagvcxon TavSi-Tqo. gamovexmaureT qar-
Tulad: ras iwyevlebi, jer xom arasa viTxovT.
es rom gaiges daiwyes TavSi cema: vai Cvens Tva-
lebs, es vin yofilxarT, Cven ki baxTiarebi gve-
goneTo. Semdeg sanam ar wamovediT, sul iq viya-
viT da didi pativi gvces~ [218, 104].
fereidnel qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTSegne-
bis Sesaxeb lado aRniaSvili sam elements ga-
moyofs: pirveli maTgani aris ena, meore elemen-
ti aris is, rom yoveli maTgani ganurCevlad
asakisa da sqesisa aRiarebs Tavs wminda qarTve-
lad. veravin gaubedavs maT sxvafriv moxsenie-
bas, Tu ara gurji. `mas esmis, rom is gurjia da
esmis srulis SegnebiT. esmis da Tavi moswons
amiTi. pirveli qarTveli mas jer kidev Tavisi
Tavi hgonia da mere sxvebi~.
mesame elementi aris tipi da zne: keTili
da saTno, stumarTmoyvare, patiosani, Tavmoyva-
re, mamaci, gambedavi, lmobieri da pirSi mTqme-
li [219, 200].
bunebrivia, erovnuli enis codna dRemde ga-
napiroba qarTvelebis kompaqturad dasaxlebam
fereidanSi. Tumca zogerT sofelSi mmarTvelo-
bam SeZlo aekrZala qarTul enaze laparaki
[220, 171].
XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi fe-
reidnelma qalebma muqariT ifrines molebi,
romlebic urCevdnen maT sparsul-arabuli enis
Seswavlas, romelzedac unda elocnaT yovel-
221
dRe. molebis moTxovnaSi qalebma qarTuli enis
mospobis safrTxe dainaxes [221, 62].
saqarTveloSi sabWoTa reJimis damyarebis
Semdeg pirveli qarTveli qali iyo sara WeliZe,
romelmac fereidani da iqauri qarTvelebi naxa..
pirvel xanebSi, banki sadac misi meuRle muSa-
obda kviras da paraskevs isvenebda. uqme dRes
ambako WeliZe meuRlesTan da aleqsandre Weli-
ZesTan (bankis mZRoli) sanadirod gavidnen Tei-
ranidan. mamakacebi goras auyvnen gareul frin-
velebze nadirobisTvis, sara ki manqanasTan da-
toves. ai, ras igonebs am SemTxvevasTan dakavSi-
rebiT sara WeliZe: iqve axlos xexilis mSveni-
erma baRma momajadova... verc ki SevniSne, rogor
aRmovCndi baRis SuagulSi... uceb xmauri momes-
ma. Tvali gavaxile da SevkrTi: Cems win brge
iraneli vaJkaci aRmarTuliyo, raRacas meubne-
boda, xan me miyurebda da xan Cvens avtomanqanas.
Zalian SevSindi, magram ar SevimCnie. avdeqi,
mSvidad gavuare win da daviwye Zaxili: `ambako,
aleqsandre!~ kargad vicodi, xmas ver mivawvden-
di, magram mindoda im kacs scodnoda, rom mar-
to ar viyavi.
uceb Cqari fexis xma momesma, guli sixaru-
liT amevso, radgan Cvenebi megonen. magram sas-
tikad movtyuvdi, Cvenebis nacvlad sami iraneli
jariskaci moiWra CemTan aqoSinebuli.
SiSma da gakvirvebam kidev ufro Semipyro.
