qos for home network etri final -...

QoSQoS guaranteed Technology in guaranteed Technology in Ubiquitous Digital Home NetworksUbiquitous Digital Home Networks

2004. 8. 312004. 8. 31

김김 재재 현현

ee--mail: [email protected], mail: [email protected],

home: http://home: http://ajou.ac.kr/~jkimajou.ac.kr/~jkimSchool of Electrical EngineeringSchool of Electrical Engineering

Ajou UniversityAjou University

2KJH

IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANIEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN

IEEE 802.15 Wireless PANIEEE 802.15 Wireless PAN

Fast EthernetFast Ethernet

IEEE 1394IEEE 1394

QoSQoS guaranteed technology in Home guaranteed technology in Home

NetworksNetworks

Talk OutlineTalk Outline

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IEEE 1394IEEE 1394

QoSQoS guaranteed technologyguaranteed technology in Home in Home networksnetworks

4KJH

IEEE 802.11 Overview IEEE 802.11 Overview (PHY & Data Rates)(PHY & Data Rates)

– CCK : Complementary Code Keying – PBCC: Packet Binary Convolutional Code

OFDM, CCK-OFDMOFDMMulti48



PBCCMulti33

CC-OFDMOFDMOFDMMulti24

PBCCSingle22



PBCCCCKPBCCCCKSingle11



PBCCCCKPBCCCCKSingle5.5

DS/SSDS/SSSingle2

DS/SSDS/SS Single1

OptionalMandatoryOptionalMandatoryOptionalMandatory

PHY Modulation SchemeCarrier

Data Rate

(Mbps)

2.4GHz5.2 GHzFrequency

802.11g802.11b802.11a

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802.11a/g PHY802.11a/g PHY

OFDM Subcarrier Frequency Allocation

Total 52 subcarriers (-26 ~ 26) using 64 FFT48 subcarriers for data4 subcarriers for pilot (-21, -7, 7, 21)20MHz channel

Runs in 5GHz U-NII bands (in case of US)300MHz from 5.15-5.35(8 Ch.) & 5.725-5.825GHz (4 Ch.)Total 12 channels available

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IEEE 802.11b PHYIEEE 802.11b PHY

Runs in 2.4GHz ISM bands (US : 2.412 – 2.462 GHz)11 22MHz channel

3 different transmission rates:Complementary Code Keying (CCK) for 5.5 & 11 MbpsDirect-Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) for 1 & 2 MbpsPacket Binary Convolutional Code (PBCC) for 5.5, 11, 22, 33 Mbps

Channel 1 Channel 6 Channel 11

Frequency

Power

7KJH

Major Task Groups in 802.11 standardMajor Task Groups in 802.11 standard

High Throughput802.11 n

Radio Resource Measurement Enhancements802.11 k

MAC Enhancements for Enhanced Security802.11 i

Spectrum Managed 802.11a802.11 h

Higher Rate (20+ Mbps) in the 2.4GHz802.11 g

Inter Access Point Protocol802.11 f

MAC Enhancements for Quality of Service802.11 e

PHY & MAC for 2.4 GHz802.11 b

PHY & MAC for 5 GHz802.11 a

ObjectivesTask Group

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Wireless LAN ArchitectureWireless LAN Architecture

Ad hoc WLAN ModePeer-to-peer communication only

Independent Basic Service Set IBSS

Infrastructure WLAN ModeNo peer to peer communication, always through AP

Distribution system : Connect two or more BSS

BSS-A BSS-B

AP-B

Distribution System

AP-A

Ad hoc network Infrastructure network

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Service Types and Coordination Functions Service Types and Coordination Functions

Asynchronous Service : Data service, FTP, Web, etc.Contention TrafficDCF (Distributed Coordination Function)Distributed controlled by STA

Isochronous Service : Delay sensitive traffic, voice, etcContention-Free TrafficPCF (Point Coordination Function) Centralized controlled by AP (Access Point)

Super Frame Concept

Superframe

Contention-Free Contention

Burst Traffic

10KJH

Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)

CSMA/CA protocol

Use different Inter Frame Space (IFS) to differentiate trafficSIFS (Short Inter Frame Space) : High Priority

PIFS (PCF Inter Frame Space) : Medium Priority

DIFS (DCF Inter Frame Space) : Low Priority

DIFS Contention Window

Slot time

Busy Medium

Defer Access

Backoff-Window Next Frame

Backoff slot reduced when channel is idle

SIFS

PIFSDIFS

Sense channel during DIFS

KJH

Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)

Baseline 802.11 MAC includes a virtual carrier sensing scheme to address the Hidden Terminal Problem

RTS

DATA

ACK

전송 지연

CTS

ACK

STA 2로 부터 hidden terminal

STA 1으로 부터 CTS받은 후 NAV Set

DATA DATA

ACK

STA 2

STA 1

STA 3

STA 4

STA 5

DIF

S

DIF

SD

IFS

SIF

S

SIF

S

SIF

S

SIF

S

SIF

S

SIF

S

DIF

S

Randombackoff=2

Randombackoff=10

Randombackoff=6

Randombackoff=8

Time

STA 2 패킷 전송 감지로 전송 시도 지연 Backoff slot=2

RTS수신후 NAV Set

STA1STA2 STA5

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Exponential Exponential BackoffBackoff AlgorithmAlgorithm

