raj board class 12 book - bhartiya itihaas - 3

8/12/2019 Raj Board Class 12 Book - Bhartiya Itihaas - 3

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257mifuos'kokn vkSj nsgkr

bl v;k; easvki ;g ns[ksaxsfd vkSifuosf'kd 'kkludk vFkZmu yksxksaosQ fy, D;k Fkk tksnsgkr esajgrs

FksA bl v;k; osQ ek;e lsvki caxky osQ kehankjksalsfeysaxs] mu jktegy dh igkfM+;ksadh ;k=kk djsaxstgkigkfM+;k vkSj laFkky yksx jgrsFks vkSj fiQj ogklsnDdu dh vksj vkxscrs FksA ,slk djrsle; yksx ;g Hkh Li"V djusdk iz;Ru djrs Fksfd O+kQkuwu fdl izdkj ykxwfd,tkus pkfg,] vkSj bl izdkj osmuosQ ifj.kkeksaesa oqQNisQj&cny dj nsrsFksA

vki mu ksrksaosQ ckjsesaHkh tku ik,xs tksgesabubfrgklksaosQ ckjs esacrkrsgSalkFk gh bu leL;kvksaosQckjs esa Hkh tksbfrgkldkjksaosQ lkeus bl laca/ esamifLFkr gksrh gSaA vki jktLo vfHkys[kksavkSj losZ{k.kksa]i=k&if=kdkvksarFkk losZ{kdksa,oa;kf=k;ksa}kjk NksM+sx,fooj.kksavkSj tkp vk;ksxksa}kjk izLrqr dh xbZfjiksVksosQ ckjsesa Hkh i


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258 Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;

1- caxky vkSj ogkosQ kehankjtSlk fd vki tkursgSa] vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu loZizFke caxky esaLFkkfirfd;k x;k FkkA ;gh og izkar Fkk tgk ij lclsigysxzkeh.k lekt dksiquO;ZofLFkr djusvkSj Hkwfe laca/h vf/dkjksadh u;h O;oLFkk rFkk,d u;h jktLo iz.kkyh LFkkfir djusosQ iz;Ru fd, x, FksA vkb,];g ns[ksafd oaQiuh 'kklu osQ izkjafHkd o"kksesacaxky esaD;k gqvkA

1-1 cnZoku esadh xbZuhykeh dh ,d ?kVuk

lu~1797 esa cnZoku (vkt osQ cZeku) esa,d uhykeh dh xbZA ;g,d cM+h lkoZtfud ?kVuk FkhA cnZoku osQ jktk }kjk /kfjr vusd

egky (Hkwlaink,) cspstk jgsFksA lu~1793 esabLrejkjh cankscLrykxwgksx;k FkkA bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh usjktLo dh jkf'k fuf'pr djnh Fkh tksizR;sd kehankj dksvnk djuh gksrh FkhA tkskehankj viuhfuf'pr jkf'k ughapqdk ikrsFksmuls jktLo olwy djusosQ fy,mudh laink,uhyke dj nh tkrh FkhaA pwfd cnZoku osQ jktk ijjktLo dh cM+h Hkkjh jde cdk;k Fkh] blfy, mldh laink,uhykedh tkusokyh FkhaA

uhykeh esa cksyh yxkus osQ fy, vusd [+kjhnnkj vk, Fks vkSjlaink,(egky) lclsmQph cksyh yxkusokysdkscsp nh xbA ysfdu

dysDVj dksrqjar gh bl lkjh dgkuh esa,d vthc isap fn[kkbZnsx;kA mlstkuusesavk;k fd muesalsvusd [+kjhnnkj] jktk osQ viusgh ukSdj ;k ,tsaV FksvkSj mUgksausjktk dh vksj lsgh kehuksadks[+kjhnk FkkA uhykeh esa95 izfr'kr lsvf/d fcozQh I+kQthZFkhA oSlsrksjktk dh kehusa[kqysrkSj ij csp nh xbZFkhaij mudh kehankjh dkfu;a=k.k mlh osQ gkFkksaesajgk FkkA

jktk oaQiuh dksjktLo D;ksa ughavnk dj ik;k Fkk\ uhykeh esa[+kjhnnkj dkSu Fks\ ;g dgkuh ml le; iwohZHkkjr osQ xzkeh.k {ks=kksaesaD;k gksjgk Fkk] blosQ ckjsesagesaD;k crkrh gS\

