raj board class 11 book - abhivyakti aur madhyam

8/12/2019 Raj Board Class 11 Book - Abhivyakti Aur Madhyam

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iksVZy

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fopkj lewg

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tulapkj ek;e

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vkt ge ftl lapkj kafr dh ckr djrs gSa] vkf[kj og D;k gS\ lapkj vkSj tulapkjosQ fofHkUu ek;eksaVsyhI+kQksu] baVjusV] I+kSQDl] lekpkji=k] jsfM;ks] Vsyhfoku vkSj flusek vkfnosQ kfj;seuq"; lans'kksa osQ vknku&iznku esa,d&nwljsosQ chp dh nwjh vkSj le; dksyxkrkjde ls de djus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk gSA ;gh dkj.k gSfd vkt lapkj ek;eksaosQ fodklosQ lkFk u flI+kZQ HkkSxksfyd nwfj;kde gksjgh gSacfYd lkaLfrd vkSj ekufld :i lsHkhge ,d&nwljsosQ djhc vk jgsgSaA 'kk;n ;gh dkj.k gSfd oqQN yksx ekursgSafd vkt nqfu;k,d xko esacny xbZgSA

AglaSem Sch
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11/208

tulapkj ek;e

5

nqfu;k osQ fdlh Hkh dksusesadksbZ?kVuk gks]tulapkj ek;eksaosQ kfj;s oqQN gh feuVksa esagesa[kcj fey tkrh gSA vxj ogk fdlh Vsyhfokulekpkj pSuy dk laoknnkrk ekStwn gksrksgesaogkdhrLkohjsaHkh rqjar ns[kusdksfey tkrh gSaA ;kndhft, 11 flracj 2001 dksvesfjdk esa oYMZVsMlsaVj ij vkradoknh geysdksiwjh nqfu;k usviuh vk[kksaosQ lkeus?kVrsns[kkA blh rjg vktVsyhfoku osQ ijnsij ge nqfu;kHkj osQ vyx&vyx{ks=kksaesa?kV jgh ?kVukvksadkslhksizlkj.k osQ kfj;sBhdmlh le; ns[k ldrsgSaA vki fozQosQV eSpns[kusLVsfM;e Hkysu tk,ysfdu vki ?kj cSBsmleSpdklhkk lkj.k (ykbo)ns[k ldrsgSaA

lp iwfN, rksvkt lapkj vkSj tulapkj osQ ek;e gekjh vfuok;Z vko';drk cu x,gSaAgekjs jkskejkZosQ thou esamudh cgqr vge Hkwfedk gksxbZ gSA muosQ fcuk ge vktvkkqfud thou dh dYiuk Hkh ughadj ldrsA os gekjsfy, u flI+kZQ lwpuk osQ ek;e gSacfYd osgesatkx:d cukus vkSj gekjk euksjatu djusesaHkh vxz.kh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgsgSaA

ysfdu ge tulapkj ek;eksadh vkd"kZd vkSj jkspd nqfu;k osQ ckjsesa vkSj ppkZdjas]mllsigys;g k:jh gSfd lapkj vkSj mldh izf;k dksckjhdh lsle>k tk,] D;ksafdtulapkj] lapkj dk gh ,d :i gSA

lapkj D;k gS\

^lapkj* 'kCn dh mRifk ^pj* /krq lsgqbZgS] ftldk vFkZgSpyuk ;k ,d LFkku lsnwljsLFkku rd igqpukA vkius foKku esa rki lapkj osQ ckjsesai


12/208

vfHkO;fDr vkSj ek;e

6

bl rjg geusns[kk fd lapkj ,d ?kVuk osQ ctk, izf;k gSA ,d ,slh thoar izf;kftlesa lwpuk nsusvkSj ikusokysdh lf; Hkkxhnkjh k:jh gSA nksuksa dh lf; Hkkxhnkjh lsgh ;g izf;k iwjh gksrh gSA vxj nksuksaesa lsdksbZ lapkj osQ fy, vfuPNqd gSrkslapkj&izf;kdk vkxscuk mruk gh vklku gksxkAysfdu lans'k dksfdlhek;e (pSuy)osQ kfj;sizkIrdrkZrd igqpkuk gksrk gSAtSlsgekjscksysgq, 'kCn ofu rjaxksaosQ kfj;sizkIrdrkZrd igqprsgSa] tcfd n'; lans'k izdk'krjaxksaosQ kfj;sA blh rjg ok;qrjaxksaosQ kfj;sHkh lans'k igqprsgSaA tSls[kkusdh [kq'kcwgerd ok;q rjaxksaosQ kfj;sigqprh gSA Li'kZ;k Nwuk Hkh ,d rjg dk ek;e gSA blh rjgVsyhI+kQksu] lekpkji=k] jsfM;ks] Vsyhfoku] baVjusV vkSj fI+kQYe vkfn fofHkUu ek;eksaosQ kfj;sHkhlans'k izkIrdrkZrd igqpk;k tkrk gSA

izkIrdrkZ ;kuh fjlhoj izkIr lans'k dk owQVokpu ;kuh mldh MhdksfMax djrk gSAMhdksfMax dk vFkZgSizkIr lans'k esafufgr vFkZdksle>usdh dksf'k'kA ;g ,d rjg ls,udksfMax