CW : Contention Window ( 0 to CW_min ~ CW_max ) :

CW is doubled when transmission is failed

CW_min : 11.a = 15, 11.b = 7, 11.b HR = 31, CW_max = 1023

Slot time : Receiver turn on time + propagation delay + media busy detection time

Backoff delay = INT( CW Random() ) Slot Time× ×

CWmin=7

3163

127

CWmax=255 255

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1 2 3 4 5 6

Example

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Point Coordination Function (PCF)Point Coordination Function (PCF)

Send Request in Contention Period

AP poll STA by the polling list

CF-B CF-B CF-B CF-BCF-B

Dynamic Polling ListPolling List Polling List

Delete from list when idle too long

Add to list when activityDelete from list when idle too long

Async Traffic

SFP

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Contention Free OperationContention Free Operation

Two consecutive frames are separated by SIFS

CFP lengths depend on traffic amount Maximum length announced by AP; used for NAV set

Beacon D1+Poll

NAV

SIFS

SIFS

U1+Ack

D2+Ack+Poll

SIFS

U2+Ack

SIFS

SIFS

CF-End

Uplink

Downlink

Contentio Free Period (CFP) for PCF

ContentionPeriod (CP)

for DCF

Contention Free Period Repetition Interval (CFPRI) or Superframe

Reset NAV

CF_MAX_DurationDx - downlink frame to STA xUx - uplink frame from STA x

PIFS

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QoS Support in 802.11eQoS Support in 802.11e

HCF (Hybrid Coordination Function)Two channel access mechanism :

Contention based channel accessControlled based channel access

EDCA (Enhanced Distributed Channel Access)Using Arbitration IFS, differentiate QoS

HCCA (HCF Controlled Channel Access)Channel access for parameterized QoS

Transmission Opportunity (TXOP)Multiple frames can be transmitted during a TXOP with certain rulesEDCA TXOP – acquired by beaconPolled TXOP – acquired by QoS CF poll

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EDCA EDCA (Enhanced Distributed Channel Access)(Enhanced Distributed Channel Access)

Access category (AC) as a virtual DCF4 ACs implemented to support 8 user prioritiesEDCA Parameters

AIFSAIFS[AC]=SIFS+AIFSN[AC]*aSlotTime

Contention Window ParametersMax. TXOP duration(TXOP Limit)

BackoffAIFSN[0]

BO[0]

BackoffAIFSN[1]

BO[1]

BackoffAIFSN[2]

BO[2]

BackoffAIFSN[3]

BO[3]

Virtual Collision HandlerTransmission Attempt

AC_BK AC_BE AC_VI AC_VO

VoiceAC_VO7

VoiceAC_VO6

VideoAC_VI5

VideoAC_VI4

Video ProbeAC_VI3

Best EffortAC_BE0

BackgroundAC_BK2

BackgroundAC_BK1

Destination

(Informative)Access

Category(AC)

Priority

(Same as 802.1D)

1 2 30 4 5 6 7

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Typical TXOPTypical TXOP

Once a STA has gained the medium for transmission, there are limits on how long it can transmit or burstEDCA TXOP Defaults

TXOP limit value of 0 indicates that a single packet may be transmitted at any rate for each TXOP

24Mbps = 0.5ms2Mbps = 6.2ms





AC_BK(Background)


AC_BE(Best effort)

3.0ms6.0msAC_VI(Video)

1.5ms3.3msAC_VO(Voice)

TXOP Limit (802.11a/g)TXOP Limit(802.11b)AC

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EDCA EDCA (Enhanced Distributed Channel Access)(Enhanced Distributed Channel Access)

2(CWmin+1)/2-1(CWmin+1)/4-1AC_VI

2CWmin(CWmin+1)/2-1AC_VO

7CWmaxCWminAC_BE

3CWmaxCWminAC_BK

AIFSNCWmaxCWminAC

ACK RTS

CTS

SIFS SIFS

PIFS

AIFS[AC]

=DIFS

SIFS

AIFS[AC]

AIFS[AC]

high priority AC

medium priority AC

low priority AC backoff

backoff

defer accessContention Windows(counted in slots, 9us

count down as long as medium is idle,Back off when medium gets bust again

With 802.11a

aSlotTime: 9us

SIFS: 16us

PIFS: 25us

DIFS: 34us

AIFS: >=34 us

CWi+1 [AC]=min[ ( ( CWi[AC] + 1 )*PF[AC] ) - 1, CWmax]

PF : Persistent Factor

CW=rand[1,CWi+1]

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HCCA HCCA (HCF Controlled Channel Access)(HCF Controlled Channel Access)

Additional polling based controlled contention scheme for HC to learn the TXOPs needed by the stations

Contention Free Period, CFP(polling through HCF) Contention Period, CP (listen before talk and polling through HCF)

TXOP TXOP TXOP TXOP

TBTT

QoS CF-Poll QoS CF-PollCF-end

Beacon

Transmitted

by (Q)STAs

Transmitted

by HC

TBTTTime

RTS/CTS

Fragmented DATA/ACK

(polled by HC )

RTS/CTS/DATA/ACK

(after DIFS+backoff)

RTS/CTS

Fragmented DATA/ACK

(polled by HC )