1-2 vnk u fd, x, jktLo dh leL;kvosQyscnZoku jkt dh kehusagh ,slh laink,ughaFkhatksvBkjgoha'krkCnh osQ vafre o"kksesacsph xbZFkhaA bLrejkjh cankscLr ykxwfd, tkusosQ ckn 75 izfr'kr lsvf/d kehankfj;kgLrkarfjr dj nh xbZFkhaA

fczfV'k vf/dkjh ;g vk'kk djrs Fks fd bLrejkjh cankscLr ykxwfd, tkuslsoslHkh leL;k,gy gkstk,xh tkscaxky dh fot; osQle; lsgh muosQ le{k mifLFkr gksjgh FkhaA 1770 osQ n'kd rdvkrs&vkrs] caxky dh xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk ladV osQ nkSj lsxqtjusyxhFkh D;ksafd ckj&ckj vdky iM+jgsFksvkSj [ksrh dh iSnkokj ?kVrh tk

jgh FkhA vf/dkjh yksx ,slk lksprsFksfd [ksrh] O;kikj vkSj jkT; osQjktLo lalk/u lc rHkh fodflr fd, tk losaQxstc oQf"k esafuos'k

^jktk* 'kCn dk iz;ksx vdlj 'kfDr'kkyhkehankjksaosQ fy, fd;k tkrk FkkA

fp=k 10-2cnZoku osQ jktk dk Mk;eaM gkcZj jksM]dydkk fLFkr jktegy19oha'krkCnh osQ vafre n'kdksard caxkyosQ cgqr ls/uh kehankjksausviusfy,lqanjfo'kky LraHkksaokysjktegy cuokfy, Fksftuesa u`R;d{k] cM+s&cM+seSnku]'kkunkj izos'k }kj FksA

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dks izksRlkgu fn;k tk,xk vkSj ,slk rHkh fd;k tk losQxk tc laifkosQ vf/dkj izkIr dj fy, tk,xs vkSj jktLo ekx dh njksadksLFkk;h:i lsr; dj fn;k tk,xkA ;fn jkT; (ljdkj) dh jktLo ekxLFkk;h :i ls fu/kZfjr dj nh xbZrksoaQiuh jktLo dh fu;fer izkfIrdh vk'kk dj losQxh vkSj m|edrkZHkh viusiwth&fuos'k ls,dfuf'pr ykHk dekusdh mEehn j[k losaQxs] D;ksafd jkT; viusnkosesaof djosQ ykHk dh jkf'k ughaNhu losQxkA vf/dkfj;ksadks;gvk'kk Fkh fd bl izfozQ;k ls NksVs fdlkuksa (;kseWu) vkSj /uhHkwLokfe;ksadk ,d ,slk oxZmRiUu gkstk,xk ftlosQ ikl o`Qf"k esa

lqkkj djusosQ fy, iwth vkSj m|e nksuksagksaxsA mUgsa;g Hkh mEehnFkh fd fczfV'k 'kklu lsikyu&iks"k.k vkSj izksRlkgu ikdj] ;g oxZoaQiuh osQ izfr oI+kQknkj cuk jgsxkA

ysfdu leL;k ;g irk yxkus dh Fkh fd os dkSu ls O;fDRk gSatks o`Qf"k esa lq/kj djus osQ lkFk&lkFk jkT; dks fu/kZfjr jktLo vnkdjus dk Bsdk ys losaQxsA oaQiuh osQ vf/dkfj;ksa osQ chp ijLijyacs okn&fookn osQ ckn] caxky osQ jktkvksa vkSj rkYyqdnkjksa osQlkFk bLrejkjh cankscLr ykxw fd;k x;kA vc mUgsa kehankjksa osQ :iesa oxh Zo`Qr fd;k x;k vkSj mUgsa lnk osQ fy, ,d fu/k Zfjr jktLo

ekx dks vnk djuk FkkA bl ifjHkk"kk osQ vuqlkj] kehankj xko esaHkw&Lokeh ugha Fkk] cfYd og jkT; dk jktLo lekgrkZ ;kuh(laxzkgd) ek=k FkkAkehankjksaosQ uhpsvusd (dHkh&dHkh rks400 rd) xko gksrsFksA

oaQiuh osQ fglkc ls] ,d kehankjh osQ Hkhrj vkusokysxko feykdj,d jktLo laink dk :i ysysrsFksA oaQiuh leLr laink ij oqQyekx fu/kZfjr djrh FkhA rnksijkar] kehankj ;g fu/kZfjr djrk Fkk fdfHkUu&fHkUu xkoksals jktLo dh fdruh&fdruh ekx iwjh djuh gksxh]vkSj fiQj kehankj mu xkoksalsfu/kZfjr jktLo jkf'k bdh djrk FkkA

kehankj ls;g vis{kk dh tkrh Fkh fd og oaQiuh dksfu;fer :ils jktLo jkf'k vnk djsxk vkSj ;fn og ,slk ughadjsxk oksmldhlaink uhyke dh tk losQxhA

