quantum dot and hybrid solar cellsocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/note/9225.pdf · 2018. 1....
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![Page 1: Quantum Dot and Hybrid Solar Cellsocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/9225.pdf · 2018. 1. 30. · Changhee Lee, SNU, Korea 전자물리특강 EE 430.859 2014. 1st Semester Quantum](https://reader036.vdocuments.pub/reader036/viewer/2022071105/5fde9ae69a5253278672653d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Changhee Lee, SNU, Korea
전자물리특강EE 430.859
2014. 1st Semester
Quantum Dot and Hybrid Solar Cells
2014. 5. 29.
Changhee LeeSchool of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Seoul National Univ. [email protected]
![Page 2: Quantum Dot and Hybrid Solar Cellsocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/9225.pdf · 2018. 1. 30. · Changhee Lee, SNU, Korea 전자물리특강 EE 430.859 2014. 1st Semester Quantum](https://reader036.vdocuments.pub/reader036/viewer/2022071105/5fde9ae69a5253278672653d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Changhee Lee, SNU, Korea
전자물리특강EE 430.859
2014. 1st SemesterContents
Part I: Properties and formation of semiconductor Quantum dots: Introduction: Basic quantum mechanics applied to quantum dots (QDs): Basic properties of quantum wells and dots: Formation of quantum dots
Part II: Colloidal Quantum dot LEDs: QD-LED device structures and operating mechanism: History of QD-LED development: Inverted QD-LEDs: Polymer–QD hybrid LEDs: Cd-free QLEDs: QD patterning
Part III. QD and Hybrid Solar Cells
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Changhee Lee, SNU, Korea
전자물리특강EE 430.859
2014. 1st SemesterSolar Cells - Converters of Energy
Sources: http://www.econedlink.org/lessons/EM189/images/cartoon_tv.gifhttp://emmagoodegg.blogs.com/thebeehive/images/lightbulb.jpg, http://www.torpedowire.com/solar.htm, http://www.uoregon.edu/~stiedeke/a3/assignment03/a3/assignment_images/cartoon-sun.jpg
• Solar cells are devices that take light energy as input and convert it into electrical energy
• Energy produced by the sun• Clean, renewable source of energy
Light energy
Solar cell -converts light energy to electricity
Electrical energy (carried through wires)
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Changhee Lee, SNU, Korea
전자물리특강EE 430.859
2014. 1st SemesterSolar spectrumAir Mass 1.5 (solar zenith angle 48.19°)Ref. http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/standards/am1.5/#Bird
Power level in outer space (AM0): 1.353 kW/m2
Power level on earth at sea level, with the sun at zenith (AM1): 100 mW/cm2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.00
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
SpectralIntensity
W/cm2/m
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Changhee Lee, SNU, Korea
전자물리특강EE 430.859
2014. 1st Semester
V
I (mA)
Dark
Light
Twice the light
0.60.40.2
20
?0
0Iph
Voc
Typical I-V characteristics of a Si solar cell. The short circuit current is Iphand the open circuit voltage is Voc. The I-V curves for positive currentrequires an external bias voltage. Photovoltaic operation is always in thenegative current region.?1999 S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics (Prentice Hall)
I-V Characteristics of solar cells
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Changhee Lee, SNU, Korea
전자물리특강EE 430.859
2014. 1st Semester
(NREL rev. 2014. 5. 11) http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/
Solar cell efficiencies (NREL rev. 2014. 5. 11)
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Changhee Lee, SNU, Korea
전자물리특강EE 430.859
2014. 1st SemesterEfficiency-cost of organic solar cells
I. 1st Generation:High efficiency but high cost• Single crystal Si, 24.7%• Polycrystalline Si, 20.3%
Shockley-Queisser limit; 32% (single bandgap)
Ultimate thermodynamic limit; 67% at 1 sun
$3.50/W
$1.00/W
$0.50/W$0.20/W$0.10/W
Cost ($/m2)
Eff
icie
ncy
(%)
0 100 200 300 400 500
2040
6080
100
II. 2nd Generation:Low cost but low efficiency• Amorphous Si, 11.7%• CuInSe2, 19.9%• CdTe, 16.5%• DSSC, 11.1%• OPV, 8.3% (small cell)
III. 3rd Generation:High efficiency (h>Q-S limit) & low cost (<$0.50/W)
I
III
II
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Changhee Lee, SNU, Korea
전자물리특강EE 430.859
2014. 1st Semester
Wavelength (nm)
Qua
ntum
Effi
cien
cy
1.0
gg E
hc
Ideal quantum efficiency
Quantum Efficiency
in
SCOC
in
out
PFFJV
PPEff .