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IEEE 1394IEEE 1394

QoSQoS guaranteed technology in Home guaranteed technology in Home networksnetworks

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IEEE 802.15 OverviewIEEE 802.15 Overview

Star,Peer2peer

Piconet,Child piconet,

Neighbor piconet

Piconet,Scatternet TopologyTopology

CSMA/CATDMA

CSMA/CA,S-Aloha,

TDMA

FH/TDD79 Ch,

1600hop/secMACMAC

Low Rate/ZigbeeUWBHigh RateBluetoothObjectivesObjectives

Philips, MotorolaXtreme spectrum, TimedomainNokia,Sony,

EricssonMajor Major

VenderVender

10~20m5~10m10m(1mW)

100m(100mW)RangeRange

BPSK(868/915MHz)

O-QPSK(2.4GHz)

QAM (if Multi-band

OFDM)

QPSK, DQPSK, 16/32/64-QAM (11,22,33,44,55

Mbps)

GFSKModulationModulation

20k~250kbps100Mbps at 10m200Mbps at 4m

path to 400Mbps< 55Mbps

< 1Mbps(sync.)< 723Kbps(Async.)Data RateData Rate

868/915MHz2.4GHz

3.1GHz~10.6GHz2.4GHz2.4~2.4835GhzFrequency Frequency bandband

802.15.4802.15.3a802.15.3802.15.1

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IEEE 802.15.1 OverviewIEEE 802.15.1 Overview

ConceptShort Range : 0.01m - 10m (100m)Low Power : 1mW, 2.5 mW, 100 mWLow Cost : < $5

Can be used for Data (max 753 kbps) / Voice(3 64kbps) Access Appliance Cable replacementPersonal Ad-Hoc Connectivity

Standard (Bluetooth SIG and IEEE802.15.1)1999 : Version 1.0b2001 : Version 1.1 (1Mbps)Current : on going for Version 2.0 (2-11Mbps)

Topology Piconet, Scatternet

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Channel AllocationChannel Allocation

TDD/Single slot

Multi-slot allocation

24KJH

Service Profile and Protocol StackService Profile and Protocol Stack

Appropriate protocol stack for service profiles

Radio

BaseBand SCOACL

LMP

L2CAP

RFCOMM

PPP

IP

UDP TCP

OBEX

vCard/vCal

WAP

WAE

AT-Commands

TCS BIN

SDP

Example :

Dial Up Networking

FAX Profile

Example :

Headset profile

Audio Stream

- LMP : Link Manager Protocol - HCI :Host Control Interface - SDP : Service Discovery Protocol - L2CAP : Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol - TCS : Telephony Control protocol Spec. - SCO Synchronous Connection Oriented Link - ACL: Asynchronous Connectionless Link - OBEX OBject EXchange protocol - WAE : WAP Application Environment

25KJH

IEEE 802.15.3 IEEE 802.15.3 (High Rate)(High Rate) OverviewOverview

ObjectiveLow complexity, Low cost, Low power, Short Range, QoS Capable, Peer to peer communication, High data rate (> 20Mbps)

PHY 2.4GHz 5 Channel

MAC FunctionalityFast Connection Time Ad hoc Network QoS supportSecurity Dynamic MembershipEfficient data transfer

Topology Piconet, Child piconet, Neighbor piconetPiconet Coordinator (PNC), Device (DEV)

26KJH

MAC Frame FormatMAC Frame Format

Easy Connection and DisconnectionAuthentication

Addressing

Security-Key setting

Bootstrap

Any DEV can be PNC

Power save mode

MAC frame is in Superframe

- SFC : Secure Frame Count - SEC ID : Security ID

1

Stream index

3

Fragmentation control

1 1 2

SrcID

Dest

IDPNID

2

Frame control

MAC Header

Non SecureSecure

0 ~ 4 Ln

FCSFrame

payload

MAC frame body

0 ~ 4

FCS

8

Integrity Code

Ln

Security Payload

2

SFC

2

SECID

MAC frame body

27KJH

Superframe StructureSuperframe Structure

Beacon #m

Contention Access Period MCTA1 MCTA2

CTA1

CTA2 …

CTM n-1

CTAn

CFP (Contention Free Period)

Beacon #m

CAPAsynchronous Isochronous Asynchronous Isochronous

CFP (Contention Free Period)

Super frame #m-1 Super frame #m Super frame #m+1

1,000 ~ 65,535μs

CSMA/CAData/Control

S-ALOHAData/Control

TDMAData

- MCTA : Management Channel Time Allocation

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PiconetPiconetIndependent piconet: PNC and DEV

Dependent piconet Child piconet : # DEV > 255, extended area, Communication with PNC or DEV in parent piconetNeighbor piconet : when no available channel in parent piconet, communication only with PNC or DEV in neighbor piconet

Reserved time Beacon

CAP CTA1

CTA2 … CTA

n

CFPReserved time

BeaconContention

Access Period CTA 1 CTA 2 … CTA n

CFPBeacon

C-PNC

DEV2

DEV1

C-DEV 1

C-DEV

2

P-PNC

29KJH

IEEE 802.15.3a IEEE 802.15.3a (UWB)(UWB) OverviewOverview

UWB (Ultra-Wide Band) : Bandwidth > 500 MHz

CharacteristicsFrequency : 3.1GHz~10.6GHz

ERIP Emission level should be less than -41.3dBm/MHz

Data rate : 110 ~ 480 Mbps, Range : < 10m

Use IEEE802.15.3 MAC

fCfL fH

Narrow Band: (fH –fL) < 0.01*FC

UWB: (fH –fL) > 0.25*FC

Frequency (Hz)

