raj board class 11 book - rajasthan sahitya ro itihaas

7/27/2019 Raj Board Class 11 Book - Rajasthan Sahitya Ro Itihaas

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77

jjjjjktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks bfr;klktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks bfr;klktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks bfr;klktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks bfr;klktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks bfr;kl

d{kk 11 ,oa 12 dsd{kk 11 ,oa 12 dsd{kk 11 ,oa 12 dsd{kk 11 ,oa 12 dsd{kk 11 ,oa 12 dsjktLFkkuh lkfgR; ds Fke u i= ds fy,jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ds Fke u i= ds fy,jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ds Fke u i= ds fy,jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ds Fke u i= ds fy,jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ds Fke u i= ds fy,

ys[kdys[kdys[kdys[kdys[kd

MkW xksj/ku flag ks[kkorMkW xksj/ku flag ks[kkorMkW xksj/ku flag ks[kkorMkW xksj/ku flag ks[kkorMkW xksj/ku flag ks[kkorizkpk;Zi zkpk;Zi zkpk;Zi zkpk;Zi zkpk;Z

Jh ".k lRlax ckfydk egkfo|ky;Jh ".k lRlax ckfydk egkfo|ky;Jh ".k lRlax ckfydk egkfo|ky;Jh ".k lRlax ckfydk egkfo|ky;Jh ".k lRlax ckfydk egkfo|ky;lhdj jktlhdj jktlhdj jktlhdj jktlhdj jkt

, S,

jktdh; fo|ky;ksa esa fu%'kqYd forj.k gsrq

AglaSem S
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78

jjjjjktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks bfr;klktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks bfr;klktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks bfr;klktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks bfr;klktLFkkuh lkfgR; jks bfr;kl

d{kk 11 ,oa 12 dsd{kk 11 ,oa 12 dsd{kk 11 ,oa 12 dsd{kk 11 ,oa 12 dsd{kk 11 ,oa 12 dsjktLFkkuh lkfgR; ds Fke u i= ds fy,jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ds Fke u i= ds fy,jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ds Fke u i= ds fy,jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ds Fke u i= ds fy,jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ds Fke u i= ds fy,

ys[kdys[kdys[kdys[kdys[kd

MkW xksj/ku flag ks[kkorMkW xksj/ku flag ks[kkorMkW xksj/ku flag ks[kkorMkW xksj/ku flag ks[kkorMkW xksj/ku flag ks[kkorizkpk;Zi zkpk;Zi zkpk;Zi zkpk;Zi zkpk;Z

Jh ".k lRlax ckfydk egkfo|ky;Jh ".k lRlax ckfydk egkfo|ky;Jh ".k lRlax ckfydk egkfo|ky;Jh ".k lRlax ckfydk egkfo|ky;Jh ".k lRlax ckfydk egkfo|ky;lhdj jktlhdj jkt lhdj jktlhdj jkt lhdj jkt

, S,

AglaSem S
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79

nks lcnnks lcnnks lcnnks lcnnks lcn

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jSbfr;kl uS ys;*j lks/kijd :i esa dsbZbfr;kl NihT;k gSaft.kk jSeka; MkW eksrhyky esukfj;k] lhrkjke ykyl] MkW ghjkyky ekgsojh ] MkW iq:"kkske esukfj;k bR;knjk gSaA lkfgR; jh izozfr;kauS ys;*j MkW fdj.k ukgVk jh iksFkh *vk/kqfud jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jhizozfr;ka,oaizsj.kkL=ksr* Hkh ?k.kh egrk gS A b.kht Hkkar i=&if=dkokaesao[kr flj vkys[k Hkhfo/kkokajS fodkl vj m.kkajh miyfC/k jS:i esa Nirk jS;k gSai.k Qsa: Hkh jktLFkkuh bfr;kl ys[kujh vsd egkh t:jr vkt Hkh cf.k;ksM+h gSA cny+rh lkfgR; psruk vj m.k jS lkFkS cny+rSekinaMkuS /;ku esa jk[k*j lkfgR; jksizozfrxr foospu bfr;kl jksewy+vk/kkj gqo.kks pkbtSvj m.kh nhBlwabfr;kl fy[k.kksl: gqoS rksfd.kh Hkh Hkklk jSlkfgR; jkslkarjksbfr;kl rS;kj gq; ldSAjktLFkkuh lefj/k Hkklk gSm.k jksvkjEHk dky vj e/;dky ikjEifjd lkfgR; jh nhB lwa?k.kksegrk gS vj m.kka jks ewY;kadu Hkh ukeh fxjkeh fo}kuka jks dj~;ksM+ks gSA vk/kqfud

dky jS lkfgR; esavkt uqaoh &uqaoh izozfr;kavk; jS;h gSa m.kkajh ij[k t:jh gSAEgsSa bfr;klwcks/k jh psruk vj vk/kkj Hkwfe uSle>*j lkfgR; jh psruk] cny+rSifjosl vj

miyfC/k vky+h jpukoka uS /;ku esa jk[k*j vk/kqfud dky jksfoHkktu dj~;ksgSA vk/kqfud dkyjSeka; vkt dsbZjpukdkj gSa ftdk jpukRed :i esa vkijh vksy+[kk.k c.;k pqD;k gSa A Egkjh dkslhljS;h ds lxy+k uS lesV yso.kkspkbtSi.k Qsa: Hkh EgSalk;n b.k esa lQy uh gq; lD;ksA ?k.kk t.kkajk ukao Hkh NwVX;k gqoSyk ] b.k lk: EgSa ekQh pkowayksA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jSbfr;kl jks vsd izozfrxrv/;;u jS:i esa waA

lhdhldj jktj llhdj jktlhdhldj jktj llhdj jktlhdhldj jktj llhdj jktlhdhldj jktj llhdj jktlhdhldj jktj llhdj jkt MkW xksj/ku flag ks[kkorMkW xksj/ku flag ks[kkorMkW xksj/ku flag ks[kkorMkW xksj/ku flag ks[kkorMkW xksj/ku flag ks[kkor

AglaSem S
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foxrfoxrfoxrfoxrfoxr

1- jktLFkkuh Hkklk % l:i foospuk1- jktLFkkuh Hkklk % l:i foospuk1- jktLFkkuh Hkklk % l:i foospuk1- jktLFkkuh Hkklk % l:i foospuk1- jktLFkkuh Hkklk % l:i foospuk 1&91&91&91&91&9

2- vkjEHk dky %2- vkjEHk dky %2- vkjEHk dky %2- vkjEHk dky %2- vkjEHk dky % 10&1910&1910&1910&1910&19

3- e/;dky %3- e/;dky %3- e/;dky %3- e/;dky %3- e/;dky % 20&3720&3720&3720&3720&37

4- vk/kqfud dky %4- vk/kq fud dky %4- vk/kqfud dky %4- vk/kq fud dky %4- vk/kqfud dky % 38&7638&7638&7638&7638&76

AglaSem S
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5/80

1

v/;k; % 1v/;k; % 1v/;k; % 1v/;k; % 1v/;k; % 1

jktLFkkuh Hkklk % l:i foospukjktLFkkuh Hkklk % l:i foospukjktLFkkuh Hkklk % l:i foospukjktLFkkuh Hkklk % l:i foospukjktLFkkuh Hkklk % l:i foospuk

jktLFkkuh vkt jktLFkku jh ek;M+Hkklk gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jSlkfgR; jh Hkkjrh; HkklkokajSlkfgR; esa vsd U;kjh vksy+[kk.k fx.khtSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jkstwukslkfgR; ywaBksvj xjcdj.k tksx

gSA vkt jktLFkkuh Hkklk esagkFk lwafy[;ksM+h iksF;kajksftrksv[kwV HkaMkj gSfcrksL;kr bZ fd.khHkklk esa gqoSA ft.k rfj;kajktLFkku jh ijEijkokavnHkqr gaS m.kht Hkkar vBS jkslkfgR; HkhA jktLFkkuvkijSoSHko lwa Hkfj;ksM+S vrhr] xjchyh ijEijkokavj lkaLfrd thou jS apSvknlkZa lk: vk[kStxesa ukeh&fxjkeh jS;ksA csfelky R;kx] egku cfynku vj apSnjtSjh ohjrk] ijke vBSgesl izsj.kknso.k tksx jS;kA jktLFkku lwj&ohjkajh tye Hkkse lk: fljSfx.khtSA vBSftnaxh jSgjsd Ns= esathou ewY; vj eku&ejtknkokajh] vBSjk ohj&iq#l vsd lhao FkjihthA vksbt dkj.k gS ds vkt

jktLFkku jksbfr;kl mtGh ohjxkFkkokajk QM+QM+krk ikaukajkslkapksbfr;kl gSAvBS jh b.k /kjrh lwatqfM+;ksM+ksvBS jksjktLFkkuh lkfgR; ykSfdd vj lkaLfrd ijEijkoka

jh nhB lwavSM+ksfo[;kr jS;ksds nsl jk ekuhrk fo}ku b.k lkfgR; jh ljko.kk djrk jS;k A jl] Hkkovj vkst lwaHkfj;ksM+S b.k jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dkauh lj tktZfxz;lZu] MkW VSslhVjh] MkW lquhfr dqekjpkVqT;kZtSM+k fo}kukajks/;ku x;ksA ohj jl jkstSM+ksapSnjtS jksjl&ifjikd jktLFkkuh lkfgR;esa nh[kS] oSM+ksnqfu;kajSfd.kh lkfgR; esa uhA b.k jks dkj.k vksgSdsjktLFkkuh jh ohj jl jh dfork

okadfo;kalwajphth ftdk vkijh [kqyh vka[;kalwatq)Hkkse esa yM+rk ohjkauS ns[;kA oS vkijSgkFkesa dye Hkh idM+h rksc[kr vk;karyokj ys;uS tq) esa Hkh tw>~;k A vkadfo;kaduStq) jksksX;ksM+ksv.kHko gksA vBS jh ohj jl jh dfork jh izlalk djrk FkdkajohUnzukFk Bkdqj fy[;ksds& *Hkxrh jl

jh dfork rks vk[kSHkkjr jsS gjsd lkfgR; esa fey T;koSi.k jktLFkku vkijS [kwu lwaftdS lkfgR;jks fujek.k dj~;ks] m.k lkfgR; jS tksM+jkslkfgR; vkt lko nqjyHk gSA jktLFkkuh dfo;kajh vk