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Changhee Lee, SNU, Korea
전자물리특강EE 430.859
2014. 1st Semester
M. A. Green, “Third generation photovoltaics”
Thermodynamic cell efficiency
![Page 10: Quantum Dot and Hybrid Solar Cellsocw.snu.ac.kr/sites/default/files/NOTE/9225.pdf · 2018. 1. 30. · Changhee Lee, SNU, Korea 전자물리특강 EE 430.859 2014. 1st Semester Quantum](https://reader036.vdocuments.pub/reader036/viewer/2022071105/5fde9ae69a5253278672653d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Changhee Lee, SNU, Korea
전자물리특강EE 430.859
2014. 1st Semester
Absorber
Cathode
Glass+Anode (TCO)
P type layer
h
N typelayer
1
2
3 4
5
6
7
7
8
8 7
7
Loss mechanism
Idea Experiment
1 Reflection Textured surface In production (c-Si, TCO)
2 Absorption High Eg window a-p-SiC of a-Si solar cell
3 Interface recombination
Graded interface p/i buffer of a-Si solar cell
4 Bulk recombination
High quality,Nanostructure
Clean process, DSSC, polymer-acceptor
5 Thermalization Carrier multiplication, Energy selective contact (ESC)
PbSe 300% quantum yield,QD ESC
6 Color limit Multijunction, intermediate band, Up/Down converter, Thermo-photovoltaic
III-V triple junction 34.1%, QD/impurity band, Er converter
7 Contact loss Energy selective contact
QD ESC
8 Series resistance High mobility Amorphous Si vs. Poly Si
Principles of efficiency losses
자료: 백승재박사 (KAIST)
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Changhee Lee, SNU, Korea
전자물리특강EE 430.859
2014. 1st Semester
Shockley-Queisser limit
3rd generation concept: MEG, Intermediate band
Multi-exciton generation
Intermediate band
Sun
CB
VB
Sun IB
Breaking efficiency limits
자료: 백승재박사 (KAIST)
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Changhee Lee, SNU, Korea
전자물리특강EE 430.859
2014. 1st Semester
MRS Bulletin V.32 2007
Principle of carrier multiplication QE of PbSe, PbS, PbTe QD’s (3.9-5.5nm)
• Efficiency limit ~45% (86% @ full solar)• QD: much higher QE than bulk• Problem: how to separate e- & h+’s to electrodes from QD
Multi-exciton generation (MEG)
자료: 백승재박사 (KAIST)
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Changhee Lee, SNU, Korea
전자물리특강EE 430.859
2014. 1st SemesterMulti-exciton generation (MEG)
자료: 백승재박사 (KAIST)
O. E. Semonin, et al., Science, 334, 1530, 2011
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Changhee Lee, SNU, Korea
전자물리특강EE 430.859
2014. 1st Semester
Luther et al., Nano lett, vol.8, no.10, 3488-3492, 2008
Schottky QD solar cell
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Changhee Lee, SNU, Korea
전자물리특강EE 430.859
2014. 1st SemesterInter-QD distance controls transport
Y. Liu et al., Nano Lett., 10, 1960, 2010
• Electrode interface: Schottky emission with tunneling• Site to site transport: variable range hopping
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Changhee Lee, SNU, Korea
전자물리특강EE 430.859
2014. 1st SemesterAnnealing controls inter-QD distance
S. J. Baik et al., JPCC, 115, 607, 2011
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Changhee Lee, SNU, Korea
전자물리특강EE 430.859
2014. 1st Semester
R. Debnath et al., Energy and Environmental Sciences, 2011
Front transparent electrode
N P
Back metal electrode
Similar to conventional thin film solar cells N layer with colloidal nanocrystals
Voc ~ p-n More efficient: front junction Rear ohmic design
J. Tang et al., Nat. Mat., 2011
Heterojunction QD solar cells
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Changhee Lee, SNU, Korea
전자물리특강EE 430.859
2014. 1st Semester
Mimicking Dye sensitized solar cells
Absorber QD size tuning
Kamat, JPCC, 112, 18737 (2008)
QD sensitized solar cells
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Changhee Lee, SNU, Korea
전자물리특강EE 430.859
2014. 1st SemesterQD sensitized solar cells
Absorber QD size tuning
Full band solar cell Kamat, JPCC, 112, 18737 (2008)
• Similar to DSSC• Potential high Voc• Potentially most efficient• Surface chemistry• Hole transport materials
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Changhee Lee, SNU, Korea
전자물리특강EE 430.859
2014. 1st SemesterRecent reports of thin film solar cells
QD PVs
1.1 / 4 / 0.25 / 1.8Nature Nanotech. 7, 577 (2012)
Perovskite Solar Cells
Nature Photon. (2013)
Organic PVs
KRICT (Sang Il Seok) & EPFL (Michael Grätzel)PCE=12%, VOC=1.0 V, JSC=16.5 mA/cm2, FF=0.73 University of Toronto (Edward H. Sargent)
PCE=7.4%, VOC=0.6 V, JSC=21.8 mA/cm2, FF=0.58
ACS Nano (2013)University of Florida (Jiangeng Xue)
PCE=4.7%, VOC=0.74 V, JSC=12.8 mA/cm2, FF=0.50
Organic-Inorganic Blend PVs
KolonPCE=11.3%
Mitsubishi Chemical
PCE=11.1%
HeliatekPCE=12.0%
• Best efficiency of perovskite solar cells : 19.3% (Yang Yang, UCLA)• lead-free (Sn) perovskite solar cells: ~ 6.4% (Henry Snaith, Energy & Environmental Science, 2014)
http://news.sciencemag.org/chemistry/2014/05/perovskite-solar-cells-get-lead-out
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Changhee Lee, SNU, Korea
전자물리특강EE 430.859
2014. 1st SemesterBIPV - DSSC
R F Service Science 2014;344:458