raj board class 12 book - bharat iya samajh

8/12/2019 Raj Board Class 12 Book - Bharat Iya Samajh

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'kCnkoyh

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xf.krh; o`f (Arithmetic progression) % Progression-arithmetic ns[ksaA

vkRelkRehdj.k (Assimilation) %lkaLo`Qfrd ,dhdj.k vkSj letkrh;rk dh ,d izf;kftlosQ }kjk u, 'kkfey gq, ;k vkhuLFk lewg viuh fof'k"V laLo`Qfr dks[kksnsrsgSa rFkkizHkqRo'kkyh cgqla[;dksadh laLo`Qfr dksviuk ysrsgSaA vkRelkRehdj.k kcjtLrh Hkh djok;ktk ldrk gSvkSj ;g ,sfPNd Hkh gkssldrk gS,oalkekU;r% ;g vkwjk gksrk gS] tgkvkhuLFk;k 'kkfey gksusokys lewg dksleku 'krks ij iw.kZlnL;rk iznku ughadh tkrhA mnkgj.k osQfy,] izHkqRo'kkyh cgqla[;dksa }kjk ,d izoklh leqnk; osQ lkFk HksnHkko djuk vkSj ijLijfookg dh vuqefr ughansukA

lkkokn (Authoritarianism)%ljdkj dh og O;oLFkk tksviuh oSkrk yksxksals izkIr ughadjrh gSA ;g ljdkj dk iztkrkaf=kd ;k x.kra=kh; Lo:i ugha gksrk gSA

larfr fujksk (Birth control)%xHkkZkku vkSj f'k'kqtUe dks jksdus osQ fy, xHkZfujkskd mik;ksa

dk iz;ksx djukAO;kikj izf;k osQ fy, ckgjh ksrksa dh lgk;rk ysuk (BPO - Business Process

Outsourcing)%,d ,slh ifr ftlosQ }kjk mRiknu izf;k osQ fdlh fgLlsdks vFkoklsok m|ksx osQ fdlh vax dksfdlh rhljsi{k }kjk laiUu djusosQ fy, ckgj Bssdk (lafonk)fn;k tk,A mnkgj.k osQ fy,] VsyhiQksu dh ykbusavkSj lsok,iznku djusokyh VsyhiQksu oaQiuhviusxzkgd lsok izHkkx osQ dk;Zckgjh ksr lsiwjsdjok ldrh gS_ ;kuh fd og viusxzkgdksa

dh lHkh dkWyksavkSj f'kdk;rksa ij dkjZokbZ djusosQ fy, fdlh ,d NksVh oaQIkuh dh lsok,ysldrh gSA

iwth (Capital)%fuos'k ;ksX; lalkkuksadh lafpr fufkA bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx vkerkSj ij lf;*

fufk;ksa;kuh ,slh fufk;ksaosQ fy, fd;k tkrk gStksfliZQ cpkdj bdh gh ughadh tkrhcfYd mUgsa fuos'k osQ fy, lHkkydj j[kk tkrk gSA iwth dksc


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Hkkjrh; lekt

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LosPNk ls yxkbZtkrh gSA ,slsfujkskksa osQ mnkgj.kksa esa fookg nsjh ls djuk vkSj czp;Zozr dkikyu djuk ;k larfr fujksk osQ mik; viukuk 'kkfey gSA

ukxfjd lekt (Civil Socity)%lekt dk og {ks=k tks ifjokj lsijsgksij jkT; ;k ckkkj dk

fgLlk u gksA mu LoSfPNd laLFkkvksa ,oalaxBuksadk {ks=k tks lkaLo`Qfrd] lkekftd] kkfeZdvFkokvU; xSj&O;kolkf;d vkSj xSj&jktdh; lkewfgd dk;ksosQ fy, cukbZ xbZgSaA

oxZ(Class)%,d ,slk vkfFkZd lewg tksmRiknu osQ lkekftd lacakksaesa] vk; rFkk le`fosQ Lrjksaij] thou'kSyh rFkk jktuhfrd vfkekU;rkvksa osQ lanHkZ esalkekU; ;k leku fLFkfrij vkkkfjr gksrk gSA

mifuos'kokn (Colonialism)%,d ,slh fopkjkkjk] ftlosQ }kjk ,d ns'k nwljs ns'k dksthrusvkSj mls viuk mifuos'k cukus(tcju ogkclus] ml ij 'kklu djus) dk iz;Ru djrk gSA

,slk mifuos'k] mifuos'kdrkZns'k dk ,d vkhuLFk fgLlk cu tkrk gSvkSj fiQj mifuos'kdrkZns'k osQ ykHk osQ fy, ml mifuos'k dk rjg&rjg ls'kks"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA oSlsrks

mifuos'kokn lkezkT;okn lslacafkr gS] ij mifuos'kokn osQ varxZr mifuos'kdrkZ ns'kmifuos'k esaclus vkSj ml ij viuk 'kklu cuk, j[kus esa(;kuh O;kid :i ls LFkkuh;fu;a=k.k j[kusesa) vfkd #fp j[krk gStcfd lkezkT;oknh ns'k mifuos'k dksywVdj mlsNksM+nsrk gS vFkok nwj ls gh ml ij 'kklu djrk jgrk gS(ogkvkdj clrk ugha)A

i.;hdj.k (Commodification or commoditisation)%,d i.;skj ;kuh xSj&i.;oLrq(;kuh ,slh oLrqftlsckkkj esa [kjhnk vkSj cspk ughatkrk) dk i.; esa #ikarj.kA

i.; (Commodity)%dksbZoLrq;k lsok tks ckkkj esa[kjhnh ;k csph tk ldrh gksAi.;jhfr (Commodity fetishism)% (i.; lacakh vakHkfDr] oLrqiwtk)% iwthokn osQ varxZr

,d ,slh fLFkfr ftlesalkekftd lacakksadksHkh oLrqvksaosQ chp osQ lacakksadh rjg vfHkO;Drfd;k tkrk gSaA

laiznk;okn ;k lkaiznkf;drk (Communalism)% kkfeZd igpku ij vkkkfjr mxzjk"VoknA;gfo'okl fd keZgh O;fDr ;k lewg dh igpku osQ lHkh vU; i{kksadh rqyuk esalokZsifjgksrkgSA vkerkSj ij] ;g mu O;fDr;kas;k lewgksaosQ izfr ,d vkked vkSj 'k=kqrkiw.kZjoS;kgksrkgStks nwljskeks dksekurs gSa vFkok ftudh xSj&kkfeZd igpku gksrh gSA

leqnk; (Community)%fdlh Hkh ,slsfof'k"V lewg osQ fy, iz;qDr lkekU; 'kCn] ftlosQ lnL;lpsru :i lsekU;rk izkIr lekurkvksavkSj ukrsnkjh osQ cakuksa] Hkk"kk] laLo`Qfr vkfn osQ dkj.kvkil esatqMs+s gksaA bu lekurkvksaesafo'okl muosQ vfLrRo osQ okLrfod izek.k lsdghavfkd egoiw.kZgksrk gSA

miHkksx (Consumption)%mu yksxksa}kjk oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksadk vafre miHkksx] ftUgksausmls

[kjhnk gS(miHkksDrk)Ayksdra=k (Democracy) %ljdkj dk og :i tksturk (tulkkkj.k) ls viuh oSkrk izkIr djrk

gSvkSj pqukoksa(fuokZpu) osQ ek;e ls vFkok turk dh jk; tkuusosQ fdlh vkSj rjhosQ lsturk osQ Li"V leFkZu ij vkfJr jgrk gSA

dFku ;k izopu (Discourse) %lkekftd thou osQ ,d [kkl {ks=k esa fparu dh ,d :ijs[kk ;kifjikVhA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] vijkfkrk (criminality)lacakh dFku dk vFkZgS&yksx ,dfukkZfjr lekt esavijkfkrk osQ ckjs esa D;k lksprs gSaA