[kkfl;r gh dsoStq) jS uxkjkajSfcPpS vkijh dforkokajph**A *b.k dFku lway[kkoS dsv.kHko lwa

jP;ks&iP;ksjktLFkkuh lkfgR; ohj jl jh nhB lwa ekjfed uS HkqtkokauSQM+dko.k okGksgSAjpukRedrk jS b.k fcanqekFkS jktLFkkuh jpukdkj vi.kSvki esa ?k.kksegrk gksA

b.kht Hkkar egkeuk ia- enueksgu ekyoh; Hkh jktLFkkuh lkfgR; uS ljkork Fkdkad;ks&**jktLFkkuh ohjkajh Hkklk gS] jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ohj lkfgR; gS vj nqfu;kajS lkfgR; eka;b.k jh U;kjh BkSM+gS A vkt jh ih


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2

esa tyeHkkse lk: R;kx vj cfynku jksHkko] nslHkxrh vj /kjrh&isze] ukjh jksizsjd O;fDro] ej.kfraokj jkspko] nqlehalwa cnGksyso.k jksHkko] lqrarj Hkkouk] nsl jh vsdrk vj v[kaMrk] fla.kxkj vj

ohj jl jks fp=.k bR;kn gSavj vkafolslrkokajSdkj.k jktLFkkuh lkfgR; ?k.kksvksirksykxSAjktLFkku jks ukedj.k%&jktLFkku jk s ukedj.k%&jktLFkku jks ukedj.k%&jktLFkku jk s ukedj.k%&jktLFkku jk s ukedj.k%&jktLFkkuh jktLFkku jkT; jh Hkklk gSjktLFkku lwa ckjS

dksydkkk] eqacbZ] psUubZ bR;kn esa Hkh izoklh jktLFkkuh yksx ek;M+Hkklk jksiz;ksx djSab.k okLrSjktLFkku jSukedj.k ckcr dhafopkj dj yso.kkspkbtS] Da;wdsjktLFkkuh ukao jktLFkku ekFkS bZ

jk[khT;ksM+ksgSA jktLFkku esa lkfgR; fljt.k jh vsd ywaBh ijEijk jS;h gS b.kht Hkkar jktLFkkuh Hkklkjk Hkh iqjk.kSao[kr esadsbZ ukao jS;k gSaAjktLFkku lcn jkslxGk lwaiSyksiz;ksx *jktLFkkuh;kfnR;* fo-la- 682 esa clarx


7/80

3

:id* jk jpukdkj b.k e:Hkklk usS *eqjHkweHkklk*] *j?kqojtl izdkl* jk jpukdkj *e:/kj Hkk[kk* vj*oakHkkLdj* jk jpukdkj b.k uS *e:ckuh* dgh gSA lw;ZeYy feJ.k rkabZ vkrka&vkrkae:Hkklk ;ke:ckuh fMaxy jS vjFk esa :


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3- uiqlad fyax NksM+fn;ks;k rksiqfyax esa feyX;ksA4- lcnkajsS vUr esa b ] m vj v jS mPpkj.k jks yksi AMkW- lquhfr dqekj pkVqT;kZjSer esa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh izeq[k folslrkokab.k rjS gS%&1- jktLFkkuh esa *v* jksmPpkj.k *b* :i esa A fta;k euq"; jks*feu[k*A2- ew/kZU; *.k* vj *y+* jktLFkkuh jh [kkl /ofu;kagSaA ew/kZU; M&M+ /ofu;kajh rjQ dhacrks

>qdko gSaA

3- dsbZcksfy;kaesa p ] N ] > rkyO; /ofu;kajksmPpkj.k nUR; lq.khtSA4- *,s* vj *vkS* ;Fkkdze lwa*,* vj *vks* jS:i esacksyhtSA5- jktLFkkuh esa egkizk.k v?kks"k cjx jk ?k]>] ]


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4- Hkhyh ;k ckxM+h %&4- Hkhyh ;k ckxM+h %&4- Hkhyh ;k ckxM+h %&4- Hkhyh ;k ckxM+h %&4- Hkhyh ;k ckxM+h %& vk cksyh Mwaxjiqj] ckalokM+k vj esokM+jSdhaNs=kaesa cksyh tkoSAMkW- fxz;lZu Hkhyh uSvsd lqrarj Hkklk jksnjtksfn;ksgSi.k MkW- ghjkyky ekgsojh b.k uSlqrarj Hkklkuh ekuSaA xqtjkrh bykdk lwa tqfM+;ksMsS+ Ns= dkj.k b.k cksyh ekFkSxqtjkrh Hkklk jksvlj gSA

b.k rjSjktLFkkuh Hkklk jh ikap cksfy;ka gSft.kkaesa ekjokM+h cksyh jh iz/kkurk gSvj vktlkfgR; jpuk lk: vk cksyh vk[kS izkUr esavi.kk;h TkkoS A

jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh vds:irk %&jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh vds:irk %&jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh vds:irk %&jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh vds:irk %&jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh vds:irk %&jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh U;kjS&U;kjS vapyka esa

U;kjh&U;kjh cksyh gqorkaFkdkaHkh cSdBS jktLFkkuh jS Lo:i ;k vsd:irk esa ck/kd uhA dgkorgS ds*Ppkj dksl ij ik.kh cnyS] vkB dk sl ij ck.kh*A b.k lwavk ckr lkQ gqoSds jktLFkkuh Hkklkjh vS cksfy;kajktLFkkuh jh flej?krk uS xVS vj nw.k lwajktLFkkuh jS fodkl uSHkh xfr feySA vSM+h

fLFkfr nqfu;kajh lxyh HkklkokalkFkS gSdsm.kkaesads cksyh vj micksyh nhlSAft.k *ekjokM+h* uSjktLFkkuh Hkklk jksnjtks nsokam.k jksdkj.k vksgSdslfn;kalwab.k

ekjokM+h esa lkfgR; fyjO;ks tkorksjS;ksgS nwth cksfy;kaesa fyf[kr lkfgR; jksvHkko jS;ksA iNSekjokM+h uScksy.k vkyk+Hkh nwth cksfy;kalwa ?k.kk gSaA b.k okLrSekjokM+h uS vsd ekud Hkklk jksnjtksfn;k tk ldS gSvj vksokftc Hkh gSA Hkklk oSX;kfud Hkh b.k ckr uSLohdkjS dsHkklk jks fodklcksfy;ka lwagqoSA fgUnh vj vaxzsth jh rksckr NksM+ks] vkt xqtjkrh] ejkBh] caxyk bR;kn Hkklkokajksfodkl e Hkh b.kh Hkkar nhlSA cksfy;kajSfyf[kr :i uSns[kkarksm.kesa U;kjksi.kksy[kkoSi.k b.k

fyf[kr :i lwa Hkklk jksvsd leku :i lkeSvkoSA jktLFkkuh jh U;kjh&U;kjh cksfy;kajS x|&i|jh jpukokauS ns[kkarks ykxSds jktLFkkuh jksvsd ekud :i jS;ksgSvj oksvkfndky lwavckj rkavsdtSM+ksnhlSA

fd.kh Hkh Hkklk jh vsd:irk okLrS t:jh gSdsm.k esa[kwc fy[;kstkoSvj cjkscj fy[;kstkoSA b.k fLFkfr lwa&Hkklk esa vkiksvki vsd:irk vk; tkoSyhA b.k okLrS jktLFkkuh Hkklk uSys;j dhaHkzakfr;kagSa vj m.kkaesa vsd ckr jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh cksfy;kajh dgh tkoSrksvks vkjksi Hkhyxk;ks tkoSds ekjokM+h cksyh uS vkjoSjktLFkku ekFkS Fkksih tk; jS;h gSvj m.k uS jktLFkkuh

jks ekud :i ekU;kstkoS gSA i.k fta;k fgUnh] czt] vo/kh ] Hkkstiqjh] jktLFkkuh] ekyoh bR;kncksfy;ka jks egkc gSvj vkajSlkfey :i jksukao fgUnh gS fc;ak jktLFkkuh Hkh ekjokM+h] gkM+kSrh]nwa


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jh rqyuk esa vk ?k.kh twuh] lkfgR; jh nhB lwa flefj/k vj vkstxq.k lwaHkjiwj gSA*11 jktLFkku esafiaxy Hkklk esa Hkh ?k.kkslkfgR; feySA fiaxy jS b.k lkfgR; fljt.k jk jpukdkj HkkV tkfr jk dfogSa rksfMaxy jks?k.kdjkslkfgR; pkj.k dfo;kajksjP;ksM+ksgSA vBSvk ckr mYys[ktksx gSdsHkkV tkfrpkj.k tkfr lwa vyk;nk gSA jktLFkku esa fiaxy Hkklk jksukao HkkV tkfr jSvk/kkj ekFkS *HkkV&Hkk;[kk*vFkkZr~HkkVkajh Hkklk Hkh dghtS A bZajksizek.k lksy+ohalrkCnh jk pkj.k dfo mnSjke jS fy[;ksM+S *dfodqy cks/k* xazFk esa vksnwgksfeyS %&

pkj.k fMaxy pkrqjh ] fiaxy HkkV izdkl Apkj.k fMaxy pkrqjh ] fiaxy HkkV izdkl Apkj.k fMaxy pkrqjh ] fiaxy HkkV izdkl Apkj.k fMaxy pkrqjh ] fiaxy HkkV izdkl Apkj.k fMaxy pkrqjh ] fiaxy HkkV izdkl Axq.k la[;k&dy&cj.k x.k ] ;kajks djks mtkl AAxq.k la[;k&dy&cj.k x.k ] ;kajks djks mtkl AAxq.k la[;k&dy&cj.k x.k ] ;kajks djks mtkl AAxq.k la[;k&dy&cj.k x.k ] ;kajks djks mtkl AAxq.k la[;k&dy&cj.k x.k ] ;kajks djks mtkl AA1212121212