Po

wer

sp

ectr

al

den

sity

(d

B)

30KJH

IEEE 803.15.3a PHY layer IEEE 803.15.3a PHY layer (Proposed)(Proposed)

55 – 480 Mbps28.5 Mbps – 1.2GbpsData rate

OFDM/ QPSK FDM+CDM+TDM (PSK)Modulation

13-17 band (528 MHz)BW: 2GHz, 4.8GHz, 1 or 2Bandwidth

Intel, TimeDomain, DTC, WisAir, GA, Femto Devices

XSI, SONYVendors

Peak to average ratio Prob.

Not verified yet

UWB Antenna

Complex to Sync.Difficulty

Easy to implement

robust to interference

Time to Market (’05 1Q)

Simple HW

Low cost, low power

Time to Market (’03 4Q)

Advantage

Multi Band OFDMSingle Band

Single Band vs. Multi-Band OFDM(MBOA)

3 5 7

802.15.3

High BandLow Band

10

EIRP Emission Level (-41.3 dBm/MHz)

2.4 GHz 3 10

-41.3 dBm/MHz

GHz

- EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power)

31KJH

IEEE 802.15.4 (IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigbeeZigbee) Overview) Overview

Low Rate (20, 40, 250Kbps), Low Cost, Low Power Short Range (< 10m)

Dynamic device addressing

Support for low latency devices

Reliable by fully handshake protocol

CSMA-CA channel access.

Low power consumption

Apply tou-Digital Network : Energy save, Consumer Electronics, Toy, Security

Health care check and monitoring System

TopologyStar or peer-to-peer topology

32KJH

Comparison of Comparison of ZigbeeZigbee and Bluetooth and Bluetooth

Take advantage of host processor power (ARM7…)

802.11 functionality but with simplified RF specifications

Minimum software and processing(80C51)

System design for eventual single-chip antenna-to-application realization

Cost Standpoint

Power model as a mobile phone

(regular charging)

Designed to maximize ad-hoc functionality

2+ year from ‘normal’batteries

Designed to optimize slave power

Power Consideration

DSSS

1M symbol/s

720kbps

FHSS

62.4k symbol/s

128kbpsAir interface

BluetoothZigbee

33KJH

IEEE 802.15.4 PHY IEEE 802.15.4 PHY (Frequency)(Frequency)

10~20m(1mW)

< -92dBm

53.2ms

1

BPSK

20kbps

868MHz

10~20m(1mW)

< -85dBm

4.25ms

16 (5MHz)

O-QPSK

250kbps

2.4GHz

10~20m(1mW)

< -92dBm

26.6ms

10 (2MHz)

BPSK

40kbps

915MHz

Range

Receiver sensitivity

Packet period

# of Channel

Modulation

Data Rate

Frequency

868MHz 902MHz 928MHz 2.4GHz 2.4835GHz

34KJH

802.15.4 MAC/PHY Frame Format802.15.4 MAC/PHY Frame Format

- FCS : Frame Check Sequence - MHR : MAC Header - MSDU : MAC Service Data Unit

- MAF : MAC Footer - FL : Frame Length - SFD : Start Frame Delimiter

- SHR : Synchronization Header - PHR : Physical Header - PPDU : Physical Protocol Data Unit

Physical Protocol Data Unit (PSDU)

SHR PHR Physical Service Data Unit (PSDU)

Preamble SFD FL

PPDU size : 11 + ( 4 to 20) + n (≤ 133 Octet)

MHR MSDU MAF

Frame control

Sequence

numberAddress

infoPayload FCS

2octet 1 4-20 n ≤ 102 2

2

MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU)

1 1octet

MAC

PHY

35KJH

MAC OverviewMAC Overview

The features of the MAC sub-layer Beacon managementChannel accessGuaranteed time slot managementFrame validationAcknowledged frame deliveryAssociation and disassociationSecurity mechanisms

FFD (Full Function Device)A device capable of operating as a coordinator or device, implementing the complete protocol set.

RFD (Reduced Function Device)A device operating with a minimal implementation of the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol.

36KJH

Star / PearStar / Pear--toto--Pear TopologyPear Topology

Pear to Pear topology

ex) Cluster Tree Network

Star topology PAN coordinator

Cluster Head (CLH)

Full Function Device (FFD)

Reduced Function Device (RFD)

37KJH

SuperframeSuperframe

The LR-WPAN standard allows the optional use of a superframe structure. bounded by network beaconsdivided into 16 equally sized slots. Channel access mechanism

Beacon enabled networkslotted CSMA-CA

A non beacon enabled networkUn-slotted CSMA-CA TDD

Contention Free PeriodContention Access Period

Frame Becon

Contention access period (CAP)a slotted CSMA-CA mechanismtransactions shall be completed by the time of the next network beacon.

