quan diem tien hanh ccrd o vn trong nhung nam 1945 - 1956 qua cac nghi quyet tw dang

8/8/2019 Quan Diem Tien Hanh Ccrd o Vn Trong Nhung Nam 1945 - 1956 Qua Cac Nghi Quyet Tw Dang

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VNH3.TB9.115

QUANIM TIN HNH CI CCH RUNGT VIT NAMTRONG NH NG NM 1945 - 1956 QUA CC NGH QUYT

TRUNG NGNG

ThS. L Qunh Nga

Tr ng H KHXH & NV, HQG H N i

Trong b i cnh mt x h i thuc a nhVit Nam, n i m quy n l i dn t c lun phi c t cao h n quyn l i giai c p, cc chnh sch ch o thc hin ng i cy crung ph i nm trong h thng chnh sch gi i quyt nhim v dn tc ca ng. Gi i

phng dn t c c xc nh l m c tiu cao nh t, thc hin nhim vdn ch tr thnhng lc mnh mcho b c pht tri n ca cch m ng gii phng dn t c. Chnh v v y, yl mt qu trnh ph c t p ch u tc ng ca nhiu nhn t cvchquan v khch quan, b chi ph i khng ch iu kin trong n c m cn b i iu kin quc t. Tu c im, tnhcht, iu kin l ch s ca tng giai on c thm ng c nh ng quan im khc nhautrong vi c gii quyt vn rung t cho dn cy.

Tr c nm 1945 Vit Nam, quan h sn xut ch yu vn l quan h sn xut phong ki n pht canh thu t. Kht v ng mun i ca ng i nng dn Vi t Nam l c ru ngt. Ngay t khi thnh l p, ng ta ch tr ng lm t sn dn quy n cch m ng v th acch m ng i t i x hi cng sn1 v ra cc nhi m vnh quc chngh aPhp v b n phong ki n ... thu h t rung t ca quc chngh a lm c a cng cho dncy ngho 2. Trong b i cnh l ch s tnm 1939 n 1945 khi Trung ng ng xc nhcuc cch m ng ng D ng hin ti khng ph i l cu c cch m ng phi gii quyt hainhim vphn v in a na m l cu c cch m ng ch phi gii quyt mt vn cnkp l dn t c gii phng 3 th kh u hiu rung t cha c nu ln, m ch tch thu ru ngt ca quc, tay sai chia cho dn cy ngho. ng ch tr ng gi ng cao ng n c dn tc, t quyn l i ca mi bphn, mi giai c p d i ssinh t, tn vong c a t n c.Bng sc mnh on k t ca cdn tc, d i s lnh o ca ng, Chnh ph , Mt tr nVit Minh, nhn dn ta ginh th ng l i trong Cch m ng thng Tm 1945. N c Vit

1 ng Cng sn Vit Nam, V n kin ng ton t p, t p 2, Nxb Chnh tr Quc gia, H, 2000, tr 22 ng Cng sn Vit Nam, V n kin ng ton t p, t p 2, s d, tr. 2-33 ng Cng sn Vit Nam, V n kin ng ton t p, t p 3, s d, tr.119


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thc s dng rung t tch thu c a thc dn Php v Vi t gian c xc nh c thh ntrong H i ngh cn bTrung ng ln th IV (5/1948). Theo , ni dung c n bn l: T chthu ru ng t v ti s n ca Vit gian ( a ra to n tuyn b r rng), ru ng t th chiacho dn cy c y, cn ti s n th tu tng tr ng h p c p cho dn cy; nh ng n in tchthu ca Php giao cho Chnh ph tm th i qun l; thnh l p mi n in mt Ban qu ntr c trch nhi m phn ph i rung cho dn, gip k hoch cho dn cy c y.

Thng 8/1945, Trung ng ng triu t p Hi ngh cn b ln th V. T nhngnh gi r t xc ng vdn cy v a chphong ki n, vbi cnh v tnh ch t ca cuccch m ng dn ch m i Vit Nam, H i ngh i n k t lun:Mu n xo b nh ng tntch phong ki n, pht tri n nng nghi p, phi ci cch ru ng t. Song xu t pht t cim ca cch m ng n c ta, v thi ca giai c p phong ki n trong cch m ng, Hingh ch tr ngDng ph ng php c i cch d n d n m thu h p phm vi bc l t caa chphong ki n bn x (v d : gim t), ng th i s a i ch rung t (trong ph mvi khng c h i cho m t tr n th ng nh t ch ng th c dn Php xm l c) . cng lmt cch ta th c hi n cch m ng th a bng m t ng l i ring bi t (TG nh n mnh).

Quyt nh ph ng thc tin hnh c i cch ru ng t tng phn nh trn ca ng k tha v pht tri n kinh nghi m gii quyt ng n mi quan h gia vn chng quc v phong ki n nhng n m vn ng gii phng dn t c tr c Cch m ng thng Tm.

Nhng iu kin m i quy nh ph ng thc ci cch ru ng t ca ring Vi t Nam l s bng n ca cuc chin tranh gi i phng dn t c. ng th i, sau cch m ng thng Tm,chnh quy n chuy n qua tay nhn dn, ch cng ho dn ch Vit Nam thnh l pv i mt Hin php kh ti n b. Nh n c c tnh ch t dn ch m i ngh a l ca chungcc tng l p nhn dn khng chi n, t d i s lnh o ca giai c p cng nhn. Lnh t ca giai c p, ca ng cng nhn, ng th i li l lnh t ca dn t c v ca chnh quy n.H n na, phong tro cch m ng trn th gi i ang pht tri n mnh, tc ng n cch m ngng D ng. Tuy nhin, tr c quyt nh trn c a Trung ng, trong ng din ranhiu nhng tranh lu n kh si n i. C ng ch ni, cch m ng ng D ng ch l mtcuc cch m ng gii phng dn t c. V trong hai nhi n vphn v phn phong ki n nitrn, ta ph i t p trung h t sc lc m lm xong nhi m vphn , nh ui quc Php. 1 Tr c ki n nhvy, Trung ng ng gii thch r: C nhin ph i t p trung m ilc l ng lm cho xong nhi m vphn , nhng nhi m vphn phong ki n (bi tr nhngtn tch bc l t phong ki n v c i cch ru ng t) khng ph i hon ton gc l i sau khi lm xong nhi m vphn r i m i tnh n. Lc ny cch m ng dn ch m i ng D ngu c th chia t ra lm hai khc d t khot, rnh m ch nh th c. Cch m ng thngTm t ch thu khng b i th ng m t phn rung t ca thc dn Php v c a Vi t gian.Mt phn rung t t ch thu cn v c th em chia cho dn cy ngho. Trong qu trnhkhng chi n, vic t ch thu, khng b i th ng rung t ca thc dn v c a bn phn qucvn phi ti p tc. Rung t ca bn chng t ch thu n u, c th giao c p cho dn cy

1 ng Cng sn Vit Nam: V n kin ng ton t p. T p 9, S d, tr. 198


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n ch1. Trung ng c ng nu: Nh r ng gim t, gi m tc, tm c p rung t cathc dn Php v Vi t gian c ng l b t u ci cch ru ng t mt phn no r i2. Bn c nh, c nh ng ki n ng c li cho r ng mu n t ch thu ngay ru ng t ca a ch, chia chodn cy. Trung ng nhn mnh: Ch tr ng qu t . N coi th ng chnh sch i onk t khng chi n ca ng v c a Chnh ph , mun v t b giai on, t hai nhi m v

phn v phn phong ki n ngang nhau. 3

Nhvy, c th thy, Trung ng ng chtr ng tng b c p ng nhu c u v rung t cho nng dn, b ng cch nh m nh vo ch s hu rung t ca bn quc, tbn Php v nh ng k phn quc. iu , khng nh ng mang l i l i ch to l n chodn cy m cn c tc d ng lm phn ho giai c p a chphong ki n theo h ng c l i chocch m ng, ng th i vn m bo khi i on k t ton dn khng chi n. Vi c ng ch tr ng a thc dn Php v Vi t gian ra xt x to n m t mt t r uy th , sc mnhca chnh quy n, mt khc c tc d ng r n e, cnh co b n phn cch m ng.

