raj board class 12 book - bhartiya itihaas - 1

8/21/2019 Raj Board Class 12 Book - Bhartiya Itihaas - 1

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bVsa] euosQ rFkk vfLFk;kgM+Iik lH;rk

gM+IikbZeqgj (fp=k 1.1) laHkor% gM+Iik vFkok lkq?kkVh lH;rkdh lclsfof'k"V iqjkoLrqgSA lsy[kM+h uked iRFkj lscukbZxbZbueqgjksaij lkekU; :i lstkuojksaosQ fp=k rFkk ,d ,slh fyfi osQ fpmRdhf.kZr gSaftUgsavHkh rd i


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Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;2

ekufp=k 1oqQN egRoiw.kZfodflr gM+Iik iqjkLFkyjs[kkfp=kiSekuk ugha fn;k x;k gSA

ekaMk

gM+Iik

cukoyh

jk[khx


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3bVsa] euosQ rFkk vfLFk;k

osQ fo'ks"kK gksrs gSaA gM+Iik LFkyksals feysvukt osQ nkuksaesaxsgw] tkS] nky] lI+ksQn pukrFkk fry 'kkfey gSaA cktjsosQ nkusxqtjkr osQLFkyksalsizkIr gq, FksA pkoy osQ nkusvis{kkrde ik, x, gSaA

gM+Iik LFkyksalsfeyh tkuojksadh gf;ksaesaeosf'k;ksa] HksM+] cdjh] HkSal rFkk lwvj dhgf;k 'kkfey gaSA iqjk&izkf.kfoKkfu;ksavFkoktho&iqjkrRofonksa}kjk fd, x, v;;uksalslaosQr feyrk gSfd ;slHkh tkuoj ikyrwFksAtaxyh iztkfr;ksatSlsojkg (lwvj)] fgj.k rFkk?kfM+;ky dh gf;kHkh feyh gSaA ge ;g ughatku ik, gSa fd gM+Iik&fuoklh Lo;a butkuojksa dk f'kdkj djrs Fks vFkok vU;vk[ksVd&leqnk;ksals budk ekal izkIr djrsFksA eNyh rFkk if{k;ksadh gf;kHkh feyh gSaA

2.1f"k izkS|ksfxdh

gkykfd vukt osQ nkuksalsf"k osQ laosQr

feyrs gSa ij okLrfod f"k fofk;ksa osQfo"k; esaLi"V tkudkjh feyuk dfBu gSA D;k tqrsgq, [ksrksaesachtksadk fNM+dko fd;k tkrk Fkk\ eqgjksa ij fd, x, js[kkadu rFkke`.ewr;k ;g bafxr djrh gSafd o`"kHk osQ fo"k; esatkudkjh Fkh vkSjbl vkkkj ij iqjkrRofon ;g ekursgSafd [ksr tksrusosQ fy, cSyksadk iz;ksx gksrk FkkA lkFk gh pksfyLrku osQ dbZLFkyksavkSj cukoyh(gfj;k.kk) lsfe^h lscusgy osQ izfr:i feysgSaA blosQ vfrfjDriqjkrRofonksadksdkyhcaxu (jktLFkku) uked LFkku ij tqrsgq, [ksrdk lk{; feyk gStksvkjafHkd gM+Iik Lrjksalslac gSA bl [ksr esa

gy js[kkvksaosQ nkslewg ,d&nwljsdks ledks.k ij dkVrsgq, fo|ekuFkstksn'kkZrsgaSfd ,d lkFk nksvyx&vyx I+kQlysamxkbZtkrh FkhaA

iqjkrRofonksa us I+kQlyksa dh dVkbZ osQ fy, iz;qDr vkSkkjksa dksigpkuusdk iz;kl Hkh fd;k gSA D;k gM+Iik lH;rk osQ yksx ydM+hosQ gRFkksaesafcBk, x, iRFkj osQ iQydksadk iz;ksx djrsFks;k fiQjoskkrqosQ vkSkkjksadk iz;ksx djrsFks\

