raj board class 12 book - grah vigyaan

8/12/2019 Raj Board Class 12 Book - Grah Vigyaan

1/314

x`g foKku&2

ek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesj ek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesj ek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesj ek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesj ek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesj

d { k k & 1 2d { k k & 1 2d { k k & 1 2d { k k & 1 2d { k k & 1 2

& ys[kdx.k && ys[kdx.k && ys[kdx.k && ys[kdx.k && ys[kdx.k &

izksQslj ek;k pkS/kjh la;kstdla;kstdla;kstdla;kstdla;kstd

fo'ks"kkf/kdkjh ,oa vf/k"Bkrk] Ms;jh ,oa [kk| foKku izks|kSfxdh egkfo|ky;egkjk.kk iz rki f"k ,oa iz kS|ksfxdh fo'ofo|ky;] mn;iqj

MkW- Jherh _rq fla?koh Jherh e/kq 'kekZ lg vkpk;Z Ldw y O;k[;krk

ikfjokfjd la lk/ku izca/ku foHkkx] jk- ck- mPp ek/;fed fo|ky;]xg foKku egkfo|ky;] mn;iqj mn;iqj

jktdh; fo|ky;ksa esa fu%kqYd forj.k gsrq jktdh; fo|ky;ksa esa fu%kqYd forj.k gsrq jktdh; fo|ky;ksa esa fu%kqYd forj.k gsrq jktdh; fo|ky;ksa esa fu%kqYd forj.k gsrq jktdh; fo|ky;ksa esa fu%kqYd forj.k gsrq

AglaSem Sc
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


2/314


3/314

laLdj.k laLdj .k laLdj.k laLdj .k laLdj .k %%%%% 20122012201220122012

izfr;kaizfr;kaizfr;kaizfr;kaizfr;ka %%%%%

jktLFkku ljdkj }kjk jktdh; fo|ky;ksa esa jktLFkku ljdkj }kjk jktdh; fo|ky;ksa esa jktLFkku ljdkj }kjk jktdh; fo|ky;ksa esa jktLFkku ljdkj }kjk jktdh; fo|ky;ksa esa jktLFkku ljdkj }kjk jktdh; fo|ky;ksa esafu%kqYd fu%kqYd fu%kqYd fu%kqYd fu%kqYd forj.k gsrqforj.k gsrqforj.k gsrqforj.k gsrqforj.k gsrq

cksMZ }kjk miyC/k djk, x;s 58 th-,l-,e- he okWo isij IS : 18481848184818481848/ 20072007200720072007 ,oa 130 th-,l-,e-doj isij IS : 69566956695669566956/19731973197319731973 iz;qDrA

eqnzd %eqnzd %eqnzd %eqnzd %eqnzd %

U U U S U U -U U

U/U U U U U U UU/U UU -, S U L/L Q C U UU L/L D U U

U/U U U U U h U U

AglaSem Sc
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


4/314

cksMZ }kjk miyC/k djk, x;s 58 th-,l-,e- he okWo isij IS : 18481848184818481848/20072007200720072007 ,oa 130 th-,l-,e-doj isij IS : 69566956695669566956/19731973197319731973 iz;qDrA

eqnzd %eqnzd %eqnzd %eqnzd %eqnzd %

U U U S U U -U U

U/U U U U U U UU/U UU -, S U L/L Q C U UU L/L D U U U/U U U U U h U U

laLdj .k laLdj.k laLdj .k laLdj.k laLdj .k %%%%% 20122012201220122012

izfr;kaizfr;kaizfr;kaizfr;kaizfr;ka %%%%%

ewY; vadksa esaewY; vadksa esaewY; vadksa esaewY; vadksa esaewY; vadksa esa%%%%% :i;s:i;s:i;s:i;s:i;s

kCnksa esakCnksa esakCnksa esakCnksa esakCnksa esa%%%%%

AglaSem Sc
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


5/314

kDdFku kDdFku kDdFku kDdFku kDdFku

xg foKku ,d O;ogkfjd f'k{kk gSaA bl fo"k; ds fo|kFkhZ viuh nSfud thou ds fofHkUu f;k&dykiks a vkSj vko';drkvks a esa oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k viukrs gq, dykRed vfHkO;fDr nf'kZr dj

lds xsa] QyLo:i 'kjhfjd] lkekftd ,oa ekufld :i ls LoLFk ,oa lEiUu ifjokj] lekt o jk"Vdk fuekZ.k gks lds xkA

mPp ek/;fed Lrj ds fy;s x g foKku ds ikB~;e es a lq/kkj dh vko';drk dks ns[krs gq, le; ij ikB~ ;eks a es a ifjorZu ds fy;s vuq'ka lk dh xbZ ysfdu fofo/k dkj.kks a ls bles a ifjorZu ugha fd;s tk lds A jkT; ljdkj ds funs Z'kkuq lkj dsUnz h; lSds.Mjh f'k{kk cksMZ ds ikB~;e rFkk O;kl

lfefr ds lq>koks a ds vk/kkj ij 2000&2001es a ikB~;e es a vkew y&pwy ifjorZu fd;s x;s rFkk u;sikB~;e ds vuqlkj iq Lrd fy[kh xbZA iqLrd ds vc rd izdkf'kr lHkh la Ldj.kks a es a le;ij v|ru dj la 'kks/ku fd;s x;sA jkT; ljdkj ds funs Z'kkuq lkj f'k{kk l= 2011&2012 ds fy;s

jk"Vh; 'kSf{kd vuq la/kku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~(NCERT) ds ikB~;e ds vuqlkj dqN v/;k;ks a dkstksM+ k x;k rFkk dqN v/;k;ks a es a u;s fcUnq Mkys x;s rkfd Nk=&Nk=kvks a dks fo"k; oLrq ls iw .kZ :i

ls voxr djk;k tk ldsA NCERT ikB~;e dks vk/kkj ekudj x`g foKku fo"k; dh iw oZ es a d{kk 12 ds fy;s fyf[kr Hkkx ,d o Hkkx nks iqLrd dks ,d iq Lrd ds :i esa la;ksftr fd;k x;kA

bl iq Lrd es a ikp bdkb;k gSaA iq Lrd dh izFke bdkbZ es a f'k'kqvks a dks tkus a] f}rh; bdkbZ es a Lo;a,oa ifjokj ds fy, iks"k.k] rr` h; bdkbZ es a /ku izcU/ku ,oa miHkksDrk f'k{k.k] prqFkZ bdkbZ es a es js ifj/kku

rFkk iape~ bdkbZ es a x`g&foKku ds izf'k{k.k dh mi;ksfxrk ls lEcfU/kr fo"k; lkexz h lekfo"V dh xbZ gSA fo"k; oLrq ljy] Li"V ,oa cks/kxE; Hkk"kk es a i;kZIr o jkspd mnkgj.kks a] fp=ks a] vkdM+ ksa ,oa

rkfydkvks a ds lkFk iz Lrq r dh xbZ gSA v/;k; ds vUr es a egoiw .kZ fcUnq ,oa fofHkUu Lrj ds iz'u tS lscgqp;ukRed] fjDr LFkku] y?kq mkjkRed] fucU/kkRed fn;s x;s gSa rkfd fo|kFkhZ fo"k; oLrq dksvklkuh ls ;kndj ykHkkfUor gks aA dqN v/;k;ks a ds var es a fo"k; oLrq ls lEcfU/kr iz k;ksfxd dk;Z