Ring a chv ph nng h ng trn, Ban Th ng vTrung ng ng ch tr ng pht ng phong tro hi n rung theo nguyn t c tnguyn. Quan im ca ng lc ny lkhng c t ch thu ngay ru ng t ca a chv trong t ng l p a ch n c ta cn ckh n ng ph n mt phn no, ng ch tr ng ko mt phn l n a ch (tiu v trunga ch) v phe khng chi n hay t nh t lm cho h trung l p v c thi n cm i v i khngchin4. ng tha nhn quyn cng dn, quy n c c a ca a ch khng ph n quc,khng ng n quyn s hu rung t ca h, tha nhn quyn h ng cng in v v ntha nhn quyn h ng cng i n ca h.

Thchho ch tr ng trn y ca ng, Chnh ph n c Vit Nam Dn ch Cngha nghin c u v ban hnh nhi u o lut quan tr ng. Ngy 14-7-1949, Chnh ph banhnh S c lnh s78/SL quy nh gim 25% m c a t thu tr c Cch m ng thng Tm.Sc lnh s 87/SL v gim tc v S c lnh s 88/SL ngy 22-5-1950 quy nh th l l nhcanh. ng th i, Chnh ph cng ban hnh S c lnh s75/SL, ngy1-7-1949 t m c p rungt ca Vi t gian cho nng dn ngho; S c lnh s90/SL, ngy 22-5-1950 v quyn l i khisdng rung t bhoang .. S ra i cc s c lnh v nhi u vn bn lut khc t 1948 n1952 5 vrung t ca Chnh ph v vic thnh l p Hi ng gim t, gi m tc c p t nh,Ban gi m t, gi m tc c p x to c s php l quan tr ng cho vi c thi hnh nghim tcv trit h n chtr ng gim t, gi m tc ca Trung ng ng.

n i hi ng ton qu c ln th II (thng 2/1951), nh n thc vtin trnh cu ccch m ng dn t c dn ch nhn dn ni chung v ng li cch m ng rung t phttrin hon thi n. Chnh c ng ca ng Lao ng Vi t Nam kh ng nh nhi m vxa b

1 ng Cng sn Vit Nam: V n kin ng ton t p. T p 9, S d, tr. 198-1992 ng Cng sn Vit Nam: V n kin ng ton t p. T p 12, S d, tr. 1323 ng Cng sn Vit Nam: V n kin ng ton t p. T p 12, S d, tr. 1324 ng Cng sn Vit Nam, V n kin ng ton t p. T p 12, s d, tr. 1325 Thng k b c u cho th y, t nm 1948-1949, Chnh ph ban hnh 38 S c lnh v cc v n bn lut khc nhaulin quan n vn rung t ni chung.


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nhng di tch phong ki n v n a phong ki n, thc hin trit ng i cy c ru ng khng c tin hnh giai on hin ti, tc giai on cch m ng gii phng dn t c, m cthc thi giai on thhai, giai on cch m ng rung t, trong ti n trnh ba giai on cacch m ng dn t c dn ch nhn dn Vit Nam. Trong cu c cch m ng gii phng dntc, tr c mt i t ng chnh c a cch m ng Vi t Nam l th c dn Php v b n can thi pM, i t ng ph l bn phong ki n phn ng (khng ph i l ton b giai c p a ch

phong ki n). Trong khun kh ca cuc cch m ng gii phng, m t phn nhim vca cchmng rung t cng c thc hin, nhm thc y cng cu c gii phng dn t c mauthng l i. Do v y, chnh sch ru ng t trong khng chi n c i hi II quy nh chyul gim t, gi m tc. Ngoi ra, i hi ch tr ng thi hnh nh ng ci cch khc nh quynh ch l nh canh, t m c p rung t ca thc dn Php v Vi t gian cho dn cy ngho,chia li cng in, sdng h p l ru ng vng chv rung bhoang, v.v M c ch tr cmt ca chnh sch ny l lm cho nng dn ph n kh i tng gia s n xut, h ng hi tham giagit gic, bo m cung c p v on k t ton dn khng chi n. 1 n khi khng chi nthnh cng, tr ng tm c a cch m ng schuyn tnhim vgii phng dn t c sang nhi mvxa bdi tch phong ki n v n a phong ki n. Khu hiu thc hin ng i cy c ru ngtrong ph m vi ton qu c s c ra.

Sang n m 1952, ng li mt ln na khng nh: chnh sch ru ng t ca ta lchnh sch ru ng t ca mt tr n dn t c thng nht khng chi n, c thl chnh sch m tmt a chgim t, gi m tc v m t mt t in phi tr t, tr tc2. Bn c nh vic gimt, chnh sch thu thu nng nghi p i v i a ch cng gp ph n lm suy y u th lc,

phm vi nh h ng ca giai c p a ch.

Nhvy, ch tr ng chung c a ng trong khng chi n l ch a nh giai c p ach, cha t ch thu ru ng t ca hv chnh sch i on k t dn t c, c l p ti a k th,m bo xy d ng lc l ng ton dn ch ng li thc dn Php. V nh n thc su s c T quc trn h t, dn t c trn h t nn ng chtr ng dng ph ng php c i cch thu h pdn dn phm vi bc l t ca a chphong ki n bn x qua hai hnh th c chyu l gi mt, gim tc.

Qu trnh th c hin t 1945-1952 chnh sch c i cch ru ng t tng phn thu

c k t qu to l n. Tnh t lin khu IV tr ra, n nm 1953 c 397.000 ha ru ng t c gim t 25%. min Ty Nam B c n i mc t c gim cao h n nhiu. Rungt em chia cho nng dn lao ng chi m mt din tch r t l n. Theo s liu thng k c a3.035 x min Bc tr c khi c i cch ru ng t, tnm 1945 n 1953, ru ng t t chthu ca thc dn Php chia cho nng dn l 26,8 ngn ha; ru ng t ca a ch c emchia cho nng dn l 156,6 ngn ha; ru ng t ca nh chung em chia cho nng dn l 3,2ngn ha; ru ng t cng v n a cng c chia l 289,3 ngn ha. So v i tng s rung tchia cho nng dn n khi hon thnh c i cch ru ng t k csa sai, th s rung t chiacho nng dn t nm 1945 n nm 1953 chi m 58,8%. Ring Nam B , cho n nm

1 ng Cng sn Vit Nam: V n kin ng ton t p, S d, T p 12, tr. 439-4402 ng Cng sn Vit Nam: V n kin ng ton t p, S d, T p 13, tr. 119


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1953 chnh quy n cch m ng chia cho nng dn 460 ngn ha ru ng t ca thc dnPhp v nh ng a chphn bi Tquc1.

