raj board class 11 book - samaaj ka bodh

8/12/2019 Raj Board Class 11 Book - Samaaj Ka Bodh

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lekt dk ckskd{kk 11 osQ fy, ikB~ ;iqLrd

20122012201220122012ek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesj

& lkHkkj && lkHkkj && lkHkkj && lkHkkj && lkHkkj &

jk"Vh; 'kS f{kd vuqla/k ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyhjk"Vh; 'kS f{kd vuql a/kku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyhjk"Vh; 'kS f{kd vuqla/k ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyhjk"Vh; 'kS f{kd vuql a/kku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyhjk"Vh; 'kS f{kd vuqla/kku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyh

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fo"k;&lwph

vkeq[k iii

f'k{kdksa,oafo|kFk;ksaosQ fy, nks'kCn v

1- lekt esalkekftd lajpuk] Lrjhdj.k vkSj lkekftd izf;k, 1

2- xzkeh.k rFkk uxjh; lekt esalkekftd ifjorZu

rFkk lkekftd O;oLFkk 24

3- i;kZoj.k vkSj lekt 53

4- ik'pkR; lekt'kkL=kh,d ifjp; 71

5- Hkkjrh; lekt'kkL=kh 90

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ifjp;

vkidks;kn gksxk fd vkidh izkjafHkd lekt'kkL=kdh iqLrd lekt'kkL=k ifjp;]d{kk XI(,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- 2006) dh 'kq#vkr futhleL;kvksa rFkk lkekftd eqksa osQ vkilh lacakksaij ifjppkZ ls gqbZ FkhA geus ;g Hkh ns[kk fd

fdl izdkj O;fDr fofHkUu lkewfgdrkvksa lstqM+k gksrk gS tSlslewg] oxZ] fYakx] tkfr rFkktutkfrA okLro esa vki esa ls izR;sd fdlh,d lewg ls gh ugha cfYd dbZ lewgksa ls tqM+sgksrs gSaA mnkgj.kr% vki vius nksLrk sa] viusifjokj vkSj ukrsnkjh] oxZ rFkk fyax] vius ns'krFkk izns'k osQ lnL; gSaA vr% izR;sd O;fDrdk lkekftd lajpuk rFkk Lrjhdj.k esa ,dfo'ks"k LFkku gksrk gSS (lekt'kkL=k ifjp;i`"B

28&35 nsf[k,)Abldk ;g vFkZHkh fudyrk gSfd izR;sd

O;fDr osQ ikl lkekftd lalkkuksa dks izkIrdjusosQ fofHkUu rjhosQ gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,,d fo|kFkhZfdl fo|ky; esai


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2 lekt dk cks/

fHkUu gS] vkSj i;kZoj.k rFkk lekt osQ chpO;kid lacakksa dk :i D;k gS\ vkf[kjh osQ nksv;k;ksaesage ik'pkR; lkekftd fopkjdksarFkk Hkkjrh; lkekt'kkfL=k;ksarFkk muosQ fopkjksadksle>saxstks gesavkxslkekftd lajpuk]lkekftd Lrjhdj.k rFkk lkekftd izf;kvksadksle>usesa enn djsaxsA

eq[; iz'u ftl ij bl ikB esa fopkjfd;k tkuk gSfd fdl gn rd O;fDr lkekftdlajpuk lsck; gksrk gSvkSj fdl gn rd oglkekftd lajpuk osQ varxZr Lora=k gksrk gS\lekt esa O;fDr dh fLFkfr vFkok lkekftdLrjhdj.k dh O;oLFkk esa mldk LFkku] mldhO;fDrxr #fp;ksadks fdl lhek rd fukkZfjrdjrh gSA D;k lkekftd lajpuk rFkk lkekftdLrjhdj.k O;fDr dh dk;Ziz.kkyh dks izHkkfor

djrs gSa\ fdl izdkj lsO;fDr ,d nwljslslg;ksx] izfr;ksfxrk rFkk la?k"kZdjrs gaS rFkkmlsos D;k :i nsrsgSa\

bl v;k; esa ge la{ksi esa lkekftdlajpuk rFkk lkekftd Lrjhdj.k ij ppkZdjsaxsAvkiuslkekftd Lrjhdj.k ij foLrkjiwoZd ppkZfiNyh iqLrd (lekt'kkL=k ifjp;) osQ v;k;2 esadh gSA vc ge vkxsck tk ldrk gSA ,d bekjr dhnhokjsa] kehu rFkk Nr] lc feydj ml bekjrdks ,d fo'ks"k vkdkj nsrh gSaA

ij ;fn bl rqyuk dk iz;ksx ;knk l[rhls fd;k tk, rks ;g :id viusvki esaxyrI+kQgeh iSnk djus okyk gks ldrk gSAlkekftd lajpuk ekuoh; f;kvksarFkk lacakksals curh gSA tks i{k bUgsa fu;ferrk iznku djrkgS] og gSvyx&vyx dky vofk esa ,oafHkUu&fHkUu LFkkuksaesabu f;kvksa,oa lacakksadk yxkrkj nksgjk;k tkukA vr% lkekftdfo'ys"k.k dh izf;k esa lkekftd iqu:Riknu

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3lekt esa lkekftd lajpuk] Lrjhdj.k vkSj lkekftd izf;k,

xzkeh.k rFkk uxjh; {ks=kksadh fofHkUu izdkj dh bekjrsa

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6/113

4 lekt dk cks/

rFkk lkekftd lajpuk ,d&nwljslstqM+sgq,gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ,d fo|ky; rFkk ,difjokj dh lajpuk dksysrs gSaA fo|ky; esaoqQNfof'k"V izdkj osQ f;kdyki o"kks lsnksgjk,tkrs gSatks vkxs pydj laLFkk, cursgSa tSlsfo|ky; esa nkf[kysosQ rjhosQ] vkpj.k lacakhfu;e] okf"kZdk sRlo] izkr%dkyhu lHkk vkSj

dgha&dghafo|ky;h xhrA Bhd blh izdkj lsifjokj esavkpj.k osQ oqQN ekud Lrj] fookgosQ rkSj&rjhosQ] lacakksa osQ vFkZ mEehnsa rFkkmkjnkf;Ro gksrs gSaA ifjokj esa o` lnL;ksa dhe`R;q,oafo|ky; lsiqjkusfo|kfFkZ;ksadk pystkuk ,oabuosQ LFkku ij u, lnL;ksadk izos'kgksrk jgrk gSvkSj ;g laLFkk pyrh jgrh gSAij ge ;g Hkh tkurs gSa fd ifjokj rFkkfo|ky; osQ vanj ifjorZu gksrsjgrsgSaA

mijksDr ifjppkZrFkk f;kdyki gesa;gle>us esa enn djrk gSfd ekuo }kjk fufeZr

lekt ml bekjr dh rjg gksrk gS ftldhizR;sd {k.k mUghabVksalsiqujZpuk gksrh gSftulsmls cuk;k x;k gSA tSlk fd geusLo;ans[kk gSfd euq"; fo|ky; rFkk ifjokj esalajpuk dhiqujZpuk gsrqifjorZu djrsgq, lewpsifjorZu dksizLrqr djrk gSA os izfrfnu fofHkUu Lrjksa ijiqujZpuk osQ fy, lg;ksx djrsgSaA ;g Hkh de

lp ughagSSfd muesa,d nwljsosQ lkFk nwf"krrFkk ozwQj izfr;ksfxrk Hkh gksrh gSA lPpkbZ;g gSfdlg;ksxkRed O;ogkj osQ lkFk gh lkFk ge xaHkhjizfr osQ la?k"kksdksHkh ns[krsgSavkSj tSlk fd gevkxsns[ksaxs fd lg;ksx dkskcjnLrh ykxwHkhfd;k tkrk gSrkfd la?k"kksdksfNik;k tk losQA