1-3 jktLo jkf'k osQ Hkqxrku esakehankj D;ksapwd djrsFks\

oaQiuh osQ vf/dkfj;ksadk ;g lkspuk Fkk fd jktLo ekx fu/kZfjr fd,tkuslskehankjksaesalqj{kk dk Hkko mRiUu gksxk] vkSj osviusfuos'k ijizfriQy izkfIr dh vk'kk lsizsfjr gksdj viuh lainkvksaesalq/kj djusosQ fy, izksRlkfgr gksaxsA drqbLrejkjh cankscLr osQ ckn] oqQN izkjafHkdn'kdksaesakehankj viuh jktLo ekx dksvnk djusesacjkcj dksrkghdjrsjgs] ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i jktLo dh cdk;k jdesac


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kehankjksadh bl vliQyrk osQ dbZdkj.k FksA igyk % izkjafHkd ekxsacgqr mQph Fkha] D;ksafd ,slk eglwl fd;k x;k Fkk fd ;fn ekx dksvkusokyslaiw.kZle; osQ fy, fu/kZfjr fd;k tk jgk gSrksvkxspydjdherksaesac


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dherksaosQ dkj.k fdlkuksaosQ fy, viuh ns; jkf'k;ksadk Hkqxrku djukcgqr dfBu gkstkrk Fkk vkSj dHkh&dHkh ,slk Hkh gksrk Fkk fd jS;rtku cw>dj Hkqxrku esa nsjh dj nsrsFksA /uoku jS;r vkSj xko osQeqf[k;k & tksrnkj vkSj eaMy& kehankj dks ijs'kkuh esans[kdj cgqr[+kq'k gksrsFksA D;ksafd kehankj vklkuh lsmu ij viuh rkdr dkbLrseky ughadj ldrk FkkA kehankj ckO+kQhnkjksaij eqO+kQnek rkspykldrk Fkk] exj U;kf;d izfozQ;k yach gksrh FkhA 1798 esavosQyscnZoku fkysesagh jktLo Hkqxrku osQ cO+kQk;k lslacaf/r 30]000 lsvf/d okn yafcr FksA

1-4 tksrnkjksadk mn;vBkjgoha'krkCnh osQ var esatgk,d vksj vusd kehankj ladV dhfLFkfr lsxqtj jgsFks] oghanwljh vksj /uh fdlkuksaosQ oqQN lewg xkoksaesaviuh fLFkfr ekcwr djrstk jgsFksA I+kzQkafll cqdkuu osQ mkjhcaxky osQ fnuktiqj ftysosQ losZ{k.k esa geas/uh fdlkuksaosQ bl oxZdk] ftUgsa tksrnkj* dgk tkrk Fkk] fo'kn fooj.k ns[kusdks feyrk gSAmUuhloha'krkCnh osQ izkjafHkd o"kksrd vkrs&vkrs] tksrnkjksauskehuosQ cM+s&cM+s jdcs] tksdHkh&dHkh rksdbZgkkj ,dM+esaiSQys Fks]vftZr dj fy, FksA LFkkuh; O;kikj vkSj lkgwdkj osQ dkjksckj ij Hkh

mudk fu;a=k.k Fkk vkSj bl izdkj osml {ks=k osQ X+kjhc dk'rdkjksaijO;kid 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djrsFksA mudh kehu dk dkI+kQh cM+k Hkkx

cVkbZnkjksa(vf/;kjksa;k cjxknkjksa) osQ ek;e lstksrk tkrk Fkk] tks[+kqnviusgy ykrsFks] [ksr esaesgur djrsFksvkSj I+kQly osQ ckn mit dkvk/k fgLlk tksrnkjksadksnsnsrsFksAxkoksaesa] tksrksnkjksadh 'kfDr] kehankjksa

dh rkO+kQr dh vis{kk vfkd izHkko'kkyhgksrh FkhA kehankj osQ foijhr tks'kgjhbykO+kQksaesajgrsFks] tksrnkj xkoksaesagh jgrsFksvkSj X+kjhc xzkeokfl;ksaosQ dkI+kQh cMs+

oxZij lh/sviusfu;a=k.k dk iz;ksx djrsFksA kehankjksa}kjk xko dh tek(yxku) dkscdj nsjhdjk nsrsFksA lp rks;g gSfd tc jktLo