AglaSem Sch
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13/208

tulapkj ek;e

7

dh myVh izf;k gSA blesalans'k dk izkIrdrkZmu fpksavkSj laosQrksaosQ vFkZfudkyrk gSA kkfgjgSfd lapkjd vkSj izkIrdrkZnksuksadk ml dksM lsifjfpr gksuk k:jh gSA

lapkj&izf;k esaizkIrdrkZdh Hkh vge Hkwfedk gksrh gS] D;ksafd ogh lans'k dk vkf[kjh y{;gksrkgSA izkIrdrkZdksbZHkh gksldrk gSA og dksbZ,d O;fDr gksldrk gS] ,d lewg gksldrk gS];kdksbZlaLFkk vFkok ,d fo'kky tulewg Hkh gksldrk gSA izkIrdrkZdkstc lans'k feyrk gSrksogmlosQ eqrkfcd viuh izfrf;k O;Dr djrk gSA og izfrf;k ldkjkRed ;k udkjkRed gksldrh gSA ;kuh vkidk fe=k dg ldrk gSfd og fdrkc nsxk ;k ughaA lapkj&izf;k esaizkIrdrkZ

dhbl izfrf;k dksI+kQhMcSddgrsgSaA lapkj&izf;k dh liQyrk esaI+kQhMcSd dh vge HkwfedkgksrhgSA I+kQhMcSd lsgh irk pyrk gSfd lapkj&izfozQ;k esadghadksbZckkk rksughavk jgh gSA blosQvykok I+kQhMcSd ls;g Hkh irk pyrk gSfd lapkjd usftl vFkZosQ lkFk lans'k Hkstk Fkk og mlhvFkZesaizkIrdrkZdksfeyk gS;k ugha\ bl I+kQhMcSd osQ vuqlkj gh lapkjd viuslans'k esalqkkjdjrk gSvkSj bl rjg lapkj dh izf;k vkxsc


14/208

vfHkO;fDr vkSj ek;e

8

tSlsdHkh vki vius fe=k dksb'kkjsls cqykrsgSaA kkfgj gS fd ;g b'kkjk Hkh lapkj gSAblslkaosQfrd lapkjdgrs gSaA tc ge vius ls cM+ksa dks lEeku lsiz.kke djrsgSarksmlesaekSf[kd lapkjosQ lkFk&lkFk nksuksagFksfy;ktksM+dj iz.kke dk b'kkjk Hkh djrsgSaA bl rjg,dgh lkFk ekSf[kd vkSj vekSf[kd lapkjgksrk gSA tSlsge fdlh lsckrsadjrs gq, viuh vk[kksa]psgjs] gkFk dh xfr vkSj Loj osQ mrkj&p


15/208

tulapkj ek;e

9

blesa ,d lans'k dks ;kaf=kd ek;e osQ kfj;scgqxqf.kr fd;k tkrk gS rkfd mlsvfkd lsvfkd yksxksa rd igqpk;k tk losQA blosQ fy, gesa fdlh midj.k ;k ek;e dh enn ysuhiM+rh gSelyu v[kckj] jsfM;ks] Vh-oh-] flusek ;k baVjusVA v[kckj esaizdkf'kr gksus okyslekpkj ogh gksrsgSaysfdu izsl osQ kfj;smudh gkkjksa&yk[kksaizfr;k izdkf'kr djosQ fo'kkyikBd oxZrd igqpkbZ tkrh gSaA

tulapkj dh fo'ks"krk,

tulapkj esaI+kQhMcSd rqjar ughaizkIr gksrk gSA tulapkj osQ Jksrkvksa] ikBdksa vkSj n'kZdksadknk;jk cgqr O;kid gksrk gSA lkFk gh mudk xBu Hkh cgqr iapesy gksrk gSA tSls fdlhVsyhfoku pSuy osQ n'kZdksa esa vehj oxZHkh gks ldrk gSvkSj xjhc oxZHkh] 'kgjh Hkh vkSjxzkeh.k Hkh] iq#"k Hkh vkSj efgyk Hkh] ;qok rFkk o` HkhA blosQ vykok mueas dksbZ fnYyh esacSBkgk sldrk gS vkSj dksbZiVuk esaA ysfdu lHkh ,d gh le; Vh-oh- ij viuh ilan dkdk;ZozQe ns[k jgsgks ldrsgSaA blh lstqM+h tulapkj dh ,d izeq[k fo'ks"krk ;g gS fdtulapkj ek;eksaosQ kfj;sizdkf'kr ;k izlkfjr lans'kksadh izfr lkoZtfud gk srh gSA bldkvFkZ;g gqvk fd varjOkS;fDrd ;k lewg lapkj dh rqyuk esatulapkj osQ lans'k lcosQ fy,gksrsgSaA

tulapkj dk lapkj osQ vU; :iksals ,d I+kQoZQ ;g Hkh gSfd blesa lapkjd vkSj izkIrdrkZosQchp dksbZ lhkk lacak ughagksrk gSA izkIrdrkZ;kuh ikBd] Jksrk vkSj n'kZd lapkjd dksmldh lkoZtfud Hkwfedk osQ dkj.k igpkurk gSA lapkj osQ vU; :iksadh rqyuk esatulapkjosQfy, ,d vkSipkfjd laxBu dh Hkh k:jr iM+rh gSA vkSipkfjd laxBu osQ fcuk tulapkjek;eksa dkspykuk eqf'dy gSA tSls lekpkji=k fdlh u fdlh laxBu lsizdkf'kr gksrk gS;kjsfM;ksdk izlkj.k fdlh jsfM;ks laxBu dh vksj ls fd;k tkrk gSA

tulapkj ek;eksadh ,d vkSj egoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd muesa


16/208

vfHkO;fDr vkSj ek;e

10

1-lapkj dk iz;ksx geoqQN gkfly djus ;kizkIr djusosQ fy, djrs

gSaA tSlsviusnksLr lsfdrkc ekxusosQ fy,A

2-fu;a=k.klapkj osQ kfj;sge fdlh osQ O;ogkj dksfu;af=kr djus dh dksf'k'kdjrsgSa;kuh mlsge ,d

