raj board class 11 book - bhugol me prayogatamak kary

8/12/2019 Raj Board Class 11 Book - Bhugol Me Prayogatamak Kary

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Hkwxksy esa

;ksxkRed dk;ZHkkx 1

d{kk 11 osQ fy, ikB~;iqLrd

& lkHkkj && lkHkkj && lkHkkj && lkHkkj && lkHkkj &

jk"V h; 'kSf {kd vuqla/ kku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyhjk"Vh; 'kS f{kd vuqla/k ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyhjk"V h; 'kSf {kd vuqla/ kku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyhjk"Vh; 'kS f{kd vuqla/k ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyhjk"Vh; 'kSf {kd vuqla/kku vkSj izf' k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyh

20122012201220122012ek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesj

jktdh; fo|ky;ksa esa fu%'kqYd forj.k gsrqjktdh; fo|ky;k sa esa fu%'k qYd forj.k gsr qjktdh; fo|ky;ksa esa fu%'kqYd forj.k gsrqjktdh; fo|ky;k sa esa fu%'k qYd forj.k gsr qjktdh; fo|ky;ksa esa fu%'kqYd forj.k gsrq

AglaSem S
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fo"k;&lwph

vkeq[k iii

v;k; 1

ekufp=k dk ifjp; 1&15

v;k; 2

ekufp=k ekiuh 16&23v;k; 3v{kka'k] ns'kkarj vkSj le; 24&30

v;k; 4

ekufp=k Ikz{ksi 31&44

v;k; 5LFkyko`Qfrd ekufp=k 45&64

v;k; 6ok;o I-kQksVksdk ifjp; 65&79

v;k; 7lqnwj laosnu dk ifjp; 80&102

v;k; 8ekSle ;a=k] ekufp=k rFkk pkVZ 103&119

AglaSem S
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1

ekufp=k dk ifjp;

fp=k 1-1 % Hkkjr,Xyksc ij

v;k; 1

ekufp=k dk ifjp;ekufp=kksalsvki ifjfpr gh gksaxsAvkiusviuh lkekftd foKku dhvfkdka'k iqLrdksaesaIkFoh ;k mlosQ

Hkkxksadksn'kkZrsekufp=kksadksns[kkgksxkA vki ;g Hkh tkursgksaxsfdIkFoh dk vkdkj thvkW;M (f=kfoe)gksrk gSrFkk Xyksc osQ }kjk blslclsvPNh rjg ls n'kr fd;k tk

ldrk gS(fp=k 1-1)A nwljh vksjekufp=k esaiwjh IkFoh ;k mlosQ fdlhHkkx dksdkxt ij fpf=kr fd;k

tkrk gSA bl izdkj ekufp=k f=kfoe

IkFoh dh f}foe Lrqfr gS ftlsekufp=k {ksi dk mi;ksx djosQcuk;k tk ldrk gS (v;k; 4ns[ksa)A pwfd] iFoh dh lHkh vkfr;ksadksmuosQ lgh vkdkj ,oadkj esafn[kkuk vlaHko gS] blfy, ekufp=k

dksekiuh osQ vkkkj ij ?kVkdj cuk;k tkrk gSA viusfo|ky; ifjlj dh dYiuk djsaAvxj vkidksviusfo|ky; dk ekufp=k ;k js[kkfp=k mlosQ lgh vkdkj esacukuk gksrks

;gmruk gh cM+k gksxk ftruk fd vkiosQ fo|ky; dk ifjljA blfy, ekufp=kksadksekiuh

rFkk{ksi osQ vkkkj ij cuk;k tkrk gSrkfd dkxt dk R;sd fcanqLFky dh okLrfodfLFkfr osQ rnuq:ih gksA blosQ vfrfjDr izrhdksa] jaxksarFkk Nk;k dk mi;ksx djosQ fofHkUuy{k.kksadksljyrkiwoZd n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj dg ldrsgSafd ekufp=k laiw.kZIkFoh;k mlosQ fdlh Hkkx dk lery i`"B ij lekuhr ekiuh }kjk oj.kkRed] izrhdkRed rFkkO;kidho`Qr fu:i.k djrk gSA fcuk ekiuh osQ [khaph xbZjs[kkvksarFkk cgqHkqt dksekufp=kughadgk tk ldrk gSA bUgsaosQoy ,d js[kkfp=k dgrsgaS(fp=k 1-2)A bl v;k; esage

ekufp=kksadh vfuok;Zvko';drkvksa] muosQ dkj rFkk mi;ksxksadk v;;u djsaxsA

AglaSem S
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2

Hkwxksy esaiz;ksxkRed dk;Z

'kCnkoyh

thvkW;M %,d yo{k xksykHk,tks Ik`Foh osQ okLrfod vkdkj osQ vuq:i gksAkku cnq %mkj (N),nf{k.k (S),iwoZ(E)rFkk if'pe (W)A

Hkwlaifk ekufp=k %c`gr ekiuh ij fuer ekufp=k] tksfd 1%500 ls1% 4] 000 dh ekiuh ij Hkwlaifk ifjlhekn'kkZusosQ fy, fuer fd;k tkrk gSA blesaizR;sd Hkwfe [kaM dks,d la[;k }kjk O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA

ekufp=k %fdlh ekiuh lsy?kqo`Qr gq, vk;keksa osQ vkkkj ij laiw.kZIk`Foh ;k mlosQ fdlh Hkkx dk p;fur,laosQrkRed rFkk lkekU; n'kZuA

Ekkufp=kdyk %ekufp=k,pkVZ,[kkdk rFkk vU; dkj osQ xzkI-kQ cukus dh dyk,foKku rFkk rduhd vkSjmudk v;;u rFkk mi;ksxA

ekufp=k e %fdlh ns'k ;k {ks=k osQ fy, leku ekiuh,dkj rFkk fof'k"Vrk osQ lkFk cuk, x, ekufp=kksa

dk lewgAekufp=k {ksi %xksykdkj lrg dks lery lrg ij n'kr djus dh iz.kkyhA

ekiuh %,d ekufp=k,[kkdk ;k Nk;kfp=k ij nh xbZ nwjh rFkk okLrfod nwjh osQ chp dk vuqikrA

js[kkfp=k %okLrfod ekiuh ;k vfHkfoU;kl osQ fcuk eqDr&gLr }kjk [khapsx, ljy ekufp=kA

O;kidhdj.k ekufp=k %ekufp=k ij vko`Qfr;ksa dk ljy n'kZu,tksbldh ekiuh ;k ms'; osQ mi;qDr gks,oamuosQ okLrfod Lo:i dks Hkkfor ughadjrk gksA

fp=k 1-2 % fnYyh osQ i;kZoj.k dk js[kkfp=k (ck,) rFkk fnYyh dk ekufp=k (nk,)