,oa mDr iz k;ksfxd f;kvks a ds fy;s fn'kk funsZ'k ljy Hkk"kk es a fn;s x;s gSaA bl iq Lrd dks fy[kuses a vius ns'k rFkk yanu] dsEczht] Xyklxks] csfYt+;e] fLoV~tjyS.M] fQt+ h ,oa fQyhfiUl dsfo'ofo|ky;ksa ,oa laLFkkuks a ds la;kstd ds vuqHko us dkQh jkspdrk iznku dh gSA

es jk fo'okl gS fd ;g iqLrd u ds oy x g foKku dh ckjgoh d{kk ds fu;fer ,oa Lo;aikBh fo|kfFkZ;ks a ds fy;s gh ugha oju~ vke x fgf.k;ks a ds fy;s Hkh mi;ksxh fl) gksxhA iqLrd dks vkS j vf/kd mi;ksxh cukus gs rq ikBdks a ,oa iz oDrkvks a ds cgqew Y; lq>ko vkeaf=r gSaA

izksQslj ek;k pkS/kjh fo'ks"kkf/kdkjh ,oa vf/k"Bkrk]

Ms;jh ,oa [kk| foKku izks|kSfxdh egkfo|ky; egkjk.kk izrki f"k ,oa iz kS|ksfxdh fo'ofo|ky;] mn;iqj

AglaSem Sc
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


6/314

fo"k; lwph & lS)kfUrd fo"k; lwph & lS)kfUrd fo"k; lwph & lS)kfUrd fo"k; lwph & lS)kfUrd fo"k; lwph & lS)kfUrd iz'u i= & izFke iz'u i= & izFke iz'u i= & izFke iz'u i= & izFke iz'u i= & izFke

ekad v/;k; fooj.k i`"B la[;k la[;k

I . f'k'kqvksa dks tkusaf'k'kqvksa dks tkusaf'k'kqvksa dks tkusaf'k'kqvksa dks tkusaf'k'kqvksa dks tkusa1- uotkr f'k'kq dk fodkl 12- 'kS'kokoLFkk ls iw oZ ckY;koLFkk es a fodkl&I 63- 'kS'kokoLFkk ls iw oZ ckY;koLFkk es a fodkl&II 154- jksx izfrjks/kd {kerk 235- cPpks a ds lkekU; jksx 316- fof'k"V ckyd 367- ckydks a dh oSdfYid ns[kHkky 43

II. Lo;a ,oa ifjokj ds fy;s iks"k.k Lo;a ,oa ifjokj ds fy;s iks"k.k Lo;a ,oa ifjokj ds fy;s iks"k.k Lo;a ,oa ifjokj ds fy;s iks"k.k Lo;a ,oa ifjokj ds fy;s iks"k.k 8- vkgkj vk;kstu 51

9- vkgkj vk;kstu f;k 5810- o;LdkoLFkk es a iks"k.k 7011- fof'k"V voLFkk es a iks"k.k % xHkkZ oLFkk 8612- fof'k"V voLFkk es a iks"k.k % /kk=hoLFkk 9713- 'kS'kokoLFkk es a iks"k.k 10814- ckY;koLFkk esa iks"k.k 12215- o`)koLFkk es a iks"k.k 13316- nLr ,oa Toj es a vkgkj 14117- ifjokj ds fy;s vkgkj vk;kstu 14718- lqjf{kr is;ty 15019- [kk| LoPNrk 15520- HkksT; inkFkks es a feykoV 158

III. /ku izcU/ku ,oa miHkksDrk f'k{k.k /ku izcU/ku ,oa miHkksDrk f'k{k.k /ku izcU/ku ,oa miHkksDrk f'k{k.k /ku izcU/ku ,oa miHkksDrk f'k{k.k /ku izcU/ku ,oa miHkksDrk f'k{k.k 21- ikfjokfjd vk; 17122- ?kjsyq fglkc fdrkc 18023- cpr ,oa fofu;kstu& I 19024- cpr ,oa fofu;kstu& II 19525- miHkksDrk leL;k, 21126- miHkksDrk la j{k.k 21827- miHkksDrk lgk;rk 22428- miHkksDrk la j{k.k dkuw u 23529- miHkksDrk la j{k.k vf/kfu;e&1986 240

AglaSem Sc
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


7/314


IV. esjs ifj/kku esjs ifj/kku esjs ifj/kku esjs ifj/kku esjs ifj/kku 30- oL= dk O;fDrRo ls lEcU/k 24931- oL=ks a dk pquko 25532- oL=ks a dh flykbZ 260

33- rS;kj oL= 27134- /kCcs NqM+ kuk 27635- 'kks/kd inkFkZ 28536- oL=ks a dk laxzg.k 292

V. x`g foKku izf'k{k.k dh mi;ksfxrk x`g foKku izf'k{k.k dh mi;ksfxrk x`g foKku izf'k{k.k dh mi;ksfxrk x`g foKku izf'k{k.k dh mi;ksfxrk x`g foKku izf'k{k.k dh mi;ksfxrk 37- x`g foKku & ikfjokfjd ,oa O;olkf;d f'k{kk 296

AglaSem Sc
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


8/314

fo"k; lwph & izk;ksfxd fo"k; lwph & izk;ksfxd fo"k; lwph & izk;ksfxd fo"k; lwph & izk;ksfxd fo"k; lwph & izk;ksfxd


1.

2- ckyd ds 'kkjhfjd o xked fodkl dk fujh{k.k 143- ckyd ds fodkl ds pj.k 224- Vhdkdj.k 307- I. dkedkth efgyk lk{kkRdkj lw ph 49

II.ckydksa dh oSdfYid O;oLFkk 502. 9- HkksT; lew gks a dh lanHkZ bdkbZ 65

10- o;LdkoLFkk es a vkgkj vk;kstu 77de Je mPp vk; oxZe/;e Je e/;e vk; oxZvf/kd Je fuEu vk; oxZ

11- xHkkZZ oLFkk es a vkgkj vk;kstu 9312- /kk=hoLFkk es a vkgkj vk;kstu 102

de Je 2&6 ekge/;;e Je 6&12 ekg

14- iw oZckY;koLFkk es a vkgkj vk;kstu 13015- o`)koLFkk es a vkgkj vk;kstu 13716- I. nLr o Toj es a vkgkj ifjorZu 145

II. thou j{kd ?kksy 20- HkksT; inkFkks Z a s es a feykoV dh tkap 167

24 I. cS ad es a [kkrk [kksyuk 208II. cS ad@Mkd?kj ls fofHkUu QkeZ bdV~Bk djuk o Hkjuk 21027- I. fofHkUu oLrqvkss a ds yscy dk eqY;ka adu 233

II. yscy rS;kj djuk 23432- I. flykbZ ds vk/kkjh; Vkds 266

II. cUn djus ds lk/ku 267III. iscUn yxkuk ,oa jQw djuk 268IV. ,izu flyuk 269

33- rS;kj iks'kkd dk eqY;kadu 27534- /kCcs NqM+ kus dh fof/k;k 28135- I. ty ds rkieku dk oL=ks a ij izHkko 290

II. lkcqu o fMVjts.V cukuk 291

AglaSem Sc
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


9/314

1

1. uotkr f'k'kq dk fodkl uotkr f'k'kq dk fodkl uotkr f'k'kq dk fodkl uotkr f'k'kq dk fodkl uotkr f'k'kq dk fodkl Development in Neonates

ekuo thou ds fodkl dh voLFkkvks a dks nks Hkkxks a es a foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA izFke&tUe ls iw oZ dh vOkLFkk rFkk f}rh;& tUekskj vFkok tUe ds ckn dh voLFkkA tUe ds ckn dh iz kjfEHkd voLFkk es a ckyd uotkr fkkq Neonate dgykrk gSA tUe ls 30 fnu dh vof/k ds fkkqdks uotkr rFkk bl voLFkk dks izkjfEHkd kSkkoLFkk ;k uotkr voLFkk Neonatal period dgrsgSA ckyd dk fodkl tUe ds igys xHkkZ oLFkk ls gh iz kjEHk gks tkrk gS vkS j fofHkUu voLFkkvks a es avxz lj jgrk gSA fodkl dh xfr] voLFkk] vof/k] izdkj] ifjiDork vkfn fHkUu&fHkUu vk;q es avyx&vyx gks rh gSA dqN fodkl vk;q fofkV Hkh gks rs gSa aA fodkl dh fofHkUu voLFkkvks a ds ckjses a vkius d{kk 11 es a foLRkkj ls i