Cemma gaocebam imata, roca erTi maTgani aRelve-
buli momvarda da momaZaxa qarTulad:
222
– vina xar, saidan xar, saidan ici Cvenebu-
ri? (e.i. qarTuli a.s.). – imedi momeca da sxapas-
xupiT vupasuxe:
– saqarTvelodan Camosuli qarTveli qali
var, Cemi qmari Teiranis bankSi msaxurobs. amJa-
mad igi aqvea, axlave mova.
gaocebuli micqerodnen, TiTqo raRac war-
moudgeneli ambis mowmeni gamxdariyvnen. mec gav-
Tamamdi da vkiTxe:
– Tqven vina xarT?
jariskacma mipasuxa:
– fereidneli qarTveli var, sofel vaSlo-
vanidan saxelad alia mqvia.
es jariskacebi Turme maxlobel sofelSi
midiodnen. Cemi Zaxili rom gaugoniaT, fereidne-
li qarTveli qali vgonebivarT; ufiqriaT: ra-
Rac uWirso da mosaSveleblad gamoqceulan
[222, 85-86].
aq aris Zalian mniSvnelovani momenti. yvela
xalxs erovnebidan gamomdinare salaparako enis
gansakuTrebuli diqcia gaaCnia. sara WeliZe
mxolod adamianebis saxels gamoTqvamda xmamaR-
la. magram mis xmaSi gaisma qarTuli aqcenti,
gaixsna enobrivi kodi, rac fereidnelma qarTve-
lebma myisve amoicnes da mixvdnen, rom Tvis-
toms uWirda.
marTalia, aSkarad xeli ver SeuSala a. We-
liZes `vizits~ fereidanSi, magram yvela gare-
moebiT Canda, rom iranis xelisuflebas ar sia-
movnebda ucxo Tvals enaxa gaWirvebuli da ga-
Ratakebuli sofeli. sam saukuneze meti xnis
223
winandeli qarTvelTa STamomavloba daxvda am-
bakosa da mis meuRles 1927 wels fereidanSi.
didi cnobismoyvareoba gansakuTrebiT qarTveli
qalis misvlam gamoiwvia. qarTveli qali umete-
sobas jer ar enaxa. jarad exveodnen, gansakuT-
rebiT axalgazrda qalebi. yvelas undoda da-
laparakeba da amasTanave, xeliT Sexeba. kocnid-
nen tanisamosze, xelebze... yoveli ezodan ga-
morbodnen, esalmebodnen da ematebodnen xalxs.
vinc salams ver gabedavda, imaT sxvebi eubne-
bodnen: – salami mie, Cvenebi arian. Cveneburi na-
maaT (lamazad) ician [218, 32-33]. SigadaSig gaiZa-
xodnen: `did saqarTvelodan mosulan!~ [218, 34].
rodesac maspinZlebTan Sexvedris dros am-
bako da sara WeliZeebma imReres – `qarTvelo
xeli xmals ikar~, saras mogonebiT fereidnel
qarTvelebs Tvalebi enTebodaT, tuCebi uTrTo-
daT, nestoebi eberebodaT da erTxel kidev ga-
moxatavdnen did grZnobas, rom isini qarTvele-
bi arian, rom maT ver gatexs sulierad veravi-
Tari gaWirveba. roca esmodaT simRera – `ax ne-
tavi Citi viyo~, yvelani did sixaruls grZnob-
dnen, Tvalebi ubrwyonavdaT. yvela mixvdeboda
maT usityvo natvras: gadaqceuliyvnen Citad, ga-
dafreniliyvnen da enaxaT mSobliuri saqarTve-
lo... [222, 89]. da es imitom, rom fereidneli de-
da qarTuli nanaTi akvnidanve unergavda Svils
dakarguli samSoblos siyvaruls da zRaprebi-
Ta da legendebiT saqarTvelos Sesaxeb zrdida
maTSi samSoblos Ziebis farul survils da in-
teress.
224
fereidanSi myof a. WeliZes baxTiarma uT-
xra: `Cven baxTiarebi bevri varT, magram Tqven,
qarTvelebs rom erTi meoris siyvaruli gcod-
niaT, Cven ase ar viciT. piriqiT erTi meores
Tavze vesxmiT da vanadgurebT~ [223, 183].