,fey nq[kkZbe }kjk vkxs c


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fn;k fd O;fDr ij lekt dk izHkqRo gksrk gSAlekt O;fDr dh oqQy f;kvksa ls dghavfkdgS_ blesa n`lsrFkk esjh f;kvksals ijs ;k ck gS - - -- - - - Bhd blh izdkj] HkDr tUe lsgh] iwoZ Lohr] vius kkfeZd thou dh ekU;rkvksarFkk

f;kvksa dksigpku ysrk gS_ vxj mudk vfLrRo mlosQ tUe ls iwoZFkk] rksbldk vFkZgS fdmudk vfLrRo mlosQ ckgj gSA eSaviusfopkjksadksizsf"kr djusosQ fy, ftu fpksa dk iz;ksxdjrk gw] eSa viusdtks dks pqdkus osQ fy, ftl eqnzk dk iz;ksx djrk gw] eSa viusO;kikfjdlacakksaosQ fy, ftu ozsQfMV midj.kksadk iz;ksx djrk gw] eSaviusis'ksesaftu deks dk vuqu;udjrk gwbR;kfnbudk esjs }kjk mi;ksx fd, tkusij Hkh ;sLora=k :i lsdk;ZdjrsgSaA lektosQ izR;sd O;fDr dks ;ku esa j[krsgq, bl izdkj dh fVIi.kh buesalsizR;sd osQ fy, dh tkldrh gSA

AglaSem School
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lekt'kkL=k esa lkekftd izf;kvksa dksle>us osQ nks rjhosQ

viuh izkjafHkd iqLrd esa vkius lkekU; Kkudh lhekvksa dks le>k gSA leL;k ;g ugha gSfd lkekU; Kku vko';d :i ls xyr ghgks ijar q ;g bldk ijh{k.k ugha gqvk gS rFkkblsgYkosQ :i esafy;k tkrk gSA blosQ foijhr]lkekftd ifjizs{; esa izR;sd eqs ij lokyfd, tkrs gSa vkSj fdlh Hkh eqs dk s ,sls ghugha eku fy;k tkrk gSA vr% ;g osQoy ,slhO;k[;k ls larq"V gksdj 'kkar ugha gksxk ftllsirk pyrk gS fd euq";k sa esa izfr;k sfxrk vFkoklgk;rk ;k la?k"k Z tSlk Hkh ekeyk gks D;ksafd ,slk djuk euq"; dk LoHkko gksrk gSAbl izdkj dh ekU;rk osQ ihNs ;g O;k[;k gS

fd vkarfjd rFkk lkoZHkkSfed :i ls ;geuq"; dh izfr gSfd bl izdkj dh izf;kvksadk ys[kk&tks[kk j[kk tk,A gkykfd] tSlkgeus igys ns[kk gS] lekt'kkL=k euksoSKkfudvFkok izfroknh O;k[;kvksa ls larq"V ughagksrk gSA (ns[ks a i`"B 8&9] igyh iqLrd)lekt'kkL=k lg;ksx] izfrLikk Z rFkk la?k"kZ dhizf;kvk sa dh O;k[;k lekt dh okLrfodlajpuk osQ varxZr djuk pkgrk gSA

f;kdyki 3

viusizfrfnu osQ thou esalg;ksx] izfr;ksfxrkrFkk la?k"kZosQ mnkgj.k esafHkUurk gSA vr%dksbZvk'p;Zughafd ;snksuksalanHkZbu izf;kvksadksFkksM+k gV dj le>uk pkgrsgSaA ijarq nksuksa]

dkyZekDlZ(lkekU;r% la?k"kZ osQ ifjizs{; lstqM+s gq,) rFkk ,fey nq[kkZbe (lkekU;r%izdk;Zoknh lanHkZesaigpkustkrs gSa) ;g ekudjpyrs gSa fd euq";ksa dks viuh cqfu;knhvko';drkvksadks iwjk djusosQ fy, lg;ksxdjuk gksrk gS rFkk vius vkSj viuh nqfu;k osQfy, mRiknu vkSj iqu% mRiknu djuk iM+rk gSA

la?k"kZ osQ ifjizs{; esa bl ckr ij cyfn;k x;k fd fdl izdkj lg;k sx osQ izdkjksa

us ,d ,sfrgkfld lekt dks nwljs ,sfrgkfldlekt esa ifjofrZr dj fn;kA mnkgj.kr% ;gns[kk tk ldrk gS fd lkekU;r% ljy lektks aesa tgk vfrfjDr mRiknu ugha gksrk Fkk] ogkO;fDr;ksa rFkk lewgksa esa vkilh lg;ksx FkkvkSj os oxZ] tkfr vFkok iztkfr esa ugha cVsFksA ijarq ftl lekt esa vfrfjDr mRiknugksrk Fkk] pkgs os tehankj gks vFkok iwthifr]izHkko'kkyh oxZ dk vfrfjDr mRiknu ijvfkdkj gksrk Fkk rFkk lg;ksx Hkh laHkkforla?k"k Z rFkk izfr;ksfxrk ls tqM+k gksrk FkkA la?k"kZdk n`f"Vdk s.k bl ckr ij cy nsrk gS fdlewgksa rFkk O;fDr;ksa dk LFkku mRiknu iz.kkyhosQ lacakksa esa fHkUu rFkk vleku gksrk gSA vr%dkj[kkus osQ ekfyd rFkk eknwj vius izfrfnu

AglaSem School
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10/113

8 lekt dk cks/

fofHkUu izdkj dh izf;k,

AglaSem School
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11/113


Mksyh esa cSBdj llqjky tkrsgq, nqYgu

osQ dk;ks esa lg;ksx djrs gSa ijarq oqQN gnrd muosQ fgrksa esa la?k"kZ muosQ lacakks a dksifjHkkf"kr djrs gSaA

gekjh la?k"kZosQ ifjizs{; lacakh le> ;gcrkrh gS fd tgk lekt tkfr] oxZ vFkokfik`lkk osQ vkkkj ij cVk gksrk gSoghaoqQNlewg lqfokkoafpr gSarFkk ,d nwljsosQ izfr

HksnHkkoewyd fLFkfr cjrrsgSaA bllsHkh vkxs]izHkko'kkyh lewgksaesa;g fLFkfr lkaLfrd ekunaMksa];knkrj kcjnLrh vFkok fgalk }kjk Hkh mRiUudh tkrh gSA tSlk fd vki vkxs vkusokysvuqPNsnksaesans[ksaxsfd izdk;Zoknh ifjizs{; blizdkj osQ ekunaMksavFkok laLrqfr;ksadh Hkwfedkdh iz'kalk djusesaughapwdrkA ijarqbu lcosQizdk;ksdkslekt dh laiw.kZrk osQ :i esale>krkgS] u fd ml lanHkZesatgkizHkko'kkyh lewgksa

}kjk lekt dksfu;af=kr fd;k tkrk gSAizdk;Zoknh ifjizs{; dk ljksdkj eq[; :i

lslekt esa O;oLFkk dh vko';drk* lsgSftUgsaoqQN izdk;kZRed vfuok;Zrk,] izdk;kZRed

vis{kk rFkk iwokZis{kk,dgk tkrk gSA ;sfoLr`r:i esa mu 'krks dksiwjk djrh gSatksO;oLFkkosQ vfLrRo osQ fy, vko';d gSa (blfy,bUgsa vfLrRo esacuk, j[kk tkrk gSrFkk budksu"V gksuslscpk;k tkrk gS)] tSls& u, lnL;ksa dk lekthdj.k& lapkj dh lk>k f;k

& O;fDr dh Hkwfedk fukkZj.k osQ rjhosQvki vPNh rjg lstkurs gSa fd fdl

izdkj izdk;Zoknh ifjizs{; bl rF; ij vkkkfjrgSfd lekt osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksadk ,d izdk;ZvFkok Hkwfedk gksrh gStks laiw.kZlekt dhizdk;kZRedrk osQ fy, t:jh gksrh gSA bllanHkZ esalg;ksx] izfr;ksfxrk rFkk la?k"kZ dksizR;sd lekt dh lkoZHkkSfed fo'ks"krk osQ :iesans[kk tk ldrk gS] tkslekt esa jgusrFkk

bPNkiwfrZdjusokysfofHkUu O;fDr;ksaoQh vfuok;ZvUr%f;kvksadk ifj.kke gSA

pwfd bl ifjizs{; dk eq[; fcanqO;oLFkkdks cuk, j[kus ij gS] izfrLikk Z rFkk la?k"k Z

