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8/12/2019 Raj Board Class 10 Book - Bharat Aur Samkaleen

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1 I+kzQkalhlh kafr vkSj jk"V dk fopkj

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dj fn;k x;kA u;h Lrqfr;k jph xb] 'kiFksayh xbZa] 'kghnksa dk xq.kxkugqvk &vkSj ;g lc jk"VosQ uke ij gqvkA ,d osaQnzh; iz'kklfudO;oLFkkykxw dh xbZftlus viusHkw&Hkkx esajgusokyslHkh ukxfjdksaosQfy, leku O+kQkuwu cuk,A vkarfjd vk;kr&fu;kZr 'kqYd lekIr dj fn,x, vkSj Hkkj rFkk ukius dh ,dleku O;oLFkk ykxw dh xbZA {ks=kh;cksfy;ksadks grksRlkfgr fd;k x;k vkSj isfjl esa iz+saQp tSlh cksyh vkSjfy[khtkrh Fkh] ogh jk"Vdh lk>k Hkk"kk cu xbZA

kafrdkfj;ksaus;g Hkh ?kks"k.kk dh fd I+kzQaklhlh jk"Vdk ;g HkkX; vkSjy{; Fkk fd og ;wjksi osQ yksxksadksfujaoqQ'k 'kkldksalseqDr djk,A nwljs'kCnksa esa] I+kzQkal ;wjksi osQ vU; yksxksa dks jk"Vksaesa xfBr gksus esaenn nsxkAtc I+kzQkal dh ?kVukvksadh [+kcj ;wjksi osQ fofHkUu 'kgjksa esa igqph rks Nk=krFkk f'kf{kr e;&oxksosQ vU; lnL; tSdksfcu Dycksadh LFkkiuk djusyxsA mudh xfrfofk;ksa vkSj vfHk;kuksa usmu iz+saQp lsukvksa osQ fy, jkLrkrS;kj fd;k tks 1790 osQ n'kd esa gkWySaM] csfYt;e] fLoV~kjySaM vkSjbVyh osQ cM+sbykO+ksQ esa?kqlhaA kafrdkjh ;qksa osQ 'kq: gksusosQ lkFk ghI+kzQaklhlh lsuk,jk"Vokn osQ fopkj dksfons'kksa esays tkus yxhaA

usiksfy;u osQ fu;a=k.k esatksfo'kky {ks=k vk;k ogkmlus,slsvusd

lqkkjksa dh 'kq#vkr dh ftUgsa I+kzQkal esaigysgh vkjaHk fd;k tk pqdk FkkAI+kzQkal esajktra=k okil ykdj usiksfy;u usfu%lansg ogk iztkra=k dks u"V

fp=k 2 & ,d teZu iapkx (;k frfFki=k) dk eq[ki`"Bftls i=kdkj ,safM;kl jsceku (Rebmann) us 1798esa fMkkbu fd;kAizsaQp ckLVhy esakafrdkjh HkhM+ osQ izos'k osQ fp=k dksmlls

feyrs&tqyrsfO+kQys dh cX+ky esacuk;k x;k gSA ;g fO+kQykteZu izkar oSQlsy (Kassel) esafujaoqQ'k 'kklu osQ x


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fp=k 3 fo;uk dkaxzsl 1815osQ ckn dk ;wjksiA

fd;k FkkA exj iz'kklfud {ks=k esamlus kafrdkjh flkarksadk lekos'kfd;k Fkk rkfd iwjh O;oLFkk vfkd roZQlaxr vkSj oqQ'ky cu losQA

1804 dh ukxfjd lafgrk ftlsvkerkSj ij usiksfy;u dh lafgrk osQ ukelstkuk tkrk gS] ustUe ij vkkkfjr fo'ks"kkfkdkj lekIr dj fn, FksAmlusO+kQkuwu osQ le{k cjkcjh vkSj laifk osQ vfkdkj dkslqjf{kr cuk;kAbllafgrk dks I+kzQaklhlh fu;a=k.k osQ vkhu {ks=kksa esa Hkh ykxw fd;k x;kAMp x.kra=k] fLoV~kjySaM] bVyh vkSj teZuh esausiksfy;u us iz'kklfudfoHkktuksadksljy cuk;k] lkearh O;oLFkk dks[kRe fd;k vkSj fdlkuksadks Hkw&nklRo vkSj tkxhjnkjh 'kqYdksa ls eqfDr fnykbZA 'kgjksa esa Hkhdkjhxjksa osQ Js.kh&la?kksaosQ fu;a=k.kksa dksgVk fn;k x;kA ;krk;kr vkSjlapkj&O;oLFkkvksadks lqkkjk x;kA fdlkuksa] dkjhxjksa] eknwjksavkSj u,m|ksxifr;ksausu;h&u;h feyh vkkknh p[khA m|ksxifr;ksavkSj [+kklrkSjij leku cukusokysy?kqmRiknd ;g le>us yxsfd ,dleku O+kQkuwu]

vkblySaM(MsuekoZQ)

ukWosZ(LohMu)

LohMu

MsuekoZQ

gcksoj(xzsV fczVsu)

uhnjySaM~l

baXySaMosYl

vk;jySaM xzsVfczVsu

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V~;wful

felz

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lhfj;klkbizl

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vkehZfu;kvkWVkseulkezkT;

oszQrs

;wuku (xzhl)

cqYxkfj;k

jksekfu;klfcZ;k

gaxjh

vkWfLV;kbZlkezkT;vkWfLV;k

xkyhfl;kckosfj;k

fLoV~kjySaM

iz'kkiksySaM

:lh lkezkT;

lkMhZfu;k

dksflZdk

y?kqjkT;

nksuksaflflfy;ksadk jktra=k

tkWftZ;k

i+Qkjl

Hkwe; lkxj

vVykafVd lkxj

AglaSem S
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7/196

s s a

fp=k 4& osczosQu] keZuh esa] Lora=krk osQ o{k dk jksi.kAteZu fp=kdkj dkyZoSQLij fiz+QV~k }kjk cuk, x, bl jaxhu fp=k dk fo"k; iz+saQp lsukvksa}kjk osczosQu 'kgj ij O+kQCkk gSA viuh uhyh] li+sQn vkSjyky iks'kkdksa lsigpkustkus okysI+kzQkalhlh lSfudksadks neudkfj;ksa osQ :i esa izLrqr fd;k gStks,d fdlku dh xkM+h (ck,) Nhurs gq, oqQN ;qokefgykvksa dks rax dj jgsgSa (chp dk vxzHkkx) vkSj ,d fdlku dks ?kqVusVsdusij etcwj dj jgs gSaA Lora=krk osQ o`{k ij yxkbZtk jgh ih ijteZu esafy[kk gS] mldk vuqokn gS% ^^gelsvkkknh vkSj lekurk ys yks & ;g ekuork dk vkn'kZ :i gSA** ;g iz+Qkalhfl;ksaosQ bl nkos ij O;aX;

gS fd os ftu bykO+kQksaesatkrs Fks ogkjktra=k dk fojks/ dj eqfDrnkrk cu tkrsFksA

fp=k 5 jkbuySaM dk Mkfd;k ykbfIRlx ls vkrs gq,lc oqQN xok nsrk gSA;gk usiksfy;u dks 1813 essa ykbfIRlx dh yM+kbZ gkjdj