1944 wlis pirvel aprils Tbilisidan manqa-
niT gaemgzavra iranSi irakli kandelaki. mis wi-
naSe friad pasuxsagebi amocana idga – Casuli-
yo fereidanSi da enaxa 328 wlis winaT dasax-
lebuli qarTvelebi – Seeswavla maTi yofa-
cxovreba. ramdenime dRis Semdeg qarTveli mog-
zaurebi dabindebisas isfahanSi Sevidnen. qala-
qis ganapiras, erTi quCis gadasasvlelze, irane-
li policieli gadaeRobaT da xmamaRla spar-
sul enaze braziani kiloTi daiwyo laparaki.
xelebze TeTri samajurebi hqonda, rac regula-
tori yofila. rogorc Cans mZRolma moZraobis
wesebi daarRvia da amitom gaaCeres. policielma
da mgzavrebma erTmaneTs veraferi gauges. maSin
i. kandelakma mZRols uTxra gza ganegrZo. po-
licieli mainc ar eSveboda. iraklim TavisTvis
Cailaparaka qarTulad – ra gaaWira am kacma
saqmeo! am sityvebis Semdeg policieli Semoaxta
manqanis kibes da daiwyo qarTulad laparaki. –
qarTveli xar? Seni Wirime, mec qarTveli var,
Tqveni sisxli da Zvlebi, fereidneli var, so-
fel avWalidan, sad midixarT? aseTi didebuli
Sexvedra moulodneli iyo. iraklim aRar icoda
saidan daewyo laparaki. isini male damegob-
rdnen. policieli gvarad xuciSvili aRmoCnda.
man sTxova, rom diliT isfahanSi kidev oTx
225
qarTvels moiyvanda. maTTan meore dRes, dilis
10 saaTze, fereidneli qarTvelebi marTlac mi-
vidnen sakonsulosTan. Zneli dasajerebeli iyo,
rom iq, iranis Zvel sataxto qalaq isfahanSi
elaparakebodi samSoblos mowyvetil qarTve-
lebs...
kandelakis dakvirvebiT `martyofSi didi
Tu patara, ojaxSi Tu gareT, yvela mSobliur
enaze laparakobs. Cadrs aravin ar atarebs. sak-
maod lamazebi arian qarTvelebi. Zlier gan-
sxvavdebian saxiT da feriT sparselebisgan.
sparseli qalebi moyviTalo feris arian. fere-
idneli qalebi ki moTeTro-mowiTalo ferisa.
albaT, imitom, rom qarTveli qali iSviaTad
Txovdeba sparselze. kiTxvaze, Tu ratom ar
Txovdeba qarTveli sparselze isini pasuxoben:
`Cven qarTvelebi varT, Cveni sisxli namazia,
sparselebs ki areuli sisxli aqvTo~. iqauri ma-
makacebi maRali, mxrebganieri, SavTvalwarbni
arian. aqvT arwiviseburi cxviri [224, 12].
cnobili iranisti nomadi barTaia ramdenime
wlis win fereidanSi avtobusiT mgzavrobis
dros aseTi faqtis mowme gaxda: `uceb Cveni av-
tobusi SeCerda... win gavixede, gamego raSi iyo
saqme. vnaxe, ori mZRoli, msubuqi da sabargo av-
tomanqanis, mSvidad ebaseeboda erTmaneTs, ris
gamoc moZraoba droebiT SeCerebuli iyo.
TiTqmis mTeli irani momivlia, magram
msgavsi suraTi arsad minaxavs. vigrZeni, rom
qarTvelTa qalaqSi viyavi...~ [225, 23].