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HksnHkko (Discrimination)%,slsO;ogkj] dk;ZvFkok xfrfofk;kftuosQ ifj.kkeLo:i fdlh,d [kkl lewg osQ lnL;ksadkssmu oLrqvksa] lsokvksa] ukSdfj;ksa] lalkkuksavkfn lsoafpr j[kuktksvkerkSj ij nwljksa dks miyCk gksrs gSaA HksnHkko vkSj iwokZxzg osQ chp osQ varj dks le>uk

t#jh gS] gkykfd ;snksuksaHkko dkI+kQh xgjkbZlsijLij tqMs+s gq, gSaAfofokrk (lkaLo`Qfrd fofokrk) (Diversity - Cultural diversity)%cM+sjk"Vh;] {ks=kh;

vFkok vU; fdlh lanHkZesavusd fofHkUu izdkj osQ leqnk;ksa tSLks] Hkk"kk] keZ] {ks=k vkfn }kjkifjHkkf"kr leqnk;ksa dh mifLFkfrA igpkuksadh cgqyrk vFkok vusdrkA

izcy tkfr (Dominant caste)%tkfr O;oLFkk osQ varxZr dksbZe;e ;k mPp&e;e oxhZ;tkfr ftldh tula[;k dkI+kQh cM+h gksvkSj ftlosQ ikl Hkwfe&LokfeRo osQ uokftZr vfkdkjgksaA cM+h tula[;k vkSj bu u,&u, izkIr gq, vfkdkjksadh cnkSyr ;stkfr;k] Hkkjr osQ dbZ{ks=kksaosQ nsgkrh bykdksaesa] jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj blfy, lkekftd n`f"V lsizcy gksxbZ

gSaA izcy tkfr;k mu iqjkuh tkfr;ksadk LFkku xzg.k dj ysrh gSatks igysviuh izcyrk dk

iz;ksx djrh FkhaA iwoZorhZizcy tkfr;ksa osQ foijhr] ;stkfr;k^f}t* vFkkZr~czk.k] {kf=k;vFkok oS'; o.kksosQ varxZr ughavkrhAvkfFkZd ekuofoKku (Economic anthropology)%lkekftd lkaLo`Qfrd ekuofoKku dk ,d

mi{ks=k tks izkxSfrgkfld] ,sfrgkfld vkSj u`tkfr&o`kh; vfHkys[kksaesa ikbZtkus okyh leLrizdkj dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa vkSj laLo`Qfr;ksa] fo'ks"k :i ls xSj&ckkkjh vkfFkZd O;oLFkkvksadkv;;u djrk gSA

var%LFkkfir (Embedded)%(^lkeftd :i lsvar%LFkkfir*) ,d cM+s lekt ;k laLfr osQvanj fo|eku gksuk tks fdlh izf;k ;k iz?kVuk dks ^vkdkj* nsrh gSA ;g dFku fdvkfFkZd laLFkk, lekt esa var%LFkkfir gSa] ;g crkrk gS fd os lekt esa fo|eku gSa vkSj

os blfy, viuk dke dj ldrh gSa D;k safd lekt us bl lacak esa vko';d fu;e ,oa

O;oLFkk, cuk j[kh gSaAvarfoZokg (Endogamy)%bl izFkk osQ varxZr O;fDr viuslakLo`Qfrd lewg] ftldk og igys

lsgh lnL; gS] mnkgj.k osQ fy, tkfr] osQ Hkhrj gh fookg djrk gSAx.kuk (Enumeration)%bldk 'kkfCnd vFkZgS^fxuuk*A bldk rkRi;Zfxuus vkSj ekius dh]

fo'ks"k :i lstulacakh] izf;k lsgStSls] tux.kuk vFkok losZ{k.k dh izf;kAegkekjh (Epidemic)%bldk vFkZgSfdlh [kkl HkkSxksfyd {ks=k osQ yksxksaesa,d le;&fo'ks"k ij

fdlh chekjh osQ jksfx;ksadh nj esavpkud o`f gkstkukA fdlh vke chekjh dksegkekjh cukusokyk fu.kkZ;d ro ;g gSfd mlosQ gksus;k iSQYkusdh nj (le; dh izfr bdkbZtSls] izfrfnu]izfr lIrkg vFkok izfrekl lwfpr fd, x, u, jksfx;ksadh la[;k) lkekU;* nj lsdkI+kQh ph

gksA ;g fu.kZ; va'kr% O;fDrijd Hkh gksldrk gSA ;fn dksbZchekjh gksusdh nj fdlh [kklHkkSxksfyd {ks=k esaph rksgksij yxkrkj ,d Lrj ij gh cuh jgs(;kuh mlesavpkud dksbZc


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latkrh;rk (Ethnicity)%latkrh; lewg og gksrk gSftlosQ lHkh lnL; ,d ,slh lk>h lkaLo`Qfrdigpku osQ izfr tkx#d jgrs gSatksmUgsa vklikl osQ nwljslewgksa lsvyx fn[kkrh gSA

cfgfoZokg (Exogamy)%blosQ varxZr O;fDr viuslewg osQ ckgj fookg djrk gSA

ifjokj (Family)%;g O;fDr;ksadk ,d ,slk lewg gksrk gStksukrsnkjh lacakksa}kjk vkil esa tqM+sgksrs gSa] mlosQ o;Ld lnL; cPpksadh ns[kHkky dh fkEesnkjh vius ij ysrs gSaA

iztuu 'kfDr (Fertility)%ekuo tula[;k osQ lanHkZesa] bldk rkRi;Z ekuo izkf.k;ksaa dh iztuu;kuh cPpsiSnk djus dh {kerk lsgSA pwfd iztuu izkFkfed :i ls ukjh&ozssaQfnzr izf;k gSblfy, iztuu {kerk dk fglkc fL=k;ksadh tula[;k ;kuh cPpk iSnk djus dh vk;qokyhfL=k;ksadh la[;k osQ lanHkZesa yxk;k tkrk gSA

fyax (Gender)%lkekftd flkar esa] ;g 'kCn iq#"kksarFkk fL=k;ksaosQ chp lkekftdrFkklkaLo`Qfrd :i lsmRiUu varjksa dksn'kkZusosQ fy, iz;ksx fd;k gSA (;g ;kSu* (sex)'kCnlsfHkUu gS tksiq#"k vkSj L=kh osQ chp osQ 'kkjhfjd&tSo oSKkfud varjksa dksLi"V djrkgS)Aizo`Qfr ;kSu varj mRiUUk djrh gSvkSj lekt ySafxd varjksadh jpuk djrk gSA

xq.kkskj o`f (Geometric progression)% Progression-geometricns[ksaAHkweaMyhdj.k (Globalisation)% vkfFkZd] lkekftd] izkS|ksfxdh;] lkaLo`Qfrd vkSj jktuhfrd

ifjorZuksadh ,d tfVy ka`[kyk ftlus fofok izdkj osQ LFkkuksaosQ yksxksavkSj vkfFkZddk;ZdrkZvksa(oaQIkfu;ksa) esa ikjLifjd fuHkZjrk] ,dhdj.k vkSj var%f;k dks c


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mnkjhdj.k (Liberalisation) %;g ,d ,slh izf;k gSftlosQ }kjk vkfFkZd dk;Zdyki ij jkT;osQ fu;a=k.k