AglaSem S
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6/121

4


fp=k 1-3 % ekufp=k dh lwpukvksa ij ekiuh dk izHkko

AglaSem S
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7/121

5

ekufp=k dk ifjp;

ekufp=k vfHkdYiuk %ekufp=kdkj dk pk SFkk egoiw.kZZ dk;Z gS ekufp=k vfHkdYiukAblesa ekufp=kksa dh vkys[kh fof'k"Vrkvksa dk s ;kstukc fd;k tkrk gS,ftlesa 'kkfey gSa&

mfpr laosQrksa dk p;u,muosQ vkdkj ,oa dkj,fy[kkoV dk rjhdk,js[kkvksa dh pkSM+kbZdkfukkZj.k,jaxksa dk p;u,ekufp=k esa ekufp=k vfHkdYiuk osQ fofHkUu roksa dh O;oLFkkvkSj:


8/121

6


osQ fy, xgu LFkyko`Qfrd losZ{k.k 1767esa losZ vkWiQ bafM;k dh LFkkiuk osQ lkFk

fd;k x;k] ftlosQ pje fcanq osQ :Ik esa1785 esa gnqLrku dk ekufp=k cudjrS;kj gqvkA vkt,losZ vkWiQ bafM;k fofHkUuekifu;ksa osQ vkkkj ij iwjs ns'k dk ekufp=krS;kj djrk gSA

Ekkiuh ij vkkkfjr ekufp=kksa osQdkj %Ekkiuh osQ vkkkj ij ekufp=kksadksc`gr ekiuh rFkk y?kq ekiuh esa oxhZo`Qrfd;k tk ldrk gSA c`gr ekiuh ekufp=kksa esa

NksVs{ks=kksadksvis{kko`Qr c`gr ekiuh osQ}kjkfn[kk;k tkrk gS] mnkgj.k osQ fy, LFkyko`Qfrd ekufp=kksadks 1% 2]50]000] 1% 50]000 vFkok1% 25] 000 dh ekiuh ij cuk;k tkrk gS rFkk xko osQ ekufp=k ,oa{ks=kh; Iyku dks1% 4]000]1% 2] 000 vFkok 1% 500 dh ekiuh ij fn[kk;k tkrk gS] tksc`gr ekiuh osQ ekufp=k gSaA nwljhvksj] y?kqeku ekufp=k dk mi;ksx c`gr {ks=k dks n'kkZus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQfy,,Vyl ekufp=k ,oa fHkfk ekufp=k vkfnA

(i) c`gr ekiuh ekufp=k %c`gr ekiuh ekufp=kksadksfuEufyf[kr dkjksaesaoxhZo`Qr fd;kx;k gS&

fp=k 1-4 % VkWyeh dk fo'o ekufp=k

fp=k 1-5 % kphu Hkkjr esa dfYir fo'o osQ lkr }hi fp=k 1-6 % egkHkkjr esa dfYir pkjksa vksj ty lsf?kjk xksykdkj fo'o

AglaSem S
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7

ekufp=k dk ifjp;

(d) Hkwlaifk ekufp=k([k) LFkykoQfrd ekufp=k

(d) Hkwlaifk ekufp=k %oSQMsLVy ;k Hkwlaifk ekufp=k 'kCn dh mRifk izasQp Hkk"kk osQ

^oSQMsL=ks* 'kCn ls gqbZgS] ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS {ks=kh; laifk dh iaftdkA bu ekufp=kksadks oQf"kr

Hkwfedh lhekvksa dk fu/kZj.k dj rFkk uxjksa esaO;fDrxr (futh) edkuksa osQ Iyku dksn'kkZ

djmu osQ LokfeRo dks n'kkZus osQ fy, cuk;k tkrk gSA ;s ekufp=k ljdkj }kjk fo'ks"k :Ik ls

Hkwfedj, yxku dh olwyh ,oaLokfeRo dk fjdkWMZ j[kusosQ fy, cuk, tkrsgSaA ;s ekufp=k

c`grekiuh ij cuk, tkrsgSa,tSls& xkoksadk Hkwlaifk ekufp=k 1% 4] 000 dh ekiuh ij rFkk

uxjksadk ekufp=k 1% 2] 000 vkSj bllsvfkd ekiuh ij cuk, tkrsgSaA

([k) LFkyko`Qfrd ekufp=k % ;s ekufp=k Hkh lkkkj.kr% c`gr ekiuh ij curs gSaA

LFkyko`Qfrd ekufp=k ifj'kq losZ{k.kksaij vkkkfjr gksrsgSarFkk ekufp=kksa dh ka[kyk osQ :Ikesa fo'o osQ yxHkx lHkh ns'kksadh jk"Vh; ekufp=k ,tsalh osQ }kjk rS;kj fd, tkrsgSa(v;k; 5)A

mnkgj.k osQ fy,,Hkkjr dk losZ{k.k foHkkx iwjs ns'k osQ LFkyko`Qfrd ekufp=kksadks 1% 2] 50] 000]

1% 50]000 rFkk 1% 25] 000 dh ekiuh ij O;Dr djrk gS(fp=k 1-3)A bu ekufp=kksa esa

LFkyko`Qfrd tkudkfj;ksa] tSls& vko`Qfr,viokg,o`Qf"k&Hkwfe,ou,cLrh,ifjogu osQ lkku,

LowQyksadh fLFkfr,Mkd?kjksarFkk vU; lsokvksa ,oalqfokkvksadksn'kkZusosQ fy, leku jaxksarFkk

izrhdksadk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

(ii) y?kqeku ekufp=k %y?kqeku ekufp=kksa dksfuEufyf[kr oxksesa oxhZo`Qr fd;k x;k gS%