b.k lwa izxV gqoS dsfMaxy vj fiaxy nksuwa vsd&nwtSlwa lko vyx gSavj vkajksO;kdj.kvj NanlkL= Hkh lko vyk;nk gSA fiaxy jksfodkl lksSjlSuh viHkzal lwarks fMaxy jksfodkl xqtZjhviHkzal lwagq;ksA vkxsSpky*j pkj.k vj HkkVka esa vkanksuwa Hkklkok usS ys;*j gksM+Hkh ephA pkj.k dfoHkh fiaxy jSeka; jpukokadjhA vkajk fiaxy esa fy[;ksM+k pfj=&dkO;] ikSjkf.kd dkO; vj HkfDr dkO;feySA lw;ZeYy] Lo:inkl] x.kskiqjh tSM+k fiaxy jk ekuhrk jpukdkj gq;kA lw;ZeYy jS *oakHkkLdj*xazFk jksrhu&pkSFkkbZHkkx fiaxy esa jP;ksM+ksgSA b.kht Hkkar ^iFohjkt jklks*] jrujklks*] fot;iky

jklks* bR;kn xazFkkaesa Hkh fiaxy jksiz;ksx gq;ksgSAvBS vk ckr Hkh /;kutksx gSdsfMaxy vj fiaxy uS ys;*j fo}kukaesa dsbZ rjSjk erHksn Hkh

jS;k gSaA vsd er jSeqtc fiaxy fMaxy lwa?k.kh twuh gSvj fiaxy jS ctu ekFkS bZfMaxy ukao i~;ksAT;knkrj fo}kuka jksvksbZ dSo.kks gSi.k MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k jkseku.kksgSdsfMaxy lcn fiaxy

lwa twuksgSvj fiaxy jSrqd ekFkSfMaxy ukao jk[khT;ks] vk dYiuk lko fujewy gSA [kSj] vksvsd cgljks loky gsSA vk Hkh laHko gq; ldS ds vSnksuwaukao vsdSlkFkSpkyhT;k gqoSA i.k dhaHkh gqoSfiaxy

fMaxy lwalko vySnk gSA MkW - lquhfr dqekj pkVqT;kZHkh fMaxy vj fiaxy uS nksvyx&vyx Hkklkjks njtksnsoSaA13

b.kht Hkkar *fMaxy* lcn uSys;*j Hkh fo}kukajSeka; dhaHkze gSaA MkW0 eksrhyky esukfj;kfMaxy uSlqrarj Hkklk ekuSarksdhafo}ku fMaxy uS Qxr dkO; fljt.k jh vsd lSyh dsSosSA izks0ujkskenkl Lokeh jSeqrkfcd fMaxy jktLFkkuh lwavyx dksbZ Hkklk uh] cfYd vk jktLFkkuh jh bZvsd [kkl dkO; lSyh gSD;wadslk/kkj.k jktLFkkuh vj fMaxy esa folsl Hksn ;k rkslcnkoyh jksgS

;k lcnkajh fy[kkoV orZuh jks] O;kdj.k jksHksn rksuk dqN gSA14b.k lwa eSlwl gqoSdsl: esa fMaxycksy&pky jh Hkklk jS;h gqoSvj iNSlkfgfR;d Hkklk jSeka;


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b.k lwa fMaxy jksviHkazl jh rjQ >qdko vj ohj jl jSvuqdwy gqqo.k jh ckr tkfgj gqoSAbZa okLrS vksd;kstk ldSgSdsl: esa fMaxy cksypky jh Hkklk bZjS;h gqoS vj iNSfodflr gq;*j

lkfgfR;d Hkklk jks :i /kkj.k dj~;ksgqoSA fMaxy lcn jks iz;ksx dns Hkklk jS :i esa rksdnslSyhjS :


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oSM+ksfd.kh nwth Hkklkoka esa uhA vksfMaxy Hkklk jks[kqn jksvyadkj dghtlhA

jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % dky foHkktu %&jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % dky foHkktu %&jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % dky foHkktu %&jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % dky foHkktu %&jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % dky foHkktu %&jktLFkkuh lkfgR; fljt.k jh vsdywaBh ijEijk jS;h gSvj c[kr eqtc b.k jSeka; dsbZrjS jk mrkj&prk Fkdkab.k esa vk;ksM+k cnGko uS izozfk;kajSlanHkZesavaosj.kks?k.kkst:jh gSA b.k okLrSlkfgR; jS dky foHkktu lwa jktLFkkuh jSlkfgR; jks eksy&egk Hkh vkadhtSA

vc loky mBS dsdky foHkktu jksvk/kkj dkabZgqoSD;awdslkfgR; esarkslxGSHkkar jh

izozfk;ka jS;h gaS b.k okLr ukedj.k jkslgh vk/kkj rks ozfr bZekuht.kh pkbtSA jktLFkkuhlkfgR; jS dky foHkktu dj.k okGk fo}kukaesaMkW- ,y-ih- VslhVjh] MkW- eksrhyky esukfj;k]lhrkjke ykyl] xtjkt vks>k bR;kn izeq[k gSaA izks- ujkskenkl Lokeh vj MkW- ghjkyky

ekgsojh jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jSbfr;kl jks dky foHkktu b.k eqtc dfj;ksgSa %&vkjEHk dky & lu~ 1050 lwa 1450 rkabZe/; dky & lu~1450 lwa1850 rkabZvk/kqfud dky & lu~1850 lwavc yxb.kh Hkkar vk/kqfud dky uSHkh nksHkkxkaesafoHkkftr dfj;ksgS &vktknh lwaiSyka& lu~1850 lwa 1947 rkabZvktknh jS iNsS & ly~1947 lwa vkxS

dky jh lhao r; djrk Fkdka izks0 ujkskenkl Lokeh m.k folslrkoka jh rjQ ladsr fn;ksftdh la- 1200 jS vsM+Ss&NsM+S futj vko.k ykxh ghA b.k rF; jSvk/kkj ekFkS gh vk/kqfud Hkklkoka

jS dky foHkktu jh lhek la- 1200 jS vklS&iklS ekuhA MkW- ghjkyky ekgsojh jks er gS dsla- 1200lwa iSyka bZ oS folslrkoka mjck ykxh gh] b.k okLrS la- 1100 lwa vkFkwa.kh jktLFkkuh jks vkfndky

eku.kks pkbtSA lq: esa jktLFkkuh vj xqtjkrh vsd ghA xqtjkrh jk fo}ku Hkh vk ekuS ds gsepUnzjS o[kr esa ftdh cksypky jh Hkklk gh m.kuS *xrh xqtjkrh* dgh xbZ i.k laHko gS ds *xrh

xqtjkrh* gsepUnz jS c[kr lwaiSyka Hkh izpfyr gq; ldS] b.k okLrS xqtjkrh jk fo}ku Hkh izkphuifpeh jktLFkkuh ;k xrh xqtjkrh jks dky eksVS :i esa la- 1100 lwa bZ ekuSA b.k lwa vk ckr

lkQ izxV gqoS ds fo}ku yksx jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh ijEijk nloha&X;kjoha lrkCnh lwa ekusS i.kjktLFkkuh jks mn~xe b.k lwaHkh ?k.kkstwuks gSA MkW- gtkjh izlkn f}osnh jkseku.kks gS ds nloha

lrkCnh esa jktLFkkuh eka; eksdGks lkfgR; feySA tBS rkabZ jktLFkkuh esa fy[;ksM+k *pfj= dkO;*jks loky gS oS rks lkroha lrkCnh esafy[;ksM+k ekuSA b.k okLrS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jh ijEijk ?k.kh

twuh ekuh tk ldsSAjktLFkkuh jh ekU;rk jks loky %&jktLFkkuh jh ekU;rk jks loky %&jktLFkkuh jh ekU;rk jks loky %&jktLFkkuh jh ekU;rk jks loky %&jktLFkkuh jh ekU;rk jks loky %&Hkklk foX;ku jh nhB lwajktLFkkuh vsd

lqrarj Hkklk gSvj b.k jksuqoksvj twuksv[kwV lkfgR; Hkh gSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk jksvkijkslcn dksl]O;kdj.k vj uqokslkfgR; h gSA vkt Hkh jktLFkkuh esa uqokslkfgR; fy[;kstk jS;ksgS] i=& if=dkokaHkh NiSA i.k jktLFkkuh jh laoS/kkfud ekU;rk esa dsbZ rjSjh ck/kkokavk jS;h gSaA

loky vksgsSdstn lafo/kku jh vkBohalwph es a nsl jh ef.kiqjh] dksad.kh tSM+h NksVh&NksVhHkklkokauSekU;rk feyxh rksjktLFkkuh uSD;awuh\ jktLFkkuh jSlanHkZesa vsd:irk jksloky cscqfu;kngSA gj Hkklk jh U;kjh&U;kjh cksfy;kaHkh gqoSA jktLFkku jh Hkh ikap cksfy;kagSai.k iNS Hkh jktLFkkuh

jksvsd ekud l:i Hkh gS rksm.k jksfolky lkfgR; HkhA jkT; ljdkj jh rjQ lwa *jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk]lkfgR; ,oalaLfr vdkneh* jh Fkjiuk] tks/kiqj foofo/kky; esa ,e-,- Lrj rkabZjktLFkkuh uS

