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Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ,oa

jktO;oLFkk

QuickBook

la?k rFkk jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksxksa dh izkjafHkd rFkk eq[; ijh{kkvksa ds fy;s leku :i ls mi;ksxh

Hkkjrh; lafo/kku,oa

jktO;oLFkk(r`rh; laLdj.k)

n`f"V ifCyds'kUl641, izFke ry] MkW- eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&110009

nwjHkk"k% 011-47532596, 87501 87501

Website:www.drishtipublications.com, www.drishtiias.com

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r`rh; laLdj.k& tuojh 2020

ewY; % ` 280

izdk'kd

n`f"VifCyds'kUl]

641]izFkery]

MkW-eq[kthZuxj]

fnYyh&110009

fofèkd?kks"k.kk,¡

bl iqLrd eas izdkf'kr lwpuk,¡] lekpkj] Kku ,oa rF; iwjh rjg ls lR;kfir fd;s x, gSaA fiQj Hkh] ;fn dksbZ

tkudkjh ;k rF; xyr izdkf'kr gks x;k gks rks izdk'kd] laiknd ;k eqnzd mlls fdlh O;fDr&fo'ks"k ;k laLFkk

dks igq¡ph {kfr ds fy;s f”kEesnkj ugha gSA

ge fo'okl djrs gSa fd bl iqLrd esa Nih lkexzh ys[kdksa }kjk ekSfyd :i ls fy[kh xbZ gSA vxj dkWihjkbV

mYya?ku dk dksbZ ekeyk lkeus vkrk gS rks izdk'kd dks f”kEesnkj ugha Bgjk;k tk,xkA

lHkh fooknksa dk fuiVkjk fnYyh U;kf;d {ks=k esa gksxkA

© dkWihjkbV% n`f"V ifCyds'kal] lokZfèkdkj lqjf{krA bl izdk'ku ds fdlh Hkh va'k dk izdk'ku vFkok mi;ksx]

izfrfyihdj.k] ,sls ;a=k esa HkaMkj.k ftlls bls iqu% izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gks ;k LFkkukUrj.k] fdlh Hkh :i esa

;k fdlh Hkh fofèk ls (bysDVªkWfud] ;kaf=kd] iQksVks&izfrfyfi] fjdkWfM±x ;k fdlh vU; izdkj ls) izdk'kd dh

iwokZuqefr ds fcuk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

,e-ih- fizaVlZ] ch&220] isQ”k&2] uks,Mk (mÙkj izns'k) ls eqfnzrA

nks 'kCnfç; ikBdks]

^nf"V ifCyds'kUl* dh Quick Book Üka[kyk dh izFke dM+h ^Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ,oa jktO;oLFkk* ds rrh; laLdj.k dks vkids le{k izLrqr djrs gq, gesa gkfnZd vkuan dh vuqHkwfr gks jgh gSA bl iqLrd ds izFke laLdj.k dk izdk'ku twu 2017 esa fd;k x;k Fkk ftls ikBdksa us gkFkksa&gkFk fy;k vkSj dkiQh ljkgkA iqu% tqykbZ 2018 esa iqLrd dk f}rh; laLdj.k iw.kZr% la'kksfèkr vkSj v|ru :i esa çdkf'kr gqvk] ftls ysdj ikBd oxZ dh çfrfØ;k bruh mRlkgtud Fkh fd lkyHkj ds vanj gh bls 3 ckj jhfçaV djuk iM+kA xkSjryc gS fd Quick Book Üka[kyk dks ykus ds ihNs gekjk mís'; ;g jgk gS fd izkjafHkd ijh{kk esa liQyrk gsrq lkekU; vè;;u ds fo"k;ksa ij ck”kkj esa ,slh fdlh laf{kIr] lkjxfHkZr ,oa izkekf.kd iqLrd dk vHkko Fkk tks ml fo"k; ds laiw.kZ ikB~;Øe dh de le; esa fjoh”ku djus esa lgk;d gks ldsA vH;fFkZ;ksa }kjk bl rjg dh ikB~;&lkexzh dh fujarj ekax dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, geus bl ij dke djuk izkjaHk fd;kA Quick Book Üka[kyk dh vc rd izdkf'kr gekjh lkjh iqLrdsa vH;£Fk;ksa dh mEehnksa ij iw.kZr% [kjh mrjh gSaA

tSlk fd vkidks Kkr gS] izkjafHkd ijh{kk esa lkekU; vè;;u ij e”kcwr idM+ cuk, fcuk liQyrk izkIr djuk vlaHko gS vkSj izfro"kZ izR;sd ijh{kk esa ^Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ,oa jktO;oLFkk* fo"k; ij vkèkkfjr vusd iz'u iwNs tkrs gSaA fu%lansg bl dM+h ls lacfèkr ikB~;&lkexzh dh ck”kkj esa deh ugha gS ysfdu viQlksl dh ckr ;g gS fd muesa ls vfèkdka'k iqLrdsa ijaijkxr ikB~;Øe dks è;ku esa j[kdj fy[kh xbZ gSaA lkFk gh] ;s iqLrdsa v'kqf¼;ksa dh vfèkdrk ,oa viMs'ku ds vHkko ds dkj.k ijh{kksi;ksxh Hkh ugha jg tkrhaA ck”kkj esa bl fo"k; ij tks ,d&nks Bhd&Bkd iqLrdsa gSa] os 500–600 i`"Bksa ds xzaFk gSa ftUgsa i<+uk ,oa ijh{kk ds le; muls fjoh”ku djuk vH;fFkZ;ksa ds fy;s ,d dfBu pqukSrh gS vkSj lp rks ;g gS fd fcuk fjoh”ku ds fdlh Hkh ijh{kk esa liQyrk dh dYiuk ugha dh tk ldrhA

vH;fFkZ;ksa dh bUgha leL;kvksa dk lekèkku djus dk ladYi gekjh 15 lnL;h; Vhe us fy;kA ^Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ,oa jktO;oLFkk* tSls O;kid fo"k; dks yxHkx 330 i`"Bksa esa lesV ikuk ,d pqukSrhiw.kZ dk;Z FkkA gekjh Vhe us bl pqukSrh dks Lohdkj fd;k vkSj yxHkx 4 eghuksa ds vFkd ifjJe ds ckn liQyrkiwoZd bl dk;Z dks laiUu fd;kA xkSjryc gS fd çFke laLdj.k ds le; iqLrd yxHkx 220 i`"Bksa dh Fkh ftls çkjafHkd ijh{kk dks è;ku esa j[kdj fy[kk x;k Fkk ysfdu ikBdksa dh fo'ks"k ekax ij blesa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq eSVj tksM+dj bls çkjafHkd lg eq[; ijh{kk gsrq mi;ksxh cuk;k x;k gSA bl iqLrd dks fy[krs le; bl ckr dk fo'ks"k è;ku j[kk x;k gS fd bldh Hkk"kk ljy ,oa lgt gks ftlls vH;fFkZ;ksa dks Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh tfVyrkvksa dks le>us esa dksbZ ijs'kkuh u vk,A fo"k;&oLrq dks jkspd cuk, j[kus ds fy;s egÙoiw.kZ rF;ksa dks ÝykspkVZ] rkfydk] ckWDl bR;kfn ds ekè;e ls iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA iqLrd dks fo'oluh; cukus ds fy;s rF;ksa ,oa lwpukvksa dh tk¡p ekud lzksrksa ls dh xbZ gSA lkFk gh] ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa dh tfVyrk dks nwj djus ds fy;s mUgsa vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk esa Hkh fy[kk x;k gSA iqLrd esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh v'kqf¼;k¡ u jg tk,¡] blds fy;s dbZ pj.kksa esa bldk vfrlw{e fujh{k.k Hkh fd;k x;k gSA

iqLrd esa geus lacafèkr fo"k; dh voèkkj.kkvksa dks Li"V djus ds fy;s mUgsa djsaV visQ;lZ ds lkFk tksM+dj izLrqr fd;k gSA 24 vè;k;ksa esa c¡Vh bl iqLrd dk izR;sd vè;k; la?k ,oa jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksxksa dh izkjafHkd ijh{kkvksa ds vykok mÙkj izns'k yksd lsok vk;ksx dh eq[; ijh{kk ,oa vU; izfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa ds ekudksa ds vuq:i lqlfTtr gSA izR;sd [kaM ds var esa la?k ,oa jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx }kjk iwNs x, iz'uksa ds vykok fofHkUu izfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa esa Hkfo"; esa iwNs tk ldus okys iz'uksa dk Hkh mÙkj lfgr ladyu gSA bu iz'uksa dk vH;kl vkids vkRefo'okl dks c<+k,xk ftlls ijh{kk Hkou esa ^Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ,oa jktO;oLFkk* ds iz'uksa dks gy djus esa vki lgtrk eglwl djsaxsA iqLrd esa IAS eq[; ijh{kk esa iwNs x, ç'uksa dk vè;k;okj ladyu gS_ lkFk gh vH;kl gsrq eq[; ijh{kk esa iwNs tk ldus okys laHkkfor u, ç'uksa dks Hkh tksM+k x;k gSA gekjk iz;kl ;gh gS fd ge vkidh liQyrk esa lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh djsa vkSj blds fy;s ge fujarj iz;kljr Hkh gSaA

iqLrd ds uohure laLdj.k (çkjafHkd lg eq[; ijh{kk gsrq) dks i<+dj vc vki gh r; djsaxs fd ;g vkidh vis{kkvksa ij fdruh [kjh mrjh] ij eq>s vxkèk fo'okl gS fd ;g iqLrd vkidh rS;kjh vkSj liQyrk esa mi;ksxh fl¼ gksxhA oSls rks ^Vhe n`f"V* }kjk iqLrd dh dbZ pj.kksa esa lw{ere tk¡p dh xbZ gS] ysfdu dksbZ Hkh o`Qfr lkS izfr'kr nks"kjfgr ugha gksrhA mlesa dqN dfe;ksa dk jg tkuk LokHkkfod gSA esjk fuosnu gS fd vki bl iqLrd dks ikBd ds lkFk vkykspd dh fuxkg ls Hkh i<+saA vxj vkidks blesa dksbZ deh fn[ks rks viuh ckr csf>>d ‘8130392355’ uacj ij okV~l,i eSlst ls Hkst nsaA vkidh fVIif.k;ksa ds vkèkkj ij ge iqLrd ds vkxkeh laLdj.kksa dks vkSj csgrj cuk ldsaxsA

lkHkkj] izèkku laiknd n`f"V ifCyds'kUl

vuqØe 1. jktO;oLFkk % ,d ifjp; ........................................ 1-18

zz jkT;] jkT; ds rÙo rFkk jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh vko';drk

z� jkT; D;k gS\

z� jkT; ds rÙo

z� jktuhfr vkSj jktuhfrd fl¼kar dk vFkZ rFkk bldk fodkl

z� jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh vko';drk D;ksa gS\

zz 'kklu ds vax

�zfoèkkf;dk �zdk;Zikfydk �zU;k;ikfydk

zz dkuwuksa ds fofHkUu çdkj

zz 'kklu ç.kkfy;ksa ds çdkj

zz yksdra=k ,oa lafoèkkuokn dk ,sfrgkfld fodkl

z� orZeku le; esa lafoèkkuokn ds le{k fo|eku pqukSfr;k¡

zz yksdra=k ds çdkj

zz çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl ç'u

2. Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh fodkl ;k=k .......................... 19-28

zz lafoèkku D;k gS\

zz lafoèkku dk egÙo

zz laoSèkkfud fodkl ds pj.k

zz fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k daiuh ds varxZr ikfjr vfèkfu;e

�zjsX;qys¯Vx ,DV] 1773 �z,DV vkWiQ lsVyesaV] 1781�zfiV~l bafM;k ,DV] 1784 �zpkVZj vfèkfu;e] 1813�zpkVZj vfèkfu;e] 1833 �zpkVZj vfèkfu;e] 1853zz fczfV'k rkt ds varxZr ikfjr vfèkfu;e

z� Hkkjr 'kklu vfèkfu;e] 1858z� Hkkjrh; ifj"kn vfèkfu;e] 1861z� Hkkjrh; ifj"kn vfèkfu;e] 1892z� Hkkjrh; ifj"kn vfèkfu;e (ekWysZ&feaVks lqèkkj)] 1909z� Hkkjr 'kklu vfèkfu;e] 1919 z� Hkkjr 'kklu vfèkfu;e] 1935z� Hkkjrh; Lora=krk vfèkfu;e] 1947

zz Lora=krk iwoZ xfBr varfje eaf=keaMy (1946)zz Lora=k Hkkjr dk igyk eaf=keaMy (1947)zz çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl ç'u

3. Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk fuekZ.k ,oa bldh çeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ ... ...............................................................................29-37

zz i`"BHkwfe

zz lafoèkku lHkk dk xBu

z� dSfcusV fe'ku ;kstuk ds vuqlkj

zz lafoèkku lHkk dh dk;Zfofèk

z� mís'; izLrko

z� Hkkjrh; Lora=krk vfèkfu;e] 1947 }kjk gq, ifjorZuz� lafoèkku lHkk }kjk fd;s x, vU; dk;Z

zz lafoèkku lHkk dh lafoèkku fuekZ.k ls lacafèkr dk;Z lfefr;k¡

zz lafoèkku dh çeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡

z� lcls yack fyf[kr lafoèkku

z� fofHkUu lzksrksa }kjk fy;k x;k

z� uE;rk ,oa vuE;rk dk feJ.k

z� ,dy ukxfjdrk

z� lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkfèkdkj

z� Lora=k o fu"i{k U;k;ikfydk

z� lalnh; laizHkqrk ,oa U;kf;d loksZPPkrk esa leUo;

z� lafoèkku dh loksZPprk

z� lalnh; 'kklu iz.kkyh

z� ewy vfèkdkj] ewy dÙkZO; rFkk uhfr&funs'kd rÙo

z� f=k&Lrjh; 'kklu@fodsaæhÑr O;oLFkk

z� vkikr micaèk

z� iaFkfujis{k jkT;

z� la?kkRed lafoèkku ¯drq ,dkRedrk dh vksj >qdko


4. lafo/kku dh izLrkouk ............................................ 38-43

zz izLrkouk D;k gS\

zz izLrkouk esa mfYyf[kr 'kCn

�z¶ge] Hkkjr ds yksx¸ �zlaiw.kZ çHkqRo&lEiUu

�zlektoknh �ziaFkfujis{k

�zyksdra=kkRed �zx.kjkT;

�zU;k; �zLora=krk

�zlerk �zcaèkqRo

�zO;fDr dh xfjek �zjk"Vª dh ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk

zz izLrkouk dh mi;ksfxrk

zz çLrkouk lafoèkku dk vax gS ;k ugha\

zz izLrkouk ifjorZuh;@la'kksèkuh; gS ;k ugha\

zz çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl iz'u

5. Hkkjr la?k ,oa mldk jkT;{ks= rFkk jkT;ksa dk iquxZBu ...... ..............................................................................44-52

zz jkT;ksa dk la?k

zz jkT;ksa ds iquxZBu lacaèkh laln dh 'kfDr

zz jkT;ksa ds uke] lhek ;k {ks=k cnyus dh izfØ;k

zz D;k laln ds ikl Hkkjrh; jkT;{ks=k dk dksbZ fgLlk fdlh vU; ns'k dks v£ir djus dk vfèkdkj gS\

zz ns'kh fj;klrksa dk ,dhdj.k

zz ewy lafoèkku (1949) esa Hkkjrh; la?k ds jkT;ksa dk oxhZdj.k

zz jkT; iquxZBu vk;ksx

z� èkj vk;ksx

z� iQ”ky vyh vk;ksx

zz 1956 ds ckn cus u, jkT;ksa o la?k 'kkflr izns'kksa dk fooj.k

zz Hkkjr vkSj ckaXykns'k ds eè; ,sfrgkfld Hkwfe le>kSrk


6. ukxfjdrk ............................................................. 53-60

zz ukxfjdrk dk vFkZ

zz laoSèkkfud micaèk

zz ukxfjdksa vkSj fonsf'k;ksa dks çkIr vfèkdkjksa esa varj

zz dkuwuh ntZs ds vkèkkj ij O;fDr;ksa ds fofHkUu oxZ

zz Hkkjrh; ukxfjdrk dk Lo:i

zz ,dy ukxfjdrk ds viokn

zz ukxfjdrk vfèkfu;e] 1955zz jk"Vªh; ukxfjd jftLVj

z� vle esa ,uvkjlh dk v|ruhdj.k zz fons'kh fuokfl;ksa ds fo'ks"k ntsZ

z� vfuoklh Hkkjrh;

z� Hkkjrh; ewy ds O;fDr

z� Hkkjr ds leqnzikjh; ukxfjd

zz ukxfjdrk (la'kksèku) vfèkfu;e] 2015zz çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl iz'u

7. ewy vf/kdkj ......................................................... 61-80

zz ewy vfèkdkj D;k gaS\

zz laoSèkkfud micaèk

zz ewy vfèkdkjksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡

zz ewy vfèkdkjksa ls lacafèkr vuqPNsn

zz vuqPNsn 12% ^jkT;* dh ifjHkk"kk

zz vuqPNsn 13% ewy vfèkdkjksa ls vlaxr ;k mudk vYihdj.k djus okyh fofèk;k¡

z� vuqPNsn 13 ,oa vuqPNsn 368 dk lacaèk

zz fofèk;ksa ds vFkZ vkSj ifjfèk dh Li"Vrk djus gsrq fn;s x, fl¼kar

z� vkPNknu dk fl¼kar

z� i`FkDdj.kh;rk dk fl¼kar

z� vfèkR;kx dk fl¼kar

zz vuqPNsn 14-18 : lerk dk vfèkdkj

z� vuqPNsn 14 : fofèk ds le{k lerk ds viokn

z� vuqPNsn 15 : èkeZ] ewyoa'k] tkfr] fyax ;k tUeLFkku ds vkèkkj ij foHksn dk izfr"ksèk

z� vuqPNsn 16 : yksd fu;kstu ds fo"k; esa volj dh lerk

zz vkfFkZd vkèkkj ij lkekU; oxZ gsrq 10 çfr'kr vkj{k.k

z� vuqPNsn 17 : vLi`';rk dk var

zz vuqPNsn 19–22 : Lora=krk dk vfèkdkj

z� vuqPNsn 19 : vfHkO;fDr o vU; Lora=krk,¡

z� vuqPNsn 20 : vijkèkksa ds fy;s nks"kflf¼ ds lacaèk esa laj{k.k

z� vuqPNsn 21 : izk.k ,oa nSfgd Lora=krk dk laj{k.k

z� vuqPNsn 22 : dqN n'kkvksa esa fxjÝrkjh vkSj fujksèk ls laj{k.k

z� fuokjd fujksèk fofèk;ksa dk bfrgkl

zz vuqPNsn 23-24 % 'kks"k.k ds fo#¼ vfèkdkj

zz vuqPNsn 25-28 % èkeZ dh Lora=krk dk vfèkdkj

zz vuqPNsn 29-30 % laLÑfr vkSj f'k{kk lacaèkh vfèkdkj

zz vuqPNsn 31&laifÙk dk vfuok;Z vtZu

zz vuqPNsn 32% laoSèkkfud mipkjksa dk vfèkdkj

z� vuqPNsn 32(2)&fjV

zz mPpre U;k;ky; o mPp U;k;ky; }kjk fjV tkjh djus ds vfèkdkj esa varj

zz ewy vfèkdkjksa ls lacafèkr vU; micaèk

z� l'kL=k cy ,oa ewy vfèkdkj

z� ek'kZy ykW ,oa ewy vfèkdkj


8. jkT; dh uhfr ds funs'kd rÙo ............................... 81-87

zz jkT; dh uhfr ds funs'kd rÙo

z� laoSèkkfud micaèk

z� funs'kd rÙoksa dk egÙo

z� fofHkUu fopkjdksa dk jkT; ds uhfr funs'kd rÙoksa ds lacaèk esa fopkj

z� jkT; ds uhfr funs'kd rÙoksa dk oxhZdj.k

z� jkT; ds uhfr funs'kd rÙoksa esa fd;s x, la'kksèku

z� lafoèkku ds vU; Hkkxksa esa mfYyf[kr funs'kd rÙo

z� funs'kd rÙoksa dh vkykspuk

z� ewy vfèkdkj o funs'kd rÙoksa esa Vdjko

z� orZeku fLFkfr

z� funs'kd rÙoksa dk fØ;kUo;u

z� ewy vfèkdkj ,oa jkT; ds uhfr funs'kd rÙoksa esa varj


9. ewy drZO; ............................................................. 88-91

zz ewy dÙkZO;

z� laoSèkkfud micaèk

z� ewy dÙkZO;ksa dh izorZuh;rk

z� ewy dÙkZO;ksa ds lanHkZ esa fd;s x, ljdkjh iz;kl

z� ewy dÙkZO;ksa dk egÙo


10. dk;Zikfydk ......................................................... 92-115

la?k dh dk;Zikfydk (The Union Executive)

zz Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr

z� jk"Vªifr dk fuokZpu (vuqPNsn 54)zz Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr ij egkfHk;ksx

zz jk"Vªifr ds in dh fjDrrk

zz jk"Vªifr dh 'kfDr;k¡

zz jk"Vªifr dh ohVks 'kfDr

zz jk"Vªifr dh vè;kns'k tkjh djus dh 'kfDr (vuqPNsn 123)zz vè;kns'k dh vofèk (fookn)zz jk"Vªifr dh {keknku djus dh 'kfDr

zz jk"Vªifr ls lacafèkr egÙoiw.kZ vuqPNsn

zz jk"Vªifr dh 'kfDr iz;ksx ds lanHkZ esa U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ;

z� D;k jk"Vªifr ^jcM+ dh eqgj* gS\

zz Hkkjr dk mijk"Vªifr

z� mijk"Vªifr cuus dh vgZrk,¡

z� mijk"Vªifr dk fuokZpu

z� mijk"Vªifr dh 'kiFk

z� mijk"Vªifr dh inkofèk

z� mijk"Vªifr in dh fjDrrk

z� mijk"Vªifr dh 'kfDr;k¡ ,oa dk;Z

z� mijk"Vªifr dh ifjyfCèk;k¡

z� vU; egÙoiw.kZ rF;

zz Hkkjr dk izèkkuea=kh

z� izèkkuea=kh dh 'kiFk

z� izèkkuea=kh dh inkofèk

z� izèkkuea=kh dh 'kfDr;k¡ ,oa dk;Z

zz dsanzh; eaf=kifj"kn~

z� eaf=kifj"kn~ dh lajpuk

z� eaf=kifj"kn~ rFkk eaf=keaMy esa varj

z� laoSèkkfud izkoèkku

z� vuqPNsn 88 - lnu esa eaf=k;ksa vkSj egkU;k;oknh ds vfèkdkj

z� eaf=keaMy dh 'kfDr;k¡ ,oa dk;Z zz Hkkjr dk egkU;k;oknh

z� 'kfDr;k¡

z� dk;Zdky dh lekfIr

jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk (State Executive)

zz jkT;iky

�zfu;qfDr �zvgZrk,¡

�z'kiFk �zdk;Zdky

�zjkT;iky dh 'kfDr;k¡ ,oa dk;Z

�zjkT;iky ls lacafèkr egÙoiw.kZ vuqPNsn

zz eq[;ea=kh

�zeq[;ea=kh dh fu;qfDr �z'kiFk

�zdk;Zdky �zosru o HkÙkk

�zeq[;ea=kh dh 'kfDr;k¡ ,oa dk;Z

zz jkT; eaf=kifj"kn~

z� eaf=kifj"kn~ dk xBu

z� eaf=kifj"kn~ dk dk;Zdky

z� eaf=kifj"kn~ dh 'kfDr;k¡ ,oa dk;Z

z� jkT; eaf=kifj"kn~ ls lacafèkr vU; egÙoiw.kZ vuqPNsn

zz egkfèkoDrk

z� mÙkjnkf;Ro


11. U;k;ikfydk ..................................................... 116-137

zz U;k; D;k gS\

zz U;k;ikfydk ds fofHkUu Lrj

zz la?kh; U;k;ikfydk

z� loksZPp U;k;ky;

z� loksZPp U;k;ky; dk xBu

z� U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr dh izfØ;k

z� eq[; U;k;ew£r dh fu;qfDr

z� U;k;kèkh'kksa dh vgZrk,¡

z� 'kiFk

z� U;k;kèkh'kksa dk dk;Zdky

z� U;k;kèkh'kksa dks gVk, tkus dh izfØ;k

z� osru o HkÙks

z� rnFkZ U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr

z� lsokfuo`Ùk U;k;kèkh'kksa dh mifLFkfr

z� dk;Zdkjh eq[; U;k;ewfrZ dh fu;qfDr

z� in dh fjfDr

z� loksZPp U;k;ky; ds {ks=kkfèkdkj rFkk 'kfDr;k¡

z� tufgr okn ;k yksdfgr okn

z� U;kf;d lfØ;rk

z� loksZPp U;k;ky; dh 'kfDr;ksa esa o`f¼

z� loksZPp U;k;ky; dh Lora=krk

zz jkT; U;k;ikfydk

z� mPp U;k;ky;

z� mPp U;k;ky;ksa dk xBu

z� mPp U;k;ky;ksa dh la[;k

z� U;k;kèkh'kksa dh vgZrk,¡

z� U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr

z� U;k;kèkh'kksa dh 'kiFk ;k izfrKku

z� U;k;kèkh'kksa dk dk;Zdky

z� osru ,oa HkÙks

z� U;k;kèkh'kksa dk LFkkukarj.k

z� in dh fjfDr

z� dk;Zdkjh eq[; U;k;kèkh'k dh fu;qfDr

z� vij vkSj dk;Zdkjh U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr

z� lsokfuo`Ùk U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr

z� mPp U;k;ky; ds {ks=kkfèkdkj rFkk 'kfDr;k¡ z� mPp U;k;ky;ksa dh Lora=krk

zz vèkhuLFk U;k;ikfydk ,oa vU; mi&Lrj

z� vèkhuLFk U;k;ky;

z� vèkhuLFk U;k;ikfydk dk <k¡pk

z� yksd vnkyr

z� ifjokj U;k;ky;

z� xzke U;k;ky;

z� eksckby dksVZ

z� iQkLV VªSd dksVZ

z� bZ&vnkyr rFkk ^vkHkklh vnkyr*

zz fo'ks"k mís'; U;k;ky;

z� cky o fd'kksj U;k;ky;

z� miHkksDrk vnkyr

z� lsuk U;k;ky;@dksVZ ek'kZy

z� gfjr ihBsa rFkk gfjr vfèkdj.k

zz U;kf;d ç.kkyh esa lqèkkj gsrq mik;