AglaSem School
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12/113

10 lekt dk cks/

dks bl n`f"V ls Hkh le>k tkrk gS fdvfkdrj fLFkfr;ksaesa;s fcuk ;knk gkfu ,oad"V osQ lqy> tkrsgSarFkk lkFk gh ;s lektdh Hkh fofHkUu izdkj lsenn djrsgSaA

lekt'kkL=kh; v;;uksaus ;g Hkh fn[kk;kgS fd fdl izdkj ekunaMksarFkk lekthdj.k osQ

izfr:i vfkdrj bl ckr dk ;ku j[krs gSafd ,d fo'ks"k lkekftd iz.kkyh lrr cuhjgs] pkgsog ,d fo'ks"k lewg osQ fgrksa dhfojkskh gh D;ksau gksA nwljs'kCnksa esa] lg;ksx]izfrLi/kZ ,oa la?k"kZ osQ vkilh lacakvfkdrj tfVy gksrs gSa rFkk ;s vklkuh lsvyx ugha fd, tk ldrsA

;g le>us osQ fy, fd lg;k sx vkSjla?k"kZ fdl izdkj vuqyfXur gSa] rFkk ^ck;*,oa LoSfPNd* lg;ksx esa D;k varj gS] vkb,]vius tUe (usVy) osQ ifjokj esa laifk ijL=kh dk vfkdkj tSls fooknkLin eqs ijukj Mkys aA lekt osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa esa ;gtkuus osQ fy, fd tUe dh laifk osQ lacakesa mudk D;k n`f"Vdks.k gS] ,d v;;ufd;k x;k (i"B 47] 52&53 lekt'kkL=k

ifjp;nsf[k,)A fL=k;ks a dh ,d vPNh [kklhla[;k us (41-7) laifk osQ vius vfkdkjij cksyrs gq, viuh csVh osQ izse rFkk csVhosQ fy, vius izse osQ fo"k; dks mBk;kAijarq bl fo"k; ij HkkokRed u gksdj vk'kadkij cy nsrs gq, dgk fd os laiw.k Z vFkok

va'kr% fdlh Hkh izdkj dk viuh tUe dhlaifk ij nkok ugha djsaaxh D;ksa fd os MjrhFkha fd ,slk djus ls Hkkb;ksa osQ lkFk muosQlacak ksa esa dM+okgV vk tk,xh ;k HkkfHk;kmuls ?k`.k k djus yxsaxh vkSj ifj.kkeLo:ivius firk osQ ?kj mudk vkuk&tkuk can gkstk,xkA ;g n`f"Vdks s.k ,d izHkko'kkyh :iddks fn[kkrk gS tgk ,d vksj L=kh laifk lsbudkj djrh gS - - - rks nwljh vksj ,d L=khlaifk ij viuk ^gd tekus okyh*] datwlrFkk pkykd le>h tkrh gSA laosnukvksa esa,d djhch laioZQ gksrk gS rFkk izfrorhZ :iesa vius tUe osQ ifjokj dk ,d Hkkx cusjgus rFkk mldh mUufr esa lgk;d gksus vkSjeqlhcr dh ?kM+h esa dke vkus dh bPNkcuh FkhA

f;kdyki 4

fopkj dhft,D;k foLrr ekud ck;rkvksaosQ dkj.k efgyk,vius vkidks la?k"kZ vFkokizfrLi/kZlsvyx j[krh gaSvFkok lg;ksx nsrh gSaA D;k osiq#"kksaosQ mkjkfkdkj osQ ekunaM lslg;ksx blfy, djrh gSa fd ;fn os,slk ugha djsaxh rksHkkb;ksa osQ izse lsoafpr gkstk,xh\ vxysi`"B ij ckWDl esafn;k x;k xhr ,d fo'ks"k izkar dk gSijarqvkt Hkh fir`oa'kh; ifjokj esa,dvkSjr osQ tUe osQ ifjokj osQ ifjR;kx osQ lkekU; Hk; dh Hkkouk dksfn[kkrk gSA

AglaSem School
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13/113


14/113

12 lekt dk cks/

gS] ;FkkFkZ:i lslekt dh vko';drkvksadhiwfrZdjrh gSA Je foHkktu ,d gh le; esatgkizfr dk fu;e gSogh nwljh vksj euq";O;ogkj dk uSfrd fu;e Hkh gSA

nq[kkZbe us ;kaf=kd rFkk lko;oh ,drk esavarj Li"V fd;k tkse'k% iwoZ vkS|ksfxdrFkk tfVy vkS|ksfxd lektksadh fo'ks"krk FkhA

;kaf=kd ,drk lagfr dk ,d :i gStkscqfu;knh:i ls,d:irk ij vkkkfjr gSA bl lektosQ vfkdka'k lnL; ,d tSlk thou O;rhrdjr s gSa ] de ls de fof'k"Vrk vFkokJe&foHkktu dksges'kk vk;qrFkk fyax lstksM+k tkrk gS] ;g lekt dh eq[; fo'ks"krk gSAbl lekt osQ lnL; ijLij viuh ekU;rkvksarFkk laosnukvksa] varjfoosd rFkk psruk lstqM+s

gksrsgSaA lko;oh ,drk lkekftd lagfr dkog :i gStksJe&foHkktu ij vkkkfjr gSrFkk ftlosQ iQyLo:i lekt osQ lnL;ksa esalg fuHkZjrk gSA tSls&tSls O;fDr fof'k"Vrkgkfly djrk gS oSlsoSls nwljksa ij vfkdfuHkZj gksrk tkrk gSA f"k vkkkfjr thfodk esayxk ,d ifjokj vius tSlk dke djusokyksadh FkksM+h ;k cxSj fdlh enn osQ thfor jgldrk gS ijarq diM+k vFkok dkj m|ksx esayxk

O;kikjh vU; fof'k"V deZpkfj;ksaosQ fcuk thforugha jg ldrk tksmudh cqfu;knh k:jrksadksiwjk djrs gSaA

dkyZ ekDlZ Hkh euq"; thou rFkk i'kqthou esa varj Li"V djrs gSaA tgk nq[kkZbeijkFkZokn rFkk ,drk dks ekuo nqfu;k dk

fof'k"V y{k.k ekursgSa oghaekDlZpsruk ijcy nsrs gSaA osfy[krsgSa

euq";ksarFkk i'kqvksaesavarj psruk] keZrFkkfdlh vU; oLrqosQ vkkkj ij fd;k tkldrk gSA tSlsgh osviuh vkthfodk osQlkku mRiUu djus yxrsgSa] os Lo;adksi'kqvksalsfHkUu le>uk izkjaHk dj nsrsgSa;giz;kl muosQ HkkSfrd laxBu }kjk fuf'prgksrk gSA vkthfodk osQ lkkuksa osQ mRiknu lseuq"; ijks{k :i lsvius HkkSfrd thou dksiztfur djrk gS(ekDlZ1972%37)A

ekDlZdk mi;qZDr dFku dfBu yx ldrkgSijarqlg;ksx euq"; thou dksi'kqthou lsfdl izdkj vyx djrk gS] dkssle>usesaenndjsxkA euq"; osQoy lg;ksx osQ fy, lek;kstu

rFkk lkeatL; gh ughadjrscfYd bl izf;kesalekt dkscnyrsHkh gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,]lfn;ksa ls iq#"kksa rFkk efgykvksa us izkfrdck;rkvksaesaviusvki dkslek;ksftr fd;kgSA fofHkUu rduhdh vkfo"dkjksauseuq"; osQthou dksgh ughacnyk gScfYd le; osQlkFk izfr dksHkh cny fn;k gSA bl izdkj lseuq"; lg;ksx djrsgq, fuf"; :i lsosQoylek;kstu vkSj lkeatL; gh ughadjrscfYd

ml izkfrd rFkk lkekftd lalkj dks Hkhcny nsrsgSatgkoslek;kstu djrsgSaA geusfiNyh iqLrd lekt'kkL=k ifjp;esalaLfrij ,d v;k; esans[kk fd fdl izdkj Hkkjrh;ksadks fczfV'k lkezkT;okn osQ vuqHkoksaosQ dkj.kvaxzskh Hkk"kk osQ lkFk lek;kstu] lkeatL; rFkk