Contention free period (CFP)Included The guaranteed time slots (GTSs)The PAN coordinator may allocate up to seven of these GTSs

38KJH




IEEE 1394IEEE 1394


39KJH

Fast Ethernet(100BASEFast Ethernet(100BASE--T) Std.T) Std.

IEEE 802.3 WG History

UTP cable, NIC-HUB: 100m, star1995100Base-VG802.311

100Base-TX : UTP cable, NIC-Hub : 100m , star

100Base-FX : Fiber optic cable, star1995.6.14100Mbps Standard, MII, PHY and MAUs802.3u

1995.6.14Informative Annex to 10Base-T for 120Ω

cabling802.3t

1993.6.17GDMO formating of Layer Management for

10Mbps DTEs802.3q

1993.6.17Management for 10Mbps Integrated MAUs802.3p1992.9.27PICS perform for 10Mbps UTP MAU802.3l1992.9.17Layer management for 10Mbpsrepeater802.3k

10Base-FP, FB&FL, Fiber Cable, Point-to-Point Connection (2km)

1993.9.1510Mbps Fiber Optic MAUs802.3j

10Base-T, UTP cable, Hub usb, NIC-Hub : 100m, star

1990.9.2810Mbps UTP MAUs802.3i

1990.9.28Layer Management for 10Mbps DTEs802.3h

1Base5, UTP cable, Manchester code, Star-LAN, 100m/2.5km

1987.6.111Mbps "starLAN" MAU802.3e

Fiber Inter-Repeater Link1987.12.110Mbps FOIRL MAU802.3d1986.3.13Broadband repeater802.3c

10Base36, 75Ω Coax Cable, Bus1985.9.1910Mbps Broadband MAU802.3b10Base2, 50ΩCoax Cable (thick), Bus1985.6.1310Mbps Cheapernet MAU802.3a10Base5, 50ΩCoax Cable (thick), Bus1983.6.2410Mbps MAC, PLS, AUI802.3

FeatureYearTitleIEEE

40KJH

Ethernet OverviewEthernet Overview

IEEE 802.3x(100BaseX)No QoS support

100BaseX FeaturePhysical Topology : STARLogical Topology : Linear BUSAccess Method : CSMA/CDDate Rate : 100MbpsSignal Transmission mode : Baseband

100VG-AnyLANIEEE 802.12 Std. : proposed HP, AT&TQoS support

100BaseVG FeaturePhysical Topology : StarLogicak Topology : Star/BusAccess Method : Demand Priority mode Support Ethernet and Token-RingDate Rate : 100MbpsSignal Transmission mode : Baseband

41KJH

Ethernet MAC FrameEthernet MAC Frame

Preamble

(7)

SFD

(1)

Destination

Address(6)

Source

Address(6)Length Information

LLC Header LLC information field

DSAP SSAP CTRL IP/X.25/….

DSAP SSAP CTRL OUI PID IP/X.25/…

LLC

SNAP

Max Frame Lengh 1518bytes, Min Frame Length 64bytes

1 0 local Address

1 1 Global Address

0 Individual AddressLSB

Multicast

Address

1111….1111: broadcast Address

FCS=Frame Check SequenceSFD=Starting Frame DelimiterLLC=Logical Link ControlPID=Protocol IdentifierOUI=Organizationally Unique IdentifierSNAP=Sub Network Access ProtocolCTRL=Control field

SSAP=Source Service Access PointDSAP=Destination Service Access Point

pad FCS (4)

42KJH

IEEE 802.1p and IEEE 802.1QIEEE 802.1p and IEEE 802.1Q

802.1D (the spanning tree standard)Traffic forwarding(bridge), multicast frames(port)

No mechanism for the switch to determine(multicast)

802.1pExtension from 802.1D to allow for more intelligent handling of multicast frames.

Directly attached or further downsteam that needs to receive the multicast frame(dynamic)

Safety, speedly time-critical information forwarding

802.1Qexentended 802.1p

Definition and management of vLAN(set)

43KJH

IEEE 802.1p/ IEEE 802.1Q IEEE 802.1p/ IEEE 802.1Q Priority LevelPriority Level

IEEE 802.1p establishes 8 levels of priority.Network managers must determine actual mappings

The highest priority is seven, which might go to network-critical traffic

Routing Information Protocol (RIP), Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) table updates.

Values five and six might be for delay-sensitive applications

interactive video, voice.

Data classes four through one range from controlled-load applications

Streaming multimedia, business-critical traffic - carrying SAP data

The zero value is used as a best-effort default

44KJH

IEEE 802.1p: LAN Layer 2 IEEE 802.1p: LAN Layer 2 QoS/CoSQoS/CoSProtocol for Traffic Prioritization Protocol for Traffic Prioritization

Prioritize traffic The prioritization specification works at the MAC framing layer

Perform dynamic multicast filtering.Filter multicast traffic to ensure it does not proliferate over layer 2-switched networks.

Defined as best-effort QoS or CoS (Class of Service) at Layer 2

Implemented in network adapters and switches without involving any reservation setup.

No bandwidth reservations are established. 802.1p traffic is simply classified and sent to the destination

45KJH

IEEE 802.1p/ IEEE 802.1Q IEEE 802.1p/ IEEE 802.1Q MAC Frame FormatMAC Frame Format

Tag Protocol ID(TPID)defined value of 8100 in hex. When a frame has the EtherType equal to 8100, this frame carries the tag IEEE 802.1Q / 802.1P.