(d) fHkfk ekufp=k([k) ,Vyl ekufp=k

(d) fHkfk ekufp=k %;g ekufp=k lkekU;r% cM+svkdkj osQ dkxt ;k IykfLVd ij cuk;k

tkrk gSA ftldk mi;ksx d{kk ;k O;k[;kud{k osQ fy, gksrk gSA bldh ekiuh LFkykoQfrd

ekufp=k lsy?kq] ysfdu ,Vyl ekufp=k lsc`gr gksrh gSA

([k) ,Vyl ekufp=k %,Vyl ekufp=k y?kqeku ekufp=k gSaA ;s ekufp=k cM+svkdkj okys

{ks=kksa dksiznf'kZr djrsgSarFkk HkkSfrd ,oalkaLo`Qfrd fof'k"VrkvksadkslkekU; rjhosQ lsn'kkZrs

gSaA,Vyl ekufp=k fo'o,egk}hiksa,ns'kksa;k {ks=kksa dh HkkSxksfyd tkudkfj;ksa osQ vkys[kh

fo'odks'k gSaA lgh rjhosQ lsns[kusij,;sekufp=k gesa fLFkfr,vko`Qfr,viokg,tyok;q,

ouLifr,uxjksa ,oa'kgjksaosQ forj.k,tula[;k,m|ksxksadh fLFkfr,ifjogu ra=k,Ik;ZVu rFkk

kjksgjksavkfn osQ lacak esalkekU; tkudkjh nku djrsgSaA

izdk;Z osQ vkkkj ij ekufp=kksa dk oxhZdj.k %ekufp=kksadks muosQ izdk;ZosQ vkkkjij Hkh oxhZo`Qr fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ,d jktuhfrd ekufp=k] ,d egk}hi

AglaSem S
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;k ,d ns'k osQ 'kklfud foHkktuksa dksn'kkZusdk dke djrk gSrFkk ,d e`nk ekufp=k fofHkUudkj dh e`nkvksaosQ forj.k dks n'kkZrk gSA O;kid :Ik ls ekufp=kksadksmuosQ izdk;ZosQ vkkkj

ij HkkSfrd ekufp=kksa,oalkaLo`Qfrd ekufp=kksa esaoxhZo`Qr fd;k tk ldrk gSA(i) HkkSfrd ekufp=k %HkkSfrd ekufp=k koQfrd y{k.kksa] tSls& mPpkoPk] enk] viokg]tyok;q osQ roksa] rFkk ouLifr bR;kfn dks n'kkZrk gSA

(d) mPpkop ekufp=k %mPpkop ekufp=kksaesaioZrksa] eSnkuksa] iBkjksa] viokg ra=k vkfntSlslkekU; LFkyko`Qfr;ksadksnf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA fp=k 1-7 ukxiqj ftysosQ mPpkop rFkk


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ekufp=k dk ifjp;

fp=k 1-8 % ukxiqj ftyk 'kSy ,oa [kfutksa dk forj.k

fp=k 1-9 % ukxiqj ftyk tyok;qn'kk,

AglaSem S
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12/121

10


(?k) e`nk ekufp=k %e`nk ekufp=k fofHkUu izdkj dh e`nkvksaosQ forj.k rFkk muosQ xq.kksadksn'kkZrk gS(fp=k 1-10)A

(ii) lkaLo`Qfrd ekufp=k %lkaLo`Qfrd ekufp=k ekuo fuer y{k.kksa dksn'kkZrsgSaAbuesafofHkUu dkj osQ ekufp=k gksrsgSa] tkstula[;k forj.k ,oao`f] fyax ,oavk;q] lkekftdrFkkkked ?kVd] lk{kjrk] 'kSf{kd Lrj dh kfIr] O;olkf;d lajpuk] cfLr;ksadh fLFkfr] lqfokk,

,oalsok,] ifjogu O;oLFkk rFkk mRiknu] fofHkUu oLrq&okg dksn'kkZrsgSaA(d) jktuhfrd ekufp=k %;sekufp=k fdlh {ks=k osQ 'kklfud foHkktu] tSls& ns'k,jkT;

;k ftysdks n'kkZrs gSaA ;sekufp=k lacafkr 'kklfud bdkbZosQ ;kstuk ,oacaku esa'kklfudra=k dh enn djrs gSaA

([k) tula[;k ekufp=k %tula[;k ekufp=k tula[;k osQ forj.k,?kuRo ,oao`f,vk;q,oafyax dh lajpuk,kked,Hkk"kkbZrFkk lkekftd oxksdk forj.k,tula[;k dh O;olkf;dlajpuk bR;kfn dksn'kkZrk gS(fp=k 1-11)A fdlh {ks=k osQ ;kstuk ,oafodkl esatula[;kekufp=k dh vge~Hkwfedk gksrh gSA

(x) vkFkd ekufp=k %vkFkd ekufp=k fofHkUu dkj dh iQlyksa ,oafofHkUu [kfutksaosQ mRiknu rFkk forj.k,m|ksxksa ,oacktkjksadh fLFkfr,O;kikj osQ ekxksrFkk mRiknksa osQ okg

fp=k 1-10 % ukxiqj ftyk e`nk,

AglaSem S
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ekufp=k dk ifjp;

fp=k 1-12 % ukxiqj ftyk Hkwfe mi;ksx ,oa I+kQly izfr:Ik

fp=k 1-11 % ukxiqj ftyk tula[;k forj.k

dksfn[kkrk gSA fp=k 1-12 rFkk 1-13 ukxiqj ftys dh e'k% Hkw&mi;ksx ,oaI+kQly&izk:i rFkkm|ksxksadh fLFkfr dksfn[kkrsgSaA

AglaSem S
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(?k) ifjogu ekufp=k %;sekufp=k lM+dksa] jsy dh iVfj;ksa rFkk jsyosLVs'kuksa,oa gokbZvksa dks n'kkZrs gSaA

ekufp=kksadk mi;ksx

Hkwxksyoskk,fu;kstd rFkk vU; lalkku v;;uoskk ekufp=kksadk mi;ksx djrsgSaA ,slk djusesasaosnwjh,fn'kk ,oa{ks=k dkslqfuf'pr djusosQ fy, fofHkUu dkj osQ ekiu djrsgSaA

nwjh dk ekiu %ekufp=kksaesafn[kk, x, jSf[kd y{k.kksadksnksHkkxksaesaoxhZo`Qr fd;k tk ldrkgS,tksgSa& lhkh js[kk,,oavO;ofLFkr ;k Vs


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ekufp=k dk ifjp;

fp=k 1-14 % fnfX acnq ,oa e;orhZfn'kk,

fn'kk dk ekiu %fn'kk] ekufp=k ij ,d dkYifud lhkh js[kk gS,tks,d leku vkkkjlsfn'kk dh dks.kh; fLFkfr dksn'kr djrh gSA mkj fn'kk dh vksj laosQr djus okyh js[kk

fcanqdks'kwU; fn'kk ;k vkkkj fn'kk js[kk dgrsgSaA ,d ekufp=k lnSo mkj fn'kk dks n'kkZrk gSAvU;lHkh fn'kkvksadk fukkZj.k blosQ lacak lsfd;k tkrk gSA lkekU;r% pkj fn'kk,ekuh tkrhgSa(mkj,nf{k.k,iwoZ,oaif'pe] bUgsakku fnfX acnq(dkfMZuy IokbaV) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA kkufnfX acnqvksa osQ chp dbZvU; e;orhZfn'kk,gksrh gSa (fp=k 1-14)A