12. foèkkf;dk ......................................................... 138-166

zz la?kh; foèkkf;dk

z� laln dk xBu ,oa lajpuk

z� jkT;lHkk (mPp lnu) dh lajpuk

z� yksdlHkk (fuEu lnu) dk xBu

zz laln ds l=k

z� l=k vkgwr djuk

z� jk"Vªifr dk vfHkHkk"k.k

z� yse Md l=k ;k iaxq l=k

z� LFkxu

z� l=kkolku

z� fo?kVu

zz laln dh dk;Zokgh

z� iz'udky

z� 'kwU;dky

z� izLrko vkSj ladYi

zz lalnh; fo'ks"kkfèkdkj

z� lalnh; fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa dk oxhZdj.k

zz laln eas foèkk;h izfØ;k

z� foèks;d ds izdkj

zz laln esa ctV lacaèkh izfØ;k

z� ctV ikfjr djus dh izfØ;k

zz lalnh; lfefr;k¡z� lalnh; lfefr;ksa ds izdkj

zz lalnh; lfefr;ksa ds xBu ds ykHk z� lhek,¡

zz fofHkUu izdkj dh fufèk;k¡zz jkT; dk foèkkueaMyz� foèkkuifj"kn~z� foèkkulHkkz� foèkkulHkk dh 'kfDr;k¡ ,oa dk;Z

zz foèkkueaMy ds inkfèkdkjhzz foèkkueaMyksa dh 'kfDr;ksa ij izfrcaèk z� x.kiwfrZ

zz jkT;ksa dh fofHkUu izdkj dh fufèk;k¡z� jkT; dh lafpr fufèkz� jkT; dk yksd ys[kkz� jkT; dh vkdfLedrk fufèk

zz foèkkueaMy esa eaf=k;ksa ,oa egkfèkoDrk ds vfèkdkjzz çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl iz'u

13. dsanz&jkT; laca/k ................................................ 167-186

zz Hkwfedkzz dsanz rFkk jkT;ksa ds foèkk;h lacaèkzz lwfp;ksa ds fuoZpu dk fl¼karzz jkT; lwph ij laln }kjk dkuwu cuk;k tkukz� jkT;lHkk ds izLrko ds vkèkkj ijz� jk"Vªh; vkikr dh mn~?kks"k.kk ds nkSjkuz� jkT;ksa dh lgefr ls ;k muds vuqjksèk ijz� varjkZ"Vªh; djkjksa dks ykxw djus ds fy;sz� jk"Vªifr 'kklu ds nkSjkuz� jk"Vªh; egÙo dh laLFkkvksa ds lacaèk esa

zz jkT; foèkkf;dk ij dsanz dk fu;a=k.kzz dsanz rFkk jkT;ksa dh fofèk;ksa esa Vdjkozz dsanz rFkk jkT;ksa ds iz'kklfud lacaèkz� dk;Zdkjh 'kfDr;ksa dk lkekU; c¡Vokjkz� jkT;ksa dks funs'k nsus dh dsanz dh 'kfDrz� vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok,¡z� vU; laoSèkkfud izkoèkkuz� lafoèkkusrj izkoèkku

zz dsanz rFkk jkT;ksa ds foÙkh; laca/zz 101ok¡ lafoèkku la'kksèku vfèkfu;e] 2016 z� jkT;ksa dh djkèkku 'kfDr ij fu;a=k.kz� dj jktLo dk forj.kz� orZeku esa la?k lwph ds fofHkUu djksa ds jktLo dk forj.kz� vuqnkuz� vkikrdky esa foÙkh; lacaèk

zz dsanz&jkT; lacaèkksa esa ruko ds izeq[k dkj.k

zz ljdkfj;k vk;ksx

zz iqaNh vk;ksx

zz jkT;ksa dh Lok;Ùkrk dh ekax dk vkSfpR;

zz varjkZT;h; ifj"kn~

z� ifj"kn~ dk xBu vkSj orZeku fLFkfr

zz varjkZT;h; unh ty fookn

z� unh cksMZ vfèkfu;e] 1956z� varjkZT;h; unh ty fookn vfèkfu;e] 1956

zz lafo/kusrj laLFkk,¡

z� {ks=kh; ifj"knsa

z� ifj"knksa dk eq[; mís';

z� ifj"knksa ds dk;Z

z� iwoksZÙkj ifj"kn~~


14. la?k jkT;{ks=ksa dh 'kklu O;oLFkk ...................... 187-192

zz la?k jkT;{ks=kksa dk ifjp;

zz la?k jkT;{ks=kksa dk ,sfrgkfld fodkl

zz la?k jkT;{ks=kksa ls lacafèkr laoSèkkfud izkoèkku

zz la?k jkT;{ks=kksa dh 'kklu O;oLFkk

z� la?k jkT;{ks=kksa dk iz'kklu

z� la?k jkT;{ks=kksa ds fuekZ.k ds dkj.k

z� la?k jkT;{ks=kksa esa foèkkueaMy

z� la?k jkT;{ks=kksa esa vè;kns'k

z� jk"Vªifr dh fofu;e cukus dh 'kfDr

z� la?k jkT;{ks=kksa ds fy;s mPp U;k;ky;

zz fnYyh ds fy;s fo'ks"k micaèk

z� jkT; o la?k jkT;{ks=kksa esa rqyuk

z� fnYyh dk orZeku iz'kklfud <k¡pk

z� iw.kZ jkT; ds ntsZ ls lacafèkr fookn

z� fnYyh ds fy;s mi;qDr iz'kklfud <k¡pk

z� la?k jkT;{ks=kksa dh iz'kklfud O;oLFkkvksa dh rqyuk ls lacafèkr rkfydk

z� x`g ea=kh dh lykgdkj lfefr;k¡zz çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl iz'u

15. dqN jkT;ksa ds fy;s fo'ks"k micaèk ........................ 193-203

zz vLFkk;h] laØe.k'khy vkSj fo'ks"k micaèk

zz tEew vkSj d'ehj dk fo'ks"k ntkZ

zz orZeku fLFkfr

z� lkekU; ifjp;

z� vuqPNsn 370 ds fujlu dh orZeku çfØ;k

z� tEew vkSj d'ehj jkT; iquxZBu vfèkfu;e] 2019

zz ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfez� vuqPNsn 370 : tEew vkSj d'ehj jkT; ds lacaèk esa vLFkk;h micaèkz� lafoèkku (tEew vkSj d'ehj ij ykxw gksuk) vkns'k] 1954z� vuqPNsn 35A

zz dqN vU; jkT;ksa ds fy;s fo'ks"k micaèk�zegkjk"Vª o xqtjkr �zukxkySaM�zvle �zef.kiqj�zvkaèkz izns'k �zflfDde�zfe”kksje �zv#.kkpy izns'k�zxksok �zdukZVdzz çkjafHkd ,oa eq[; ijh{kk gsrq vH;kl iz'u

16. Hkk"kk laca/kh mica/k ............................................ 204-209

zz Hkk"kk D;k gS\zz jktHkk"kkz� jktHkk"kk ls lacaf/r laoS/kfud micaèk

zz fganh fnolzz jktHkk"kk vfèkfu;e] 1963 dh /kjk 3 z� mièkkjk 3

zz jktHkk"kk fu;e] 1976z� laf{kIr uke] foLrkj vkSj izkjaHkz� ifjHkk"kk,¡z� jkT;ksa vkSj dsanz ljdkj ds dk;kZy;ksa ls fHkUu dk;kZy;ksa ds lkFk i=kkfnz� dsanz ljdkj ds dk;kZy;ksa osQ chp i=kkfnz� fganh esa izkIr i=kkfn ds mÙkjz� fganh vkSj vaxzs”kh nksuksa dk iz;ksxz� vkosnu] vH;kosnu vkfnz� dsanz ljdkj ds dk;kZy;ksa esa fVIi.kh dk fy[kk tkukz� fganh esa izoh.krkz� fganh dk dk;Zlkèkd Kkuz� eSuqvy] lafgrk,¡] izfØ;k lacaèkh vU; lkfgR;] ys[ku lkexzh vkfnz� vuqikyu dk mÙkjnkf;Ro


17. vkikr mica/k ................................................... 210-216

zz laoSèkkfud izkoèkkuz� mís';

zz vkikr micaèkksa dk oxhZdj.kz� jk"Vªh; vkikr (vuqPNsn 352) z� jk"Vªifr 'kklu (vuqPNsn 356) z� foÙkh; vkikr (vuqPNsn 360)

zz rqyukRed vè;;u


18. vuqlwfpr ,oa tutkrh; {ks= ............................ 217-223

zz laoSèkkfud izkoèkku

zz ik¡poha rFkk NBh vuqlwph dh rqyukRed fo'ks"krk,¡

zz ik¡poha vuqlwph ds varxZr jkT; o lfEefyr {ks=k

zz NBh vuqlwph ds tutkrh; {ks=k

zz fo'ks"k :i ls de”kksj tutkrh; lewg

zz tutkrh; dk;Z ea=kky;

zz vuqlwfpr ,oa tutkrh; {ks=kksa ls lacafèkr vuqPNsn % ,d u”kj esa


19. LFkkuh; Lo'kklu ............................................. 224-240

zz LFkkuh; Lo'kklu dk vk'k;

zz Hkkjr esa LFkkuh; Lo'kklu dk fodkl

z� Hkkjr esa LFkkuh; Lo'kklu

zz Hkkjr esa iapk;rh jkt ls lacaf/r izeq[k lfefr;k¡

z� cyoar jk; esgrk lfefr

z� v'kksd esgrk lfefr

z� th-oh-ds- jko lfefr

z� y{ehey fla?koh lfefr

zz 73ok¡ lafoèkku la'kksèku vfèkfu;e] 1992 z� 11oha vuqlwph esa lwphc¼ 29 fo"k; (vuqPNsn 243N)

zz 73osa lafo/ku la'kksèku ds izeq[k micaèk

�ziapk;r �zxzke lHkk

�ziapk;rksa dk xBu

�ziapk;rksa dh lajpuk % (vuqPNsn 243x) �zxzke iapk;r �zjkT; foÙk vk;ksx

�ziapk;rksa dk ys[kk ijh{k.k �zjkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx

z� 73osa lafoèkku la'kksèku ds rgr vfuok;Z rFkk foosdkèkhu micaèk

z� {ks=k iapk;r lfefr (CykWd)

z� f”kyk iapk;r@ifj"kn~

zz vuqlwfpr {ks=kksa esa iapk;rh jkt dk foLrkj

z� 1996 dk islk vfèkfu;e

z� islk vfèkfu;e }kjk xzke lHkk ,oa iapk;rksa dks nh xbZ 'kfDr;k¡

z� islk vfèkfu;e dk egÙo

z� islk vfèkfu;e ls tqM+h leL;k,¡

zz uxjh; LFkkuh; Lo'kklu

z� ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe

z� iapk;rksa ls lacafèkr vuqPNsn% ,d u”kj esa

z� orZeku fLFkfr

zz 74osa lafoèkku la'kksèku ds izeq[k micaèk

z� uxjikfydkvksa dk xBu

z� uxjikfydkvksa dh lajpuk

z� uxjikfydkvksa dh vofèk

z� lnL;rk ds fy;s fujgZrk,¡

z� uxjikfydkvksa dh 'kfDr;k¡ ,oa mÙkjnkf;Ro

z� uxjikfydkvksa ds foÙk ls tqM+s izkoèkku

z� djkjksi.k dh 'kfDr rFkk fufèk;k¡

z� foÙk vk;ksx

z� ys[kkvksa dh laijh{kk

z� uxjikfydkvksa ds fy;s pquko

z� okMZ lfefr;ksa dk xBu

z� f”kyk ;kstuk lfefr

z� uxjikfydkvksa esa vkj{k.k

z� egkuxjh; ;kstuk lfefr

z� 74osa lafoèkku la'kksèku ds rgr vfuok;Z o foosdkèkhu micaèk

z� uxjikfydkvksa ls lacafèkr vuqPNsn% ,d u”kj esa

z� LFkkuh; Lo'kklu dk egÙo


20. vk;ksx@ifj"kn~@vf/kdj.k .................................. 241-263

zz laoS/kfud fudk;

z� foÙk vk;ksx

z� ifjlheu vk;ksx

z� la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx

z� jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx

z� la;qDr jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx

z� Hkkjr dk fu;a=kd ,oa egkys[kkijh{kd

z� jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tkfr vk;ksx

z� jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tutkfr vk;ksx

z� jk"Vªh; fiNM+k oxZ vk;ksx

z� fuokZpu vk;ksx

zz lkafof/d fudk;

z� dsanzh; iz'kklfud vfèkdj.k

z� jk"Vªh; ekuokfèkdkj vk;ksx

z� jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx

z� jk"Vªh; cky vfèkdkj laj{k.k vk;ksx

z� jk"Vªh; vYila[;d vk;ksx

z� dsanzh; lrdZrk vk;ksx

z� dsanzh; lwpuk vk;ksx

z� jk"Vªh; gfjr vfèkdj.k

z� ckj dkmafly vkWiQ bafM;k

zz dsanzh; izLrko }kjk LFkkfir laLFkk,¡

�z;kstuk vk;ksx �zuhfr vk;ksx

�zjk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn �zHkkjr dk fofèk vk;ksx


21. Hkkjr esa fuokZpu] ernku O;ogkj ,oa nyh; O;oLFkk ....... .......................................................................... 264-275

zz pquko

zz laoS/kfud mica/

zz Hkkjr esa fuokZpu iz.kkyh

z� fuokZpu iz.kkyh ds izdkj

zz pquko ds izdkj

�zvke pquko �zeè;kofèk pquko

�zmipquko

�zpquko ls lacafèkr dfe;k¡@leL;k,¡

zz pquko lqèkkj ls lacaf/r lfefr;k¡

zz ,d ns'k ,d pquko

zz ernku O;ogkj

z� Hkkjr esa ernku O;ogkj dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjd

zz nyh; O;oLFkk

z� Hkkjr esa nyh; O;oLFkk

zz jk"Vªh; vkSj jkT; Lrjh; nyksa dks ekU;rk

z� jk"Vªh; nyksa ds :i esa ekU;rk ds fy;s n'kk,¡

z� jkT; Lrjh; nyksa dh ekU;rk ds fy;s n'kk,¡

zz ny ifjorZu dkuwu

�zfujgZrk �zviokn

�zfuèkkZj.k izkfèkdkjh �zfu;e cukus dh 'kfDr

zz fgr lewg vkSj ncko lewg

zz Hkkjr esa nyksa dk oxhZdj.k


22. Hkkjr esa lq'kklu .............................................. 276-301

zz lq'kklu

z� ukxfjd&dsafær iz'kklu dh vo/kj.kk

z� lq'kklu ds xq.k

z� lq'kklu dh vko';drk D;ksa\ z� lq'kklu esa ckèkk,¡

z� lq'kklu ds fy;s iwoZ vko';d 'krs±

z� ljdkj ds dk;Z

z� ljdkj ds dk;ks± dk oxhZdj.k

zz ukxfjd pkVZj

z� ukxfjd pkVZj dk vFkZ

z� fl¼kar

z� ukxfjd pkVZj ds lacaèk esa Hkkjr dk vuqHko

z� ukxfjd pkVZj dh ck/k,¡@dfe;k¡

z� ukxfjd pkVZj dks izHkkoh cukuk& lqèkkjksa gsrq ,tsaMk

z� ukxfjd&dsafædrk ds fy;s iz'kklfud lqèkkj vk;ksx ds lkr pj.k ekWMy

z� 'kklu esa turk dh Hkkxhnkjh

z� fodsaæhdj.k vkSj izR;k;kstu

zz bZ&xous±l

�zbZ&xous±l ds pkj LraHk �zbZ&xous±l dh ifjHkk"kk,¡

�zbZ&xous±l ds y{; �zbZ&xous±l lsok,¡

�zbZ&xous±l dh vfuok;Zrk,¡ �zbZ&xous±l ds pj.k

�zbZ&xous±l esa ijLij&fØ;kvksa ds izdkj

�zbZ&xous±l ds ykHk

�zbZ&xous±l % varjkZ"Vªh; ifjn`';

�zbZ&xous±l % Hkkjr dh igysa

�zxous±l esa lqèkkj ds vfHkUu vax ds :i esa bZ&xous±l

�zbZ&xous±l ds lqèkkj gsrq izeq[k n'kk,¡

�zjk"Vªh; bZ&xous±l ;kstuk �zlkaLFkkfud lajpuk

�zxous±l lajpuk,¡ �zlk>k lgk;rk volajpuk

�zbZ&xous±l ds fy;s dkuwuh <k¡pk �zbZ&xous±l ij jk"Vªh; lEesyu

zz vksEcqM~leSu

z� Hkkjr esa vksEcqM~leSu

z� orZeku yksdiky dkuwu

z� orZeku yksdiky@yksdk;qDr dkuwu dh leL;k,¡


23. lafo/kku la'kks/ku % ,d uT+kj esa ........................ 302-313

zz Hkwfedk

zz lafo/ku la'kks/u dh izfØ;k

zz lafo/ku la'kks/u izfØ;k ds fofHkUu pj.k

zz lafo/ku la'kks/u dh 'kfDr ij ykxw lhek,¡

zz orZeku esa laln dh lafo/ku la'kks/u dh laoS/kfud fLFkfr

zz izeq[k lafoèkku la'kksèku

z� vkèkkjHkwr egÙo ds la'kksèku

z� vU; egÙoiw.kZ la'kksèku


24. Hkkjrh; lafo/kku % lkekU; igyw ...................... 314-325

zz Hkkjrh; lafo/ku % ,d u”kj esa

zz Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds egÙoiw.kZ vuqPNsn

zz lafo/ku esa mfYyf[kr vuqlwfp;k¡

zz ojh;rk vuqØe

zz lafo/ku ds lzksr

zz jk"Vªh; çrhd

�zjk"Vªh; èot �zjktfpÉ �zjk"Vªªªxku

�zjk"Vªªªxhr �zjk"Vªªªh; iaaapkax


jkT;] jkT; ds rÙo rFkk jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh vko';drk (State, Elements of State and the Need of Political System)

Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk dks le>us ls igys ”k:jh gS fd jktO;oLFkk (Polity) dh dqN ewyHkwr voèkkj.kkvksa rFkk ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh (Terminology) ls vki ifjfpr gksaA ,slh dqN egÙoiw.kZ voèkkj.kk,¡ rFkk mudh O;k[;k bl vè;k; esa vkxs nh xbZ gSaA

jkT; D;k gS\ (What is State?)jktO;oLFkk ls tqM+h lcls çkFkfed voèkkj.kk ^jkT;* (State)

gSA jkT; 'kCn dk ç;ksx ;w¡ rks fofHkUu çkarksa (Provinces)] tSls mÙkj çns'k] rfeyukMq vkfn dks lwfpr djus ds fy;s Hkh gksrk gS] fdarq bldk okLrfod vFkZ fdlh çkar ls u gksdj fdlh lekt dh jktuhfrd lajpuk (Political Structure) ls gksrk gSA oLrqr% ;g ,d vewrZ (Abstract) voèkkj.kk gS vFkkZr~ bls ckSf¼d Lrj ij le>k rks tk ldrk gS] ¯drq ns[kk ugha tk ldrkA mnkgj.k ds fy;s] Hkkjr dh ljdkj] laln] U;k;ikfydk] jkT;ksa dh ljdkjsa] ukSdj'kkgh ls tqM+s lHkh vfèkdkjh bR;kfn dh lexz lajpuk gh jkT; dgykrh gSA fdlh lekt ds fodflr o l{ke gksus dh igpku bl ckr ls Hkh gksrh gS fd og ,d Lora=k jkT; ds :i esa fodflr gks ldk gS ;k ugha\ fo'o ds vfèkdka'k fodflr ns'kksa esa ,d fLFkj jktuhfrd ç.kkyh dk fn[kkbZ nsuk (tSls& la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk] baXySaM vkSj vkWLVªsfy;k esa) vkSj fLFkj jktuhfrd ç.kkyh ls oafpr ns'kksa (tSls dqN le; igys ds viQxkfuLrku) esa fodkl çfØ;k dk vo#¼ gks tkuk blh ckr dk çek.k gSA

jkT; ds rÙo (Elements of State)fdlh Hkh jkT; ds gksus dh 'krZ gS fd mlesa fuEufyf[kr pkj

rÙo fo|eku gksa&jkT; ds rÙo (Elements of State)