[kkl rjhosQ lsO;ogkj djusosQ fy, dgrsgSaA tSlsd{kkesa f'k{kd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dksfu;af=kr djrsgSaA

3- lwpukoqQN tkuusosQ fy, ;k oqQN crkusosQ fy, Hkh ge lapkjdk iz;ksx djrsgSaA

4-vfHkO;fDrlapkj dkmi;ksx ge viuh Hkkoukvksadh vfHkO;fDr osQ fy, ;kviusdks,d [kkl rjg ls

izLrqr djusosQ fy, HkhdjrsgSaA

5- lkekftd laioZQlapkj dk iz;ksx ge ,dlewg esavkilh laidksdks c


17/208

tulapkj ek;e

11

tulapkj osQ dk;Z

ftl izdkj lapkj osQ dbZ dk;ZgSa] mlh rjg tulapkj ek;eksa osQ Hkh dbZdk;ZgSaA muesa lsoqQNizeq[k dk;Z bl izdkj gSa

44444lwpuk nsuktulapkj ek;eksadk izeq[k dk;Zlwpuk nsuk gSA geasmuosQ kfj;sgh nqfu;kHkj lslwpuk,izkIr gksrh gSaA gekjh k:jrksadk cM+k fgLlk tulapkj ek;eksaosQ kfj;sgh iwjk gksrk gSA

44444f'kf{kr djuktulapkj ek;e lwpukvksaosQ kfj;s geastkx:d cukrs gSaA yksdra=k esatulapkj ek;eksadh ,d egoiw.kZHkwfedk turk dksf'kf{kr djusdh gSA ;gkf'kf{kr djus

lsvk'k; mUgsans'k&nqfu;k osQ gky lsifjfpr djkusvkSj mlosQ izfr ltx cukuslsgSA44444euksjatu djuktulapkj ek;e euksjatu osQ Hkh izeq[k lkku gSaA flusek] Vh-oh-] jsfM;ks]laxhr osQ Vsi] ohfM;ks vkSj fdrkcsa vkfn euksjatu osQ izeq[k ek;e gSaA

44444,tsaMk r; djuktulapkj ek;e lwpukvksavkSj fopkjksaosQ kfj;s fdlh ns'k vkSj lektdk ,tsaMk Hkh r; djrsgSaA tc lekpkji=k vkSj lekpkj pSuy fdlh [kkl ?kVuk ;k eqsdks izeq[krk ls mBkrs gSa;k mUgsaO;kid dojst nsrsgSa rks os?kVuk,;k eqsvke yksxksaesa ppkZ osQ fo"k; cu tkrsgSaA fdlh ?kVuk ;k eqsdksppkZdk fo"k; cukdj tulapkjek;e ljdkj vkSj lekt dksml ij vuqowQy izfrfozQ;k djusosQ fy, ck; dj nsrsgSaA

44444fuxjkuh djukfdlh yksdrkaf=kd lekt esa tulapkj ek;eksa dk ,d vkSj izeq[k dk;Z

ljdkj vkSj laLFkkvksaosQ dkedkt ij fuxjkuh j[kuk Hkh gSA vxj ljdkj dksbZXkyr dnemBkrh gS;k fdlh laxBu@laLFkk esa dksbZ vfu;ferrk cjrh tk jgh gSrks mls yksxksa osQlkeus ykus dh fkEesnkjh tulapkj ek;eksaij gSA

44444fopkj&foe'kZ osQ eaptulapkj ek;eksadk ,d dk;Z;g Hkh gSfd os yksdra=k esafofHkUu fopkjksadks vfHkO;fDr dk eap miyCk djkrsgSaA blosQ kfj;sfofHkUu fopkjyksxksa osQ lkeus igqprsgSaA tSls fdlh lekpkji=k osQ laikndh; i"B ij fdlh ?kVuk ;keqsij fofHkUu fopkj j[kus okysys[kd viuh jk; O;Dr djrsgSaaA blh rjg laikndosQ uke fp_h LraHk esavke yksxksa dks viuh jk; O;Dr djusdk ekSdk feyrk gSA bl rjgtulapkj ek;e fopkj&foe'kZ osQ eap osQ :i esaHkh dke djrsgSaaA

Hkkjr esatulapkj ek;eksadk fodkl

Hkkjr esa vkt tulapkj osQ vkkqfud ek;e ftl :i esaekStwn gSa] mldh izsj.kk Hkysghif'peh tulapkj ek;e jgs gksaysfdu gekjs ns'k esaHkh tulapkj ek;eksa dk bfrgkl deiqjkuk ugha gSaA cM+h lgtrk osQ lkFk blosQ cht ikSjkf.kd dky osQ feFkdh; ik=kksaesa[kksts tkldrs gSaA nsof"kZukjn dksHkkjr dk igyk lekpkj okpd ekuk tkrk gStks oh.kk dh ekqj >adkjosQ lkFk kjrh vkSj nsoyksd osQ chp laokn&lsrqFksA mUghadh rjg egkHkkjr dky esaegkjktk`rjk"VvkSj jkuh xkakkjh dks;q dh >yd fn[kkusvkSj mldk fooj.k lqukusosQ fy, ftl rjglat; dh ifjdYiuk dh xbZgS] og ,d vR;ar le` lapkj O;oLFkk dh vksj b'kkjk djrh gSA