{ks=kdk ekiu %'kklfud ,oaHkkSxksfyd bdkb;ksatSlh vko`Qfr;ksadk ekiu ekufp=k dh lrgijfd;k tkrk gSA ekufp=k mi;ksxdkkZvksa }kjk {ks=kksadksfofHkUu rjhdksalsekik tkrk gSA oxksdh,d fu;fer 'kSyh osQ }kjk fdlh {ks=k dh eki dh tk ldrh gS,gkykafd ;g fofk vfkdifj'kq ughagksrh gSA bl fofk }kjk {ks=k dksekiusosQ fy, ,d iznhIr Vslx Vscqy osQ ijekufp=k osQ uhps,d xzkI+kQ (vkys[k) isij j[kdj ekufp=k dks oxksls


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vH;kl

1. fn, x, pkj fodYiksaesa lslgh fodYi pqusa %(i)js[kkvksa,oavko`Qfr;ksaosQ ekufp=k dgstkus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr esalsD;k vfuok;Z gS\

(d) ekufp=k :f


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ekufp=k dk ifjp;

2. fuEufyf[kr 'uksa osQ mkj yxHkx 30 'kCnksaesansaA(d) ekufp=k O;kidhdj.k D;k gS\([k) ekufp=k vfHkdYiuk D;ks aegoiw.kZZgS\

(x) y?kq eku okys ekufp=kksa osQ fofHkUu dkj dkSu&dkSu ls gSa\(?k) cgr ekiuh ekufp=kksaosQ nks eq[k dkjksa dksfy[ksaA() ekufp=k js[kkfp=k ls fdl dkj fHkUu gS\

3. ekufp=kksa osQ dkjksadh foLrr O;k[;k djsaA

AglaSem S
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v;k; 2

ekufp=k ekiuh

tSlk fd v;k; 1 esavkiusIk


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17

ekufp=k ekiuh

ekiuh D;k gS\

vkius ekufp=kksaesavo'; ns[kk gksxk] ftuesa,d jsf[kdk leku foHkktuksa dksO;Dr djrh gSrFkkizR;sd dk eku fdyksehVj ;k ehy esavafdr gksrk gSA ekufp=k ij kjkry dh nwfj;ksadkirkyxkus osQ fy, bu foHkktuksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA nwljs'kCnksaesa] ekiuh] ekufp=k ijfn[kk, x, laiw.kZiFoh ;k blosQ fdlh vkaf'kd Hkkx osQ lkFk ekufp=k osQ lacak dksn'kkZrk gSAbllacak dksekufp=k ij fdUghanksLFkkuksa osQ chp dh nwjh ,oakjkry ij mUghanksuksa LFkkuksaosQchp dh okLrfod nwjh osQ vuqikr osQ :Ik esaHkh O;Dr dj ldrsgSaA

ekufp=k ,oa kjkry osQ vkilh lacakksadksrhu fofk;ksalsO;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA tks gSa%1- ekiuh dk izdFku3- vkys[kh vFkok xzkI+kQh fofk2- fu:id fHkUu (R. F.)

mijksDr fofk;ksaosQ vius&viusykHk ,oalhek, gSaA fdUrq bu rF;ksa dkstkuus lsiwoZ] ;gtkuus dk iz;kl djsafd lkekU;r% ekiuh dkseki dh ,d ;k vU; ifr osQ }kjk oSQlsO;Drfd;k tkrk gSA kjkry ij nksfcanqvksaosQ chp dh {kSfrt nwjh dksekiusosQ fy, fdyksehVj] ehVj,oalsaVhehVj bR;kfn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA izk;% vkiusehy] iQykx] xt o iQhV vkfn osQckjsesaHkh lquk gksxkA fo'o osQ fofHkUu ns'kksaesaeki osQ fy, mi;ksx esayk;h tkusokyh ;snksfofHkUu ifr;kgSaA buesalsigyh ifr dkseki dh esfVd (ehVjh;) iz.kkyh dgrsgSa] ftldkmi;ksx Hkkjr rFkk fo'o osQ vusd vU; ns'kksa esafd;k tkrk gSA nwljh ifr dkseki dh vaxzskhiz.kkyh dgrsgSa] ftldk mi;ksx la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ,oabaXYkSaM nksuksaLFkkuksaesaizpfyr gSA js[kh;nwfj;ksadksekiusrFkk fn[kkusosQ fy,] 1957 osQ iwoZ bl iz.kkyh dk mi;ksx Hkkjr esaHkh fd;ktkrk FkkA bu ifr;ksaosQ ekidksa dh bdkbZdksckWDl 2-1 esafn;k x;k gSA

ckWDl 2-1& eki dh ifr;k

eki dh esfVd iz.kkyh

1 fd-eh- = 1]000 ehVj1 ehVj = 100 lsa-eh-1 lsa-eh- = 10 feyh ehVj

eki dh vaxzskh iz.kkyh

1 ehy = 8 iQykx1 IkQykx = 220 ;kMZ1 ;kMZ = 3 iqQV1 iqQV = 12 bap

AglaSem S
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ekiuh O;Dr djusdh fofk;k

tSlk iwoZesaLi"V fd;k x;k gS fd ekufp=k dh ekiuh dksdbZfofk;ksa osQ }kjk O;Dr fd;ktk ldrk gSA ;gkij ;g iz;kl fd;k x;k gSfd bu fofk;ksadk mi;ksx fdl izdkj fd;ktkrkgSrFkk muosQ ykHk ,oa lhek,D;k gSa\

1- ekiuh dk izdFku %ekufp=k dh ekiuh dkstc fyf[kr izdFku esaO;Dr fd;ktkrkgS] rksmlsekiuh dk izdFku dgrsgSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn ekufp=k ij 1 lsaVhehVj cjkcj10 fdyksehVj fy[kk gks] rksbldk vFkZgSfd ekufp=k ij 1 lsaVhehVj dh nwjh] kjkrydh10 fdyksehVj dh nwjh osQ cjkcj gksrh gSA blh izdkj nwljk mnkgj.k] 1 bap cjkcj 10 ehy]ftldk vfHkizk; gSfd 1 bap ekufp=k dh nwjh kjkry ij 10 ehy osQ cjkcj gSA ;g ekiuhizn'kr djusdh fofk;ksaesalclsljy fofk gSA dHkh&dHkh ,d ifr lsifjfpr yksx nwljh

ifr esanh xbZekiuh osQ dFku dksughale> ikrsgSaA blh izdkj] okLrfod ekufp=k dkscM+k;k NksVk djusij bloQh ekiuh iwoZor~ughajgrh rFkk blosQ fy, ,d ubZekiuh dh x.kuk djuhiM+rh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esaekiuh O;Dr djusdh vU; fofk;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