AglaSem School
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lg;ksx djuk iM+k FkkA ysfdu bl izf;k esa^fgaxfy'k* dk mn~Hko ,d thfor lkekftd;FkkFkZ gS(i"B 81&82)A

;|fi nq[k kZbe us izdk;Zoknh lanHkZ ijrFkk ekDlZ us la?k "kZ ds ifjizs{; esa lg;ksxij cy fn;k] ij arq nksuks a osQ fopkj vyx gS aAekDlZ osQ vuqlkj ,sls lekt esa tgk oxZ

fo|eku gS ogk lg;k sx LoSfPNd ugh a gksrkAmudk roZQ gS] lkekftd 'kfDr vFkkZrcgqLrjh; mRiknd 'kfDr;k] ftudk mn~H kofofHkUu O;fDr;ksa osQ lg;ksx rFkk Je foHkktu}kjk gksrk gS] bu O;fDr;ks a dk s yxrk gS fdmudk lg;k sx LoSfPNd u gksdj LokHkkfodgksrk gS] ;g Lo;a dh lfEefyr rkdr dkifj.kke u gksdj ,d vutku rkdr dkifj.kke gS tks muo sQ ckgj fLFkr gS (ekDlZ

1972%53)A ekDlZ us ^vyxko* 'kCn dkiz;k sx Je oQh ewrZ vUroZLr q rFkk Je osQmRikn ij eknwjksa osQ fu;a=k. k esa deh osQlanHkZ esa fd;k gSA nwljs 'kCnks a esa] eknwjvius dk;Z dks fdl izdkj O;ofLFkr djs]bl ij mudk fu;a=k.k ugha gksrk_ vkSj blhizdkj os vius Je osQ mRiknu ij ls Hkhviuk fu;a=k.k [kks nsrs gSaA ge ;gk nks foijhrmnkgj.kks a dh ppk Z dj ldrs gSaA lUrqf"VrFkk l`tukRedrk dk Hkko tks ,d cqudj;k oqQEgkj ;k yqgkj dks vius dke ls feyrkgS rFkk nwljh vksj ,d iSQDV h es a dke djusokys eknwj ftldk ,dek=k dk;Z iwj s fnuesa yhoj [kh apuk ;k cVu nckuk gksrk gSAbu gkykrk sa esa lg;ksx vkjksfir gksrk gSA

izfrLi/k Zvokkj.kk ,o a O;ogkj ds:i esa

tSlk fd lg;ksx osQ fo"k; esa gqvk] izfr;ksfxrkdh ladYiuk bl fopkj osQ lkFk vkxs cuk eqf'dy gksrk gSfd dgha,slk lekt gksldrk gStgkizfrLi/kZ,d ekxZn'kZd rkdr u gksA

;g nardFkk ,d LowQy v;kid] tksviusvuqHkoksadksviuscPpksaosQ lkFk vizQhdk osQ,d fiNM+sLFkku lscrk jgk gS] gekjk ;kuml rF; dh vksj vkdf"kZr djrk gS tgkizfrLi/kZ dksLo;alekt'kkL=kh; :i esau fdLokHkkfod ofk osQ :i esale>kuk FkkA ;gnardFkk v;kid dh bl ekU;rk ij vkkkfjrgSfd cPpsnkSM+usdh izfrLi/kZ osQ fopkj lsizlUu gksaxs] tgk fotsrk dks ,d pkWdysV

buke osQ :i esafn;k tk,xkA vk'p;Z] muosQbl lq>ko uscPpksaesafdlh izdkj osQ mRlkgdk lapj.k ugha fd;k cfYd nwljh rjiQnq'prk vkSj nq[k dksc


16/113

14 lekt dk cks/

;g muosQ vkuan djusosQ fopkj osQ fo# gSmuosQ fy, vkuan dk fopkj vko';d rkSj ijlg;ksx rFkk lkewfgd vuqHko gSu fd izfrLi/kZtgkiqjLdkj oqQN yksxksa dksoafpr djrk gSrFkk ,d vFkok oqQN dks iqjLr djrk gSA

ledkyhu fo'o esa izfrLi/kZ ,d izeq[kekunaM rFkk ifjikVh gSA 'kkL=kh; lektoSKkfudksa

tSls,fey nq[kkZbe rFkk dkyZekDlZusvkkqfudlektksa esaO;fDrokn rFkk izfrLi/kZ osQ fodkldks ,d lkFk vkkqfud lektksa esa ns[kk gSAvkkqfud iwthoknh lekt ftl izdkj dk;Zdjrs gSaogknksuksa dk ,d lkFk fodkl lgtgSA ;gk vR;fkd dk;ZoqQ'kyrk rFkk ykHk osQdekus ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA iwthokn dhekSfyd ekU;rk,gSa

(d) O;kikj dk foLrkj]([k) Je foHkktu](x) fo'ks"khdj.k] vkSj(?k) c


17/113


ts- ,l- fey tSlsmnkjokfn;ksa us;g eglwlfd;k fd izfrLi/kZ osQ izHkko vfkdrjuqdlkunk;d gksrs gSaA ;|fi mUgksaus eglwlfd;k fd vkkqfud izfrLi/kZdk foospu^izR;sd dh yM+kbZizR;sd osQ f[kykI+kQ] ysfdulkFk gh ;g lcosQ fy, yM+kbZ* gS_ ;g blvFkZesa fd vkfFkZd izfrLi/kZ fuEure ykxr

ij vfkdre mRikn gSA blls Hkh vkxs]^O;fDrokn dk lekt esa rhozfoLrkj ,oafofHkUu izdkj osQ fgr] tks iwjs lewg osQlnL;ksa dks ,d lkFk tksM+s jgrs gSa] ;gfopkj rHkh thfor jgrk gStc O;fDr ijizfrLi/kZewyd la?k"kZdh vko';drkvksa dksFkksi fn;k tkrk gSA*

izfrLi/kZrFkk iwthokn osQ rgr mUuhloha'krkCnh dh laiw.kZeqDr O;kikj vFkZO;oLFkk]

vkfFkZd fodkl dksvkxsc


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16 lekt dk cks/

gSaA ,d ukStoku Nk=k osQ ukrs vki lekt esafo|eku la?k"kks dh fofokrk ls ifjfpr gSaAfofHkUu la?k"kks osQ iSekus rFkk izfr ;|fifHkUu gksrh gSA

f;kdyki 9

lksfp,] vkt fo'o esaosdkSu lsfofHkUuizdkj osQ la?k"kZ gSa tks fo|eku gSaA O;kikfjdLrj ij fofHkUu jk"Vksa rFkk jk"VksaosQ lewg osQchp la?k"kZ gSaA ,d gh jk"V osQ vanj dbZizdkj osQ la?k"kZfo|eku gSaA bu lcdh ,dlwph cukb, vkSj ppkZdhft, fd fdl :iesaosleku rFkk fdl :i esa os fHkUu gSaA

vfkdrj lkekU; Kku dh lksp osQ vuqlkjlekt esala?k"kksdh fLFkfr u;h gSA lekt'kkfL=k;ksausbl rF; dh vksj ;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k gS

fd lkekftd fodkl dh fofHkUu voLFkkvksaesa la?k"kZdh izfr rFkk :i lnSo ifjofrZrgksrsjgsgSaA ijarq la?k"kZfdlh Hkh lekt dk ,degoiw.kZ fgLlk lnSo ls jgk gSA lkekftdifjorZu rFkk yk sdrk af=kd vfkdkjk sa ijlqfokkoafpr rFkk HksnHkko dk lkeuk dj jgslewgksa}kjk gd trkuk la?k"kksdksvkSj mHkkjrkgSA ysfdu bldk ;g vFkZughagS fd la?k"kZigys fo|eku ugha FksA ckWDl esa fn, x,

mj.k bl ij cy nsrs gSaAu, rFkk iqjkusosQ chp la?k"kZvkt fodkl'khyns'kksa osQ eap cus gSaA i zkphu iz.kkyh uohurkdrksa dk eqdkcyk ugha dj ik jgh gS] ugh yksxksa dh uohu vk'kkvksarFkk vkdka{kkvksadk izfrfukRo djrh gSA ijarq ;g fLFkfr

e`rizk; ugha gSalPpkbZ ;g gS fd ;s vHkhHkh thfor gSaA la?k"kZ csdkj dh cgl]foHkzkafr] folaxfr] rFkk dbZekSdksaij [kwu&[kjkcs dks tUe nsrk gSA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esalekt'kkfL=k;ksa osQ fy, ;g csgn vko';dgksr k gS fd os vius iqjkus&vPN s fnuk sa dks;kn djsaA ijarq ,d iy oQk ijkorZu mUgs a