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18/208

vfHkO;fDr vkSj ek;e

12

tuHkkoukvksa dks jktnjckj rd igqpkus vkSj jktk dklans'k turk osQ chp izlkfjr djus dh le` O;oLFkkvksaosQmnkgj.k ckn esaHkh fn[kkbZiM+rs gSaA paxqIRk ekS;Z] v'kksdtSlslezkVksa osQ 'kklu&dky esaLFkk;h ego osQ lans'kksaosQfy, f'kykys[kksa vkSj lkef;d ;k rkRdkfyd lans'kksa osQ fy,dPPkh L;kgh ;k jaxksalslans'k fy[kdj iznf'kZr djusdhO;oLFkk vkSj ekcwr gqbZA rc ckdk;nk jkskukepk fy[kus osQfy, deZpkjh fu;qDr fd, tkus yxsvkSj turk osQ chp

lans'k HkstusosQ fy, Hkh lgh O;oLFkk dh xbZAysfdu Hkkjrh; lapkj ijaijk dh [kkfl;r ;g Hkh jgh gSfd jktnjckjksaosQ lekukarj gekjs;gkyksd ek;eksa dhHkhlqy>h O;oLFkk ekStwn jgh gSA blosQ laosQr izkxSfrgkflddky ls gh feyrsgSaA HkhecsVdk osQ xqIkQkfp=k blosQ izek.kgSaA ;g lekukarj O;oLFkk ckn esa dBiqryh vkSj yksdukVdksadh fofok 'kSfy;ksa osQ :i esa fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA ns'k osQfofHkUUk fgLlksa esa izpfyr fofok ukV~;:iksadFkkokpu]ckmy] lkax] jkxuh] rek'kk] ykouh] ukSVadh] tk=kk] xaxk&xkSjh];{kxku vkfn dk fo'ks"k ego gSA bu fokkvksaosQ dykdkjeuksjatu rks djrs gh Fks] ,d {ks=k lsnwljs {ks=k rd lans'kigqpkusvkSj tuer fuekZ.k djus dk dke Hkh djrs FksA

ysfdu tulapkj osQ vkkqfud ek;eksaosQ tks :i vktgekjs ;gkgSa] os fu'p; gh gesavaxzskksals feys gSaA pkgslekpkji=k gksa;k jsfM;ks] Vsyhfoku ;k baVjusV] lHkh ek;eif'pe ls gh vk,A geus 'kq#vkr esa mUgsa mlh :i esaviuk;k ysfdu khjs&khjs os gekjh lkaLfrd fojklrosQvax curs pys x,A pkgsfI+kQYesagksa;k Vh-oh- lhfj;y],dle; osQ ckn os Hkkjrh; ukV~; ijaijk ls ifjpkfyr gksus

yxrsgSaA blfy, vkt osQ tulapkj ek;eksadk [kkdk Hkysif'peh gks] ysfdu mudh fo"k;oLrqvkSj jax:i Hkkjrh;ghgSaA pwfd mldh Hkwfedk Hkh dghavfkd c


19/208

tulapkj ek;e

13

lekpkji=k&if=kdk,

tulapkj dh lclsekcwr dM+h i=k&if=kdk,;k V ehfM;k gh gSAgkykfd viusfo'kky n'kZd oxZvkSj rhozrk osQ dkj.k jsfM;ksvkSjVsyhfoku dh rkdr ;knk ekuh tk ldrh gSysfdu ok.kh dks'kCnksaosQ:i esafjdkMZdjus okyk vkjafHkd ek;e gksusdh otg lsfiazVehfM;k dk ego ges'kk cuk jgsxkA vkt Hkys gh V] jsfM;ks]Vsyhfoku ;k baVjusV] fdlh Hkh ek;e ls [kcjksa osQ lapkj dks

i=kdkfjrk dgk tkrk gks] ysfdu vkjaHk esaosQoy izV ek;eksaosQkfj;s[kcjksaosQ vknku&iznku dksgh i=kdkfjrk dgk tkrk FkkA blosQrhuigywgSaigyk lekpkjksadksladfyr djuk] nwljk mUgsalaikfnrdjNiusyk;d cukuk vkSj rhljk i=k ;k if=kdk osQ :i esaNkidjikBd rd igqpkukA gkykfd rhuksagh dke vkil esaxgjstqM+sgSaysfdu i=kdkfjrk osQ rgr ge igysnksdkeksadksgh ysrsgSaD;ksafdizdk'ku vkSj forj.k dk dk;Zrduhdh vkSj izcakdh; foHkkxksaosQvkhu gksrsgSatcfd fjiksfVx vkSj laiknu osQ dke osQ fy, ,dfo'ks"k ckSfd vkSj i=kdkjh; dkS'ky dh vis{kk gksrh gSA

tgkckgj ls[kcjsaykusdk dke laoknnkrkvksadk gksrk gS] ogha reke [kcjksa] ys[kksa] I+kQhpjksadks O;ofLFkr rjhosQ ls laikfnr djus vkSjlq#fpiw.kZ


20/208


21/208

tulapkj ek;e

15

Hkk"kk osQ fodkl esa'kq#vkrh v[kckjksa vkSjif=kdkvk s a u s cg qregoiw.kZHkwfedk fuHkkbZAbl fygkk ls Hkkjrsanqgfj'panzdk uke ges'kklEeku osQ lkFk fy;ktk,xk ftUg ks au s db Z

if=kdk,fudkyhaAvkkknh osQ vkanksyuesaHkkjrh; i=kksausvgeHkwfedk fuHkkbZA egkRekxkakh] yksdekU; frydvkSj enueksgu ekyoh;tSlsusrkvksa usyksxksadkstkx:d cukus osQ fy,i=kdkj dh Hkh Hkwfedk