2- vkys[kh vFkok xzkI-kQh %ekiuh dh nwljh fofk esa ekufp=k ij fdUghanksLFkkuksaosQchpdh nwjh ,oakjkry ij mUghanksLFkkuksa osQ chp dh nwjh dks ,d {kSfrt ekiuh osQ }kjk fn[kk;ktkrk gS] ftl ij izkFkfed ,oaf}rh;d foHkktd fpfr gksrsgSaA blsvkys[kh ekiuh vFkokjsf[kdk ekiuh Hkh dgk tkrk gSA fp=k 2-1 ls Li"V gS fd ekiuh esa eki dk s fdyksehVj;kehVj esa gh O;Dr fd;k x;k gSA fdlh vU; jsf[kdk ekiuh esa eki dh bdkbZ dks ehyrFkkiQykx esa Hkh O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ekiuh osQ izdFku dh rjg gh] ;g fofk Hkh osQoymUghaosQ fy, mi;qDr gS] tksekiuh esaiz;qDr fof'k"V bdkbZ lsifjfpr gksaA blosQ foijhr]ekufp=k dkscM+k ;k NksVk djusij Hkh vkys[kh ekiuh ekU; jgrh gSA vkys[kh ekiuh dh;g,d izeq[k fo'ks"krk gSA

3- fu:id fHkUu(R. F.)%ekiuh iznf'kZr djusdh rhljh fofk fu:id fHkUu gSA;gekufp=k ij nh xbZnwjh rFkk kjkry ij mUghanwfj;ksaosQ chp osQ vuqikr dks O;Dr djrhgSAekiuh esaO;Dr bdkb;ksa osQ mi;ksx usbl fofk dkslcls mi;qDr cuk fn;k gSA

bls izk;% fHkUu osQ :Ik esaO;Dr fd;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd ;g n'kkZrk gSfd ekufp=k ij fn[kkusosQ fy, okLrfod fo'o dksfdruk NksVk fd;k x;k gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] 1%24]000 ,d fHkUufn[kkrk gSftldk vFkZgSfd ekufp=k ij nh xbZnwjh dh 1 bdkbZ] Hkwfe ij nwjh dh 24]000bdkb;ksa dksfu:fir djrh gSA fu:id fHkUu dk va'k ges'kk 1 bdkbZesa gksrk gSA blsfdlh HkhbdkbZesaekuk tk ldrk gSA tSlsfd ,d fe-eh-] ,d lsa-eh- ;k ,d bap kjkry ij e'k%24]000 fe-eh-] 24]000 las-eh- ;k 24]000 bap dks n'kkZrk gSA ;gk] ;g Hkh ;kn j[kuk pkfg,fd bdkb;ksaosQ fHkUu dks esfVd ;k vaxzskh ifr esacnyrsle; lsaVhehVj ;k bap dh bdkb;ksa

fp=k 2-1 % vkys[kh ekiuh

AglaSem S
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19

ekufp=k ekiuh

dk mi;ksx lkekU;r% ifjikVh osQ vuqlkj fy;k tkrk gSA fu:id fHkUu fofk esaekiuh dh bdkbZdks O;Dr djusdk ;g rjhdk bl fofk dkslkoZf=kd ekU; ,oami;ksT; cukrk gSA vkb,]

1% 36]000 osQ fu:id fHkUu dksfu:id fHkUu fofk dh lkoZf=kd izo`Qfr osQ :Ik esale>saA;fn nh x;h ekiuh 1% 36]000 gS] esfVd iz.kkyh ls ifjfpr O;fDr nh xbZbdkb;ksadkslsaVhehVj esacnydj i


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vFkkZr] 1 lsa-eh- = 253]440@100]000 fdyksehVj dksO;Dr djsxkA(1 fdyksehVj =100]000 lsaVhehVj)

;k] 1 lsaVhehVj=

2-5344 fdyksehVj dks O;Dr djrk gSAn'keyo osQ ckn osQ nksvadksaosQ lkFk mkj gksxk %mkj% 1 lsaVhehVj 2-53 fdyksehVj dksO;Dr djrk gSA

vkys[kh ;k jsf[kdk ekiuh dh jpuk

iz'u 2% 1% 50] 000 ekid ij fuer ekufp=k osQ fy, ,d vkys[kh ekiuh dh jpukdhft,] ftlesa fdyksehVj rFkk ehVj i


23/121

21

ekufp=k ekiuh

uksV% ifjikVh osQ vuqlkj] vkys[kh ekiuh cukusosQ fy, yxHkx 6 bap dh yackbZyhtkrh gSA

x.kuk% vkys[kh ekiuh osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr rjhosQ lsjs[kk dh yackbZKkr dh tk ldrh gS%pwfd] 1 bap =1 ehy;k] 6 bap =6 ehyjpuk % fuEufyf[kr rjhosQ lsvkys[kh ekiuh cuk;h tk ldrh gS%

6 bap yach ,d lhkh js[kk [khapsarFkk bls6 cjkcj Hkkxksaesa ckV nsaA nkfguh vksjosQ ikpksaHkkxksaesa izR;sd dk eku 1 ehy j[ksaA vc ck;saHkkx dksHkh pkj cjkcjHkkxksaesafoHkDr dj nsarFkk 0 ls'kq: djrsgq, izR;sd Hkkx dk eku 2 iQykx j[ksaA

iz'u3% ,d vkys[kh ekiuh cuk,] ftlesafn;k x;k fu:id fHkUu 1% 50] 000 gSrFkknwfj;ksadksehy ,oaiQykx esaO;Dr djsaA

x.kuk% vkys[kh ekiuh osQ fy, js[kk dh yackbZ tkuus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr x.kuk dhtkrh gS%1% 50]000 dk vFkZgS&1 bdkbZnwjh] 50]000 bdkb;ksadksO;Dr djrh gSAbl izdkj] 1 bap =50]000 bap6 bap =50]000 6@63]360 (1 ehy =63]360")=6 bap =4-73 ehypwfd] 4-73 (ehy) iw.kkd ugha gS] blfy, iw.kkd osQ :Ik esa 5 dksysrsgSaAvc js[kk dh yackbZdks5 fdyksehVj osQ :Ik esa O;Dr djusosQ fy, fuEufyf[krx.kuk dh tkrh gS%

pwfd] 6 ba p dh js[kk osQ }kjk 4-73 ehy dksO;Dr fd;k tkrk gSAblfy,] 6 5@4-73 dh js[kk osQ }kjk 5 ehy dks O;Dr fd;k tk,xkA