Hkw&Hkkx (Geographical Area)

tula[;k (Population)

ljdkj (Government)

laçHkqrk (Sovereignty)

zz Hkw&Hkkx (Geographical Area): ,d ,slk fuf'pr HkkSxksfyd çns'k gksuk pkfg;s] ftl ij ml jkT;* dh ljdkj viuh jktuhfrd fØ;k,¡ djrh gksA mnkgj.k ds fy;s] Hkkjr dk laiw.kZ {ks=kiQy Hkkjr jkT; dk HkkSxksfyd vkèkkj ;k Hkw&Hkkx gSA

zz tula[;k (Population): jkT; gksus dh 'krZ gS fd mlds Hkw&Hkkx ij fuokl djus okyk ,d ,slk tuleqnk; gksuk pkfg;s tks jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds vuqlkj lapkfyr gksrk gksA ;fn tula[;k gh ugha gksxh rks jkT; dk vfLrRo fujFkZd gks tk,xkA

zz ljdkj (Government): ljdkj ,d ;k ,d ls vfèkd O;fDr;ksa dk og lewg gS] tks O;kogkfjd Lrj ij jktuhfrd 'kfDr dk ç;ksx djrk gSA ^jkT;* (State) vkSj ^ljdkj* (Government) esa ;gh varj gS fd jkT; ,d vewrZ lajpuk (Abstract Structure) gS tcfd ljdkj mldh ewrZ (Concrete) o O;kogkfjd vfHkO;fDrA

zz laçHkqrk ;k çHkqlÙkk (Sovereignty): ;g jkT; dk vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ rÙo gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd jkT; ds ikl vFkkZr~ mldh ljdkj ds ikl vius Hkw&Hkkx vkSj tula[;k dh lhekvksa ds Hkhrj dksbZ Hkh fu.kZ; djus dh iwjh 'kfDr gksuh pkfg;s rFkk mls fdlh Hkh ckgjh vkSj Hkhrjh ncko esa fu.kZ; djus ds fy;s ckè; ugha gksuk pkfg;sA

jkT; ds ;s pkjksa rÙo vfuok;Z gSa] oSdfYid ughaA ;fn buesa ls ,d Hkh vuqifLFkr gks rks jkT; dh voèkkj.kk fujFkZd gks tkrh gSA bls dqN mnkgj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls ”;knk csgrj rjhds ls le>k tk ldrk gSµ

zz dHkh&dHkh ,slk gksrk gS fd ljdkj Hkh gksrh gS vkSj turk Hkh] fdarq Hkw&Hkkx ugha gksrkA mnkgj.k ds fy;s] frCcr dh ljdkj dk ladV ;gh gSA phuh vkØe.k ds dkj.k tc ^nykbZ ykek* dks Hkkjr dh 'kj.k ysuh iM+h vkSj os fgekpy çns'k ds ^èkeZ'kkyk* uked LFkku ls frCcr dh fuokZflr ljdkj dk lapkyu djus yxs rks ,d fofp=k&lh fLFkfr mRiUu gks xbZ] D;ksafd frCcr dh ljdkj vkSj dqN turk rks ;gk¡ Fkh] fdarq muds ikl u rks viuk Hkw&Hkkx Fkk vkSj u gh vius ewy Hkw&Hkkx ds lacaèk esa Lora=k fu.kZ; djus dh rkdr ;k çHkqlÙkkA

zz dHkh&dHkh ,slk Hkh gks ldrk gS fd ljdkj Hkh gks] turk Hkh gks] Hkw&Hkkx Hkh gks fdarq laçHkqrk dh deh ds dkj.k jkT; dh èkkj.kk iwjh u gks ldsA mnkgj.k ds fy;s] ijkèkhu Hkkjr esa tc ok;ljk; Hkkjrh; Hkw&Hkkx dk loksZPp ç'kkld gksrk Fkk] rks ,d

1Quick Book

1 jktO;oLFkk % ,d ifjp;Polity : An Introduction

fuf'pr Hkw&Hkkx ds Hkhrj turk mldh vkKk dk ikyu djrh Fkh] fdarq rc Hkh og laçHkq ugha Fkk D;ksafd og fczVsu dh ljdkj ds vkns'kksa ds rgr dk;Z djrk FkkA

zz tc fdlh ns'k esa vjktd fLFkfr iSnk gks tkrh gS rks Hkh jkT; dk <k¡pk pjejkus yxrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s] viQxkfuLrku esa yacs le; rd dbZ xqVksa esa >xM+k pyrk jgk vkSj vyx&vyx xqV ns'k ds vyx&vyx fgLls ij dC”kk tekus esa liQy gksrs jgsA ,slh fLFkfr esa ljdkj dh 'kfDr;k¡ O;kogkfjd Lrj ij 'kwU; gks tkrh gSa] blfy;s mldh laçHkqrk ij ç'ufpÉ yx tkrk gSA

jktuhfr vkSj jktuhfrd fl¼kar dk vFkZ rFkk bldk fodkl (Meaning of Polity and Political Theory and Its Evolution)

jktuhfr fdlh Hkh lekt dk egÙoiw.kZ vkSj vfoHkkT; vax gS ftls tulsok ds :i esa Hkh lacksfèkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA xkaèkhth ds vuqlkj] ¶jktuhfr us gesa lk¡i dh dqaMyh dh rjg tdM+ j[kk gS vkSj blls tw>us ds flok; dksbZ vU; jkLrk ugha gSA¸ mYys[kuh; gS fd jktuhfr dk tUe gekjs vkSj gekjs lekt gsrq D;k mfpr gS vkSj D;k ugha] bl rF; ij vkèkkfjr gSA

ogha jktuhfrd fl¼kar mu fopkjksa vkSj uhfr;ksa ds O;ofLFkr :i dks çfrfcafcr djrk gS ftuls gekjs lkekftd thou] ljdkj rFkk lafoèkku us vkdkj çkIr fd;k gSA lkFk gh] jktuhfrd fl¼kar dk eq[; mís'; ukxfjdksa dks jktuhfrd ç'uksa ds ckjs esa rdZlaxr <ax ls lkspus rFkk lelkef;d jktuhfrd ?kVukØeksa dk lgh rjhds ls ewY;kadu djus dk çf'k{k.k nsuk gSA

jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh vko';drk D;ksa gS\ (Why is Political System Required?)

jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh vko';drk ds lanHkZ esa bfrgkldkjksa vkSj ekuo'kkfL=k;ksa (Anthropologists) us vHkh rd çkphu&ls&çkphu vkSj ljy&ls&ljy ftrus Hkh lektksa dk vè;;u fd;k gS] mu lHkh esa fdlh&u&fdlh :i esa jktuhfrd <k¡ps (Political Structure) dh mifLFkfr ns[kh xbZ gS] pkgs og <k¡pk jktra=k (Monarchy) dk gks] yksdra=k (Democracy) dk ;k rkuk'kkgh (Dictatorship) dkA

orZeku esa jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh Hkwfedk dkiQh ”;knk c<+ xbZ gSA tula[;k dh vfèkdrk ds dkj.k ;g fcYdqy laHko ugha jgk gS fd yksx vkilh lgefr ls gh dke pyk ysaA vkSipkfjd dkuwuksa ds fuekZ.k vkSj dkuwuksa dks ysdj gksus okys fooknksa dh fLFkfr esa U;kf;d çfØ;kvksa dh ”k:jr cgqr vfèkd ek=kk esa iM+us yxh gSA bruk gh ugha] vkt dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk fliQZ dkuwu dk ikyu djokus rd lhfer ugha gS] vc mlus yksd dY;k.kdkjh jkT; (Welfare State) dk :i èkkj.k dj fy;k gS vkSj lekt ds lHkh oxks± dks Lora=krk] lekurk o U;k; miyCèk djkuk mldh f”kEesnkjh gks xbZ gSA

tgk¡ rd Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd ç.kkyh dk ç'u gS] bldh vko';drk

dks dbZ Lrjksa ij eglwl fd;k tk ldrk gS] tSls&

zz Hkkjr esa jk"Vª&fuekZ.k dh çfØ;k (Nation Building Process) vHkh py jgh gS ftls jk"Vª fojksèkh rkdrsa uqdlku igq¡pk ldrh gSaA ,sls [krjksa ls fuiVus ds fy;s e”kcwr jktuhfrd ç.kkyh ”k:jh gSA

zz Hkkjr dh vkarfjd lqj{kk (Internal Security) ds le{k vHkh dbZ pqukSfr;k¡ gSa] tSls& vkradokn (Terrorism)] uDlyokn (Naxalism)] vyxkookn (Separatism) bR;kfnA bu pqukSfr;ksa ls ge rc rd ugha fuiV ldrs] tc rd gekjs ikl jkT; dk ,d e”kcwr <k¡pk u gksA

zz Hkkjrh; jkT; ,d dY;k.kdkjh jkT; (Welfare State) gS vkSj ;g oafpr oxks± (Deprived Classes) dks lekurk dh fLFkfr esa ykus ds fy;s xaHkhj ç;kl djrk gSA vkj{k.k (Reservation) rFkk lkekftd U;k; (Social Justice) dh vU; uhfr;k¡ blh mís'; ls ykxw dh tkrh gSaA pw¡fd Hkkjrh; lekt dk ,d cgqr cM+k fgLlk (tSls& fL=k;k¡] cPps] fiNM+h tkfr;k¡ rFkk vYila[;d leqnk;) fHkUu&fHkUu n`f"V;ksa ls oapu (Deprivation) dk f'kdkj jgk gS vkSj mUgsa lekt dh eq[;èkkjk (Mainstream) esa ykus ds fy;s ”k:jh gS fd ljdkj dh vksj ls mUgsa fo'ks"k lqfoèkk,¡ nh tk,¡] blfy;s Hkkjr ds fy;s ,d lqxfBr jktuhfrd lajpuk ”k:jh gSA

zz Hkkjr esa fofHkUu fgr&lewg (Interest Groups) jgrs gSa] ftuds chp vius fgrksa dks ysdj Vdjko gksuk LokHkkfod gSA bu fgrksa esa lkeatL; djrs gq, mfpr dkuwuksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy;s laln (Parliament) dh ”k:jr gS] tcfd ,sls fooknksa dk U;kf;d lekèkku djus ds fy;s ,d l'kDr vkSj lqy>h gqbZ U;k;ikfydk (Judiciary) Hkh ”k:jh gSA zz Hkkjrh; lekt rhoz lkekftd ifjorZuksa (Social Changes) ds nkSj ls xq”kj jgk gS] ftlds dkj.k oafpr oxZ (Deprived Classes) vius vfèkdkjksa dh ekax cqyan dj jgs gSaA blls lekt ds os rcds vlgt gSa tks iqjkuh O;oLFkk esa ykHkdkjh fLFkfr esa FksA ;s ifjorZu LokHkkfod rkSj ij rukoksa dks tUe nsrs gSa] tks dHkh&dHkh nfyrksa rFkk fL=k;ksa ds fo#¼ gksus okys vR;kpkjksa ds :i esa fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA lkekftd ifjorZu (Social Change) rFkk vkèkqfudhdj.k (Modernisation) dh bl çfØ;k dks bu nckoksa ls cpkus rFkk mls lqpk# :i ls pykus ds fy;s l'kDr jktuhfrd <k¡ps dh ”k:jr iM+rh gSA

'kklu ds vax (Organs of Government)

fdlh Hkh ljdkj ;k jktO;oLFkk ds lkeus ewyr% rhu pqukSfr;k¡ gksrh gSa& (d) dkuwu cukus dh pqukSrh] ([k) dkuwuksa ds vuqlkj 'kklu dk;Z dk lapkyu djus dh pqukSrh rFkk (x) O;fDr;ksa ds vkilh fooknksa ;k O;fDr vkSj ljdkj ds fooknksa ds lekèkku ds fy;s dkuwu&ç.kkyh (Legal System) ds vuqlkj U;k; O;oLFkk (Justice System) lapkfyr djus dh pqukSrhA çR;sd 'kklu O;oLFkk esa bu rhu ewy pqukSfr;ksa ds lekèkku ds fy;s mik; fd;s tkrs gSaA ftu rhu O;oLFkkvksa ds ekè;e ls bu pqukSfr;ksa dk lekèkku fd;k tkrk gS] mUgsa 'kklu ds vax dgrs gSaA 'kklu ds rhuksa vax fuEufyf[kr gSaµ

jktO;oLFkk % ,d ifjp;n`fÔ ifCydsÓkUl

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19Quick Book

lafo/kku D;k gS\ (What is Constitution?)

lafoèkku fu;eksa] mifu;eksa dk ,d ,slk fyf[kr nLrkos”k gksrk gS] ftlds vuqlkj ljdkj dk lapkyu fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ns'k dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk cqfu;knh <k¡pk fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA lafoèkku jkT; dh foèkkf;dk] dk;Zikfydk vkSj U;k;ikfydk dh LFkkiuk] mudh 'kfDr;ksa rFkk nkf;Roksa dk lhekadu ,oa turk rFkk jkT; ds eè; lacaèkksa dk fofu;eu djrk gSA

çR;sd lafoèkku] ml ns'k ds vkn'kks±] mís';ksa o ewY;ksa dk niZ.k gksrk gSA laoSèkkfud fofèk ns'k dh loksZPp fofèk gksrh gS rFkk lHkh vU; fofèk;k¡ blh ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gSaA lafoèkku ,d tM+ nLrkos”k ugha gksrk] cfYd ;g fujarj iuirk jgrk gSA o"kks± ls pyh vk jgh ijaijk,¡ Hkh ns'k ds 'kklu esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrh gSaA

lafo/kku dk egÙo (Importance of Constitution)

zlafoèkku ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd dkuwu dkSu cuk,xk\

z;g lekt esa 'kfDr ds ewy forj.k dks Li"V djrk gSA

z;g lekt esa fu.kZ; ysus dh 'kfDr fdlds ikl gksxh rFkk ljdkj dk fuekZ.k dSls gksxk] fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA

z;g lekt dh vkdka{kkvksa ,oa y{;ksa dks vfHkO;Dr djrk gS ,oa U;k;iw.kZ lekt dh LFkkiuk gsrq mfpr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fuekZ.k dks lqfuf'pr djrk gSA (U;wure leUo; o vkilh fo'okl gsrq)

z;g lekt dks cqfu;knh igpku iznku djrk gSA

zlafoèkku] jktO;oLFkk ds rhu izeq[k vaxksa dk;Zikfydk] foèkkf;dk ,oa U;k;ikfydk dh LFkkiuk djrk gS rFkk mudh 'kfDr;ksa ,oa vfèkdkjksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA

z;g jkT; ds vaxksa ds vfèkdkj dks e;kZfnr dj mUgsa fujaoqQ'k ,oa rkuk'kkg gksus ls jksdrk gSA

zlafoèkku ,d vkbuk gS ftlesa ml ns'k ds Hkwr] orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; dh >yd feyrh gSA

lafoèkku vkSj jktO;oLFkk ds vusd miknku fczfV'k 'kklu ls xzg.k fd;s x, gSa] fczfV'kksa }kjk le;≤ ij yk, x, vfèkfu;eksa us Hkkjrh; ljdkj vkSj iz'kklu dh fofèkd :ijs[kk@<k¡ps dks rS;kj fd;k gSA

2 Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh fodkl ;k=kThe Journey of Indian Constitution

laoSèkkfud fodkl ds pj.k (Stages of Constitutional Development)

Hkkjr dk laoSèkkfud fodkl

fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k daiuh ds varxZr ikfjr vfèkfu;eksa

}kjk (1773–1853)

fczfV'k rkt ds varxZr ikfjr vfèkfu;eksa }kjk

(1858–1947)

fczfV'k bZLV bafM;k daiuh ds varxZr ikfjr vfèkfu;e (Acts Passed Under the British East India Company)jsX;qys¯Vx ,DV] 1773 (Regulating Act, 1773)

bl vfèkfu;e ds }kjk Hkkjr esa daiuh ds 'kklu gsrq igyh ckj ,d fyf[kr lafoèkku izLrqr fd;k x;kA Hkkjrh; laoSèkkfud bfrgkl esa bldk fo'ks"k egÙo ;g gS fd blds }kjk Hkkjr esa daiuh ds iz'kklu ij fczfV'k lalnh; fu;a=k.k dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA bl vfèkfu;e ds izeq[k izkoèkku bl izdkj gSaµzcacbZ rFkk enzkl izsflMsalh dks dydÙkk izsflMsalh ds vèkhu dj

fn;k x;kAzdydÙkk izsflMsalh esa xouZj tujy o pkj lnL;ksa okyh ifj"kn

ds fu;a=k.k esa ljdkj dh LFkkiuk dh xbZAzdydÙkk esa ,d lqizhe dksVZ dh LFkkiuk (1774) dh xbZ] ftlds

varxZr caxky] fcgkj vkSj mM+hlk 'kkfey FksA lj ,fytkg bEis dks bldk çFke eq[; U;k;kèkh'k fu;qDr fd;k x;k rFkk psaclZ] fyesLVj ,oa gkbM dks vU; U;k;kèkh'k fu;qDr fd;k x;kA

zHkkjr ds lfpo dh iwoZ vuqefr ij xouZj tujy rFkk mldh ifj"kn (4 lnL;) dks dkuwu cukus dk vfèkdkj iznku fd;k x;kA

zvc caxky ds xouZj dks rhuksa izsflMsafl;ksa dk xouZj tujy* dgk tkus yxkA

zbl ,DV ds rgr cuus okys caxky ds izFke xouZj tujy ^ykWMZ okjsu gsfLaVXl* FksA

zbl ,DV ds rgr daiuh ds deZpkfj;ksa dks futh O;kikj o Hkkjrh; yksxksa ls migkj@fj'or ysus dks izfrcafèkr dj fn;k x;kA

zdaiuh ij fczfV'k dksVZ vkWiQ Mk;jsDVlZ (daiuh dh xofu±x ckWMh) dk fu;a=k.k c<+ x;k vkSj vc Hkkjr esa blds jktLo] ukxfjd vkSj lSU; ekeyksa dh tkudkjh fczfV'k ljdkj dks nsuk vko';d dj fn;k x;kA

zO;kikj dh lHkh lwpuk,¡ Økmu dks nsuk lqfuf'pr fd;k x;kA

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i`"BHkwfe (Background)

zHkkjr esa lafoèkku lHkk ds xBu dk fopkj loZizFke 1934 esa okeiaFkh usrk ,e- ,u- jkW; }kjk j[kk x;kA

zo"kZ 1934 esa gh Lojkt ikVhZ }kjk lafoèkku lHkk ds xBu dk izLrko j[kk x;kA

z1935 esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkWUxzsl }kjk lafoèkku lHkk ds fuekZ.k dh vkfèkdkfjd ekax ds ckn 1938 esa iafMr tokgjyky usg: us Hkkjr ds lafoèkku fuekZ.k gsrq o;Ld erkfèkdkj dh ckr dghA

zusg: dh bl ekax dks fczfV'k ljdkj us lS¼kafrd :i ls eku fy;k vkSj ;gh izLrko lu~ 1940 ds ^vxLr izLrko* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA

zfczfV'k ljdkj ds }kjk 1942 esa fØIl fe'ku* (lj LVSiQMZ fØIl ds usr`Ùo esa) lafoèkku fuekZ.k gsrq Hkkjr Hkstk x;k] ftls eqfLye yhx us vLohdkj dj fn;k (yhx }kjk nks Lok;Ùk jkT;ksa dh ekax ds dkj.k)A

lafoèkku lHkk dk xBu (Making of the Constituent Assembly)

zfØIl fe'ku dh vliQyrk ds ckn 1946 esa rhu lnL;h; dSfcusV fe'ku (ykWMZ iSfFkd&ykWjsal] lj LVSiQMZ fØIl vkSj ,-oh- vysD”ksaMj) dks Hkkjr Hkstk x;kA dSfcusV fe'ku ds ,d çLrko ds }kjk varr% Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds fuekZ.k ds fy;s ,d cqfu;knh <k¡ps dk çk:i Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k] ftls ^lafoèkku lHkk* dk uke fn;k x;kA

dSfcusV fe'ku ;kstuk ds vuqlkj

�izR;sd izkar] ns'kh fj;klrksa o jkT;ksa ds lewg dks mudh tula[;k ds vuqikr esa lhVsa nh tkuh FkhaA lkekU;r% 10 yk[k dh tula[;k ij 1 lhV dh O;oLFkk j[kh xbZA

�lafo/ku lHkk dh oqQy 389 lhVksa esa ls fczfV'k ljdkj ds izR;{k 'kklu okys izkarksa dks 296 lhVsa rFkk ns'kh fj;klrksa dks 93 lhVsa vkoafVr dh tkuh FkhaA

�296 lhVksa esa 292 lnL;ksa dk p;u fczfV'k Hkkjr ds xouZjksa ds vèkhu 11 izkarksa ls rFkk 4 dk p;u fnYyh] vtesj& ekjokM+] dqxZ ,oa fczfV'k cywfpLrku ds 4 phI+kQ dfe'uj osQ izkarksa (izR;sd esa ls ,d&,d) ls fd;k tkuk FkkA

3Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk fuekZ.k ,oa

bldh çeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡The making of the Indian Constitution and

its Salient Features

�izR;sd izkar dh lhVksa dks rhu izeq[k leqnk;ksaµ eqlyeku] fl[k vkSj lkekU; (eqfLye vkSj fl[k ds vykok) esa mudh tula[;k ds vuqikr esa ck¡Vk tkuk FkkA

�izR;sd foèkkulHkk eas izR;sd leqnk; ds lnL;ksa }kjk vius izfrfufèk;ksa dk pquko ,dy laØe.kh; er ds ekè;e ls lekuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo rjhds ds ernku ls fd;k tkuk FkkA

�ns'kh fj;klrksa ds izfrfufèk;ksa dk pquko fj;klrksa ds izeq[kksa }kjk fd;k tkuk FkkA

zlafoèkku lHkk] vkaf'kd :i ls pquh gqbZ vkSj vkaf'kd :i ls ukekafdr fudk; FkkA

zlafoèkku lHkk gsrq fczfV'k Hkkjr osQ izkarksa dks vkoafVr 296 lhVksa osQ fy;s tqykbZ&vxLr 1946 esa pquko gq,A 296 lhVksa esa ls Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkWUxzsl dks 208 lhVsa] eqfLye yhx dks 73 lhVsa ,oa 15 lhVsa vU; NksVs lewgksa dks izkIr gqb±A

zlafoèkku lHkk Hkys gh izR;{k :i ls (o;Ld erkfèkdkj }kjk) ugha pquh xbZ] fiQj Hkh izR;sd leqnk;] ;Fkkµ fganw] eqfLye] fl[k] ikjlh] vkaXy&Hkkjrh;] bZlkbZ] vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds çfrfufèk;ksa dks izfrfufèkRo djus dk volj feykA efgyk,¡ Hkh blesa 'kkfey FkhaA

lafoèkku lHkk dh dk;Zfofèk (Proceeding of the Constituent Assembly)

zlafoèkku lHkk dh izFke cSBd 9 fnlacj] 1946 dks gqbZA izFke vfèkos'ku esa loZekU; :i ls MkW- lfPpnkuan flUgk dks vLFkk;h vè;{k pquk x;kA eqfLye yhx }kjk bl cSBd dk cfg"dkj fd;k x;kA

z11 fnlacj] 1946 dks MkW- jktsanz izlkn dks lafoèkku lHkk dk LFkk;h vè;{k vkSj ,p-lh- eq[kthZ dks mikè;{k pquk x;kA lj ch- ,u- jko dks laoSèkkfud lykgdkj ds :i esa fu;qDr fd;k x;kA

mís'; izLrko (Objectives Resolution)