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fof'k"V jkT;ksa] tks vkt fo|eku gSadh ifjlhekvksaosQ vuq:i ughagksrhA jk"V&jkT;ksadkfodkl] izkjaHk esa;wjksi esa 'kq: gqbZjk"V&jkT; iz.kkyh osQ varxZr gqvk Fkk ysfdu vkt ;gjk"V&jkT; laiw.kZHkweaMy esa ik, tkrsgSaA

jk"Vokn (Nationalism)% viusjk"VvkSj mllslacafkr gj phk osQ fy,] izfrcrk] vkerkSjij Hkkoiw.kZizfrcrkA gj ekeysesajk"VdksloksZifj j[kuk] mlosQ i{k esavfHkufr ;k >qdkoj[kuk vkfnA ;g fopkjkkjk fd Hkk"kk] keZ] bfrgkl] iztkfr] latkfr vkfn dh lekurk leqnk;dks fof'k"Vrk rFkk vf}rh;rk iznku djrh gSA

iwokZxzg (Prejudice)%fdlh O;fDr ;k lewg osQ ckjsesa iwoZfukkZfjr fopkj j[kuk_ ,sls fopkjtksfd u;h tkudkjh izkIr gksusij Hkh cnyusdksRkS;kj u gksaA iwokZxzg ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRednksuksarjg dk gksldrk gS] ysfdu bldk lkekU; iz;ksx udkjkRed ;k vuknjiw.kZiwwoZkkj.kkosQ fy, gh gksrk gSA

fuokjd jksdFkke (Preventive checks)% Checks-preventivens[ksaA

o`Qf"k dh mRikndrk (Productivity of agriculture)%o`Qf"k dh mit dh jkf'k (;kuh[kk|kUu ;k vU; iQlyksadh ek=kk) tks izfr bdkbZ{ks=k (mnkgj.kkFkZ] ,dM+] gSDVs;j] ch?kk]vkfn) esa mRiUu gksrh gSA mRikndrk dk fglkc yxkrsle; mUghao`f;ksa dks'kkfey fd;k

tkrk gS tksosQoy [ksrh ossQ rjhdksaesa rFkk fufof"V;ksa ([kk| vkfn) dh xq.kokk esa fd,x,ifjorZuksaosQ dkj.k gksrh gS] u fd o`Qf"k osQ {ks=k esafd, x, foLrkj osQ dkj.kA bu ifjorZuksaosQ mnkgj.kksaesa VSDVjksa] moZjdksa] mUur chtksa] vkfn dk iz;ksx 'kkfey gksrk gSA

lekarj o`f (Progression-arithmetic)%la[;kvksa(vadksa) dh ,slh ka[kyk ;k Js.khtksfdlh Hkh la[;k lsizkjaHk gksldrh gS] ysfdu tgkizR;sd ijorhZla[;k iwoZorh la[;k esa,dfukkZfjr jkf'k (la[;k) tksM+us ls izkIr gksrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] 6] 10] 14] 18 vkfn&vkfntgk6 ,d euethZlsfy;k x;k izkjaHk fcanqgSysfdu 106$4] 1410$4] 1814$4 vkfn&vkfn

dh J`a[kyk esa gksrs gSaAxq.kkskj o`f (Progression-geometric)%la[;kvksadh ,slh k`a[kyk ;k Js.kh tksfdlhHkh

la[;k lsizkjaHk gksldrh gS] ysfdu tgk izR;sd ijorhZla[;k iwoZorhZla[;k dks,dlrrxq.kd ls xq.kk djusij izkIr gksrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] 4] 20] 100] 500 vkSj blhrjgvkxs Hkh] tgk4 ,d euethZlsfy;k x;k izkjaHk fcanq gSysfdu 2045] 100205]5001005 vkfn&vkfn dh ka[kyk esa gksrsgSaA

izfrorhZ(Reflexive)%bldk 'kkfCnd vFkZgSviusrjiQ eqM+ukA ,d izfrorhZ(;k vkRe&izfrorhZ)flkar og gksrk gStks lalkj osQ ckjsesagh Li"Vhdj.k nsus dk iz;Ru ughadjrk] cfYd lalkjosQ Hkhrj viusfuth dk;ks dk Li"Vhdj.k nsusdk iz;Ru djrk gSA bl izdkj] ,d izfrorhZ

lekt'kkL=k vU; ckrksa dksLIk"V djus osQ lkFk&lkFk] lekt'kkL=k dks Lo;a,d lkekftdiz?kVuk osQ :i esa of.kZr djusdk iz;kl djrk gSA lkekU;r% flkar viusms'; osQ ckjsesagh Li"Vhdj.k nsrsgSa] viusckjs esa ughaA

{ks=kokn (Regionalism)%,d [kkl {ks=kh; igpku osQ fy, izfrc fopkjkkjk] tksHkkSxksfyd {ks=kosQ vykok] Hkk"kk] latkrh;rk vkfn vU; fo'ks"krkvksa ij vkkkfjr gksrh gSA

mRiknu lacak (Relations of production)%mRiknu osQ ekeys esayksxksa vkSj lewgksaosQ chposQ lacak fo'ks"k :i ls,slslacak tkslaifk rFkk Je lslacafkr gksaA

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'kCnkoyh

167

izfRkLFkkiu nj (Replacement level)%iztuu {kerk dk og Lrj ftl ij ekStwnk ih


10/171

Hkkjrh; lekt

168

:fsslacakksaijvkkkfjr gksA tkfr ls;g bl rjg vyx gSfd tkfr ijLij vyx&vyx tkfr;ksadhvfkfed O;oLFkk gStcfd tutkfr ,d lekos'kkRed lewg gksrh gS(gkykfd blesaoqQyksa

;k oa'kksa ij vkkkfjr foHkktu gksldrs gSa)AvLi`';rk (Untouchability)%tkfr O;oLFkk osQ Hkhrj ,d lkekftd izFkk] ftlosQ }kjk fuEu

tkfr;ksaosQ lnL; deZdkaMh; n`f"V ls brusvifo=k le>stkrsgSafd osQoy NwusHkj lsyksxksadks vifo=k ;k iznwf"kr dj nsrs gSaA vNwr tkfr;k lkekftd iSekusij lcls uhpsdh Js.khesa vkrh gSavkSj vfkdak'k lkekftd laLFkkvksa lsckgj j[kh tkrh gSaA

o.kZ(Varna)%bldk 'kkfCnd vFkZgS] jax*] tkfr O;oLFkk dk ,d jk"VO;kih :i tks lektdkspkj vfkfed o.kks;k tkfrxr lewgksa&czk.k] {kf=k;] oS'; vkSj 'kwnz&esafoHkkftr djrk gSA

vkHkklh ckkkj (Virtual market)%,d ,slk ckkkj tksosQOky bySDVkWfud :i esagh ekStwngksvkSj oaQI;wVjksaRkFkk nwjlapkj ek;eksaosQ }kjk ysu&nsu djrk gksA ,slk ckkkj ,d HkkSfrd vFkZesa

ugha] cfYd vkadM+ksaosQ :i esagh ekStwn gksrk gStksbySDVkWfud ek;eksalslaxzfgr gksrsgSaAolh;rukek (Will)%bldk 'kkfCnd vFkZgS] bPNk ;k ladYi (thfor jgusvkfn dk ladYi)A

ysfdu ewrZlaKk osQ :i eas;g ,d ,slk nLrkosk gksrk gS ftlesa O;fDr dh ,slh bPNk,fufnZ"V gksrh gSafd mldh e`R;q osQ ckn mldh laifk dk D;k mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,Ablesamkjkfkdkj ;k mkjkfkdkjh osQ ckjs esafunZs'k fn, tkrs gSa fd veqd O;fDr dkse`rddh ifjlaifk;ksadk LokfeRo fn;k tk,xkA

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11/171

'kCnkoyh

169

AglaSem S
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12/171

v;k; 1

Hkkjrh; lekt % ,d

ifjp;

AglaSem S
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13/171

Hkkjrh; lekt

2

,d egoiw.kZ vFkZ esa lekt'kkL=k mu lHkh fo"k;ksals vyx gSftUgsa vkiusi


14/171

Hkkjrh; lekt% ,d ifjp;