6-34 bap osQ }kjk 5 ehy dksO;Dr fd;k tk,xkAjpuk % vkys[kh ekiuh fuEu rjhosQ lscuk;h tk ldrh gS%

5 ehy dks O;Dr djusosQ fy, 6-34 bap dh ,d js[kk [khfp, rFkk bls5 cjkcjHkkxksa esafoHkkftr dhft,A js[kk osQ ikp cjkcj Hkkx djusosQ fy, fuEu izf;k

viukbZtkrh gS% 6-3 bap dh ,d lhkh js[kk [khapsA js[kk osQ izkjafHkd ,oavafre fljsls40;k 45osQ dks.k ij js[kkvksadks [khapsa

rFkk mudksyxHkx 1 ;k 1-5 bap okysikp cjkcj HkkxksaesafoHkDr djsaA nksuksa js[kkvksa ij fpfr foHkktuksadkscnqvksaosQ }kjk feyk nsaA ekiuh ij bu js[kkvksaosQ foHkktd&cnqvkasdksfpfr djsaA

fu-fHk-1:63,360

iQykx 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 5ehy

fp=k 2-3

AglaSem S
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8 6 4 2

0

a

b

c

d

e

a1

b1

c1

d1

e1

iQykx ehy1 2 3 4

,slk djosQ vki 6-3 bap dh vleku js[kk dks5 cjkcj HkkxksaesackV ysaxsaA iqu% ck;saHkkx dksiQykxksaesa O;Dr djusosQ fy, 4 ;k 8 Hkkxksaesa foHkkftr dhft,A

fp=k 2-4 vkys[kh ekiuh ij leku forj.k dk fp

vH;kl

1. uhps fn, x, pkj fodYiksaesals lgh mkj pqusa%(i )fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lh fofk ekiuh dh lkoZf=kd fofk gS\

(d) lk/kj.k izdFku

([k) fu:id fHkUu(x) vkys[kh fofk(?k) mijksDr esa ls dksbZugha

(ii)ekufp=k dh nwjh dksekiuh esafdl :Ik esatkuk tkrk gS\(d) va'k ([k) gj (x) ekiuh dk izdFku(?k) fu:id fHkUu

(iii)ekiuh esa ^va'k* O;Dr djrk gS&(d) kjkry dh nwjh([k) ekufp=k ij nwjh

(x) nksuksa nwfj;k(?k) mijksDr esa ls dksbZugha

2. fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mkj yxHkx 30 'kCnksa esansa%(i) ekid dh nksfofHkUu iz.kkfy;kdkSu&dkSu lh gSa\(ii) esfVd ,oa vaxszkh iz.kkyh esaekiuh osQ ,d&,d mnkgj.k nsaA(iii) fu:id fHkUu fofk dks lkoZf=kd fofk D;ksa dgk tkrk gS\(iv) vkys[kh fofk osQ eq[; mi;ksx D;k gSa\

AglaSem S
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ekufp=k ekiuh

3. fuEu ekiuh osQ izdFku dks fu:id fHkUu esa cnysaA(i) 5 lsaVhehVj] 10 fdyksehVj dksO;Dr djrk gSA(ii) 2 bap osQ }kjk 4 ehy O;Dr gksrk gSA(iii) 1 bap osQ }kjk 1 xt O;Dr gksrk gSA(iv) 1 lsaVhehVj] 100 ehVj dks O;Dr djrk gSA

4. fu:id fHkUu dks dks"Bd esanh xbZ eki&iz.kkyh osQ vuqlkj ekiuh osQ izdFku esa ifjorr djsa%(i) 1% 100] 000 (fdyksehVj esa)(ii) 1% 31] 680 (iQykx esa)(iii) 1% 126]720 (ehy esa)(iv) 1% 50] 000 (ehVj esa)

5. 1% 50] 000 ekid ij ,d vkys[kh ekiuh dh jpuk dhft, ftlesa fdyksehVj ,oa ehVj i


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v;k; 3

v{kka'k] ns'kkarj vkSj le;

iFoh yxHkx xksysosQ leku gSA ,slk blfy, gSD;ksafd iFoh dh fo"kqorh; f=kT;k rFkk kzqoh;f=kT;k ,d leku ughagSA iFoh dk viusv{k ij ?kw.kZu fo"kqor or ij mHkkj iSnk djrkgSA blfy, okLrfod vkdkj ,d yo{k xksykHk osQ leku Ikzrhr gksrk gSA iFoh osQblvkdkj osQ dkj.k kjkryh; y{k.kksadh vofLFkfr dkstkuus esaoqQN dfBukbZgksrhgS]

D;ksafd blij vU; fcanqvksadh lkis{k fLFkfr dksekiusosQ fy, dksbZlanHkZfcanqmifLFkrughagSA blfy, fofHkUu LFkkuksadh fLFkfr dks tkuusosQ fy, Xyksc ;k ekufp=kijdkYifud js[kkvksadk tky cuk;k tkrk gSA vkb,] ns[ksa;sjs[kk,D;k gSa,oaoSQls[khaphtkrh gSa\

iFoh osQ viusv{k ij if'pe lsiwoZ?kw.kZu djuslsnksIkzkfrd lanHkZfcanqkIrgksrsgSa] tksmkjh kzqo ,oa nf{k.kh kzqo gSaA ;sHkkSxksfyd fxzM (Geographical Grid)dksvkkkj Ikznku djrsgSaA izfrPNsnh js[kkvksa osQ tky dks Hkwi`"B ij fofHkUu kjkryh; y{k.kksa

dh fLFkfr dksfuf'pr djusosQ ms'; ls cuk;k x;k gSA fxzM esanks izdkj dh js[kk,gSa&{kSfrt ,oamQokZkj] ftlsv{kka'k lekukarj rFkk ns'kkarjh; ;kE;kskj dgk tkrk gSA

{kSfrt js[kk,,d&nwljsosQ lekarj iwoZlsif'pe fn'kk esa [khaph xbZgSaA mkjh kzqo

,oa nf{k.kh kzqo osQ e; [khaph xbZjs[kk dksfo"kqor o`k dgk tkrk gSA ;g lclscM+ko`kgS rFkk ;g Xyksc dksnkscjkcj HkkxksaesackVrk gSA blsc`gr o`k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA vU;lHkh lekarj js[kk,fo"kqor o`k lskzqoksadh vksj c