vfkdka'k gM+Iik LFky vkZ&'kq"d {ks=kksaesafLFkr gSa tgk laHkor%f"k osQ fy, lpkbZdh vko';drk iM+rh gksxhA vI+kQxkfuLrku esa'kksrqZ?kbZuked gM+Iik LFky lsugjksaosQ oqQN vo'ks"k feysgSa] ijarq

iatkc vkSj lk esa ughaA ,slk laHko gSfd izkphu ugjsacgqr igys ghxkn lsHkj xbZFkhaA ,slk Hkh gksldrk gSfd oqQvksalsizkIr ikuh dk

ppkZdhft,---ekufp=k 1 rFkk2dh vkil esa rqyukdhft, rFkk buesa cfLr;ksaosQ forj.k esa

lekurkvksarFkk vlekurkvksadh lwph cukb,A

fp=k 1.3idh feh ls cuk o`"kHk

ekufp=k 2vkjafHkd gM+IikbZ laLfrosQ {ks=kjs[kkfp=kiSekuk ughafn;k x;k gSA

vkejh&uky

vjc lkxj

naclknkrl

k

dksVnhth

flloy

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D;k vkidksyxrk gSfdbu vkSkkjksa dk iz;ksx iQly dVkbZosQ fy,fd;k tkrk gksxk\

fp=k 1.5kkSykohjk ls feyk tyk'k;A blosQjktfxjh&dk;Z ij ;ku nhft,A

iqjkrRofon or Zeku le; dh rqyukvks a ls ;g le>us dkiz;kl djrs gSa fd izkphu i qjkoLrq, fdl i z;ksx esa yk;h tkrhFkhaA eSosQ [kksth xbZ oLrq dh rqyuk vktdy dh pfDd;ksa lsdj jg s Fks\ D;k ;g ,d mi;ksxh uhfr gS\

ppkZdhft,---vkgkj lacakh vknrksa dks tkuus osQ fy,

iqjkrRofon fdu lk{;ksadk bLrseky djrsgSaA

fp=k 1.4kkrq osQ vkSkkj

fp=k 1.6

vory pDdh

ksr 1

iz;ksx lpkbZ osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gksA blosQ vfrfjDr kkSykohjk(xqtjkr) esa feystyk'k;ksadk iz;ksx laHkor% f"k osQ fy, tylap;u gsrqfd;k tkrk FkkA

iqjkoLrqvksadh igpku oSQlsdh tkrh gS

Hkkstu rS;kj djusdh izf;k esavukt ihlusosQ ;a=k rFkk mUgsavkilesafeykus] feJ.k djusrFkk idkusosQ fy, cjruksa dh vko';drkFkhA bu lHkh dksiRFkj] kkrqrFkk fe^h lscuk;k tkrk FkkA ;gk,d

egRoiw.kZ gM+Iik LFky eksgutksnM+ks esa gq, mR[kuuksa ij lclsvkjafHkd fjiksVks esals,d lsoqQN mj.k fn, tk jgsgSa%vory pfDd;k--- cM+h la[;k esafeyh gSa--- vkSj ,slk izrhr gksrk

gSfd vukt ihlusosQ fy, iz;qDr ;s,dek=k lkku FkhaA lkkkj.kr%;spfDd;kLFkwyr% dBksj] oaQdjhys] vfXut vFkok cyqvk iRFkj lsfufeZr FkhavkSj vkerkSj ij bulsvR;fkd iz;ksx osQ laosQr feyrsgSaApwfd bu pfDd;ksaosQ ry lkekU;r;k mky gSa] fuf'pr :i lsbUgsakehu esavFkok fe^h esatek dj j[kk tkrk gksxk ftllsbUgsafgyuslsjksdk tk losQA nkseq[; izdkj dh pfDd;kfeyh gSaA ,d osgSa

ftu ij ,d nwljk NksVk iRFkj vkxs&ihNspyk;k tkrk Fkk] ftllsfupyk iRFkj [kks[kyk gksx;k Fkk] rFkk nwljh osgSaftudk iz;ksxlaHkor% osQoy lkyu ;k rjh cukusosQ fy, tM+h&cwfV;ksarFkk elkyksadksowQVusosQ fy, fd;k tkrk FkkA bu nwljsizdkj osQ iRFkjksadksgekjsJfedksa}kjk lkyu iRFkj* dk uke fn;k x;k gSrFkk gekjsckophZus