10/314

2

ls f'k'kq dh 'olu f;k izkjEHk gks tkrh gS tks fd thfor jgus ds fy;s ije~ vko';d gSA uotkr f'k'kq ds jksus ds i'pkr~ mldh ukfHk ls 5&6 ls-eh- NksM+dj fu%lafer vkStkj ls uky Nsnu djrsgSaA uky dk eqg fu%lafer /kkxs ;k fDyi Clip ls cUn dj ns rs gSA pkSchl ?kUVs ds i'pkr~ /kkxs;k fDyi dks [kksydj jDRk L=ko dh tkp dh tkrh gSA ukfHk ds pkjks a vkS j ,UVhlsfIVd he o ikmMj yxk;h tkrh gS rkfd dksbZ lae.k u gksA uotkr f'k'kq dk 'kjhj tUe ds le; lQs n jax ds fpdusinkFkZ ojfuDl vernix ls


11/314

3

vf/kd gks tkrh gSA uotkr f'k'kq dh xnZu cgq r NksVh gks rh gSA mldh ekliSf'k;k Hkh NksVh vkSj eqyk;e gks rh gS f'k'kq dk bu ij fu;U=.k ugha gks rk gSA mldh gfM~M;k Hkh cgqr yphyh vkS j dksey gks rh gS tks fd dkfVZyst dh cuh gks rh gSA uotkr f'k'kq ds cky js'ke dh rjg eqyk;e gks rs gS aA ihB]dU/kks o yykV ij Hkh eqyk;e cky ik, tkrs gS a tks fd /khjs&/khjs >M+ tkrs gSaA

uotkr f'k'kq viuh la osxkRed izfrf;k ek= jksdj vkS j ekrk ds 'kjhj ls fpiV dj iz dV djrk gSA uotkr f'k'kq u rks lkekftd gks rk gS vkSj u gh vlkekftd cfYd og lekt ds izfr

mnklhu gks rk gSA tUe ds le; cPps dh lHkh KkusfUnz;k & vk[k] dku] Ropk] thHk rFkk dku iw .kZ:i ls fodflr gks rs gSA f'k'kq bu KkusfUnz;ks a ls izkIr la osn tS ls ns[kuk] lquuk] Nw uk] Lokn] lw ?kauk }kjk vius vklikl ds okrkoj.k ds ckjs es a Kku izkIr djrk gSA mez ds lkFk /khjs&/khjs KkusfUnz;ks a dh f;k'khyrk c


12/314

4

8- Lruiku ek o f'k'kq ds vkilh lEcU/kksa dks vkREkh; o n`


13/314

5

v f'k'kq dk jksuk c f'k'kq dk gluk l f'k'kq dk eq Ldq jkuk n f'k'kq dk tkxuk

ii uotkr f'k'kq izk;% --------------------------- ?kaVs rd lks rk gS%v 4&8 c 8&10l 10&14 n 18&20

iii tUe ds le; lkekU; f'k'kq dk otu gks rk gS %v 1 fd-xzk- c 2 fd-xzk- l 3 fd-xzk- n 4 fd-xzk-

iv uotkr f'k'kq ds izfr 100 fe-yh- jDr es a gheksXyksfcu gks rk gS %v 10 xzkec 12 xzke l 17 xz ke n 21 xzke

2- fjDr LFkkuks a dh iw frZ dhft;s % i uotkr f'k'kq dks izkjfEHkd fnuks a es a --------------------------------------- jksx gksus dh laHkkouk gks rh gSA iiek ds Lruks a ls gksus okyk izFke L=o.k --------------------------------------- dgykrk gSA iiitUe ds i'pkr~ f'k'kq ,dk,d ------------------------- o ------------------------- okrkoj.k es a vk tkrk gSA ivuotkr f'k'kq ds iz kjfEHkd 4&5 fnuks a es a ------------------------- otu dh fxjkoV vkrh gSA

3- uotkr f'k'kq ds fofHkUu y{k.kks a dks foLrkj iw oZd le>kb;sA

4- 'kS'kokLFkk esa ek dk nw /k f'k'kq ds fy;s loksZke vkgkj D;ks a gSa\

mkjekyk % mkjekyk % mkjekyk % mkjekyk % mkjekyk % 1- iv iin iii l iv l 2- iihfy;k iidksyLVe iiiuohu] vlqjf{kr iv150&300 xz ke

AglaSem Sc
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


14/314

6

2. 'kS'kokoLFkk ls iwoZ ckY;koLFkk esa fodkl & I

Development in Infancy to Early Childhood - I

thou dh fHkUu&fHkUu voLFkkvks a es a o`f) o fodkl dh nj fHkUu&fHkUu gks rh gSA O;fDr fo'ks"k dh lEiw .kZ lkeF;Z o dk;Z {kerk fodkl ds fofHkUu frekuks a tSls 'kkjhfjd] lkekftd] ekufld]

laosxkRed] xked] uSfrd Hkk"kk,oa O;fDrxr fodkl ls vkadh tk ldrh gSA 'kS'kokoLFkk lsysdj iwoZ ckY;koLFkk ds nkSjku gksus okys fofHkUu fodkl frekuksa dk v/;;ubl v/;k; o vxys v/;k; esa djsxs aA

1-1-1-1-1- 'kkjhfjd fodkl'kkjhfjd fodkl'kkjhfjd fodkl'kkjhfjd fodkl'kkjhfjd fodkl (Physical Development) :ckyd dk 'kkjhfjd fodkl tUe ls nks o"kZ rd rhoz xfr ls gks rk gS fQj /khjs gks tkrk gSA

fd'kksjkoLFkk es a 'kkjhfjd fodkl dh nj iqu% rhoz gks tkrh gS rRi'pkr~ fQj /khjs gks tkrh gSA'kkjhfjd fodkl dk v/;;u ge fuEu nks Hkkxks a es a djsxs a %1- ckg~; vaxks a dk fodkl 2- vkUrfjd vaxks a dk fodkl 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 - ckg~; vaxksa dk fodkl % 'kjhj dk R;sd vax vius fo'ks"k fu;ekuq lkj fodflr gks rk gSA

fofHkUu vaxks a dh o`f) o fodkl dh nj mez ds vuq:i fHkUu fHkUu gks rh gSA fdlh voLFkk es a dksbZvax rhoz xfr ls c


15/314

7

rkfydk 2-1 %NCHS ds vuqlkj lanfHkZr cPpksa dk otu

otu fd-xzk- mez o"kZ ckyd ckfydk 0 3-3 3-2 3 ekg 6-0 5-4 6 ekg 7-8 7-2 9 ekg 9-2 8-61-0 10-2 9-51-5 11-5 10-82-0 12-3 11-83-0 14-6 14-14-0 16-7 16-05-0 18-7 17-76-0 20-7 19-5

cyEckbZ % tUe ds le; f'k'kq dh vkSlr yEckbZ 50 ls-eh- ds yxHkx gks rh gSA mez ds Fke o"kZ esa yEckbZ es a 25 ls-eh-] f}rh; ,oa r`rh; o"kZ esa 9&10 ls-eh-] ,oa vxys rhu o"kks es a 6 ls 8 ls-eh- fro"kZ dh nj ls of) gks rh gSA mez ds vuq:i 'kkjhfjd yEckbZ rkfydk 2-2es a nh xbZ gSA tUe ls ysdj 8 ls 9 o"kZ rd ckydks a dh yEckbZ ckfydkvks a ls vf/kd gksrh gSA ysfdu 10&12 o"kZ dh mez dh ckfydkvks a dh yEckbZ ckydks a ls vf/kd gks rh gSA bl

mez es a ckfydkvks a dh vf/kd yEckbZ mudh fd'kks jo; dk kjEHk gksuk gS tcfd ckyd vHkh ckY;koLFkk esa gh gks rk gSA

rkfydk 2-2 % NCHS ds vuqlkj lanfHkZr cPpksa dh yEckbZ

yEckbZ ls-eh-

mez o"kZ ckyd ckfydk 0 50-5 49-9 3 ekg 61-1 60-2 6 ekg 67-8 66-6 9 ekg 72-3 71-11-0 76-1 75-01-5 82-4 80-92-0 85-6 84-53-0 94-9 93-9