Thng k 3.035 x min Bc c ng cho th y quy n s hu rung t ca cc giaic p n nm 1953 c nhi u nhng thay i l n2:

Thnh phn Tldn s(%) Tlrung t s h u(%)a ch 2,3 18%Ph nng 1,6 4,7%Trung nng 36,5 39Bn nng 43 25,4Cnng 13 6,3Cc thnh ph n khc 6 1Rung cng v bn cng 4,3

Rung nh chung 1,3

Tr c nm 1945, a ch chim 3% dn s nhng chi m hu 52,1% t ng s rungt. Song n nm 1953 a chchim 2,3% dn s v rung t chim hu ch cn 18%tng srung t. Nng dn lao ng (gm trung nng, b n nng v c nng) chi m 92,5%dn s, c lm ch 70,7% t ng s rung t3. K t quc th cc a ph ng cngminh ch ng cho s thay i cn bn bc tranh s hu rung t. Thi Nguyn, cho ntr c 1953 a chch cn chi m kho ng 3,2% dn s v 21,6% ru ng t. Nng dn lao

ng (gm c trung, b n v c nng) chi m 91,37 dn s , lm ch gn 80% t ng s rung t4. Thng k 39 x c a t nh Thanh Ha, n u nh tr c n m 1945, a chchim3,1% dn s v chi m hu 30% t ng srung t, n u nm 1953 s h a ch gimxung cn 2,1% v ch cn trong tay 11,3% ru ng t. Trong khi cc t ng l p nhn dnlao ng chi m 97,9% s hv s hu 88,7% ru ng t5

Xut pht t snhn thc ng n c im x h i Vi t Nam, ng Lao ng Vi t Nam kho lo ra mt ph ng thc ring, c o thc hin khu hiu ng i cyc rung trong ti n trnh khng chi n chng Php. Trn c s , Nh n c Vi t Nam Dn

chCng ho c ng vn dng lut php b c u thc hin cc nhi m vcch m ngdn ch , s dng lut php trong vi c gii quyt rung t cho nng dn. Nh ng cuc cicch nh c thc hin tng b c, g p li thnh m t cuc cch m ng l n, mang l i hiuqucao. Thnh qu minh ch ng ch tr ng tin hnh c i cch ru ng t tng phn,theo m t ng l i cch m ng ring bi t ca Vit Nam l c o, ng n v sng t o. ng li , tr c ht to ra c mi dung ha l i ch gi a cc giai c p trn c s vl i ch chung c a cdn tc. N cho php ng ta gi i quyt mt cch kho lo m i quan

1 Tng cc Thng k: Vit Nam con s v s kin (1945-1989). Nxb STht, H N i, 1990, tr. 632 Tng cc Thng k: Vit Nam con s v s kin (1945-1989), S d , tr. 64.3 L Mu Hn (cb). i C ng L ch s Vit Nam . Sd, tr. 98-994 Nguyn Duy Ti n. Qu trnh th c hin s h u rung t cho nng dn Thi Nguyn . Nxb CTQG. H. 2002, tr. 1025 H s t ng k t ci cch ru ng t t nh Thanh Ha . HS 84, . L u tr UBND t nh Thanh Ha, tr 38 - 58


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hgia hai nhi m v chng quc v phong ki n trn c s nhng iu kin l ch s c th. Theo cch ring c a mnh, Vi t Nam v a gii quyt c vn rung t cho nngdn, pht huy tinh th n khng chi n ca nng dn - l c l ng l n nht trong x h i, va t ph p c ng o mi tng l p nhn dn, k c a chv con em h ng gp s c ng i,sc ca cho cu c khng chi n.

2. Phng tay phtng qun chng trit gim t, gim t c v ci cch rungt

B c sang n m 1953, tnh hnh cch m ng Vi t Nam c nhi u thay i. Vng t doca ta m r ng v t ng i n nh, cch m ng Vi t Nam thot kh i thbao vy c c,qun i ta gi vng v pht huy th ch ng chi n l c trn ton chi n tr ng. S chuyn bin ca cuc khng chi n chng thc dn Php giai on cui i hi chi vi nsc ng i, sc ca cho ti n tuyn ngy cng tr nn c p thit. a cuc khng chi n in thng l i cui cng nh t thit phi huy ng h n na lc l ng nhn dn m nng dn

chim a s. iu i hi phi khng ng ng bi d ng lc l ng nng dn, c i thin isng nng dn. M t khc, do nhi u nguyn nhn, vi c thi hnh chnh sch gi m t, gi m tcnhiu n i khng thu c k t qunhmong i, qu trnh th c hin g p nhiu sai ph m.

Nhng ci cch dn ch thc hin trong nh ng n m u khng chi n c tc d ng tch c ctrong th i gian tr c, n nay t ra khng na. C ng trong th i gian ny, cc n c Xhi ch ngh a anh em nh Lin X, Trung Qu c cng a ra ki n v cuc cch m ngn c ta. Lin X ph bnh n c ta ch m lm cch m ng th a. Trung Qu c ha schia s kinh nghi m v i Vit Nam v pht ng qun chng c i cch ru ng t1.

Trong b i cnh , Hi ngh Trung ng ng h p ln thIV (1/1953) kim imchnh sch ru ng t ca ng trong nh ng n m khng chi n v nh n nh r ng chng tacha k t h p cht chnhim v phn v nhi m v phn phong, chnh sch ru ng tcha c thi hnh y v k p th i. Hi ngh i n k t lun Vi c gim t, gi m tc dc lm tri t i na cng khng th bi d ng nng dn ng m c, khng tho mn cyu cu ca nng dn, lm cho nng dn quy t tm hy sinh cho s nghi p khng chi n. Vy n lc, v n ci cch ru ng t phi c ra v gi i quyt k p th i, ng y mnhkhng chi n n thng l i. Khng th b tr trong khun kh chnh sch gi m t, gi mtc2. Ti p , Hi ngh ln thV Ban Ch p hnh Trung ng kho II v H i ngh ton

quc ln th I ca ng h p t ngy 14 n ngy 23/11/1953 m t ln na khng nh s cn thit tin hnh c i cch ru ng t, thc hin trit khu hiu ng i cy c ru ng vthng qua C ng l nh ru ng t ca ng. Thng 12/1953, Lut C i cch ru ng t c Quc hi chnh th c thng qua. Theo , ci cch ru ng t nhm:

Th tiu quy n chim hu rung t ca thc dn Php v c a quc xm l ckhc Vit Nam, xo b ch phong ki n chim hu rung t ca giai c p a ch.

1 Trong m t cuc g p g gia Ch tch HCh Minh v Stalin t i Mt-xc -va, Stalin h i HCh Minh gi a ghnngdn v gh a ch, ng i cch m ng Vi t Nam ng i ghno? D n theo V Nguyn Gip, Chi n u trong vng vy,

Nxb Qun i nhn dn, H. 1995, tr. 412.2 ng Cng sn Vit Nam, V n kin ng ton t p, t p 14, s d, tr. 52


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thc hin ch s hu rung t ca nng dn.

gii phng s c sn xut nng thn, y mnh sn xut nng nghi p v m ng cho cng th ng nghi p pht tri n.

ci thin i sng ca nng dn, b i d ng lc l ng ca nhn dn, l c l ngca khng chi n.

y mnh khng chi n hon thnh gi i phng dn t c, cng c ch dn ch nhn dn, pht tri n cng cu c kin quc1

Thc hin ci cch ru ng t da trn ng li chnh sch chung: d a hn vo b n c nng, on k t cht chv i trung nng, lin hi p ph nng, tiu di t ch bc lt phongkin tng b c v c phn bi t, pht tri n sn xut, y mnh khng chi n. ng li trn thhin r quan im, thi ca ng i v i tng giai c p, tng l p nng thn.

Nhvy n n m 1953 c s thay i trong ng li chin l c cch m ng dntc dn ch ca ng ta. Trong nh ng n m u cuc khng chi n, ng xc nh Cu ckhng chi n ny ch hon thnh nhi m vgii phng t n c, cng cv m r ng ch dn ch cng ho. N khng t ch thu ru ng t ca a chphong ki n chia cho dn cy, ch tch thu ru ng t v cc h ng ti s n khc c a Vit gian ph n ng b sung ngn qu khng chi n hay ng hcc gia nh chi n s 2. n giai on cui cuc khng chi n, tr cyu cu vsc ng i, sc ca ngy cng t ng ln nhanh chng; tr c tnh hnh nh ng chnhsch c i cch dn ch ra trong nh ng n m u khng chi n hin khng p ng c

nhim vbi d ng, ng vin l c l ng nhn dn n a; tr c nhng kinh nghi m c ctrong cu c vn ng gim t, gi m tc v tr c yu c u ca Lin X, Trung Qu c - hain c vin tr vv kh, l ng thc cho ta trong khng chi n chng Php i hi chng ta

phi thc hin ci cch ru ng t coi y nhmt biu hin cho tnh cch m ng v l m tiu kin tranh th vin tr . ng ta ch tr ng tin hnh c i cch ru ng t, xo b ton b giai c p a chphong ki n Vit Nam, chia h n rung t cho dn cy.