i+zQkal ykSVrsgq, Mkfd, osQ :i esan'kkZ;k x;k gSA mlosQ>ksyslsfxjrh gj fpV~Bh ij mu HkwHkkxksaosQ uke fy[ks gSaftUgsavc og gkj pqdk gSA

ekud Hkkj rFkk uki vkSj ,d jk"Vh; eqnzk ls ,d bykO+ksQ ls nwljsbykO+ksQesaoLrqvksa vkSj iwth osQ vkokxeu esa lgwfy;r gksxhA

ysfduthrsgq, bykO+kQksaeasLFkkuh; yksxksadh I+kzQaklhlh 'kklu osQ izfrfeyh&tqyh izfrf;k,FkhaA 'kq#vkr esavusd LFkkuksa tSlsgkWySaM vkSjfLoV~kjySaM vkSj lkFk gh dbZ'kgjksa tSls czlsYl] esak] feyku vkSjokWjlkesa I+kzQaklhlh lsukvksadk Lora=krk dk rksgI+kQk nsus okyksa dh rjg

Lokxr fd;k x;kA exj ;g 'kq#vkrh mRlkg 'kh?kzgh nq'euh esacny x;ktc ;glkI+kQ gksusyxk fd u;h iz'kklfud O;oLFkk,jktuhfrd Lora=krkosQ vuq:i ugha FkhaA c


8/196


vxj vki e; vBkjgoha lnh osQ ;wjksi osQ uD+'ksdks ns[ksarksmlesaoSls^jk"V&jkT;* ugha feysaxstSls fd vkt gSaA ftUgsavkt ge teZuh] bVyhvkSj fLoV~kjySSaM osQ :i esa tkurs gSa os rc jkt'kkfg;ksa] Mfp;ksa(duchies) vkSj oSaQVuksa(cantons) esacVs gq, Fks] ftuosQ 'kkldksa

osQLok;k {ks=k FksA iwohZvkSj e; ;wjksi fujaoqQ'k jktra=kksaosQ vkhu FksvkSj bu bykO+kQksaesarjg&rjg osQ yksx jgrs FksA osviusvki dks,d

lkewfgd igpku ;k fdlh leku laLfr dk Hkkxhnkj ughaekursFksAvdlj osvyx&vyx Hkk"kk,cksyrsFksvkSj fofHkUu tkrh; lewgksaosQ

lnL; FksA mnkgj.k osQ rkSj ij] vkWfLV;k&gaxjh ij 'kklu djus okyk

gSClcxZlkezkT; dbZvyx&vyx {ks=kksa vkSj tulewgksadks tksM+dj cukFkkAblesa,sYIl osQ fVjkWy] vkWfLV;k vkSj lqMsVsuySaM tSlsbykO+kQksa osQlkFk&lkFk cksgsfe;k Hkh 'kkfey Fkk tgk osQ oqQyhu oxZesa teZu Hkk"kkcksyusokys ;knk FksA gSClcxZlkezkT; esaykWEckMhZ vkSj osusf'k;k tSlsbrkyoh&Hkk"kh izkar Hkh 'kkfey FksA gaxjh esavkks yksx eSX;kj Hkk"kk cksyrsFkstcfd ckO+kQh yksx fofHkUu cksfy;ksadk bLrseky djrsFksA xkyhfl;k

esaoqQyhu oxZiksfy'k Hkk"kk cksyrk FkkA bu izHkko'kkyh lewgksaosQ vykok]gSClcxZlkezkT; dh lhek js[kkvksaosQ Hkhrj Hkkjh la[;k esa[ksrh djusokysyksx vkhu voLFkk esa jgrsFks& tSlsmkj esa cksgsfe;u vkSj

Lyksokd] dkuvksyk esaLyksosUl] nf{k.k esaks,V rFkk iwjc dh rjI+kQVkaflYosfu;k esajgusokysjkmeu yksxA ,slk I+kQO+kZQ jktuhfrd ,drk dksvklkuh lsc


9/196

s s a

vfLrRo ckkkj osQ fy, mRiknu ij fVdk FkkA baXySaM esavkS|ksxhdj.kvBkjgohalnh osQ nwljsHkkx esa vkjaHk gqvk ysfdu I+kzQkal vkSj teZuh osQ

jkT;ksa osQ oqQN fgLlksa esa ;g mUuhloha 'krkCnh osQ nkSjku gh gqvkA blizf;k osQ iQyLo:i u, lkekftd lewg vfLrRo esa vk, Jfed&oxZosQ yksx vkSj e; oxZ tks m|k sxifr;k sa] O;kikfj;ksa vkSj lsok {ks=k osQyksxksa ls cusA e; vkSj iwohZ ;wjksi esa bu lewgksa dk vkdkj mUuhloh alnh osQvafre n'kdksa rd NksVk FkkA oqQyhu fo'ks"kkfkdkjksa dh lekfIrosQ cknf'kf{kr vkSj mnkjoknh e; oxks osQ chp gh jk"Vh; ,drk osQfopkjyksdfiz; gq,A

2-2 m nkjoknh jk"Vokn osQ D;k ek;us Fks\

;wjksi esamUuhloha lnh osQ 'kq#vkrh n'kdksaesajk"Vh; ,drk lslacafkrfopkjmnkjokn ls djhc lstqM+s FksA mnkjokn ;kuh liberalism'kCnykfru Hkk"kk osQ ewy liberij vkkkfjr gSftldk vFkZgS vkkkn*A u,e; oxksosQ fy, mnkjokn dk eryc Fkk O;fDr osQ fy, vkkknh vkSjO+kQkuwuosQ le{k lcdh cjkcjhA jktuhfrd :i ls mnkjokn ,d ,slhljdkjij kksj nsrk Fkk tks lgefr lscuh gksA I+kzQaklhlh kafr osQ cknls mnkjokn fujaoqQ'k 'kkld vkSj iknjhoxZosQ fo'ks"kkfkdkjksa dh lekfIr]lafokkurFkk lalnh; izfrfufk ljdkj dk i{kkj FkkA mUuhlohalnh osQmnkjoknh futh laifk osQ LokfeRo dh vfuok;Zrk ij Hkh cy nsrsFksA

ysfdu;g k:jh ughaFkk fd O+kQkuwu osQ le{k cjkcjh dk fopkj lcosQfy, erkfkdkj (suffrage) osQ i{k esa FkkA vki ;kn djsa fdkafrdkjh I+kzQkal mnkjoknh iztkra=k dk igyk jktuhfrd iz;ksx Fkk vkSjogk ernsus vkSj pqus tkus dk vfkdkj osQoy laifkoku iq#"kksadks ghgkfly FkkA laifk&foghu iq#"k vkSj lHkh efgykvksadks jktuhfrdvfkdkjksa lsoafpr j[kk x;k FkkA osQoy FkksM+sle; osQ fy, tSdksfcu