4-0 102-9 101-65-0 109-9 108-46-0 116-1 114-6

AglaSem Sc
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


16/314

8

l'kkjhfjd vuqikr % uotkr f'k'kq ds 'kjhj dk vuqikr o;Ld ds 'kjhj ds vuqikr lsfHkUu gks rk gSA mlds 'kjhj ds fHkUu&fHkUu vax fHkUu&fHkUu vuqikr es a c


17/314

9

nw /k ds nkr Hkh dgrs gSaA ;s vLFkk;h fr ds gks rs gS aA vLFkk;h nkr 6 o"kZ dh mez ls fxjuk kjEHk gks rs gS a o mudh txg LFkk;h nk r fudy vkrs gSaA LFkk;h nkrks a dh dqy la[;k 32gks rh gSA ckjg o"kZ dh vk;q rd lHkh vLFkk;h nkr fxj tkrs gSa vkS j mudh txg 24&26

LFkk;h nkr fudy vkrs gS aA cPpks a es a nkr fudyus dh mez fHkUu gks ldrh gS D;ks afd ;g dbZdkjdks a ij fuHkZ j djrh gSA nkr fudyus dh vk;q dh vis{kk muds fudyus dk e vf/kd ego j[krk gSA

2- vkUrfjd vaxks dk fodkl % uotkr f'k'kq ds vkUrfjd vax fofHkUu 'kkjhfjd f;kvks a tS lsikpu] 'olu] ifjla pj.k] mRltZu bR;kfn ds fy;s iw .kZ :i ls ifjiDo ugha gks rs gS aA mez ds

lkFk&lkFk bu vaxksa es a ifjiDork vkrh tkrh gSA ckg~; vaxks a dh rjg vkUrfjd vaxks a dh ifjiDork dh nj es a Hkh fHkUurk gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s efLr"d tks fd Luk;q rU= dk ,d vax gS uotkr voLFkk es a ;g viuk dk;Z ugha dj ikrk ,oa mldk dk;Z lq"kEuk 'kh"kZ }kjk

lapkfyr gks rk gS fdUrq /khjs&/khjs efLr"d ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk ;g viuk dk;Z djus yxrk gSA kjfEHkd nks o"kks es a efLr"d dk 90 fr'kr fodkl iw .kZ gks tkrk gSA,d uotkr f'k'kq vius kjfEHkd thou dky es a ds oy nw /k ij gh thfor jgrk gS D;ks afd mldk

ikpu rU= vU; dkj ds HkksT; inkFkks ds fy;s fodflr ugha gks rk gSA kjEHk es a f'k'kq ,d ckj es anl ls chl fe-yh- nw /k ih ldrk gS tks fd ,d lky dh mez gksrs&gks rs lkS ls nks lkS fe-yh- rd ih ys rk gS vFkkZ r~ ,d o"kZ dh voLFkk es a mlds vkek'k; dh Hkkstu xzg.k djus dh {kerk nl xquk c


18/314

10

(Sensations) ds fr cgq r vuqf;k'khy gks rk gS mls "ek] 'khr] ihM+ k dk rhoz la osnu gks rk gS a vkSj og gYds Li'kZ ds fr rFkk xqnxqnkus okys mhiuks a ds fr T;knk vk;q okyks a dh vis{kk rhoz vuqf;k djrk gSA

tUe ls iw oZ xHkZ es a f'k'kq ds n; dh /kM+du {kh.k gks rh gS fdUrq tUe ds i'pkr~ n; ds vkdkj es a o`f) gksus ds lkFk&lkFk mldh /kM+du vf/kd LFkk;h gks tkrh gS vkSj jDr pki Hkh cw yrh gqbZ oLrq idM+uk 7 ekg 8 ekg 9 ekg

Lo;a cSBuk lgkjs ls [kM+ k gksuk QuhZpj ds lgkjs [kM+ k gksuk

10 ekg 11 ekg 12 ekg

?kqVus pyuk idM+ dj pyuk QuhZpj [khap dj [kM+k gksuk

13 ekg 14 ekg 15 ekg

lhf


19/314

11

}kjk fofHkUu dk;Z djus ds lkeF;Z dks xked fodkl dgrs gS aA cPpks a es a vkS lr f;kRed fodkl dbZpj.kks a es a gks rk gS ftUgs a ^^ehy dk iRFkj**(Mile stone) dgk tkrk gSA ;s pj.k lHkh f'k'kqvksa es a rdjhcu

leku gks rs gS a fdUrq fHkUu&fHkUu cPpks a es a FkksM+ h cgq r fofHkUurk gks ldrh gSAxked fodkl ds fy;s ifjiDork (Maturity) o lh[kuk(Learning) vko';d gSA ifjiDork ls

rkRi;Z ckyd dh gf;ks a] eka lis f'k;ks a o rfU=dk rU= ds iw .kZ fodkl ls gS ftuesa leUo; gksus ij ckyd dkS'ky dks lh[k ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s xs an Qsadus ds fy;s ckyd ds gkFk o da/ks dh gf;ks a] eka lis f'k;ks a o ukM+ h la LFkku dh ifjiDork rks vko';d gS gh lkFk gh lkFk mls xsan Qa sduk Hkh fl[kkuk vko';d gSA fdlh Hkh dkS'ky dks lh[kus ds fy;s ckyd es a dkS'ky dks lh[kusdh bPNk gksuh pkfg;s( mls lh[kus o vH;kl ds mi;qDr volj kIr gksus pkfg;s( mls udy djds

lh[kus ds fy;s vPNs vkn'kZ] ekxZn'kZu o s j.kk dh vko';drk gks rh gSA R;sd dkS'ky dks ,d&,d djds lh[kus ls rFkk ,d le; es a ,d gh dkS'ky lh[kus ls ckyd fofo/k dkS'kyksa es a oh.krk (Perfection) kIr dj ik;sxkA mez ds vuqlkj ckydks a es a gksus okys f;kRed fodkl rkfydk 2-3 es ans[ks tk ldrs gSaA bUgs a vki fp= la[;k 2-2 esa Hkh ns[k ldrs gS aA

rkfydk 2-3 % mez ds vuq:i f;kRed fodkl mez f;kRed fodkl 0&3 ekg BksM+ h mBkuk] Nkrh mBkuk] oLrq idM+us dh vlQy dksf'k'k djuk vkfn 4&6 ekg fdlh ds lgkjs cSBuk] f[kykSuk idM+uk vkfnA7&9 ekg vius vki cSBuk] isV ds cy ljduk] ?kqVuks a ds cy pyuk] dq lhZ ds lgkjs [kM+ k

gksuk vkfnA10&12 ekg nksuks a gkFkks a dks idM+dj pyuk] vius vki [kM+ s gksuk] ,d gkFk idM+dj

pyuk vkfnA1&2 o"kZ Lor% pyuk] lgkjs ls lhf


20/314

12

5&6 o"kZ dk ckyd vkjke ls iw .kZ okD;ks a }kjk 'kq) mPpkj.k ds lkFk viuh Hkkouk, O;Dr dj ldrk gSA f'k'kq ds eqg ls fudyus okyh Fke /ofu jksus dh gks rh gSA kjEHk es a og fcuk dkj.k jks rk gSA

rRi'pkr~ og fofo/k dkj.kks a tS ls Hkw [k] nnZ] uhan es a :dkoV] xhysiu dk vkHkkl] Hk;] rhoz 'kks jxqy o dk'k vkfn ls jksrk gSA jksus ds ek/;e ls og vius Hkko o fopkjks a dks O;Dr djrk gSA jksus dh f;k mls lh[kuh ugha iM+ rh cfYd mlds Loj ;U=ks a ls lgt gh LokHkkfod :i es a gks rh gSA rhu ekg ds f'k'kq eq[k ls dw - - - dh /ofu ,oa rRi'pkr~ v vk c] fQj /khjs&/khjs ik ek Vk vkfn