dk Hkqxrku u fd, tkusij kehankj dh

fp=k 10-4caxky osQ xko dk n`';_ tkWtZfpujh }kjk1820 esafpf=krAfpujh Hkkjr esa23 o"kZ(1802&25) rdjgkFkkA ml nkSjku mlus vusd fp=k cuk, Fksftuesavke yksxksaosQ tuthou lslacafkrfp=k] Hkwn`';ksa osQ fp=k] fof'k"V O;fDr;ksarFkk

fo'kky Hkouksa osQ fp=k 'kkfey FksA uhpsnh xbZvko`Qfr esaxzkeh.k caxky osQ ,d ?kj dkfp=kfn;k x;k gS_ mu fnuksa tksrnkj vkSj lkgwdkjyksx ,slsgh ?kjksaesajgk djrsFksA

AglaSem School
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9/179


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10/179


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11/179


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12/179


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Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

AglaSem School
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mu taxyksalsigkfM+;k yksx [kkusosQ fy, egqvkosQ iwQy bdsdjrsFks] cspusosQ fy, js'ke osQ dks;k vkSj jky vkSj dkBdks;ykcukusosQ fy, ydfM+;kbdh djrs FksA isM+ksaosQ uhps tksNksVs&NksVsikSksmx vkrsFks;k ijrh kehu ij tks?kkl&iwQl dh gjh pknj&lhfcN tkrh Fkh og i'kqvksaosQ fy, pjkxkg cu tkrh FkhA

fp=k 10-8jktegy dh igkfM+;ksaesafLFkr ,d igkM+h xko dk fp=k tks1782 esafofy;; gkstst }kjk fpf=kr fd;k x;k FkkAfofy;e gkstst ,d fczfV'k dykdkj Fkk tksoSQIVsu oqQd osQ lkFk mldh iz'kkar egklkxj dh nwljh leqnz;k=kk (1772&75)osQ nkSjku iz'kkar {ks=k esax;k Fkk vkSj ogklsHkkjr vk;k FkkA 1781 esaog Hkkxyiqj osQ dysDVj vkWxLVl DyhoySaM dk fe=kcux;k FkkA DyhoySaM osQ fuea=k.k ij gkstst 1782 esamlosQ lkFk taxy egkyksaosQ Hkze.k ij x;k FkkA ogkgkstst usdbZ,DokfVaVrS;kj fd, FksA ml le; osQ vusd fp=kdkjksadh rjg gkstst usHkh cM+slqanj&lqanj je.kh; n`';ksadh [kkst dh FkhA ml le;osQ fp=kksie n`';ksaosQ [kksth dykdkj LoPNanrkokn dh fopkjkkjk lsizsfjr Fks_ bl fopkjkkjk osQ varxZr izo`Qfr dh iwtk dh tkrhFkh vkSj mlosQ lkSan;Z,oa'kfDr dh iz'kalk dh tkrh FkhA :ekuh dykdkj ;g eglwl djrsFksfd izo`Qfr lslayki lacak cukusosQ fy, ;g vko';d gSfd dykdkj izo`Qfr osQ fudV laioZQ esavk,] viusxzke xhrksaesaizo`Qfr dk fp=k.k djs] vkkqfud o`Qf=kelH;rk lsnwf"kr u gks] vKkr Hkwn`';ksadks[kkstsvkSj Nk;k ,oaizdk'k osQ vykSfdd vkuUn dk ykHk mBk,A izo`Qfr osQ bUghajgL;ksadh [kkst esagh gkstst usjktegy dh igkfM+;ksadk Hkze.k fd;k FkkA mlslery&likV Hkw[kaM uhjl yxs] tcfd fofokrkiw.kZ]ph&uhph] mcM+&[kkcM+kehu esalqanjrk osQ n'kZu gq,A vkSifuof'kd vfkdkjh ftu Hkwn`';ksadksHk;adj rFkk mtkM+] minzohtaxyh yksxksadk fuokl LFky ekurs Fks] os n`'; gkstst dh fp=kdkjh esaeueksgd vkSj je.kh; fn[kkbZnsrsgSaA

,DokfVaV (rkeziV~VksRdh.kZu) ,d ,slh rlohjgksrh gStksrkeziV~Vh esavEy dh lgk;rk lsfp=k osQ :i esadVkbZdjosQ Nkih tkrh gSA

ij fn, x, fp=k dksnsf[k, vkSj ;g irk yxkb, fdgkstst us jktegy dh igkfM+;ksadksfdlfy, je.kh; ekuk FkkA