3

gSaA ekuo lekt osQ lanHkZesafu"i{k oSKkfud lR; dh vksj c


15/171

Hkkjrh; lekt

4

gksrsgSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] gksldrk gSvkiosQ ifjokj osQ cM+slnL; ;k vkiosQ HkkbZ] cgu ;k nksLr vkiosQlkFk tksO;ogkj djrsgSa] mllsvki [kq'k ughagSaA 'kk;n vki viusHkfOk"; osQ ckjsesa;k vkidksfdlrjg dh ukSdjh feysxh bl ckjsesafpafrr gksaA vkidh O;fDrxr lkekftd igpku osQ vU; i{k Hkh xoZ]

ruko] vkRefo'okl ;k fofHkUu rjhdksadh my>u osQ ksr gksldrsgSaA ij ;g lHkh y{k.k ,d gh O;fDrfo'ks"k lstqM+sgSavkSj budk vFkZbl O;fDrxr ifjs{; rd gh lhfer gSA nwljh rjI+kQ] ,d lkekftdeqk cM+slewgksalslacaf/r gksrk gSu fd mu ,dy O;fDr;ksalstksmu lewgksaosQ lnL; gSaA

vr% cqtqxZ,oa ;qok ihf


16/171


5

Je dh ekx esadeh gksuk blesa'kkfey gSaA lkaiznkf;drk (,d /kfeZd leqnk; dk nwljskkfeZd leqnk;osQ izfr fo}s"k) ;k tkfrokn (oqQN tkfr;ksa }kjk oqQN vU; tkfr;ksadk cfg"dkj ;k mRihM+u) tSlh?kVuk,lekt esaO;kid :i lsikbZtkusokyh leL;k,gSaA fofHkUu O;fDr;ksadh blesafofHkUu izdkj

dh Hkwfedk,gks ldrh gSatks fd mudh lkekftd fLFkfr ij fuHkZj djrh gSA vr% dfFkr mPp tkfrdkO;fDr tksdfFkr fuEu tkfr esa iSnk gq, O;fDr dks viusls uhpk ekurk gStkfrokn dh izf;kesa,d drkZdh gSfl;r esa 'kkfey gS] tcfd dfFkr fUkEu tkfr dk O;fDr Hkh blesa 'kkfey gS] ijarq,dihfM+r dh gSfl;r lsA blh rjg iq#"k ,oafL=k;knksuksavyx&vyx rjg ls ySafxd vlekurkvksals izHkkfor gksrsgSaA

bl rjg osQ lkekftd uD'ksdk ,d Lo:i gesacpiu esa gh lekthdj.k dh izf;k }kjk izkIrgksrk gSA og lc rkSj&rjhosQ ftlosQ }kjk gesa viusvklikl dh nqfu;k dks le>uk fl[kk;k tkrk gS]oglc bl uD'ks dkscukus esa'kkfey gSaA ;g lgt cks/ dk uD'kk gSA ijarqtSlkfd igyscrk;k tkpqdk gSbl rjg osQ uD'ks&lgt cks/ osQ vkaf'kd o i{kikriw.kZgksus osQ dkj.k&Hkzfer dj ldrsgSa

;k;g foo`Qr Hkh gksldrsgSaA gekjslkekU; cks/ osQ uD'ksosQ vykok gekjsikl dksbZvU; rS;kj uD'kkughagksrk gSD;ksafd gekjk lkekthdj.k cgqr lkjs;k lHkh lkekftd lewgksaesaughaosQoy ,d gh lektesalektho`Qr gksrk gSaA vxj ge vU; izdkj osQ uD'ks pkgrsgSarksgesamUgsa cukuk lh[kuk gksxkA ,dlekt'kkL=kh; ifjizs{; vkidksfofHkUu izdkj osQ lkekftd UkD'kksa dkscukuk fl[kkrk gSA

1-1 ,d ifjp; dk ifjp;---

blikB~;iqLrd dk mn~ns'; gS Hkkjrh; lekt ls vkidk ifjp; djkuk&ysfdu lgt cks/ osQ ukfj,ls ughaoju~ lekt'kkL=kh; n`f"Vdks.k lsA bl ifjp; osQ ifjp; esaD;k dgk tk ldrk gS\ 'kk;n ;gk

muO;kid lkekftd izf;kvksadh rjI+kQ laosQr djuk mfpr gksxk tksHkkjrh; lekt dksvkdkj nsjghgSa]ftuosQ ckjs esavki vkxsosQ i`"Bksaesa foLrkj ls isvuqHkoksausleqnk; osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksadks,dho`Qr djus,oacy iznku djuseasenn dhAik'pkR; 'kSyh dh f'k{kk dh cnkSyr mHkjrse; oxZ usmifuos'kokn dks mldh viuh ekU;rkvksaa osQvkkkj ij gh pqukSrh nhA gekjsbfrgkl dh foMEcuk gSfd mifuos'kokn ,oaik'pkR; f'k{kk usgh ijaijk

dh iqu%[kkst dksizksRlkgu iznku fd;kA bllsdbZrjg dh lkaLo`Qfrd ,oa lkekftd xfrfof/;kfodflr gqbZa ftllsjk"Vh; ,oa{ks=kh; Lrjkasij leqnk; osQ uoksfnr :i lqn`


17/171

Hkkjrh; lekt

6

mifuos'kokn us u, oxks,oaleqnk;ksadks tUe fn;k ftUgksausckn osQ bfrgkl esaegoiw.kZHkwfedkfuHkkbZA uxjh; e; oxZjk"Vokn osQ izeq[k okgd Fks,oamUgksausLora=krk izkfIr osQ vfHk;ku dh vxqvkbZdhA vkSifuosf'kd gLr{ksiksausHkh /kfeZd ,oa tkfr vk/kfjr leqnk;ksa dks fuf'pr :i fn;kA bUgksaus

Hkh egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA ledkyhu Hkkjrh; lekt dk Hkkoh bfrgkl ftu tfVy izf;kvksa}kjkfodflr gqvk muosQ ckjsesa vki vkus okys v;k;ksa easi


18/171


7

Mkyus okys,oa Rofjr vkfFkZd ifjorZUk lcls igys mifuos'kokn }kjk ,oackn esafodkl'khy uhfr;ksa}kjk yk, x,] ;g v;k; ;g tkuusdk iz;kldjrk gSfd Hkkjr esa fofHkUu izdkjksaosQ ckkkjksa dk mn; fdl izdkj gqvk

,oa blusfdu vU; u;h izf;kvksadks tUe fn;kA

gekjslekt dh fo'ks"krkvksa esatkslcls cM+h fpark dk fo"k; jgk gSog gS]bldh vlhfer fo"kerk ,oa viotZUk(cfg"dkj) mRiUUk djus dh {kerkA v;k;5 bl egoiw.kZfo"k; dkslefiZr gSA v;k;5 fo"kerk ,oa cfg"dkj dkstkfr] tutkfr] fyax ,oa^vU;Fkk l{ke*

yksxksa osQ lanHkZesa ns[krk gSA foHkktu ,oavU;k; osQ ,d lk/u osQ :iesaoqqQ[;kr tkfr O;oLFkk dksfeVkus;k blesalq/kj ykusosQ la;ksftr iz;kl

mRihfM+r tkfr;ksa ,oa jkT; }kjk fd, tkrsjgsgSaA og dkSu lh izR;{kleL;k,,oaeqn~ns gSatks bl iz;kl osQ lkeusvk,\ gekjs gky gh osQ vrhr esa gq, vkanksyu tkfrcfg"dkj dksjksdusesa fdrus liQy jgsgSa\ tutkrh; vkanksyuksadh fo'ks"k leL;k,D;k gSa\ vkttutkfr;k fdl lanHkZesa Lo;adh igpku dksiqu%LFkkfir djuk pkgrh gSa\ bu leku iz'uksadks fyaxlaca/ksavFkok vU;Fkk l{ke ;k vl{ke* yksxksaosQ lanHkZeas Hkh tkuusdk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA gekjklekt fdl lhek rd vU;Fkk l{ke yksxksadh vko';drkvksaosQ izfr laosnh gSA ftu lkekftd laLFkkvksausefgykvksa dk 'kks"k.k fd;k mu ij efgyk vkanksyuksa dk fdruk izHkko IkM+k\

v;k; 6 Hkkjrh; lekt dh vlhe fofo/rk lsmRiUu dfBu pqukSfr;ksaosQckjsesackr djrk gSA ;g v;k; gesagekjslkekU;] lqfokktud fparu osQrjhdksalsckgj vkusdksvkeaf=kr djrk gSA Hkkjr osQ fofo/rk esa,drk osQlqifjfpr ukjksadk ,d tfVy igywHkh gSA lHkh vliQYkrkvksa,oadfe;ksaosQckotwn Hkkjr usbl ekspsZij dksbZcqjk izn'kZUk ughafd;k gSA gekjh rkdr vkSjdetksfj;kD;k jgh gSa\ ;qok Ok;Ld lkeqnkf;d la?k"kZ] {ks=kh; ;k Hkk"kk;hmxzjk"Vh;rk ,oatkfrokn dksgVk;scxSj ;k mulsiw.kZ:i lsizHkkfor gq, cxSjmudk lkeuk oSQlsdjsasxs\ ,d jk"VosQ :i esagekjslkewfgd Hkfo"; osQ fy,;gD;ksaegoiw.kZgSfd Hkkjr esaik;k tkusokyk izR;sd vYila[;d ;g

eglwl u djsfd og vlqjf{kr gS;k [krjsesagS\

varr% v;k; 7 esavkidks,oavkiosQ f'k{kdksadksvkiosQ ikB~;eosQ iz;ksxkRed ?kVdksaosQ ckjsesafparu osQ fy, oqQN lq>ko fn, x, gSaAtSlkfd vki tkusaxs;g dkI+kQh #fpdj ,oa etsnkj gksldrk gSA