Tag Control Information (TCI)User Priority

eight priority levels.

Canonical Format Indicator (CFI)used for compatibility reason between Ethernet type network and Token Ring type network.

VLAN ID (VID)VLAN ID is the identification of the VLAN, which is basically used by the standard 802.1Q.

maximum possible VLAN configurations are 4,094.

VID of 0 – used to identify priority frames

VID of 4095 – reserved value

User PriorityUser Priority

(3bits)(3bits)

CFI

(1bit)

Bits of VLAN ID to identify possible VLANs

(12bits)

Preamble

(7)

SFD

(1)DA (6) SA (6)

TPID

(2)

TCI

(2)

Type

Length

(2)

Data

(42-1496)

FCS

(4)

46KJH




IEEE 1394IEEE 1394


47KJH

IEEE 1394 StandardsIEEE 1394 Standards

IEEE 1394 : 1995Supports up to 400Mbps links and PHYs6 pin cablesRange : 4.3m

IEEE 1394a : 2000Supports up to 400Mbps links and PHYsPower management clean upCable power specification in flux

IEEE 1394 OHCI(Open Host Controller Interface)IEEE 1394b : 2002

Supports up to 3.2GbpsRange : 100m

IEEE 1394.1(Bridging)IEEE 1394.3(Peer-to-Peer Printing)IEEE 1394 over wireless

48KJH

IEEE 1394 OverviewIEEE 1394 Overview

Logical bus model

Peer-to-peer operation

User friendly Ease of Use - Plug and Play

Transaction and addressing models

Asynchronous and Isochronous operation models (QOS)

Power management (with one new mode)

“Daisy chaining” of devices

49KJH

IEEE 1394 Network ArchitectureIEEE 1394 Network Architecture

B

B

BusBus

Bus

B :Bridge(max 1023)

:Node(max 63/bus)

:Cable(4.5m)

IEEE 1394 network architecture(bus and bridge)

50KJH

IEEE 1394 TopologyIEEE 1394 Topology

The 1394 protocol is a peer-to-peer network with a point-to-point signaling environment

A specific host isn’t required

Nodes on the bus may have several ports on them

Desktop

camera

Laser

printer

Digital

TV

Set-top

box

Digital

VTR

Bridge

CPU Memory I/O CPU

Serial bus(backplane environment)

IEEE 1394 serial bus (cable environment)

Nodes

Nodes

Ports

51KJH

IEEE 1394 Protocol StacksIEEE 1394 Protocol Stacks

Serial Soft API

Bus mgr

SynchronousResource mgr

Node controller

Transaction Layer

(Read/write asynchronous data)

Link Layer

(Cycle control, Packet function)

Physical Layer

(Bus initialization and arbitration, synchronization, coding and signaling)

IEEE 1394 physical interface

Configuration & Error control

Channel assignments for media flows

Isochronous channel

Packets

Read,Write,Lock

Symbols

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IEEE 1394 Protocol ModelIEEE 1394 Protocol Model

Packets created at the link level of arbitrary size

Transaction-level protocol Handles writings and reading of asynchronous data

Link-level protocol Distributes a timing and synchronization “cycle control” signal

Synchronous resource manager Allocates time slots to devices with periodic data to send

Bus manager power management and bus optimization

Contention for management roles occurs during initialization with selections made according to device numbering or random selection criteria

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IEEE 1394 Physical LayerIEEE 1394 Physical Layer

The Physical layer provides initialization and arbitration services

It assures that only one node is sending data at a time

The physical layer of the 1394 protocol includes:The electrical signaling

The mechanical connectors and cabling

The arbitration mechanisms

The serial coding and decoding of the data being transferred or received

Transfer speed detection

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IEEE 1394 Link LayerIEEE 1394 Link Layer

Gets data packets on and off the wire

Error detection and correction

Retransmission

Handles provision of cycle control for isochronous channels

The link layer supplies an acknowledged datagram to the transaction layer

A datagram is a one-way data transfer with request

confirmation

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IEEE 1394 Transaction LayerIEEE 1394 Transaction Layer

Implements the request-response protocol

ReadData is transferred back to a responder

WriteData is transferred from a requester to an address within one ormore responders

LockData is transferred from a requester to a responder, processed with data at a particular address within the responder, and thentransferred back to the requester

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Isochronous TransmissionIsochronous Transmission

Isochronous transfersIsochronous transfers are always broadcast

No error correction and retransmission

Up to 80% of the available bus bandwidth can be used

The delegation of bandwidth is tracked by a node on the bus

Isochronous channel IDs are transmitted followed by the packet data

The receiver monitors the incoming data's channel ID and accepts only data with the specified ID

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Asynchronous TransmissionAsynchronous Transmission

Asynchronous transfersAsynchronous transfers are targeted to a specific node with an explicit address

Not guaranteed a specific amount of bandwidth on the bus

They are guaranteed a fair shot at gaining access to the bus when asynchronous transfers are permitted

Asynchronous transfers are acknowledged and responded to

This allows error-checking and retransmission mechanisms to take place

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ArbitrationArbitration

Sources of isochronous flows send requests for channel number and time slots to the synchronous resource manager