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ikB~;dze esa jk[k.kks] ek/;fed fk{kk cksMZjSikB~;dze esa Hkh jktLFkkuh uSvsd folS j sS:i esa ykxwdj.kks] jktLFkkuh jSizdklu vj iqjLdkjkajh ;kstuk bR;kn uSns[krk FkdkavksykxSdsjktLFkkuhHkklk tsvkt vkijh ekU;rk lk: vkokt mBkoSrks] oksm.k jksgd gS& vsd iq[rS vk/kkj jSlkFkSAvkt jktLFkkuh turk vj jpukdkjkaesa HkklkbZtkx:drk t:jh gSA vk r;lqnk ckr gSdsfd.khNs= jh fiNk.k cBSjh Hkklk] lkfgR; vj laLfr lwagqoSA jktLFkkuh Hkklk uSnsl jh vkBohalwph esa

lkfey dj.kSjh ekax lko okftc gSA jkT; jh fo/kku lHkk ykjyS l= vxLr 2003 esa loZlEefr

lwa jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh ekurk jksLrko ikfjr djuSdsU ljdkj dUuS Hkst fn;ksgSvcS dsU ljdkjjksfuj.kSHkklkbZekU;rk lk: t:jh gSA

lanHkZ %&lanHkZ %&lanHkZ %&lanHkZ %&lanHkZ %&1- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % ,d ifjp; ] i`- 19 & 20 A

2- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl % MkW- iq:"kkske esukfj;k] i- 4

3- jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl % MkW- iq:"kkske esukfj;k] i- 4

4- fefyVjh eS;k;lZvkWQ fe0 tktZ VkWel] i`- 347] lu~ 1805

5- jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vj lkfgR; % MkW- ghjkyky ekgsojh] i- 4

6- fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl % MkW- uxsU] i`- 22

7- fyfXofLVd losZ vkWQ bafM;k] oksY;weIX Hkkx II

8- jktLFkkuh Hkklk % MkW- pkVqT;kZ] i- 45

9- jktLFkkuh Hkklk vkSj lkfgR;] i- 4

10-jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; % MkW- ghjkyky ekgsojh] i`- 34

11-fMaxy esaohj jl % MkW- esukfj;k] i- 1

12-jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dk laf{kIr bfrgkl % MkW- xksj/ku flag 'ks[kkor] i- 10

13-Hkkjrh; vk;ZHkklk,avkSj fgUnh % MkW- pkVqT;kZ] i`- 185

14-jktLFkkuh lkfgR; % ,d ifjp;] i`- 17

15-ckadhnkl xzaFkkoyh] Hkkx nks] i`- 81] uk--l-

16-oa'kHkkLdj] Fke Hkkx] i`- 14017-la;qDr jktLFkku] o"kZ 6] la[;k 8] ekpZ 1957] i`- 31

AglaSem S
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v/;k; % 2v/;k; % 2v/;k; % 2v/;k; % 2v/;k; % 2vkjEHk dky lu~ 1050 lwa 1450 bZ- vkjEHk dky lu~ 1050 lwa 1450 bZ- vkjEHk dky lu~ 1050 lwa 1450 bZ- vkjEHk dky lu~ 1050 lwa 1450 bZ- vkjEHk dky lu~ 1050 lwa 1450 bZ-

fd.kh Hkh dky jS bfr;kl usS le>.kSlk: m.k dky jS ifjosl uSHkh pks[kh rfj;ka le>yso.kkspkbtS] D;wadslkfgR; vki jSifjosl jh mit gqoSA b.k okLrStn vkikavkjEHk dky ekFkSfopkjdjkarkst:jh gS ds m.k dky jh jktuhfrd] /kkjfed vj lkekftd fLFkfr;kauSHkh xSjkbZlwale>yso.kh pkbtSA bfr;kl esa mYys[k gsS dsg"kZo)Zu vafre fgUnwlezkV gksvj m.k jS c[kr lawbZnslekFkSckjSlwa eqlyekukajk geyk l: gq;X;k gk vj g"kZo)Zu m.kkajkseqdkcyksdj.kSesa lQy Hkh gq;ksAg"kZo)Zu jh fejrwjSiNSfnYyh jh lkk esa fc[kjko vk;X;ksA m.k c[kr ftdk Hkh fgUnwjktk lkaehvk;k] oStq) jh vkx esa yxkSyx tw>rk jS;kA vkBohalrkCnh lwa ianjohalrkCnh rkabZHkkjrh; bfr;kl

jktuhfrd nhB lwamFkG & iqFkG vke.k] tq)] vO;oLFkk] jktkokajh vkilh QwV vj dy+g jksgks]ft.k jks izHkko bZa c[kr jS lkfgR; esa lkQ&lkQ y+[kkoS] b.k lwaykxsS dsbZadky esa fd.kh vsd izozfr

jh iz/kkurk uh jS;hA1

jktuhfrd ifjosk %&jktuhfrd ifjosk %&jktuhfrd ifjosk %&jktuhfrd ifjosk %&jktuhfrd ifjosk %&g"kZo)Zu jh fejrw jSiNSmkjknsS Hkkjr esa izfrgkjkajS vsdfolky vj lejFk lkezkT; jh uhao iM+h i.k izfrgkjkajh lkk jS detksj gqorkabZnwtk lkeUrvki&vki jS lqrarj jkT; jh Fkjiuk esa ykxX;kA b.k lkeUrk esa pkSgkukajksLFkku fljSgksA lk aHkj]tkyksj] ukxkSj] HkM+kSp] ukMksy bR;kn vkajk [kkl lkk dsUnzgkA vkaesa likny{k jk pkSgku bfr;klesa vkijh lwjohjrk vj lkezkT;oknh Hkkouk okLrS ?k.kk fo[;kr jS;kA i`Fohjkt pkSgku r`rh; lu~1172 & 1192 tn flagklu ekFkSfcjkT;k] m.k c[kr eqlyekukajksnckc c


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vBhuSesokM+jSjkT; esa Hkh mFkG&iqFkG gqorh jS;hA iSykafprkSM+ekFkS vykmhu dks vf/kdkj gq;ksrks iNSgEehj Qs: fprkSM+ uS dCtS esa fy;ksA gEehj jS iNS m.k jkscM+ksyM+dksNs= flagjk.kk c.;ksA Ns= flag jsSiNSegkjk.kk yk[kk jScsVS&iksrSjko pwaM+k] j.key] dkUgk bR;kn jksesokM+esalklu jS;ksA dkUgk jh fejrwiNS ekjokM+esa xh yso.k okLrS ?kj esa gh tq) gq;ksA j.key uS esokM+jh xh feyxhA

j.key jStko.k jS iNSekyok jS lqyrku gkskaxkkg jksesokM+jSxkxjks.k fdySekFkSvke.k

gq;ksA b.k tq) esa fdySjh fjPNk dj.koky+k vpynkl [khaph ohjxfr ikbZA *vpynkl [khaph jhvpynkl [khaph jhvpynkl [khaph jhvpynkl [khaph jhvpynkl [khaph jhopfudk*opfudk*opfudk*opfudk*opfudk* esab.k tq) jksiwjksoj.ku feySAeksdy jSfu/ku iNSfprksSM+ ekFkSjk.kk dqaHkk lu~1433 lwa1468 rkabZ jkslklu jS;ksvj

esokM+ jS fujek.k okLrS dqaHkk jks;ksxnku lxGk lwackks jS;ks Ab.k jktuhfrd fLFkfr lwa eSlwl gqoSds vksc[kr tq)kajks gksvj yxkSyx tq) gqork jSrkA

b.k c[kr pkj.k dfo;kaftdksdkO; fy[;ksoksc[kr jh t:jr eqtc ohjjl lwaHkfj;ksM+ks gksAjktLFkkuh Hkklk jS vkjEHk dky esa ftdkslkfgR; feyS m.kuS uhpSfy[;ksM+S eqtc ckaV~;kstk

ldsS gS %&1- tSu lkfgR;2- yksSfdd lkfgR;

3- pkj.k lkfgR;1- tSu lkfgR; %&1- tSu lkfgR; %&1- tSu lkfgR; %&1- tSu lkfgR; %&1- tSu lkfgR; %&jktLFkkuh jSvkjEHk dky esa tSu lkfgR; jks?k.kksego gSA vkijssS/kje jSizpkj&izlkj okLrS tSu lk/kqft.k rfj;kaizkr vj viHkzal uSvi.kk;h] m.kht Hkkar vkxSpky*j jktLFkkuh Hkklk uSHkh vkijksek/;e Lohdkj~;ksA 12ohalnh jSmkjk/kS c[kr esa HkykabZNksVh&NksVh iksF;kafy[khth gqoS i.k cSizpqj ek=k esamiyC/k gqo.k ykxhA folS vj lSyh jh fofo/

krk jh nzfLV lwa tSu lkfgR; l: lwa bZegrk fx.khtSA tSu lkfgR; jkseq[; nzfLVdks.k /kkjfed vjpfj=&fujek.k jksgksA b.k lkfgR; esa jl jh nzfLV lwa lkUr jl jh iz/kkurk jS;h gSA izks- ujkskenkl

Lokeh jS lcnkaesadsSokarks tSu lkfgR; jh nwth folslrk m.k jS x| jksvHkko y[kkoSi.k jktLFkkuesa pkSnoha lnh lwa x| lkfgR; cjkscj feySvj eksdGksfeySA2 tsSu lkfgR; jh dFkkokarksvkijh U;kjhfolslrk jk[kSaA vk dkO; fr;kajkseq[; m)s; vke vkneh jSeu esa /kje jS izfr :>k.k iSnk dj.kks

gksA vkajh Hkklk tu lk/kkj.k jh cksy&pky jh Hkklk ghAMkW- ghjkyky ekgsojh tSu lkfgR; jSi| uS P;kj eksVSHkkxkaesa b.k