13 fnlacj] 1946 dks lafoèkku lHkk esa tokgjyky usg: }kjk ^mís'; izLrko* izLrqr fd;k x;kA ;g Hkkjr esa gq, jk"Vªh; vkanksyuksa ds izeq[k eqn~nksa ds mfpr lkjka'k ds :i esa FkkA lkFk gh] blesa laoSèkkfud lajpuk ds <k¡ps ,oa ewy n'kZu dh Li"V >yd FkhA blesa 'kkfey izeq[k ckrsa fuEufyf[kr gSaµ

38 Quick Book

izLrkouk D;k gS\ (What is Preamble?)

izLrkouk] Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh Hkwfedk dh Hkk¡fr gS] ftlesa lafoèkku

ds vkn'kks±] mís';ksa] ljdkj ds Lo:i] lafo/ku ds lzksr ls lacafèkr izkoèkku

vkSj lafoèkku ds ykxw gksus dh frfFk vkfn dk la{ksi esa mYys[k gSA

zz izfl¼ U;k;fon~ o lafo/ku fo'ks"kK ,u-,- ikydhokyk us izLrkouk

dks lafoèkku ds ^ifjp; i=k* dh laKk nh gSA

zz Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh izLrkouk dk vkfoHkkZo ia- tokgjyky usg:

}kjk 13 fnlacj] 1946 dks lafoèkku lHkk esa j[ks x, mís'; izLrko*

ls gqvk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh izLrkouk dks

^mísf'kdk* dgdj Hkh lacksfèkr fd;k tkrk gSA

zz izLrkouk] vesfjdh lafoèkku (izFke fyf[kr lafo/ku) ls yh xbZ

gS] ysfdu izLrkouk dh Hkk"kk ij vkWLVªsfy;kbZ lafoèkku dh izLrkouk

dk izHkko gSA

zz 42osa lafoèkku (la'kksèku) vfèkfu;e] 1976 }kjk izLrkouk esa

^lektoknh*] iaFkfujis{k*] vkSj v[kaMrk* 'kCn 'kkfey fd;s x,A

izLrkouk (Preamble)

¶ge] Hkkjr ds yksx] Hkkjr dks ,d laiw.kZ izHkqRo&lEiUu]

lektoknh] iaFkfujis{k] yksdra=kkRed x.kjkT; cukus ds fy;s rFkk mlds

leLr ukxfjdksa dks%

lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuSfrd U;k;]

fopkj] vfHkO;fDr] fo'okl] èkeZ vkSj mikluk dh Lora=krk]

izfr"Bk vkSj volj dh lerk

izkIr djkus ds fy;s rFkk mu lc esa

O;fDr dh xfjek vkSj jk"Vª dh ,drk

vkSj v[kaMrk lqfuf'pr djus okyh

caèkqrk c<+kus ds fy;s

n`<+ladYi gksdj viuh bl lafoèkku lHkk esa vkt rkjh[k 26

uoacj] 1949 bZ- (fefr ekxZ'kh"kZ 'kqDy lIreh] laor~ nks g”kkj Ng

foØeh) dks ,rn~ }kjk bl lafoèkku dks vaxhÑr] vfèkfu;fer vkSj

vkRekfiZr djrs gSaA¸

4 lafo/kku dh izLrkoukPreamble of the Constitution

izLrkouk ds eq[; rÙoksa dks ,d pkVZ ds ekè;e ls le>us dk iz;kl djrs gSaµ

izLrkouk ds eq[; rÙo

lafo/ku dk lzksr

ge Hkkjr ds yksx] vFkkZr~ turk

zz U;k; (lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuSfrd)zz Lora=krk (fopkj] vfHkO;fDr] fo'okl] èkeZ o mikluk)zz izfr"Bk vkSj volj dh lerkzz O;fDr dh xfjekzz jk"Vª dh ,drk vkSj v[kaMrkzz caèkqrk

zz laiw.kZ izHkqRo&laiUu

zz lektoknh

zz iaFkfujis{k

zz yksdra=kkRed

zz x.kjkT;

lafo/ku dk Lo:i

lafo/ku dk mís';

izLrkouk esa mfYyf[kr 'kCn

¶ge] Hkkjr ds yksx¸ (“We, the people of India”)¶ge] Hkkjr ds yksx-------------------------vaxhÑr] vfèkfu;fer vkSj

vkRekfiZr djrs gaSA¸vFkkZr~ Hkkjr ds yksxksa }kjk gh bl lafoèkku dks cuk;k] Lohdkj

fd;k rFkk Lo;a dks vfiZr vFkkZr~ vius Åij ykxw fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku Hkkjrh; turk dks lefiZr gSA

laiw.kZ çHkqRo&lEiUu (Sovereign)bldk vFkZ gS Hkkjr vius vkarfjd ,oa oSnsf'kd ekeyksa esa fcuk fdlh

cká ncko ,oa çfrc¼rk ds Lora=k :i ls fu.kZ; ysus esa l{ke gksxkA

vkarfjd ekeys

jktuSfrd vkfFkZd lkekftd èkkfeZd

cká ekeys

oSnsf'kd ekeys

fe=k 'k=kq lafèk

laiw.kZ izHkqRo&lEiUu

jk"Vªdqy (Lokèkhu jk"Vªksa dk ,d Lora=k la?k) ,oa la;qDr jk"Vª la?k tSls oSf'od laxBuksa dh lnL;rk cuk, j[kus ds dkj.k Hkkjr ij laiw.kZ çHkqRo laiUu gksus ds fo#¼ vk{ksi yxk;k tkrk gSA jk"VªeaMy esa fczfV'k Økmu dks dsoy çkphu fczfV'k lkezkT; dh ,drk ds çrhd

44 Quick Book

jkT;ksa dk la?k (Union of States)

laoSèkkfud micaèk% Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ Hkkx&1 esa vuqPNsn 1 ls 4 ds varxZr Hkkjrh; la?k ,oa mlosQ jkT;{ks=k dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA

zz vuqPNsn 1 : la?k dk uke vkSj jkT;{ks=k

z� lafoèkku ds vuqPNsn 1 esa fuèkkZfjr fd;k x;k gS fd Hkkjr

vFkkZr~ bafM;k] jkT;ksa dk la?k gksxkA ftlesa ^Hkkjr* 'kCn ns'k

dk uke o ^la?k* 'kCn 'kklu iz.kkyh dks n'kkZrk gSA

z� jkT; vkSj muds jkT;{ks=k os gksaxs] tks igyh vuqlwph esa

fofufnZ"V gSaA

z� Hkkjr ds jkT;{ks=k esa fuEufyf[kr {ks=k lekfo"V gksaxsµ

(d) jkT;ksa ds jkT;{ks=k

([k) igyh vuqlwph esa fofufnZ"V la?k jkT;{ks=k

(x) ,sls vU; jkT;{ks=k tks vftZr fd;s tk,¡A

uksV% Hkkjr dks ^jkT;ksa dk la?k* dgk x;k gS] D;ksafdµ

zz vesfjdk ds foijhr Hkkjr jkT;ksa ds eè; fdlh lkSnsck”kh ;k le>kSrs dk ifj.kke ugha gSA

zz dksbZ Hkh jkT; Hkkjr ls vyx gksus ds fy;s Lora=k ugha gS vFkkZr~ Hkkjr ^fouk'kh jkT;ksa dk vfouk'kh la?k* gSA

zz mYys[kuh; gS fd Hkkjr esa foHkktu ds i'pkr~ dsanz;qDr la?kh; O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk dk eq[; mís'; jktuhfrd ,oa ç'kklfud n`f"Vdks.kksa dks ekuk x;k gSA

zz vuqPNsn 2 : u, jkT;ksa dk izos'k ;k LFkkiuk

laln] fofèk }kjk ,sls fucaèkuksa vkSj 'krks± ij] tks og Bhd le>s]

la?k esa u, jkT;ksa dk izos'k ;k mudh LFkkiuk dj ldrh gSA

z� vuqPNsn 2 ds vèkhu laln dks nks izdkj dh 'kfDr izkIr gSA

izFke] u, jkT;ksa dks la?k esa 'kkfey djus dh 'kfDr vkSj f}rh;]

u, jkT;ksa dks LFkkfir djus dh 'kfDrA igys dk lacaèk mu jkT;ksa

ls gS] tks igys ls gh fo|eku gSaA nwljk mu jkT;ksa ls lacafèkr

gS tks igys ls LFkkfir gSa ijarq Hkkjr la?k esa 'kkfey ugha gSaA

uksV% vuqPNsn 2 d&flfDde ,dek=k ,slk jkT; Fkk] tks Lora=k ns'k FkkA bls 36osa lafoèkku la'kksèku] 1975 }kjk la?k esa 'kkfey dj Hkkjr ds vU; jkT;ksa ds led{k cuk;k x;kA

5 Hkkjr la?k ,oa mldk jkT;{ks= rFkk jkT;ksa dk iquxZBuUnion of India and its Territory and

Reorganisation of States

jkT;ksa ds iquxZBu laca/kh laln dh 'kfDr (Parliament's Power Relating to The Reorganisation of States)

zz vuqPNsn 3 : u, jkT;ksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj orZeku jkT;ksa ds {ks=kksa] lhekvksa ;k ukeksa esa ifjorZu

(d) fdlh jkT; esa ls mlds {ks=k dks vyx dj] nks ;k nks ls vfèkd jkT;ksa dks ;k jkT;ksa ds Hkkxksa dks feykdj ;k fdlh jkT;{ks=k dks fdlh jkT; ds Hkkx ls feykdj u, jkT; dk fuekZ.k dj ldrh gSA

([k) fdlh jkT; ds {ks=k dks c<+k ldrh gSA

(x) fdlh jkT; ds {ks=k dks ?kVk ldrh gSA

(?k) fdlh jkT; dh lhekvksa esa ifjorZu dj ldrh gSA

(Ä) fdlh jkT; ds uke esa ifjorZu dj ldrh gSA

ewy lafoèkku esa bl vuqPNsn ds izkoèkku izk;% brus gh FksA vkxs pydj] 5osa rFkk 18osa lafoèkku la'kksèkuksa ds ekè;e ls blesa dqN ckrsa tksM+h xb±A

zz 5osa lafoèkku la'kksèku] 1955 ds ekè;e ls jkT; xBu dh izfØ;k esa izHkkfor gksus okys jkT;ksa dh jk; ekaxs tkus dk izkoèkku tksM+k x;kA blds rgr nks O;oLFkk,¡ dh xb±& 1. jk"Vªifr dh fliQkfj'k ds fcuk jkT; ds xBu] uke ;k lhek ifjorZu ls tqM+s foèks;d laln esa is'k ugha fd;s tk ldsaxs_ rFkk 2. jk"Vªifr izHkkfor gksus okys jkT;ksa ds foèkkueaMyksa dks ,sls foèks;d Hkstdj mUgsa mu ij jk; nsus ds fy;s fuf'pr le; nsxkA

zz 18ok¡ la'kksèku 1966 esa gqvk tc iatkc dks foHkkftr djds gfj;k.kk jkT; rFkk paMhx<+ la?k jkT;{ks=k dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkuk FkkA bl la'kksèku ds }kjk vuqPNsn 3 esa nks Li"Vhdj.k tksM+s x,A bu Li"Vhdj.kksa dk lkj ;g gS fd laln jkT; xBu dh viuh bl 'kfDr ds rgr la?k jkT;{ks=kksa dk fuekZ.k Hkh dj ldsxh] fdarq ;fn fdlh la?k jkT;{ks=k dh lhekvksa esa ifjorZu vkfn dk izlax mifLFkr gksrk gS rks jk"Vªifr ij ;g ckè;rk ykxw ugha gksxh fd ml foèks;d dks izHkkfor gksus okys la?k jkT;{ks=k dh fdlh laLFkk ds ikl Hkstk tk,A

zz vuqPNsn 3 ds izkoèkkuksa ls Li"V gS fd Hkkjrh; laln dh 'kfDr jkT;ksa dh rqyuk esa cgqr T+;knk gS D;ksafd jkT;ksa dk vfLrRo gh laln dh bPNk ij fVdk gqvk gSA [kkl ckr ;g gS fd jkT;ksa dh lhekvksa dks cnyus ;k mudk uke cnyus ds fy;s laln dks fo'ks"k cgqer (Special Majority) dh Hkh ”k:jr ugha gS_ og ,slk lkèkkj.k cgqer (Simple Majority) ls gh dj ldrh gSA

53Quick Book 53

ukxfjdrk dk vFkZ (Meaning of Citizenship)

zz ukxfjdrk dk lkekU; vFkZ ^O;fDr vkSj jkT; ds varl±caèkksa dh mn~?kks"k.kk* gSA ;g euq"; dh ml fLFkfr dk uke gS] ftlesa euq"; dks ukxfjd dk Lrj izkIr gksrk gSA ukxfjd dsoy ,sls O;fDr;ksa dks dgk tk ldrk gS] ftUgsa jkT; dh vksj ls lHkh jktuhfrd vkSj ukxfjd vfèkdkj iznku fd;s x, gksa vkSj tks ml jkT; ds izfr fo'ks"k fu"Bk j[krs gksaA

zz ukxfjdrk esa ;g rF; Hkh lfEefyr gS fd O;fDr dk vius jk"Vª@jkT; ds izfr LFkk;h fu"Bk Hkko rks gks gh lkFk esa jkT; }kjk O;fDr dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh gsrq dqN vfèkdkj o dÙkZO; Hkh fn;s tk,¡] ftudk iz;ksx og Lo;a ds lok±xh.k fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk lekt dY;k.k gsrq Hkh djsA vr% ukxfjdrk dfri; O;fDr dks nkf;Ro] vfèkdkj] dÙkZO; vkSj fo'ks"kkfèkdkj iznku djrh gSA

laoSèkkfud micaèk (Constitutional Provisions)

zz Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds Hkkx–II esa vuqPNsn 5 ls 11 esa ukxfjdrk ls lacafèkr izkoèkkuksa dk mYys[k gSA

zz Hkkjr esa ,dy ukxfjdrk dk izkoèkku gSA Hkkjr esa vyx&vyx jkT;ksa ds vuqlkj ukxfjdrk dk izkoèkku ugha gS] laiw.kZ Hkkjr ds fy;s ,d gh izdkj dh O;oLFkk gSA xkSjryc gS fd vesfjdk esa nksgjh ukxfjdrk dk izkoèkku gS& LVsV o isQMjs'ku dh i`Fko~Q&i`Fko~Q ukxfjdrk,¡A

Hkkx&2 ukxfjdrk

vuqPNsn 5 & lafoèkku ds izkjaHk ij ukxfjdrkA

vuqPNsn 6 & ikfdLrku ls Hkkjr dks izoztu djus okys dqN O;fDr;ksa ds ukxfjdrk ds vfèkdkjA

vuqPNsn 7 & ikfdLrku dks izoztu djus okys dqN O;fDr;ksa ds ukxfjdrk ds vfèkdkjA

vuqPNsn 8 & Hkkjr ds ckgj jgus okys Hkkjrh; mn~Hko ds dqN O;fDr;ksas ds ukxfjdrk ds vfèkdkjA

vuqPNsn 9 & fons'kh jkT; dh ukxfjdrk LosPNk ls vftZr djus okys O;fDr;ksa dk ukxfjd u gksukA

vuqPNsn 10 & ukxfjdksa ds vfèkdkjksa dk cuk jgukA

vuqPNsn 11 & laln }kjk ukxfjdrk ds vfèkdkj dk fofèk }kjk fofu;eu fd;k tkukA

6 ukxfjdrkCitizenship

zz laln dks ukxfjdrk lacaèkh dkuwu cukus dk vfèkdkj gSA vr% ukxfjdrk LFkk;h micaèk tSlh u gksdj fu;ekuqlkj mu O;fDr;ksa dh igpku djrh gS] tks 26 tuojh] 1950 dks lafoèkku ykxw gksus ds le; Hkkjrh; ukxfjd cusA (vuqPNsn 11)zz laln us ukxfjdrk vfèkfu;e] 1955 dks ykxw fd;k vkSj vko';drkuqlkj blesa la'kksèku Hkh fd;s x,] tks eq[;r% fuEu gSa&z� ukxfjdrk (la'kksèku) vfèkfu;e] 1986z� ukxfjdrk (la'kksèku) vfèkfu;e] 1992z� ukxfjdrk (la'kksèku) vfèkfu;e] 2003z� ukxfjdrk (la'kksèku) vfèkfu;e] 2005z� ukxfjdrk (la'kksèku) vfèkfu;e] 2015

ukxfjdksa vkSj fonsf'k;ksa dks çkIr vfèkdkjksa esa varj (Differences between the Rights of Citizen and Non-Citizen)

Hkkjrh; ukxfjd dks izkIr ewy vfèkdkj

fonsf'k;ksa dks izkIr ewy vfèkdkj (Hkkjrh; ukxfjd dks Hkh)

vuqPNsnµ15, 16, 19, 29, o 30 dsoy ukxfjdksa dks izkIr ewy vfèkdkj gSaAvuqPNsn 15: èkeZ] ewyoa'k] tkfr] fyax ;k tUeLFkku ds vkèkkj ij foHksn dk fu"ksèkAvuqPNsn 16: yksd fu;kstu esa volj dh lekurkAvuqPNsn 19: okd~&Lokra=; vkfn fo"k;d dqN vfèkdkjksa dk laj{k.kvuqPNsn 29: vYila[;d oxks± ds fgrksa dk laj{k.kAvuqPN sn 30: f'k{ k. k laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk o i z' k klu ds l anHk Z e s a vYil a[;d oxk s ± dk vfèkdkjA

vuqPNsn 14, 20, 21, 21A, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 o 28 Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa ds lkFk&lkFk fonsf'k;ksa dks Hkh izkIr ewy vfèkdkj gSaAvuqPNsn 14: fofèk ds le{k lerk vuqPNsn 20: vijkèkk s a ds fy;s nks"kflf¼ ds lacaèk esa laj{k.kAvuqPNsn 21: izk.k ,oa nSfgd Lora=krk dk vfèkdkjAvuqPNsn 21A: f'k{kk dk vfèkdkj (6–14 o"kZ dh vk;q rd ds lHkh cPpksa dks fu%'kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z f'k{kk)AvuqPNsn 22: dqN ekeyksa esa fxjÝrkjh vkSj fuokjd fujksèk ds f[kykiQ laj{k.kAvuqPNsn 23: cykr~ Je o ekuo ds nqO;kZikj dk fu"ksèkAvuqPNsn 24: tksf[keiw.kZ dk;ks± esa cky Je vkfn dk fu"ksèkAvuqPNsn 25-28% èkeZ dh Lora=krk dk vfèkdkjA

61Quick Book

7 ewy vf/kdkjFundamental Rights

ewy vf/kdkj D;k gaS\ (What are Fundamental Rights?)

zz ewy vfèkdkj lafoèkku esa mfYyf[kr os vfèkdkj gSa] tks O;fDr ds Hkk Sfrd (lkekftd] vkfFk Zd] jktuhfrd) o uSfrd (vkè;kfRed@èkkfeZd) fodkl gsrq vko';d gSaAzz ;s HkkSfrd o uSfrd fodkl dh n'kkvksa ds lkFk&lkFk jkT; ds f[+kyki+ Q O;fDr dh vk”kknh dks lqfuf'pr djrs gSaA


zz ewy vfèkdkj la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds lafoèkku ls mn~èk`r gSaAzz lafoèkku ds Hkkx–III esa vuqPNsn 12–35 rd budk mYys[k gSA lafoèkku ds Hkkx–III dks Hkkjr dk eSXukdkVkZ* dh laKk nh tkrh gSA

eSXukdkVkZ% vfèkdkjksa dk ,d ?kks"k.kki=k gS] ftls baXySaM ds fdax tkWu }kjk 1215 bZ- esa lkearksa ds ncko esa tkjh fd;k x;kA ;g ukxfjdksa ds vfèkdkjksa ls lacafèkr igyk fyf[kr i=k FkkA loZizFke 1789 bZ- esa izQk¡l us vius lafoèkku ds varxZr ewy vfèkdkjksa dks LFkku iznku fd;kA

zz lafoèkku ds Hkkx–III dh U;k;ksfpr izÑfr (U;k;ky; }kjk laj{k.k izkIr) bls vfèkd ekSfydrk iznku djrh gSA

zz ewy lafoèkku esa dqy 7 ewy vfèkdkj iznku fd;s x, FksA orZeku esa dsoy 6 ewy vfèkdkj gh gaSA 44osa lafoèkku la'kksèku] 1978 }kjk laifÙk ds ewy vfèkdkj dks ¹vuqPNsn 19(1)(p) o vuqPNsn 31º bl lwph ls gVkdj vuqPNsn&300d esa dkuwuh vfèkdkj cuk fn;k x;k gSA

zz ewy vfèkdkj O;fDr dks jkT; ds dBksj fu;eksa ds izfr lpsr djrk gS o l'kDr ukxfjd dk fuekZ.k djus esa lgk;rk djrk gS] ftlls os ljdkj dh neudkjh uhfr;ksa ds f[+kyki+ Q fojksèk ntZ dj ikrs gSaA

ewy vfèkdkjksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Fundamental Rights)

ewy vfèkdkjksa dh fuEu fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaµ zz ewy vf/dkj U;k;ksfpr gSa] bu vf/dkjksa ds guu ij U;k;ky; tk;k tk ldrk gSAzz ewy vf/dkjksa dks loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk xkajVh o lqj{kk nh tkrh gSAzz ewy vf/dkj O;fDr dks] jkT; ds f[+kyki+ Q izkIr vf/dkj gSaAzz ewy vf/dkj vlhfer ugha gSaA jkT; }kjk ;qfDr;qDr fuc±/uksa ds vk/kj ij budks lhfer fd;k tk ldrk gSA

zz ;g vfèkdkj LFkk;h ugha gSa vFkkZr~ laln vuqPNsn 368 ds varxZr lafoèkku la'kksèku dh 'kfDr ds ekè;e ls budks ?kVk&c<+k ldrh gSA

zz jk"Vªh; vkikrdky (vuqPNsn 352) ds nkSjku vuqPNsn 20 o 21 dks NksM+dj leLr ewykfèkdkj fuyafcr fd;s tk ldrs gSaA

uksV% 1931 ds djkph vfèkos'ku esa ljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy dh vè;{krk esa dkWUxzsl us ,d ?kks"k.kki=k esa ewy vfèkdkjksa dh ekax dh] ftldk izk:i tokgjyky usg: }kjk cuk;k x;kA

Ø-la- lafoèkku esa of.kZr ewy vfèkdkj1. lekurk dk vfèkdkj vuqPNsn 14–182. Lora=krk dk vfèkdkj vuqPNsn 19–223. 'kks"k.k ds fo#¼ vfèkdkj vuqPNsn 23–244. èkeZ dh Lora=krk dk vfèkdkj vuqPNsn 25–285. laLÑfr vkSj f'k{kk lacaèkh vfèkdkj vuqPNsn 29–306. laoSèkkfud mipkjksa dk vfèkdkj vuqPNsn 32

uksV% vuqPNsn 31&laifÙk ds vfèkdkj dks 44osa lafoèkku (la'kksèku) vfèkfu;e] 1978 }kjk ewy vfèkdkjksa dh lwph ls gVkdj lafoèkku ds Hkkx XII esa vuqPNsn 300 d ds rgr ,d dkuwuh vfèkdkj cuk fn;k x;k gSA

ewy vfèkdkjksa ls lacafèkr vuqPNsn (Articles related to Fundamental Rights)

vuqPNsn fo"k; oLrq@lkexzh

12.jkT; dh ifjHkk"kk (Hkkjr dh ljdkj o laln] jkT;ksa dh ljdkjsa o foèkkueaMy] lHkh LFkkuh; izkfèkdkjh] vU; izkfèkdkjh)