226
saqarTvelos pirvel elCs iranSi jemSid
giunaSvils 11 wlis fereidnelma gogonam weri-
li gaugzavna. Tavis mxriv batonma jemSidma Ta-
vad mimarTa patara qarTvels, gamoegzavna Tavi-
si an misi nacnob-naTesavebis mier qarTul enaze
dawerili leqsebi. elCma Tavisi sapasuxo weri-
li daamTavra sityvebiT: `Seni papa jemSidi~, ra-
sac kvlav gogonas pasuxi mohyva. `Cemo Zvirfaso
papa! imdeni rom Tqveni werilis gakiTxviT guli
gamixaTrda jerki sicocxleSi arafersaviT ar
gaxarebuli viyav. axla damejera rom marTali
qarTveli var. Tqven rom iyoT Cemi papa emisgan
meti minda raRa? me oTxi natvri maqvs magram
leqsi ki ar miTqom. qarTuli ena imdenaT me ma-
interesebs rom Cveulebrivi savbaric qarTulad
leqsiviT kai da sainteresori. Cemi pirveli nat-
vri ari saqarTvelos damSvideba, ayvaveba, aSene-
ba, winsvla da saqarTvelos xalxis jamrTelo-
ba da bedniereba. meore Cemi natvri isi ro Za-
lian miyvars wavide saqarTveloSi Cemi da Cemi
winaprebis samSobloSi da Cemi guli, suli, sis-
xli vaCuqo da Tavis miwa da wyals vakoco. me-
same ese ro minda wavide Tbilisis universitet-
Si qarTuli ena kargad viswavlo da Semdeg mo-
vide iranSi fereidnel qarTvelebs vaswavlo da
gavamravlo. Cemi bolo natvri da survili es
ari ro mudam RmerTs vexvewebi da vTxov Cemi
Zmas Tavis wignis dabeWduSi rom hqvian qar-
TvelTa roli iranis istoriaSi da kulturaSi
meSelos da uSvelos. mapatieT Tu Secdomilvar.
227
Tqveni patara gogona farvin muliani~
[226, 11].
am werilis wakiTxvis Semdeg, SeuZlebelia
ar gagaxsendes muxran maWavarianis striqonebi:
,,Tuki winapars SanTebiT
ver daaviwyes qarTuli,
Tu dResac mReris qarTveli
FfereidanSi fanduriT,
Sen aq ra RmerTi gagiwyra
vin iyo Seni gamzrdeli,
Seni gulisTvis damiwda
roca amdeni qarTveli?! ~. . .
metad mniSvnelovani faqtia, rom fereid-
nelma axalgazrdebma 2003 wlis 14 aprils (di-
ax, 14 aprils, qarTuli enis dRes) qalaq ferei-
dunSahrSi (martyofi) qarTuli enis dacvisadmi
miZRvnili pirveli kongresi Caatares. kongresis
mizani iyo fereidnel qarTvelTa mier martyo-
fis enad qarTuli enis SenarCunebis problema-
ze msjeloba. fereidnel qarTvelTa erov-
nul TviTSegnebaze ufro naTel warmodgenas
gviqmnis werilis fragmenti, romelic fereid-
nel qarTvels gaugzavnia TurqeTSi mcxovrebi
misi TanamemamulisaTvis 2004 wels. mozRvave-
bul nostalgiur grZnobaTa emociuri simZaf-
riT warmomsaxveli es werili metad mniSvnelo-
van dokuments im TvalsazrisiTac warmoadgens,
rom misi avtori istoriuli avbedobis gamo
mSobliur fesvebs mowyvetili da ucxo garemo-
Si mcxovrebi Cveni Tanamemamuleebis erovnulad
SemkavSireblis rolSic gamodis. am adamianebis
228
zogadad aRmniSvnel terminad man erTi gasaoca-
ri sityvac ixmara pirvelad – T a n a f e s v i,
riTac zusti adekvaturobiT gamoxata umTavre-
si arsi maTi erTobisa da ganuyoflobisa.