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vkaesa *jkljkljkljkljkl* ?k.kh izHkkolkyh lSyh gh ftdk esa rhjFkadjkajSthou pfjr uSvsd vknlZ jS:i esa *jkljkljkljkljkl*ukao lwa dfork esa izLrqr dfj;ksA jktLFkkuh jSb.k vkjEHk dky ekFkSxqtjkrh jksizHkko Hkh lkQ nhlsSAb.k rjSvksd;ks tk ldSgSdsjktLFkkuh jS vkjEHk dky jh jpukokaesa tSu&lkfgR; jksegrk;ksxnku gSA X;kjohavj pkSngohalnh jSlkfgR; jSbfr;kl ys[k.k lk: tSu lkfgR; jksizeq[k vk/kkjgSA tSu lekt fta;k&fda;k vkijsS b.k twuSlkfgR; uSvkt rkabZHkh cpk; jk[;ksgS] vk cM+h ckr gSA

tSu lkfgR; jh izeq[k dfr;kajksifjpSb.k Hkkar gS%&

Hkjrsoj&ckgqcfy /kksj %&Hkjrsoj&ckgqcfy /kksj %&Hkjrsoj&ckgqcfy /kksj %&Hkjrsoj&ckgqcfy /kksj %&Hkjrsoj&ckgqcfy /kksj %& vk d`fr otzlsu lwfj jh fy[;ksM+h gSvj b.k jksjpukdkyla- 1125 gSA vk jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh lxGk lwa iqjk.kh jpuk gS ftdh ek: xwtZj Hkklk esajP;ksM+h gSA48 Nank esa fy[;ksM+h bZajpuk esaHkjrsoj ckgqcfy jStq) jksoj.ku gSb.k esa ohj vj lkUr jl jksizHkkoh fp=.k feySA

Hkjrsoj ckgqcfy jkl %&Hkjrsoj ckgqcfy jkl %&Hkjrsoj ckgqcfy jkl %&Hkjrsoj ckgqcfy jkl %&Hkjrsoj ckgqcfy jkl %& vk jpuk otzlsu lwfj jk i/kj lkfyHknzlwjh laor~1241 esafy[khA vks tSu lkfgR; jh jkl ijEijk jksiSyksxzaFk gSA b.k xzaFk esa Hkjrsoj vj ckgqcfy jkspfj=&oj.ku gSA viHkazl Hkklk esa vkanksuwa pfj= &uk;dkauSys;*j dsbZ dkO;&fr;kafy[;ksM+h gSaAb.k jh dFkk b.k Hkkar gSdsHkjrsoj vj ckgqcfy v;ks/;koklh rhjFkadj fj[kcnso jk csVk gkA Hkjr

mej esa cM+k gk b.k okLrS ckauS v;ks/;k jksvj ckgqcfy NksVk gk b.k okLrSckauSr{kflyk jksjkt fn;ksA bZ xzaFk esa nksuwa ohjkajS ijke vj ohjrk jksizHkkoh oj.ku gSA lsoV fgalk vj ohjrk jSiNSm.k esa

fojfDr jks Hkko njlk.kks] bZadkO; dksewy edln j S;ks gSA *Hkjr &ckgqcfy jklHkjr &ckgqcfy jklHkjr &ckgqcfy jklHkjr &ckgqcfy jklHkjr &ckgqcfy jkl* nslh Nank vjjkx&jkxfu;k esa fy[;ksM+ks[kaM dkO; gSA izks- ujkskenkl Lokeh jSer esa lkfyHknzlwfj jktLFkkuh jkegrk dfo gSaA3 dkO; esa ukVdh;rk] Vs


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usfeukFk ckjgeklk vj vkcw jkl %&usfeukFk ckjgeklk vj vkcw jkl %&usfeukFk ckjgeklk vj vkcw jkl %&usfeukFk ckjgeklk vj vkcw jkl %&usfeukFk ckjgeklk vj vkcw jkl %& vS nksuwa jpukoka ikYg.k dfo jh jP;ksM+h gSAusfeukFk ckjgeklk esa 16 i| gS vj vkcwjkl esa 51 i| gSA vkajpukokajksjpukdky fo-la- 1289gSA tEcw Lokeh jkl jh Hkkar tSu dkO; esa usfeukFk vj jkterh jk izse&izlax ?k.kk pkok jS;k gSaAusfeukFk rsblokarhjFkadj gk vj egkjktk leqnzfot; jk iq= gkA m.kkajksC;kc mxzlsu jh csVh

jkterh jS lkFkSr; gq;ksgksA dSoS gSadsusfeukFk vkijSC;ko lwaisSykacjkr jSHkkstu lk: vsdBdfj;ksM+k tkuojkajh d:.k iqdkj lq.kh rksm.kkajksfgjnkSilht mB~;ksvj oSlalkj uSR;kx*j riL;k

lk: fxjukj pY;k x;kA iNStnSjkterh uSb.k ?kVuk jksBk i~;ksrks?k.kksnq%[k gq;ksvj usfeukFkjksvuqlj.k djrk FkdkanhDlk ysyhA usfeukFk ckjgeklks* ek:&xqtZj dfork jk iSyksckjgeklksekuhtSA*vkcwjkl*vkcw jkl*vkcwjkl*vkcw jkl*vkcw jkl* esa ea=h foey vj oLrqiky rstiky jk vkcwijcr ekFkS c.kk;ksM+k tSu efnjka

jksmYys[k gSA kakfrukFk nso jkl %&kakfrukFk nso jkl %&kakfrukFk nso jkl %&kakfrukFk nso jkl %&kakfrukFk nso jkl %& y{ehukFk fryd fo-la- 1313 esa*kkafrukFk nso jklkkafrukFk nso jklkkafrukFk nso jklkkafrukFk nso jklkkafrukFk nso jkl* jh jpuk

djhA b.k jpuk esa tSu /kje jS lksyoS rhjFkadj 'kkafrukFk jSthou jh dFkk dghth gSA bfr;kl jhnzfLV lwa Hkh vk jpuk egrk gS D;wads b.k esa dsbZbfr;kl jk rF; Hkh feysSA b.k esa vksrF; mtkxjgq;ksgsSfd ftuifr fo-la- 1201 esa[ksM+ xkao esa vj ftusoj lwfj fo-la- 1256 esa tkykSj esa rhjFkadj'kkafrukFk jh ewjrh FkjihA

jsoarfxfj jkl %&jsoarfxfj jkl %&jsoarfxfj jkl %&jsoarfxfj jkl %&jsoarfxfj jkl %& vk fot;lsu lwfj jh fy[;ksM+h dkO; rh gSA b.k jh jpuk la- 1231

jS vSM+s &NsM+S gqbZA b.k esarhjFkadj usfeukFk jh izfrek vj jsoarfxfj rhjFk jksoj.ku gSA b.k esaizfrjkslqUnj fp=.k gSAtSu lkfgR; jh nwth jpukokaesaegkohj jkl fo-la- 1307 fou;pUnzjksusfeukFk pmibZ

fo-la- 1325 lkseewfrZ jh P;kj NksVh jpukoka& ftusoj lwfj fookg oj.ku jkl] ftu izcks/k lwfjppZjh] xqjkoyh jsyqvk rFkk ftu izcks/k lwfj cksfydk fo-la- 1331 mn;/keZ jks *mo,lekymo,lekymo,lekymo,lekymo,lekydgk.k; NIi;dgk.k; NIi;dgk.k; NIi;dgk.k; NIi;dgk.k; NIi;* 81 NIi;] jYg ;k jktflag jks*ft.knk pfjrft.knk pfjrft.knk pfjrft.knk pfjrft.knk pfjr* fo-la- 1354 eqfu jktfryd jks*kkfyHknz jklkkfyHknz jklkkfyHknz jklkkfyHknz jklkkfyHknz jkl* ftuizHk lwfj jks *in~ekorh pkSibZin~ekorh pkSibZin~ekorh pkSibZin~ekorh pkSibZin~ekorh pkSibZ* fo-la- 1385 ftuin lwfj jks *LFkwfyHknzLFkwfyHknzLFkwfyHknzLFkwfyHknzLFkwfyHknzQkxQkxQkxQkxQkx*fo-la-1390 iwf.kZekxPN jS 'kkfyHknzlwfj jks*iap ikaMo pfjr jkliap ikaMo pfjr jkliap ikaMo pfjr jkliap ikaMo pfjr jkliap ikaMo pfjr jkl* fo-la- 1410 mik/;k;fou;izHk jks *xkSre Lokeh jklxkSre Lokeh jklxkSre Lokeh jklxkSre Lokeh jklxkSre Lokeh jkl* fo-la-1412 t;ls[kj lwfj jks*f=Hkqou nhid izca/kf=Hkqou nhid izca/kf=Hkqou nhid izca/kf=Hkqou nhid izca/kf=Hkqou nhid izca/k* ^usfeukFkQkxq* vj *vjcqnkpy ohurhvjcqnkpy ohurhvjcqnkpy ohurhvjcqnkpy ohurhvjcqnkpy ohurh* fo-la- 1462 rFkk ghjkuan lwfj *oLrqiky rstikyoLrqiky rstikyoLrqiky rstikyoLrqiky rstikyoLrqiky rstiky* fo-la- 1485

izeq[k gSA nwtS dfo;kaesa jktks[kj lwfj] egksik/;k; t;lkxj] nsoiky bR;kn mYys[ktksx gSaA b.kckr lwaizxV gqoSdsjktLFkkuh jSvkjEHk dky esa lSdM+ksatSu dfo vkijh jpukokalwajktLFkkuh HkklkuS lefj) djhA

2- ykSfdd lkfgR; %&2- ykSfdd lkfgR; %&2- ykSfdd lkfgR; %&2- ykSfdd lkfgR; %&2- ykSfdd lkfgR; %&jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jSvkjEHk esa yksSfdd lkfgR; Hkh miyC/kgqoSA fca;k tSu xzaFk vj gsepUnzjSviHkzal O;kdj.k essa Hkh izse] fl.kxkj] fojg] ohjrk bR;kn jk vys[kwanwgk feySA vkaesa dhanwgk rksQsj&cny jSlkFk vkt Hkh yksd esa pkok ekuhtSA ykSfdd dkO; esa ftdhdkO; jpukokafeyS] m.k jksifjpS b.k Hkkar gS %&

chlynso jklks %&chlynso jklks%&chlynso jklks %&chlynso jklks%&chlynso jklks %& ^chlynso jklks* ujifr ukYg dfo jksfo-la- 1212 esa jP;ksM+ks dkO; gSAb.k xzaFk esa b.k jpuk jSdky jksmYys[k b.k eqtc gq;ksgS %&

ckjg lS cgksrjka gka e>kjh Ackjg lS cgksrjka gka e>kjh Ackjg lS cgksrjka gka e>kjh Ackjg lS cgksrjka gka e>kjh Ackjg lS cgksrjka gka e>kjh A

tsB cnh uoeh cqf/kokj AAtsB cnh uoeh cqf/kokj AAtsB cnh uoeh cqf/kokj AAtsB cnh uoeh cqf/kokj AAtsB cnh uoeh cqf/kokj AAdhafon~oku b.k iaxrh jksvjFk la- 1272 Hkh yxkoSi.k vf/kdkal fo}ku b.k jksjpukdky la-