AglaSem School
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f'kdkfj;ksa] >we [ksrh djusokyksa] [kk| cVksjusokyksa] dkBdks;ykcukusokyksa] js'ke osQ dhM+sikyusokyksa osQ :i esaigkfM+;k yksxksadhfkanxh bl izdkj taxy ls?kfu"B :i lstqM+h gqbZFkhA osbeyh osQisM+ksaosQ chp cuh viuh >ksifM+;ksaesajgrsFksvkSj vke osQ isM+ksadhNkg esavkjke djrsFksA osiwjsizns'k dksviuh futh Hkwfe ekursFksvkSj ;g Hkwfe mudh igpku vkSj thou dk vkkkj FkhA osckgjh yksxksaosQ izos'k dk izfrjksk djrs FksA muosQ eqf[k;k yksx viuslewg esa,drk cuk, j[krsFks] vkilh yM+kbZ&>xM+s fuiVk nsrsFksvkSj vU;tutkfr;ksarFkk eSnkuh yksxksaosQ lkFk yM+kbZfNM+usij viuh tutkfrdk usr`Ro djrsFksA

bu igkfM+;ksa dks viuk ewykkkjcukdj] igkfM+;k yksx cjkcj mu eSnkuksaij vke.k djrsjgrsFkstgkfdlku,d LFkku ij cl dj viuh [ksrh&ckM+hfd;k djrsFksA igkfM+;ksa}kjk ;svke.k;knkrj viusvkidksfo'ks"k :i lsvHkko ;k vdky osQ o"kksesathforj[kusosQ fy, fd, tkrsFksA lkFk gh];sgeyseSnkuksaesaclsgq, leqnk;ksa

ij viuh rkO+kQr fn[kykusdk Hkh ,drjhO+kQk FkkA blosQ vykok] ,slsvke.kckgjh yksxksaosQ lkFk viusjktuhfrdlacak cukusosQ fy, Hkh fd, tkrsFksAeSnkuksaesajgusokyskehankjksadksvdlj

bu igkM+h eqf[k;kvksadks fu;fer :i ls f[+kjkt nsdj muls'kkafr[+kjhnuh iM+rh FkhA blh izdkj] O;kikjh yksx Hkh bu igkfM+;ksa}kjkfu;af=kr jkLrksadk bLrseky djusdh vuqefr izkIr djusgsrqmUgsaoqQNiFkdj fn;k djrsFksA tc ,slk iFkdj igkfM+;k eqf[k;kvksadksfey

tkrk Fkk rksosO;kikfj;ksadh j{kk djrsFksvkSj ;g Hkh vk'oklu nsrsFksfd dksbZHkh muosQ eky dksughaywVsxkAbl izdkj oqQN ys&nsdj dh xbZ'kkafr lafk vfkd yacsle; rd

ughapyhA ;g vBkjgoha'krkCnh osQ vafre n'kdksa esaml le; HkaxgksxbZtc fLFkj [ksrh osQ {ks=k dh lhek,vkked jhfr lsiwohZHkkjresac


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dks vlH;] ccZj] minzoh vkSj ozwQj le>rsFksftu ij 'kklu djukmuosQ fy, dfBu FkkA blfy, mUgksaus;gh eglwl fd;k fd taxyksadk lI+kQk;k djosQ] ogkLFkk;h o`Qf"k LFkkfir djuh gksxh vkSj taxyhyksxksadksikyrwo lH; cukuk gksxk_ mulsf'kdkj dk dke NqM+okukgksxk vkSj [ksrh dk kakk viukusosQ fy, mUgsajkkh djuk gksxkA

T;ksa&T;ksaLFkk;h o`Qf"k dk foLrkj gksrk x;k] taxyksarFkk pjkxkgksadk{ks=k laoqQfpr gksrk x;kA bllsigkM+h yksxksarFkk LFkk;h [ksrhgjksaosQchp >xM+k rsk gksx;kA igkM+h yksx igyslsvfkd fu;fer :i lsclsgq, xkoksaij geyscksyusyxsvkSj xzkeokfl;ksalsvukt vkSj i'kqNhu&>iV dj ys tkus yxsA vkSifuosf'kd vfkdkfj;ksa us mksftrgksdj bu igkfM+;ksaij dkcwdh Hkjld dksf'k'ksadhaijarqmuosQ fy,,slk djuk vklku ughaFkkA