,,fereidun Sahri. 2004 weli (stili dacu-
lia). Zvirfaso Zmao rejeb, salam aleiqum va
rahmalah! gaumarjos TurqeTis yvela qarTvels!
ar vici, rogor giTxra, rasa vgrZnobdi da
rogor viyavi, rodesac vkiTxulobdi Sens we-
rilsa. rogorc frinveli zecaSi frinavdes, ise
viyav. tyavSi da qerqSi ver vdgebodi sixaru-
liT. Tvalze cremli da gulSi dardi mqonda.
netav ratom Zmebi ase Sors iyvnen. . . ~
iranSi mcxovrebi Cveni Tanamemamuleebis
erovnuli cnobierebis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs iq dafuZnebuli
sazogadoeba – ,,iraneli qarTvelebi~. maT mier
gamoqveynebul nabeWd produqcias aweria: ,,a r s
e b i T i n i S a n i e r o v n e b i s a, m i
s i g u l i d a s u l i e n a a!!! ~ gvxvde-
ba aseTi preambulac: ,,q a r T u l e n i s d
a m k a r g a v s a d a m m a r x v e l i a r
a h y a v d e s~ [227, 87-88].
da bolos erTi epizodi: 1969 wels TurqeT-
Si imyofeboda qarTveli inteligenciis jgufi.
maT Soris cnobili poeti fridon xalvaSi bur-
saSi Sexvda unaxav mamidas, romelic Tvalcrem-
liani, yovel sulismoTqmaze ekiTxeboda: miT-
xar, rogoraa memleqeTi? samSoblos monatrebu-
li mamidas nafiqrali poetma Semdeg striqoneb-
Si gamoxata:
229
miTxar, rogoraa memleqeTi ,
Cemi sanatreli saqarTvelo
rame imnairi gamagone,
guli dakodili gavamTelo.
miTxar, rogoraa memleqeTi,
me sul misi fiqriT davdiodi,
axlad davibade, Tbilisidan
xma rom daviWire radioTi.
kai meqarTule veRara var,
magram suli miduRs imodena,
rom Sig sityva marad mSobliuri,
rogorc gazafxuli, itoteba.
miTxar, rogoraa memleqeTi,
mcxeTa, qobuleTi, kaxaberi,
igi niadag Tu ar vaxsene,
ise erTi wuTic damaberebs.
lukma ar maklia, marTalia,
magram samSobloiT Raribi var.
ai, amnairad, usicocxlod,
mTelma sicocxlema gairbina.
miTxar, rogoraa memleqeTi,
aq Cven ar gegonoT Camqralebi,
izmiTs, egeosis napirebzec
vageT saqarTvelos saxl-karebi.
miTxar, rogoraa memleqeTi,
Cemi sanatreli saqarTvelo,
rame imnairi gamagone,
guli dakodili gavamrTelo.
Cveni Tanamemamuleni, romlebic avbedobis
gamo saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ucxo miwaze dam-
230
kvidrdnen, erovnuli TviTSegneba, qarTveloba,
mxolod enam SeunarCuna. faqtia, rom iseTi fa-
natikuri religia, rogoric islamia uZluri
aRmoCnda qarTvelebis asimilacia moexdina.
iransa Tu osmaleTSi arc ,,gasparsda~ da arc
,,gaTurqda~ mainc ,,gurjad~, qarTvelad darCa.
termini – eris ganmartebis mravali versia
arsebobs. umravlesoba wina planze enis erTo-
bas miiCnevs. arian erebi, romlebic sxvadasxva
enaze laparakoben. aseve sxvadasxva eri erT ena-
ze laparakobs. qarTvelis identifikacia, eris
kodi swored enis meSveobiT ganisazRvreba. ami-
tom Cvens mTavar saunjes didi gafrTxileba
sWirdeba.
231
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Sinaarsi
winaTqma ..................................................................................................3
Sesavali.................................................................................................8
mSobliuri enis madli ...........................................................20
qarTuli enisa da damwerlobis saTaveebTan ..39
qarTuli enis statusi............................................................53
imperiis marwuxebSi ...................................................................70
erovnuli umciresobis sakiTxisaTvis....................95
1005 dRe...................................................................................................134
sabWoTa reJimi.................................................................................144
erovnuli umciresoba da saxelmwifo ena..........182
qarTuli ena da evropuli qartia ..............................205
qarTuli ena da erovnuli TviTSegneba................216
gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura ...............231
gamomcemloba `universali~
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