1212 gh ekuSA dfo ukYg uSchlynso prqFkZjksledkyhu crk;ksgSi.k ukYg jSckcr dksbZa izkekf.kd

AglaSem S
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lkexzh vtSyx uh feyhAMkW ekrk izlkn xqIr *chlynso jklkschlynso jklkschlynso jklkschlynso jklkschlynso jklks* jS128 Nank jkslkarjks lEiknu dfj;ksgSA4 MkW0

eksrhyky esukfj;k jS dSo.kSsjSseqtc b.k esa P;kj [kaM gSavj dqy feyk;*j 216 Nan esa vksxzaFk iwjksgq;ksgSA b.k jh Hkklk xqtjkrh&jktLFkkuh jksfeY;ks&tqY;ks:i gSA5 chylnso jklksfo;ksx fla.kxkj

jh JsLB jpuk gSA b.k jh dFkk jks:i b.k rjSfeySA chlynso vtesj jkspkSgku lkld gks vj b.kjks C;ko /kkjkuxjh jk jktk Hkkst ijekj jh iq=h jkterh jSlkFkS gq;ksA vsdj ckrkabZckrkaesa jkterh

dhapqHkrh ckr chlynso uSdg nhA m.k jh rh[kh O;aX; ckr uSlq.k*j jktk ukjkt gq;*j mM+hlk pY;ksx;ksvj ckjg cjl rkabZuh vk;ksrksjkterh vkijSO;aX; opuka ekFkSiNrk.kSykxhA lsoV nq%[khgks;*j vsd iafMr jSlkFkS lansl HksT;ksvj chlynso iwBksvk;X;ksA

b.k dkO; esa izse jSlqHkkfod :i jksvksirks fp=.k gSA b.k jSlkFkS bZ lkFkS fo;ksx vj la;ksxi[kkajksbZ ekjfed oj.ku gSA b.k esa *es?knwres?knwres?knwres?knwres?knwr* vj *lanskjkldlanskjkldlanskjkldlanskjkldlanskjkld* jh lansl ijEijk Hkh feySA dkO;esa lkeUrh thou lk: vkksl vj ukjh lqyHk Hkkoukokajh foolrk vj ykpkjh Hkh ns[k.ktksx gSA

jkterh jh rh[kh O;aX;ok.kh fd.kh Hkh dBksj fgjnSokGk feu[k uS nzfor dj ldS gSA jktLFkku jhizfr jkseuekso.kksl:i *chlynso jklkchlynso jklkchlynso jklkchlynso jklkchlynso jklks* esagSA fojg dh fofHkUu fLFkfr;kaesaizfr fp=.k ?k.kksennxkj fl) gq;ksgSA

*chlynso jklkchlynso jklkchlynso jklkchlynso jklkchlynso jklks* jh Hkklk cksypky jh gSb.k lwa ykxSdsb.k jksjpukdkj ?k.kksi


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tu&thou jksoksi[k mtkxj gq;ksgS ft.kuS vkpk;Z jkepUnz'kqDy lk;n ryokjkajh >.k>.kkVesa uh lq.k lD;kA ukjh izfr vj iq:l jS eneLr :i jh vSM+h lkarjh >kadhb.k dkO; esa nhlS ftdh jhfrdky jk fl.kxk: dfo;kajS oj.ku esa Hkh uhA crkSj felky %&

bf.k ifj dksbfy dwtbZ] iwtb ;qofr e.kksj Abf.k ifj dksbfy dwtbZ] iwtb ;qofr e.kksj Abf.k ifj dksbfy dwtbZ] iwtb ;qofr e.kksj Abf.k ifj dksbfy dwtbZ] iwtb ;qofr e.kksj Abf.k ifj dksbfy dwtbZ] iwtb ;qofr e.kksj Afo/kqj fo;ksfxfu /kwtb] dwtg e;.k fdlksj AAfo/kqj fo;ksfxfu /kwtb] dwtg e;.k fdlksj AAfo/kqj fo;ksfxfu /kwtb] dwtg e;.k fdlksj AAfo/kqj fo;ksfxfu /kwtb] dwtg e;.k fdlksj AAfo/kqj fo;ksfxfu /kwtb] dwtg e;.k fdlksj AA

yksSfdd dkO; jSeka; ftdh nwth dkO; d`fr feyS] m.k esa vsd gS &^Jàxkj 'krd^Jàxkj 'krd^Jàxkj 'krd^Jàxkj 'krd^Jàxkj 'krd*A b.kesa105 Nan gSvj b.k jh jpuk la- 1354 esa gq;hA

laor~1409 esa Hkhe *ln~;oRl ohj izca/kln~;oRl ohj izca/kln~;oRl ohj izca/kln~;oRl ohj izca/kln~;oRl ohj izca/k* dkO; fy[;ksA b.k esa730 Nan gS vj b.k jk svk[;ku jktLFkku] xqtjkr vj vklS&iklSjS bykdSesa ?k.kksizpfyr gSA

ek.kD; lqUnj lwfj *ey; lqUnjh dFkkey; lqUnjh dFkkey; lqUnjh dFkkey; lqUnjh dFkkey; lqUnjh dFkk* ukao lwaizsek[;ku fy[;ksA b.k jksjpuk dky fo-la- 1421 gSA yksSfdd dkO; jh b.k ijEijk esa ghjkuan lwfj jks fy[;ksM+ks^fo|kfoykl iokM+m* fo-la-

1428 vj ghj HkkV jfpr *ekuorh fou;orh izca/k*ekuorh fou;orh izca/k*ekuorh fou;orh izca/k*ekuorh fou;orh izca/k*ekuorh fou;orh izca/k* Hkh feySA ?kk?k vj HkM~Mjh jh ekSle lEcU/kh dgkorkaHkh lk;n b.kh c[kr esafy[;ksM+h gSaA

3- pkj.k lkfgR; %&3- pkj.k lkfgR; %&3- pkj.k lkfgR; %&3- pkj.k lkfgR; %&3- pkj.k lkfgR; %&pkj.k lkfgR; lwaeryc pkj.k lSyh esa fy[;ksM+S lkfgR; lwagSA vksdkO; pkj.k tkfr jk dfo;ka jSvykok czk.k] jktiwr]


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ohjek;.k %&ohjek;.k %&ohjek;.k %&ohjek;.k %&ohjek;.k %& bfr;klwnzfLV lwaegrk dkO; ijEijk esa ohjek;.k dkO; mYys[ktksx gSAb.k dkO; jksjpukdkj cknj tkfr jks eqlyeku


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vsd lhg uS ik[kj~;kS A lwjflgkbfr vknj~;ks A iapke`r vHkh ijxL;kS Avsd lhg uS ik[kj~;kS A lwjflgkbfr vknj~;ks A iapke`r vHkh ijxL;kS Avsd lhg uS ik[kj~;kS A lwjflgkbfr vknj~;ks A iapke`r vHkh ijxL;kS Avsd lhg uS ik[kj~;kS A lwjflgkbfr vknj~;ks A iapke`r vHkh ijxL;kS Avsd lhg uS ik[kj~;kS A lwjflgkbfr vknj~;k s A iapke`r vHkh ijxL;kS Aegknku vkNb /kM+b A nw/k ekafg lkdj iM+S A lksuksegknku vkNb /kM+b A nw/k ekafg lkdj iM+S A lksuksegknku vkNb /kM+b A nw/k ekafg lkdj iM+S A lksuksegknku vkNb /kM+b A nw/k ekafg lkdj iM+S A lksuksegknku vkNb /kM+b A nw/k ekafg lkdj iM+S A lksuksvj lqokl vsd vpy dFkSvj lqokl vsd vpy dFkSvj lqokl vsd vpy dFkSvj lqokl vsd vpy dFkSvj lqokl vsd vpy dFkSflonklw Aflonklw Aflonklw Aflonklw Aflonklw A

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gSA jktLFkkuh jS vkjEHk dky jksegrk lkfgR; tSu lkfgR; gSA b.k lwavksBk iM+S dstSu dfo tBSlkfgR; jksfujek.k djrk jS;k cBSoSnwtkajh fy[kh jpukokauSsHkh vaosjrk jS;kA jktLFkkuh lkfgR;jh ns[kHkkG vj fjPNk rkabZtSu fo}kukajk iz;kl fuLpSbZmYys[ktksx ekU;k tkoSykA izks- ujkskenklLokeh fy[;ksgSdstSu fo}ku lkfgR; jh jpuk bZuh djh] oSlkfgR; uS laHkky*j jk[;ksA ts tSu

fo}ku lkfgR; jh laHkky uh djrk rks iqjk.kSc[kr jkslkfgR; vkt vkikauSuh feyrksA tSu dfo;k ajS vykok nwtS yksxkajk fy[;ksM+k lSad~k xzaFk vkt tSu Hk.Mkjk esa lqHkkfod :i law fey tkoSA12 ts

cS vksdke uh djrk rkslk;n ?k.kdjkslkfgR; uLV Hkh gq; ldSgksAHkklk jh nhB lwans[;kstkoSrksb.k dky jh Hkklk xqtjkrh&jktLFkkuh feflzr gSvj dsbZ

jpukokaesa viHkzal Hkklk jksizHkko Hkh nhlS A i.k bZa;k ykxSdsvkjEHk dky esa jktLFkkuh /khjS&/khjSlkfgR; fljt.k jksek/;e c.kht.k ykxh vj iNSok vkxSpky*j xqtjkrh lwavyx gq;xhA Hkklkjh nhB lwajktLFkkuh jk dsbZ:i fodflr gq; jS;k gkA pkj.kh lkfgR; esa m.k jkslkfgfR;d :i