'kklu osQ le; lHkh o;Ld iq#"kksa dks erkfkdkj izkIr FkkA exjusiksfy;u dh lafgrk iqu% lhfer erkfkdkj okil vkbZvkSj mlusefgykvksadks voL;d ntkZnsrsgq, mUgsa firkvksa vkSj ifr;ksaosQ vkhu

dj fn;kA laiw.kZmUuhlohalnh rFkk chlohalnh osQ vkjafHkd o"kksesaefgykvksavkSj laifk&foghu iq#"kksaus leku jktuhfrd vfkdkjksaadh ekxdjrsgq, fojksk&vkanksyu pyk,A

vkFkd{ks=k esa] mnkjokn] ckkkjksadh eqfDr vkSj phkksa rFkk iwth osQvkokxeu ij jkT; }kjk yxk, x, fu;a=k.kksa dks[kRe djus osQ i{k esaFkkA

mUuhlohalnh osQ nkSjku] mHkjrs gq, e; oxksdh ;g kksjnkj ekx FkhAvkb,] ge mUuhloha lnh osQ igysHkkx esateZu&Hkk"kh bykO+kQksa dk

mnkgj.k ysaA usiksfy;u osQ iz'kklfud O+kQneksals vufxur NksVsizns'kksals39 jkT;ksadk ,d egkla?k cukA buesalsizR;sd dh viuh eqnzk vkSj

uki&rkSy iz.kkyh FkhA 1833 esa gSEcxZls U;wjsEcxZ tk dj viuk ekycspusokys,d O;kikjh dksX;kjg lhek'kqYd ukdksa ls xqkjuk iM+rk Fkk

AglaSem S
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vkSj gj ckj yxHkx 5%lhek'kqYd nsuk iM+rk FkkA 'kqYd vdlj oLrqvksadk oku ;k vkdkj osQ vuqlkj yxk, tkrsFksA pwfd gj {ks=k dh viuhuki&rkSy O;oLFkk Fkh vr% fglkc yxkus esale; yxrk FkkA elyudiM+sdks ukiusdk iSekuk ,sys (elle) Fkk ftldh yackbZtxg cnyusosQ lkFk ?kVrh&c


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s s a

;wjksi osQ uD+'ksij mu ifjorZuksa dksfpfg~ur djsatks fo;ukdkaxzsl osQ iQyLo:i lkeus vk,A

xfrfof/

fp=k 6 & fpardksa dk Dyc] 1820 osQ vklikl cuk;k x;k ,d vuke O;aX; fp=kAckb rji+Q dh ih ij fy[kk gS % ^vkt dh cSBd dk lclsegoiw.kZ iz'u gSa% gesa dc rd lkspus fn;k tk,xk\*nkbrji+Q cksMZij Dyc osQ fu;eksadh lwph gSftuesafuEufyf[kr 'kkfey gSa%^1- bl i


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13/196

s s a

3 kafr;ksadk ;qx % 1830&1848

tSls&tSls :f


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fp=k 8 & ;wthu nsykksvk] n elSdj ,sV fdvkWl] 1824I+kzQkalhlh fp=kdkj nsykksvk lclsegoiw.kZI+kzsaQp :ekuh fp=kdkjksa esals ,d FkkA ;g fo'kky fp=k(4-19 ehVj 3-54 ehVj) ,d ?kVuk dksfpf=kr djrk gS ftlesafdvkWl }hi ij dgk tkrk gSrqdks uschl gkkj ;wukfu;ksa dks ekj MkykA nsykksvk us ?kVuk ukVdh; cuk dj] efgykvksavkSj cPpksadhihM+k dks osaQnzfcanqcukrsgq, pV[k jaxksa dk iz;ksx djosQ ns[kusokyksadh Hkkouk, mHkkj djosQ

;wukfu;ksa osQ fy, lgkuqHkwfr txkus dh dksf'k'k dhA

vkSjfoKku osQ efgekeaMu dh vkykspuk dh vkSj mldh txg Hkkoukvksa]varnZf"V vkSj jgL;oknh Hkkoukvksaij kksj fn;kA mudk iz;kl Fkk fd

,d lk>k&lkewfgd fojklr dh vuqHkwfr vkSj ,d lk>k lkaLfrd

vrhr dksjk"V dk vkkkj cuk;k tk,A

teZu nk'kZfud ;ksgku xkWViz+QhM tSls :ekuh prdksausnkok fd;k fdlPph teZuh laLfr mlosQ vke yksxksa(das volk) esafufgr FkhA

jk"V(volkgeist) dh lPph vkRek yksdxhrksa] tu&dkO; vkSj yksdu`R;ksalsizdV gksrh FkhA blfy, yksd laLfr osQ bu Lo:iksa dks,d=k vkSj

AglaSem S
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15/196

s s a

fxze cakqvksadh dgkuh % yksdFkk, vkSj jk"VfuekZ.k

fxzEl iQs;jhVsYl ,d tkuk&ekuk uke gSA tSdc fxze vkSjfoYgsYe fxze cakqvksadk tUe e'k% 1785 vkSj 1786 esateZuh dsguk 'kgj esagqvk FkkA ftl le; ;snksuksaHkkbZO+kQkuwudh i


16/196


1848 ,slk gh ,d o"kZFkkA [kkus&ihusdh deh vkSj O;kid csjkskxkjh ls

isfjl osQ yksx lM+dksaij mrj vk,A txg&txg vojksk yxk, x, vkSjyqbZfI+kQfyi dksHkkxusij etcwj fd;k x;kA jk"Vh; lHkk (NationalAssembly) us,d x.kra=k dh ?kks"k.kk djrsgq, 21 o"kZlsij lHkh

o;Ld iq#"kksadkserkfkdkj iznku fd;k vkSj dke osQ vfkdkj dh xkjaVhnhAjkskxkj miyCk djkusosQ fy, jk"Vh; dkj[kkusLFkkfir fd, x,A

bllsigys1845 esaflysfl;k esa cqudjksa usmu BsosQnkjksa osQ f[kyki+Q

fonzksg dj fn;k Fkk tks mUgsa dPpk eky nsdj fuer diM+k ysrs Fks ijarqnkecgqr de FksA i=kdkj foYgse oksYI+kQ usflysfl;k osQ ,d xko dh?kVuk, bl izdkj c;ku dha%

bu xkoksaessa(18]000 vkcknh okys) lwrh diM+k cquusdk O;olk; lclsO;kid gS---- Jfedksadh gkyr [kLrk gSA dke osQ fy, csrkc yksxksadk