AglaSem S
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19/171

Hkkjrh; lekt

8

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20/171

v;k; 2

Hkkjrh; lekt dh

tulkaf[;dh;lajpuk

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21/171

Hkkjrh; lekt

10

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AglaSem S
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22/171

Hkkjrh; lekt dh tulkaf[dh; lajpuk

1111

AglaSem S


23/171

Hkkjrh; lekt

12

igyh ckj bdk fd;k x;k rks mUgkasuslekt'kkL=k tSls ,d u, fo"k; osQ v;;u osQ fy, ,d izcyvk/kj izLrqr dj fn;kA yk[kksayksxksaosQ cgqr cM+sleqnk; osQ ckjs easbdsfd, x, fo'kky vkdM+ksa

;k la[;kRed fo'ks"krkvksauslkekftd iz?kVuk osQ vfLrRo osQ fy, ,d etcwr ,oaBksl roZQ izLrqr

fd;kA ;|fi ns'k&Lrjh; vFkok jkT;&Lrjh; vkdM+s] tSlsfd izfr 1]000 dh tula[;k osQ ihNse`R;qosQ ekeyksadh la[;k ;kuh e`R;qnj] vyx&vyx O;fDr;ksadh e`R;qosQ vkdM+ksadkstksM+dj rS;kj fd,tkrsgSa] ysfdu e`R;qnj viusvki esa,d lkekftd iz?kVuk gS] vkSj mldk Li"Vhdj.k lkekftdLrjij gh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ,fey nq[kkZbe dk iz[;kr v;;u ftlesa mUgkasus fofHkUu ns'kksaeasvkRegR;kdh njksaesaik, tkus okys varjksa dks Li"V fd;k gSbl ckr dk ,d vPNk mnkgj.k gSA nq[kkZbedkdguk Fkk fd vkRegR;k dh nj (1]00]000 dh tula[;k osQ ihNsvkRegR;k osQ ekeyksadh la[;k)dkslkekftd dkj.kksaosQ }kjk Li"V djuk gh k:jh gSA Hkysgh vkRegR;k osQ izR;sd ekeysesavkRegR;kdjus okysizR;sd O;fDr dh ifjfLFkfr;k;k dkj.k vyx&vyx gksldrs gSaA

dHkh&dHkh vkdkfjd tulakf[;dh vkSj tula[;k v;;u osQ vf/d O;kid {ks=kksa osQ chp varjfd;k tkrk gSA vkdkfjd tulkaf[;dh izeq[k :i lstula[;k ifjorZu osQ la?kVdksaosQ fo'ys"k.krFkkekiu lslaca/ j[krh gSA blosQ varxZr ek=kkRed fo'ys"k.k ij fo'ks"k :i ls;ku oasQfnzr fd;ktkrkgS ftlosQ fy, vR;ar fodflr xf.krh; fof/ viukbZ tkrh gSA ;g fof/ tula[;k dh of vkSjmlosQ xBu esa gksus okysifjorZuksadk iwokZuqeku yxkus osQ fy, mi;qDr gksrh gSA nwljh vksj] tula[;kv;;u ;k lkekftd tulkaf[;dh osQ varxZr tula[;k dh lajpukvksavkSj ifjorZuksaosQ O;kid dkj.kkas

rFkk ifj.kkeksadk irk yxk;k tkrk gSA lkekftd tulkaf[;dhfonksadk fo'okl gSfd lkekftdizf;k, vkSj lajpuk,tulkaf[;dh; izf;kvksadks fu;fer djrh gSaA lekt'kkfL=k;ksaosQ leku osmulkekftd dkj.kksa dk irk yxkusdk iz;Ru djrs gSatks tula[;k osQ #>kuksadksfu/kZfjr djrsgSaA

2-1 tulkaf[;dh laca/h oqQN flkar ,oaladYiuk,

ekYFkl dk tula[;k o`f dk flkar

tulakf[;dh osQ lokZf/d izfl flkarkasesa,d flkar vaxzsk jktuhfrd vFkZ'kkL=kh FkkWel jkscVZekYFkl(1766&1834) osQ uke lstqM+k gSA ekYFkl dk tula[;k o`f dk flkar] tksmuosQ tula[;k fo"k;d

fuca/ ^,sLlsvkWu ikWiqys'ku* Essay on Population (1788) esaLi"V fd;k x;k gStks ,drjglsfujk'kkoknh flkar FkkA mudk dguk Fkk fd euq";ksadh tula[;k ml nj dh rqyuk esavfkdrskh

lsc


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euq";ksaesaviuh tula[;k dksLosPNkiwoZd ?kVkusdh ,d lhfer {kerk gh gksrhgS(o`Qf=ke fujkskksa(Preventive Checks) }kjk tSlsfd cM+h mezesafookgdjosQ ;k ;kSu la;e j[kdj vFkok czp;Zdk ikyu djrsgq, lhfer la[;keascPpsiSnk fd, tk,)A ekYFkl dk fo'okl Fkk fd vdkyksavkSj chekfj;ksaosQ:ieastula[;k of dksjksdusosQ izko`Qfrd fujks/(Positive Checks)

vfuok;ZgksrsgSaD;ksafd osgh [kk| vkiwfrZvkSj c


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tulakf[;dh; lae.k dk flakr

tulkaf[;dh; fo"k; essa ,d vU; mYys[kuh; flkar gS% tulakf[;dh;

lae.k dk flkarA bldk rkRi;Z;g gS fd tula[;k o`f vkfFkZd fodklosQ lexzLrjksalstqM+h gksrh gS,oaizR;sd lekt fodkl ls lacaf/r tula[;ko`f osQ ,d fuf'pr Lo:i dk vuqlj.k djrk gSA tula[;k o``f osQrhucqfu;knh pj.k gksrsgSaA igyk pj.k gSlekt esatula[;k o`f dk degksukD;ksafd lekt vYifodflr vkSj rduhdh n`f"V lsfiNM+k gksrk gSA o`fnjsablfy, de gksrh gSaD;ksafd e`R;q nj vkSj tUe nj nksuksagh cgqr phgksrhgSa blfy, nksuksa osQ chp dk varj (;kuh 'kq o`f nj) uhpk jgrk gSA rhljs(vkSj vafre) pj.k eas Hkh fodflr lekt eas tula[;k o`f nj uhph jgrh

gSD;ksafd ,sls lekt ease`R;q nj vkSj tUe nj nksuksa gh dkI+kQh de gkstkrhgSa vkSj muosQ chp varj cgqr de jgrk gSA bu nksuksavoLFkkvksaosQ chp,drhljk lae.kdkyhu pj.k gksrk gStc lekt fiNM+h voLFkk lsmUurvoLFkk esatkrk gSvkSj bl voLFkk dh fo'ks"krk ;g gSfd bl nkSjku tula[;k

o`f dh njsa cgqr ph gkstkrh gSaA

;g ^tula[;k foLiQksV* blfy, gksrk gSD;ksafd e`R;qnj] jksx fu;a=k.k]tuLokLF; vkSj csgrj iks"k.k osQ mUur rjhdksaosQ }kjk vis{kkd`r rskh lsuhpsyk nh tkrh gSA ysfdu lekt dks bl vkisf{kd le`f dh fLFkfr vkSj igys