,d ;gh iRFkj jlksbZesaiz;ksx osQ fy, laxzgky; lsmkkj ekxk gSAvuZsLV eSosQ] iQnZj ,DloSQos'kUl ,V eksgutksnM+ks] 1937lsm`r

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AglaSem School
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3.2

xg LFkkiR;eksgutksnM+ksdk fupyk 'kgj vkoklh; HkouksaosQ mnkgj.k izLrqr djrkgSA buesalsdbZ,d vkxu ij osaQfnzr FksftlosQ pkjksavksj dejs cusFksA laHkor% vkxu] [kkuk idkusvkSj drkbZdjustSlh xfrfofk;ksadkosaQnzFkk] [kkl rkSj lsxeZvkSj 'qk"d ekSle esaA ;gkdk ,d vU;jkspd igywyksxksa }kjk viuh ,dkarrk dksfn;k tkusokyk ego Fkk%Hkwfe ry ij cuh nhokjksaesa f[kM+fd;kughagSaA blosQ vfrfjDr eq[;}kj lsvkarfjd Hkkx vFkok vkxu dk lhkk voyksdu ughagksrk gSA

gj ?kj dk bVksaosQ I+kQ'kZls cuk viuk ,d Luku?kj gksrk Fkk

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3.3

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4.

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4.2^foykflrk* dh oLrqvksadh [kkstlkekftd fHkUurk dksigpkuusdh ,d vU; fofk gS,slh iqjkoLrqvksa

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laHkor% dherh ekustkrs Fks D;ksafd bUgsacukuk dfBu FkkA

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fp=k 1.12I+kQ;kWUl ls cuk ,d ik=k

AglaSem School
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AglaSem School
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eqgjksavkSj eqnzkaduksadk iz;ksx yach nwjh osQ laidksdkslqfokktud cukusosQ fy, gksrk FkkA dYiuk dhft, fd lkeku lsHkjk ,d FkSyk ,dLFkku lsnwljsLFkku rd Hkstk x;kA mldk eq[k jLlh lsckkk x;k vkSjxkB ij FkksM+h xhyh fe^h tek dj ,d ;k vfkd eqgjksalsnck;k x;k]ftllsfe^h ij eqgjksadh Nki iM+xbZA ;fn bl FkSysosQ viusxarO;LFkku ij igqpusrd eqnzkadu v{kq..k jgk rksbldk vFkZFkk fd FkSysosQ lkFk fdlh izdkj dh NsM+&NkM+ughadh xbZFkhA eqnzkadu lsisz"kddh igpku dk Hkh irk pyrk FkkA

7.2

,d jgL;e; fyfilkekU;r% gM+IikbZeqgjksaij ,d iafDr esaoqQN fy[kk gStkslaHkor%ekfyd osQ uke o inoh dksn'kkZrk gSA fo}kuksa us;g lq>ko Hkh fn;kgSfd bu ij cuk fp=k (vkerkSj ij ,d tkuoj) vui


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7.3

ckVfofue; ckVksadh ,d lw{e ;k ifj'kq iz.kkyh }kjk fu;af=kr FksA ;sckVlkekU;r% pVZuked iRFkj lscuk, tkrsFksvkSj vkerkSj ij ;sfdlhHkh rjg osQ fu'kku lsjfgr ?kukdkj (fp=k 1.2) gksrsFksA bu ckVksaosQfupysekunaM f}vkkkjh (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32bR;kfn 12,800rd) Fkstcfd ijh ekunaM n'keyo iz.kkyh dk vuqlj.k djrsFksANksVsckVksadk iz;ksx laHkor% vkHkw"k.kksavkSj eudksadksrkSyusosQ fy,fd;k tkrk FkkA kkrqlscusrjktwosQ iyM+sHkh feysgSaA

