2017. 12. 25 1

http://www5.dent.niigata-u.ac.jp/~nisiyama/radiation_physics.pdf

http://www5.dent.niigata-u.ac.jp/~nisiyama/radiation_physics_slide.pdf

(electromagnetic wave) electromagnetic radiation (particles) corpuscular radiation charged particles uncharged particles --- (ionizing radiation) directly ionizing radiation indirectly ionizing radiation (non-ionizing radiation) ()()(

2

2017. 12. 25

3

2017. 12. 25

c13.0108m 4.0107m 3.01084.01077.5Hz7.5/s

Hz

Ehhc/1.9910-25[Jm]/ 1.24[eVm]/12.4[keV]/ Duane-Hunt

eV V 1.602 10-19[C][V]1.602 10-19[J]

4

30kmc1

11

1m

LED

http://www5.dent.niigata-u.ac.jp/~nisiyama/ElectroMagneticRadiation.pdf

2017. 12. 25

X

Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen

1895118

Crookes

X

10-810-14m

3.0108m/sec

= (m)(sec-1)(3.0108m /sec)

= (J)(6.6310-34Jsec)

5 2017. 12. 25

6 2017. 12. 25

D=kZIV2 k I 1%99% 19 (74W)

1mmAl 70kV 1.5mmAl (15cm)

7 2017. 12. 25

8 2017. 12. 25

][4.12][1040.12

][10602.1

]/[10998.2][10626.6

7

19

834

maxmin

min

maxmax

kVmV

C

smJs

e

chV

chVeE

chhE

min

Duane-Hunt minVmax=12.4 minVmaxkV

K LI LII LIII

1 H 0.014

11 Na 1.080 0.055 0.034 0.034

20 Ca 4.038 0.399 0.352 0.349

29 Cu 8.980 1.100 0.953 0.933

53 I 33.164 5.190 4.856 4.559

74 W 69.508 12.090 11.535 10.198

79 Au 80.713 14.353 13.733 11.919

82 Pb 88.001 15.870 15.207 13.044

92 U 115.591 21.753 20.943 17.163

3pM3sM

[keV]

9

(1991/3

2017. 12. 25

50keV 1.02MeV =========================================================

IP

10

K

2017. 12. 25

I0I I=I0e

-dkZ33 --- Z / ex.

Zh

hh

A

Z

MeVkeV

h

Z

hZ

cc

c

coh

coh

ccoh

02.1[MeV]

productionpair

5.0

3030

scatteringCompton

K

effect ricprotoelect

scatteringcoherent

tcoefficienn attenuatio mass

tcoefficienn attenuatiolinear

3

2

11

(1991/3 (2007/2)

2017. 12. 25

c c

827

14

)7(

)14(

f(Z)

3

3

3

3

3

f

f

Za

bZf

bZa

c

c

ZeffZeff

c=ZaE3/2

c=Zb/(E2-1.02E)

[g/cm3]

7.64 0.00129 N,O,C H 1

5.96.5 0.91 C,H,O N,S He 2

7.42 1 H,O Li 3

7.47.6 1 H,O,C N,S,K,P,Na,Mg,Ca Be 4

12.313.8 1.85 O,C,Ca H,P,N,S,Mg B 5

13.5 2.4 O,C,Ca H,P,N,S,Mg C 6

15.5 2.9 O,C,Ca H,P,N,S,Mg N 7

13 2.7 Al O 8

22 4.5 Ti F 9

82 11.34 Pb Ne 10

Na 11

C,H,O,N,Mg,Ca,K,S,P,Fe Mg 12Zeff Al 13

Si 14

P 15

S 16

Cl 17

Ar 18

K 19

Ca 20

Mayered2.943.45(2007/02)

42.788.012.0

)(

94.2 94.294.2

2

94.294.2

OHZ

Zi

f

ZfZ

eff

i

i

iieff

Evans, 1955 (Attix, F.H. and Roesch, W.C., eds.:Radiation

Dosimetry. Vol. I : Fundamentals. Academic Press Inc., New

York, 1968.)

c=: Z=125*E3/2-3c=: Z=1900/(E

2-1.02E+6)+2

768

1412-16

0

10

20

0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100

120

100

80

60

40

20

00.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

14

7

60kV70kV

0.01 0.05 0.1

c=

Zeff

[MeV]

Zeff

12 2017. 12. 25

D

D=kZV2

k

D/(IV)=kZVIV

D1 D1 D2D1D2 1/4 Hc=D2/D1Hc>1 I=I0e

-d

cf.

(1991/3

IP

13

2017. 12. 25

exposure, X [C/kg]X=dQ/dm

dQdm

Kerma, K Gy[J/kg]K=dE/dm

dm

absorbed dose, D Gy[J/kg]D=de/dm

dedm

equivalent dose, HT Sv[J/kg]HT=wRDT,R DT,RTR

wR

HTRwRDT,R

Effective Dose, E Sv[J/kg]E=wTHT wT

X [C/kg] X,

exposure R

1R=2.58x10-4C/kg

D Gy [J/kg]

absorbed dose rad

HT Sv [J/kg]

equivalent dose rem

HT=wRDTR

wR :

E Sv [J/kg]

effective dose rem

E=wTHT

wT :

A Bq [/]

activity Ci

1Sv=100rem1Gy=100radWR=1

14

D=HT

2017. 12. 25

(A)(dt)(dN)dN/dt

Bq[1/sec]

(RI)

---

---

---

EC: Electron Capture ---

(IT: Isomeric Transition)

SF: Spontaneous Fission

N=N0e-t

N:t

N0t=0

T:N=1/2N0T

3H

- 12.33 14C - 5730

22Na + 2.603 40K + - 12.7

60Co - 5.26 6Ga 3.3

99mTc 6.02 131I - 8.02

137Cs - 30.07 201TI X 73

222Rn 3.82

226Ra 1620

235U 7.04 238U 44.7

t

tt

eAA

eNNeNN

ANdt

dN

0

00

A1

Tt

T

eT

AAAA

TeNN

e

21ee

21log2

0

t21log

0

t-

0

00

log

t

A

A0

A0/2

T t

A

A0

A0/2

T

Tp Tb

Teff

bp

bp

eff

bpeff

TT

TTT

TTT

111

15 2017. 12. 25

GM TLD

GM

Si, Ge

16 2017. 12. 25

ICRU

International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements

ICRP

International Commission on Radiological Protection

UNSCEAR

United Nations Scientific Committee on Effects of Atomic Radiations

IARC

International Agency for Research on Cancer

IAEA

International Atomic Energy Agency

1895

1896

1897 J.J.

1898

1899

1900

1904

1905 1908

1909 1911

1905 1913

1913

1916

1918

1917 1919

1918 1923

1924

1927

1927

1932

1935

1937

1970 CT,MRI

17 2017. 12. 25

/

(1991/3 (2007/2) (), , ();

11 (2004/10) 5(2013/9/25) (2008/9) X(2000/9/1)

; 2

(2004/07) 3(2001/03) 2011/9/7 1990(1991)

2012.11.21

2017.11.15

http://www.jrias.or.jp/books/cat/sub1-01/101-14.html

ICRP PDF http://www.icrp.org/publications.asp

ICRPPDF http://www.rerf.jp/general/whatis/index.html http://www2.kek.jp/kids/ (KEK) http://www.rist.or.jp/atomica/ ATOMICA RIST http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shuppan/sonota/attach/1313004.htm http://eman-physics.net/ EMAN http://www.jira-net.or.jp/vm/top-page.html

JIRA http://radphys4.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~torii/lecture/radiolect14W.html

2014

18 2017. 12. 25