/ofu fudkyrs gS a ftudk fo'ks"k vFkZ ugha gks rs gq, Hkh os vkuUnn gks rh gS aA bls dw bax (Cooing) o ccykuk(Babbling) dgrs gS aA bl vof/k es a ekrk&firk o vU; lnL;ks a dks f'k'kq ds Loj ;U= dsfodkl es a lg;ksxh cuuk pkfg;sA

lkr ls ukS ekg dh mez es a cPps nksgjh vkokt tSls ikik] ckck] ekek vkfn fudkyrs gSaA 'kq: es a;s vkokt+s a fujFkZd yxrh gSa ysfdu /khjs&/khjs cPpk bu vkokt+ ksa ds lkFk lads rks a ds }kjk viuh ckr dgus dk ;kl djrk gSA tS ls ckyd tc gkFk mBkdj eq Ldq jkrk gS rks bldk la ds r gS fd mls xksn es a ys fy;k tk;sA

nl ls ckjg ekg dk ckyd 'kCnks a dh udy djrk gS o vius gko&Hkko(Gestures) }kjk lq[k&nq%[k dh vuqHkw fr dV djrk gS tS ls jksuk] gkFk&ik o iVduk] eq Ldjkuk vkfnA ,d ls nks o"kZ

dk ckyd nks rhu 'kCnksa dks feykdj rqrykdj okD; cksyus dk ;kl djrk gSA rhu ls ikp o"kZdh mez es a ckyd u;s lh[ks 'kCnksa dks ckj&ckj cksyrs gSa ,oa rksrs dh rjg fofo/k vkokt+ksa dh udy djrs gSaA bl voLFkk esa os ,d ls vf/kd Hkk"kk Hkh lh[k ys rs gSaA vc muds mPpkj.k esa 'kq)rk vk tkrh gS o cPpk iw.kZ okD; vklkuh ls cksy ysrk gSA ikp ls N% o"kZ dh vk;q ds ckn ckydk'kCnkoyh esa o`f) gksrh tkrh gS ,oa Hkk"kk fodflr gksrh tkrh gS rFkk lkFk gh blesa oh.kvk tkrh gSA vU; frekuks a dk fodkl vxys v/;k; es a i


21/314

13

10- 'kS'kokoLFkk dk ckyd f;kRed fodkl es a dqN&dqN vkRefuHkZ jrk kIr dj pqdk gksrk gSA11- f'k'kq ds eq g ls fudyus okyh Fke /ofu jksus dh gS tks fd Loj ;a =ks a dh lgt f;k dk ifj.kke

gSA12- rhu ekg dk f'k'kq dw bax o ccykuk kjEHk dj /khjs&/khjs v{kjks a dks feykdj 'kCn cukus] lads r

nsus] udy djus vkfn ds }kjk 'kS'kokoLFkk rd 2&3 'kCnks a dks feykdj ljy okD; cukus yxrk gSA

13- iw oZ ckY;koLFkk dk ckyd dqN cM+ s okD;] 'kq) mPpkj.k ,oa volj feyus ij dbZ Hkk"kk, lh[k ys rk gSA

vH;klkFkZ 'u %vH;klkFkZ 'u %vH;klkFkZ 'u %vH;klkFkZ 'u %vH;klkFkZ 'u %1- fuEu 'uks a ds lgh mkj pqus a %(i) tUe ds i'pkr~ f'k'kq dk otu tUe Hkkj dk nqxquk gks tkrk gS %

v 2&3 ekg es a c 6&7 ekg es a l 4&6 ekg es a n ,d ekg es a(ii) uotkr f'k'kq ds flj dh yEckbZ dk 'ks"k yEckbZ ls vuqikr gksrk gS %

v c l1/5 n1/3

(iii) xked fodkl ds fy;s vko';d gS %&v ifjiDork c lh[kuk l vH;kl n mijksDr lHkh (iv) 7&9 ekg ds f'k'kq es a Hkk"kk dk fodkl fuEu :i es a gksxk %

v dw bax c lkadsfrd Hkk"kk l ccykuk n rq rykuk 2 -2 -2 -2 -2 - fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft;s %fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft;s %fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft;s %fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft;s %fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft;s %i. xHkZ LFk f'k'kq ds n; dh /kM+du ------------------------------------- gks rh gSAii. uotkr f'k'kq ds 'kjhj esa vfLFk;ksa dh la[;k ------------------------------ gksrh gSAiii. Hkk"kk fodkl ds fy;s iw oZ ckY;koLFkk ds ckydks a dh ---------------------------------- esa rhoz of) gks rh gSAiv. ckyd ds ikb;sA9- f'k'kq ds Hkk"kk fodkl esa ekrk&firk o vU; ikfjokfjd lnL;ks a dh Hkw fedk ij dk'k Mkfy;sA10- 'kS'kokoLFkk ls ckY;koLFkk rd ds 'kkjhfjd] xked o Hkk"kk fodkl dk foLr` r o.kZu dhft;sA

mkjekyk % mkjekyk % mkjekyk % mkjekyk % mkjekyk % 1- (i) l (ii) c (iii) n (iv) c 2- (i) {kh.k(ii) 270 (iii) 'kCnkoyh(iv) 3&5 o"kZ

AglaSem Sc
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


22/314

14

k;ksfxd k;ksfxd k;ksfxd k;ksfxd k;ksfxd ckyd ds 'kkjhfjd o xked fodkl dk fujh{k.k

1-1-1-1-1- 'kkjhfjd fodkl %'kkjhfjd fodkl %'kkjhfjd fodkl %'kkjhfjd fodkl %'kkjhfjd fodkl %ge ck o vka rfjd va xksa ds fodkl }kjk cPps dk 'kkjhfjd fodkl mldh vk;q ds vuq:i gks

jgk gS ;k ugha] irk yxk ldrs gSaA 'kkjhfjd o`f) fu;fer :i ls ugha gks rh] dHkh 'kkjhfjd o`f)

rhozxfr ls rks dHkh eUn xfr ls gks rh gSA 'kkjhfjd fodkl dk Hkko ckyd ds fodkl ds vU;frekuks a ij Hkh iM+ rk gSA vr% 'kkjhfjd fodkl dk fujh{k.k djuk t:jh gks rk gS rkfd R;sd ckyd dks mlds fodkl ds vuq:i mi;q Dr okrkoj.k nku fd;k tk lds ,oa mldk lEiw .kZ fodkl mezds vuq:i gks lds A v/;k; es a i