;g fo'okl fnyk nsxk fd iqjkuh ifrla?k"kZ ls oafpr ugha Fkh vkSj mlus tula[;kosQ O;kid Hkkx ij veku qf"kd vR;kpkjfd,A lSkafrd n`f"Vdk s.k] tgk la?k"kZ dksO;kfkdh; ekuk tkrk gS vFkok tgk foKkuosQ uke ij ,d fo'ks"k ewY; osQ :i esalarqyu dk fuos'k fd;k tkrk gS] ijar q ;gfLFk fr fodkl'khy lektk sa osQ v;;u esa#dkoV fl gk srh gS A(ksr%Jhfuokl] ,e-,u-] 1972] lks'ky

psat bu ekWMuZ bafM;k] i`"B 159&160]vksfj;.V yksaxeSau] u;h fnYyhA)

;gk;g le>uk vko';d gSfd la?k"kZfolaxfr vFkok izR;{k >M+i osQ :i esafn[kkbZnsrs gSa tgk ;s [kqy dj izdV fd, tkrs gSaAmnkgj.k osQ rkSj ij Hkwfe lalkkuksa ij xgjsla?k"kksdh izR;{k izfrf;k dk ifj.kke gS"kdvkanksyuA vkanksyu dh vuqifLFkfr dk vFkZ

la?k"kZ dh vuqifLFkfr ughagSA vr% bl v;k;esa la?k"kZ] vfuok;Z lg;ksx rFkk izfrjksk osQlacakksaij cy fn;k x;k gSA

vkb,] oqQN la?k"kksij tkslekt esafo|ekugSarFkk izfrLi/kZ] lg;ksx vkSj la?k"kZosQ vkilhlglacakksaij Hkh fopkj djsaA ge ;gkosQoy nks

AglaSem School
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mnkgj.kksadksysaxsA izFke] ifjokj rFkk ?kj gSvkSj nwljk] Hkwfevkkkfjr la?k"kZA

ikjaifjd rkSj ij ifjokj rFkk ?kj lkeatL;iw.kZbdkbZ osQ :i esa ns[ks tkrs jgs gSa tgk lg;ksxizeq[k izf;k Fkh rFkk ijkFkZokn euq"; osQvkpj.k osQ izsj.kkRed flkar FksA fiNys rhun'kdk sa ls efgykoknh fo'ys"kdks a }kjk bl

ekU;rk ij iz'u mBk, tk jgs gSaA veR;Z lsutSls fo}kuksa us Hkh cykr~ lg;ksx dh laHkkoukdks ekuk gSA

fliZQ fofHkUu nyksadks gh lg;ksx lsI+kQk;nkughagS_ muosQ O;fDrxr f;kdykiksa dksHkhizR;{k lg;ksx osQ :i esaysuk gksxk] NksVs&eksVsla?k"kksosQ fo|eku gksus ij Hkh --- ;|fi^lkekftd rduhdh* osQ pquko esa fgrksa osQlathnk la?k"kZgks ldrsgSa] ikfjokfjd laxBuksa

dh izfr osQ fy, ;g vko';d gSfd bula?k"kksdksvkilh lg;ksx }kjk fucVk;k tk,]lkFk gh la?k"kZdksfopfyr O;ogkj osQ :iesa ns[kk tk,A

pwfd la?k"kks dks izR;{k :i ls laizsf"krugha fd;k tkrk vr% ;g ns[kk x;k gS fde;oxZrFkk vkhuLFk oxZ] pkgs ?kj esaefgyk,gksa ;k "kd lekt esa fdlku] la?k"kks esalek;kstu rFkk lg;ksx ikus osQ fy, O;fDr,oa lewg fofHkUu izdkj dh j.kuhfr cukrs gSaAvusd lekt'kkL=kh; v;;u vizR;{k la?k"kZrFkk izR;{k lg;ksx dks fn[kkrs gSa tks lkekU;gSaA uhps fn;k x;k mj.k ?kj esa efgykvksa osQO;ogkj rFkk var%f;k ij fd, x, dbZv;;uksa ls fy;k x;k gSA

HkkSfrd nokc rFkk izsj.kk dk lg;ksx rFkk mllsc


20/113

18 lekt dk cks/

Hkwfe la?k"kZ

lu~1956 esagjcD'k] ,d jktiwr usuRFkwvghj (iVsy) lslkS#i, viusnks,dM+kehu dksfxjoh(vukSipkfjd) j[k dkZfy;kA mlh o"kZgjcD'k dh eR;qgksxbZvkSj mlosQ mkjkfkdkjh xuir uslu~1958 esakehu dksokil ysusdk nkok fd;kA blosQ fy, mlusnkslkS#i, nsusdh is'kd'k dhAuRFkwusxuir dkskehu okil djuslseuk dj fn;kA xuir blosQ fy, dkuwuh dkjZokbZdk lgkjkughaysldk D;ksafd ;g ysu&nsu vk;&O;; fjdkWMZesadghankZughaFkkA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksaosQ vkhuxuir us glk dk lgkjk yslu~1959 (xzkenku osQ ,d o"kZi'pkr~) esakcju Hkwfe ij vfkdkj djfy;kA xuir] pwfd Lo;a,d iqfyl dkaLVscy Fkk] vr% bl ekeysesamlusviQljksaij dkiQh izHkkoMkykA tc iVsy iqQysjk x;k (iqfyl Fkkuk gsMDokVZj) rksmlsiqfyl LVs'ku ystk;k x;k vkSj kcjumlsbl ckr ij jkkh fd;k x;k fd og kehu xuir dksokfil ykSVk nsxkA blosQ i'pkr~xzkeokfl;ksadh ,d lHkk cqykbZxbZtc iVsy dksiSlk fn;k x;k vkSj x.kir dksviuh kehu okfil feyhAksr%vksEesu] Vh-ds-] 1972 % dfj'ek] LVsfcfyVh ,.M psat,u ,ukfyfll vkWiQ Hkwnkuxzke nkuewoesaV bu bafM;k]ist&88-] FkkWelu izsl] u;h fnYyhA

lekt'kkL=kh; iz'ukRed ijaijk dks;kuesa j[krsgq, eku fy, tkusokysrF;ksaij blv;k; esaijh{k.k fd, x, rFkk bl ikB esalg;ksx] izfrLi/kZrFkk la?k"kZdh izf;kvksadhvkykspukRed :i lstkp dh xbZA lekt'kkL=kh;n`f"Vdks.k ls;sizf;k,aa^LokHkkfod* ughaekuhtkrhaA ;g mUgsavkxsvU; lkekftd fodkl ls

tksM+rk gSA uhpsfn, x, vuqPNsn esavki HkwfelacakksarFkk Hkkjr osQ Hkwnkuxzkenku vkanksyu osQfo"k; esai


21/113


f;kdyki 11

uhps nh xbZ fjiksVZ dks ;kuiwoZd if


22/113

20 lekt dk cks/

vkslkekckn fkys esatkrh gSA os jkLrsesa ,d lkkkj.k ls fookg osQ fy, eafnj esa #drs gSaA