fuHkkbZA xkakh th dksge ledkyhu HkkjrdklclscM+k i=kdkj dg ldrsgSa] D;ksafd vkkknh fnykusesa muosQ i=kksaus egoiw.kZHkwfedkfuHkkbZA vkkknh osQ igysosQ izeq[k i=kdkjksa esax.ks'k 'kadj fo|kFkhZ] ek[kuyky prqosZnh] egkohjizlkn f}osnh] ckcwjko fo".kqjko ijkM+dj] izrki ukjk;.k feJ] f'koiwtu lgk;] jkeo{k csuhiqjhvkSj ckyeqoqQan xqIr gSaA ml le; osQegoiw.kZv[kckjksavkSj if=kdkvksaesa osQljh*]^fgUnqLrku*] ^ljLorh*] ^gal*] ^oQeZohj*]^vkt*] izrki*] iznhi* vkSj fo'kky Hkkjr*

vkfn izeq[k gSaAysfdu tgkvkkknh lsigysi=kdkfjrkdk y{; Lokkhurk dh izkfIr Fkk] oghavkkknh osQ ckn i=kdkfjrk dk y{; cnyusyxkA 'kq#vkrh nks n'kdksa rd i=kdkfjrkjk"V&fuekZ.k osQ izfr izfrc fn[krh FkhAysfdu mlosQ ckn mldk pfj=k O;kolkf;dvkSj izksI+ksQ'kuy gksus yxkA ;gh dkj.k gS fdoqQN yksx dgrs gSa fd vkkknh ls igys

i=kdkfjrk ,d fe'ku Fkh ysfdu vkkknh osQ

xfrfofk

viusfiz; lekpkji=k ;k if=kdk osQ ckjsesa 300 'kCnksa dh ,dfVIi.kh fyf[k, mlesa mldh [kwfc;ksa vkSj [kkfe;ksa dks Li"Vdhft,A ;g Hkh crkb, fd vki og lekpkji=k ;k if=kdk dc lsi


22/208

vfHkO;fDr vkSj ek;e

16

ckn og ,d O;olk; cu xbZA vkkknh osQ ckn vfkdrj iqjkuh if=kdk, can gksxbvkSj dbZu, lekpkji=kksavkSj if=kdkvksadk izdk'ku 'kq: gqvkA

vkkknh osQ ckn osQ izeq[k gnh v[kckjksaesa^uoHkkjr VkbEl*] ^tulkk*] ^ubZ nqfu;k*]^jktLFkku if=kdk*] vej mtkyk*] nSfud HkkLdj*] nSfud tkxj.k* vkSj if=kdkvksaesa keZ;qx*]^lkIrkfgd fgUnqLrku*] ^fnueku*] ^jfookj*] ^bafM;k VqMs* vkSj ^vkmVyqd* dk uke fy;ktkldrk gSA buesa lsdbZ if=kdk,can gkspqdh gSaA vkkknh osQ ckn osQ gnh osQ izeq[k i=kdkjksaesa lfPpnkuan ghjkuan okRL;k;u ^vKs;*] j?kqohj lgk;] keZohj Hkkjrh] euksgj ';ke tks'kh]jktsUnzekFkqj] izHkk"k tks'kh] losZ'oj n;ky lDlsuk] lqjsUnzizrki flag dk uke fy;k tk ldrkgSA

jsfM;ks

i=k&if=kdkvksaosQ ckn ftl ek;eusnqfu;k dks lcls;knk izHkkforfd;k] og jsfM;ks gSA lu~1895 esatc bVyh osQ bySfDVdy bathfu;jth- ekdksZuh us ok;jysl osQ kfj;sofu;ksa vkSj laosQrksadks ,d txgls nwljh txg Hkstus esadke;kchgkfly dh] rc jsfM;kstSlk ek;evfLrRo esa vk;kA igys fo'o;qrd ;g lwpukvksa osQ vknku&iznkudk ,d egoiw.kZvkSkkj cu pqdkFkkA 'kq#vkrh jsfM;ksLVs'ku 1892 esavesfjdh 'kgj fiV~lcxZ] U;w;kWoZQ vkSjf'kdkxks esa [kqysA Hkkjr esa Hkh yxHkxblh le; jsfM;ksdh 'kq#vkr gqbZA1921 esaeqacbZesa VkbEl vkWi+Q bafM;k*usMkd&rkj foHkkx osQ lg;ksx lslaxhr dk;Ze izlkfjr fd;kA 1936 esafofkor vkWy bafM;kjsfM;ks dh LFkkiuk gqbZ vkSj vkkknh osQ le; rd ns'k esaoqQy ukSjsfM;ksLVs'ku [kqypqosQFksy[ku] fnYyh] cacbZ (eqacbZ)] dydkk (dksydkrk)] ekl (pSUubZ)] fr#fpjkiYyh]


23/208

tulapkj ek;e

17

vkt vkdk'kok.kh ns'k dh 24 Hkk"kkvksavkSj 146 cksfy;ksaesadk;Ze izLrqr djrh gSA ns'k dh 96 izfr'kr vkcknh rdbldh igqp gSA 1993 esa,IkQ,e (fizQDosalh ekWM~;wys'ku)dh'kq#vkr osQ ckn jsfM;ksosQ {ks=k esadbZfuth oaQifu;kHkhvkxsvkbZ gSaA ysfdu vHkh mUgsalekpkj vkSj le&lkef;ddk;ZeksaosQ izlkj.k dh vuqefr ughagSA 1997 esavkdk'kok.khvkSjnwjn'kZu dksosaQnzljdkj osQ lhksfu;a=k.k lsfudkydjizlkj Hkkjrh uke osQ Lok;k'kklh fudk; dkslkSai fn;k x;kAvly esa] yacs vlsZ rd ljdkjh fu;a=k.k esajgusosQ dkj.kjsfM;ks esa vk xbZ tM+rk dks rksM+us dh igy 1995 esamPPkre U;k;ky; osQ ,d I+kSQlysusdhA bl I+kSQlys esadgkx;kfd ofu rjaxksaij fdlh dk ,dkfkdkj ughagksldrkvkSjmUgsaeqDr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ,iQ-,e- osQ nwljspj.k osQlkFkns'k osQ 90 'kgjksaesa350 lsvfkd futh ,iQ,e pSuy'kq:gksjgsgSaA blosQ lkFk gh lkeqnkf;d ;k dE;qfuVh jsfM;ksosaQksaosQ vkuslsns'k esajsfM;ksdh u;h laLfr vfLrRo esavkjghgSA