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'kCnkoyh

v{kka'k lekarj %;g fo"kqor o`k osQ mkj ;k nf{k.k esafLFkr fdlh cnqdh dks.kh; nwjhdksfMxzh] feuV rFkk lsosaQM esaO;Dr djrk gSA v{kka'k js[kkvksadks izk;% lekarj js[kk,Hkhdgk tkrk gSA

ns'kkarj ;kE;kskj %;g Ikzkku ;kE;kskj (xzhufop) osQ iwoZ;k if'pe esafLFkr fdlh fcanqdh dks.kh; fLFkfr dks fMxzh] feuV ,oalsosaQM esaO;Dr djrk gSA ns'kkarj js[kkvksadks Ikzk;%;kE;kskj dgk tkrk gSA

v{kka'k lekarj

Hkwi`"B ij fdlh LFkku dk v{kka'k ml LFkku dh og dks.kh;

nwjhgS] tks fo"kqor o`k osQ mkj ;k nf{k.k ;kE;kskj ij i`FohosQosaQnzls ekih tkrh gSA ,d gh v{kka'k ij fLFkr LFkkuksadksfeykusokyh js[kk lekarj dgykrh gSA fo"kqor o`k dk eku0gS,oakzqoksa osQ v{kka'k 90m- ,oa 90n- gSa (fp=k 3-1)A;fnv{kka'k lekarjksadks1osQ varjky ij [khaprsgSa] rksmkjh,oanf{k.kh nksuksaxksykks esa89 v{kka'k lekarj gksaxsA blizdkj] fo"kqor o`k dksysdj v{kka'k lekarjksadh oqQy la[;k179gksxhA fdlh LFkku dh vofLFkfr fo"kqor o`k osQ mkj;knf{k.k esagksusosQ vkkkj ij v{kka'kksaosQ eku osQ lkFk m-(N) ;k n- (S)fy[krs gSaA

;fn iFoh fcYoqQy xksy gksrh rks1v{kka'k (;kE;kskjdk 1pki) ,d fLFkjkad gksrk] vFkkZr~i`Foh osQ IkzR;sdLFkku ij bldk eku 111 fdyksehVj gksrkA ;g yackbZfo"kqoro`kij lHkh ns'kkarj js[kkvksaosQ ,d fMxzh osQ yxHkx lekugSAysfdu fo"kqor o`k lskzqoksadh vksj v{kka'kksadh yackbZesaoqQNifjorZu vkrk gSA fo"kqor ok ij ;g yackbZ110-6fdyksehVj gS] tcfd kzqoksaij ;g 111-7 fdyksehVj gSAfdlh LFkku dk v{kka'k lw;Zdh rqaxrk ;k kzqorkjsdh lgk;rkls fukkZfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

v{kka'k lekarj cukuk

v{kka'k lekarj oSQls[khapk tkrk gS\ ,d o`k cuk,rFkk osaQnzesa,d {kSfrt js[kk [khapdj blsnkscjkcj HkkxksaesackVasA ;gjs[kk fo"kqor o`k dksn'kkZrh gSA bl o`k ij pkank (izksVSDVj)dks bl rjg lsj[ksafd pkank dh 0,oa 180dh js[kk

fp=k 3-1 v{kka'k lekarj

AglaSem S
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//schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


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fp=k 3-3 % ns'kkarjh; ;kE;kskj

fp=k 3-4 % mkjh kzqo ij feyusokys 0rFkk180;kE;kskj

dkxt ij cuk, o`k osQ e; [khaph js[kk lsfey tk,A vc 20n- (S) n'kkZusosQ fy, o`k osQ fupysvkksHkkx esa] fo"kqor o`k

ls20

dk dks.k cukrsgq, iwoZ,oaif'pe esanksfcanqyxk,] tSlkfd fp=k 3-2 esafn[kk;k x;k gSA dks.k dh nksuksaHkqtk,o`k osQ nksfcanqvksadksdkVrh gSaA fo"kqor o`k osQ lekarj js[kk [khaprsgq,bunksfcanqvksadksfeyk nsaA ;g 20n- (S) gksxkA

ns'kkarj ;kE;kskj

iw.kZok cukusokyh v{kka'k js[kkvksaosQ foijhr] vZxksykdkjns'kkarjh; ;kE;kskj kzqoksaij ,d cnqij fey tkrh gSaA vxjvkeus&lkeusosQ ;kE;kskjksa dks ,d lkFk feyk fn;k tk,rks;siw.kZo`k cu tkrsgSa] ysfdu budh x.kuk nksvyx&vyx;kE;kskj osQ :i esadh tkrh gSA

;s;kE;kskj fo"kqor o`k dksledks.k ij dkVrsgSaA v{kka'klekarj osQ foijhr budh yackbZleku gksrh gSA lqfokktudx.kuk osQ fy, fxzfup osk'kkyk (yanu osQ fudV) lsxqtjusokyh ns'kkarjh; ;kE;kskj dksvarjkZ"Vh; le>kSrs osQ }kjk izeq[k;kE;kskj ekuk x;k gSrFkk bls0dk eku fn;k x;k gSA

fdlh LFkku dk ns'kkarj ml LFkku osQ izeq[k ;kE;kskjosQiwoZ;k if'pe esaml LFkku dh dks.kh; nwjh gksrh gSA blsfMxzh

esaHkh ekik tkrk gSA ns'kkarjksadk eku izeq[k ;kE;kskj lsiwoZrFkkif'pe esa0ls180rd gksrk gS(fp=k 3-3)A iFoh dkogHkkx] tksizeq[k ;kE;kskj osQ iwoZesagS] mlsiwohZxksykZrFkk tksif'pe esagS] mlsif'peh xksykZdgk tkrk gSA

ns'kkarjh; ;kE;kskj cukuk

ns'kkarj js[kk,oSQls[khaaph tkrh gSa\ ,d ok cuk,] ftldkosaQnzmkjh kzqo dksIkzn'kr djrk gksA bldh ifjfk fo"kqor o`kdksIkzn'kr djsxhA o`k osQ osaQnz] vFkkZr~mkjh kzqo ls,d yacor~

lhkh js[kk [khapsA ;g mkjh kzqo ij feyus okyh 0,oa180;kE;kskjksadksIkzn'kr djrh gS(fp=k 3-4)A

tc vki ekufp=k dks ns[krsgSa] iwoZfn'kk vkiosQ nkfguhvksj ,oaif'pe fn'kk vkiosQ ck;havksj gksrh gSA oQrq,d;kE;kskj [khapusosQ fy,] eku ysafd vki mkjh kzqo ij gSa];kuh fp=k 3-4 osQ vuqlkj o`k osQ osaQnzij gSaA vc ;ku nsafdbl voLFkk esaiwoZ ,oaif'pe dh lkis{k fn'kk,mYkV tkrh

fp=k 3-2 % v{kka'k lekarj cukuk

AglaSem S
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gSa] rksvc vkiosQ ck;havksj iwoZ ,oankfguh vksj if'pe fn'kkgksxhA vc fp=k 3-5 osQ vuqlkj 45iw- (E) ,oai- (W)