fMaxy jS :i esa rkstSu lkfgR; esa jktLFkkuh jksykSfdd :i lh/kS&ljy :i esa yksxkajSlkaeh vko.kykX;ksgksA

folSvj flYi jh nhB lwa jktLFkku jks vkjEHk dky ?k.kksegrk gSA bZa dky jS lkfgR; esab.k dky jS lkfgR; jh ijEijkokajks :i Hkh vkijS ewyHkko lkFkSnh[k.k ykX;ksA tSu lkfgR; esa /

kkjfed Hkkouk vj pfjr uk;dkajS izsj.kknk;h vk[;kuka jS ek/;e lwapfj= fujek.k ekFkS tksj fn;ksx;ksA ba;k gh pkj.kh lkfgR; esa ohj jl rksykSfdd lkfgR; esa fla.kxk: Hkkouk jkslqHkkfod fp=.kfeySA b.k dky jS lkfgR; esa lkUr] ohj vj fl.kxkj jl jh iz/kkurk jS;h vj b.k okLrSftdk folSfy;k x;k] okajk Ns= Hkh vkajlkalwatqfM+;ksM+k gS vBSvsdkuh tq) Hkkse lwaHkkx*j eksDl jh Hkkouk gS

rksnwtS dkauh tq)Hkwfe esa tq) jh iqdkj vj yydkj gSA izse vj fl.kxkj Hkkouk jkslkapksvj ekso.kks:i b.k dky jh dkO; jpukuka jh laosnuk gSA b.k okLrSvkjEHk dky jk dkO; jksewy vk/kkj /kje]isze] fl.kxkj vj ohj Hkkouk jS;h A

flYi jh nhB lwa ns[kk rksb.k c[kr jSlkfgR; esa fofo/krk gSA tSu dfo vkijSfljt.k esa dkO;

jS dbZ:ikauS vi.kk;k vj vkajksizHkko vkxS vko.k okGh jpukokaekFkS Hkh lkQ y[kkoSA tSu dfo*jkl*jkl*jkl*jkl*jkl* uSvsd izHkkolkyh jpuk&lSyh jS:i esa vi.kk;ksvj tSu rhjFkadj vj m.kkajSthou&pfjr vj

AglaSem S
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vknlZuS *jkl*jkl*jkl*jkl*jkl* jSek/;e lwaizLrqfr nhA ykSfdd dkO;kaesa chlynso tSM+h jpuk Hkh vkbZrksb.k folSlwagV*j nwtS fol;ka ek;SbZdkO; fy[khT;kA b.k dky jS lkfgR; esa izfr jk dsbZ:i fn[kkbZnsoSA

tSu dkO; esa dkO; :ikajh fofo/krk gS fta;k jkl] pkSibZ]


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2- usfeukFk pmibZjksjpukdkj dq.k gsS \v fot;pUnz c mn;/keZ

l kkfyHknzlwfj n ghjkuan lwfj 3- ujifr ukYg jh jpuk dq.klh gS\ v galkoyh c clar foykl l galjkt&cPNjkt pkSikbZ

n ohlynso jklks 4- ykSfdd lkfgR; jh dq.klh jpuk gS \ v clar foykl c j.keYy Nan l ohjek;.k n vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk 5- Jh/kj O;kl jh fy[;ksM+h jpuk dq.klh gS \ v ohlynso jklks c galkoyh l jsoarfxfj jkl n j.keYy Nan 6- ^vpynkl [khaph jh opfudk* fd.k ksgks\6- mRlo dkO; dq.k lk gS\7- yksSfdd lkfgR; jh fd.kh mke jpuk jksoj.ku djks\8- vkjEHk dky esa lxy+k lwacslh jpukokadq.k lk dfo;ka jh feyS\

AglaSem S
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v/;k; % 3v/;k; % 3v/;k; % 3v/;k; % 3v/;k; % 3

e/;dky lu~ 1450 lwa 1850 bZ0 e/;dky lu~ 1450 lwa 1850 bZ0 e/;dky lu~ 1450 lwa 1850 bZ0 e/;dky lu~ 1450 lwa 1850 bZ0 e/;dky lu~ 1450 lwa 1850 bZ0

lkfgR; jSlEcU/k esa vksvsd egrk dFk.k gSdslkfgR; vkijS ifjosl lwa mitSvj ifjosl

uS bZizxVSA jktLFkkuh jksjpukdkj vkijh ft.k fLFkfr;kalwa tqfM+;ksM+ks gks] m.kkajh bZekunkjvfHkO;fDr oksvkijSlkfgR; esadjrksjS;ksA jktLFkkuh lkfgR; jSe/;dky ekFkS fopkj djkarks vkikauS b.k c[kr jSjktuhrwvj /kkjfed ifjosl uSns[k.kks?k.kksykteh gSA

jktuhfrd ifjosl %&jktuhfrd ifjosl %&jktuhfrd ifjosl %&jktuhfrd ifjosl %&jktuhfrd ifjosl %&e/;dky esa jktLFkku jS bfr;kl ekFkSfopkj djkarks izrhrgqoSdspkSgkukajS iru jS iNS jktLFkku esa dh uqokalkldkajkS mnS] fnYyh esaeqlyekukajS lkezkT; jhFkjiuk] okajk vR;kpkj vj vukpkj] vaxsztkajkslklu vj m.kka jh Hkh f[kykQr djrk yksx&vSdhacnyko okyh fLFkfr;ka gh ft.k jkse/;dky esa ?k.kksego gksA

jktLFkku esa jktiwr yEcSleSrkabZeqlyekukalwa yM+rk jS;k i.k vkilh QwV jSdkj.k] m.kjkseqdkcyksuh dj lD;k vj NsySm.kkausS gkj.kksi~;ksA esokM+esa dqaHkk jSiNSmn;flag esokM+jh jktxhekFkSfcjkT;kA m.k c[kr esokM+h lkeUrkaesa QwV ghA bZMj lwa jk;ey fprkSM+ekFkSvkdze.k dfj;ksvj

esokM+jks jktk c.k cSB~;ksA jk;ey jh fejrwiNSegkjk.kk lkaxk lu~ 1509 flagklu ekFkSfcjkT;kAbfr;kldkjkajksfy[k.kksgSdslksyohalnh jSvkjEHk esa mrjknSHkkjr jh fLFkfr ?k.kh uktqd ghA fnYyhesa fldanj yksnh jkslklu gksA m.k jh fejrwjSiNSbczkghe yksnh lqyrku c.;ksvj oksfprkSM+jSgeySesa jk.kk lkaxk jS gkFk lwaekj~;kss x;ksA b.kh Hkkar xqtjkr vj esokM+jSfcPpsScjkcj ruko c


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lxrh jksmnS gq;ksvj /khjS&/khjSjktLFkku esa ejkBk lxrh jksvf/kdkj terksx;ksA jktiwr jktkokajhgkyr m.k c[kr pks[kh uh ghA cSjkx&jax esa Mwc;ksM+k gkA b.k okLrSvkil esa yM+rk&>xM+rkA Hkkjr

jSeka; m.k leSvaxsztkajh lxrh jksfodkl gks; jS;ksgksA b.k okLrSejkBk lxrh uSncko.k lk: vaxsztkalwa enn yso.k jksvkxzg tks/kiqj]] t;iqj] dksVk jk lkld dfj;ks] b.k jk surhtksvksgq;ksdsvaxsztkajsS

ennxkj gkso.k lwa jktiwr jktkokajh lqrarjrk [kRe gq;xh vj vkjfFkd nzfLV lwa Hkh detksjh vk;xhft.k lwa lkeUrk jh Hkh f[kykQr gqo.k ykxhA lu~1818 esa jktLFkku jh lxGh fj;klrkavaxsztka

jh v/khurk Lohdkj djyh ft.k jh izfrfdz;k lu~1857 jksxnj gksAb.k rjSe/;dky jh jktuhrwfLFkfr;ka lwalkQ ykxSds lekt esa tq)] vO;oLFkk]vjktdrk vj vkdze.k jh fLFkfr ghA eqxykajksiru] vaxsztkajSf[kykQ cxkor jksHkko iSnkgqo.kksiz/kku fLFkfr;kaghA lkekftd ifjosl esa vlkfUr rksvkjfFkd Ns= esa detksjh ghA lekt

m.k c[kr dsbZ rjS jh :f


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erokGk ohjkajStl jksc[kku dj~;ksx;ksgSApkj.k dkO; jh [kkl /kkjkokauS nksHkkxkaesa ckaV ldka%&d vSfrgkfld ohj jlkRed dkO;[k ikSjkf.kd /kkjfed dkO;

d vSfrgkfld ohj jlkRed dkO; %&d vSfrgkfld ohj jlkRed dkO; %&d vSfrgkfld ohj jlkRed dkO; %&d vSfrgkfld ohj jlkRed dkO; %&d vSfrgkfld ohj jlkRed dkO; %& b.k /kkjk esavSM+k pkj.k dfo vkoSa ftdk vkijSvklz;nkrk jh lwjohjrk vj ijke jksc[kku dj~;ksA vSdfo eksdS ekFkStq) Hkkse esa tk;*j [kqn

ryokj Hkh pyk;h gS vksbZdkj.k gS dsvkajSdkO; esa ohj jl jksizHkkolkyh fp=.k feySA vS pkj.kdfo vkijSjktk jk ledkyhu jS;k gSab.k okLrSvka jS dkO; esa jktk vj m.k jSlklu lEcU/kh dsbZbfr;klwrF; Hkh feySA vkajS dkO; esa flYixr fofo/krk Hkh ghA bZadky esa ohj jl jh mke njtS