Cuc pht ng qun chng tri t thc hin gim t, gi m tc, t th im v t1 thu ht hng tri u ng bo tham gia v i kh th cch m ng long tr i l t khin

cho giai c p a chcng hoang mang lo s v phn ho cao . Quy n lm ch ca ng inng dn trn ru ng t m h ang canh tc c xc nhn v m t php l. M c cmnh rung ca ring mnh nng dn n lc ny c hy v ng tr thnh hi n thc. 3 Khi bt u tr n nh quy t chin, chin l c in Bin Ph cng l lc h u ph ng honthnh t th im ci cch ru ng t, tin th ng l i vang d i lm n c lng ng i lnhngoi m t tr n, ti p thm tinh th n chin u to l n, thc y b i ta thi ua git gic l p

1 Lut C i cch ru ng t . Kho h p thba ca Quc hi n c Vi t Nam dn ch cng ho, Qu c hi n c Vi t Namxut bn, 1954, tr.112Tr ng Chinh: Khng chi n nh t nh th ng l i. Nxb S Tht. H. 1947, tr. 30-313 inh Thu Cc. Quy t nh th c hin Lut C i cch ru ng t vo cu i n m 1953 m t ng l c tinh th n gp ph nquan tr ng vo chi n th ng in Bin Ph . In trong sch 50 n m chin thng in Bin Ph v s nghi p i m i

pht tri n t n c ca Vin KHXHVN v t nh in Bin. Nxb KHXH, H., 2004, tr. 250


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cng. S c mnh tinh th n chuy n ho thnh s c mnh vt cht to nn nh ng k tch caqun i Vit Nam. Nh vy, vi c thc hin ch tr ng trit gim t, gi m tc v c icch ru ng t vo giai on cui ca cuc khng chi n gp ph n thc y mnh mtinhthn quyt chin quyt thng ca qun v dn ta, tch c c chi vi n cho chi n tr ng trongng xun 1953-1954 m nh cao l chi n d ch in Bin Ph . Tuy v y, th ng l i qun s ca Vi t Nam trong th i im ny ph n nh c a qu trnh v a khng chi n va kin quc;va chin u, va xy d ng hu ph ng; ca cqu trnh th c hin chnh sch ru ng ttng b c nng thn tr c nm 1953.

tin thm m t b c trong vi c xa b s chim hu rung t bt cng c a ach, nhm t ng c ng h n na s hu rung t cho nng dn, b i d ng lc l ng chnhcho cu c khng chi n, pht tri n sn xut, chi vi n cho chi n tr ng th vi c ti p tc ymnh cuc vn ng cch m ng rung t l cn thit. Song xt v thc ttnh hnh phn b rung t cth nng thn lc b y gi v vn i on k t dn t c trong giai on caoca cuc khng chi n th khng nh t thit phi phi phng tay pht ng qun chng tri t gim t, gi m tc v ci cch ru ng t nh lm. Do v y, vi c ra chtr ng ci cchrung t v qu trnh th c hin phm sai l m ngay t u v cng v sau cng n ng n v nghim tr ng.

Kinh nghi m ng n, sng t o ca cc th i k u vthi hnh chnh sch ru ng ttng b c, dn dn thc hin nhiu ci cch nh , g p li nhmt cuc cch m ng l n v vn rung t khng c ti p tc thc hin. l m t sai l m vph ng thc thcthi chi n l c cch m ng rung t.

Sau hi p nh Gi nev , min Bc c gii phng. V i quan ni m ci cch ru ngt tr c y l khu chnh ta pht tri n lc l ng, y mnh khng chi n th c i cchrung t li cng c n thit pht tri n lc l ng, cng cho bnh 1, ng chtr ng ymnh pht ng qun chng tri t gim t, gi m tc, ci cch ru ng t h n na, coi c icch ru ng t l nhi m v trung tm cng cmin Bc. iu ny ng ngh a v i vict p trung m i nhn u tranh vo giai c p a ch suy tn. Ch tr ng ny c thc thingy cng m r ng gp ph n lm cho nh ng sai l m ca ci cch ru ng t ngy m t tr nn nghim tr ng.

Ci cch ru ng t c tin hnh t 1953 n 1956 v i 8 t gim t v 5 t cicch ru ng t trn 3.314 x (sau chia nh thnh 3.653 x) thu c 22 t nh, thnh ph . Qua, 810.000 ha ru ng t ca thc dn, a chphong ki n, rung t tn gio, ru ng tcng v n a cng n a t min Bc b tch thu, tr ng thu, tr ng mua v c chiacho h n 8 tri u nhn kh u tc 72,8% s nng h . Ngoi ra cn 1,8 tri u nng c , h n 10vn tru b, hng v n nh c a cng c em chia cho nng dn. Sau c i cch ru ng t,giai c p a ch b xa b hon ton, ru ng t thuc v tay nng dn. Nhi m v ng i cy c ru ng hon thnh min Bc.

1 Hong Qu c Vi t. y mnh ci cch ru ng t cng c ho bnh, th c hin th ng nh t v xy d ng t n c. Nm 1954, h s 3908, Phng B Ni v, Trung tm L u tr Quc gia III.


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T1945 n 1953, ng, Chnh ph ta thc hin nhiu bin php thc thi cchmng rung t Vit Nam. Chnh sch ru ng t ca ng trong t ng th i k tr c 1953c khc nhau, nh ng u tu chung l i mt im: chnh sch mt mt biu hin ngli i on k t dn t c, phn ho giai c p a ch, tranh th tt ccc ph n t c thtranhth ng vpha dn t c chng k th ch yu nht l quc xm l c, mt mt cng biuhin khng tch r i nhim v u tranh gi i phng dn t c v i nhim v xo b s hurung t phong ki n a rung t vtay nng dn. im mnh ca hthng chnh schrung t ca th i k 1945 1953 l v a m bo chnh sch i on k t dn t c, c l pti a k th to nn s c mnh r ng l n nht bo m cho khng chi n thng l i, va giiquyt c quyn l i chnh ng ca giai c p nng dn l c t liu sn xut trong tay, ngvin h tch cc tham gia khng chi n, pht huy tnh tch c c, ch ng ca h, to ra caci vt cht cho x h i. ng tic, hthng chnh sch ru ng t nhng nm 1953 1956li khng pht huy c nhng u im trn. C i cch ru ng t trong nh ng n m 1953 1956 th c s tr thnh m t cuc u tranh giai c p ging co, gay go v quy t lit, gytn hi n khi i on k t ton dn trong khi nhi m vdn tc cha hon thnh. Quanim thc hin ci cch ru ng t ngay trong khng chi n, trn th c t l quay l i v iLun c ng thng 10/1930, lu n c ng nng v u tranh giai c p tng b thc tin cchmng Vi t Nam o thi.

Nhn thng vo nh ng sai ph m trong c i cch ru ng t, Hi ngh ln thX BanCh p hnh Trung ng ng (h p t thng 9 n thng 11/1956) nh n nh: l nh ngsai lm nghim tr ng, ph bin, ko di v nhiu mt, nhng sai l m v nhng vn nguyn t c, tri v i chnh sch c a ng, tri v i nguyn t c v iu lca mt ng theochngh a Mc-Lnin, tri v i ch php lu t ca nh n c dn ch nhn dn. Nh ng sailm khng nh ng hn chnhng thng l i thu c, m l i gy ra nh ng tn thtr t l n cho c s ca ng, ca chnh quy n, ca cc t chc qun chng, nh h ng tai h in chnh sch m t tr n ca ng nng thn c ng nh thnh th , nh h ng nhi u ntinh th n on k t v ph n kh i trong ng v trong nhn dn, n cng cu c cng cminBc, n snghi p u tranh thc hin thng n c nh 1. Hi ngh thng thn vch ranhng sai l m, phn tch nh ng nguyn nhn v g i ng tn nh ng sai l m l t khuynh.Trn c s , Hi ngh a ra nh ng bin php h u hiu v kin quy t sa sai. M t biu

hin tr c tin c a tinh th n nhn th ng, d ng cm sa cha sai l m l thi hnh bi n php k lut i v i Ban lnh o Uban C i cch ru ng t Trung ng.