;kE;kskj [khapsA blosQ fy, vki pkank dksyacor~js[kk osQ lkFk0rFkk 180;kE;kkjksadksfeykrsgq, j[ksarFkk nksuksarjiQ 45dksekisatks fd e'k% vkiosQ ck;ha,oankfguh vksj 45iw-(E) ,oa45i- (W) ;kE;kskjksa dksn'kkZ,xkA ;g fp=k iFohdkog :Ik IkzLrqr djsxk tSlk mkjh kzqo osQ Bhd ij lsfn[kkbZnsrk gSA

lkj.kh 3-1 % v{kka'k lekarjksarFkk ns'kkarjh; ;kE;kskjksadh rqyuk

ela- v{kka 'k lekarj ns'kkarj ;kE;kskj

1- v{kka 'k] fo"kqor o`k osQ mkj ;k nf{k.kesa fLFkr fdlh cnqdh dks.kh; nwjhgS] ftls fMxzh esaekik tkrk gSA

2- lHkh v{kka 'k fo"kqor o`k osQ lekarj

gksrsgSaA3- Xyksc ij v{kka'k lekarj o`k osQ leku

Ikzrhr gksrsgSaA4- nksv{kka'kksaosQ chp dh nwjh yxHkx 111

fdyksehVj gksrh gSA

5- 0v{kka'k dksfo"kqoRk ok ,oa90dkskzqo dgk tkrk gSA

6- fo"kq or o`k lskzqo dh vksj v{kka'kksadk mi;ksx rkieaMyksa osQ fukkZj.k esagksrk gSA tSls] 0ls23rd mkj;k nf{k.k m".k dfVcak] 23ls66 rd 'khrks".k dfVcak rFkk66ls90rd 'khr dfVcakA

ns'kkarj] fo"kqor o`k osQ lkFk cuh ogdks.kh; nwjh gS] ftlsfMxzh esaekiktkrk gSA blsfxzfup osQ iwoZ;k if'pe0ls180rd ekik tkrk gSA

ns'kkarj osQ lHkh ;kE;kskj kzqoksa ij

feyrsgSaAlHkh ;kE;kskj o`k osQ leku izrhrgksrsgSa] tkskzqoksalsxqtjrsgSaA;kE;kskjksaosQ chp dh nwjh fo"kqor o`kij vfkdre (111-3 fdyksehVj)rFkk kzqoksa ij U;wure (0 fdyksehVj)gksrh gSA e; esavFkkZr~45v{kka'kij ;g 79 fdyksehVj gksrh gSAns'kkarj 360osQ gksrs gSa] tksIkzeq[k;kE;kskj lsiwoZ,oaif'pe nksuksavksj

180esacVsgksrsgaSAns'kkarjksadk mi;ksx Ikzeq[k ;kE;kskj osQlkis{k LFkkuh; le; dks fukkZfjrdjusesafd;k tkrk gSA

45iw-0

45i-

mkjh /zqo

180

fp=k 3-5 % ns'kkarjh; ;kE;kskj cukuk

AglaSem S
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ns'kkarj ,oale;

ge lHkh tkursgSafd i`Foh viuh kqjh ij if'pe lsiwoZdh vksj ?kwerh gSA ;gh dkj.k gSfdiwoZesalw;ksZn; ,oaif'pe esalw;kZLr gksrk gSA iFoh viuh kqjh ij ?kwerh gqbZ360ns'kkarj vFkkZr~,d pDdj yxHkx 24 ?kaVsesaiwjk djrh gSA pwfd] 180ns'kkarj Ikzeq[k ;kE;kskj osQ iwoZ,oaif'pe nksuksavksj fLFkr gS] blfy, lw;ZiwoZlsif'peh xksykZesa tkusesa12 ?kaVsdk le;ysrkgSA bl Ikzdkj lw;ZiwoZlsif'pe izfr ?kaVk 15ns'kkarj ;k Ikzfr 4 feuV esa 1ns'kkarj dksikjdjrk gqvk fn[kkbZnsrk gSA tc ge if'pe lsiwoZ dh vksj c


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Ikz'kklfud lhekvksaosQ Hkhrj ,d ekud ;kE;kskj r; djosQ vius ns'k osQ LFkkuh; le; dkfukkZj.k djrsgSaA iwoZ&if'pe esavfkd foLrkj okys ns'k ,d lsvfkd ekud ;kE;kskj pqu

ldrs gSa] tSlk fd :l] dukMk rFkk la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa gSA fo'o dks24 VkbEk kksu esafoHkkftr fd;k x;k gS(fp=k 3-6)A

varjkZ"Vh; frfFk js[kk

tgkfo'o dks24 Vkbe kksu esafoHkkftr fd;k x;k gS] ogha,d LFkku rks,slk gksxk tgkfxzfuple; lsiwjsfnu dk varj gksxk] vFkkZr~,slk LFkku] tgklsiFoh ij lpeqp fnu dk IkzkjaHk gksrkgSA 180ns'kkarj js[kk yxHkx mlh LFkku ij fLFkr gS] tgk lsvarjkZ"Vh; frfFk js[kk xqtjrh gSAblns'kkarj osQ le; esa0ns'kkarj lsBhd 12 ?kaVs dk varj gksrk gS] pkgsizeq[k ;kE;kskj lsiwoZtk, ;k if'peA ge tkursgSafd izeq[k ;kE;kskj osQ iwoZesale; ?kVrk gSrFkk if'pe esac


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vH;kl

1. fuEufyf[kr Ikz'uksaosQ mkj yxHkx 30 'kCnksaesa nsa%(i) iFoh ij nksIkzkoQfrd lanHkZ cnqdkSu&lsgSa\(ii) c`gr o`k D;k gS\(iii) funsZ'kkad D;k gS\(iv) lw;Z iwoZ lsif'pe tkrk gqvk D;ksafn[kkbZ nsrk gS\(v) LFkkuh; le; lsvki D;k le>rsgSa\

2. v{kka'kksa ,oa ns'kkarjksa osQ chp varj Li"V djsaA

fozQ;kdyki

1. ,Vyl dh lgk;rk ls fuEufyf[kr LFkkuksadks [kkstdj muosQ v{kka'k ,oa ns'kkarj fy[ksaALFkku v{kka'k ns'kkarj

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AglaSem S
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