I+kQk;nk mBk dj BsosQnkjksauscuok, tkusokyseky dh O+kQhersafxjk nh gSa---4 twu dks nksigj 2 ctscqudjksadh ,d HkhM+ vius ?kjksals fudyh vkSj

nksO+kQrkjksaesapyrsgq, BsosQnkj dh dksBh igqphA os ;knk eknwjh dhekx dj jgs FksA muosQ lkFk dHkh ?k`.kk dk O;ogkj fd;k x;k rks dHkhkefd;knh xbA blosQ ckn ;g HkhM+?kj esakcjnLrh ?kql xbZvkSj

pepekrh f[kM+fd;k] I+kQuhZpj vkSj phuh&feV~Vh dh cuh uI+kQhl phksarksM+nha---- ,d vU; xqV usHkaMkjx`g esa?kql dj diM+sosQ HkaMkj dksywV dj

mlsrkj&rkj dj fn;k----- BsosQnkj viusifjokj osQ lkFk iM+ksl osQ xko

Hkkx x;k gkykfd ,slsO;fDr dksml xko us'kj.k nsus lsbudkj dj

fp=k 9 & "kd fonzksg] 1848

flysfl;kbZ cqudjksaosQ fonzksg osQ dkj.kksadk o.kZu djsaA i=kdkjosQ ukfj, ij fVIi.kh djsaA

ppkZdjsa

dYiuk dhft, fd vki ,d cqudj gSaftlusphtksadkscnyrsgq,

ns[kk gSA vkiusD;k ns[kk] bl vk/kj ij ,d fjiksVZfyf[k,A

xfrfof/

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s s a

fn;kA og 24 ?kaVksackn lsuk dkscqyk dj mldh enn ls ykSVkA blosQckn tksVdjko gqvk mlesaX;kjg cqudjksa dks xksyh ekj nh xbZA

3-3 1848 % mnkjokfn;ksadh kafr

1848esa tc vusd ;wjksih; ns'kksaesaX+kjhch] csjkskxkjh vkSj Hkq[kejh lsxzLr fdlku&eknwj fonzksg dj jgsFksrc mlosQ lekukarj i


18/196


fp=k 10 & lsaV ikWy dh ppZesa iz+SaQdi+QVZ laln] ledkyhu jaxhu fp=kAmQij ckb nh?kkZesa efgyk,cSBh gSaA

mQij m`r rhu ys[kdksa}kjk efgykvksa osQ vfkdkj osQiz'u ijO;Dr fopkjksadh rqyuk djsaA muls mnkjoknh fopkjkkjk osQ ckjs

esaD;k Li"V gksrk gS\

ppkZdjsa

u, 'kCnfopkj/kjk % ,d [kkl dkj dh lkekftd ,oajktuhfrdn`f"V dksbafxr djus okys fopkjksa dk lewgA

erkfkdkj ls oafpr j[kk x;k FkkA tc lsaV ikWy ppZesa iz+SaQdi+QVZlalndhlHkk vk;ksftr dh xbZFkh rc efgykvksadksosQoy izs{kdksa dhgSfl;r ls n'kZd&nh?kkZesa[kM+sgksus fn;k x;kA

gkykfd :f esavkuk 'kq: gksx;k Fkk fd mnkjoknh&jk"Voknh kafrdkfj;ksadksfj;k;rsansdj gh kafr vkSj neu osQ p dkslekIr fd;k tk ldrk FkkAvr% 1848 osQ ckn osQ o"kksesae; vkSj iwohZ;wjksi dh fujaoqQ'k

jkt'kkfg;ksausmu ifjorZuksadksvkjaHk fd;k tksif'peh ;wjksi esa 1815ls igysgkspqosQ FksA bl izdkj gSClcxZvfkdkj okys{ks=kksavkSj :l esaHkwnklRo vkSj cakqvk eknwjh lekIr dj nh xbZA gSClcxZ'kkldksausgaxjh

osQ yksxksa dks ;knk Lok;krk iznku dh gkykfd bllsfujaoqQ'k eSX;kjksaosQizHkqRo dk jkLrk gh lkI+kQ gqvkA

AglaSem S
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19/196

s s a

4 teZuh vkSj bVyh dk fuekZ.k

4-1 teZuhD;k lsuk jk"Vdh fuekZrk gks ldrh gS\1848 osQ ckn ;wjksi esajk"Vokn dk tura=k vkSj kafr lsvyxko gksusyxkA

jkT; dh lkk dksc


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FkkAmUuhloha lnh osQ e; esa bVyh lkr jkT;ksaesa cVk gqvk Fkk ftuesa

lsosQoy ,dlkMfu;k ihMekW.V esa,d brkyoh jkt?kjkusdk 'kkluFkkAmkjh Hkkx vkWfLV;kbZgSClcxksosQ vkhu Fkk] e; bykO+kQksaij iksi

dk'kklu Fkk vkSj nf{k.kh {ks=k Lisu osQ cwcksjktkvksaosQ vkhu FksAbrkyoh Hkk"kk usHkh lk>k :i gkfly ugha fd;k Fkk vkSj vHkh rdmlosQ fofok {ks=kh; vkSj LFkkuh; :i ekStwn FksA

1830 osQ n'kd esa T;qlsisesfRluh us,dhr brkyoh x.kjkT; osQ fy,,dlqfopkfjr dk;Ze izLrqr djusdh dksf'k'k dh FkhA mlusviusms';ksa osQ izlkj osQ fy, ;ax bVyh uked ,d xqIr laxBu Hkh cuk;kFkkA1831 vkSj 1848 esa kafrdkjh fonzksgksadh vliQyrk ls ;q osQ

kfj;s brkyoh jkT;ksadkstksM+usdh fkEesnkjh lkMfu;k&ihMekW.V osQ'kkld foDVj besuq,y f}rh; ij vk xbZA bl {ks=k osQ 'kkld vfHktkroxZdh ukjksa esa ,dhr bVyh muosQ fy, vkFkd fodkl vkSjjktuhfrd izHkqRo dh laHkkouk, mRiUu djrk FkkA ea=kh izeq[k dkowj]ftlusbVyh osQ izns'kksadks,dhr djus okys vkanksyu dk usr`Ro fd;k]u rks ,d kafrdkjh Fkk vkSj u gh tura=k esafo'okl j[kus okykAbrkyoh vfHktkr oxZosQ reke vehj vkSj f'kf{kr lnL;ksadh rjg ogbrkyoh Hkk"kk lsdghacsgrj iz+saQp cksyrk FkkA I+kzQkal lslkMfu;k&ihMekW.Vdh ,d prqj owQVuhfrd lafk] ftlosQ ihNsdkowj dk gkFk Fkk] ls

lkMfu;k&ihMekW.V 1859 esa vkWfLV;kbZcyksadks gjk ikus esadke;kc

fp=k 13 & O;aX;fp=k % teZu jkb[kLVSx (laln) esa

vkWVks okWu fcLekoZQ]fI+kQxkjksls] fo;uk] 5 ekpZ1870

bl O;aX;fp=k dk o.kZu djsaA blesa fcLekoZQ vkSj laln osQfuokZfpr MsI;wVhk osQ chp fdl dkj dk laca/ fn[kk;h nsrkgS\ ;gk fp=kdkj yksdrkaf=kd f;kvksa dh D;k O;k[;k djukpkgrk gS\

xfrfof/

mkjh lkxj'ys"kfox&gksYlVhu

iz'kk] 1866 lsigys

vkWLVks&iz'kk ;q] 1866 lsigysiz'kk }kjk foftr

teZu egkla?k lscsn[ky vkWfLV;kbZHkwHkkx] 1867

teZu egkla?k dh LFkkiuk gsrqiz'kk esa'kkfey] 1867teZu lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk gsrq nf{k.k teZujkT; iz'kk esa 'kkfey] 1871iz+Qakl&iz'kk ;q esaiz'kk }kjk foftr] 1871