Ch tr ng ci cch ru ng t trong nh ng n m 1953-1956 nh lm ngay t ul khng c n thit c bit l sau khi ho bnh l p li. Sai l m khng ch l do nh n thccha su s c vhai nhi m vca cch m ng dn t c dn ch nhn dn n c ta m cn vng nh gi tnh hnh nng thn mi n Bc khng c ton di n, nht l nh gich qu cao v nh n mnh mt cch thi qu v tnh hnh nghim tr ng do ch gy ram cth y l giai c p a ch ang thsuy tn.

1 ng Cng sn Vit Nam, V n kin ng ton t p, t p 17, s d, tr. 540


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nh gi khi qut v ci cch ru ng t, BChnh tr cho r ng: C n c trn nh ngk t qu t c v c n c vo hai nhi m vchin l c ca cuc cch m ng dn t c dnch, th vi c ti p tc gii quyt vn rung t, xo b nhng tn d ca ch phongkin l cn thit.

Cn c tnh hnh th c tnng thn mi n Bc n c ta sau n m 1954, c n c vo s rung chia cho nng dn trong c i cch ru ng t, cn c tc hi r t nghim tr ng ca sailm ci cch ru ng t v ch nh n tchc, th cch th c tin hnh c i cch ru ng t nh lm l khng c n thit. l v tr c khi t chc ci cch ru ng t, giai c p a ch,ch phong ki n cn bn b xo bv mc tiu ng i cy c ru ng c n bn thchin v i t lh n 2/3 ru ng t vo tay nng dn, v i quyn lm ch ca nng dn trongnng thn c thc hin tcch m ng thng Tm n khng chi n chng Php 1.

Qu trnh th c hin khu hiu ng i cy c ru ng Vit Nam l qu trnh di n ra

t ng i phc t p v ko di do c im ca cch m ng n c nh. ng li chnh schch o thc hin ca ng i v i vn thc hin quyn s hu rung t cho nng dnchu tc ng ca nhiu nhn t : tc ng ca hon c nh trong n c v tc ng tnhn t ngoi n c. Quan im ca ng vvic gii quyt khu hiu ng i cy c ru ng trongnhng n m 1945 - 1956 c khc nhau, th m ch mu thu n nhau, l iu bnh th ng khihon c nh l ch s i thay. Nh ng ng li thay i thno cho ph h p v i iu kin l chsm i l iu ng quan tm. T t cphthuc vo s phn tch, nh gi c a ng vtnhhnh th c tin, phthuc vo t duy, n ng lc nhn thc ng n ca ng trong vi c giiquyt cc nhi m vca cch m ng Vi t Nam.

1 Dn theo: Vi n nghin c u chngh a Mc - Lnin v t t ng HCh Minh: Lch s ng C ng sn Vit Nam , T p 2(1954-1975), NXB Chnh tr Quc gia, H N i, 1995, tr.72.


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THE VIETNAM COMMUNIST PARTYS VIEWS OF THE LANDREFORM PROCESS AS SEEN FROM THE RESOLUTION OF

THE PARTY CENTRAL COMMITTEE (1945-1956)

MA. Le Thi Quynh Nga

University of Social Sciences and Humanities,Hanoi VNU

In the context of colonial society as in Vietnam, where the national interests wasconsidered higher the class interests, the direction policies to farmers having landimplementation must be laid down in the Partys policy system of solving national missions.

National liberation had been identified as the highest objective, which democracyimplementation has become the strong powerful for the development of national liberationrevolution. Therefore, this is a complex process that is affected domestically andinternationally by various objective and subjective factors. Depending on the historicalfeatures, properties and conditions of every specific stage, the Party had made its different

point of views in solving the farmland for the farmers.

The pre-1945 period, the production relationship was mainly to rent land and get landrent. The Vietnamese peoples forever expectation is to own lands and fields. Right after establishment, the Party has lay down as a policy conducting a civil right bourgeoisrevolution and land revolution toward a communist society 1 and put forward a missiondefeating the French Imperialism and feudalism ... reclaim all of the imperialists occupiedlands to allocate for the peasants farming 2. Historically, through 1939 to 1945 when theCentral Party had identified the revolution in Indochina is currently to solve the urgentissue of liberated nations instead of taking two missions of anti-empirialist and landing 3 the

landing slogan was not addressed and focusing on revoking land of the imperialist and their lackeys to allocate to the poor peasants. The Partys policy is to hold aloft the national flagand putting the interests of all sectors and classes under the vitality and existence of thecountry. Under the leading of the Party, the Government and Viet Minh frontier, our peoplehad achieved a great victory in August 1945 Revolution by the solidarity power of wholenation. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam has been established and remarked a higheffort of the whole nation in fighting for independence and freedom.

1 The Communist Party of Vietnam, The complete Partys document , Vol. 2, National Political Pulishing House, H,2000, p 22 The Communist Party of Vietnam, The complete Partys document , Vol. 2, sdd, p 2-33 The Communist Party of Vietnam, The complete Partys document, Vol. 3, sdd, p.119


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The piecemeal agarian reform - a measure of land revolution by a distinct wayof Vietnam

A great victory of Revolution August 1945 has brought the independence andfreedom to the Vietnam people. As the President Ho Chi Minhs declare against the whole

people and the world: Vietnam has its rights to enjoy the freedom and independence, and actually become a freedom and independent country. All of Vietnamese determine to devoteall of sprite and forces, lives and assets to maintain these freedom and independent rights 1.

However, Vietnamese nation had continued to fight against the evil intension of invadation of the French colonialism to control ourselves country and fulfill the oath Its

better to died rather than losing the country and become slavery.

The situation of the country did not permit the Vietnamese revolution to solvecompletely the land issue at that time. Policy on land issue, slogan farmers havingfarmland must be done to maintain the national solidarity, isolate maximine the enemy,creating the greatest power for the victory of the fighting war while brings the right interestsfor the farmer class and mobilizing them to join actively in the resistance war and country

building. In that case, the Party and Vietnam Government laid down the policy of a partlydemocratic reform to limit by step the exploitation of the colonialist and feudal, andimproved living for the farmers.

In 20-11-1945 Ministry of Home Affairs of Provisional Government issued theCircular stipulated the farmland owners had to reduce land rent by 25% and land and fieldstax by 20%; providing some principles to reallocate public farmland to both men andwomen, allocating temporarily unfarming land to a part of farmers were lacking farmingland 2. When Ministry of Home Affairs and Ministry of Agriculture made its inter-ministryCircular on reducing land rental by 25% compared to those before the August Revolutionfor the farmers (dated 28-11-1946) 3, President Ho Chi Minh sent a letter to the landowner that stressed on this policy: By reduce of 25% land rental, it brought an equity and benefitto both landowners and farmers and will not sow division 4. That policy had ensured the

interests to both landlord and workers.

In 15/1/1948, the Second Open Conference of the Central Party made its decisionbring the traitors land and assets to allocate temporarily to the poor peasants or soldiers for

partly self-helps. Division of public land was toward a more appropriate and equity. Bring

1 Declaration of Independence of Vietnam Democracy and Republic. National Salvation Newpaper, Vol. 36, dated 5-9-19452 Bureau for Central Party History Studies. History of The Communist Party of Vietnam (draft) Vol 1. Trusth PulishingHouse, p. 4453 A summary document 1000 days war resistance of the Economic Departments , File 1683, phng Minister Palace. The

National Achive Center No.3, p. 1014 Institute for Marxism-Leninism and Ho Chi Minh Ideology Studies. Ho Chi Minh chronicles biography . Vol 4.

National Political Publishing House. H.1994, p. 262.