1770 osQ n'kd esafczfV'k vfkdkfj;ksausbu igkfM+;ksadksfueZwy djnsusdh ozwQj uhfr viuk yh vkSj mudk f'kdkj vkSj lagkj djusyxsArnksijkar] 1780 osQ n'kd esaHkkxyiqj osQ dysDVj vkWxLVl DyhoySaM us'kkafr LFkkiuk dh uhfr izLrkfor dh ftlosQ vuqlkj igkfM+;k eqf[k;kvksadks,d okf"kZd Hkkk fn;k tkuk Fkk vkSj cnysesamUgsaviusvknfe;ksadkpky&pyu Bhd j[kusdh ftEesnkjh ysuh FkhA muls;g Hkh vk'kk dh xbZFkh fd osviuh cfLr;ksaesaO;oLFkk cuk, j[ksaxsvkSj viusyksxksadks

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AglaSem School
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AglaSem School
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AglaSem School
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3-1 ys[kk cfg;ktyk nh xb

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ml fnu lwik esa

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3-2 ,d u;h jktLo iz.kkyh

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ckn [ksrh dh O+kQhersa c


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tc lu~ 1861 esavesfjdh xg;q fNM+x;k rksfczVsu osQ dikl{ks=k (eaMh rFkk dkj[kkuksa) esargydk ep x;kA vesfjdk lsvkusokyh dPph dikl osQ vk;kr esaHkkjh fxjkoV vk xbZA og lkekU;ek=kk dk 3 izfr'kr lsHkh de gks x;k% 1861 esatgk20 yk[k xkBsa(gj xkB 400 ikmaM dh) vkbZFkhaogha1862 esaosQoy 55 gkkjxkBksadk vk;kr gqvkA Hkkjr rFkk vU; ns'kksa dkscM+h O;xzrk osQ lkFk

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fp=k 10-17jsyksadk ;qx 'kq: gksuslsigysdikl dk ifjogu]byLVsVsM yaMu U;wk] 20 vizSy 1861A tc vesfjdh x`g;q osQ nkSjku vesfjdklsdikl dh vkiwfrZcgqr de gksxbZrc fczVsu dks;g vk'kk gqbZfd Hkkjr fczfV'k m|ksxksadh dikl lacakh lkjh k:jrksadksiwjk dj nsxkA blosQ fy, vkiwfrZdk vkdyu fd;k tkusyxk] dikl dh xq.kokk dh tkp gksusyxh vkSj mRiknu rFkk foi.ku

osQ rjhdksadk v;;u fd;k tkusyxkA mudh ;g fnypLih ^byLVsVsM yaMu U;wk* osQ i`"Bksaesaifjyf{kr gksrh gSA

fp=k 10-17 osQ rhu Hkkx gSaftuesadikl


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tc vesfjdk esaladV dh fLFkfr cuh jgh rkscEcbZnDdu esadikl dk mRiknu c


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3-5 .k dk ksr lw[k x;kftu fnuksadikl osQ O;kikj esarskh jgh] Hkkjr osQ dikl O;kikjh]vesfjdk dksLFkk;h :i lsfoLFkkfir djosQ] dPph dikl osQ fo'ockkkj dksviusO+kQCksesadjusosQ liusns[kus yxsA 1861 esacksacsxtV osQ laiknd usiwNk] nkl jkT;ksa(la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk) dksfoLFkkfir djosQ] yadk'kk;j dksdikl dk ,dek=k vkiwfrZdrkZcuusls Hkkjr dksdkSu jksd ldrk gS\ ysfdu 1865 rd ,slsliusvkuscan gksx,A tc vesfjdk esax`g;q lekIr gksx;k rksogkdikl dkmRiknu fiQj lspkywgksx;k vkSj fczVsu osQ Hkkjrh; dikl osQ fu;kZresafxjkoV vkrh pyh xbZA

egkjk"Vesafu;kZr O;kikjh vkSj lkgwdkj vc nh?kkZofkd .k nsusosQ fy, mRlqd ughajgsA mUgksaus;g ns[k fy;k Fkk fd Hkkjrh; dikldh ekx ?kVrh tk jgh gSvkSj dikl dh dherksaesaHkh fxjkoV vkjgh gSA blfy, mUgksausviuk dk;Z&O;ogkj can djus] fdlkuksadksvfxze jkf'k;kizfrcafkr djusvkSj cdk;k .kksadksokfil ekxusdkfu.kZ; fy;kA