23/314

15

33333 ----- 'kS'kokoLFk 'kS'kokoLFk 'kS'kokoLFk 'kS'kokoLFk 'kS'kokoLFk k k k k k ls ls ls ls ls iwoZiwoZiwoZiwoZiwoZckY;koLFkkckY;koLFkkckY;koLFkkckY;koLFkkckY;koLFkkesaesaesaesaesafodkl fodkl fodkl fodkl fodkl &II

Development in Infancy to Early Childhood - II

fiNys v/;k; es a geus fodkl ds 'kkjhfjd] xked o Hkk"kk frekuks a ds fo"k; es a foLrkj ls i


24/314


25/314

17

ij ysV dj djrk gSA ckyd ds cM+s gksus ds lkFk&lkFk Hk; dh la[;k] rhoz rk] ckjEckjrk ?kVrh tkrh gSA mez ds lkFk&lkFk ftKklk] g"kZ o Lusg dh vfHkO;fDr c


26/314


27/314

19

(Symbols) dk ;ksx djuk kjEHk dj ns rk gSAii. iwoZ laf;kRed voLFkk % ;g nks ls lkr o"kZ rd dh voLFkk gSA bles a cPpk ubZ lwpukvks a

vkSj vuqHkoks a dk laxzg djrk gSA bl voLFkk es a cPps dh lkspus dh {kerk es a ifjorZu vkrk gSvkSj og vius pkjks a vks j fn[kkbZ nsus okyh oLrqvks a ds ckjs es a lkspuk vkjEHk dj ns rk gSA vusd dkj ds rhd mldh Le fr es a tqM+rs tkrs gS a rFkk og rhdks a dks f;kvks a ls tksM+us yxrk gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy, tc Hkh ifjokj dk dksbZ lnL; tw rs iguus yxrk gS rks og le> tkrk gS fd og ckgj tk jgk gSA bl voLFkk es a og 'kCnks a dk mPpkj.k Hkh djus yxrk gS vkSj mldk 'kCn Kku cus dh dksf'k'k ugha djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, NksVs o pkSM+ s fxykl dh vis{kk irys o yEcs fxykl dks cM+ k le>rk gS rFkk ;g le>kusij Hkh fd nksuks a fxykl cjkcj gSa og ;g ;g le>us dks rS;kj ugha gks rk gSA bl vk;q oxZ es acPps k;% ;FkkFkZ ls nw j vR;f/kd dYiuk'khy ,oa l`tu'khy gks rs gSaA

vfHko`f) o fodkl dks Hkkfor djus okys dkjd %vfHko`f) o fodkl dks Hkkfor djus okys dkjd %vfHko`f) o fodkl dks Hkkfor djus okys dkjd %vfHko`f) o fodkl dks Hkkfor djus okys dkjd %vfHko`f) o fodkl dks Hkkfor djus okys dkjd %vHkh rd vkius 'kS'kokoLFkk ls ysdj ckY;koLFkk ds nkS jku of) o fodkl ds fofo/k frekuks a

ds ckjs es a i


28/314

20

gks rk gSA lkekftd okrkoj.k es a fuEufyf[kr dks lfEefyr fd;k tk ldrk gS Ai. x`g okrkoj.k (Home environment) : ckyd ds fodkl ij mlds ifjokj ds vkdkj]

la jpuk] vk;] ijEijkvks a vkfn dk Hkko iM+ rk gSA ckyd ds fodkl ij ekrk] firk ,oa vU;ikfjokfjd lnL;ks a ds 'kSf{kd Lrj] vfHko`fk;ks a (Attitude), ekxZn'kZu dh .kkyh] vuq'kklu O;oLFkk ,oa vUr%f;kvks a dk xgjk Hkko iM+ rk gSA

ii. 'kS{kf.kd okrkoj.k (School environment) : ckyd dh v/;kidks a o lgikfB;ks a ls vUr%f;k,,oa Ldw y dk okrkoj.k] fu;e] dkuw u bR;kfn mlds fodkl dks Hkkfor djrs gSa D;ks afd og fnu es a 6&8 ?k.Vs Ldw y es a gh O;rhr djrk gS lkFk gh lkFk xq:tu ds vkn'kZ o laxh&lkFkh ckyd ds eu ij vfeV Nki NksM+ rs gS aA

iii. lkeqnkf;d okrkoj.k (Community environment) : lkeqnkf;d okrkoj.k ls rkRi;Z lEiw.kZ lekt ls gS ftlds jgu&lgu] [kku&iku] Hkk"kk rFkk jhfr fjokt ckyd ds fodkl dks Hkkfor djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy;s mkjh Hkkjr esa iyus okyk ckyd fgUnh Hkk"kh ,oa xsgwdh jksVh o lCth [kkus okyk gksxk tcfd nf{k.kh Hkkjr esa iyus okyk ckyd {ks= fo'ks"k dh Hkk"kk tSls dUuM+] rsyxq] rfey vkfn cksyus okyk gksxk rFkk lkEHkj Hkkr [kk;sxkA blh dkj ;s ckyd fHkUu&fHkUu jhfr fjoktksa dks ekusaxsA ;fn dksbZ mkj Hkkjrh; ifjokj nf{k.k esa tkdj

fuokl djs rks mudk ckyd vius ikfjokfjd Hkkstu o Hkk"kk ds lkFk&lkFk nf{k.k Hkkjr dsO;atu o Hkk"kk Hkh viuk ysxkAvuqokf'kdrk ,oa okrkoj.k ds lkFk&lkFkfofHkUu dkj ds fodkl Hkh ,d nw ljs dks Hkkfor djrs gSa tSls tc rd f'k'kq dh eka lis f'k;k] gfM~M;k o rfU=dk, i;kZIr fodflr ugha gks axh rc

rd og fofHkUu xked frf;k, tS ls cSBuk] mBuk] pyuk] nkSM+uk bR;kfn ugha dj ik;s xkA

egoiw.kZ fcUnq % egoiw.kZ fcUnq % egoiw.kZ fcUnq % egoiw.kZ fcUnq % egoiw.kZ fcUnq %1- ckyd es a lekt ds vuq:i vius O;ogkj dks


29/314

21

11- uotkr f'k'kq uSfrdrk jfgr gksrk gSA12- ckyd es a uSfrdrk dk fodkl e'k% f'k{k.k] iq#Ldkj o n.M] lkekftd Fkkvks a o Hkys cqjs dh

Hkkouk iSnk gksus ls gks rk gSA13- 'kkjhfjd n.M dk vf/kd ;ksx ckyd dks lathnk] gBh o udkjkRed o`fk dk cuk ns rk gSA14- laKkukRed fodkl ckyd dh ekufld ;ksX;rk o efLr"d ds fodkl ij fuHkZ j djrk gSA

15- ekufld f;k, laKku] Hkko cks/k ,oa f;ko`fk ds rhu pj.kks a es a iwjh gksrh gSaA16- 'kS'kokoLFkk es a f'k'kq laKkukRed fodkl dh la osnh xked voLFkk( iw oZ ckY;koLFkk es a iw oZ

laf;kRed voLFkk( ckY;koLFkk es a ew rZ laf;kRed rFkk fd'kks jo; es a vew rZ laf;kRed voLFkk es a gks rk gSA

17- vuqokf'kdrk o okrkoj.k] o`f) o fodkl dks Hkkfor djus okys nks eq[; dkjd gS aA18- kfrd okrkoj.k tS ls xHkkZ oLFkk es a ek dk 'kkjhfjd o ekufld LokLF;] tyok;q] gok] ikuh]