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the enemys land to allocate to the poor peasants and rearrange the plantation managed bythe Government 1. The method of land employment recollected from the Frenchcolonialism and unpatriotic Vietnamese had been identified more clearly in the fourthCentral Membership Conference (5/1948). Accordingly, the basic contents were to revokethe unpatriotic Vietnamese peoples land and assets (announced by the court) that land

would be allocated to the farmers and the assets would be depending on the circumstaneousto allocate to the farmers; the plantation recollected from the French will be temporarilymanaged by the Government; a Governance Board will be established at each plantation todistribute the land for and support to planning for the peasants.

In August 1945, The Central Party organized the fifth Membership Conference.Through the true evaluation on peasants and feudal landlords, situation and nature of newlydemocratic revolution in Vietnam, the Conference made its conclusion: In order toeradicate the feudal remnants and develop agriculture, it has to conduct a land reform.

However, based on the characteristics of the revolution in our country and the feudalismsattitude to the revolution, the Conference had made its policy Promoting a gradual innovation to narrow the exploitation scope of indigenous feudal landlords (eg.reduced land rent), concurrently revised the land regime (in case of not harmful to the unity frontier to

fight against the French invadation) . That was also a method to implement the land revolution by a distinct way (emphasized by the author).

The above Partys decision of conducting the partly land reform had been inheritedfrom and develops the experiences of rightly solving the relationship of anti-colonialism and

feudalism during the national liberation mobilization pre-August Resolution. Basically,those conditions decided the method of the land reform in Vietnam was the burning of national liberation war. Concurrently, after the August Revolution, the people had held the

power and a democratic republic regime was founded with a quite advanced Constitution.The newly democratic government is belonged to the people and leading by the workingclass. Leader of class, Party of Workers, is also the leader of the nation and the government.Moreover, the movement was strongly deveping in the world and had great impacts to theIndochinese movement. However, by the Centrals decision above, there were the ebullientarguments within the Party. Some comraders said the Indochinese movement is only anational liberation movement. In term of two anti-imperialist and anti-feudalism missionsmentioned above, we had priorily to gather all strengths to complete the mission of anti-imperialist and expelling the French empire 2. Against these ideas, the Central Party madeclearly that It is obviously to gather all strengths to complete anti-imperialist mission, butanti-feudalism mission (eradicating the feudal exploitation remnants and land reform) hadnot been suspended to implement after anti-imperialist finished. At that time, newlydemocratic Indochinese movement could not divided into two distinct stages. The AugustRevolution revoked without compensations a part of land of the French colonialism and

1 The Communist Party of Vietnam, The complete Partys document , Vol 9, Sdd, p. 31-322 The Communist Party of Vietnam, The complete Partys document , Vol. 9, Sdd, p. 198


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Vietnamese traitors. Apart of revoked land should be divided to the poor peasants. Duringthe resistance war, the recollection of land from the colonialism and traitors withoutcompensations still must be continued. As far as the land had been seized, it could beallocated to the peasants 1. The Central also mentioned: Keep in mind that reduction of land rents, interests, allocating temporarily the land of French colonialism and unpatriotic

Vietnamese are also beginning partly the land reform 2. Besides, the opposite ideas want toseize immediately the landlords land to allocate to the peasants. The Central highlighted:That policy is so left-wingview. It disregarded to the Partys and Governments greatsolidarity for war resistance policy, want to bypass the stage, putting the anti-imperialismand anti-feudalism missions at same level. 3

Therefore, it can be seen the Central Party laid down a policy of satisfying graduallythe needs of landuse for the farmers through fighting vigorously to the land possessiveregime of the imperialism, French capitalists and traitors. It was not only bringing the

important interests for the peasants, but also split the feudal landlord class to be advantagefor the resolution, concurrently ensuring the great solidarity of whole people for resistantwar. The fact that the Party judged the French colonialists and unpatriotic Vietnamese in thecourt proved the power of the government and on other hand, was aiming at deterring andwarning the movement traitors.

For the landlords and rich farmers, the Standing Committee of Central Party decidedto lauch a voluntary land donation. The Partys viewpoint was not allowed to revokeimmediately the landlords land because within the landlord class, there were still apart of

them were able to anti-imperialism partly, The Party advocated to embroil a major of landlords (small and middle landlords) to the war resistance or at least making them to be aneutral side and having good emotion with war resistance 4. The Party conceded thecitizens rights and asset possession of the untraiting landlords, did not touch to their land

possession right, admitting the rights of receiving public land and still admitting their rightsof receiving public land.

Institutionalizing the Partys above policy, the Government of Democratic Republicof Vietnam had studied carefully and issued many important laws. In 14 th July 1949, the

Government had issued the Decree No. 78/SL that stipulated to reduce 25% of land rentscompared to those before the August Resolution. The Decree No. 87/SL was issued on landrents reduction and Decree No. 88/SL dated 22-5-1950 stipulated a specific regulation of receiving farmland. Concurrently, the Government also issued the Decree No. 75/SL, dated1-7-1949 to allocated temporarily land of unpatriotic Vietnamese to the poor pearsants;Decree No. 90/SL, dated 22-5-1950 stipulated on the interests when employs unused land.

1 The Communist Party of Vietnam, The complete Partys document , Vol. 9, Sdd, p. 198-1992 The Communist Party of Vietnam, The complete Partys document , Vol. 12, Sdd, p. 1323 The Communist Party of Vietnam, The complete Partys document , Vol. 12, Sdd, p. 1324The Communist Party of Vietnam, The complete Partys document , Vol. 12, Sdd, p. 132


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The launching of the Decrees and various legal documents through 1948 to 1952 1 on land by the Government, and the establishment of the Council of Land Rents Reduction at province and commune levels had created an important legal framework to enforceseriously and completely the Central Partys policy of land rents and interest reduction.

In the Second National Congress of the Party (February 1951), the general perceptionon progress of peoples democratic movement and policy of the land movement had beencompleted. The Political Platform of the Vietnam Workers Party affirmed the missions of eradicating the feudal and semi-feudal remnants, completely peasants having land was notimplemented at the stage of national liberation but rather at the second stage (e.i the landreform) of three stages of the peoples democratic movement in Vietnam. In the nationalliberation movement, the main target of the Vietnam resolution was firstly the Frenchcolonialists and American interferers, the second target was the feudal traitors (not all of feudal landlord class). Within the scope of liberation resolution, the mission of the land

resolution also was implemented to promote the national liberation become victory soon.Therefore, the land policy in the resistant war issued by the Second Congress was mainly toreduce land rents and interests. In addition, the Congress had decided to conduct thedifferent reforms such as regulating the land receiving level, allocating temporarily landrecollected from French colonialism and unpatriotic Vietnamese to the poor peasants,dividing again the public land, employing appropriately the absent-owner and unused land,etc. The immediate objective of this policy was to encourage the farmers to increase

production, involving actively in fighting enemy, and ensuring the supplements and thewhole population solidarity for resistant war. 2 Until the resistant war completed, theemphasis of the resolution would be changed from national liberation mission to feudal andsemi-feudal remnant eradication. The national scale slogan peasants having farmland will

be addressed.

In 1952, the Party affirmed again: the land policy was belonged to the NationalUnited Front of war resistance, such as both the landlords reduce land rents and interestsand the tenant farmers have to pay land rents and interests 3. In addition to land rentreduction, the policy of collecting agriculture taxes to the landlords also contributed toweaken the power and influence scope of the landlord class.

Consequently, the Partys policy had not overthrown the landlord class and revokedtheir land yet because of enforcement of policy of great national solidarity, isolatingmaximinely the enemy and ensuring building up whole population forces fighting againstthe French colonialism. Based on deeply perception of The fatherland and nation are thefirst, the Party decided to conduct the reform to narrow the range of exploitation of theindigenous feudal landlords through two main methods of land rents and interests reduction.