lsvf/d yach thou vof/;ksaaosQ vuq:i vius vkidks


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ekeyksadh lwpuk fn, tkusij fuHkZj djrsgaSA oLrqRk% vf/dka'k ns'kksaesa] ftueas Hkkjr Hkh ,d gS] yksxksadksmuosQ ;gkgq, tUe ;k e`R;qosQ ckjs esadkuwuu mi;qDr izkf/dj.k dkslwpuk nsuh gksrh gSA ;gmi;qDr izkf/dj.k xkoksaosQ ekeyksaeasiqfyl Fkkuk ;k izkFkfed LokLF; osaQnz

gksrk gS vkSj dLcksarFkk 'kgjksaosQ ekeysesaogk dk lacaf/r uxjikfydk dkdk;kZy;A

izko`Qfrd o`f nj ;k tula[;k lao`f njdk rkRi;ZgStUe nj vkSj e`R;qnjosQ chp dk varjA tc ;g varj 'kwU; (vFkok O;kogkfjd :i ls cgqrde] ux.;) gksrk gSrc ge ;g dg ldrsgSa fd tula[;k fLFkj* gks xbZgS;k og ^izfrLFkkiu Lrj* ij igqp xbZgSA ;g ,d ,slh voLFkk gksrh gStcftruscw


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16

o"kksrd thfor jgsxkA bldh x.kuk fdlh {ks=k&fo'ks"k esa,d fuf'pr vof/ osQ nkSjku ,d vk;qfo'ks"kesa e`R;qnj laca/h vkdM+ksa osQ vk/kj ij dh tkrh gSA

L=kh&iq#"k vuqikr ;g crkrk gS fd fdlh {ks=k&fo'ks"k esa,d fuf'pr vof/ osQ nkSjku izfr 1000iq#"kksaosQ ihNsfL=k;ksa dh la[;k D;k gSA ,sfrgkfld rkSj ij] laiw.kZfo'o esa;g ik;k x;k gSfdvfkdka'k ns'kksa esafL=k;ksa dh la[;k iq#"kksa dh vis{kk FkksM+h vf/d gksrh gSA bl rF; osQ ckotwnfd

oqQnjrh rkSj ij eknk cPPkksadh rqyuk esauj cPpsdqN T;knk iSnk gksrsgSa;kuh izfr gj 1000 uj cPpksaosQ ihNs eksVs rkSj ij 943 ls 952 rd eknk cPps iSnk djrh gaSA bl rF; osQ ckotwn] ;fn L=kh&iq#"kvuqikr FkksM+k fL=k;ksa osQ i{k esa gSrksfiQj blosQ nks dkj.k gks ldrs gSaA igyk] ;g fd 'kS'kokoLFkk

esackfydk f'k'kqvksaesackyd f'k'kqvksadh vis{kk jksx osQ izfrjks/ dh {kerk vf/d gksrh gSA thouposQ nwljs fljs ij] vfkdka'k lektksa esa fL=k;kiq#"kksa dh rqyuk esavf/d o"kksrd thfor jgrh gSablhfy, cw


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1901 238

1911 252 0.56 5.8

1921 251 -0.03 -0.3

1931 279 1.04 11.0

1941 319 1.33 14.2

1951 361 1.25 13.3

1961 439 1.96 21.5

1971 548 2.22 24.8

1981 683 2.20 24.7

1991 846 2.14 23.9

2001 1028 1.93 21.3

ksr% egkiath;d] Hkkjr] Hkkjrh; tux.kuk osQ fofHkUu osci`"Bksa lsladfyr] C;kSjs osQ fy, lanHkZns[ksa

gSA blsdHkh&dHkh tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k vFkok vk;qlajpuk osQ ifjorZu lsizkIr gksusokyk I+kQk;nk dgktkrk gSA ysfdu ;g ykHk dh fLFkfr vYidkyhu gksrh gSD;ksafd dk;Z'khy vk;qokysyksxksadk cM+k oxZvkxspydj dke u djusokyscw


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18

pkVZ 1% Hkkjr esa tUe ,oa e`R;q njsa 1901&2001

1931 lsigys] e`R;qnjsavkSj tUe njsa nksuksagh ph jgh gSaA bl lae.k o"kZosQ ckn e`R;qnjksaesa rskh ls fxjkoV vkbZgSa tcfd tUe nj FkksM+h&lh fxjh gSA 1921 osQ ckn e`R;q nj esa fxjkoV vkus

dk izeq[k dkj.k ;g Fkk fd vdkyksavkSj egkekfj;ksaij fu;a=k.k c


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1918&19 dh lkoZHkkSfed bayw,atk egkekjhbayw,atk uke dh chekjh ,d fo"kk.kq}kjk iSQykbZtkrh gStkseq[; :i ls'olu ra=k osQ ijh

vo;okas ;kuh ukd] xyk rFkk 'oluh vkSj dHkh&dHkh isQiQM+ksa ij Hkh vke.k dj nsrk gSAbayw,atk osQ fo"kk.kqvksadh tufud cukoV oqQN ,slh gksrh gSfd osvius vki esa NksVs&cM+stufud ifjorZu ykdj Lo;adksekStwnk Vhdk&nzO;kas(oSDlhu) osQ vlj ls mUeqDr dj ysrsgSaAfiNYkh 'krkCnh esabayw,atk osQ fo"kk.kqvksaesarhu ckj cM+s&cM+stufud ifjorZu vk, ftldsifj.kkeLo:i lkoZHkkSfed egkekfj;k(iSaMsfeDl) iSQyh vkSj vR;ar fo'kky la[;k esa yksxbayw,atk lsihfM+r gq, vkSj e`R;qdk xzkl cusA buesa lclsdq[;kr egkekjh ^LiSfu'k yw** Fkhftlusfo'o dh tula[;k dkscM+siSekus ij izHkkfor fd;k vkSj ,slk le>k tkrk gS fd1918&1919 osQ nkSjku bllsihfM+r gksdj de&ls&de 4 djksM+yksx ekSr ds eqg esapys x,AblosQ ckn vHkh dqN lky igys gh baiQyw,atk dh egkekjh ns'kO;kih Lrj ij dbZ {ks=kksaesanks ckjiQSyh & 1957 esa ,f'k;u bayw,atk* vkSj 1968 esa gkaxdkax bayw,atk* vkSj mlls fo'oLrj ij

yk[kksa yksx ihfM+r gq, vkSj e`R;qdk xzkl cu x,A1918&19 osQ LiSfu'k yw ls fo'o Lrj ij dqy feykdj fdruh ekSrsagqbZ ;g Bhd&Bhd crkuklaHko ugha gSij ;g vuqeku yxk;k tkrk gSfd laiw.kZfo'o dh dqy tual[;k dk 20 HkkxdqN gn rd bl egkekjh lsihfM+r gqvk vkSj 2-5 ls5 rd ekuo tula[;k bldh otg lsu"V gksxbZA bayw,atk ls igys 25 lIrkgksa esagh


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20

Fkk vkSj 2006 esa ns'k osQ vusd HkkxksaesaMsaxh vkSj fpduxqfu;k dh chekjh osQ O;kid :i lsiSQyusdh [kcjsai