--- blosQ fy, ,d uke Hkh gS] xsVdhu*A 'kk;n bl 'kCn dk mn~Hko oSaQi esajgusokysizoklh eknwjksals gqvk gS] tksiSQDVh osQ ckgj xUuksa dh dVkbZosQ ekSle esajgk djrsFksA BsosQnkj vosQysyM+dksaosQctk, fookfgr naifr dksdke nsuk ilan djrsgSaD;ksafd osyM+dksaosQ eqdkcysiSQDVh esa;knk eghuksard #d dj dke djrsgSaA

--- if'peh egkjk"VosQ xUus dh iSQfDV;k tgk ,d le; esa Hkkjr osQ ,d&frgkbZphuh dk mRiknugksrk Fkkvkink dh fLFkfr esa] izoklh eknwjksaosQ fy, jkskxkj osQ volj [kRe gks x,A vuqekur%iSQfDV;ksa us1]900 djksM+#i, lsvfkd dk uqdlku mBk;k gS] vkSj bl o"kZ177 phuh feyksa esals 120 feyksa dksetcwju osaQnz dh 1]650 djksM+#i, fokh; iSosQt dh lgk;rk ysuh iM+hA ysfduNg eghus dh yach vofk esa[ksrksaesaxUuksadh dVkbZ djusokys izoklh eknwjksadh fLFkfr vkSj Hkhcnrj gks xbZA muosQ jkskxkj ikusosQ volj vkSj de gks x, vkSj osru cn lscnrjA

--- larks"k] ,d ukStoku] ftldh mez16 o"kZ dh gks xbZgS_ usvHkh&vHkh nlohad{kk dh i


23/113


'kCnkoyh

ijfgroknflkarr% fcuk fdlh ykHk osQ nwljksaosQ fgr osQ fy, dke djukA

vyxkoekDlZ us bl vokkj.kk dk iz;ksx eknwjksa dk vius Je rFkk Je mRikn ij fdlh izdkjosQ vfkdkj u gksus osQ lanHkZ esa fd;k gSA blls etnwjksa dh dk;Z osQ izfr #fp lekIr gksus yxrhgSA

izfrekughurknq[kkZbe osQ fy,] lkekftd fLFkfr tgk O;ogkj dksiFkiznf'kZr djus okysekunaMu"V gks tkrsgSa_ O;fDr fcuk lkekftd ck;rk vFkok iFkizn'kZu osQ jg tkrk gSA

iwthoknog vkfFkZd iz.kkyh] tgkmRiknu osQ lkku ij futh vfkdkj gksrk gSrFkk ftldkiz;ksx ckkkj O;oLFkk esa ykHk dekuk gS] tgk Je etnwjksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

Je foHkktudk;Z dk fof'k"Vhdj.k] ftlosQ ek;e lsfofHkUu jkskxkj mRiknu iz.kkyh ls tqM+s

gksrsgSaA izR;sd lekt esafdlh u fdlh :i esaJe foHkktu gksrk gSfo'ks"kdj iq#"kksadksfn, x,dk;Z rFkk efgykvksa}kjk fd, x, dk;ZA vkS|ksxhdj.k osQ fodkl osQ lkFk Je foHkktu vkSj tfVygks x;k] vU; fdlh Hkh izdkj osQ mRiknu dh rqyuk esaA vkkqfud fo'o esaJe foHkktu dk {ks=kvarjjk"Vh; gksx;k gSA

izHkqRo'kkyh fopkjkkjkfopkj rFkk ekU;rk, tksizHkqRo'kkyh lewgksa osQ fgrksa dh j{kk djrsgSaA,slh fopkjkkjk izR;sd lekt esaikbZ tkrh gStgkfofHkUu oxksesavlekurk,gksaA fopkjkkjk dh

dksNksM+ nsus dk eq[; dkj.k csgrjhu ru[okg dksekurs gSaA iSlk k:jh gSijarq esjs u, ekfydksadks;g vPNh rjg ls irk gSfd eSagj ml ,d #i, osQ dkfcy gwtkseq>s os nsrsgSa] ,slk mudkekuuk gSA

--- bu u, dekZsUek dkstks pht vkxsc


24/113

22 lekt dk cks/

ladYiuk 'kfDr lstqM+rh gS] pwfd oSpkfjd iz.kkyh fHkUu 'kfDr;ksadksoSk cukrh gStksfofHkUu lewgksaesalfUufgr gksrs gSaA

O;fDroknog flkar vFkok pru tks lewg osQ LFkku ij O;fDr;ksa dh Lok;krk dks ego nsrkgSA

eqDr O;kikj@mnkjoknog jktuSfrd rFkk vkfFkZd ukfj;k] tks bl flkar ij vkkkfjr gSfdljdkj }kjk vFkZO;oLFkk esa vgLr{ksih; uhfr viukbZ tk, rFkk ckkkj ,oa laifk ekfydksadksiwjhNwV ns nh tk,A

;kaf=kd ,drknq[kkZbe osQ vuqlkj] ijaijkxr laLfr esaljy Je foHkktu bldh fo'ks"krk gSApwfd lekt osQ vfkdrj lnL; ,d tSlsdk;ksesa yxs jgrsgSavr% os ,d&nwljs osQ lkFklkekU;r% leku izdkj osQ vuqHko rFkk ekU;rkvksalscks gksrs gSaA

vkkqfudrk18oharFkk 19oha'krkCnh dh lkekftd izf;k tksfof'k"Vrk] tfVyrk rFkk xR;kRedrkosQ xq.kksaosQ dkj.k izfl gqbZvkSj tksokLro esa ijaijkxr thou lsvyx FkhA

lko;oh ,drknq[kkZbe osQ vuqlkj] ,drk osQ varxZr lekt O;fDr dh vkfFkZd fuHkZjrk rFkknwljksaosQ dk;ksdh egkk lsckk gksrk gSA pwfd ;gkJe&foHkktu vR;ar tfVy gksrk gSvr% yksx,d&nwljs ij vfkd ls vfkd vkfJr gksrs gSaD;ksafd izR;sd O;fDr dksog mRikn pkfg, ftldkmRiknu nwljs O;fDr djrsgSaA vkfFkZd cnyko rFkk varfuZHkZjrk osQ lglacak bl izdkj dh fLFkfr

esalkekftd ,derrk cukusesaenn djrsgSaAlkekftd ck;rkge ftl lewg vFkok lekt osQ Hkkx gksrs gSaosgekjs O;ogkj ij izHkko NksM+rsgSaA nq[kkZbe osQ vuqlkj lkekftd ck;rk lkekftd rF; dk ,d fof'k"V y{k.k gSA

lajpukeq[; :i lsfdlh laxBu dh cukoV ,oa izfreku (iSVuZ) dksbafxr djuk gS] tks oqQNgn rd ekuo O;ogkj dks funZsf'kr ;k ck; djrk gSA

vH;kl

1- f"k rFkk m|ksx osQ lanHkZ esa lg;ksx dsfofHkUu dk;ksdh vko';drk dh ppkZdhft,A2- D;k lg;ksx ges'kk LoSfPNd vFkok cykr~gksrk gS\ ;fn cykr~gS] rks D;k eatwjh izkIr gksrh

gS vFkok ekunaMksa dh 'kfDr osQ dkj.k lg;ksx djuk iM+rk gS\ mnkgj.k lfgr ppkZdjsaA

3- D;k vki Hkkjrh; lekt lsla?k"kZosQ fofHkUu mnkgj.k


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5- ,sls lekt dh dYiuk dhft, tgk dksbZ izfrLi/kZugha gS] D;k ;g laHko gS\ vxj ugharks D;ksa\