?kj o vU; HkkSfrd lqfo/kk, ckyd ds fodkl dks Hkkfor djrh gS aA19- lkekftd okrkoj.k tS ls ?kj o ikfjokfjd lnL;] Ldw y] xq#tu o lgikBh rFkk lkeqnkf;d

okrkoj.k ckyd ds fodkl dks Hkkfor djrs gS aA

vH;klkFkZ 'u vH;klkFkZ 'u vH;klkFkZ 'u vH;klkFkZ 'u vH;klkFkZ 'u %%%%%1- fuEu 'uks a ds lgh mkj pqus a %(i) f'k'kq igyh lkekftd eq Ldku ns rk gS %

v igys eghus es a c nw ljs eghus es al rhljs eghus es a n pkSFks eghus es a

(ii) Vksyh iw oZ voLFkk gS %v 'kS'kokoLFkk c iw oZ ckY;koLFkk l ckY;koLFkk n ;qokoLFkk

(iii) uotkr f'k'kq gks rk gS %v uSfrd c vuSfrd l uSfrdrk jfgr n mijksDr es a ls dksbZ ugha

(iv) iw oZ ckY;koLFkk dk ckyd laKkukRed fodkl dh fuEu voLFkk es a gks rk gS %v ew rZ laf;kRed voLFkk c vew rZ laf;kRed voLFkk l la osnh xked voLFkk n iw oZ laf;kRed voLFkk

2 -2 -2 -2 -2 - fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft;s %fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft;s %fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft;s %fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft;s %fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft;s %(i) ckyd dh vfHko`f) o fodkl dks ------------------ o -------------- Hkkfor djrs gSaA(ii) viuh Hkkoukvks a dh lkekftd Lohdk;Zrk ,oa okaNuk ds vuq:i n'kZu o vfHkO;fDr gh

------------------------ fodkl gSA(iii) 'kS'kokoLFkk esa uSfrdrk dk fodkl ------------------- ds }kjk fl[kk;k tkrk gSA(iv) laKkukRed fodkl dh iw oZ laf;kRed voLFkk dk ckyd ------------------ gks rk gSA

AglaSem Sc
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


30/314

22

3- ifjHkkf"kr dhft;s & lkekftd fodkl] laosxkRed fodkl] uSfrd fodkl o laKkukRed fodklA

4- iwoZ ckY;koLFkk ds laosxksa dh fo'ks"krk, crkb;sA5- 'kS'kokoLFkk esa gksus okys lkekftd fodkl ij dk'k Mkfy;sA6- uotkr f'k'kq uSfrdrk jfgr gksrk gSA le>kb;sA7- dM+s vuq'kklu o n.M dk ckyd ds uSfrd fodkl ij D;k Hkko iM+rk gS\8- laKkukRed fodkl ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ ckyd dh ekufld ;ksX;rk laKkukRed fodkl dks

dSls Hkkfor djrh gS\9- ckydksa dh vfHko`f) o fodkl dks Hkkfor djus okys fofHkUu dkjdksa dk o.kZu dhf10- 'kS'kokoLFkk ls iwoZ ckY;koLFkk rd laKkukRed fodkl dks le>kb;sA mkjekyk % mkjekyk % mkjekyk % mkjekyk % mkjekyk % 1- (i) l (ii) c (iii) l (iv) v 2- (i) vuq okf'kdrk] okrkoj.k(ii) HkkokRed

(iii) f'k{k.k(iv) LodsfUr

izk;ksfxd izk;ksfxd izk;ksfxd izk;ksfxd izk;ksfxd ckyd ds fodkl ds pj.k ckyd ds fodkl ds pj.k ckyd ds fodkl ds pj.k ckyd ds fodkl ds pj.k ckyd ds fodkl ds pj.k

vkius v/;k; nks ,oa rhu es a 'kS'kokoLFkk 0&2 o"kZ rFkk iw oZ ckY;koLFkk 2 ls 6 o"kZ rdds f'k'kqvksa ds 'kkjhfjd] lkekftd] ekufld] la osxkRed] xked] uSfrd] Hkk"kk vkfn fodkl ds ckjses a foLrkj ls i


31/314

23

4-4-4-4-4- jksx frjks/kd {kerk jksx frjks/kd {kerk jksx frjks/kd {kerk jksx frjks/kd {kerk jksx frjks/kd {kerk Immunity

LokLF; O;fDr ds thou dh vew Y; fuf/k gSA R;sd O;fDr dh ;g gkfnZd bPNk gks rh gS fd mldk LokLF; mke gksA LokLF; ds fr tkx:d jgdj gh ,d O;fDr LoLFk jg ldrk gS A LoLFk 'kjhj es a gh LoLFk efLr"d dk fuokl gks rk gSA fo'o LokLF; laxBu ds vuqlkj LokLF; og fLFkfr gS ftles a ^^lEiw .kZ HkkSfrd] ekufld ,oa lkekftd dq'kyrk ikbZ tkrh gSA ds oy chekfj;ks a dh vuqifLFkfr gh LokLF; ugha gSA** fdlh Hkh jk"V ds fodkl ,oa mUufr ds fy, ;g vR;Ur vko';d gS fd mlds ns'k ds ukxfjd LoLFk gks aA LokLF; Lo;a gh] vkdfLed :i ls kIr ugha fd;k tk ldrk vkS j u gh ;g bZ'oj dk ojnku gh gSA vkt dk ckyd gh dy dk Hkkoh ukxfjd gSA ckydks a es a ;q okvks avkS j kS


32/314

24

frj{kk oxhZdj.k

tUetkr vftZ r

(v) O;fDrxr lf; fuf";(c

)tkfrxr

(v

) jksx gksus ds i'pkr~

(v

)xHkkZ oLFkk ds nkS jku

(c) fNis lae.k ls (c) Lruiku ( l ) Vhdks a }kjk ( l ) ,UVh VkWfDlu

(i) thfor (n ) xkek XyksC;qfyu (ii) e` r (iii) tho fo"k

tUetkr frj{kk tUetkr frj{kk tUetkr frj{kk tUetkr frj{kk tUetkr frj{kk (Innate immunity) :;g O;fDr dks tUe ls gh vuq okf'kd dkj.kksa ls kIr gks rh gSA

v O;fDrxr(Individual) frj{kk ds vUrxZ r O;fDr dks tUe ls gh dqN fo'ks"k jksxks a ls yM+us dh {kerk kIr gks rh gS QyLo:i mls os jksx ;k rks cgq r gh de ;k fcYdqy ugha gks rs gS a tcfd ;gh jksx mlh ifjokj] leqnk; ;k okrkoj.k esa jgus okys nw ljs O;fDr;ks a dks gks ldrs ga SA

c tkfrxr (Racial) frj{kk ds vUrxZr thoks a dh tkfr fo'ks"k es a dqN jksxks a ds fy;s vuq okf'kd dkj.kks a ls jksx frjks/kd {kerk kIr gks rh gSA tS ls tks jksx i'kq tkfr es a pfyr ga S os euq"; tkfr es a ugha ik;s tkrs ga SA mnkgj.k ds fy;s euq"; tkfr es a gh vhdk ds gC'kh tkfr ds yksxks a dksihr Toj ugha gks rkA muesa bl Toj ds fr jksx frjks/kd {kerk tUe ls gh fo|eku gks rh gSA

vftZr frj{kk(Acquired immunity) :

bl dkj dh frj{kk fofHkUu ek/;eks a ls vftZ r dh tkrh gSA ;s nks rjg dh gks rh gS & lf;,oa fuf";A lf; frj{kk (Active immunity) rc kIr gks rh gS tc O;fDr jksxk.kqvks a ds R;{k lEidZ es avkrk gS ,oa mlds 'kjhj es a mu jksxk.kqvks a ds frj{kh fufeZ r gks tkrs gSaA bl dkj dh frj{kk dksfodflr gksus es a dqN lIrkg ls ysdj eghuks a rd dk le; yxrk gSA ysfdu ,d ckj fodflr gkstkus ij yEcs le; rd cuh jgrh gS Av jksx gksus ds i'pkr~ % O;fDr dks tc dksbZ jksx gksrk gS rks bl jksx ls j{kk djus ds fy;s'kjhj es a cgq r Hkkjh la[;k es a frjf{k;ks a dk fuekZ.k gks rk gSA ftuds dkj.k Hkfo"; es a yEcs le; rd

og jksx iqu% ugha gksrk vkSj ;fn gks rk Hkh gS rks gYds :i esa gks rk gS tSls pspd] [kljk vkfn es aA

c fNis lae.k ls % ;fn O;fDr ds 'kjhj es a jksxk.kq fo"V dj tk;s ,oa os viuk Hkko u fn[kk lds a ;kfu fd jksx ds y{k.k ugha fn[kkbZ ns a rks Hkh bl voLFkk es a 'kjhj es a bu jksxk.kqvks a ds frj{kh