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pkVZ 2% Hkkjr esa jkT;okj tUe njsa] 2004

lzksr% izn'kZiathdj.k iz.kkyh 2004

21

AglaSem S


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Hkkjrh; lekt

22

pkVZ 3% o"kZ2026 rd iz{ksfir tula[;k osQ{ks=kokj fgLls

ksr% 2001 osQ tux.kuk vkdM+ksa vkSj jk"Vh; tula[;k vk;ksx] 2006 osQ tula[;k iz{ksi fo"k;drduhdh lewg dh fjiksVZosQ vkdM+ksaij vk/kfjr

vka/zizns'k] rfeyukMq] osQjy] dukZVd (13)

ia caxky] mM+hlk] >kj[kaM (13)

iatkc] gfj;k.kk] fnYyh (9)

e; izns'k] jkTkLFkku] Nkhlx


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1961 41 53 6 100

1971 42 53 5 100

1981 40 54 6 1001991 38 56 7 100

2001 34 59 7 100

2011 29 63 8 100

2026 23 64 12 100

fVIi.kh% vk;q oxZ osQ [kkuksa esa muosQ fgLlksa dk izfr'kr fn;k x;k gS] gks ldrk gS fd dgha iw.kkZadu osQdkj.k bu izfr'krka'kk sa dk tksM+ 100 u gk sA

lzksr% jk"V h; tula[;k vk;k sx osQ tula[;k iz{ksi fo"k;d rduhdh lewg osQ vkdM+k sa (1996 vkSj 2006) ijvk kk fjr

1996 dh fjiksVZ osQ osCki`"B http://populationcommission.nic.in/facts1.htm

TABLE2

o"kZ vk;q oxZ tksM+

014 o"kZ 1559 o"kZ 60 o"kZ ls vf/d

2-3 Hkkjrh; tula[;k dh vk;q lajpuk

Hkkjr dh tula[;k cgqr toku gS;kuh vf/dak'k Hkkjrh; ;qokOkLFkk easgSavkSj ;gkdh vk;qdk vkSlr

Hkh vf/dka'k vU; ns'kksa dh rqyuk eas de gSA lkj.kh 2 n'kkZrh gS fd ns'k dh laiw.kZtula[;k esa15o"kZlsde vk;qokysoxZ dk fgLlk tks 1971 esa42 osQ lokZsPp Lrj ij Fkk ?kVdj 2001 esa 35osQLRkj ij vk x;k gSA 15&60 osQ vk;qoxZ dk fgLLkk 53 lsoqQN c


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Hkkjrh; lekt

24

pkVZ 4% vk;q lewg fijkfeM] 1961] 1981] 2001 ,oa 2026

Hkkjr 1961

tula[;k dk izfr'kr

fL=k;kiq#"k

iq#"k fL=k;k

Hkkjr 1981

tula[;k dk izfr'kr

AglaSem S
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


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25ksr% Hkkjrh; tux.kuk (1961] 1981 vkSj 2001) osQ laxr [kaMksa vkSj jk"Vh; tula[;k vk;ksx osQ tula[;k iz{ksifo"k;d lewg dh fjiksVZ(2006) ij vk/kfjr

Hkkjr 2001

tula[;k dk izfr'kr

iq#"k fL=k;k

Hkkjr 2026

tula[;k dk izfr'kriq#"k fL=k;k

AglaSem S
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


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26

tSLksfofHkUUk {ks=kksaesaizTkuu njsavyx&vyx gksrh gSa mlh izdkj vk;qlajpuk esaHkh cgqr vfkd{ks=kh; varj ik, tkrsgSaA ,d vksj rksfLFkfr ;g gS fd osQjy tSLkk jkT; vk;qlajpuk osQ ekeysesa

fodflr ns'kksadh fLFkfr dksizkIr djusyxk gS] oghanwljh vksj mkj izns'k dh fLFkfr fcYoqQy fHkUugS tgkvis{kko`Qr NksVsvk;qlewgksaesa tula[;k osQ vuqikr dkI+kQh vf/d gSvkSj o`tuksaosQ vuqikrvis{kko`Qr de gSA oqQy feykdj Hkkjr dh fLFkfr yxHkx chp dh gSD;ksafd ;gkmkj izns'k tSlsjkT;Hkh gSavkSj osQjy tSlsjkT; Hkh] ftudh la[;k T;knk gSA pkVZ 5 easmkj izns'k vkSj osQjy ls lacaf/r

o"kZ 2026 dh vuqekfur tula[;k osQ fijkfeM fn[kk, x, gSaA osQjy vkSj mkj izns'k osQ fijkfeMksaeaslcls pkSM+sHkkxksadh fLFkfr osQ varj dks;ku ls nsf[k,A

pkVZ4 osQ fy, vH;kl

pkVZ4 easfn[kk, x, vk;qlewg fijkfeMksaesalkj.kh 2 esaizLrqr vk;qlewg laca/h vkdM+ksaosQ vfkd

foLr`r C;kSjs fn, x, gSaA bu fijkfeMksa esa iq#"kksaosQ fy, (ckbZavksj) vkSj fL=k;ksa osQ fy, (nkfguhvksj) vyx&vyx vkdM+sfn, x, gSavkSj muosQ chp esalac iapo"khZ; vk;qlewg fn[kk, x,gSaA leLrjh; NM+ksa (Horizontal bars)ij (ftuesafdlh fo'ks"k vk;qlewg osQ iq#"k vkSj fL=k;knksuksa'kkfey gSa) n`f"Vikr djuslsvkidkstula[;k dh vk;qlajpuk dk vanktk gkstk,xkA fijkfeMesa vk;qlewg lclsuhps 0&4 o"kZ okys lewg ls 'kq: gksdj lclsij 80 o"kZvkSj mllsvfkdosQ vk;qlewg rd fn, x, gSa ftuesa lsrhu fijkfeM 1961] 1981 vkSj 2001 dh nlo"khZ;tux.kuk dh fLFkfr dksn'kkZrs gSavkSj pkSFkk fijkfeM 2026 dh vuqekfur fLFkfr dk |ksrd gSA2026 okyk fijkfeM lacaf/r vk;qlewgksaosQ vuqekfur Hkkoh vkdkj dksn'kkZrk gStksizR;sd vk;qlewg dh iqjkuh lao`f njksa osQ vkdM+ksaij vk/kfjr gSA ,slsvuqekuksadks iz{ksi* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA;g fijkfeM tUe nj esavkbZfed fxjkoV vkSj vk;q laHkkfork esa gqbZ c


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pkVZ5% vk;q lajpuk fijkfeM]

osQjy vkSj mkj izns'k 2026

ksr% jk"Vh; tula[;k vk;ksx (2006) osQ tula[;k iz{ksi fo"k;d rduhdh lewg dh fjiksVZ

mkj izns'k 2026

tula[;k dk izfr'kr

fL=k;kiq#"k

osQjy 2026

tula[;k dk izfr'kr

iq#"k fL=k;k

AglaSem S
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


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D;k cnyrh gqbZ vk;q lajpuk Hkkjr dks^tulkaf[;dh; ykHkak'k* iznkudj jgh gS\tula[;k dh vk;q lajpuk ls tulakf[;dh; ykHk ;k ykHkka'k* bl rF; osQ dkj.k fey ldrk gSfd

Hkkjr bl le; fo'o Hkj esalcls ;qok ns'kksa esa ls,d gS(vkSj vkxsHkh oqQN le; osQ fy, jgsxk)Ao"kZ 2000 esaHkkjr dh tula[;k dk ,d&frgkbZHkkx 15 Ok"kZdh vk;q lsuhps FkkA o"kZ 2020 esaHkkjrh;ksa dh vkSlr mezfliZQ 29 lky gksxh tcfd phu vkSj la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esavkSlr vk;q37Ok"kZ] if'peh ;wjksi esa45 o"kZvkSj tkiku esa48 o"kZgksxhA bldk vFkZ;g gksxk fd Hkkjr osQ ikl dkI+kQhcM+k vkSj cdj ikyu djuk gksxk tSlkfdckWDl 2-3 esa o.kZUk fd;k x;k gSA

AglaSem S
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fuLlansg] Hkkjr osQ lEeq[k tulakf[;dh; ykHkak'k oQk volj }kj [kqykgqvk gSA vk;qoxksosQ :i esaifjHkkf"kr ijkfJrrk vuqikr ij tulkaf[;dh;

izo`fk;kasdk izHkko Li"V :i lsfn[kkbZnsjgk gSA oqQy ijkfJrrk vuqikr]tks 1970 eas 79 Fkk] 2005 eas fxjdj 64 ij vk x;k gSA bl ckr dh iwjhlaHkkouk gSfd ;g izf;k bl 'krkCnh easvkxsHkh tkjh jgsxh ftlosQifj.kkeLo:i vk;q vkkkfjr ijkfJrrk vuqikr 2025 esa48 rd fxjldrk gSD;ksafd tula[;k esacPpksa dk vuqikr vkxs Hkh fxjrk tk,xkAysfdu ;g ijkfJrrk vuqikr fiQj c