6- vius ekrk&firk] cM+s&cqtqxksrFkk muosQ ledkyhu O;fDr;ksa lsppkZ dhft, fd D;k vkkqfudlekt lgh ek;uksaesaizfrLi/kZgSvFkok igysdh vis{kk la?k"kkslsHkjk gSvkSj vxj vkidks,slkyxrk gS rks vki lekt'kkL=kh; ifjizs{; esa bls oSQlsle>k,xs\

lanHkZvCnqYykg] Vh- rFkk ,l- thMsaLVhu] 1982- foyst esu vkWI+kQ ckaXykns'k%izkWLisDVl I+kQkWj psat-ijxkekWu izsl] vkWDliQksMZA

cklq] Jherh] 2001- 'kh dEl Vw Vsd gj jkbV~l%bafM;u oweSu izksiVhZ,.M izksizkbVh-dkyh iQkWjoweSu] u;h fnYyhA

ckWVkseksj] Vh-ch-] 1975- lks'k;ksykWth ,k lks'ky fVhlhe-tkWtZ,ysu ,.M vufou fy-] yanuA

nq[k kZbe ,fey] 1933- n fMohku vkWI+kQ yscj bu lkslk;Vh- , izQh izsl (isijcSd)]n eSdfeyu daiuh] U;w;koZQA

t;jke] ,u-] 1987- baVksMDVjh lks'k;ksykWth-eSdfeyu bafM;k fy-] fnYyhAgsy flfYo;k] ,e- 1990- dkWVksoflZl bu lks'k;ksykWth%, dusfM;u baVksMD'ku]yksaxeSu xzqIl] yanuA

ekDlZdkyZrFkk izsQMfjd ,satsYl- 1974- n teZu vkbfM;ksykWth]flysDVsM oDlZ] Hkkx&1] ihiqYlifCyf'kax gkml] ekLdksA

lsu] veR;Z] 1990- ^tsaMj ,.M dksvkWijsfVo dkWUkfyDV~l* bu ijflLVsUV bubfDosfyVhk (laik-)]II,fVadj] ih-ih- 123&49] vkWDliQksMZ;wfuoflZVh izsl] vkWDliQksMZZA

flag] ;ksxsanz] 1973- ekWMukZbts'ku vkWiQ bafM;u VsfM'ku- FkkWelu izsl] u;h fnYyhA

Jhfuokl] ,e- ,u-] 1972- lks'ky psat bu ekWMuZbafM;k- vksfj;aV yksaxeSu] u;h fnYyhA

vksEesu] Vh- osQ-] 1972- dfj'ek] LVsfcyhVh ,.M psat%,u ,sukfylhl vkWI+kQ Hkwnkuxzkenku ewoesaVbu bafM;k- FkkWelu izsl] u;h fnYyhA

okbZV] ,l- lh-] 1992- vkjX;wbax fon n ksdksMkby] tsaMj] ,.M Dykl bu ckaXykns'k- tsM cqDl]yanuA

AglaSem School
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v;k; 2

xzkeh.k rFkk uxjh; lekt esa lkekftd ifjorZu

rFkk lkekftd O;oLFkk

,slk vdlj dgk tkrk gS fd ifjorZu ghlekt dk vfijorZuh; i{k gSA vkkqfud lektesa jgus okys fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks;g ;knfnykus dh vko';drk ughagksrh fd ifjorZugekjslekt dh ,d fof'k"V igpku gSA okLroesa] lekt'kkL=k dk ,d fo"k; osQ :i esa

mn~Hko] l=kgoha ls mUuhloha lnh osQ e;if'peh ;wjksih; lekt esarhoz xfr ls cnyrsifjos'k dks le>us osQ iz;kl esa gqvkA

lkekftd ifjorZu vkkqfud thou dk ,dvke rFkk fpj&ifjfpr lR; gSA rqyukRed n`f"Vdks.klsHkh ;g ,d loZFkk uohu rFkk gky dh lPpkbZgSA ;g vuqeku yxk;k tkrk gSfd ekuo tkfr

dk iFoh ij vfLrRo rdjhcu 5]00]000 (ikpyk[k) o"kkslsgS] ijarqmudh lH;rk dk vfLrRoek=k 6]000 o"kkslsgh ekuk tkrk jgk gSA bu lH;ekustkusokyso"kksesa] fiNysek=k 400 o"kkslsghgeus yxkrkj ,oa rhoz ifjorZu ns[ks gSaA buifjorZu'khy o"kksesaHkh] blosQ ifjorZu esarskh

ek=k fiNys100 o"kksesavkbZgSA ftl xfr lsifjorZu gksrk gS] og pwfd yxkrkj c


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25xzkeh.k rFkk uxjh; lekt esalkekftd ifjorZu rFkk lkekftd O;oLFkk

fozQ;kdyki 1

viuscM+ksalsckr dhft, rFkk viusthoulslacafkr phkksaosQ ckjsesalwph cukb, tks(d) ml le; ugha Fkha] tc vkiosQ

ekrk&firk vkidh mez osQ FksA([k) rc vfLrRo esaughaFkha] tc vkiosQ

ukuk&ukuh@nknk&nknh vkidh mezosQ FksA

mn kgj.k';ke&'osr@jaxhu Vh -oh- _IykfLVd dh FkSyh esa nwk_ diM+ksa esa fkidk iz;ksx_ ;s IykfLVd dh ckYVh bR;kfn FksAD;k vkiosQ ekrk&firk osQ cpiu esa HkhvFkok muosQ ekrk&firk osQ cpiu esa\

D;k vki ,slh phkksa dh lwph cukldrs gSa ] tks vkiosQ ekrk&firk@muos Qekrk&firk osQ le; esaFkhaijarqvc ughagSa\

lkekftd ifjorZu^lkekftd ifjorZu* ,d lkekU; vokkj.kk gSftldk iz;ksx fdlh Hkh ifjorZu osQ fy, fd;ktk ldrk gS] tksvU; vokkj.kk }kjk ifjHkkf"krugha fd;k tk ldrk] tSls vkfFkZd vFkokjktuSfrd ifjorZuA lekt'kkfL=k;ksa dks blosQO;kid vFkZdksfof'k"V cukusosQ fy, dfBuifjJe djuk iM+kA rkfd ;g lkekftd flkarosQ fy, egoiw.kZgkslosQA viuscqfu;knh Lrjij] lkekftd ifjorZu bafxr djrk gS] mu ifjorZuksadkstksegoiw.kZgSavFkkZr] ifjorZu tks fdlhoLrqvFkok ifjfLFkfr dh ewykkkj lajpuk dksle;kofk esacny nsaA* (fxMsUl 2005%42)

vr% lkekftd ifjorZu oqQN vFkok lHkhifjorZuksa dkslfEefyr ugha djrs] ek=k cM+s

ifjorZu tks] oLrqvksa dks cqfu;knh rkSj ij cnynsrsgSaA ifjorZu dk ^cM+k* gksuk ek=k bl ckrls ugha ekik tkrk fd og fdruk ifjorZuykrk gS] cfYd ifjorZu osQ iSekus ls] vFkkZrlekt osQ fdruscM+s Hkkx dks mlus izHkkforfd;k gSA nwljs'kCnksa esa] ifjorZu nksuksa] lhferrFkk foLr`r rFkk lekt osQ ,d cM+sfgLlsdks

izHkkfor djus okyk gksuk pkfg, rkfd oglkekftd ifjorZu osQ ;ksX; gks losQA

bl izdkj osQ ekinaMksaosQ ckotwn lkekftdifjorZu ,d foLrr 'kCn gSA blsvkSj fo'ks"kcukusosQ fy, ksrksa vFkok dkjdksadksvfkdrjoxhZo`Qr djusdh dksf'k'k dh tkrh gSA izko`Qfrdvkkkj ij vFkok lekt ij blosQ izHkko vFkokbldh xfr osQ vkkkj ij bldk oxhZdj.k fd;ktkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ,slsifjorZu dks

^mn~fodkl* dk uke fn;k x;k gStksdkI+kQh yacsle; rd khjs&khjsgksrk gSA ;g 'kCn] izk.kh'kkL=khpkYlZMkfoZu }kjk fn;k x;kA ftUgksausmn~fodklh;flkar osQ }kjk ;g izfrikfnr fd;k fd oSQlsthfor izk.kh fodflr gksrsgSaA dbZ'krkfCn;ksavFkok dHkh&dHkh lgkfCn;ksaesakhjs&khjsviusvkidksizko`Qfrd okrkoj.k esa


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26 lekt dk cks/

eNfy;ksaosQ fofHkUu izdkjksa) lsHkwfe ij jgusokysLruik;h] mllsfofHkUu voLFkkvksadksikjdjrsgq, mPpre voLFkk tgkcanjksarFkk xksfjYyksaosQ fofHkUu izdkj lsvar esagksekslSfi;al vFkokeuq"; osQ :i esamldh mRifk gqbZA