8.izkphu lkkgM+IikbZlekt esatfVy iSQlysysusvkSj mUgsadk;kZfUor djusosQlaosQr feyrsgSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] gM+IikbZiqjkoLrqvksaesavlkkkj.k,d:irk dksgh ysa] tSlk fd e`nHkk.Mksa(fp=k 1.14)] eqgjksa] ckVksarFkk bVksals Li"V gSA egRoiw.kZckr ;g gSfd bVsa] ftudk mRiknuLi"V :i lsfdlh ,d osaQnzij ughagksrk Fkk] tEewlsxqtjkr rdiwjs {ks=k esa leku vuqikr dh FkhaA geus ;g Hkh ns[kk gS fdvyx&vyx dkj.kksa ls cfLr;k fo'ks"k LFkkuksa ij vko';drkuqlkjLFkkfir dh xbZFkhaA blosQ vfrfjDr bVsa cukusvkSj fo'kky nhokjksa rFkkpcwrjksa osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, Je laxfBr fd;k x;k FkkA

bu lHkh f;kdykiksadks dkSu laxfBr djrk Fkk\

8.1izklkn rFkk 'kkldlkk osQ osaQnzvFkok lkkkkjh yksxksaosQ fo"k; esaiqjkrkfRod fooj.kgesadksbZRofjr mkj ughansrsA iqjkrRofonksauseksgutksnM+ksesafeys,dfo'kky Hkou dks,d izklkn dh laKk nh ijarqbllslac dksbZHkO;oLrq,ugha feyh gSaA ,d iRFkj dh ewfrZdks^iqjksfgr&jktk* dh laKknh xbZFkh vkSj ;g uke vkt Hkh izpfyr gSA ,slk blfy, gSD;ksafdiqjkrRofon eslksiksVkfe;k osQ bfrgkl rFkk ogkosQ ^iqjksfgr&jktkvksa* ls

ifjfpr FksvkSj ;gh lekurk,mUgksaus lkq{ks=k esaHkh


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fu;ksftr cfLr;ksa osQ lk{;ksa] bVksa osQ vkdkj esafuf'pr vuqikr] rFkkcfLr;ksaosQ dPps&eky osQ ksrksaosQ lehi laLFkkfir gksuslsLi"V gSAvHkh rd dh fLFkfr esavafre ifjdYiuk lcls;qfDrlaxr izrhr gksrhgSD;ksafd ;g dnkfpr~laHko ughayxrk fd iwjs osQ iwjsleqnk;ksa}kjkbds,sls tfVy fu.kZ; fy, rFkk dk;kZfUor fd, tkrsgksaxsA

9.lH;rk dk var,slslk{; feysgSaftuosQ vuqlkj yxHkx 1800bZlk iwoZrd pksfyLrku tSls{ks=kksaesavfkdka'k

fodflr gM+Iik LFkyksadks R;kx fn;k x;k FkkAblosQ lkFk gh xqtjkr] gfj;k.kk rFkk if'peh mkjizns'k dh u;h cfLr;ksaesavkcknh c


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,d vke.k* osQ lk{;MSMeSu ysu ,d ldjh xyh gS] ftldh pkSM+kbZ3ls6I+kQhV rd ifjorhZgS- - - - og cnqtgk ;gxyh if'pe dh vksj eqM+rh gS] 4I+kQhV rFkk 2bap dh xgjkbZij ,d [kksiM+h dk Hkkx rFkk ,d o;Lddh Nkrh rFkk gkFk osQ ijh Hkkx dh gf;kfeyh FkhaA ;slHkh cgqr HkqjHkqjh voLFkk esa FkhaA ;g kM+ihB osQ cy] xyh esavkM+k iM+k gqvk FkkA if'pe dh vksj 15bap dh nwjh ij ,d NksVh [kksiM+h osQoqQN VqdM+sFksA bl xyh dk uke bUghavo'ks"kksaij vkkkfjr gSAtkWu ek'kZy] eksgutksnM+ks,aM n baMl flfoykbZks'ku] 1931ls m`rA