fp=k 12 & teZuh dk ,dhdj.k (1866&71)A

esdysucxZ&

'osfju

czSuMsucxZ

iksesjsfu;k if'peh

iz'kk

iwohZiz'kk

ikslsu

flysfl;k

:lhlkezkT;

ckfYVd lkxj

guksoj

cwzalfod

oSLVisQfy;k

jkbuySaM Fkwfjaft;ujkT;g

slsuukl

k

orsZEc

xZ

csM

u

ckosfj;k

vkWfLV;kbZlkezkT;

iz'kk

AglaSem S
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s s a

gqvkA fu;fer lSfudksaosQ vykok T;qlsisxSjhckWYMh osQ usr`Ro esa Hkkjhla[;k esa l'kL=k Lo;alsodksa us bl ;q esa fgLlk fy;kA 1860 esaosnf{k.k bVyh vkSj nksflflfy;ksaosQ jkT; esa izos'k dj x, vkSj Lisuh'kkldksa dksgVkusosQ fy, LFkkuh; fdlkuksa dk leFkZu ikusesaliQy jgsA1861 esabesuq,y f}rh; dks ,dhr bVyh dk jktk ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA

exj] bVyh osQ vfkdka'k fuoklh ftuesafuj{kjrk dh nj dkI+kQh ph Fkh]vHkh Hkh mnkjoknh&jk"Voknh fopkjkkjk ls vutku FksA nf{k.kh bVyh esa

ftu vke fdlkuksa usxSjhckWYMh dks leFkZu fn;k Fkk] mUgksausbVkfy;k(Italia)osQ ckjsesadHkh lquk gh ughaFkk vkSj osekursFks fd yk Vkfy;k(La Talia)foDVj besuq,y dh iRuh FkhA

4-3 f czVsu dh vthc nkLrkuoqQN fo}kuksaus roZQ fn;k gSfd jk"V ;k jk"V&jkT; dk ekWMy ;k vkn'kZxzsV fczVsu gSA fczVsu esajk"V&jkT; dk fuekZ.k vpkud gqbZdksbZmFky&iqFky;k kafr dk ifj.kke ughaFkkA ;g ,d yach pyusokyh izf;k dk

urhtk FkkA vBkjgohalnh osQ igys fczrkuh jk"VFkk gh ughaA fczrkuh}hilewg esajgusokysyksxksavaxzsk] osY'k] LdkWV ;k vk;fj'kdh eq[;igpkuu`tkrh; (Ethnic) FkhA bu lHkh tkrh; lewgksadh viuh

fp=k 14 (d) dksns[ksaA D;k vkidks yxrk gS fd buesa lsfdlh Hkh {ks=k esajgusokys [kqn dks brkyoh ekurs gksaxs\

fp=k 14 ([k) dh tkp dj saA dkSu lk {ks=k lcls igys,dhr bVyh dk fgLlk cuk\ lcls vkf[kj esa dkSu lk{ks=k 'kkfey gqvk\ fdl lky lclsT;knk jkT; ,dhrbVyh esa 'kkfey gq,\

xfrfof/

u, 'kCnu`tkrh; (Ethnic) % ,d lk>k uLyh] tutkrh; ;klkaLfrd mn~xe vFkok i`"BHkwfe ftls dksbZ le qnk; viuh

igpku ekurk gSA

1858

1858-60

1860

1866

1870

fLoV~kjySaM

V~;wful

vkWfLV;k

1858

fp=k 14 ([k) ,dhdj.k osQ ckn bVyhAuD+'ks esa,dhr jkT;ksaosQ o"kks dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA

fp=k 14 (d) ,dhdj.k lsiwoZ bVyh osQ jkT;] 1858

fLoV~kjySaM

osusf'k;kykWEckMhZlsoksbZ

lkMhZfu;kiekZ

eksMsuk

VLduh

lku esfjuks

isiyjkT;

nksuksaflflfy;ksadk

jktra=k

V~;wful

eksukdks

AglaSem S
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ckWDl 3

rhdksaosQ vFkZ

ckWDl 3 esafn, x, pkVZ dh lgk;rk lsosbr dh tesZfu;k osQ xq.kksadks igpkusa vkSjrlohj osQ rhdkRed vFkZdh O;k[;k djsaA 1836 dh ,d iqjkuh :idkRedrlohj esaosbr us dkbkj osQ eqoqQV dksml txg fpf=kr fd;k Fkk tgk vc mUgksausVwVh gqbZ csfM+;k fn[kk;h gSaA bl cnyko dk ego Li"V djsaA

xfrfof/

fp=k 18 & ^n I+kQkWysu tesZfu;k* (grk'k tesZfu;k)] twfy;l wcuj] 1850

crk,fd fp=k 18 esa vkidks D;k fn[kk;h iM+ jgk gSA jk"V osQ bl :idkRed fp=k.k esawcuj fdu,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa dh vksj laosQr dj jgsgSa\

xfrfof/

xq.k ego

VwVh gqbZ csfM+;k vkkknh feyuk

ckk&Nki dop teZu lkezkT; dh rhd&'kfDr

cywr ifk;ksadk eqoqQV cgknqjh

ryokj eqO+kQkcys dh rS;kjh

ryokj ij fyiVh tSrwu dh Mkyh 'kkafr dh pkg

dkyk] yky vkSj lqugjk frjaxk 1848 esamnkjoknh&jk"Vokfn;ksadk >aMk] ftls teZu jkT;ksa osQ M~;wDl usfrcaf/r ?kksf"krdj fn;k

mxrs lw;Z dh fdj.ksa ,d u, ;qx dk lw=kikr

AglaSem S
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s s a

fp=k 19 & tesZfu;k xkfMx n jkbu (jkbu unh ij igjk nsrh tesZfu;k)A1860 esa fp=kdkj ykWjsUk Dyklsu dks ;g fp=k cukus dk dke lkSaik x;kA tesZfu;k dh ryokj ij[kqnk gqvk gS% ^teZu ryokj teZu jkbu dh j{kk djrh gS*

fp=k 10dks ,d ckj fiQj ns[ksaA dYiuk djsadh vki ekpZ1848 esa+SaQdI+kQVZosQ ukxfjd gSavkSj laln dh dkjZokbZ osQ le; oghaekStwn gSaA ;fn vkigkWy vkWI+kQ MsI;wVhk esacSBs gq, iq#"k gksrsrks nhokj ij yxs tesZfu;k osQ cSuj dks ns[kdj D;k eglwl djrs\ vkSj vxj vki gkWy vkWI+kQ MsI;wVhk esa cSBhefgyk gksrha rks bl fp=k dksns[kdj D;k eglwl djrha\ nksuksaHkko fy[ksaA

xfrfof/

AglaSem S
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26/196


6 jk"Vokn vkSj lkezkT;okn

mUuhloha lnh dh vafre pkSFkkbZ rd jk"Vokn dk og vkn'kZoknhmnkjoknh&turkaf=kd LoHkko ughajgk tkslnh osQ izFke Hkkx esaFkkA vcjk"Vokn lhfer y{;ksa okyk ladh.kZflkar cu x;kA bl chp osQ nkSj esajk"Voknh lewg ,d&nwljsosQ izfr vuqnkj gksrs pysx, vkSj yM+usosQfy,ges'kk rS;kj jgrsFksA lkFk gh izeq[k ;wjksih; 'kfDr;ksaus Hkh viuslkezkT;oknh ms';ksa dh izkfIr osQ fy, vkhu yksxksa dh jk"Voknhvkdka{kkvksa dk bLrseky fd;kA