;|fi MkfoZu dk flkar izko`Qfrd izfozQ;kvksadksfn[kkrk gS] bls 'kh?kzlkekftd fo'o esa

Loho`Qr fd;k x;k ftls lks'ky MkfoZfue* osQuke lstkuk x;k] ,slk flkar ftlusvuqowQyhifjorZu dh egkk ij cy fn;kA mn~fodklh;ifjorZu osQ foijhr] ifjorZu tks rqyukRed:i ls'kh?kzvFkok vpkud gksrk gS] dHkh&dHkhmls ozQkafrdkjh ifjorZu* dgrs gSaA bldk iz;ksxeq[;r% jktuhfrd lanHkZ esa gksrk gS] tgklekt esa 'kfDr dh lajpuk esa 'kh?kzrkiwoZdifjorZu ykdj blspqukSrh nsus okyksa}kjk iwoZ

lkk oxZ dks foLFkkfir dj yk;k tkrk gSAblosQ mnkgj.k gSaizQkafllh ozQkafr (1789&93)vFkok lksfo;r ;k 1917 dh :lh ozQkafrAlkekU; :i ls bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx rsk]vkdfLed rFkk vU; izdkj osQ laiw.kZifjorZuksaosQ fy, Hkh] oqQN 'kCn tSls ^vkS|ksfxd ozQkafr*vFkok ^lapkj ozQkafr* bR;kfn osQ fy, gksrk gSA

fozQ;kdyki 2

izQkafllh ozQkafr vFkok vkS|ksfxd ozQkafr ftlosQckjsesavkiusviuh ikB~;iqLrdksa esai


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d{kk esafo|kFkhZ

dhA bu ifjorZuksa us vkxs pydj vkfFkZdthou esa vkSj ifjorZu fd,A

ewY;ksa rFkk ekU;rkvksa esa ifjorZu Hkhlkekftd ifjorZu yk ldrsgSaA mnkgj.k osQfy,] cPpksa rFkk cpiu lslacafkr fopkjksarFkkekU;rkvksa esaifjorZu vR;ar egoiw.kZizdkjosQ lkekftd ifjorZu esalgk;d fl gqvk

gSA ,d le; Fkk tc cPpksadkslkkkj.kr%^vo;Ld* le>k tkrk Fkkcpiu ls lacafkrdksbZ fof'k"V ladYiuk ugha FkhA tksbllstqM+hgks fd cPpksaosQ fy, D;k lgh Fkk vFkok D;kxyrA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] mUuhloha 'krkCnh osQvar esa] ;g Bhd ekuk tkusyxk fd cPpsftruh tYnh dke djus osQ ;ksX; gks tk,]

dke ij yx tk,A cPps viusifjokjksadhdke djus esaenn ikp vFkok Ng o"kZdhvk;q ls gh izkjaHk dj nsrs Fks_ izkjafHkd iSQDVhO;oLFkk cPpksa osQ Je ij vkfJr FkhA ;gmUuhloharFkk iwoZ chloha 'krkfCn;ksaosQ nkSjkucpiu thou dh ,d fof'k"V voLFkk gS;gladYiuk izHkkoh gqbZA rc NksVscPpksa dk dke

djuk vfopkj.kh; gks x;k rFkk vusd ns'kksa uscky Je dksdkuwu }kjk can dj fn;kA mlhle;] vfuok;Zf'k{kk lacakh fopkjksadk tUegqvk] rFkk blls lacafkr dbZdkuwu Hkh iklfd, x,A ;|fi oqQN ,slsm|ksx gekjsns'k esagSa] tksvkt Hkh cky Je ij de lsdevkaf'kd :i ls vkfJr gSa (tSlsnjh cquuk]

AglaSem School
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28 lekt dk cks/

oqQ'ky dk;Zdjrk gqvk cPpk

NksVh pk; dh nqdkusa rFkk jsLrjk] ekfpl cukukbR;kfn)A cky Je xSj dkuwuh gSrFkk ekfydksadkseqtfjeksaosQ :i esaltk gksldrh gSA

ijar q vc rd lkekftd ifjorZu dsoxhZdj.k dk lclsljy rjhdk bldsdkjdrRo rFkk ksr gSaA dbZckj dkjd rRo iwoZoxhZo`Qrgk sr s gS avk arfjd (vartk Zr) vk Sj ckgjh(cfgtkZr)A lkekftd ifjorZu osQ ikp c`gr

izdkj ds ksr vFkok dkj.k gSai;kZoj.k]rduhdh] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd rFkk lkaLo`QfrdA

i;kZoj.k

izo`Qfr] ikfjfLFkfrdh rFkk HkkSfrd i;kZoj.k dklekt dh lajpuk rFkk Lo:i ij egoiw.kZ

izHkko ges'kk lsjgk gSA foxr le; osQ lanHkZesa ;g fo'ks"k :i ls lgh gS] tc euq";izo`Qfr osQ izHkkoksa dks jksdusvFkok >syus esav{ke FkkA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] e#LFkyh; okrkoj.kesa jgus okys yksxksa osQ fy, ,d LFkku ijjgdj o`Qf"k djuk laHko ugha Fkk] tSls eSnkuhHkkxksavFkok ufn;ksaosQ fdukjs bR;kfnA vr%ftl izdkj dk Hkkstu osdjrsFksvFkok diM+s

igurs Fks] ftl izdkj vkthfodk pykrs FksrFkk lkekftd vU;ksU;f;k ;s lc dkI+kQh gnrd muosQ i;kZoj.k osQ HkkSfrd rFkk tyok;qdh fLFkfr;ksa ls fukkZfjr gksrk gSA vR;fkdBaMh tyok;q eas jgusokyksaosQ fy, Hkh ;glgh Fkk] vFkok canjxkg ij fLFkr uxjksa] izeq[k

AglaSem School
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Hk;adj ck


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30 lekt dk cks/

esans[kusdksfey tk,xs] tkslekt dksiw.kZ:is.kifjofrZr dj nsrsgSa vFkok iw.kZr% u"V dj nsrsgSaA bldk ,d mRoQ"V mnkgj.k if'peh ,f'k;k(vFkok [kkM+h ns'k) osQ jsfxLrkuh izns'kksa esa rsydk feyuk gSA ftl izdkj 19oha'krkCnh esaoSQfyiQksfuZ;k esa lksusdh [kkst gqbZFkh] Bhdmlh izdkj rsy osQ HkaMkjksaus [kkM+h ns'kksaosQ

lekt dkscny dj j[k fn;kA lmnh vjc]oqQoSr vFkok la;qDRk vjc vehjkr tSls ns'kksadh fLFkfr vkt rsy laink osQ fcuk fcYkoqQyvyx gksrhA

rduhd rFkk vFkZO;oLFkk

fo'ks"kdj vkkqfud dky esa] rduhd rFkkvkfFkZd ifjorZu osQ la;ksx lslekt esarhozifjorZu vk;k gSA rduhd lekt dks dbZizdkj ls izHkkfor djrh gSA tSlk fd ijns[kk x;k gS] ;g gekjh enn] izo`Qfr dksfofHkUu rjhdksa ls fu;af=kr] mlosQ vuq:i


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mudk iz;ksx if'peh ;wjksi osQ vkkqfudhdj.kosQ lanHkZesaugh gqvkA mlh fcanq lsnh xbZifjfLFkfr;ksa dk ykHk mBk] ck:n }kjk ;q oQhrduhd esa ifjorZu rFkk dkxk dh NikbZ dhkafr uslekt dksges'kk osQ fy, ifjofrZrdj fn;kA nwljk mnkgj.k fczVsu osQ diM+k m|ksxesa gksus okys rduhdh iz;ksx ls gSA ckkkjh

rkdrksarFkk lkezkT;oknh 'kfDRk;ksaosQ esy lsuohu lwr dkrus rFkk cquus dh e'khuksa usHkkjrh; miegk}hi esagFkdj?kk m|ksx dks u"Vdj fn;k tksiwjh nqfu;k esalcls O;kid rFk

raj board class 11 book - samaaj ka bodh

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