1925esaeksgutksnM+ksosQ blh Hkkx lslksyg yksxksaosQ vfLFk&iatj mu vkHkw"k.kksalfgr feysFkstks

bUgksause`R;qosQ le; igus gq, FksAcgqr le; i'pkr 1947esavkj-bZ-,e- Oghyj us tks Hkkjrh; iqjkrkfRod loZs{k.k osQ rRdkyhu

Mk;jsDVj tujy Fks] bu iqjkrkfRod lk{;ksadk miegk}hi esaKkr izkphure xzaFk Xosn osQ lk{;ksalslacakLFkkfir djusdk iz;kl fd;kA mUgksausfy[kk%

Xosn esaiqj 'kCndk mYys[k gSftldk vFkZgSizkphj] fdyk ;k x


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10.gM+Iik lH;rk dh [kkstvc rd geusgM+Iik lH;rk osQ fofHkUu igyqvksadk fo'ys"k.k bllanHkZesafd;k gSfd fdl izdkj iqjkrRofonksa usHkkSfrd vo'ks"kksalsizkIr lk{;ksaosQ ek;e ls,d vkd"kZd bfrgkl osQ vyx&vyxva'kksadks ,d lkFk tksM+k gSA ysfdu ,d vkSj dgkuh Hkh gSfd fdlizdkj iqjkrRofonksauslH;rk dh ^[kkst* dhA

tc gM+Iik lH;rk osQ 'kgj u"V gksx, rksyksx khjs&khjsmuosQfo"k; esalc oqQN Hkwy x,A tc yksxksausbl {ks=k esalgkfCn;ksacknjguk vkjaHk fd;k rc os;g ughale> ik, fd ck


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iqjkLFky] Vhys] LrjiqjkrkfRod iqjkLFkyoLrqvksavkSj lajpukvksaosQ fuekZ.k] iz;ksx vkSj fiQj mUgsaR;kxfn, tkuslscursgSaA tc yksx ,d ghLFkku ij fu;fer :i ls jgrs gSarksHkwfe&[kaM osQ vuojr mi;ksx rFkk iqu%mi;ksx ls vkoklh; eycksadk fuekZ.kgks tkrk gS ftUgsa Vhyk dgrs gSaAvYidkyhu ;k LFkk;h ifjR;kx dh

fLFkfr esa gok ;k ikuh dh f;k'khyrkvkSj dVko osQ dkj.k Hkwfe&[kaM osQLo:i esacnyko vk tkrk gSA bu VhyksaesafeysLrjksalsizkIr izkphu oLrqvksa lsvkokl dk irk pyrk gSA ;sLrj ,dnwljsls jax] izfr vkSj buesa feyhiqjkoLrqvksaosQ lanHkZesafHkUu gksrsgSaAifjR;Dr Lrjksa] ftUgsa ^catj Lrj** dgktkrk gS] dh igpku bu lHkh y{k.kksaosQvHkko lsdh tkrh gSA

lkekU; rkS j ij lcl s fupysLrj izkphure vk Sj lcl s ijh]uohure gksrs gSaA bu Lrjksa osQ v;;udks Lrj e foKku dgk tkrk gSALrjk sa esa feyh iqjkoLrqvksa dk s fo'k s"klkaLfrd dky&[k aMksa ls lac fd;ktk ldrk gS ftlls ,d iqj kLFkydk iwj k lkaLfrd e irk fd;ktk ldrk g SA

gh gqvk Fkk (v;k; 2nsf[k,)A mudh lqfuf'pr vokkj.kk osQ pyrs;g dksbZvk'p;Zdh ckr ughagSfd og gM+Iik osQ ego dksle>usesapwd x,A