1871 osQ ckn ;wjksi esaxaHkhj jk"Voknh ruko dk ksr ckYdu {ks=k FkkAbl {ks=k esaHkkSxksfyd vkSj tkrh; fHkUurk FkhA blesa vkkqfud jksekfu;k]

cqYxsfj;k] vYcsfu;k] ;wuku] esflMksfu;k] ks,f'k;k] cksfLu;k&gksZxksfouk]Lyksosfu;k] lc;k vkSj ekWfUVfuxzks'kkfey FksA {ks=k osQ fuokfl;ksadksvkerkSj ij Lyko iqdkjk tkrk FkkA ckYdu {ks=k dk ,d cM+k fgLlkvkWVkseu lkezkT; osQ fu;a=k.k esaFkkA ckYdu {ks=k esa:ekuh jk"Vokn osQ

fopkjksaosQ iSQyusvkSj vkWVkseu lkezkT; osQ fo?kVu ls fLFkfr dkI+kQhfoLiQksVd gksxbZA mUuhlohalnh esavkWVkseu lkezkT; us vkkqfudhdj.kvkSjvkarfjd lqkkjksaosQ kfj, ekcwr cuuk pkgk Fkk drqblesablscgqr

deliQyrk feyhA ,d osQ ckn ,d mlosQ vkhu ;wjksih; jk"Vh;rk,mlosQ paxqy lsfudy dj Lora=krk dh ?kks"k.kk djusyxhaA ckYdu yksxksa

us vkkknh ;k jktuhfrd vfkdkjksaosQ vius nkoksa dksjk"Vh;rk dkvkkkj fn;kA mUgksaus bfrgkl dk bLrseky ;g lkfcr djus osQ fy, fd;k

fdos dHkh Lora=k Fks drqrRi'pkr fons'kh 'kfDr;ksa us mUgsavkhu djfy;kA vr% ckYdu {ks=k osQ fonzksgh jk"Vh; lewgksaus vius la?k"kks dksyacsle; ls [kksbZ vkkknh dks okil ikusosQ iz;klksaosQ :i easns[kkA

tSls&tSlsfofHkUu Lyko jk"Vh; lewgksausviuh igpku vkSj Lora=krk dhifjHkk"kk r; djusdh dksf'k'k dh] ckYdu {ks=k xgjsVdjko dk {ks=k cux;kA ckYdu jkT; ,d&nwljs ls Hkkjh bZ";kZdjrsFks vkSj gj ,d jkT;vius fy, ;knk ls ;knk bykO+kQk gfFk;kusdh mEehn j[krk FkkA

ifjfLFkfr;kvkSj vfkd tfVy blfy, gksxbD;ksafd ckYdu {ks=k esacM+h 'kfDr;ksaosQ chp izfrLikkZ gksus yxhA bl le; ;wjksih; 'kfDr;ksa osQchpO;kikj] vkSj mifuos'kksaosQ lkFk ukSlSfud vkSj lSU; rkO+kQr osQ fy,xgjh izfrLikkZFkhA ftl rjg ckYdu leL;k vkxsc


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s s a

lkezkT;okn lstqM+dj jk"Vokn 1914 esa ;wjksi dksegkfoink dh vksj ysx;kA ysfdu bl chp fo'o osQ vusd ns'kksa usftudk mUuhlohalnh esa

;wjksih;'kfDr;ksa us vkSifuos'khdj.k fd;k Fkk] lkezkT;oknh izHkqRo dkfojks/djus yxsA gj rjI+kQ tkslkezkT; fojkskh vkanksyu fodflr gq, blvFkZ esajk"Voknh Fks fd oslHkh Lora=k jk"V&jkT; dk fuekZ.k djusosQ

fy, la?k"kZ dj jgsFksA oslHkh ,d lkewfgd jk"Vh; ,drk dh Hkkouk lsizsfjr FkstkslkezkT;okn&fojksk dh izf;k esamHkjhA jk"Vokn osQ ;wjksih;fopkj dgha vkSj ughanksgjk, x, D;ksafd gj txg yksxksausviuh rjgdk fof'k"V jk"Vokn fodflr fd;kA exj ;g fopkj fd lektksa dks^jk"V&jkT;ksa* esaxfBr fd;k tkuk pkfg,] vc LokHkkfod vkSj lkoZHkkSe

eku fy;k x;kA

fp=k 20 & fczfV'k lkezkT; dk ;'kxku djrk ,d ekufp=kAlclsij I+kQfj'rs Lora=krk dk cSuj Fkkesfn[kk;h nsrsgSaA vxzHkkx esafczfV'k jk"V dk rhdfczrkfu;kfot;Hkko osQ lkFkHkweaMy osQ ij cSBk gSA mifuos'kksa dks'ksj] gkFkh] ou vkSj vkfne leqnk;ksa dh Nfo;ksa osQ kfj, n'kkZ;k x;k gSA nqfu;k ijHkqRo dks fczfV'k jk"Vh; xkSjo dk fo"k; crk;k x;k gSA

AglaSem S
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ppkZdjsa

ifj;kstuk dk;Z

1- mnkjokfn;ksa dh 1848 dh kafr dk D;k vFkZyxk;k tkrk gS\ mnkjokfn;ksa us fdu jktuhfrd] lkekftd ,oavkFkd fopkjksadksc


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baMks&pkbukesajk"Voknhvkanksyu

fo;ruke dksvkSipkfjd :i ls1945 esa;kuh Hkkjr lsHkh igysvkkknh feyxbZFkh ysfdu fo;ruke x.kjkT; dh LFkkiuk osQ fy, ogkosQ yksxksadksrhl lkyvkSj la?k"kZdjuk iM+kA baMks&pkbuk ij osQafr bl v;k; esavkidksizk;}hi osQ

,d egoiw.kZns'k fo;ruke osQ ckjsesatkuusdk ekSO+kQk feysxkA fo;ruke esajk"Vokndk mn; ml izdkj ughagqvk Fkk ftl rjg ;wjksi esagqvk FkkA fo;rukehjk"Vokn vkSifuosf'kd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esafodflr gqvk FkkA fo;ruke osQ fofHkUuleqnk;ksadksfeyk dj vkkqfud fo;rukeh jk"Vdh LFkkiuk esavkaf'kd :i lsmifuos'kokn dk ;ksxnku jgk rksnwljh rjI+kQ ;g Hkh lp gSfd bl jk"Vdk:i&Lo:i vkSifuosf'kd opZLo osQ f[kykI+kQ pysla?k"kkslsgh r; gqvk FkkA