13. ewy vfèkdkjks a ls vlaxr rFkk mudk vYihdj.k djus okyh fofèk;k¡

14. fofèk ds le{k lekurk15. èkeZ] ewyoa'k] tkfr] fyax ;k tUeLFkku ds

vkèkkj ij HksnHkko dk fu"ksèk16. yksd fu;kstu ds fo"k; esa volj dh lekurk17. vLi`';rk dk var18. mikfèk;ksa dk var

lekurkdkvfèkdkj

81Quick Book

jkT; dh uhfr ds funs'kd rÙo (Directive Principles of State Policy)

zz jkT; ds uhfr funs'kd rÙo lafoèkku dh izLrkouk esa mn~èk`r lkekftd] vk£Fkd vkSj jktuhfrd U;k; rFkk Lora=krk] lekurk vkSj caèkqRo dh Hkkouk ij vkèkkfjr gSaA jkT; ds uhfr funs'kd rÙoksa dk mís'; ^yksd&dY;k.kdkjh jkT;* dh LFkkiuk djuk gSA

zz turk ds fgr vkSj vk£Fkd yksdra=k dh LFkkiuk ds fy;s uhfr funs'kd rÙoksa dks ;Fkk'kfDr dk;kZfUor djuk jkT; dk dÙkZO; gSA uhfr funs'kd rÙo os fopkj gSa ftUgsa lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us Hkfo"; esa cuus okyh ljdkjksa ds le{k ,d iFk&izn'kZd ds :i esa j[kk gSA

zz Lora=k Hkkjr esa izR;sd O;fDr dks ewy vfèkdkj iznku dj tgk¡ ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ fd izR;sd O;fDr dk lok±xh.k fodkl mfpr rjhds ls gks lds_ rks ogha jkT; ds uhfr funs'kd rÙoksa dks 'kkfey dj bl ckr dh Hkh O;oLFkk dh xbZ fd jkT; dks ,sls vkn'kks± dks lkèkus dh dksf'k'k Hkh djuh pkfg;s tks lkekftd U;k; ds fy;s okaNuh; gSA


lafoèkku ds Hkkx&4 esa vuqPNsn 36 ls 51 rd uhfr&funs'kd rÙoksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA bldh izsj.kk vk;jySaM ds lafoèkku ls feyh gSA

lafoèkku lHkk ds lykgdkj ch- ,u- jko }kjk lykg nh xbZ Fkh fd vfèkdkjksa dks nks oxks± esa ck¡Vk tkuk pkfg;sµ (i) os vfèkdkj] tks U;k;ky; }kjk izofrZr djk, tk ldrs gSa ,oa (ii) os vfèkdkj] tks U;k;ky; }kjk izorZuh; ugha gSaA

blh vkèkkj ij izofrZr vfèkdkjksa ds varxZr Hkkx&III esa ewy vfèkdkjksa dks j[kk x;k vkSj vizorZuh; vfèkdkjksa (Unenforceable Rights), ftudk rkRi;Z dqN ,sls uSfrd funs'kksa ls Fkk tks jkT; ds vfèkdkfj;ksa dks uSfrd izsj.kk ns ldsa] dks Hkkx&IV osQ varxZr uhfr funs'kd rÙoksa osQ :i esa lekfgr fd;k x;kA

funs'kd rÙoksa dk egÙo (Importance of Directive Principles)

zz ^yksd&dY;k.kdkjh jkT;* dh LFkkiuk djukA

zz vkfFkZd o lkekftd yksdra=k dh LFkkiuk djukA

zz Hkkjr ljdkj ds dY;k.kdkjh dk;ks± dk vkèkkj_ vfèkdka'k ;kstuk,¡ blls izsfjr gSaA

zz blesa lafoèkku dk n'kZu fufgr gksrk gSA

8 jkT; dh uhfr ds funs'kd rÙoDirective Principles of State Policy–DPSP

zz tc dHkh U;k;ikfydk ds lEeq[k dksbZ laoSèkkfud dfBukbZ mRiUu gqbZ gS] U;k;ikfydk us lafoèkku dh izLrkouk rFkk jkT; ds uhfr funs'kd rÙoksa dks è;ku eas j[kdj lafoèkku dks le>us dk iz;kl fd;k gSA

zz orZeku esa mPpre U;k;ky; ds }kjk tufgr ;kfpdkvksa ds vaxrZr thou ds vfèkdkj dh foLr`r O;k[;k dh xbZ gS vkSj thou ds vfèkdkj esa vkthfodk Hkh funs'kd rÙoksa esa o£.kr gSA

fofHkUu fopkjdksa dk jkT; ds uhfr funs'kd rÙoksa ds lacaèk esa fopkj (Thoughts of Different Thinkers Regarding to the Directive Principles of State Policy)

zz MkW- vacsMdj& ¶uhfr funs'kd rÙoksa dk cgqr cM+k ewY; gSA ;s Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk ds y{; vkfFkZd yksdra=k* dks fuèkkZfjr djrs gSa tSlk fd ^jktuhfrd yksdra=k* esa izdV gksrk gSA¸

zz xzsufoy vkWfLVu& ¶funs'kd rÙo] lkekftd Økafr ds mís';ksa dh izkfIr ds ekè;e gSaA¸

zz ch-,u- jko& ¶uhfr funs'kd rÙoksa dk jkT; izkfèkdkfj;ksa ds fy;s 'kSf{kd egÙo gSA¸

lafoèkku ds Hkkx&IV esa mfYyf[kr uhfr funs'kd rÙo (vuqPNsn 36–51)

vuqPNsn ewy fo"k;&oLrq

36 uhfr funs'kd rÙoksa ds lanHkZ esa ^jkT;* dh ifjHkk"kkA37 uhfr funs'kd rÙoksa dks U;k;ky; }kjk izorZuh;

(Enforceable) u gksrs gq, Hkh ns'k ds 'kklu esa ewyHkwr ekuk x;k gS rFkk fofèk cukus esa bu fl¼karksa dks ykxw djuk jkT; dk dÙkZO; gksxkA

38 (1) jkT; yksd dY;k.k dh vfHko`f¼ ds fy;s lkekftd O;oLFkk cuk,xk& jkT; ,slh lkekftd O;oLFkk djs] ftlesa lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd U;k; jk"Vªh; thou dh lHkh laLFkkvksa dks vuqçekf.kr djs] Hkjld çHkkoh :i esa LFkkiuk vkSj laj{k.k djds yksd dY;k.k dh vfHko`f¼ dk ç;kl djsxkA

(2) vk;] izfr"Bk] lqfoèkkvksa rFkk voljksa dh vlekurkvksa dks lekIr djus dk iz;kl djukA

88 Quick Book

ewy dÙkZO; (Fundamental Duties)

zz Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa ewy vfèkdkjksa ds lkFk&lkFk ewy dÙkZO;ksa dks

Hkh LFkku izkIr gSA pw¡fd vfèkdkjfoghu dÙkZO; fujFkZd gksrs gSa]

tcfd dÙkZO;foghu vfèkdkj fujadq'krk iSnk djrs gSaA vr% ;g

,d&nwljs ds iwjd gSaA

zz fo'o ds lHkh yksdrkaf=kd ns'kksa esa ewy vfèkdkj rks gSa] ysfdu

ewy dÙkZO; dk dksbZ mYys[k ugha gSA bldk izeq[k mnkgj.k vesfjdh

lafoèkku gSA lkE;oknh ns'kksa esa ewy dÙkZO;ksa dh ?kks"k.kk dh ijaijk

fn[kkbZ iM+rh gS] mnkgj.kLo:i& HkwriwoZ lksfo;r la?kA


zz ewy lafoèkku esa ewy dÙkZO; ugha FksA 1975 esa rRdkyhu izèkkuea=kh

bafnjk xkaèkh }kjk vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZA rHkh ljnkj Lo.kZ

flag ds usr`Ro esa xfBr lfefr us lq>ko fn;k fd ewy vfèkdkjksa

ds lkFk ewy dÙkZO; Hkh gksus pkfg;sA

zz bl lfefr dh vuq'kalk ij gh 42osa lafoèkku la'kksèku] 1976 }kjk

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa Hkkx&4 ds ckn Hkkx&4d tksM+k x;k vkSj vuqPNsn

51d ds varxZr 10 ewy dÙkZO;ksa dh lwph dk lekos'k fd;k x;kA

zz 86osa lafoèkku la'kksèku] 2002 ds }kjk ,d vkSj ewy dÙkZO; 11osa

ewy dÙkZO; ds :i esa tksM+k x;kA blesa izkoèkku gS fd 6–14 o"kZ

dh vk;q ds cPpksa ds ekrk&firk@laj{kdksa dk ;g dÙkZO; gksxk fd

os Lo;a ij vkfJr cPpksa dks f'k{kk izkIr djus dk volj iznku djsaA

zz Hkkjr eas ewy dÙkZO; dks HkwriwoZ lksfo;r la?k ds lafoèkku ls

viuk;k x;k gSA

Hkkjr ds izR;sd ukxfjd dk ;g dÙkZO; gksxk fd ogµ1. lafoèkku dk ikyu djs vkSj mlds vkn'kks±] laLFkkvksa] jk"Vª

èot vkSj jk"Vªxku dk vknj djsA2. Lora=krk ds fy;s gekjs jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dks izsfjr djus okys

mPp vkn'kks± dks ân; esa latks, j[ks vkSj mudk ikyu djsA3. Hkkjr dh laizHkqrk] ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk dh j{kk djs vkSj mls

v{kq..k cuk, j[ksA

4. ns'k dh j{kk djs vkSj vkàku fd;s tkus ij jk"Vª dh lsok djsA

9 ewy dÙkZO;Fundamental Duties

5. Hkkjr ds lHkh yksxksa esa lejlrk vkSj leku Hkzkr`Ro dh Hkkouk

dk fuekZ.k djs tks èkeZ] Hkk"kk vkSj izns'k ;k oxZ ij vkèkkfjr

lHkh HksnHkkoksa ls ijs gks] ,slh izFkkvksa dk R;kx djs] tks fL=k;ksa

ds lEeku ds fo#¼ gSaA6. gekjh&lkekfld laLÑfr dh xkSjo'kkyh ijaijk dk egÙo le>s

vkSj mldk ifjj{k.k djsA

7. izkÑfrd i;kZoj.k dh] ftlds varxZr ou] >hy] unh vkSj

oU;tho gSa] j{kk djs vkSj mldk lao¼Zu djs rFkk izk.kh ek=k

ds izfr n;kHkko j[ksA8. oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k] ekuookn vkSj KkuktZu rFkk lqèkkj dh

Hkkouk dk fodkl djsA9. lkoZtfud laifÙk dks lqjf{kr j[ks vkSj fgalk ls nwj jgsA

10. O;fDrxr vkSj lkewfgd xfrfofèk;ksa ds lHkh {ks=kksa esa mRd"kZ

dh vksj c<+us dk lrr~ iz;kl djs] ftlls jk"Vª fujarj c<+rs

gq, iz;Ru vkSj miyfCèk dh ubZ Å¡pkb;ksa dks Nw ysA11. ekrk&firk ;k laj{kd dk dÙkZO; gksxk fd og 6 ls 14 o"kZ

ds chp dh vk;q ds] ;FkkfLFkfr] vius cPps vFkok izfrikY;

dks f'k{kk izkIr djus dk volj iznku djsaA

ewy dÙkZO;ksa dh izorZuh;rk (Enforceability of Fundamental Duties)

zz ewy dÙkZO; U;k;ky; }kjk izo`Ùk ugha djk, tk ldrs gSa vFkkZr~

fdlh ukxfjd }kjk vius ewy dÙkZO; dk ikyu ugha fd;k tk

jgk gks rks U;k;ky; }kjk mls nafMr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA bl

n`f"V ls ;g uhfr&funs'kd rÙoksa ls lekurk j[krs gSaA ;gh dkj.k

gS fd dHkh&dHkh O;aX;kRed ygts esa ewy dÙkZO;ksa dks ^fujFkZd

?kks"k.kk,¡* Hkh dg fn;k tkrk gSA

zz gkyk¡fd] dbZ ekeyksa esa U;k;ky; }kjk dgk x;k gS fd ftl rjg

ewy vfèkdkj lafoèkku dks le>us ds fy;s ewyHkwr egÙo ds gSa]

oSls gh ewy dÙkZO; Hkh gSaA

zz Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ewy dÙkZO;ksa ds izpkyu* (Operationalisation of Fundamental Duties) ds lacaèk esa ^oekZ lfefr* (1999) xfBr dh xbZA bl lfefr }kjk izLrqr fjiksVZ ds varxZr loksZPp

92 Quick Book

10 dk;ZikfydkThe Executive

la?k dh dk;Zikfydk jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk

fuekZ.k fuekZ.k

jk"Vªifr jkT;iky

mijk"Vªifr eq[;ea=kh

egkU;k;oknh egkfèkoDrk

izèkkuea=kh ,oa eaf=kifj"kn~~

eaf=kifj"kn~~

lalnh; ljdkj dh O;oLFkk

dk;Zikfydk

zz Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dsanz ,oa jkT; nksuksa esa lalnh; ljdkj dh O;oLFkk

djrk gSA tgk¡ ,d rjiQ vuqPNsn 74 vkSj vuqPNsn 75 ds ekè;e

ls dsanz esa lalnh; Lo:i dh O;oLFkk djrk gS] rks ogha nwljh rjiQ

vuqPNsn 163 vkSj vuqPNsn 164 ds ekè;e ls jkT;ksa ds fy;s lalnh;

O;oLFkk dk izkoèkku djrk gSA

zz lalnh; O;oLFkk esa dk;Zikfydk viuh uhfr;ksa ,oa dk;ks± ds fy;s

foèkkf;dk ds izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrh gS ijarq ljdkj dh jk"Vªifr

'kklu O;oLFkk esa dk;Zikfydk dk foèkkf;dk ds izfr mÙkjnkf;Ro

ugha gksrk ,oa laoSèkkfud :i esa vius dk;Zdky ds ekeys esa

foèkkf;dk ls Lora=k gksrh gSA

zz lafoèkku ds Hkkx V ds vuqPNsn 52–78 rd la?k (dsanz) dh dk;Zikfydk dk o.kZu gS rks ogha jkT;ksa ds iz'kklu ds fy;s lafoèkku ds Hkkx VI esa vuqPNsn 153–167 rd jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk dk mYys[k gSA

zz Hkkjrh; la?k dh dk;Zikfydk dk fuekZ.k tgk¡ jk"Vªifr] mijk"Vªifr] izèkkuea=kh] eaf=kifj"kn~ ,oa egkU;k;oknh ls feydj gksrk gS] rks ogha jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk dk fuekZ.k jkT;iky] eq[;ea=kh] eaf=kifj"kn~ vkSj egkfèkoDrk ls feydj gksrk gSA

zz la?kh; dk;Zikfydk ,oa jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk dk fuekZ.k pw¡fd

fofHkUu inkfèkdkfj;ksa ls feydj gksrk gS] blfy;s dk;Zikfydh;

Lo:i dks dsanz ,oa jkT; ds lanHkZ esa vyx&vyx le>rs gSaA

la?k dh dk;Zikfydk (The Union Executive)

Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr (President of India)

zz Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr Hkkjr dk izFke ukxfjd gksrk gSA ;g jk"Vª dk vè;{k (jk"Vªkè;{k) ,oa jk"Vª dh ,drk] v[kaMrk vkSj lqn`<+rk dk ifjpk;d gksrk gSA lafoèkku esa la?k dh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr;k¡ jk"Vªifr dks izkIr gSa ijarq] okLrfod 'kfDr;k¡ izèkkuea=kh ,oa mldh eaf=kifj"kn~ esa fufgr gksrh gSaA

zz Hkkjrh; lafoèkku }kjk vuqPNsn 52 ds ekè;e ls jk"Vªifr ds in

dk izkoèkku fd;k x;k gS rFkk vuqPNsn 53 ds rgr Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr viuh dk;Zikfydk lacaèkh leLr 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx Lo;a vFkok vèkhuLFk vfèkdkfj;ksa ds ekè;e ls djrk gSA

jk"Vªifr dk fuokZpu (vuqPNsn 54)zz jk"Vªifr dk fuokZpu] ,d fuokZpu eaMy ds lnL;ksa ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA turk izR;{k :i ls jk"Vªifr ds fuokZpu esa Hkkxhnkj ugha gksrh vFkkZr~ turk }kjk fuokZpu lacaèkh dk;Z vizR;{k :i ls muds }kjk pqus x, izfrfufèk;ksa ds ekè;e ls gksrk gSA

116 Quick Book

U;k; D;k gS\ (What is Justice?)

zz ts-,l- fey ds 'kCnksa esa] ¶U;k; esa ,slk dqN varfuZfgr gS ftls djuk u fliZQ lgh gS vkSj u djuk fliZQ xyr_ cfYd ftl ij crkSj vius uSfrd vfèkdkj dksbZ O;fDr&fo'ks"k ges'kk nkok trk ldrk gSA¸ U;k; dk lacaèk lekt esa thou rFkk lkoZtfud thou dks O;ofLFkr djus okys rkSj&rjhdksa ls gksrk gS] ftlls lekt ds fofHkUu oxks± ds eè; lkekftd ykHk vkSj lkekftd dÙkZO;ksa dk c¡Vokjk laHko gks ikrk gSA blfy;s ^U;k;* jktuhfr ds fy;s Hkh egÙoiw.kZ fcanq gSA

zz blds vfrfjDr U;k;iw.kZ lekt dh mifLFkfr yksdra=k dh e”kcwrh vkSj thoarrk ds fy;s Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gSA MkW- Hkhejko vacsMdj ds 'kCnksa esa] ¶U;k;iw.kZ lekt og gS ftlesa ijLij lEeku dh c<+rh gqbZ Hkkouk vkSj vieku dh ?kVrh gqbZ Hkkouk feydj ,d d#.kk ls Hkjs lekt dk fuekZ.k djsA¸

zz lkekftd U;k; leku yksxksa ds çfr leku O;ogkj] lekuqikfrd U;k; vkSj fo'ks"k ”k:jrksa dk fo'ks"k [;ky tSls fl¼karksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA gkyk¡fd] yksxksa dh fo'ks"k ”k:jrksa dks è;ku esa j[kus dk fl¼kar] leku crkZo ds fl¼kar dh vfuok;Zrk [kafMr u djrs gq, mldk foLrkj gh djrk gSA

zz U;k; ,oa U;k;iw.kZ lekt dh lqfuf'prrk ds fy;s Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds }kjk ^U;k;ikfydk* dk çkoèkku fd;k x;k gS tks fofHkUu Lrjksa ij mifLFkr gSA

U;k;ikfydk ds fofHkUu Lrj (Various Levels of the Judiciary)

zz Hkkjr esa U;k;ikfydk ds 3 Lrj ik, tkrs gSa] ftlesa loksZPp LFkku ij Hkkjr dk mPpre U;k;ky; gSA

mPpre U;k;ky; → mPp U;k;ky; → f”kyk vkSj l=k U;k;ky;

zz mPpre U;k;ky; rFkk mPp U;k;ky;ksa dks lfEefyr :i esa ^mPprj U;k;ikfydk* (Higher Judiciary) dgrs gSa] rks ogha mPp U;k;ky;ksa ds uhps ds lHkh U;k;ky;ksa dks feykdj ^fuEurj U;k;ikfydk* (Lower Judiciary) ;k ^vèkhuLFk U;k;ikfydk* (Subordinate Judiciary) dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA

11 U;k;ikfydkJudiciary

zzfuEurj U;k;ikfydk ds dbZ mi&Lrj ik, tkrs gSa] tSls& f”kyk ,oa Lk=k U;k;ky;A

zzlHkh fuEurj U;k;ikfydk,¡ iz'kklfud n`f"V ls mPp U;k;ky; ds izR;{k fu;a=k.k esa dk;Z djrh gSa vFkkZr~ mPp U;k;ky; buds fu.kZ;ksa dh vihy lquus ds lkFk&lkFk buds iz'kklu dh fuxjkuh Hkh djrk gSA

zzmPp U;k;ky; U;kf;d n`f"V ls loksZPp U;k;ky; ds vèkhu gksrs gSa] fdarq iz'kklfud n`f"V ls bu ij loksZPp U;k;ky; dk dksbZ fu;a=k.k ugha gksrkA

zzloksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk mPp U;k;ky;ksa ds fu.kZ;ksa dks cnyk tk ldrk gS] U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr ,oa LFkkukarj.k fd;k tk ldrk gS] fdarq iz'kklfud Lrj ij dksbZ gLr{ksi ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA

zzU;k;ikfydk ds vykok dqN vfèkdj.k (Tribunals) Hkh fdlh fo'ks"k foHkkx ;k fo'ks"k vfèkfu;e ls tqM+s ekeyksa dks ns[kus ds fy;s LFkkfir fd;s x, gSa] ftudk izkoèkku 42osa lafoèkku la'kksèku vfèkfu;e] 1976 ds ekè;e ls Hkkx&14d tksM+dj [323 d rFkk 323 [k] fd;k x;kA

zzvfèkdj.kksa dh rjg dqN vk;ksx (Commission), cksMZ (Board), iQksje (Forum) dk;Zjr gSa] ftudh dk;Z'kSyh vfèkdj.kksa ds dkiQh leku gSA

U;k;ikfydk ds iz;ksxksa ls fodflr dqN vU; laLFkk,¡ gSa] tSlsµ yksd vnkyr] miHkksDrk vnkyr] cky o fd'kksj U;k;ky;] iQkLV VªSd dksVZ] eksckby dksVZ] bZ&vnkyr] xzke U;k;ky; vkfnA

la?kh; U;k;ikfydk (Federal Judiciary)loksZPp U;k;ky; (Supreme Court)

zzloksZPp U;k;ky; ls lacafèkr izkoèkku lafoèkku ds Hkkx&5 ds vè;k;&4 osQ vuqPNsn 124 ls 147 rd o£.kr gSA bu vuqPNsnksa esa loksZPp U;k;ky; ds xBu] Lora=krk] U;k; {ks=k] 'kfDr;k¡] izfØ;k vkfn dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA

zz ;g 1935 ds ^Hkkjr 'kklu vfèkfu;e* }kjk LFkkfir ^la?kh; U;k;ky;* (Federal Court) dk gh çfr:i gSA ;g la?kh; U;k;ky; gksus ds lkFk&lkFk vafre vihyh; U;k;ky; Hkh gSA

zz mPpre U;k;ky; vko';drk iM+us ij jk"Vªifr dks lykg nsrk gSA (vuqPNsn 143)

138 Quick Book

12 fo/kkf;dkLegislature

foèkkf;dk

laln jkT; foèkkueaMy

la?kh; foèkkf;dk jkT; foèkkf;dk

jk"Vªifr jkT;lHkk(mPp lnu)

yksdlHkk(fuEu lnu)

jkT;iky foèkkulHkk(fuEu lnu)

foèkkuifj"kn~(mPp lnu] vxj f}lnuh;