,d vksj rks.k dk ksr lw[k x;k oghanwljh vksj jktLo dh ekxc


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iSlk mkkj nsusdk dkjksckj fuf'pr :i lsvkSifuosf'kd 'kklu lsigys Hkh dkI+kQh iSQyk gqvk Fkk vkSj .knkrk vdlj rkdroj gfLr;kgksrs FksA dbZ izdkj osQ izFkkxr ekud .knkrk vkSj jS;r osQ ikjLifjdlac/ksa ij ykxwwgksrsFksvkSj mUgsafofu;fer djrsFksA ,d lkekU;ekud ;g Fkk fd C;kt ewy/u ls vf/d ughafy;k tk ldrk FkkAbldk iz;kstu .knkrk }kjk dh tkus okyh tcju olwyh dkslhferdjuk vkSj ;g ikfjHkkf"kr djuk Fkk fd ^mfpr C;kt* D;k gksukpkfg,A vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu esa bl fu;e dh /fTt;k mM+k nh xbAnDdu naxk vk;ksx }kjk Nkuchu fd, x, ekeyksaesals,d ekeysesa.knkrk us 100 #- osQ ewy/u ij 2,000 #- ls Hkh vfkd C;ktyxk j[kk FkkA vusdkusd ;kfpdkvksaesa jS;r yksxksaus bl izdkj dhtcju olwfy;ksa vkSj izFkkvksa osQ mYya?ku ls lacaf/r vU;k; osQfo# f'kdk;r dh FkhA

ksr 8

mu lHkh opucrkvksadh lwph cukb,tks fdlku bl nLrkosk esa ns jgk gSA ,slkdksbZ nLrkosk gesa fdlku vk Sj .knkrkosQ chp osQ laca/ksa osQ ckjs esa D;k crkrkgSA blls fdlku vkSj cSyksa (tks igysmlh osQ Fks) osQ chp osQ laca/ksa esa D;kvarj vk,xk\

HkkM+k&i=k

tc fdlku ij .k dk Hkkj cgqr c


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ikfjr fd;k ftlesa;g dgk x;k fd .knkrk vkSj jS;r osQ chpgLrk{kfjr .ki=k osQoy rhu o"kksosQ fy, gh ekU; gksaxsA bl dkuwudk ms'; cgqr le; rd C;kt dks lafpr gksus lsjksduk FkkA drq.knkrk us bl dkuwu dks?kqekdj viusi{k esa dj fy;k vkSj jS;rls gj rhljslky ,d u;k ca/i=k HkjokusyxkA tc dksbZu;k ckaMgLrk{kfjr gksrk rks u pqdkbZ xbZ'ks"k jkf'k vFkkZr~ ewy/u vkSj mlij mRiUu rFkk bdk gq, laiw.kZC;kt dks ewyku osQ :i esa ntZfd;k tkrk vkSj ml ij u, fljslsC;kt yxusyxrkA nDdu naxkvk;ksx dks izkIr gqbZ ;kfpdkvksaesajS;r yksxksa us;g cryk;k fd ;gizf;k oSQlsdke dj jgh Fkh (ksr 10 nsf[k,) vkSj fdl izdkj

.knrk yksx jS;r dks Bxus osQ fy, rjg&rjg osQ gFkdaMs viukrsFks% tc .k pqdk, tkrsrksosjS;r dksmldh jlhn nsuslsbudkjdj nsrsFks] ca/i=kksaesatkyh vkadM+sHkj ysrsFks] fdlkuksa dh iQlyuhph dherksa ij ysysrs FksvkSj vkf[kjdkj fdlkuksadh /u&laifrij gh dCtk dj ysrsFksA

rjg&rjg osQ nLrkosk vkSj ca/i=k bl u;h vR;kpkjiw.kZiz.kkyhosQ izrhd cu x,A igys,slsnLrkosk cgqr gh de gqvk djrsFksAdrqfczfV'k vf/dkjh vukSipkfjd le>kSrsosQ vk/kj ij iqjkus


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O;oLFkk osQ dkj.k gh gSA muls nLrkoskksaij gLrk{kj djok fy, tkrsvkSj vxwBsosQ fu'kku yxok fy, tkrsFksij mUgsa ;g irk ugha pyrkfd okLro esa os fdl ij gLrk{kj dj jgsgSa ;k vxwBs osQ fu'kku yxkjgsgSaA mUgsa mu [kaMksaosQ ckjs esaoqQN Hkh irk ugha gksrk tks.knkrkca/i=kksa esafy[k nsrsFksA os rksgj fy[ks gq, 'kCn ls Mjus yxsFksA exjosykpkj FksD;ksafd thfor jgusosQ fy, mUgsa.k pkfg, FksvkSj.knkrk dkuwuh nLrkoskksaosQ fcuk .k nsusdksrS;kj ughaFksA