1 An initial statistic showed that through 1948-1949, The Government had issued 38 different Decree and legaldocuments related to the land problems.2 The Communist Party of Vietnam: The complete Partys document , Sdd, Vol 12, p. 439-4403 The Communist Party of Vietnam: The complete Partys document , Sdd, Vol 13, P. 119


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During 1945-1952 the implementation of partly land reform policy had achieved agreat result. Counted from the interregion IV to the north, up to 1953, a total of 397.000hectares lands were reduced the land rents by 25%. In the Southwest region, the reductionof land rents was higher in some locations. Land areas divided to the working people werevery large. According to the statistic data in 3.035 communes in the North pre-landreformt,

during 1945 to 1953, land areas revoked from the French colonialists to allocate to thefarmers were 26,8 thousand hectares; land areas recollected from landlords allocated to the

peasants were 156,6 thousand hectares; land areas recollected from the catholic clergy were3,2 thousand hectares; public and semi-public land divided were 289,3 thousand hectares.Generally, up to 1953, DRV confiscated 81,3% land from the Frenchmen to poor cultivator,reallocated 77,8% communal land to peasant. Temporarilly allocated 84,7% land of Traitor andlandlord who gave up land to peasant. Compared to the total of land areas had divided tothe peasants till the land reform finished including fault correction stage, the land divided tothe peasants were occupied to 58,8% through 1945 to 1953.. In Southern, up to 1953 theResolution Government had divided to the peasants 460 thousand hectares recollected fromthe French colonialists and traiting landlords 1.

A statistic data in 3.035 communes in the North showed that the land ownership of the different classes had changed greatly by the year 1953 2:

Components Population rate (%) Landownership rate

(%)Landowners 2,3 18,0Rich farmers 1,6 4,7Middle peasants 36,5 39,0Poor farmers 43,0 25,4Poorest peasants 13,0 6,3Others 6,0 1,0Public and semi-public fields 4,3Catholic land 1,3

Before 1945, landowners occupied 3% population but owned 52,1% land and fields.By 1953 landowners was 2,3% population and landownership was reduced by 18% of totalland. Farmers (including middle, poor and poorest farmers) made up to 92,5% populationand owned by 70,7% of total land 3. Detail results in the locations had shown a basicallychanging of landownership picture. In Thai Nguyen, pre-1953 the landlords only was 3,2%

population and owned 21,6% land. Peasants (including middle, poor and poorest ones)

1 The General Office of Statistic: Vietnam figures and events (1945-1989). Trusth Publisher, Hanoi, 1990, p. 632 The General Office of Statistic: Vietnam figures and events (1945-1989). Trusth Publisher, Hanoi, 1990, p. 64.3 Le Mau Han (chief editor). Overview of the Vietnamese history . Sdd, p. 98-99


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occupied 91,37% population, had owned nearly 80% of total land 1. According to thestatistic data in 39 communes in Thanh Hoa province, before 1945 the landlords occupied3,1% households and owned 30% land and reduced by 2,1% population and owned 11,3%land by early of 1953 while all of working classes with 97,9% households owned 88,7%land 2.

Derive from the trust perception on the Vietnam societys characteristics; theVietnam Workers Party had clevered to put forward a specific original method toimplement the slogan peasants have farmland during the resistant war against the Frenchcolonialist. By that, the Government of Democratic Republic of Vietnam applied the laws toimplement initially the missions of democratic movement, using laws in dealing with theland problems to the peasants. The small reforms had been implemented gradually, whichwere combined to a great and high effective movement. That achievement demonstrated thatimplementing partly the land reform policy and following a distinct movement way of

Vietnam was unique, trusted and creative. That policy had firstly created the harmony of interests among the classes based on the common interests of the nation. It had permited theParty to solve cleverly the relationship between anti-imperialism mission and anti-feudalism

based on the specific history conditions. By its own way, Vietnam had both solved the land problems to the peasants, promoting the peasants resistance war spirite the biggest forcein the society and had assembled all of people classes including landlords and their relativesto contribute the human and physical resources to the resistance war.

2. Mobilize masses to completely reduce land rent, interests and land reform

By the year 1953, the situation of Vietnamse movement had changed significantly.The freedom zone had been expanded and quite stably, the Vietnamese movement hadescaped from the isolation, and our military maintained and promoted the positive strategic

power in whole the battlefields. The changes of the resistance war to French colonialism atthe end stage required the human and physical resources for the front line was verynecessary. In order to take the resistance war toward a complet victory, it was necessary tomobilize further the people who peasants were majority. That required a continuousempowerment and living improvement for the peasants. In other hand, due to different

reasons, the results of implementation of land rent and interests reduce had not beenachieved as expected and had certain violations during the implementation process. Thedemocratic reform implemented in the early of resistance war had positively impacts, wasnot sufficent. At that time, the Socialist countries such as Soviet Union and China also gavetheir comments on our resolution. The Soviet Union criticized our country implemented

1 Nguyen Duy Tien. Process of implementing land ownership to the peasants in Thai Nguyen . National PoliticalPublishing House. H. 2002, p. 1022 The summary document of land reform in Thanh Hoa province . File 84, . Thanh Hoa Provincial Peoples CommitteesRecord, p. 38 - 58


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slowly the land reform. China promised to share experiences on mobilizing the massesreforming land with Vietnam 1.

In that situation, The Fourth Central Party Conference (1/1953) reviewed the Partys policy on landuse implemented through the resistance war period and judged that we had

not combined closely the missions of anti-colonialism with anti-feudalism, the policy of landuse was not carried out sufficiently and timely. The conference went to a conclusionDespite the reduction of land rents and interests was implemented completely, it was notable to improve the peasants situation at proper level and did not sastify the needs of the

peasants, which makes the peasants determine to devote their lives to the resistance war. Bythat case, land reform should be addressed and solved timely to accelerate the resitance war towar a complete victory. It could not delayed within the frame of land rents and interestsreduction policy 2. After that, the Fifth Conference of Central Committee Term II and Thefirst National Conference of the Party was held from 14th to 23th November 1953 had once

again confirmed the necessity to carry out the land reform, implementing completely theslogan peasants having farmland and approved the Partys Land Political Program . OnDecember 1953, The Land reform Law was approved officially by the National Assembly.Accordingly, the land reform are aiming at:

Abolish the land ownership of the French colonialism and other invaders inVietnam, eradicating the feudal regime of land possession of the landlord class.

Implement land possession regime of the peasants.

Release the productive force in the rural, promoting agricultural production andinitiating the industrial commerce development.

Improve the peasants living, fostering the people and resistance war forces.

Accelerate the complete resistance war to liberate the nation, strengthening the peoples democratic regime, developing the state founding 3

The implementation of land reform bases on the general policy: relying totally on the poorests, uniting closely with middle peasants, associating rich peasants, abolishinggradually and distinctly the feudal exploitation regime to develop the production andaccelerate the resistance war. This policy had expressed clearly the Partys viewpoints andattitude to each class in the rural area.

Consequently, there was a change of strategy of the national democratic resolution of the Party till 1953. in the early years of the resistant war, the Party identified This

1 In a meeting between the President Ho Chi Minh with Stalin in Moscow, Stalin asked Ho Chi Minh Where theVietnamese movementers will sit down on the farmers position or landlords? According to Vo Nguyen Giap,

Fighting within the blockade, Peoples Military Publishing House, H. 1995, p. 412.2 The Communist Party of Vietnam, The complete Partys document , Vol. 14, sdd, p. 523 Land reform Law . Third meeting of National Assembly of Democratic Republic of Vietnam, published by the

National Assembly of Vietnam, 1954, p.11


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resistance war only fulfilled the mission of country liberation, strengthening and expandingthe democratic republic regime. It did not revoke the feudal landlords land to allocate to the

peasants, and only revoking the unpatriotic Vietnameses land and other assets tosupplement the resistant war fund or supporting to the soldiers family 1. By the end of theresistance, in order to deal with the requirements of increasingly human and physical

resources; with the situation of the implementation of the democratic reform policy had notmet the mission of enhancing and encouraging the people forces yet in the early of theresistance; the lessons learnt from the mobilization of reducing land rents and interests, andthe requirements by Soviet Union and China, two countries had sponsored the weapon andfoods to our country in the French resistance war, which asked our country had to conductthe land reform as a symbol of the resolution and as a request for funding, the Party decidedto conduct the land reform, abolishing all of the feudal landlord class and dividingcompletely land for the peasants.