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Hkkjrh; lekt

30

fVIi.kh % L=kh&iq#"k vuqikr dk sizfr 1000 iq#"kksa osQ ihNs fL=k;ksadh la[;k osQ :i easifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS

dh izo`fk [kklrkSj ij fparktud jgh gS] 1961 esaL=kh&iq#"k vuqikr 941 Fkk tks?kVrsgq, vc rdosQlclsuhpsLrj 927 ij vk x;k gkykfd 2001 easmlesafiQj ekewyh lh c


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pkVZ6% jkT;okj cky L=kh&iq#"k vuqikr dk ekufp=k

31

ksr% tux.kuk 2001

AglaSem S


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xksok] tEeww&d'ehj] fcgkj] rfeyukMq] dukZVd vkSj mM+hlk eas;g vuqikr 927 osQ jk"Vh; vkSlr lsrksij gSij 950 osQ Lrj lsuhpsgSA ;gkrd fd osQjy Hkh tgkdk lexzL=kh&iq#"k vuqikr loksZkejgk gScky L=kh&iq#"k vuqikr osQ ekeyseas 963 osQ LRkj ij dksbZvPNh fLFkfr easugha gStcfd 986

dk mPpre cky L=kh&iq#"k vuqikr flfDde eas ik;k tkrk gSAtulakf[;dhfonksavkSj lekt'kkfL=k;ksa us Hkkjr easL=kh&iq#"k vuqikr eas fxjkoV vkusosQ dbZdkj.k

crk, gSaA LokLF; laca/h eq[; dkjd tksiq#"kksadh ctk; osQoy fL=k;ksa dksgh izHkkfor djrk gSoggS fL=k;ksa dk xHkZ/kj.k djuk vkSj fiQj cPpk iSnk djukA blfy, ;g iz'u mBuk izklafxd gS fdD;kL=kh&iq#"k vuqikr esafxjkoV dk ,d dkj.k ;g gksldrk gS fd osQoy fL=k;ksa dksgh cPpk iSnkdjuseasekSr dh tksf[ke mBkuh iM+rh gSA fdarq] ;g ekuk tkrk gSfd fodkl osQ lkFk ekr&e`R;qnj easfxjkoVvkrh gSD;ksafd fodkl dh cnkSyr iks"k.k] lkekU; f'k{kk vkSj tkx:drk osQ Lrj c


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xHkkZoLFkk dh izkjafHkd fLFkfr;ksaesagh ;g irk yxk;k tk ldrk gSfd xHkZLFk f'k'kq yM+dk gksxk ;kyM+dhA lksuksxzke (;kuh vYVklkmaM] izkS|ksfxdh ij vkkkfjr ,DljstSlk uSnkfud mik;) tks ewy :iesaHkzw.k osQ tufud ;k vU; fodkjksa dk irk yxkusosQ fy, fodflr fd;k x;k Fkk vc laHkoRk% Hkzw.k

osQ fyax dk irk yxkus vkSj p;ukRed vk/kj ij ckfydk Hkwz.k dksxHkZesa gh u"V dj nsusosQ fy,dkeesa yk;k tkusyxk gSA

oqQN {ks=kksa esa cky L=kh&iq#"k vuqikrksa dk uhpk Lrj bl roZQ dk leFkZu djrk izrhr gksrk gSAvk'p;Ztud rF; rks;g gSfd fuEure cky L=kh&iq#"k vuqikr Hkkjr osQ lclsvf/d le` {ks=kksa

esaik, tkrsgSaA iatkc] gfj;k.kk] paMhx


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lkj.kh 4% Hkkjr eas lk{kjrk dh nj(7 Ok"kZ vkSj mllsvf/d vk;qokyh tula[;k dk izfr'kr)

o"kZ O;fDr iq#"k fL=k;k lk{kjrk nj esa L=kh&iq#"k osQ chp dk varj

1951 18.3 27.2 8.9 18.3

1961 28.3 40.4 15.4 25.1

1971 34.5 46.0 22.0 24.0

1981 43.6 56.4 29.8 26.6

1991 52.2 64.1 39.3 24.8

2001 65.4 75.9 54.2 21.7

ksr% cksl (2001%22)

fofHkUu {ks=kksa esaL=kh&iq#"kksarFkk lkekftd lewgksaesalk{kjrk dh njksa esacgqr fHkUurk ikbZtkrh gSAtSlkfd lkj.kh 4 esans[kk tk ldrk gSfL=k;ksaesalk{kjrk nj iq#"kksadh lk{kjrk nj lsyxHkx 22 degSA gkykfd fL=k;ksa esalk{kjrk iq#"kksaosQ eqdkcys vf/d rskh lsc


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,d le; esao`Qf"k ns'k osQ lexzvkfFkZd mRiknu esa lcls vf/d ;ksxnku nsrh Fkh ysfdu vktldy ?kjsywmRikn esamldk ;ksxnku osQoy ,d&PkkSFkkbZjg x;k gSA ;|fi gekjh vf/dka'k turkxzkeh.k {ks=kksaesajgrh gSvkSj viuh vkthfodk o`Qf"k lsgh pykrh gSij og tksmRiknu oQjrsgSa mldkvkisf{kd vkfFkZd ewY; vR;f/d ?kV x;k gSA ;gkrd dh xkoksa esajgus okysvfkd lsvf/d yksxvc'kk;n [ksrh ;k ;gkrd dh xko esa dke ughadjrsgSaA xzkeh.k yksx ifjogu lsok] O;olk; ;k

f'kYi&fuekZ.k tSls[ksrh lsvyx fHkUu xzkeh.k O;olk;ksadksvf/dkf/d viukrstk jgssgSaA ;fn mudkxkofdlh uxj osQ dkI+kQh ikl gksrksos xko esa jgrsgq, Hkh dke djusosQ fy, jkskkuk ml fudVreuxjh; osaQnzesatkrsgSaA

jsfM;ks] Vsyhfoku] lekpkji=k tSlstulaioZZQ ,oatulapkj osQ lk/u vc xzkeh.k {ks=kksaesajgusokys

yksxkasosQ le{k uxjh; thou 'kSyh vkSj miHkksx osQ Lo:iksadh rLohjsais'k dj jgs gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i]nwjnjkt osQ xkoksaesajgusokys yksx uxjh; rM++d&HkM+d vkSj lq[k&lqfo/kvksals lqifjfpr gkstkrsgSamuesaHkh oSlk gh miHkksxiw.kZthou thusdh ykylk mRiUu gks tkrh gSA tulae.k vkSj tulapkj osQlk/u vc xzkeh.k rFkk uxjh; bykdksaosQ chp dh [kkbZdks ikVrstk jgsgSaA igysHkh] xzkeh.k bykosQckkkj dh rkdrksa dh igqp ls dHkh Hkh vNwrsughajgs vkSj vkt rks fLFkfr ;g gS fd osmiHkksDrkckkkj osQ lkFk cM+h ?kfUk"Brk lstqM+rs tk jgsgSa(ckkkjksadh lkekftd Hkwfedk ij v;k; 4 esappkZdh tk,xh)A

lkj.kh 5%xzkeh.k ,oauxjh; tula[;k

o"kZ tula[;k (nl yk[k esa) oqQy tula[;k dk izfr'kr

xzkeh.k uxjh; xzkeh.k uxjh;

1901 213 26 89.2 10.8

1911 226 26 89.7 10.3

1921 223 28 88.8 11.2

1931 246 33 88.0 12.0

1941 275 44 86.1 13.9

1951 299 62 82.7 17.3

1961 360 79 82.0 18.0

1971 439 109 80.1 19.9

1981 524 159 76.7 23.3

1991 629 218 74.3 25.7

2001 743 286 72.2 27.8

ksr% Hkkjr 2006] ,d okf"kZd lanHkZ

AglaSem S
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