jsfM;ks,d ofu ek;e gSA bldh rkRdkfydrk] ?kfu"BRkkvkSjizHkko osQ dkj.k xkakh th usjsfM;ksdks,d vn~Hkqr 'kfDrdgk FkkA ofu rjaxksaosQ kfj;s;g ns'k osQ dksus&dksusrdigqprk gSA nwj&njkk osQ xkoksaesa] tgklapkj vkSj euksjatu osQvU;lkku ughagksrs] ogkjsfM;ksgh ,dek=k lkku gS] ckgjhnqfu;k lstqM+usdkA fiQj v[kckj vkSj Vsyhfoku dh rqyuk esa;gcgqr lLrk Hkh gSA blfy, Hkkjr osQ nwjnjkk osQ bykdksaesayksxksaus jsfM;ksDyc cuk fy, gSaA vkdk'kok.kh osQ vykoklSdM+ksafuth ,iQ,e LVs'kuksavkSj chchlh] okW;l vkWiQ vesfjdk]Mks;ps osys (jsfM;ks teZuh)] ekLdks jsfM;ks] jsfM;ks isbfpax]jsfM;ksvkLVsfy;k tSlsdbZfons'kh izlkj.k vkSj gSe vesP;ksjjsfM;ks Dycksa (Lora=k lewg }kjk lapkfyr iathr jsfM;ksLVs'ku) dk tky fcNk gqvk gSA

Vsyhfoku

vkt Vsyhfoku tulapkj dk lclsyksdfiz; vkSj rkdrojek;e cu x;k gSA V ehfM;k osQ 'kCn vkSj jsfM;ksdhofu;ksaosQ lkFk tc Vsyhfoku osQ n`'; fey tkrsgSarkslwpuk

xfrfofkviusVkaftLVj ij vkdk'kok.kh osQ LFkkuh;osaQnzlsizlkfjr gksusokys dk;Zeksadkslqfu,] fo'ks"kdj 8 ctslqcg vkSj jkf=k8-45 cts gnh esa izlkfjr gksusokys

jk"Vh; lekpkj cqysfVu lqfu,A blosQ

lkFk gh 'kke 7-30 ctschchlh (gnhlsok) ls izlkfjr gksusokys lekpkj Hkhlqfu,A vkdk'kok.kh vkSj chchlh osQlekpkj cqysfVu dh rqyuk djrsgq, 300'kCnksa dk ,d vkys[k rS;kj dhft, vkSjd{kk esaf'k{kd osQ lg;ksx lsbl ijppkZ dhft,A

17

turk osQ chp vkdk'kok.kh dk nk;jk

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24/208

vfHkO;fDr vkSj ek;e

18

dh fo'oluh;rk dbZxquk c


25/208

tulapkj ek;e

19

dk vHkko [kVdusyxk vkSj i=kdkfjrk osQ fu"i{k ek;e osQ rkSj ij ;g viuh txg ughacukik;kA vyckk euksjatu osQ ,d yksdfiz; ek;e osQ rkSj ij blusviuh ,d [kkl txg cukyhgSA

1991 esa [kkM+h ;q osQ nkSjku nqfu;kHkj osQ yksxksaus osQcy Vh-oh- osQ kfj;s ;q dk lhkkizlkj.k ns[kkA ;g ,d vyx gh rjg dk vuqHko FkkA ckn esa;g Hkh dgk x;k fd ;g ;qftruk vesfjdh lsukvksausyM+k] mruk gh lh,u,u osQcy U;wk usVooZQ uke osQ Vh-oh- pSuyusyM+kA blosQ ckn Hkkjr esa Hkh Vh-oh- dh nqfu;k esafuth pSuyksadh 'kq#vkr gqbZ] fons'kh

pSuyksadks izlkj.k dh vuqefr nh xbZvkSj blosQ lkFk gh Hkkjr esalh,u,u] chchlh tSlspSuyfn[kk, tkus yxsA tYnh gh LVkj Vh-oh- tSlspSuyksausviusHkkjr osaQfnzr lekpkj pSuy HkhvkjaHk dj fn,A blosQ vykok fMLdojh] us'kuy ;kWxzkfI+kQd tSls 'kSf{kd vkSj euksjatu pSuyksaosQlkFk gh ,I+kQVh-oh-] ,eVh-oh- o ohVh-oh- tSlsfo'kq if'peh fdLe osQ pSuy Hkh fn[kusyxsA oqQN yk sxksaus blsns'k ij lkaLfrd geyk Hkh dgk vkSj bu pSuyksa dk fojksk fd;kA

ysfdu Vsyhfoku dk vlyh foLrkj rc gqvk] tc Hkkjr esans'kh futh pSuyksa dh ck


26/208

vfHkO;fDr vkSj ek;e

20

flusek osQ vkfo"dkj dk Js; FkkWel vYok,fMlu dkstkrk gSvkSj ;g 1883 esafeusfVLdksidh [kkst osQ lkFk tqM+k gqvk gSA 1894 esa izQkal esaigyh fI+kQYe cuh n vjkboy vkWI+kQ Vsu*A flusekdh rduhd esa rskh ls fodkl gqvk vkSj tYnhgh ;wjksi vkSj vesfjdk esadbZvPNh fI+kQYesacuusyxhaA