O;oLFkk gS rks)

la?kh; fo/kkf;dk (Federal Legislature)zz lalnh; 'kklu O;oLFkk ds varxZr dsanz esa f}lnuh; O;oLFkk dks

viuk;k x;k gS] ftlesa nks lnuµ jkT;lHkk (mPp lnu) vkSj

yksdlHkk (fuEu lnu) gSaA

zz yksdlHkk ds lnL;ksa dk fuokZpu izR;{k :i ls turk djrh gS

,oa ;g ,d vLFkk;h lnu gSA ;g dHkh Hkh Hkax gks ldrh gSA

rks ogha jkT;lHkk ,d LFkk;h lnu gS vFkkZr~ bldk fo?kVu ugha

gksrk gSA

zz Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds Hkkx&V esa vuqPNsn 79–122 esa laln ds

xBu] lajpuk] laln ds lnuksa dh vofèk] laln ds vfèkdkjh]

laln vkSj mlds lnL;ksa dh 'kfDr;k¡] fo'ks"kkfèkdkj vkSj mUeqfDr;k¡

vkfn ds ckjs esa mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA

laln dk xBu ,oa lajpuk (Constitution and Composition of Parliament)

zz jk"Vªifr] jkT;lHkk ,oa yksdlHkk ds lfEefyr :i dks laln

dgk tkrk gS vFkkZr~ jk"Vªifr laln dk vfHkUu vax gksrk gSA

(vuqPNsn 79)

zz yksdlHkk laiw.kZ Hkkjr ds yksxksa dk izfrfufèkRo djrh gS] rks jkT;lHkk

dsanz esa jkT;ksa o dsanz'kkflr jkT;ksa dk izfrfufèkRo djrh gSA

uksV% laln ds mPp lnu vFkkZr~ jkT;lHkk esa jkT;ksa dk leku izfrfufèkRo ugha gS] D;ksafd jkT;ksa dk izfrfufèkRo mudh tula[;k ds vkèkkj ij fuèkkZfjr gksrk gSA

zz jk"Vªifr laln ds fdlh Hkh lnu dk lnL; ugha gksrk vkSj u gh og laln esa cSBrk gS] ijarq jk"Vªifr laln dk vfHkUu vax gksrk gSA ,slk blfy;s gS D;ksafd laln ds nksuksa lnuksa }kjk ikfjr foèks;d rc rd dkuwu ugha curk] tc rd jk"Vªifr ml ij viuh lgefr u iznku djsA

jkT;lHkk (mPp lnu) dh lajpuk [Composition of Rajya Sabha (Council of States)]zz Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dk vuqPNsn 80 jkT;lHkk dh lajpuk dk izkoèkku djrk gSAzz jkT;lHkk ds lnL;ksa dh vfèkdre la[;k 250 gks ldrh gS] ijarq orZeku esa ;g 245 gSA buesa ls jk"Vªifr }kjk lkfgR;] foKku] dyk vkSj lekt lsok ds lacaèk eas fo'ks"k Kku j[kus okys 12 lnL;ksa dks euksuhr fd;k tkrk gSAzz 'ks"k] tks vfèkdre 238 gks ldrs gSa] ijarq orZeku esa 233 gSa] fuokZfpr gksrs gSaA (jkT;lHkk dh vfèkdre la[;k 250 esa ls)zz izR;sd jkT; ls fdrus lnL; gksaxs] bldk fuèkkZj.k jkT;&fo'ks"k dh tula[;k ds vkèkkj ij gksrk gSAzz orZeku le; esa mÙkj izns'k ls jkT;lHkk lnL;ksa dh lhVksa dh la[;k lokZfèkd (31) gSA rRi'pkr~ egkjk"Vª (19), rfeyukMq (18)] if'pe caxky (16) rFkk fcgkj (16) dh gSA

jkT;lHkk ds lnL;ksa dk fuokZpu (Election of Rajya Sabha Members)zz jkT;lHkk ds lnL;ksa dk fuokZpu vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo ç.kkyh }kjk ,dy laØe.kh; er ds vkèkkj ij gksrk gS] ftldk o.kZu yksd izfrfufèkRo vfèkfu;e] 1951 esa foLrkj ls fd;k x;k gSA

167Quick Book

13 dsanz&jkT; laca/kCentre–State Relations

Hkwfedk (Introduction)

zz nksgjs 'kklu dh O;oLFkk la?kokn dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk gSA Hkkjr esa Hkh lafoèkku us 'kklu ds nks Lrjksa dh LFkkiuk dh gS] ftlds dsanz esa ,d la?kh; ljdkj gS rFkk pkjksa rjiQ ifjfèk esa jkT; ljdkjsa gSaAzz è;krO; gS fd Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa dgha Hkh ^dsanz ljdkj* dk ukeksYys[k ugha gS_ loZ=k ^la?k ljdkj* dk gh mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA fdarq jktuSfrd] iz'kklfud ,oa foÙkh; iz;kstuksa ds fy;s ^dsanz ljdkj* 'kCn dk O;kid izpyu gSA oLrqr% ^la?k* dh ctk; ^dsanz* 'kCn dh O;kogkfjd Lohdk;Zrk ;g js[kkafdr dj nsrh gS fd Hkkjrh; la?kokn esa ^dsanzkfHkeq[krk* varfuZfgr gSA fiQj Hkh] la?kokn dh Hkkouk ds vuq:i Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ^,d jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa nksgjs 'kklu* dh laLFkkiuk djrk gSAzz Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa dsanz&jkT; lacaèkksa ls tqM+s izkoèkku Hkkx&11 esa fn;s x, gSaA bl Hkkx esa nks vè;k; gSa& igys vè;k; esa dsanz ,oa jkT;ksa ds foèkk;h lacaèk (vuqPNsn 245–255) crk, x, gSa rFkk nwljs vè;k; esa iz'kklfud ;k dk;Zdkjh lacaèkksa (vuqPNsn 256–263) dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSAzz foÙkh; lacaèkksa dh ppkZ Hkkx&XII ds oqQN fgLlksa (vuqPNsn

268–293) esa dh xbZ gSA blds vykok vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk ls lacafèkr izkoèkku Hkh dsanz&jkT; lacaèkksa dks iznf'kZr djrk gSAzz dsanz ,oa jkT; ds eè; eq[;r% 4 izdkj dh 'kfDr;ksa o nkf;Roksa dk c¡Vokjk gks ldrk gS& foèkk;h] iz'kklfud] U;kf;d rFkk foÙkh;Azz Hkkjr esa U;kf;d O;oLFkk ds ,dkRed gksus osQ dkj.k dsanz ,oa jkT; ds eè; dsoy rhu izdkj dh 'kfDr;ksa (foèkk;h] iz'kklfud ,oa foÙkh;) dk gh forj.k fd;k tkrk gSA

uksV% vesfjdk esa bu pkjksa 'kfDr;ksa dk c¡Vokjk dsanz ,oa jkT;ksa esa vyx&vyx fd;k x;k gSA

dsanz rFkk jkT;ksa ds foèkk;h lacaèk (Legislative Relations Between the Centre & States)

zz dsanz vFkok jkT; ds }kjk fdlh fo"k; ij fofèk cukus dh 'kfDr] foèkk;h 'kfDr dgykrh gSAzz Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds Hkkx&XI esa vuqPNsn 245–255 rd dsanz&jkT; foèkk;h lacaèkksa dh foLr`r ppkZ dh xbZ gSAzz dsanz ,oa jkT; ds eè; foèkk;h 'kfDr;ksa ds c¡Vokjs dks ge ^jkT;{ks=kh; foLrkj* ,oa ^fo"k;ksa dh n`f"V ls foèkk;h 'kfDr;k¡* uked 'kh"kZd ls le> ldrs gSaA

zz ;gk¡ ^jkT;{ks=kh; foLrkj* ls rkRi;Z dsanzh; rFkk jkT; foèkkf;dk }kjk fufeZr dkuwuksa ds varxZr vkus okys {ks=k ls gS rFkk ^fo"k;ksa dh nf"V ls foèkk;h 'kfDr;ksa* dk rkRi;Z dsanzh; rFkk jkT; foèkkf;dk ftu fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cuk ldrh gS] ls gSA

zz lafoèkku ds vuqPNsn&245(1) esa ;g izkoèkku gS fd&

¶bl lafoèkku ds micaèkksa ds vèkhu jgrs gq,] laln Hkkjr ds laiw.kZ jkT;{ks=k ;k fdlh Hkkx ds fy;s fofèk cuk ldsxh vkSj fdlh jkT; dk foèkkueaMy laiw.kZ jkT; ;k mlds fdlh Hkkx ds fy;s fofèk cuk ldsxkA¸

zz lafoèkku }kjk iznÙk ;g 'kfDr tgk¡ dsanz ,oa jkT;ksa dks fofèk cukus dks izsfjr djrh gS] rks ogha lafoèkku ds dbZ vuqPNsn laln o jkT; foèkkueaMyksa dh 'kfDr dks lhfer Hkh djrs gSaA tSls&

lafoèkku dh lkroha vuqlwph esa fofèk fuekZ.k ds fo"k;ksa dks dsanz vkSj jkT; ds eè; rhu lwfp;ksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS&

z� lwph I& la?k lwph (Union List)z� lwph II& jkT; lwph (State List)z� lwph III& leorhZ lwph (Concurrent List)tgk¡ laln dks la?k lwph ls lacafèkr fdlh Hkh fo"k; ij dkuwu

cukus dh fof'k"V 'kfDr izkIr gS] rks ogha ^lkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa* esa jkT; lwph esa 'kkfey fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cukus dh 'kfDr jkT; dks izkIr gSA tcfd leorhZ lwph ds lacaèk esa dsanz vkSj jkT; nksuksa dks dkuwu cukus dh 'kfDr izkIr gSA

uksV% os fo"k; tks mi;qZDr rhuksa lwfp;ksa esa lfEefyr ugha gksrs] os vof'k"V lwph (Residual List) ds varxZr vkrs gSa rFkk bl lwph ij dkuwu cukus dk vfèkdkj laln dks gSA Hkkjr esa dsanz dks vof'k"V 'kfDr;k¡ (Residual Powers) nsus dh O;oLFkk dukMk ds lafoèkku ls yh xbZ gSA

ds'kokuan Hkkjrh cuke dsjy jkT; okn (1973) esa loksZPp U;k;ky; us vius fu.kZ; esa dgk fd laln dks lafoèkku ds fdlh Hkh izkoèkku esa la'kksèku dh 'kfDr gS ysfdu ,slk djrs le; lafoèkku dk ewy <k¡pk cuk jguk pkfg;sA

zz lafoèkku dk vuqPNsn 13(2) bl ckr ij jksd yxkrk gS fd dksbZ Hkh jkT; foèkkueaMy ewy vfèkdkjksa dks Nhuus okyk dkuwu ugha cuk ldrk gSA ;fn dksbZ fofèk ewy vfèkdkjksa dks Nhurh gS ;k U;wu djrh gS rks cukbZ xbZ izR;sd fofèk mYya?ku dh ek=kk rd 'kwU; gksxhA

187187Quick Book

14 la?k jkT;{ks=ksa dh 'kklu O;oLFkkGovernance System of Union Territories

la?k jkT;{ks=ksa dk ifjp; (Introduction of Union Territories)

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds Hkkx&1 esa Hkkjr ds laiw.kZ jkT;{ks=k dks rhu oxks± esa ck¡Vk x;k gS& 1. jkT; (States) 2. la?k jkT;{ks=k (Union Territories) 3. vftZr jkT;{ks=k (Acquired Territories)

tEew vkSj d'ehj iquxZBu vfèkfu;e] 2019 ds 31 vDrwcj] 2019 ls ykxw gksus ds dkj.k orZeku esa Hkkjr esa dqy jkT;ksa ,oa la?k jkT;{ks=kksa dh la[;k Øe'k% 28 ,oa 9 gks xbZ gSA bl O;oLFkk ls iwoZ jkT;ksa ,oa la?k jkT;{ks=kksa dh la[;k 29 ,oa 7 FkhA

la?k jkT;{ks=ksa dk ,sfrgkfld fodkl (Historical Development of Union Territories)

zz 1955 esa jkT; iquxZBu vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ ds vkèkkj ij laln us ^jkT; iquxZBu vfèkfu;e] 1956* ds ekè;e ls Hkkjr ds laiw.kZ jkT;{ks=k dks 2 oxks± (jkT; rFkk la?k jkT;{ks=k) esa foHkkftr fd;kAzz vkerkSj ij 'kq#vkrh nkSj esa 'kkfey la?k jkT;{ks=kksa esa ogh {ks=k Fks] tks Hkkx ^x* o Hkkx ^?k* ds jkT;ksa esa 'kkfey FksA 7osa lafoèkku la'kksèku vfèkfu;e] 1956 }kjk Hkkx ^x* rFkk Hkkx ^?k* ds jkT;ksa dks la?k jkT;{ks=kksa esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k Fkk] tSls& fgekpy izns'k] ef.kiqj] f=kiqjk] vaMeku ,oa fudksckj }hi lewg vkfnAzz dkykarj esa buesa ls dqN jkT;{ks=kksa dks iw.kZ jkT; dk ntkZ ns fn;k x;k ,oa fons'kksa ls vftZr dqN jkT;{ks=kksa (tSls&ikWf.Mpsjh] neu o nho] nknjk ,oa ukxj gosyh) dks rFkk dqN vU; {ks=kksa (tSls&paMhx<+) dks la?k jkT;{ks=kksa esa 'kkfey dj fy;k x;kAzz orZeku esa dqy 9 {ks=k bl oxZ esa 'kkfey gSa& fnYyh] paMhx<+] iqnqPpsjh] nknjk ,oa ukxj gosyh] neu o nho] vaMeku ,oa fudksckj }hi lewg] y{k}hi] tEew vkSj d'ehj rFkk yík[kA

la?k jkT;{ks=ksa ls lacafèkr laoSèkkfud izkoèkku (Constitutional Provisions relating to Union Territories)

zz lafoèkku ds HkkxµVIII (vuqPNsn&239–241) esa la?k jkT;{ks=kksa ds iz'kklu ls lacafèkr izkoèkku fn;s x, gSaAz� vuqPNsn&239 % la?k jkT;{ks=kksa dk iz'kkluA

z� vuqPNsn&239d % oqQN la?k jkT;{ks=kksa ds fy;s LFkkuh; foèkkueaMy ;k eaf=kifj"knksa dk ;k nksuksa dk l`tuA

z� vuqPNsn&239dd % fnYyh ds lacaèk esa fo'ks"k micaèkA

z� vuqPNsn&239d• % laoSèkkfud ra=k ds foiQy gks tkus dh n'kk esa micaèkA

z� vuqPNsn&239• % foèkkueaMy ds foJkafrdky esa vè;kns'k iz[;kfir djus dh iz'kkld dh 'kfDrA

z� vuqPNsn&240 % oqQN la?k jkT;{ks=kksa ds fy;s fofu;e cukus dh jk"Vªifr dh 'kfDrA

z� vuqPNsn&241 % la?k jkT;{ks=kksa ds fy;s mPp U;k;ky;

zz 14osa lafoèkku la'kksèku vfèkfu;e] 1962 ds }kjk vuqPNsn&239 d tksM+k x;kA

zz 27osa lafoèkku la'kksèku vfèkfu;e] 1971 ds }kjk vuqPNsn&239 [k tksM+k x;kA

zz 69osa lafoèkku la'kksèku vfèkfu;e] 1991 ds }kjk vuqPNsn&239 dd rFkk vuqPNsn&239 d[k dks 'kkfey fd;k x;kA

zz la?k jkT;{ks=kksa rFkk jkT;ksa esa varj (Difference between Union Territories and States)% la?k jkT;{ks=k vkSj jkT; esa izeq[k varj ;g gS fd tgk¡ jkT; dsanz ds lkFk 'kfDr foHkktu esa fgLlsnkj ds rkSj ij 'kkfey gksrs gSa] ogha la?k jkT;{ks=k lhèks rkSj ij dsanz ljdkj ds vèkhu gksrs gSaA jkT;ksa dks vfèkdkj gS fd dsanz ljdkj ls fookn gksus ij os loksZPp U;k;ky; dh ewy vfèkdkfjrk ds rgr ;kfpdk nk;j dj ldsa ij la?k jkT;{ks=kksa dks ;g vfèkdkj ugha gSA dqN la?k jkT;{ks=kksa esa dkuwu cukus ds fy;s mudh viuh foèkkf;dk gks ldrh gS fdarq laln ds dkuwuksa ls fojksèk gksus dh fLFkfr esa os dkuwu Lor% [kkfjt gks tkrs gSaA jkT;ksa dh fLFkfr bruh de”kksj ugha gS D;ksafd muds ikl jkT; lwph ds fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cukus dh yxHkx iwjh 'kfDr gSA dgk tk ldrk gS fd la?k jkT;{ks=kksa ds ekeys esa Hkkjrh; lafoèkku la?kkRed ugha] iw.kZr% ,dkRed <k¡ps dk iz;ksx djrk gSA

zz la?k jkT;{ks=kksa rFkk dsanz'kkflr izns'kksa esa varj (Difference between Union Territories and Centrally Administered Territories)% ^la?k jkT;{ks=kksa* (Union Territories) rFkk dsanz'kkflr izns'kksa* (Centrally Administered Territories) esa Hkh varj gSA izR;sd dsanz'kkflr izns'k rks la?k jkT;{ks=k gksrk gh gS] ij ;g ”k:jh ugha gS fd gj la?k jkT;{ks=k dsanz'kkflr izns'k Hkh gksA orZeku esa iqnqPpsjh] fnYyh] tEew vkSj

193193Quick Book

15 dqN jkT;ksa ds fy;s fo'ks"k micaèkSpecial Provisions for Some States

vLFkk;h] laØe.k'khy vkSj fo'ks"k micaèk (Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions)

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa dqN jkT;ksa dks vLFkk;h] laØe.k'khy vkSj fo'ks"k micaèkksa dk LFkku çkIr gS] tks fu;r vofèk ds fy;s fuèkkZfjr fd;s x, FksA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds Hkkx&21 ds vuqPNsn&370 ds vèkhu tEew vkSj d'ehj jkT; ds fy;s vLFkk;h micaèk dk çkoèkku fd;k x;k Fkk orZeku esa bl O;oLFkk dks ;kuh vuqPNsn&370 ds rgr tEew vkSj d'ehj jkT; ds fo'ks"k ntsZ dks gVk fn;k x;k gSA blds vfrfjDr lafoèkku ds Hkkx&21 ds vuqPNsn 371 ls 371 ×k rd fofHkUu jkT;ksa ds lacaèk esa fo'ks"k micaèk ;Fkkor cus gq, gSaA jkT;ksa dks çnku dh xbZ fo'ks"k laoSèkkfud fLFkfr dks fuEukuqlkj le>k tk ldrk gS&

jkT;ksa dh fo'ks"k fLFkfr dk laoSèkkfud izkoèkku

vuqPNsn 370 vuqPNsn 371

egkjk"Vª xqtjkr ukxkySaM vle ef.kiqj vkaèkz izns'k

flfDde fe”kksje v#.kkpyizns'k

xksok dukZVd

vuqPNsn 371

tEew vkSj d'ehj

(orZeku esa tEew vkSj d'ehj ls vuqPNsn 370 ds fo'ks"k ntsZ ds

çkoèkkuksa dks gVk fy;k x;k gSA)

vuqPNsn 371d

vuqPNsn 371p

vuqPNsn 371•

vuqPNsn 371N

vuqPNsn 371>

vuqPNsn 371×k

vuqPNsn 371?k

vuqPNsn 371x vuqPNsn

371tvuqPNsn 371Ä

Hkkx&21vuqPNsn 370 rFkk 371

tEew vkSj d'ehj dk fo'ks"k ntkZ (Special Status of Jammu and Kashmir)

zz Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds Hkkx&21 esa vuqPNsn 370 ds rgr tEew vkSj d'ehj jkT; dks fo'ks"k ntkZ fn;k x;k FkkA

zz Hkkjrh; lafoèkku }kjk dqy jkT;ksa esa ls 12 jkT;ksa dks (tEew vkSj d'ehj lfgr) fo'ks"k ntkZ iznku fd;k x;k FkkA

zz tEew vkSj d'ehj dh Lok;Ùkrk 'ks"k vU; jkT;ksa dh Lok;Ùkrk ls rqyukRed n`f"V ls vR;ar O;kid FkkA

;w¡ rks tEew vkSj d'ehj nqfu;k ds lcls lqanj LFkyksa esa ls ,d gS vkSj bls ^èkjrh dk LoxZ* dh miek Hkh nh tkrh gS] ysfdu vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ls eqfDr ds ckn Hkkjr esa bl jkT; ds ,sfrgkfld

foy; ds ckotwn ;g jkT; Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds eè; fookn dk ,d çeq[k dkj.k cuk gqvk gSA pw¡fd ikfdLrku }kjk mijksDr foy; dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k tkrkA vr% ikfdLrku }kjk çeq[k varjkZ"Vªh; eapksa ij bl jkT; ds {ks=kkfèkdkj dks ysdj eqn~nk cuk;k tkrk gSA bUgha otgksa ls bl {ks=k dh fxurh nqfu;k ds lcls fooknxzLr {ks=kksa esa dh tkrh gSA

mYys[kuh; gS fd tEew vkSj d'ehj Hkkjr dk vfHkUu vax gSA

iwoZ esa bldks vuqPNsn&370 ds rgr vLFkk;h vkSj laØe.k'khy micaèkksa

ds vuqlkj ,d fo'ks"k ntkZ fn;k x;k Fkk drq bl {ks=k dh laosnu'khyrk

vkSj çeq[k pqukSfr;ksa dks ns[krs gq, vc ;g çkoèkku tEew vkSj d'ehj

ls gVk fy;k x;k gSA

204 Quick Book

16 Hkk"kk laca/kh mica/kProvisions relating to Language

Hkk"kk D;k gS\ (What is Language?)

zz Hkk"kk dks oSpkfjd vknku&iznku dk ekè;e dgk tkrk gSA ¶Hkk"kk ;kn`fPNd çrhdksa dh og lkekftd laçs"k.k O;oLFkk gS ftleas èofu;k¡ o 'kCn rks lhfer gksrs gSa ijarq l`tukRed ç;ksx ds dkj.k okD; vlhfer gks tkrs gSaA¸

zz ,d lekt ds fodkl dh igpku Hkk"kk ,oa mlosQ 'kCnksa ds p;u ls Hkh dh tk ldrh gSA vr% Hkk"kk gekjs fodkl] vfLerk] lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd igpku dk Hkh lkèku gS] ftlds fcuk euq"; loZFkk viw.kZ gSA

jktHkk"kk (Official Language)