Each 125 μsec cycle : one-byte time slotsE.g. 6250 slots at 400Mbps

First-come first-served

Asynchronous traffic : 20% of time slots

Isochronous traffic : 80% of time slots

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IEEE 1394 Time Slot AssignmentsIEEE 1394 Time Slot Assignments

Ch B Ch C Ch D Ch ECycle

StartCh B Ch C Ch D

Cycle

StartCh B

Cycle

Start

Packet

B

Nominal cycle period = 125 us Nominal cycle period = 125 us

DelayCycle n Cycle n+1

Cycle S

ync

Cycle S

ync

Cycle S

ync

AC

K

Delay

Packet

B

AC

KCh D

: Isochronous Transactions : Asynchronous Transactions

: Cycle starts Packets

Subaction (long) Gaps Subaction (long) Gaps Subaction (long) Gaps

Assigned channel numbers and allocated time slots

Isochronous (short) gaps Isochronous (short) gaps

One byte time slots

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Bridging IEEE 1394 networksBridging IEEE 1394 networks

1394 bridge device1394 device

1394 application1394 Tr.

1394 Link1394 PHY

Asynch. Isoch.

1394 mngmnt & internal fabric1394 Tr. 1394 Tr.

1394 Link1394 PHY

1394 Link1394 PHY

Isoch. Isoch.Asynch. Asynch.

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IEEE 1394 to a wireless air interfaceIEEE 1394 to a wireless air interface

Wireless 1394 bridge deviceWireless 1394 device

1394 application1394 Tr.

Asynch. Isoch.

1394 mngmnt & internal fabric1394 Tr. 1394 Tr.

1394 Link1394 PHY

Isoch. Isoch.Asynch. Asynch.

1394.1 CLWireless DLCWireless PHY

1394.1 CLWireless DLCWireless PHY

CL : Convergence layer, DLC : Data Link Control

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Protocol stack for the HDNI serial busProtocol stack for the HDNI serial bus

Reference

[8] “Engineering Committee, Digital Video Subcommitee,” American Natinal Standard(Home Digital Network Interface Specification), ANSI/SCTE, 26, 2001

1394 Physical

1394 Link

1394 Transaction

FCP

61883 – CIP

DVCR

(61883)

MPEG

(61883)

Other

(61883)

Application Data Channel

OSD

FCP

IP

UDP or

TCP

Application,

AV/C,etc

HTML,

JavaScript,

Etc.

Isochronous Asynchronous

DVCR : Digital Video

Cassette recorder

OSD : On-Screen

Display

AV/C : Audio Video

Control

MPEG : Motion Picture

Experts Group

CIP : Common

Isochronous Packet

FCP : (Function Control

Protocol

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IEEE 1394IEEE 1394


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Quality of Service BasicsQuality of Service Basics

DefinitionA collective measure of the level of service delivered to the customer

QoS basic performance criteria Error performance, response time and throughput

Lost calls or transmissions due to network congestion

Connection set-up time, speed of fault detection and correction

For the transmission of time sensitive information over a network

Bandwidth

Latency

Jitter

Packet Error Rate

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QoSQoS Requirements by Service TypeRequirements by Service Type

0>100>1000.5Low Speed Data

0>100>1002Medium Speed Data

0>100>10010High Speed Data

10-5101000.256CD Quality Audio

10-510903SDTV

10-5109019.68HDTV

10-55101.5 X 2 streamsVideo Conference

10-320300.008 X 2 streamsMedium Quality Voice

10-35 100.064 X 2 streamsHigh Quality Voice

PERJitter

(ms)

Latency

(ms)

Payload Rate

(Mbps)

Service

±±±±±

Reference

[10] L. Chinitz, “Quality of Service in the Home Networking Model,” Home RF working group, Aug., 2001.

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Data Rates Supported by Multiple Data Rates Supported by Multiple TechnologiesTechnologies

1 MbpsHomeRF

1 MbpsHomePlug

10 MbpsHomePNA 2.0

54 MbpsHiperLAN2

11 MbpsIEEE 802.11b

54 MbpsIEEE 802.11a

100 MbpsFast Ethernet

12 MbpsUSB 1.1

480 MbpsUSB 2.0

400 MbpsIEEE 1394a

800 MbpsIEEE 1394b

SpeedInterconnectivity

Technology

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Two Two QoSQoS Support Categories Support Categories

Priority(Differentiated) based QoS

Parameter(Scheduled) based QoS

PSTN

xDSL

Cable Modem (DOCSIS v.1.1)

FTTH

Cable Home 1.1Last Mile

Access

IEEE 802.1P/Q

IEEE 802.3

IEEE 802.11e [HCCA]

IEEE 1394

IEEE 802.15.3

IEEE 802.11e QoS [EDCA]

HomePNA

HomePlug

Per-flow state and signaling at every hopsDifferentiated QueuesForwarding

/Queuing

Planed opportunitiesDifferentiated Access

Media Access

ParameterPriority

Media Access : Access the shared media

Packet Forwarding : Packets forward in home gateways, routers or bridges

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Application of a PrioritiesApplication of a Priorities--BasedBasedQoSQoS SystemSystem

Cable

Head End

CRGD

O

C

S

I

S

PS

BP QBP

CQP

Apps/EP

BPApps/EP

BP

Apps/EP

BP

Network

Segment

Network

Segment

QBP QBP

QBP

Home

Network

Cable

Network

Apps

Q-Domain

Example of cable QoS elements (Adapted from ITU-T J.190)

CH CH

CH

CableHome QoS Portal (CQP): QoS Sub-Element of the PSPriorities-QoS queuing/forwarding

Responsible for communication of QoS characteristics to various devices

QoS Boundary Point (QBP): QoS Sub-Element of the BPResponsible for the reception of QoS characteristics information from PS

CRG : Cablehome Residential Gateway, CH : CableHome host, BP : Boundary Point, PS : Portal Service

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The elements for providing The elements for providing QoSQoSin in CableHomeCableHome networknetwork

PS forwardingPrioritized queuing and packet forwarding functionality in the

CQP.