4- nDdu naxk vk;ksxtc fonzksg nDdu esa iSQyk rks izkjaHk esa cEcbZ dh ljdkj mlsxaHkhjrkiwoZd ysus dksrS;kj ugha FkhA ysfdu Hkkjr ljdkj us] tks fd1857 dh ;kn lsfpafrr Fkh cEcbZ dh ljdkj ij ncko Mkyk fdog naxksa osQ dkj.kksadh Nkuchu djusosQ fy, ,d tkp vk;ksxcSBk,A vk;ksx us,d fjiksVZrS;kj dh tks 1878 esafczfV'k ikfyZ;kesaVesais'k dh xbZA

;g fjiksVZftlsnDdu naxk fjiksVZdgk tkrk gS] bfrgkldkjksadksmu naxksa dk v;;u djus osQ fy, vkkkj lkexzh miyC/ djkrh gSAvk;ksx us naxk ihfM+r ftyksa esa tkp iM+rky djkbZ] jS;r oxks]lkgwdkjksavkSj p'enhn xokgksaosQ c;ku fy,] fHkUu&fHkUu {ks=kksaesa

jktLo dh njksa] dherksavkSj C;kt osQ ckjs esavkadMsbds fd, vkSjftyk dysDVjksa}kjk Hksth xbZfjiksVksdk ladyu fd;kA

,sls ksrksaij n`f"Vikr djrsle;] gesa;g fiQj ;kn j[kuk gksxk fdosljdkjh ksr gSavkSj os?kVukvksa osQ ckjs esaljdkjh ljksdkj vkSjvFkZ izfrfcafcr djrsgSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] nDdu naxk vk;ksx lsfof'k"V :i ls;g tkp djusosQ fy, dgk x;k Fkk fd D;k ljdkjhjktLo dh ekx dk Lrj fonzksg dk dkj.k FkkA vkSj laiw.kZlk{; izLrqrdjusosQ ckn vk;ksx us;g lwfpr fd;k Fkk fd ljdkjh ekx fdlkuksaosQ xqLlsdh otg ughaFkhA blesa lkjk nks"k .knkrkvksa ;k lkgwdkjksa

dk gh FkkA blls;g ckr Li"V gksrh gS fd vkSifuosf'kd ljdkj ;gekuusdksdnkfi rS;kj ugha Fkh fd turk esa vlarks"k ;k jks"k dHkhljdkjh dkjZokgh osQ dkj.k mRiUu gqvk FkkA

bl izdkj] ljdkjh fjik sVs bfrgkl osQ iqufuZekZ.k osQ fy,cgqewY; ksr fl gk srh gSaA ysfdu mUgsa ges'kk lkokkuhiwoZd i


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dky&js[kk

1765 ba fXy'k bZLV bafM;k daiuh us caxky dh nhokuh izkIr dh

1773 bZ LV bafM;k daiuh osQ f;kdykiksadksfofu;fer djusosQ fy, fczfV'k

iky;kesaV }kjk jsX;wysfVax ,DV ikfjr fd;k x;k

1793 caxky esa bLrejkjh cankscLr

1800 dk n'kd la Fkky yksx jktegy dh igkfM+;ksa esa vkus yxsvkSj ogkclusyxs

1818 cEcbZ nDdu esaigyk jktLo cankscLr

1820 dk n'kd o`Qf"k dhersa fxjus yxha

1840 o 1850 dk n'kd cEcbZ nDdu esaoQf"k foLrkj dh /heh izf;k

1855&56 laFkkyksa dh cxkor

1861 dikl esa rskh dk lekjaHk

1875 nDdu osQ xkoksaesa jS;rksa uscX+kkor dh

mkj nhft, (yxHkx 100ls150'kCnksa esa)

1- xzkeh.k caxky osQ cgqr lsbykdksaesa tksrnkj ,d rkdroj gLrhD;ksaFkk\

2- keha nkj yksx viuh kehankfj;ksaij fdl izdkj fu;a=k.k cuk, j[krsFks\

3- igkfM+;k yksxk sausckgjh yksxksaosQ vkxeu ij oSSQlh izfrf;kn'kkZbZ\

4- la Fkkyksa usfczfV'k 'kklu osQ fo# fonzksg D;ksafd;k\

5- nDdu osQ jS;r .knkrkvksa osQ izfr ozqQ D;ksaFks\fp=k 10-20,d xzkeh.k n`';] fofy;e fizalsi }kjk

fpf=kr] 1820

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raj board class 12 book - bhartiya itihaas - 3

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