Hkkjr dh Lokèkhurk çkfIr ls igys fganh esa ^jktHkk"kk* 'kCn dk ç;ksx çk;% ugha feyrkA lcls igys lu~ 1949 bZ- esa Hkkjr ds egku usrk Jh jktxksikykpkjh us Hkkjrh; lafoèkku lHkk esa ^us'kuy ySaXost* (National Language) ds lekukarj ^LVsV ySaXost* (State Language) 'kCn dk ç;ksx bl mís'; ls fd;k fd ^jk"VªHkk"kk* (National Language) vkSj ^jktHkk"kk* (State Language) esa varj jgs vkSj nksuksa ds Lo:i dks vyxkus okyh foHksnd js[kk dks le>k tk ldsA lafoèkku lHkk dh dkjZokbZ ds fganh&çk:i esa ^LVsV ySaXost* dk fganh&vuqokn ^jktHkk"kk* fd;k x;k vkSj bl çdkj igyh ckj ;g 'kCn ç;ksx esa vk;kA ckn esa] lafoèkku dk çk:i rS;kj djrs le;] ^LVsV ySaXost* ds LFkku ij ^vkWfiQf'k;y ySaXost* (Official Language) 'kCn dk ç;ksx vfèkd mi;qDr le>k x;k vkSj vkWfiQf'k;y ySaXost* dk fganh vuqokn ^jktHkk"kk* gh fd;k x;k (^ljdkjh* ;k ^dk;kZy;h* Hkk"kk ugha)A bl ifjçs{; esa] jktHkk"kk* 'kCn dk rkRi;Z gS& jktk ('kkld) vFkok jkT; (ljdkj) }kjk çkfèkÑr Hkk"kkA Hkkjrh; yksdra=k esa 'kklu ;k ljdkj dk xBu lafoèkku dh çfØ;k ds varxZr gksrk gS] vr% nwljs 'kCnksa esa ^jktHkk"kk* dk rkRi;Z gS& lafoèkku }kjk ljdkjh dkedkt] ç'kklu] laln vkSj foèkkueaMyksa rFkk U;kf;d dk;Zdykiksa ds fy;s LohÑr Hkk"kkA

jktHkk"kk ls lacaf/r laoS/kfud micaèk(Constitutional Provisions Related to Official Language)

zz mYys[kuh; gS fd lafoèkku ds vèkhu fdlh Hkk"kk dks jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk ds :i esa ugha viuk;k x;k gSA blds vèkhu fganh dks dsoy ^jktHkk"kk* ds :i esa j[kk x;k gSA

zz Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds Hkkx&17 esa mfYyf[kr vuqPNsn 343&351 esa

jktHkk"kk lacaèkh izkoèkku gSaA

zz vuqPNsn 343–351 esa jktHkk"kk ls lacafèkr micaèkksa dks 4 vè;k;ksa

esa oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gS] tks fuEu izdkj ls gSa%

Hkkx&17 (jktHkk"kk)

la?k dh

Hkk"kk

çknsf'kd Hkk"kk,¡

mPpre U;k;ky;] mPp U;k;ky;ksa vkfn dh Hkk"kk

Hkk"kk lacaèkh

fo'ks"k funs'k

la?k dh Hkk"kk (Language of the Union)vuqPNsn 343 (la?k dh jktHkk"kk)

zz vuqPNsn 343(1) micafèkr djrk gS fd la?k dh jktHkk"kk fganh vkSj

fyfi nsoukxjh gksxh] fdarq la?k ds 'kkldh; iz;kstuksa ds fy;s iz;ksx

gksus okys vadksa dk :i Hkkjrh; vadksa dk varjkZ"Vªh; Lo:i gksxkA

zz vuqPNsn 343(2) ds vuqlkj] ¶[kaM (1) esa fdlh ckr ds gksrs gq,

Hkh Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds izkjaHk gksus ds 15 o"kks± dh vofèk rd

la?k ds lHkh 'kkldh; dk;ks± gsrq vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk dk Bhd oSls gh

iz;ksx fd;k tkrk jgsxk] tSlk iwoZor~ gksrk FkkA¸

la?k dh Hkk"kkzz vuqPNsn 343% la?k dh jktHkk"kk

zz vuqPNsn 344% jktHkk"kk ds lacaèk esa vk;ksx vkSj lalnh; lfefr

'krs±@fu;e (Conditions/Rules)

jk"Vªifr rRdkyhu vofèk ds nkSjku] vkns'k }kjk la?k ds lHkh

iz'kkldh; dk;ks± gsrq vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk osQ vfrfjDr fganh Hkk"kk dk vkSj

Hkkjrh; vadksa ds varjkZ"Vªh; :i ds vfrfjDr nsoukxjh :i dk iz;ksx

izkfèkÑr dj ldsxkA

zz vuqPNsn 343(3) ds vuqlkj] laln mDr 15 o"kZ dh vofèk ds

i'pkr~] fofèk }kjk

(d) vaxzs”kh Hkk"kk dk ;k ([k) vadksa ds nsoukxjh :i dk

,sls dk;ks± gsrq micafèkr dj ldsxh] tks ,slh fofèk ls fofufnZ"V

fd;s tk,¡A

210 Quick Book

laoSèkkfud izkoèkku (Constitutional Provisions)

zz Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds Hkkx&18 esa vuqPNsn 352 ls 360 rd vkikrdky ls lacafèkr micaèk mfYyf[kr gaSAzz Hkkjrh; lafoèkku lkekU; fLFkfr;ksa eas la?kkRed Lo:i ds vuqlkj dk;Z djrk gS] rks ogha vkikrdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ;g ,dkRed Lo:i xzg.k dj ysrk gSA

mís'; (Objectives)bl izdkj ds micaèkksa dks lafoèkku esa tksM+us dh eq[; otg ns'k

dh laizHkqrk] ,drk] v[kaMrk ,oa yksdrkaf=kd&jktuSfrd O;oLFkk dks ;Fkkor~ lqjf{kr cuk, j[kuk gSAzz vkikr micaèk ,oa iz'kklfud fooj.k ls lacafèkr izkoèkku Hkkjr 'kklu vfèkfu;e] 1935 ls fy;s x, gSa] tcfd vkikrdky ds le; ewy vfèkdkjksa ds LFkxu lacaèkh izkoèkku teZuh ds okbej lafoèkku ls fy;s x, gSaAzz vkikr micaèk dk izkoèkku Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh ,d vuwBh fo'ks"krk Hkh gS ftlds varxZr vkikrdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkkjrh; 'kklu O;oLFkk fcuk fdlh vkSipkfjd lafoèkku la'kksèku ds la?kh; Lo:i ls ,dkRed Lo:i esa cny tkrk gSA

vkikr micaèkksa dk oxhZdj.k (Classification of Emergency Provisions)

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa vkikr micaèkksa dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSµ 1- jk"Vªh; vkikr & vuqPNsn 352 2. jkT;ksa eas laoSèkkfud ra=k dh foiQyrk@jk"Vªifr 'kklu & vuqPNsn 356 3. foÙkh; vkikr & vuqPNsn 360

jk"Vªh; vkikr (vuqPNsn 352) [(National Emergency (Article 352)]

jk"Vªh; v

kikr d

h mn

~?kks"k.

kk zz vuqPNsn 352 esa fufgr gS fd ^;q¼* ^ckg~; vkØe.k* ;k ^l'kL=k fonzksg* osQ dkj.k laiw.kZ Hkkjr ;k blds fdlh fgLls dh lqj{kk [krjs esa gks rks jk"Vªifr jk"Vªh; vkikr dh ?kks"k.kk dj ldrk gSAzz ewy lafoèkku esa ^l'kL=k fonzksg* dh txg ^vkarfjd v'kkafr* 'kCn dk mYys[k FkkAzz 44osa lafoèkku (la'kksèku) vfèkfu;e] 1978 }kjk ^vkarfjd v'kkafr* dks gVkdj ml LFkku ij ^l'kL=k fonzksg* dks j[kk x;kA

17 vkikr mica/kEmergency Provisions

mn~?kks"k.

kk dh izfØ;k ,

oa vofèk

zz vuqPNsn 352 ds vkèkkj ij jk"Vªifr rc rd jk"Vªh; vkikr dh mn~?kks"k.kk ugha dj ldrk] tc rd la?k dk eaf=keaMy fyf[kr :i ls ,slk izLrko mls u Hkst nsA ;g izkoèkku 44 osa lafoèkku (la'kksèku) vfèkfu;e] 1978 }kjk tksM+k x;kAzz ,slh mn~?kks"k.kk dk ladYi laln ds izR;sd lnu }kjk ml lnu dh dqy lnL; la[;k ds cgqer rFkk mifLFkr o ernku djus okys lnL;ksa dk 2/3 cgqer }kjk ikfjr gksuk vko';d gksxkAzz jk"Vªh; vkikr dh ?kks"k.kk dks laln ds izR;sd lnu ds le{k j[kk tkrk gS rFkk ,d eghus ds vanj vuqeksnu u feyus ij izorZu esa ugha jgrk] fdarq ,d ckj vuqeksnu feyus ij Ng ekg ds fy;s izorZu esa cuk jg ldrk gSAzz osQanz&jkT; lacaèkksa ij izHkkozz dk;Zikfydk ij izHkko zz foèkkueaMy ij izHkko

izHkko

*

zz foÙk ij izHkkozz yksdlHkk o foèkkulHkkvksa osQ dk;Zdky ij izHkkozz tc vuqPNsn 352 izHkkoh gksrk gS rks vuqPNsn 358 ds micaèk Lor% izHkkoh gks tkrs gSaAzz vuqPNsn 358 ,oa 359 jk"Vªh; vkikrdky esa ewy vfèkdkj ij izHkko dk o.kZu djrs gSaA vuqPNsn 358] vuqPNsn 19 }kjk fn;s x, ewy vfèkdkjksa ds fuyacu ls lacafèkr gS] tcfd vuqPNsn 359 vU; ewy vfèkdkjksa ds fuyacu (vuqPNsn 20 ,oa 21 }kjk iznÙk vfèkdkjksa dks NksM+dj) ls lacafèkr gSA

mn~?kks"k.kk

dh lekfIr

zz jk"Vªifr dHkh Hkh ,slh ?kks"k.kk dks okil ys ldrk gSAzz laln }kjk vuqeksnu u fd;s tkus ijA zz yksdlHkk lkèkkj.k cgqer ls izLrko ikfjr dj ?kks"k.kk dks okil ys ldrh gSA

vkikr mn~?kks"k.kk ds çHkko*zz dk;Zikfydk ij çHkko (Effect on Executive): vuqPNsn

353(d) esa crk;k x;k gS fd vkikr dh mn~?kks"k.kk gksus ij dsanz ljdkj dh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr dk foLrkj fdlh jkT; ljdkj dks ;g funsZ'k nsus rd gks tk,xk fd og viuh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr

217Quick Book

18 vuqlwfpr ,oa tutkrh; {ks=The Scheduled and Tribal Areas

laoS/kkfud izko/kku (Constitutional Provisions)

zz Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds Hkkx–10 esa vuqPNsn 244 ds rgr vuqlwfpr rFkk tutkrh; {ks=kksa ds ç'kklu ds fo"k; esa micaèk fd;s x, gSaA

zz lafoèkku dh ik¡poha vuqlwph esa jkT;ksa ds vuqlwfpr {ks=k o vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds ç'kklu o fu;a=k.k ds ckjs esa ppkZ dh xbZ gS (vle] es?kky;] f=kiqjk vkSj fe”kksje& bu jkT;ksa dks NksM+dj)A [(vuqPNsn 244(1)]zz lafoèkku dh NBh vuqlwph esa vle] es?kky;] f=kiqjk vkSj fe”kksje ds tutkrh; {ks=kksa ds ckjs esa i`Fko~Q O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS vkSj muds ç'kklu ds fy;s micaèk fd;s x, gSaA [vuqPNsn 244(2)]zz 22osa lafoèkku la'kksèku vf/fu;e] 1969 ds ekè;e ls lafoèkku esa vuqPNsn 244d tksM+k x;k gS] tks laln dks 'kfDr iznku djrk gS fd og fofèk ds }kjk vle ds dqN tutkrh; {ks=kksa dks feykdj ,d Lok;Ùk jkT; dh LFkkiuk vkSj mlosQ fy;s LFkkuh; fo/kueaMy ;k eaf=kifj"kn~ ;k nksuksa dk l`tu dj ldrk gSA

ik¡poha rFkk NBh vuqlwph dh rqyukRed fo'ks"krk,¡ (Comparative Characteristics of Fifth & Sixth Schedule)

ik¡poha vuqlwph dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (vuqlwfpr {ks=kksa dk ç'kklu) NBh vuqlwph dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (tutkrh; {ks=kksa esa ç'kklu)

vuqlwfpr {ks=kksa dk fuèkkZj.kvle] f=kiqjk] es?kky;] fe”kksje ds vykok fdlh vU; jkT; ds

jkT;{ks=k dks jk"Vªifr }kjk vuqlwfpr {ks=k ?kksf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

dsanz rFkk jkT; dh dk;Zdkjh 'kfDr;k¡

zz jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr dk foLrkj mlds vuqlwfpr {ks=kksa ij gSA la?k dh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr dk foLrkj jkT; dks mDr {ks=kksa ds iz'kklu ds lacaèk esa funsZf'kr vkSj ”k:jr iM+us ij jkT; ljdkj dks bu {ks=kksa esa leqfpr <ax ls iz'kklu pykus ds fy;s ckè; djuk gSA

zz vuqlwfpr {ks=kksa okys jkT;ksa ds jkT;ikyksa ds fy;s vko';d gS fd og izfro"kZ ,oa tc jk"Vªifr pkgs] mUgsa vuqlwfpr {ks=kksa ds iz'kklu ds lacaèk esa fjiksVZ lkSaisA

tutkrh; lykgdkj ifj"kn~zz tks {ks=k vuqlwfpr {ks=k ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS ;k ftu jkT;ksa esa dksbZ vuqlwfpr {ks=k ugha gS] fdarq vuqlwfpr tutkfr;k¡ fuokl djrh

gksa] jk"Vªifr ds funsZ'k ls tutkrh; lykgdkj ifj"kn~ dk xBu vfuok;Z gksxkA

zz tutkrh; lykgdkj ifj"kn~ esa vfèkdre 20 lnL; buesa ls 3/4 ml jkT; dh foèkkulHkk esa 'kkfey vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds lnL;ksa esa ls fy;s tk,axsA

zz jkT;iky dks ifj"kn~ ds vè;{k o lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr o fu;qfDr dh i¼fr ,oa la[;k dks fuèkkZfjr djus dk vfèkdkj fn;k x;k gSA

zz blds varxZr mÙkj iwoZ ds pkj jkT;ksa vle] es?kky;] f=kiqjk vkSj fe”kksje ds tutkrh; {ks=kksa ls lacafèkr izkoèkku gSA

Lok;Ùk f”kys ,oa Lok;Ùk {ks=kzz bu tutkrh; {ks=kksa dks Lok;Ùk f”kys ds :i esa iz'kkflr fd;k tk,xkA vxj fdlh f”kys esa fofHkUu vuqlwfpr tutkfr;k¡ fuokl djrh gksa] rks jkT;iky ,sls {ks=kksa dks Lok;Ùk {ks=kksa ds :i esa foHkkftr dj ldsxkAzz jkT;iky dks yksd vfèklwpuk }kjk Lok;Ùk f”kys esa Lok;Ùk {ks=k cukus] igys ls 'kkfey Lok;Ùk {ks=k dks gVkus] u, Lok;Ùk f”kys cukus] Lok;Ùk f”kys ds {ks=k dks c<+kus ;k ?kVkus] nks ;k vfèkd Lok;Ùk f”kys dks feykdj ,d cukus rFkk uke cnyus dk vfèkdkj gksxkA

f”kyk ifj"kn~~ rFkk izknsf'kd@{ks=kh; ifj"kn~~ dk xBu blesa dqy 30 lnL; gksaxs (4 lnL; jkT;iky }kjk ukfer o 26

lnL; o;Ld erkfèkdkj ls fuokZfpr)A fuokZfpr lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ dk gksrk gS (c'krsZ ifj"kn~ dks igys fo?kfVr u dj fn;k tk,) rFkk euksuhr lnL; jkT;iky ds izlkni;±r in èkkj.k djrs gSaA vxj fdlh Lok;Ùk f”kys ds Hkhrj Lok;Ùk {ks=k dk xBu fd;k x;k gS rks ,sls izR;sd {ks=k ds fy;s iFko~Q {ks=kh; ifj"kn~ gksxhA

f”kyk ifj"kn~ rFkk {ks=kh; ifj"kn~ dh foèkk;h 'kfDrzz ;s ifj"knsa Hkwfe] ou] ugj] [ksrh] xk¡o iz'kklu] laifÙk dk mÙkjkfèkdkj] fookg ,oa lkekftd jhfr&fjokt ds lacaèk esa fofèk cuk ldrh gSaAzz jkT;iky dh vuqefr ls ifj"knksa dks Hkw&jktLo ds fuèkkZj.k ,oa laxzg.k dh rFkk dqN fuf'pr dj yxkus dh 'kfDr izkIr gSA

224 Quick Book

19 LFkkuh; Lo'kkluLocal Self Government

LFkkuh; Lo'kklu dk vk'k; (Meaning of Local Self Government)

xk¡o vkSj f”kyk Lrj ds 'kklu dks LFkkuh; 'kklu dgrs gSa rFkk blls vk'k; ,sls 'kklu ls gS] ftlesa jktuhfrd 'kfDr dk foLrkj vke vkneh ds gkFkksa rd gks] ftlls os viuh LFkkuh; leL;kvksa dk fujkdj.k Lo;a dj lds o iz'kklu esa fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk vnk dj ldsA ;g jktuhfrd tkx:drk ds lkFk&lkFk vke vkneh ds l'kDrhdj.k dk ifjpk;d gSA

zz LFkkuh; Lo'kklu eas fodsanzhÑr 'kklu O;oLFkk* (Decentralized Government System) rFkk ^lgHkkfxrkewyd yksdra=k* (Participatory Democracy) dk vkn'kZ var£ufgr gSAzz bl O;oLFkk dk eq[; ykHk ;g gS fd blls xzkeh.k turk dh igq¡p 'kkld rd gks tkrh gS lkFk gh dk;kZUo;u ls lacafèkr vge iSQlys ysus esa ml ifj;kstuk fo'ks"k ds ykHkkFkhZ çR;{kr% tqM+ tkrs gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i xzkeh.k mRFkku ,oa fodkl dk jkLrk [kqy tkrk gSA

Hkkjr esa LFkkuh; Lo'kklu dk fodkl (Development of Local Self-government in India)Hkkjr esa LFkkuh; Lo'kklu (Local Self-government in India)

,sfrgkfld igyw (Historical Aspect)zz pksy lkezkT; ,oa fot;uxj lkezkT; dh vk;axj O;oLFkk esa LFkkuh; Lo'kklu ds cht ifjyf{kr gksrs gSaA

zz 1773 ds jsX;qysfVax ,DV ds rgr xk¡oksa ds fy;s ”kehankj fu;qDr fd;s x,] tks iapk;rksa ls Lora=k ,oa ljdkj ds izfr tokcnsg FksA

zz ykWMZ fjiu us 1882 esa LFkkuh; Lo'kklu lacaèkh izLrko fn;k ftls LFkkuh; Lo'kklu laLFkkvksa dk ^eSXukdkVkZ* dgk tkrk gSA ;g igyk volj Fkk] tc LFkkuh; 'kklu dk fuokZfpr fudk; vfLrRo esa vk;kA ykWMZ fjiu dks LFkkuh; 'kklu dk tud* dgk tkrk gSAzz 1919 ds Hkkjr 'kklu vfèkfu;e ds rgr izkarksa esa nksgjs 'kklu dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ rFkk LFkkuh; Lo'kklu dks gLrkarfjr fo"k; lwph esa j[kk x;kAzz 1935 ds Hkkjr 'kklu vfèkfu;e ds rgr bls vkSj O;kid o lqn`<+ cuk;k x;kA

Lora=krk çkfIr ds ckn (After Independence)zz lafoèkku lHkk esa LFkkuh; Lo'kklu ds lacaèk esa nks [kses gks x,µ

(i) LFkkuh; Lo'kklu ds i{kèkj] (ii) LFkkuh; Lo'kklu ds fojksèkhA

zz egkRek xkaèkh LFkkuh; Lo'kklu ds fopkj osQ eq[; izfriknd Fks ,oa eq[; leFkZdksa esa nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth] jktsanz izlkn] ykyk yktir jk; vkfn 'kkfey FksAzz blds iz[kj fojksèkh Hkhejko vacsMdj FksA buosQ vuqlkj] ¶LFkkuh; Lo'kklu lkearh] iq#"koknh o tkfroknh lkekftd <k¡ps dk fuekZ.k djsxkA¸zz varr% lafoèkku lHkk us LFkkuh; Lo'kklu dks uhfr&funs'kd rÙoksa esa vuqPNsn 40 ds rgr 'kkfey fd;kA vuqPNsn 40 esa ;g izkoèkku fd;k x;k gS fd ¶jkT; xzke iapk;rksa dk xBu djus ds fy;s dne mBk,xk vkSj mudks ,slh 'kfDr;k¡ vkSj izkfèkdkj iznku djsxk] tks mUgsa Lok;Ùk 'kklu dh bdkb;ksa ds :i esa dk;Z djus ;ksX; cukus ds fy;s vko';d gSaA¸zz 2 vDrwcj] 1952 dks ns'k ds 55 fodkl [kaMksa esa lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe dh 'kq#vkr dj iapk;rh jkt dh i`"BHkwfe rS;kj dh xbZAzz 1950–1992 rd pj.kc¼ iz;klksa ds ckn 73osa o 74osa lafoèkku la'kksèku }kjk Hkkjr esa LFkkuh; Lo'kklu dks laoSèkkfud ntkZ feykA

Hkkjr esa iapk;rh jkt ls lacaf/kr izeq[k lfefr;k¡ (Major Committees Relating to the Panchayati Raj)cyoar jk; esgrk lfefr (Balwant Rai Mehta Committee)

;g lfefr 1957 esa cyoar jk; esgrk dh vè;{krk esa ;kstuk vk;ksx (orZeku esa ;kstuk vk;ksx ds LFkku ij uhfr vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k tk pqdk gSA) }kjk ^lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe* vkSj ^jk"Vªh; foLrkj lsok dk;ZØe* ds vè;;u osQ fy;s xfBr dh xbZ o uoacj 1957 esa lfefr us viuh fjiksVZ lkSaih] ftlesa fuEufyf[kr fliQkfj'ksa Fkha&zz tulgHkkfxrk lqfuf'pr djus dk lcls Bksl rjhdk iapk;rh jkt dks ekuk (lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØeksa dh vliQyrk ds ckn) x;kAzz iapk;rksa dh f=kLrjh; <k¡pk cuk, tkus dh ckr dghµ

(i) xzke Lrj ij & xzke iapk;r (ii) [kaM ;k CykWd Lrj ij µ iapk;r lfefr (iii) f”kyk Lrj ij & f”kyk ifj"kn~zz ljdkj dk dke fliZQ ekxZn'k Zu (Guidance)] fujh{k.k

(Inspection) rFkk mPp Lrj dh ;kstuk cukus rd lhfer j[kus ,oa ;kstukvksa ds lapkyu dk dk;Z LFkkuh; Lo'kklu dh laLFkkvksa dks lkSaius dh ckr dgh xbZAzz lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa esa bl ckr dk mYys[k fd;k x;k fd f”kyk ifj"kn~ dk vè;{k] f”kykfèkdkjh gksuk pkfg;s ,oa iapk;rh laLFkkvksa ds izHkkoh dk;Zdj.k ds fy;s mUgsa i;kZIr lalkèku LFkkukarfjr fd;s tkus pkfg;s vkSj Hkfo"; esa 'kfDr;ksa ds fodsanzhdj.k dh ckr dh xbZA

241Quick Book

20 vk;ksx@ifj"kn~@vf/kdj.kCommission/Council/Tribunal

laoS/kkfud fudk; (Constitutional Bodies)zz Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa fofHkUu vuqPNsnksa ds rgr ftu fudk;ksa dk mYys[k gS] mUgsa laoSèkkfud fudk; ekuk tkrk gSA bu fudk;ksa dks lhèks lafoèkku ls 'kfDr çkIr gksrh gSA bu fudk;ksa ds ra=k esa fdlh Hkh çdkj ds cnyko ds fy;s lafoèkku la'kksèku dh vko';drk gksrh gSA zz bu fudk;ksa ds lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr }kjk dh tkrh gSA bUgsa i;kZIr in lqj{kk iznku dh xbZ gS vkSj bUgsa lafoèkku esa fufnZ"V fofèk;ksa ds vfrfjDr fdlh vU; rjhds ls vius in ls ugha gVk;k tk ldrk gSA budh fjiksVks± dks laln ds nksuksa lnuksa esa j[kk tkrk gSA

vuqPNsn lacafèkr fudk;280 foÙk vk;ksx315–323 la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx@jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx@la;qDr

jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx148 Hkkjr dk fu;a=kd ,oa egkys[kkijh{kd