PS media accessPrioritized shared media access functionality in the CQP.

QoS management serverMaintain QoS priority

BP media accessPrioritized shared media access functionality in the QBP.

QoS management clientDetermines QoS characteristics that a particular application/device needs to use

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WiFiWiFi QoSQoS Access Timing ExampleAccess Timing Example

AssumptionsWME default parameters backoff values shown are for initial CW equal to CWmin = 15

2Slots 0~3 Slots

2Slots 0~7 Slots

3Slots 0~15 Slots

7 Slots 0~15 Slots

AIFS

AIFS

AIFS

AIFS

Minimum Wait Random Backoff Wait

Voice

Video

Best Effort

Background

Previous

packet N Slots 0~m SlotsNext

packet

SIFSMinimum Wait Random Backoff Wait

Host Host

Host

Host

Host

Residential

Gateway

Media Access

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WiFiWiFi QoSQoS Packet Forwarding QueuesPacket Forwarding Queues

Four Access Categories are actually 4 independent queues in the client

Host Host

Host

Host

Host

Residential

Gateway

Packet

Forwarding

Air

Four Transmit Queues

Voice

Data

Video

Data

Best Effort

Data

Background

DataMapping to Access Category(AC)

72KJH

ParemeterParemeter--Based Based QoSQoS Guaranteed Guaranteed TechnologyTechnology

HomePNA IEEE 1394 Ethernet WLAN

UWBWDM ZigbeeDOCSISxDSL

Generic Middware

ClassifierQueue

manager

Bridge

manager

Bandwidth

manager

UPnP Jini HAVi Echonet IPHN

Conversation Streaming Interactive Background

Linux Solaris Windows CE

HomePNA

PHY

MAC

Middleware

Application

Real-time OS

QoSsupport

QoSsupport

73KJH

The elements of The elements of QoSQoS ManagerManager

The elements of QoS ManagerClassifier

Identify different categories of packets coming from different network interfacesClassify packet into various classes

Queue managerEfficient and fair allocation of buffer resources

Bridge managerSupport priority-based routing and load balancing

Bandwidth managerAllocate system bandwidth efficiently and fairly among all stations sharing each physical medium

Channel monitorTrack of the Quality of a channel

Port schedulerPolicy-based channel-dependent scheduler

74KJH

QoSQoS issues in Home Networksissues in Home Networks

Different kinds of QoS protocol in Home networksTransmission rate, QoS parametersPacket format, Traffic characterized various priority

PHY LayerWireless channel environment QoS supported devices or no supported devices

MAC LayerVarious QoS supported protocol

MiddlewareExist many different kinds of middleware such as UPnP, HAVi, Jini etc

Network LayerIP based or non IP based protocols

OSSupport Real-time OS or not

GQoS API (802.1p priorities or RSVP parameters) is requested through Winsock2Linux Kernel 2.4.14 and above with skb-priority using the vconfigutility

75KJH

Research ScopeResearch Scope

First of all, Need the QoS definition

Survey the more detailed information of existing QoS guaranteed technologies in Home networks

Seek for the problem of the process that multimedia input streams come to good output streams in Home networks

Need unified QoS parameter mapping structure

76KJH

ReferenceReference

[1] “Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications :Higher-Speed Physical Layer Extension in the 2.4 GHz Band”, IEEE Std 802.11b-1999, 1999

[2] “Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications Amendment 4: Further Higher Data Rate Extension in the 2.4 GHz Band”, IEEE Std 802.11g.-2003, 2003

[3] “Part 15.1: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)”, IEEE Std 802.15.1™-2002, 2002

[4] “Specification of the Bluetooth System”, BLUETOOTH SPECIFICATION Version 1.1, Feb. 2001

[5] http://www.ieee802.org/15/pub/TG2.html

[6] “Part 15.3: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for High Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN)”, Draft P802.15.3/D17, Feb. 2003

[7] “Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs)”, IEEE Std 802.15.4™-2003, 2003

[8] “Engineering Committee, Digital Video Subcommitee,” American Natinal Standard(Home Digital Network Interface Specification), ANSI/SCTE, 26, 2001

[9] M. Nakagawa, “Ubiquitous Homelinks Based on IEEE 1394 and Ultra Wideband Solutions,” IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 74-82, Apr., 2003.

[10] L. Chinitz, “Quality of Service in the Home Networking Model,” Home RF working group, Aug., 2001.

[11] S. Weinstein, “Integrated networking,” ELE6905, Spr., 2004.

[12] http://www.commsdesign.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=18100157

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