Hkkjr esa igyh ewd fI+kQYe cukus dk Js;nknk lkgsc I+kQkYosQ dks tkrk gSA ;g fI+kQYeFkh1913 esa cuh^jktk gfj'pa*A blosQ cknosQnks n'kdksa esa dbZ vkSj ewd fI+kQYesa cuhaA buosQdFkkud keZ] bfrgkl vkSj yksd xkFkkvksa osQbnZ&fxnZ cqus tkrs jgsA 1931 esa igyh cksyrhfI+kQYe cuh^vkye vkjk*A blosQ ckn cksyrhfI+kQYek sa dk nkSj 'kq: gqvkA vkkknh osQ ckntgk,d rjI+kQ Hkkjrh; flusek us ns'k osQ lkekftd

;FkkFk Z dks xgjkb Z ls idM+dj vkokk nsus dhdksf'k'k dh] ogh a yksdfiz; flusek us O;kolkf;drk dk jkLrk viuk;kA ,d rjI+kQ i`Fohjktdiwj] egcwc [kku] lksgjkc eksnh] xq#nk tSls fI+kQYedkj Fks rks nwljh rjI+kQ lR;ftr jk;tSlsfI+kQYedkjA

lkj osQ n'kd rd flusek osQ ewy esa izse] iaQrklh vkSj ,d dHkh u gkjus okyslqijuSpqjy ghjks dh ifjdYiuk jghA dgkfu;ksa esaoqQN u oqQN lans'k nsus dh Hkh dksf'k'k gqbZysfducgqr gh vO;kogkfjd rjhosQ lsA lkj vkSj vLlh osQ n'kd esaoqQN fI+kQYedkjksauseglwl fd;kfd flusek tSlsl'kDr lapkj ek;e dk bLrseky vke yksxksaesapsruk iSQykus] mls O;kogkfjdthou dh leL;kvksals tksM+us vkSj vU;k; osQ f[kykI+kQ ,d dykRed vfHkO;fDr osQ rkSjij

fd;k tk,A ;gh lekukarj flusek dk nkSj Fkk vkSj bl nkSjku ^vaoqQj*] fu'kkar*] ^vkZlR;*tSlhfI+kQYesa cuhAgkykfd lR;ftr jk; us ipkl osQ n'kd esagh ^iFksj ikapkyh* cukdj bldh 'kq#vkrdj

nh Fkh ysfdu lekukarj flusek us ,d vkanksyu dh 'kDy yhlkB osQ n'kd osQ vkf[kjho"kksvkSj lkj osQ n'kd esaA ;g vkanksyu vLlh osQ n'kd esa Hkh tkjh jgkA bl kkjk esalR;ftrjk; osQ vykok ';ke csusxy] e`.kky lsu] fRod ?kVd] vnwj xksiky".ku] ,e-,l- lF;w]xksfoan fugykuh tSls fI+kQYedkj 'kkfey gq,A

ysfdu ckkkjokn vkSj O;kolkf;drk osQ ncko esalekukarj ;k dyk fI+kQYeksadk nkSj vLlhosQ n'kd esagh [kRe gksus yxkA ,d ckj fiQj yksdfiz; eqacb;kfiQYesa NkusyxhaA njvly]

gnh flusek ij 'kq: lsgh ikWiqyj ;k yksdfiz; fI+kQYeksadk ncnck jgk gSA dyk fI

+kQYeksa dks

xfrfofk

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AglaSem Sch
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os mUgsalkoZtfud fgr ls;knk vius O;kolkf;d equkI+ksQ dks;ku esa j[kdj lapkfyr djrsgSaAbldk lhkk vlj tulapkj ek;e dh varjoLrqij iM+rk gSA dbZ ekSdksaij foKkiunkrkvksaosQfgrksadksizkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA blosQ fy, rF;ksaosQ lkFk rksM+&ejksM+ vkSj lpkbZdksNqikusdhdksf'k'k dh tkrh gSA

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Kku dks vkusokyh ihf


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2- vkkknh osQ ckn Hkh gekjsns'k osQ lkeus cgqr lkjh pqukSfr;k gSaA vki lekpkji=kksa dksmuosQ izfr fdl gn rd laosnu'khy ikrsgSa\

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laiknu osQ flkar4i=kdkfjrk osQ vU; vk;ke

laikndh;I+kQksVksi=kdkfjrkdkVwZu dksukjs[kkadu vkSj dkVksZxzki+Qh

4i=kdkfjrk osQ izeq[k izdkj[kkstijd i=kdkfjrkfo'ks"kho`Qr i=kdkfjrkokWpMkWx i=kdkfjrk,MoksosQlh i=kdkfjrk

oSdfYid i=kdkfjrk4lekpkj ek;eksa esaekStwnk #>ku

ek;e gh lans'k gSA&ek'kZy eSdyqgku

dukMk osQ e'kgwj lapkj'kkL=kh

,d ukj esa---

i=kdkfjrk dk laca/ lwpukvksadksladfyrvkSj laikfnr dj vke ikBdksard igqpkuslsgSA ysfdu gj lwpuk lekpkj ugha gSA

i=kdkj oqQN gh ?kVukvksa] leL;kvksavkSjfopkjkas dkslekpkj osQ :i esa izLrqr djrsgSaA fdlh ?kVuk osQ lekpkj cuusosQ fy,mlesa uohurk] tu#fp] fudVrk] izHkkotSlsroksa dk gksuk k:jh gSA

lekpkjksa osQ laiknu esa rF;ijdrk]oLrqijdrk] fu"i{krk vkSj larqyu tSlsflkarksadk ;ku j[kuk iM+rk gSA bu flkarksadk ;ku j[kdj gh i=kdkfjrk viuh

fo'oluh;rk vtr djrh gSA ysfdui=kdkfjrk dk lacak osQoy lekpkjksals ghugha gSA mlesa laikndh;] ys[k] dkVwZu vkSjI+kQksVks Hkh izdkf'kr gksrs gSaA i=kdkfjrk osQdbZizdkj gSaA muesa[kkstijd i=kdkfjrk]oWkpMkWXk i=kdkfjrk vkSj ,MoksosQlh i=kdkfjrkizeq[k gSaA