The mobilizing the masses to implement completely the land rents and interests inthe piloting and the first stages with the participation of millions of people and a boilingrevolutionary pride, which made the landlord class had been scared and splited highly. The

peasants ownership rights to the land that they were cultivating had been legally confirmed. The peasants expectation of owning a field was hopefully to become reality by that time. 2 When the determined fighting, the Dien Bien Phu strategy, started, it was finishing the pilotof land reform in the rear, the resounding successes were a heartening news to the soldiers atthe front line, which supplement the fighting spirit and promoting our soldiers to emulate tokill the enemy for a feat of arms. The spirit power had been transferred to the physical

power that created the exploits of the military of Vietnam. Therefore, the implementation of completely reducing of land rents, interests and land reform at the end of the resistance hadcontributed greatly the militarys and peoples spirit of being determined to war and win,supporting actively to the battlefields in winter spring of 1953 to 1954 that the peak was theDien Bien Phu campaign. However, the military victory of Vietnam at that time reflected

both the resistance and building up the country; both fighting and building up the rear; and both of the partly implementing of land reform in the rural pre-1953.

In order to eradicate in advance the unfair land possession of the landlords toenhance the land ownership of the peasants, enhancing the main forces for the resistance,developing production, and supporting to the battlefields, the acceleration of mobilization of land reform was very necessary. However, upon the situation of land distribution in the ruralareas at that time and the great national solidarity issue at the burning stage of the resistance,it was not absolutely necessary to mobilize the masses to reduce completely land rents and

1Truong Chinh: The resistance war is bound to succeed . Su That Publisher. H. 1947, p. 30-31

2 Dinh Thu Cuc. Decision of implementing of Land reform Law by the end of 1953 a sprite movative contributed importantly to the Dien Bien Phu victory . Printed in 50 years Dien Bien Phu victory and achievements of countryinnovation by National Academic of Social Sciences and Humanities and Dien Bien Province. Social SciencePublisher, H., 2004, P. 250


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interests, and land reform as had been done. Therefore, the proposal of land reform policyand the implementation process had mistakes rightly after launching and become moreseriously later.

The trusted and creative lessons learnt from the partly implementing of land reform,

which implemented the small reforms gradually that contributed to the large resolution onland problems had not been continuously implemented. That was a methodic mistake of implementing the land reform.

After Geneve Agreement, the North was liberated. As far the viewpoint of regardingthe previous land reform as the main method to develop the strengths and accelerate theresistance, the land reform was more necessary to develop the strength and consolidate the

peace 1, the Party had laid down the policy of mobilizing the masses to reduce completelythe land rents and interests, deeply land reform, and regarding the land reform as the central

mission to consolidate the North. It means to concentrate the spearhead fighting on thedeclined landlord class. The widely implementing of this policy had made the mistakes of land reform become more seriously.

Land reform was implemented from 1953 to 1956 by 8 series for reducing land rentsand 5 series for land reform over 3.314 communes (seperated into 3.653 communes later) in22 provinces/cities. As a result, 810.000 hetares land of the colonialists, feudal landlords,catholic church, and public and semi-public lands were confiscated and compulsorily

purchased in the North and divided to more than 8 millions people, e.i 72,8% farmer households. In addition, about 1,8 millions farming tools, over 100 thousands buffaloe andcows, and thousands houses were divided to the peasants. After land reform, the landlordclass was abolished completely, the lands were belonged to the peasants. The peasantshaving land mission was finished in the North.

From 1945 to 1953, The Party and Government had carried out various methods toimplement the land revolution in Vietnam. The Partys land policies were different in pre-1953, but they focussed on one point: that policy both expressed the great national unitedway, dividing the landlord class, taking advantage of all sectors whom would standing withthe nation to fight the main enemy was the imperialist, and was not apart from the nationalliberation mission accompanied with abolishing the feudal land ownership to allocate to the

peasants. The strengths of the land policy system through 1945 to 1953 were both ensuringthe great national united bloc policy, isolating maximinely the enemy to build up the mostextensive power served to the victory of the resistance, and solving the trustly rights of thefarmer class are owning the productive materials, encouraging the peasants to join activelyin the resistance, promoting their positive to produce the materials for the society.Unfortunately, the land policy system in the period of 1953 1956 did not promot the aboveadvantages. During 1953 1956, the land reform actually became a tense drastic class war

1 Hoang Quoc Viet. Accelerate the land reform to strengthen the peace and national unity and building. 1954, File3908, Ministry of Home Affairs, National Archives Center No. 3.


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that harmed to the great population united bloc while the national mission was not finished.Actually, the viewpoint of land reform implementation right in the resistance turned to thePolitical Thesis October 1930, a thesis tended to class struggle was dismissed by therealities of the Vietnamese resolution

To face the facts on the mistakes in the land reform, the Tenth Central CommitteesConference (from September to November 1956) judged: That were the popular seriousmistakes, prolonged in various sides, the principle mistakes that against to the Partys

policies, the principles and regulations of a Party that come up with the Marxist-Leninism,and against to the laws of the peoples democratic country. These mistakes had not onlylimited the achievements, but also caused the extremely losts to the units of the Party, thegovernments, the mass organizations that affected seriously to the frontier policy of theParty in the rural and urban, which affected seriously to the solidarity and excited within theParty and people, to the strengthening of the North, and the fighting to reunite the country 1.

The conference pointed out straightly the mistakes, analysized the reasons and namedrightly the left-wing mistakes. By that, the conference proposed the effective solutions anddetermined to correct mistakes. The firstly signal for the spirit of straightly looking and

bravely correcting the mistakes was to discipline the Leading Board of Central Land reformCommittee.

During 1953-1956, the early implemented policy of land reform was not necessary, particularly after the restoration of peace. That mistakes were not only caused by undeeply perception on two missions of the peoples democratic revolution in our country but also the

Party did not evaluate completely the rural situation in the North, particularly it toohighlighted the enemy and emphasized excessively the situation caused by the enemywhile the landlord class was declining.

A general evaluation on the land reform, the Political Bureau believed that Based onthe achievements and two strategic missions of the national democratic resolution, thecontinuation of farmland allocation and alleviating the remnants of the feudal regime arevery necessary.

Based on the rural situation of the Northen after 1954 and the farmland were devidedto the farmers during the land reform, the serious impacts from the mistakes of the landreform and institutional rearrangement, the manner of land reform had been done was notnecessary. That was the landlord and feudalism regime, before the land reformimplementation, was basically eradicated and the objective of the farmers having land was

basically done as over two third land areas were allocated to the farmers, and the farmersownership in the rural areas had been implemented through the August Revolution to theFrench resistance war 2.

1 The Communist Party of Vietnam, The complete Partys document , Vol. 17, sdd, p. 5402 Cited by: Institute of Study Mark-Leninist and Ho Chi Minhs thought: History of The Communist Party of Vietnam ,Vol 2 (1954-1975), National Political Publishing House, Ha Noi, 1995, P.72.


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At that time, the implementation of slogan farmers have farmland in Vietnam hadoccurred complicatedly and prolonged due to the features of the countrys revolution. ThePartys directional policies on the empowerment of farmland for the farmers have beeninfluenced by various factors both from domestic and foreign. The Partys viewpoints onresolving the slogan farmers have farmland through 1945 to 1956 were varied, evenly

opposite, but that was a normal issue when the historical context was changed. Theimportant thing was that how this change was suitable with the historical condition. It wasgenerally depended on the Partys analysis and evaluation on the realistic situation, and onthinking, trusted perception of the Party while it was dealing with the missions of theVietnam resolution.

quan diem tien hanh ccrd o vn trong nhung nam 1945 - 1956 qua cac nghi quyet tw dang

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