323 d dsanzh; iz'kklfud vfèkdj.k338 jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tkfr vk;ksx

338 d jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tutkfr vk;ksx

338 [k jk"Vªh; fiNM+k oxZ vk;ksx324 fuokZpu vk;ksx

bl vè;k; esa izeq[k laoSèkkfud fudk;ksa ds lanHkZ esa ppkZ dh xbZ gS&

foÙk vk;ksx (Finance Commission)

laoSè

kkfud

izkoè

kku

zz foÙk vk;ksx ds lacaèk esa vuqPNsn 280 o 281 esa mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA zz foÙk vk;ksx ,d v¼ZU;kf;d ,oa lykgdkjh fudk; gSA

lajp

uk@x

Bu ,

oa in

kofèk zz vuqPNsn 280 (1) ds rgr micaèk gS fd foÙk vk;ksx

jk"Vªifr }kjk fu;qDr fd;s tkus okys ,d vè;{k vkSj pkj vU; lnL;ksa ls feydj cusxkAzz vuqPNsn 280 (2) ds rgr laln dks 'kfDr izkIr gS fd og foÙk vk;ksx ds lnL;ksa dh vgZrk,¡ fuèkkZfjr djsAzz laln }kjk foÙk vk;ksx ds lnL;ksa dh vgZrk,¡ fuèkkZfjr djus gsrq ^foÙk vk;ksx (izdh.kZ micaèk) vfèkfu;e] 1951* ikfjr fd;k x;kA blds varxZr vxzfyf[kr vgZrk,¡ gSa&

z� vè;{k ,d ,slk O;fDr gks tks yksd ekeyksa dk Kkrk gksA

z� vU; pkj lnL;ksa gsrq mPp U;k;ky; dk U;k;kèkh'k cuus dh vgZrk gks ;k mls iz'kklu o foÙkh; ekeyksa dk fo'ks"k Kku gks ;k vFkZ'kkL=k dk fof'k"V Kku gksA

zz vk;ksx dk çR;sd lnL; ,slh vofèk ds fy;s in èkkj.k djsxk tks jk"Vªifr }kjk fuèkkZfjr dh tk,] ¯drq og iqufuZ;qfDr dk ik=k gksxk] lkFk gh og jk"Vªifr dks lacksfèkr i=k }kjk viuk inR;kx dj ldsxkA

fujg

Zrk,¡

zz dksbZ O;fDr vk;ksx dk lnL; fu;qDr fd;s tkus ;k gksus ds fy;s fujfgZr (Disqualified) gksxk ;fn&z� og foÑrfpÙk dk gSA

z� og ?kksf"kr :i ls fnokfy;k gksA

z� og ,sls vijkèk dk nks"kh fl¼ fd;k x;k gks ftlesa uSfrd vèkerk varfyZIr gksA

z� mldk ,slk foÙkh; ;k vU; fgr gks ftlls vk;ksx ds lnL; ds :i esa mlds ÑR;ksa ij çfrdwy çHkko iM+us dh laHkkouk gksA

dk;Z

zz Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr dks ;g fliQkfj'k djuk fd la?k ,oa jkT;ksa ds chp djksa dh 'kq¼ izkfIr;ksa dks dSls forfjr fd;k tk, ,oa jkT;ksa ds chp ,sls vkxeksa dk vkoaVuA

zz vuqPNsn 275 ds rgr lafpr fufèk esa ls jkT;ksa dks vuqnku@lgk;rk nh tkuh pkfg;sA

zz jkT; foÙk vk;ksx }kjk dh xbZ fliQkfj'kksa ds vkèkkj ij iapk;rksa ,oa uxjikfydkvksa ds lalkèkuksa dh vkiwfrZ gsrq jkT; dh lafpr fufèk esa lao¼Zu ds fy;s vko';d dneksa dh fliQkfj'k djukA

zz jk"Vªifr }kjk iznÙk vU; dksbZ fof'k"V funsZ'k] tks ns'k ds lqn`<+ foÙk ds fgr esa gksA

'kfDr;

k¡

zz vk;ksx viuh fjiksVZ jk"Vªifr dks lkaSirk gS] ftls og laln ds nksuksa lnuksa ds le{k j[kokrk gSA

zz izLrqr fliQkfj'kksa ds lkFk Li"Vhdkjd Kkiu Hkh j•okuk gksrk gS rkfd izR;sd fliQkfj'k ds lacaèk esa gqbZ dk;Zokgh dh tkudkjh gks ldsA

264 Quick Book

21 Hkkjr esa fuokZpu] ernku O;ogkj ,oa nyh; O;oLFkk Elections, Voting Behaviour and

Party System in India

pquko (Election)

zz pquko fdlh Hkh yksdrkaf=kd O;oLFkk dk vkèkkj gSA ;g ,d ,slh çfØ;k gS ftlds ekè;e ls yksx viuh jktuhfrd ilan vkSj ukxfjd vfèkdkjksa dk ç;ksx djrs gSa ,oa blds lkèku ds :i esa vfHkO;fDr gsrq ernku dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA

zz pqukoksa ds ekè;e ls çfrfufèk;ksa dks ,d fuf'pr le;kofèk ds fy;s fuokZfpr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj vofèk dh lekfIr ds ckn çfrfufèk;ksa dks iqu% tukns'k çkIr djuk vko';d gksrk gSA

laoS/kkfud mica/k (Constitutional Provisions)

zz Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds Hkkx&15 esa vuqPNsn 324 ls 329 rd fuokZpu ls lacafèkr micaèkksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA

zz lafoèkku ds vuqPNsn 324 esa] ns'k esa Lora=k vkSj fu"i{k pqukoksa ds fy;s pquko vk;ksx uked laLFkk dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA

zz Hkkjr esa fuokZpu iz.kkyh o;Ld erkfèkdkj ij vkèkkfjr gS] ftlesa Hkkjr dk izR;sd ukxfjd] ftldh vk;q 18 o"kZ ls de u gks rFkk ftls lafoèkku ;k foèkkf;dk }kjk fufeZr fdlh dkuwu@fofèk ds vèkhu fujfgZr ugha fd;k x;k] ernku dk vfèkdkj gksrk gSA fujfgZr djus ds vkèkkj vfuokl] fpÙkfoÑfr] vijkèk] Hkz"V ;k voSèk vkpj.k vkfn gks ldrs gSaA

zz vuqPNsn 325 esa ;g izkoèkku gS fd fdlh O;fDr dks pquko izfØ;k esa 'kkfey gksus ds fy;s èkeZ] ewyoa'k] tkfr vFkok fyax ds vkèkkj ij v;ksX; ugha fd;k tk ldrk vFkok bUgha vkèkkjksa ij og O;fDr 'kkfey gksus dk nkok Hkh ugha dj ldrkA

zz vuqPNsn 327 laln dks foèkk;h 'kfDr iznku djrk gSA mlds vuqlkj og laln ds izR;sd lnu ;k fdlh jkT; foèkkueaMy ds lnu ;k mlds izR;sd lnu ds fuokZpuksa ls lacafèkr lHkh ekeyksa ds ckjs esa dkuwu cuk ldsxhA buesa fuokZpd&ukekofy;ksa dh rS;kjh] fuokZpu {ks=kksa dk ifjlheu rFkk ¶,sls lnu ;k lnuksa dk lE;d xBu lqfuf'pr djus ds fy;s vko';d¸ lHkh vU; ekeys Hkh 'kkfey gSaA

Hkkjr esa fuokZpu iz.kkyh (Election System in India)fuokZpu iz.kkyh ds izdkj

Hkkjrh; fuokZpu ds lacaèk esa eq[;r% nks izdkj dh i¼fr;k¡ viukbZ tkrh gSa%

1- yksdlHkk ,oa jkT;ksa esa foèkku lHkk pquko gsrq iQLVZ ikLV n iksLV flLVe* viuk;k tkrk gSA

2- jk"Vªifr] mijk"Vªifr] jkT;lHkk ,oa jkT; foèkku ifj"kn ds fuokZpu gsrq ,dy laØe.kh; vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo iz.kkyh viukbZ xbZ gSA

iQLVZ ikLV n iksLV flLVe (First Past the Post System)zz Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk esa yksdlHkk o jkT;ksa dh foèkku lHkkvksa ds pquko ds fy;s ;g iz.kkyh viukbZ tkrh gS] ftlds varxZr iwjs ns'k dks tula[;k ds vkèkkj ij pquko {ks=kksa esa ck¡Vdj mu {ks=kksa ds ernkrkvksa }kjk mEehnokj dk p;u fd;k tkrk gSAzz tks mEehnokj lokZfèkd er izkIr djrk gS] Hkys gh os Mkys x, dqy erksa ds vkèks ls de gh D;ksa u gksa] fot;h ?kksf"kr gksrk gSA zz bl O;oLFkk esa lÙkk esa ogh ny vkrk gS] ftls cgqer dk tukns'k feyk gksAzz bl O;oLFkk dh lcls cM+h lhek ;g gS fd blesa dsoy rqyukRed cgqer dk è;ku j[kk tkrk gSA vr% dbZ ckj fdlh pquko {ks=k esa iM+s erksa dk 35 izfr'kr ls 40 izfr'kr er ikus okyk izR;k'kh Hkh fotsrk ?kksf"kr dj fn;k tkrk gSA

iQLVZ ikLV n iksLV flLVe (First Past the

Post System)

Hkkjr esa tgk¡&tgk¡ izR;{k fuokZpu (Direct Election) gksrk gS yxHkx gj txg ;gh O;oLFkk viukbZ tkrh gSA

jk"Vªifr] mijk"Vªifr] jkT;lHkk ,oa jkT; foèkku ifj"kn ds lnL;ksa dk fuokZpu vkfnA

vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo(Proportional

Representation)

lwph i¼fr(List System)

,dy laØe.kh; er (Single Transferable

Vote)

b”kjk;y] iqrZxky] vts±Vhuk vkfn ns'kksa esa

fuokZpu ç.kkyh (Electoral System)

,dy laØe.kh; vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo iz.kkyh(Proportional Representation by Single Transferable Vote)zz bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk dks jk"Vªifr] mijk"Vªifr] jkT;lHkk o jkT; foèkku ifj"kn ds lnL;ksa ds pquko ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

276 Quick Book

22 Hkkjr esa lq'kkluGood Governance in India

lq'kklu (Good Governance)

zz ^lq'kklu* dk rkRi;Z 'kklu vFkok iz'kklu esa uSfrd ewY;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;s tkus ls gSA bu ewY;ksa esa vkerkSj ij lgHkkfxrk] vke lgefr] tokcnsgh] ikjnf'kZrk] mÙkjnkf;Ro] izHkkoh vkSj dk;ZoqQ'ky] U;k;laxr vkSj lekos'kh] fof/ dk 'kklu vkfn 'kkfey gSaA

zz lq'kklu (Good Governance) vkSj ukxfjd&osaQfær (Citizen-Centric) iz'kklu dh voèkkj.kk,¡ ,d&nwljs ls xgjkbZ ls tqM+h gqbZ gSaA fdlh Hkh ljdkj ds fy;s pkgs og jk"Vªh;] jkT;Lrjh; vFkok LFkkuh; gks] ukxfjdksa dk dY;k.k vkSj mudh larqf"V lqfuf'pr djus ds mís'; ls ukxfjd&osaQfærrk egÙoiw.kZ gS] ftldk mís'; lq'kklu iznku djuk gksrk gSA

f}rh; iz'kklfud lq/kj vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj ukxfjd& dsafær 'kklu dh iwokZis{kk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gSa&

z� lqn`<+ dkuwuh <k¡pk

z� dkuwuksa ds leqfpr ikyu vkSj muds izHkkoh dk;kZUo;u gsrq e”kcwr o izHkkoh laLFkkxr ra=k

z� bu laLFkkuksa dh l{ke dkfeZd LVkiQ&iz.kkyh vkSj Bksl dkfeZd izcaèku uhfr;k¡ vkSj

z� fodsaæhdj.k] izR;k;kstu (Delegation) vkSj tokcnsgh gsrq lgh uhfr;k¡A

vk;ksx us 'kklu dks ukxfjd&osaQfær cukus ds fy;s fuEu izeq[k fl¼karksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS&

z� 'kwU; lfg".kqrk dk;Zuhfr ij vk/kfjr dkuwu dk 'kklu

z� laLFkkuksa dks yphyk] izfrfØ;k'khy vkSj tokcnsg cukuk

z� foosaQæhdj.k

z� ikjnf'kZrk

z� flfoy lsok lqèkkj

z� 'kklu esa uSfrdrk

z� izfØ;k esa lqèkkj vkSj

z� 'kklu dh xq.koÙkk dk le;≤ ij Lora=k ewY;kaduA

varr% fl¼karksa vkSj iwoZ&'krks± ls vkxs c<+rs gq, vk;ksx us mu fooj.kksa dh tk¡p djus dk iz;kl fd;k gS ftudh lgk;rk ls 'kklu dks dk;Zuhfr;ksa vkSj izfØ;kvksa] lkèkuksa vkSj i¼fr;ksa ds lanHkZ esa vkSj vfèkd ukxfjd&osaQfær cuk;k tk ldsA ;s fooj.k vxzfyf[kr gSa&

z� xous±l dks ukxfjd&dsafær* cukus ds fy;s iqu% bathfu;jh izfØ;k

z� mi;qDr vkèkqfud izkS|ksfxdh viukuk

z� lwpuk dk vfèkdkj

z� ukxfjd pkVZj

z� lsokvksa dk Lora=k ewY;kadu

z� f'kdk;r lekèkku i¼fr;k¡ vkSj

z� lfØ; ukxfjd Hkkxhnkjh (ljdkjh&futh Hkkxhnkjh)A

ukxfjd&dsafær iz'kklu dh vo/kj.kk (The Concept of Citizen Centric Administration)

lq'kklu vkSj ukxfjd&dsafær iz'kklu (Good Governance and Citizen Centric Administration)

lq'kklu dh voèkkj.kk dksbZ ubZ ugha gSA dkSfVY; us vius xzaFk

^vFkZ'kkL=k* esa jktk ds xq.kksa dk bl izdkj foLrkj fd;k gS& ¶viuh

iztk dh [kq'kh esa mldh [kq'kh fufgr gS] muds dY;k.k esa viuk

dY;k.k le>rk gSA ftlls mls [kqn dks [kq'kh feyrh gS] mls og

vPNk ugha le>rk] fdarq ftl fdlh Hkh ckr ls iztk dks [kq'kh gksrh

gS] mls og mÙke le>rk gSA¸ egkRek xkaèkh us Hkh ^Lojkt* dh

voèkkj.kk dk izfriknu fd;k FkkA

lq'kklu ds xq.k (Merits of Good Governance)

lq'kklu ds fuEufyf[kr vkB xq.k gSa] tks mUgsa vius ukxfjdksa ds

lkFk tksM+rs gSaA

lq'kklu

ikjn'khZ

loZlEefr&mUeq[k

Hkkxhnkjhiw.kZ

dkuwu osQ 'kklu dk ikyu

izHkkoh vkSj oqQ'ky lerkiw.kZ vkSj lekos'kh

izfrfØ;k'khy

tokcnsgh

302 Quick Book

23 lafo/kku la'kks/ku % ,d uT+kj esaConstitutional Amendments : At a Glance

Hkwfedk (Introduction)

nqfu;k ds fdlh Hkh lafoèkku esa ifjorZu ;k la'kksèku dh çfØ;k dk viuk;k tkuk çxfr dk lwpd ekuk tkrk gSA ckr pkgs lafoèkku dh gks vFkok fdlh O;oLFkk ;k lekt dh] og vanj vko';d ifjorZu djds gh fodkl dh lhf<+;k¡ p<+ ldrk gSA dksbZ Hkh lafoèkku fuekZ=kh lHkk ;g nkok ugha dj ldrh fd mlds }kjk lafoèkku esa j[ks x, çkoèkku lkoZdkfyd çÑfr ds gSaA blh rF; dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dks Hkh la'kksèkuh; cuk;k x;k gSA

lafoèkku la'kksèku ds lacaèk esa MkW- Hkhejko vacsMdj us dgk Fkk fd ¶lHkk us ;g ugha ekuk fd lafoèkku vafre rFkk funksZ"k gSA lHkk dh ;g èkkj.kk ugha gS fd lafoèkku ds la'kksèku dk vfèkdkj turk dks ugha fn;k tk, tSlk fd dukMk us fd;k gS ;k la'kksèku ds fy;s vR;ar dfBu 'krZ fuèkkZfjr dj nh tk, tSlk fd vesfjdk ;k vkWLVªsfy;k esa fd;k x;k gSA lHkk us lafoèkku la'kksèku ds fy;s ,d ljy çfØ;k viukbZ gSA tks yksx lafoèkku ls larq"V ugha gSa] mUgsa dsoy nks&frgkbZ cgqer çkIr djuk gS vkSj ;fn os nks&frgkbZ cgqer Hkh vius i{k esa çkIr ugha dj ldrs gSa rks ;gh le>k tk,xk fd lafoèkku ds çfr mUgsa tks vlarks"k gS] mlesa turk muds lkFk ugha gSA¸ bl dFku ls Li"V gS fd lafoèkku fuekZrk lafoèkku dks u rks dBksj (Rigid) cukuk pkgrs Fks vkSj u gh iw.kZr% yphyk (Flexible)A muds bUgha fopkjksa dh >yd lafoèkku la'kksèku lacaèkh micaèkksa esa fn[krh gSA

lafo/kku la'kks/ku dh izfØ;k (Procedure of Amendment of the Constitution)

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa la'kksèku rhu izdkj dh izfØ;k ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

lafoèkku la'kksèku

lkèkkj

.k c

gqer

ls

(Sim

ple

Maj

ority

)

zz ,sls la'kksèku ds fy;s nksuksa lnuksa esa mifLFkr rFkk er nsus okys lnL;ksa ds vkèks ls vfèkd dh lgefr gh i;kZIr gSAzz ,sls micaèkksa dk la'kksèku lafoèkku ds vuqPNsn 368 ds varxZr ugha ekuk tkrk gSA zz tSls] vuqPNsn 2, 3, 4, 75, 97, 105(3), 106, 125,

148 vkfnA

fo'ks"k

cgqer

ls

(Spe

cial

Maj

ority

)

zz ftu micaèkksa dk lacaèk Hkkjr ds la?kh; <k¡ps (Federal Structure) ls gS] mUgsa NksM+dj vuqPNsn 368 ds varxZr la'kksèku* ekus tkus okys 'ks"k lkjs micaèk blh oxZ esa 'kkfey gSaAzz blesa foèks;d dks lnu dh dqy la[;k dk cgqer gkfly gksuk pkfg;s ,oa izR;sd lnu esa ml foèks;d dks mifLFkr rFkk ernku djus okys lnL;ksa esa ls de&ls&de nks&frgkbZ dk leFkZu izkIr gksuk pkfg;sA

laln

ds fo'

ks"k c

gqer

ds v

ykok de&

ls&d

e vkèks jkT;ksa d

s foèkku

eaMyksa ds v

uqleFkZu

(Ratification) l

s ikfjr

gksus okys foèks;d

zz bl izdkj ds la'kksèku dk lacaèk la?kkRed <k¡ps ls gSA

zz vuqPNsn 368(2) ds vuqlkj bls nksuksa lnuksa ds fo'ks"k cgqer }kjk ikfjr fd;k tkuk vfuok;Z gS ,oa de&ls&de vkèks jkT;ksa ds foèkkueaMyksa }kjk bl vk'k; dk ladYi (Resolution) ikfjr djds mls vuqleFkZu (Ratification) fn;k tk,A

zz tSls] vuqPNsn 54, 55, 73, 80, 81, 162, 241 pkSFkh ;k lkroha vuqlwph dh dksbZ lwph vkfn esa fd;k tkus okyk la'kksèkuA

lafo/kku la'kks/ku izfØ;k ds fofHkUu pj.k (Different Stages of Constitutional Amendment Process)

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds vuqPNsn 368 esa lafoèkku la'kksèku ds fy;s

vkSipkfjd izfØ;k crkbZ xbZ gS] ftlds fofHkUu pj.k gSaµ

zzla'kksèku dk izLrko laln ds nksuksa lnuksa esa ls fdlh esa Hkh izkjaHk

fd;k tk ldrk gSA

zznksuksa lnuksa esa fo'ks"k cgqer (dqy lnL; la[;k ds vkèks ;k vkèks

ls vfèkd rFkk mifLFkr o ernku djus okys lnL;ksa ds nks&frgkbZ

;k vfèkd lnL;ksa ds leFkZu) ls gh lafoèkku la'kksèku foèks;d

ikfjr gks ldrk gSA

zzlafoèkku la'kksèku ds ekeys esa la;qDr cSBd (Joint Sitting) dk

dksbZ izkoèkku ugha gSA

zz,sls foèks;d dk nksuksa lnuksa esa i`Fko~Q&i`Fko~Q ikfjr gksuk ”k:jh gSA

314 Quick Book

Hkkjrh; lafo/kku % ,d uT+kj esa (Indian Constitution : At a Glance)

Hkkx fo"k; lacafèkr vuqPNsnI la?k vkSj mldk jkT; {ks=k 1 ls 4II ukxfjdrk 5 ls 11III ewy vfèkdkj 12 ls 35IV jkT; dh uhfr ds funs'kd rÙo 36 ls 51

IV d ewy dÙkZO; 51dV la?k

vè;k; I& dk;Zikfydkvè;k; II& lalnvè;k; III& jk"Vªifr dh foèkk;h 'kfDr;k¡vè;k; IV& la?k dh U;k;ikfydkvè;k; V& Hkkjr dk fu;a=kd&egkys[kkijh{kd

52 ls 15152 ls 7879 ls 122

123124 ls 147148 ls 151

VI jkT; vè;k;&I lkèkkj.kvè;k; II& dk;Zikfydkvè;k; III& jkT; dk foèkkueaMyvè;k; IV& jkT;iky dh foèkk;h 'kfDrvè;k; V& jkT;ksa ds mPp U;k;ky;vè;k; VI& vèkhuLFk U;k;ky;

152 ls 237152

153 ls 167168 ls 212

213214 ls 232233 ls 237

VII [igyh vuqlwph ds Hkkx&[k ds jkT;] 7osa lafoèkku la'kksèku }kjk fujflr 238 (fujflr)VIII la?k jkT; {ks=k 239 ls 242IX iapk;rsa 243 ls 243 .k (O)

IX d uxjikfydk,¡ 243r (P) ls 243 ;N (ZG)

IX [k lgdkjh lfefr;k¡ 243 ;t(ZH) ls 243 ;u (ZT)X vuqlwfpr vkSj tutkrh; {ks=k 244 ls 244 dXI la?k vkSj jkT;ksa ds chp lacaèk

vè;k; I& foèkk;h lacaèkvè;k; II& iz'kklfud lacaèk

245 ls 263245 ls 255256 ls 263

XII foÙk] laifÙk] lafonk,¡ vkSj oknvè;k; I& foÙkvè;k; II& mèkkj ysukvè;k; III& laifÙk] lafonk,¡] vfèkdkj] nkf;Ro] ckè;rk,¡ vkSj oknvè;k; IV& laifÙk dk vfèkdkj

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