;fn vki baMks&pkbuk osQ ,sfrgkfld vuqHkoksadksHkkjr osQ vuqHkoksalsfeykdj ns[ksarksik,xsfd bu nksuksalektksaesavkSifuosf'kd lkezkT;ksadk vkpj.kvkSj rkSj&rjhO+ksQ vyx&vyx FksA nksuksatxg mifuos'kokn fojkskh vkanksyuHkh vyx&vyx rjhO+ksQ lsgh vkxscus esaenn feysxh fd nqfu;k osQ fHkUu Hkkxksaesajk"VokndSls&dSlsfodflr gqvk gS vkSj mlusledkyhu fo'o dhjaxr&lwjr r; djus esafdruh vge Hkwfedk vnk dh gSA

baMks&pkbuk

esajk"Voknhvkanksyu

v;k;2

baMks&pkbuk esa jk"Voknh vkanksyu

fp=k 1 & baMks&pkbuk dk uD+'kkA

guksbZ

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gq;s

nsukaxfo;sfUr;ku

Ugk rkx

gksph feUg flVh

esdksax dkeqgkuk

ukse isUg

oa Qcks fM;koa Qcks fM;k

fo;r

uke

fo;ruke

esdksax

ykvk slykvksl

yqvkx izckxyqvkx izckx

AglaSem S
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1 phu osQ lk;s lsvkkknh

fp=k 2 & iQkbiQks canjxkgAblcanjxkg dh LFkkiuk iqrZxkyh O;kikfj;ksa usdh FkhA ;g mu canjxkgksaesalsFkkftudk ;wjksih; O;kikfjd daifu;kmUuhloha lnh lsHkh dki+Qh igysghbLrseky djus yxh FkhaA

1-1 vkSifuosf'kd opZLo vkSj mldk izfrjkskfo;ruke ij I+kzQaklhfl;ksaosQ O+kQCksosQ ckn fo;rukfe;ksadh ftanxh iwjh rjgcny xbZA thou osQ gj ekspsZij turk dk vkSifuosf'kd 'kkldksaosQ lkFkVdjko gksusyxkA I+kzQaklhfl;ksadk fu;a=k.k lcls;knk rkslSfud vkSj vkfFkZdekeyksaesagh fn[kkbZ nsrk Fkk ysfdu fo;rukeh laLfr dksrgl&ugl djusosQ fy, Hkh mUgksauslqfu;ksftr iz;kl fd,A I+kzQaklhfl;ksavkSj muosQ opZLo dkvglkl djkusokyh gj pht osQ f[kyki+Q fo;rukeh lekt osQ gj rcO+ksQ us

tedj la?k"kZfd;k vkSj ;ghalsfo;ruke esajk"Vokn osQ cht iM+sA

baMks&pkbuk rhu ns'kksalsfey dj cuk gSA ;srhu ns'k gSa&fo;ruke] ykvkslvkSj dacksfM;k (fp=k 1)A bl iwjsbykO+ksQ osQ 'qk#vkrh bfrgkl dksns[kus

ij irk pyrk gSfd igys;gkcgqr lkjslekt jgrs FksvkSj iwjs bykO+ksQij'kfDr'kkyh phuh lkezkT; dk opZLo FkkA ftlsvkt mkjh vkSj e;fo;ruke dgk tkrk gS tc ogk,d Lora=k ns'k dh LFkkiuk dj yh xbZrks Hkh ogk osQ 'kkaldksa usu osQoy phuh 'kklu O;oLFkk dkscfYd phuhlaLfr dksHkh viuk, j[kkA

fo;ruke ml jkLrslsHkh tqM+k jgk gSftlsleqh flYd :V dgk tkrk FkkAbljkLrslsoLrqvksa] yksxksavkSj fopkjksadh [+kwc vkoktkgh pyrh FkhA O;kikjosQ vU; jkLrksaosQ ek;e lsfo;ruke mu nwjorhZbykO+kQksalsHkh tqM+k jgrk FkktgkX+kSj&fo;rukeh leqnk; & tSls[kesj vkSj dacksfM;kbZleqnk; & jgrsFksA

AglaSem S
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I+kzQaklhlhlsuk usigyh ckj 1858 esafo;rukedh kjrh ij Msjk MkykA vLlh osQ n'kd osQe; rd vkrs&vkrs mUgksaus ns'k osQ mkjhbykO+ksQ ij ekcwrh ls O+kQCkk tek fy;kAI+kzQakl&phu ;q osQ ckn mUgksaus Vksafdu vkSjvuke ij Hkh O+kQCkk dj fy;kA 1887 esaI+kzsaQp

baMks&pkbuk dk xBu fd;k x;kA ckn osQn'kdksaesa,d vksj I+kzQaklhlh 'kkld fo;ruke

ij viuk O+kQCkk tekrs x, vkSj nwljh rji+Qfo;rukfe;ksa dks ;g ckr le> esa vkus yxhfd I+kzQaklhfl;ksaosQ gkFkksaosD;k&D;k xok pqosQgSaA blh lksp&fopkj vkSj tkstgn lsfo;rukeesa jk"Voknh izfrjksk fodflr gqvkA

fp=k 4 & I+kzQaklhlh vUos"k.k cy }kjk rS;kj fd;k x;k esdksax unh dk mRdh.kZfp=kA bl vUos"k.k ny esaxkfuZ, Hkh 'kkfey FkkAnqfu;k Hkj osQ mifuos'kdkjksausufn;ksadh [kkstchu dh gSvkSj muosQ uD'kscuk, gSaA vkSifuosf'kd 'kkld bl ckr dkstkuusdk iz;kl djrsFksfd dkSu lh unh dgk&dgklsgksdj tkrh gS] mldk mn~xe LFky D;k gSvkSj og dSls&dSlsHkwHkkxksalsgksdj xqtjrh gSA bl tkudkjh osQ vkkkjij mudk O;kikj vkSj ifjogu osQ fy, bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk FkkA bu [kksth vfHk;kuksaosQ nkSjku vla[; uD+'ksvkSj rlohjsacuk;h tkrh FkhaA

fp=k 3 & Uxw;su jktoa'k osQ f[kyki+Q p


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xfrfof/

e'kgwj us=kghu 'kk;j Uxw;su fnUg fp;w(1822&88) usviusns'k dh nqnZ'kkij 'kksd O;Dr djrsgq, fy[kk

eSa fpj&vakdkj esathus dks rS;kj gw]xkjksadk eqg ns[kuk eq>seakwj ughaA

eq>sdksbZvknet+kr u fn[ks] dksbZ ckr ugha]fdlh bulku dh ihM+k eq>s eakwj ughaAeSa dqN u ns[kw] dksbZckr ugha]oru dksfNUu&fHkUu gksrs ughans[k ldrkA

1-2I+kzQaklhfl;ksadksmifuos'kksadh k:jr D;ksaFkh

,dtekusesaizkfrd lalkku gkfly djusvkSj k:jh lkkks&lkeku tqVkusosQ fy, mifuos'k cukuk k:jh ekuk tkrk FkkA blosQ vykok] nwljsif'pehjk"Vksadh rjg I+kzQaklhfl;ksadksHkh yxrk Fkk fd nqfu;k osQ fiNM+slektksard

lH;rk dh jks'kuh igqpkuk fodflr* ;wjksih; jk"Vksadk nkf;Ro gSAI+kzQaklhfl;ksausfo;ruke osQ esdksax MsYVk bykO+ksQ esa[ksrh c