jh dkO; rh feySftdkaesa izca/k dkO;] osfy] opfudk bR;kn folsl Nank jksiz;ksx Hkh gq;ksgSAdkye uS /;ku esa jk[krkaFkdkaohjjlkRed dkO; jSdfo;kajksifjpSb.k rjS gS %&xkM.k ilkbr %&xkM.k ilkbr %&xkM.k ilkbr %&xkM.k ilkbr %&xkM.k ilkbr %& e/;dky jSpkj.k dfo;kaesa xkM.k ilkbr jksvsd izeq[k LFkku gSA

ilkbr jh jpukokaesa *jko fj.key jks:id*jko fj.key jks:id*jko fj.key jks:id*jko fj.key jks:id*jko fj.key jks :id* vj *xq.k tks/kk;.k*xq.k tks/kk;.k*xq.k tks/kk;.k*xq.k tks/kk;.k*xq.k tks/kk;.k* [kkl gSA *jko fj.key jksjko fj.key jksjko fj.key jksjko fj.key jksjko fj.key jks:id*:id*:id*:id*:id* fofo/k izdkj jk 71 Nank esa fy[;ksM+ksgS ft.kesa jko fj.key jS tl vj dqaHkk jh fejrwjksoj.kugSA *xq.k tks/kk;.k*xq.k tks/kk;.k*xq.k tks/kk;.k*xq.k tks/kk;.k*xq.k tks/kk;.k* tks/kiqj jk laLFkkid jko tks/kk jh izlalk esa fy[;ksM+ks dkO; gSA b.k esa Hkh dqy75 Nan gSaA xkM.k ilkbr jh nwth QqVdj jpukokaesa *dfok jko fj.key pwaMSjS oSj esaHkkfV;kdfok jko fj.key pwaMS jS oSj esa HkkfV;kdfok jko fj.key pwaMSjS oSj esaHkkfV;kdfok jko fj.key pwaMS jS oSj esa HkkfV;kdfok jko fj.key pwaMS jS oSj esaHkkfV;k

uS ekfj;k rS leSjkuS ekfj;k rS leSjkuS ekfj;k rS leSjkuS ekfj;k rS leSjkuS ekfj;k rS leSjk* *dfok jko fj.key ukxkSj jS /k.kh iSjkst uS ekfj;k rS leSjkdfok jko fj.key ukxkSj jS /k.kh iSjkst uS ekfj;k rS leSjkdfok jko fj.key ukxkSj jS /k.kh iSjkst uS ekfj;k rS leSjkdfok jko fj.key ukxkSj jS /k.kh iSjkst uS ekfj;k rS leSjkdfok jko fj.key ukxkSj jS /k.kh iSjkst uS ekfj;k rS leSjk* vj*dfok jk.kS eksdy+ewvka jh [kcj vk;ka jkdfok jk.kS eksdy+ewvka jh [kcj vk;kajkdfok jk.kS eksdy+ewvka jh [kcj vk;ka jkdfok jk.kS eksdy+ewvka jh [kcj vk;kajkdfok jk.kS eksdy+ ewvkajh [kcj vk;kajk* bR;kn gSA ilkbr yksd pkok dfo gkA

f[kfM+;k pku.k %&f[kfM+;k pku.k %&f[kfM+;k pku.k %&f[kfM+;k pku.k %&f[kfM+;k pku.k %& vkijSc[kr jk Bkok vj pkok dfo;kaes a f[kfM+;k pku.k jks egrkLFkku gSA vSjko jk.kk eksdy vj jko tks/kk jk ledkyhu gkA dsbZvkauS chdkusj jh Fkji.kk

dj.kokGk jko chdk jk ledkyhu Hkh ekuSA chdkth vkauSyk[k ilko Hkh fn;ks] vSM+h ckr HkhdghtSA eqDrd dkO; jS:i esa f[kfM+;k jh *nwgk jko fj.key jknwgk jko fj.key jknwgk jko fj.key jknwgk jko fj.key jknwgk jko fj.key jk*] *nwgk jko j.k/khj jknwgk jko j.k/khj jknwgk jko j.k/khj jknwgk jko j.k/khj jknwgk jko j.k/khj jk* vkn

jpukokamiyC/k gSaA f[kfM+;k tXxk Hkh vkijh jpukopfudkopfudkopfudkopfudkopfudk esa f[kfM+;k pku.k jS*nwgk jko fj.keynwgk jko fj.keynwgk jko fj.keynwgk jko fj.keynwgk jko fj.keyjk*jk*jk*jk*jk* jksmYys[k dj~;ksgSA vk ckr vksizek.k gSdsf[kfM+;k vkijSc[kr esa ukeh&fxjkeh dfo gkA

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bR;kn jkslqUnj fp=.k dfj;ksgSA b.k jksdFkkud *dkUgM+nsizca/k* lwa feyrks&tqyrksgSA b.k esa dqy 321Nan gSA dkO; esa nwgk] xkgk] pkSikbZ vkn fofo/k Nank jksiz;ksx gq;ksgSA

ohBwlwtk %&ohBw lwtk %&ohBwlwtk %&ohBw lwtk %&ohBwlwtk %& ohBwlwtk jko chdk vj yw.kdj.k jksledkyhu dfo gksA jko tSrlh ohBwuS tkxhj jS :i esa vssd xkao Hkh fn;ksA ohBw*jko tSrlh jks ik?kM+h Nan* ukao lwavsd dkO; fy[;ksgS] b.k esa 401 Nan gSA bfr;kl jh nhB lwavks ?k.kksegrk dkO; gSA

jko tSrlh lwatqfM+;ksM+k nks nwtk dkO; *jko tSrlh Nan* vj *tSrlh jklks* Hkh feyS i.k vka

jS jpukdkj ckcr dksbZiq[rk tk.kdkjh uhAckjgB vklk %&ckjgB vklk %&ckjgB vklk %&ckjgB vklk %&ckjgB vklk %& b.k jkstye fo-la- 1563 jSvklS&iklSgq;ksA vS jko ekynso jk folslfdjikik= gkA [;krukao HkDr dfo bZljnkl b.kkajk Hkrhtk gkA vkajh dqy 7 jpukokans[k.kSesa vkoSft.kk esa*mekns HkfV;k.kh jk dfok* vj *ck?kth jk nwgk* ?k.kk pkok gSaA mekns HkfV;k.kh bfr;kl esa:Bh jk.kh jS ukao lwafo[;kr gSA dSoSadsmeknsjksC;ko tks/kiqj jk jko ekynso jSlkFkSgq;ksmeknsC;ko jh iSyh jkr bZ ekynso lwaukjkt gq;xhA D;wadsmeknsekynso uSm.k jh nklh Hkkjeyh lwaiszedjrkans[k fy;ksA b.k okLrSok ekynso lwa :lxh vj rk ftnaxh :Bh jS;hA Hkkjeyh iNSdksVM+k

jk Lokeh ck?kth jS lkFkSjSo.k ykxxhA ckjB vklk jh nksuwa jpukokamekns vj ck?kth lwalEcfU/krgSA *ck?kth jk nwgk* d:.k jl lwa vSM+k Hkjiwj gSadsm.kk uSlq.k*j fd.kh Hkh lfgjnS O;fDr uS jkso.kksvkT;koSA vSlksjBk ck?kth jh fejrwjSiNSfy[;k x;k gSa vkauSjktLFkkuh esa fiNksyk ejfl;k d;k

tk;] fta;k&ck?kk vko cGsg ] /kj dksVM+S rw /k.kh Ack?kk vko cGsg ] /kj dksVM+S rw /k.kh Ack?kk vko cGsg ] /kj dksVM+S rw /k.kh Ack?kk vko cGsg ] /kj dksVM+S rw /k.kh Ack?kk vko cGsg ] /kj dksVM+S rw /k.kh Atklh Qwy >M+sg ] ckl u tklh ck?klh AAtklh Qwy >M+sg ] ckl u tklh ck?klh AAtklh Qwy >M+sg ] ckl u tklh ck?klh AAtklh Qwy >M+sg ] ckl u tklh ck?klh AAtklh Qwy >M+sg ] ckl u tklh ck?klh AA

chBwesgk %&chBw esgk %&chBwesgk %&chBw esgk %&chBw esgk %& chBwesgk jSjpukdky jSckjSesa dksbZizkekf.kd rF; miyC/k uhA MkW0 ghjkykyekgsojh jSer esa b.k jksjpukdky lrjohalrkCnh jSl:vkr esa ekU;kstk ldSgSA1 vkajh jpukokaesa *ikcwth

jk Nan*] *xksxkth jk jlkoyk*] *dj.khth jk Nan*] *pkankth jh csy* vkn izeq[k gSA *ikcwth jk Nan* esa ikcwthjksopunzkyk jk dqMafy;k 12- jko dSykl vj 13- nk.kyhyk AckjgB bZljnkl jh jP;ksM+h *gkyk >kyk jk dqaMfy;k* jktLFkkuh Hkklk jh ohj jl jh lszLB

jpuk ekuhtSA b.k rh esa >kyk jk;flag vj gkyk tlkth jSfcPpSgq;ksM+k tq) jksvkijh vka[;kalwans[;ksM+S :i esa oj.ku gq;ksgSA b.k dkO; esaohj jl jksltho fp=.k gSA vkadkO; xazFkk jSvykok

bZljnkl jk dhaQqVdj xhr vj nwgk Hkh fy[;ksM+k feySfta;k &

lSy ?keksM+k fde lk fde lfg;k xtnar AlSy ?keksM+k fde lk fde lfg;k xtnar AlSy ?keksM+k fde lk fde lfg;k xtnar AlSy ?keksM+k fde lk fde lfg;k xtnar AlSy ?keksM+k fde lk fde lfg;k xtnar AdB.k i;ks/kj ykxrka] dlelrks rw dar AAdB.k i;ks/kj ykxrka] dlelrks rw dar AAdB.k i;ks/kj ykxrka] dlelrks rw dar AAdB.k i;ks/kj ykxrka] dlelrks rw dar AAdB.k i;ks/kj ykxrka] dlelrks rw dar AA

bZljnkl perdkjh iq:l gkA vkajSHkxrh jSperdkj jh vusd nar dFkkokavkt Hkh yksxka

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