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i=kdkfjrk osQ fofo/ vk;ke

i=kdkfjrkviusjkskejkZosQ thou osQ ,d vke fnu dh dYiuk dhft,A nksyksx vklikl jgrs gSa vkSjyxHkx jksk feyrsgSaA dHkh ckkkj esa] dHkh jkg pyrs vkSj dHkh ,d&nwljsosQ ?kj ijA HksaVlsigys osQ oqQN feuV dh mudh ckrphr ij ;ku nhft,A gj fnu mudk igyk loky D;kgksrk gS\ ^D;k gkypky gS\* ;k ^oSQls gSa\* ;k fiQj ^D;k lekpkj gS\* jkskejkZosQ bu lgtiz'uksa esaijh rkSj ij dksbZfo'ks"k ckr ughafn[kkbZnsrhA bu iz'uksadks;ku ls lqfu, vkSjlksfp,A blesavkidks,d bPNk fn[kkbZnsxhA u;k vkSj rkkk lekpkj tkuus dhA fiNysoqQN?kaVsdk gky tkuus dhA ;k chrh jkr dh [kcjsaA dy lsvkt osQ chp ;k oqQN ?kaVksaosQ varjkyesavk, cnyko dh tkudkjhA ;kuh ge viusfe=kksa] fj'rsnkjksa vkSj lgde;ksals ges'kk mudkoqQ'ky{kse ;k muosQ vklikl dh ?kVukvksaosQ ckjs esa tkuuk pkgrsgSaA

dgusdh k:jr ughagSfd viusvklikl dh phkksa] ?kVukvksavkSj yksxksa osQ ckjsesarkkktkudkjh j[kuk euq"; dk lgt LoHkko gSA mlesaftKklk dk Hkko cgqr izcy gksrk gSA ;ghftKklk lekpkj vkSj O;kid vFkZesai=kdkfjrk dk ewy ro gSA ftKklk ugha jgsxh rkslekpkjdh Hkh k:jr ugha jgsxhA i=kdkfjrk dk fodkl blh lgt ftKklk dks 'kkar djusdhdksf'k'kosQ:i esa gqvkA og vkt Hkh blh ewy flkar osQ vkkkj ij dke djrh gSA

i=kdkfjrk D;k gS\

gelwpuk, ;k lekpkj D;ksa tkuuk pkgrs gSa\njvly] lwpuk, vxyk dne r; djus esa

gekjh lgk;rk djrh gSaA blh rjg ge viusikl&iM+ksl] 'kgj] jkT; vkSj ns'k&nqfu;k osQ ckjsesatkuuk pkgrs gSaA ;s lwpuk, gekjs nSfudthou osQ lkFk&lkFk iwjs lekt dks izHkkfordjrh gSaA vkt ns'k&nqfu;k esa tksoqQN gks jgk gS]mldh vfkdka'k tkudkjh gesalekpkj ek;eksalsfeyrh gSA lp rks;g gS fd gekjs izR;{kvuqHko ls ckgj dh nqfu;k osQ ckjs esa gesavfkdka'k tkudkjh lekpkj ek;eksa }kjk fn,tkusokys lekpkjksa ls gh feyrh gSA

lekpkj

ge gj fnu lekpkji=k i


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vfHkO;fDr vkSj ek;e

djus okys i=kdkj ns'k&nqfu;k esa?kVusokyh ?kVukvksadkslekpkj osQ :i esaifjofrZr djosQge rd igqpkrs gSaA blosQ fy, osjksk lwpukvksadk ladyu djrsgSavkSj mUgsa lekpkjosQizk:i esa


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i=kdkfjrk osQ fofo/ vk;ke

ysfdu fofHkUurkvksadk vFkZ;g ughagSfd lekpkj dh dksbZifjHkk"kk gh ughagSA fdlh?kVuk] leL;k vkSj fopkj esaoqQN ,slsro gksrsgSaftuosQ gksusij mlosQ lekpkj cuusdhlaHkkouk cuk gksrk gSA blh rjg yksx viusle;dh?kVukvksa] #>kuksavkSj izf;kvksaij lksprs gSaA mu ij fopkj djrs gSa vkSj bu lc dks ysdjoqQNizfrf;k djrsgSa;k dj ldrsgSaA bl rjg dh fopkj eaFku dh izf;k osQ osaQ esa?kVukvksavkSj leL;kvksaosQ dkj.kksa] izHkko vkSj ifj.kkeksa dk lanHkZ Hkh jgrk gSA ysfdu dksbZ?kVuk] leL;k ;k fopkj dc vkSj oSQls lekpkj curk gS\ vkf[kj osdkSu&lsdkjd gSa ftuosQgksusij dksbZ ?kVuk [kcj cu tkrh gS\

lkekU; rkSj ij fdlh Hkh ?kVuk] fopkj vkSj leL;k ls tc lekt osQ cM+s rcosQ dk

ljksdkj gksrks ge ;g dg ldrsgSa fd ;g lekpkj cuus osQ ;ksX; gSA ysfdu fdlh ?kVuk]fopkj vkSj leL;k osQ lekpkj cuusdh laHkkouk rc c

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