10.2,d uohu izkphu lH;rkdkykarj esachloha'krkCnh osQ vkjafHkd n'kdksaesan;k jke lkguh tSlsiqjkrRofonksausgM+Iik esaeqgjsa[kkst fudkyhatksfuf'pr :i lsvkjafHkd,sfrgkfld Lrjksalsdghavfkd izkphu Lrjksalslac FkhaA vc buosQego dksle>k tkusyxkA ,d vU; iqjkrRofon jk[kky nkl cuthZusgM+Iik lsfeyh eqgjksaosQ leku eqgjsaeksgutksnM+ksls[kkst fudkyhaftllsvuqeku yxk;k x;k fd ;snksuksaiqjkLFky ,d gh iqjkrkfRodlaLfr osQ Hkkx FksA bUgha[kkstksa osQ vkkkj ij 1924esa Hkkjrh;iqjkrkfRod loZs{k.k osQ Mk;jsDVj tujy tkWu ek'kZy usiwjs fo'o osQle{k lkq?kkVh esa,d uohu lH;rk dh [kkst dh ?kks"k.kk dhA tSlkfd ,l-,u- jko] n LVksjh vkWI+kQ bafM;u vkfoZQ;ksykWth]esafy[krsgSa]^^ek'kZy usHkkjr dkstgkik;k Fkk] mlsmllsrhu gkkj o"kZihNsNksM+k,slk blfy, Fkk D;ksafd eslksiksVkfe;k osQ iqjkLFkyksaesagq, mR[kuuksalsgM+Iik iqjkLFkyksaij feyh eqgjksatSlh] ij rc rd igpkuh u tk ldha]

eqgjsafeyh FkhaA bl izdkj fo'o dksu osQoy ,d u;h lH;rk dhtkudkjh feyh] ij ;g Hkh fd og eslksiksVkfe;k osQ ledkyhu FkhAHkkjrh; iqjkrkfRod loZs{k.k osQ Mk;jsDVj tujy osQ :i esatkWu

ek'kZy dk dk;Zdky okLro esa Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo esa ,d O;kidifjorZu dk dky FkkA os Hkkjr esa dk;Z djus okys igys is'ksojiqjkrRofon FksvkSj os;gk;wuku rFkk hV esavius dk;ksdk vuqHkoHkh yk,A gkykfd vfkd egRoiw.kZckr ;g gSfd du?ke dh rjggh mUgsaHkh vkd"kZd [kkstksaesafnypLih Fkh] ij muesanSfud thoudh ifr;ksadkstkuusdh Hkh mRlqdrk FkhA

fp=k 1.25,d NksVs Vhys dk LrjfoU;kl

;ku ls ns[kus ij irk pysxk fd ;s Lrj lnSo {kSfrt ugha gSaA

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AglaSem School
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feysgSa] ij igukososQ fo"k; esatkuusosQ fy, gesavizR;{k lk{;ksa]tSlsewr;ksaesafp=k.k ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA

AglaSem School
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iqjkrRofonksadkslanHkZdh :ijs[kkvksadksfodflr djuk iM+rk gSAgeusns[kk gSfd igyh izkIr gM+IikbZeqgj dksrc rd ughale>ktk ldk tc rd iqjkrRofonksadks mlsle>usosQ fy, lgh lanHkZughafeykA lkaLfrd vuqe ftlesaog feyh Fkh rFkk eslksiksVkfe;kesagqbZ[kkstksadh rqyuk] nksuksaosQ lacak esaaA