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u, 'kCn,drji+Qk vuqcak O;oLFkk %fo;ruke osQ ckXkkuksaesablrjgdh eknwjh O;oLFkk dki+Qh izpfyr FkhA bl O;oLFkk esa eknwj,slsvuqcakksaosQ rgr dke djrsFks ftuesaetnwjksadksdksbZvfkdkj ugha fn, tkrs Fks tcfd ekfydksa dks csfglkcvfkdkj feyrsFksA vxj eknwj vuqcak dh 'krks osQ fglkc

ls viuk dke iwjk u dj ik, rksekfyd muosQ f[kyki+QeqO+kQnes nk;j dj nsrsFks] mUgsa lkk nsrs Fks] tsyksaesaMkynsrsFksA

fp=k 5 & fo;ruke esa ,d I+kzQaklhlh gfFk;kj lkSnkxj] mUuhloha lnh osQ vafre o"kks esaA,sls cgqr lkjsyksx equki+Qk dekusosQ fy, fo;ruke esa?kwersjgrsFksA ;g lkSnkxj mu yksxksaesasFkkftUgksaus I+kzQaklhfl;ksadks fo;ruke esa viusvM~Ms[kksyusosQ fy, rS;kj fd;k FkkA

lkkusdk rjhO+kQk D;k gks\ izHkko'kkyh ys[kd vkSj uhfr&fuekZrk ikWy cukZMZtSlsdqN yksxksadk ekuuk Fkk fd mifuos'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkldjuk k:jh gSA mudk dguk Fkk fd mifuos'k equki+Qk dekus osQ fy, ghcuk, tkrsgSa blfy, vxj X+kqyke ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ekcwr gksxh vkSjyksxksa dk thouLrj csgrj gksxk rksos ;knk phtsa [kjhnsaxs ftllsckkkjiQSysxk vkSj I+kzQaklhlh O;olk;ksadksi+Qk;nk gksxkA

cukZMZusfo;ruke dh vkfFkZd izxfr dksckfkr djusokyh dbZckrsafxuokbZgSaA tSls] ns'k dh vkcknh ;knk Fkh] [ksrh dk mRiknu Lrj de FkkvkSj fdlku Hkkjh O+kQksZesaMwcsgq, FksA xzkeh.k X+kjhch de djusvkSj [ksfrgj

mRiknuc


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2 vkSifuosf'kd f'k{kk dh nqfokk

I+kzQaklhlh mifuos'kokn fli+ZQ vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k ij osQafr ughaFkkA blosQ ihNs^lH;* cukusdk fopkj Hkh dke dj jgk FkkA ftl rjg Hkkjr esavaxzsk

nkok djrsFks mlh rjg I+kzQaklhfl;ksadk nkok Fkk fd osfo;ruke osQ yksxksadks vkkqfud lH;rk lsifjfpr djk jgsgSaA mudk fo'okl Fkk fd ;wjksiesalclsfodflr lH;rk O+kQk;e gkspqdh gSA blhfy, osekurs Fksfdmifuos'kksa esavkkqfud fopkjksadk izlkj djuk ;wjksfi;ksa dk gh nkf;Ro gSvkSjbl nkf;Ro dh iwfrZdjusosQ fy, vxj mUgsaLFkkuh; laLfr;ksa] keks

oijaijkvksadks Hkh u"V djuk iM+srksblesadksbZcqjkbZ ughagSA oSlsHkh];wjksih; 'kkld bu laLfr;ksa] keksvkSj ijaijkvksadksiqjkuk o csdkj ekursFksAmUgsayxrk Fkk fd ;sphtsavkkqfud fodkl dksjksdrh gSaA

^ns'kh* turk dkslH; cukusosQ fy, f'k{kk dksdki+Qh vge ekuk tkrk FkkAysfdu fo;ruke esaf'k{kk dk izlkj djuslsigysI+kzQaklhfl;ksadks,d vkSj

nqfokk gy djuh FkhA nqfokk bl ckr dksysdj Fkh fd fo;rukfe;ksadksfdlgnrd ;k fdruh f'k{kk nh tk,\ I+kzQaklhfl;ksadksf'kf{kr dkexkjksadh k:jrrksFkh ysfdu X+kqykeksadksi


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35


djus yxsaxsA cgqr lkjsyksx bl ckr osQ f[kyki+Q Fks fd i


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2-3 Low Qyksaesafojksk osQ Loj

f'k{kdksavkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksaus bu iqLrdksa vkSj ikB~;eksadk vk[k ewn djvuqlj.k ughafd;kA dghabudk [kqydj fojksk gqvk rksdghayksxksaus

[kkeks'kh lsizfrjksk nkZdjk;kA tSls&tSlsNksVh d{kkvksaesa fo;rukeh

f'k{kdksadh la[;k c


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3 lki+Q&li+QkbZ] chekjh vkSj jkskejkZizfrjksk

mifuos'kokn osQ f[kyki+Q ,sls jktuhfrd la?k"kZ fli+ZQ f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esaghughapy jgsFksA cgqr lkjsnwljslaLFkkuksaesaHkh X+kqyke turk ukuk izdkj ls

viusxqLlsdksvfHkO;Dr dj jgh FkhA

3-1 g uksbZ ij Iysx dk geyk

vkb, LokLF; vkSj lki+Q&li+QkbZdk gh mnkgj.k ysaA tc I+kzQaklhfl;ksaus,dvkkqfudfo;ruke dh LFkkiuk dk dke 'kq: fd;k rksmUgksausi+SQlyk fy;k

fd osguksbZdk Hkh iqufuZekZ.k djsaxsA ,d u, vkkqfud* 'kgj dk fuekZ.kdjus osQ fy, okLrqdyk osQ {ks=k esa lkeus vk jgs uohure fopkjksa vkSjvkkqfud bathfu;fjax fuiq.krk dk bLrseky fd;k x;kA 1903 esaguksbZosQ

uofufeZr vkkqfud Hkkx esaC;wckWfud Iysx dh egkekjh iQSy xbZA cgqr lkjsvkSifuosf'kd ns'kksa esa bl chekjh dksiQSyus lsjksdus osQ fy, tksO+kQnemBk, x, muosQ dkj.k Hkkjh lkekftd ruko iSnk gq,A ijarqguksbZosQ gkykrrksdqN[+kkl gh FksA

fp=k 7 & vkkqfud guksbZAguksbZosQ I+kzQaklhlh vkcknh okys fgLls esa bl rjg dhbekjrsacuk;h xbZFkhaA

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1903 esaiQSyh Iysx dh chekjh vkSj ml ij O+kQkcw ikusosQ fy,tks O+kQne mBk, x, mulsLokLF; vkSj lki+Q&li+QkbZosQ izfrvkSifuosf'kd I+kzQaklhlh ljdkj dh lksp vkSj joS;sosQckjsesa

D;k irk pyrk gS\

ppkZ djsa

guksbZosQ I+kzQaklhlh vkcknh okysfgLls dks ,d [kwclwjr vkSj lki+Q&lqFkjs'kgj osQ :i esacuk;k x;k FkkA ogk pkSM+h lM+osQa Fkha vkSj fudklh

raj board class 10 book - bharat aur samkaleen

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