11.2O;k[;k dh leL;k,iqjkrkfRod O;k[;k dh leL;k,laHkor% lclsvfkd kkfeZd izFkkvksaosQ iquuekZ.k osQ iz;klksaesalkeusvkrh gSaA vkjafHkd iqjkrRofonksadksyxrk Fkk fd oqQN oLrq, tksvlkekU; vkSj vifjfpr yxrh FkhalaHkor% kkfeZd ego dh gksrh FkhaA buesavkHkw"k.kksalsynh gqbZukjhe`.ewr;kftuesalsoqQN osQ 'kh"kZij foLrr izlkku Fks] 'kkfey gSaAbUgsaekr`nsfo;ksadh laKk nh xbZFkhA iq#"kksadh nqyZHk iRFkj lscuhewr;kftuesamUgsa,d yxHkx ekudhr eqnzk esa,d gkFk ?kqVusijj[k cSBk gqvk fn[kk;k x;k Fkk] tSlk fd ^iqjksfgr&jktk*] dks Hkh blhizdkj oxhZr fd;k x;k FkkA vU; n`"Vkarksaesa] lajpukvksadksvkuq"Bkfudego dk ekuk x;k gSA buesafo'kky Lukukxkj rFkk dkyhcaxu vkSjyksFky lsfeyh osfn;klfEefyr gSaA

eqgjksaftuesalsoqQN ij laHkor% vuq"Bku osQ n`'; cusgSa] osQ ijh{k.klskkfeZd vkLFkkvksavkSj izFkkvksadksiquuer djusdk iz;kl Hkh fd;kx;k gSA oqQN vU; ftu ij isM+&ikSksmRdhf.kZr gSa] ekU;rkuqlkj izfrdh iwtk osQ laosQr nsrsgSaA eqgjksaij cuk, x, oqQN tkuojtSlsfd ,dlhax okyk tkuoj] ftlsvkerkSj ij ,d k`axh dgk tkrk gSdfYir rFkklaf'y"V yxrsgSaA oqQN eqgjksaij ,d vkfr ftlsikyFkh ekj dj^;ksxh* dh eqnzk esacSBk fn[kk;k x;k gSvkSj dHkh&dHkh ftlstkuojksalsf?kjk n'kkZ;k x;k gS] dks^vk| f'ko*] vFkkZr~gnwkeZosQ izeq[k nsorkvksaesals,d dk vkjafHkd :i dh laKk nh xbZgSA blosQ vfrfjDr iRFkj

dh 'kaDokdkj oLrqvksadksyx osQ :i esaoxhZr fd;k x;k gSAgM+IikbZkeZosQ dbZiqufuZekZ.k bl vuqeku osQ vkkkj ij fd, x,gSa fd vkjafHkd rFkk ckn dh ijaijkvksaesa lekurk,gksrh gSaA ,slkblfy, gksrk gSD;ksafd vfkdka'kr% iqjkrRofon Kkr lsvKkr dh vksjc


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dh ikSjkf.kd ijaijkvksaesaf'ko osQ fy, iz;qDr ,d uke gS(igyhlgkfCn bZloh esa% v;k; 4Hkh nsf[k,)A ysfdu f'ko osQ foijhr#nzdksXosnesau rksi'kqifr (lkekU; :i lstkuojksa vkSj fo'ks"k:i lseosf'k;ksaosQ Lokeh) vkSj u gh ,d ;ksxh osQ :i esafn[kk;kx;k gSA nwljs'kCnksaesa] ;g fp=k.k Xosn esafn, x, #nzosQ fooj.klsesy ugha[kkrkA fiQj D;k ;g dksbZ'keu Fkk] tSlk fd oqQN fo}kuksauslq>k;k gS\

brus n'kdksaesa gq, iqjkrkfRod dk;ksdh D;k miyfCk gS\ gM+IikbZvFkZO;oLFkk osQ ckjsesavc gekjh tkudkjh oqQN csgrj gSA ge lkekftdfHkUurkvksadh xqRFkh lqy>kusesaliQy gq, gSavkSj lH;rk dh dk;Ziz.kkyhosQ fo"k; esagekjh tkudkjh oqQN c


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dkyjs[kk 1vkjafHkd Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo osQ izeq[k dky[kaM

20yk[k o"kZ fuEu iqjkik"kk.k (orZeku ls iwoZ)

80,000 e; iqjkik"k k.k

35,000 mPp iqjkik"k k.k

12,000 e; ik"kk.k

10,000 uoik"kk.k (vkj afHkd "kd rFkk i'kqikyd)6,000 rkezik"k k.k (rk cs dk igyh ckj iz;ksx)

2600bZ- iw- gM+Iik lH;rk

1000bZ- iw- vkjafHkd ykSgdky] egkik"kk.k 'kokkku

600bZ- iw -400bZ- iw- vkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld dky

dkyjs[kk 2gM+IikbZiqjkrRo osQ fodkl osQ izeq[k pj.k

mUuhloha 'krkCnh

1875 gM+Iikb Z eqgj ij du?ke dh fjiksVZ

chloh a 'krkCnh

1921 ekk ks Lo:i oRl }kjk gM+Iik esa mR[kuuksa dk vkj aHk

1925 eksgutksnM+k s esa mR[kuuks a dk izkj aHk1946 vkj-bZ-,e- Oghyj }kjk gM+Iik esa mR[kuu

1955 ,l-vkj- jko }kjk yksFky esa [kqnkb Z dk vkjaHk

1960 ch-ch- yky rFkk ch-o sQ- Fkkij osQ usr `Ro esa dkyhcaxu esa mR[kuuks a dk vkjaHk

1974 ,e-vkj- eqxy }kjk cgkoyiqj esa vUo s"k.k ksa dk vkjaHk

1980 teZu&brkoyh la;qDr ny }kjk eksgutk snM+ ks esa lrg&vUos"k.k ksa dk vkjaHk

1986 vejhdh ny }kjk gM+Iik esa mR[kuuksa dk vkjaHk

1990 vkj-,l- fc"V }kjk kkSykohjk esa mR[kuuksa dk vkjaHk

lHkh frfFk;k vuqekfur gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr miegk}hi osQ vyx&vyx Hkkxksaesagq, fodkl dh izf;k esaO;kid fofokrk,gSaA ;gk nh xbZ frfFk;k gj pj.k osQ izkphure lk{; dks bafxr djrh gSaA

AglaSem School
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mkj nhft, (yxHkx100-150'kCnksaesa)

1. gM+Iik lH;rk osQ 'kgjksaesayksxksa dksmiyCk Hkkstu lkexzh dh lwphcukb,A bu oLrqvksadksmiyCk djkusokyslewgksa dh igpku dhft,A

2. iqjkrRofon gM+IikbZ lekt es alkekftd&vkfFkZd fHkUurkvksadk irkfdl izdkj yxkrsgSa\ osdkSu lh

fHkUurkvksaij ;ku nsrsgSa\

3. D;k vki bl rF; lslger gSa fdgM+Iik lH;rk osQ 'kgjksadh tyfudkl iz.kkyh] uxj&;kstuk dh vksjlaosQr djrh gS\ vius mkj osQdkj.k crkb,A

4. gM+Iik lH;rk esaeuosQ cukusosQfy, iz;qDr inkFkks dh lwph cukb,A

dksbZHkh ,d izdkj dk eudk cukusdh izf;k dk o.kZu dhft,A

5. fp=k 1dksnsf[k, vkSj mldk o.kZudhft,A 'ko fdl izdkj j[kk x;kgS\ mlosQ lehi dkSu lh oLrq,j[kh xbZ gSa\ D;k 'kjhj ij dksbZiqjkoLrq,gSa\ D;k bulsoaQdky osQyx dk irk pyrk gS\

fp=k 1-30,d gM+IikbZ'kokkku

AglaSem School
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fuEufyf[kr ij ,d y?kqfucak fyf[k,(yxHkx 500'kCnksaesa)

6. eksgutksnM+ksdh oqQN fof'k"Vrkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

7. gM+Iik lH;rk esaf'kYi mRiknu osQ fy, vko';d dPpseky dhlwph cukb, rFkk ppkZdhft, fd ;sfdl izdkj izkIr fd, tkrsgksaxsA

8. ppkZdhft, fd iqjkrRofon fdl izd

raj board class 12 book - bhartiya itihaas - 1

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