AglaSem Sc
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


33/314

25

mRiUu gks tkrs gSa tks Hkfo"; es a 'kjhj dh bu jksxks a ds lae.k ls j{kk djrs gSaAl Vhdksa }kjk mikftZr : bl dkj dh frj{kk Vhds yxkdj kIr dh tk ldrh gS A lkekU;cksy pky dh Hkk"kk es a Vhds yxkus dks Vhdkdj.k(Vaccination) dgrs ga SA ftlls ge fofHkUu jksxks a

ls eqfDr(Immunized) kIr dj ys rs gS aAVhds ;k oSDlhu rhu dkj ls cuk;s tk ldrs gS aA thfor cSDVhfj;k ;k ok;jl }kjk & thfor

oSDlhu(live vaccine); e` r cSDVhfj;k ;k ok;jl }kjk vf/kd rki ;k jklk;fud inkFkks ds mi;ksx ls ekj dj e` r oSDlhu(Killed vaccine); rFkk thoks a ls kIr fo"k }kjk&tho fo"k(Toxides) cuk;stkrs gSA ch-lh-th-(BCG) thfor oSDlhu( pspd] [kljk] iksfy;ks] bUyq,s atk e r oSDlhu rFkk fViy ,UVhtu&Mh-ih-Vh-(Triple antigent-DPT) tho fo"k okys oSDlhu ds mnkgj.k gS aAfuf"; frj{kk (Inactive immunity) rc gks rh gS tc fdlh tkuoj ;k ekuo es a mRiUu frj{kh dks vU; ekuo es a os'k djk dj mles a ml jksx ds fy;s frj{kk 'kfDr(Immunity power) dks sfjr fd;k tk;sA fuf"; frj{k.k ls frj{kk de le; ds fy;s feyrh gS fdUrq frj{kk 'kfDr dkQh

rhoz gks rh gSA vr% dqN le; i'pkr~ iqu% jksx gksus dh laHkkouk jgrh gSAv xHkkZoLFkk esa ekrk dh vijk l s%xHkZ LFk f'k'kq viuh ekrk dh vijk (Placenta) }kjk dqNfrj{kh tSlsIgG kIr djrk gSA ;s frj{kh f'k'kq dks Fke N% ekg rd fofHkUu jksxksa tS ls pspd]VsVul] fMIFkhfj;k] [kljk] iksfy;ks bR;kfn ls j{kk djrs gS aA ysfdu bl rjg dh frj{kk {kerk ekrk dh frj{kk {kerk ij fuHkZ j djrh gSAc Lruiku % ek dk nw /k f'k'kq ds fy;s loks Zke vkgkj gSA f'k'kq ds tUe ds dqN le; i'pkr~ekrk ds Lru ls gYds ihys jax dk xkdj cPpks a dks ugha fn;k tkrk gSAbl L=ko dks fudkydj ;k rks Qs ad fn;k tkrk gS ;k fQj xk


34/314

26

jk"Vh; Vhdkdj.k dk;Ze % jk"Vh; Vhdkdj.k dk;Ze % jk"Vh; Vhdkdj.k dk;Ze % jk"Vh; Vhdkdj.k dk;Ze % jk"Vh; Vhdkdj.k dk;Ze %gekjs ns'k es a ,slh N% tkuys ok chekfj;k gS tks fd gj o"kZ yk[kks a xHkZ orh efgykvks a vkS j f'k'kqvks a

ds fy;s ?kkrd fl) gks rh gS aA ;s N% [krjukd chekfj;k fuEukuqlkj gSa %1- fMIFkhfj;k(Diptheria) %;g rhoz laked jksx lanwf"kr ty] Hkkstu ,oa nw /k }kjk QSyrk gSA bl jksx ds thok.kq dks dkWuhZ cSDVhfj;e fMIFkhjh(Coryne bacterium diphtheriae) dgrs gSaA;s thok.kq euq"; dh ukd] Loj ;U=] VksfUly~l o xzluh ij vke.k djrs gSaA bl jksx esa cq[kkj ds lkFk xys esa lwtu o nnZ gksrk gSA Hkkstu fuxyus esa rdyhd gksrh gSA bl thok.kq dk

rfU=dk rU= o n; dks Hkkfor djrk gSA le; jgrs mipkj ugha djus ij e`R;q Hkh gks ldrh gSA2- dkyh [kkalh (Pertussis/Whooping Cough) : dkyh [kka lh ;k dw dj [kka lh ,d rhoz

laked ok;q lapkfjr 'olu lEcU/kh jksx gSA ;g jksx NksVs cPpks a 5 o"kZ ls de vk;q ij vf/kd o tYnh vke.k djrk gSA bl jksx ds thok.kq dks cs lhyl ijV~ ;lhl (Bacillus Pertussis) dgrsgSaA ;g jksx gYds cq[kkj ,oa [kka lh ls 'kq: gks rk gS] 8&10 fnu es a rhoz [kka lh gksus yxrh gS o cPpsdks [kka lh ds nkSjs iM+us yxrs gSaA [kka lrs le; jks xh dh vk[ks a yky gks tkrh gS a] eqg o gksB uhys iM+tkrs gSaA lka l ysus es a dfBukbZ gks rh gSA [kka lh fnu dh vis{kk jkr dks vf/kd pyrh gS ,oa cPpk lksugha ikrk gSA3- VsVul (Tetanus) : ;g ,s aBu okyk jksx gS rFkk Dyks LVhfM;e fVVsuh(ClostridiumTetani) uked thok.kq ls gks rk gS tks feV~Vh] /kw y] ey] i'kqvks a ds xkscj vkfn es a ik;k tkrk gSA 'kjhj es a os'k djus ds ckn ;g thok.kq ,d ?kqyu'khy fo"k dk fuekZ.k djrk gS ftldk Hkko rfU=dk rU=

rFkk is'kh; rU= ij iM+ rk gSA eka lis f'k;k tYnh&tYnh ladqpu djrh gS a ftlls isf'k;ksa es a ihM+ k o ,s aBu gks rh gSA jksxh eq g ugha [kksy ikrk gSA rRi'pkr~ xnZu] dej o is V dh eka lis f'k;ks a es a ,s aBu gks rh gSA le; jgrs mipkj u djus ij e` R;q Hkh gks tkrh gSA4- iksfy;ks (Poliomyelitis) : ;g ,d rhoz laked jksx gS tks ok;jl ds dkj.k QSyrk gSAkjEHk es a ;g ok;jl ikpu .kkyh ij vke.k djrk gS rRi'pkr~ rfU=dk rU= ij vke.k djrk gS rFkk i{kk?kkr dk dkj.k curk gSA ;g jksx NksVs cPpks a es a gks rk gSA jksx ds kjEHk es a tqdke ds lkFk gkFk iSjks a ds tksM+ ks a rFkk dej es a rhoz ihM+k gksrh gS o jksxh fcuk fgysMqys iM+ k jgrk gSA ikapos a NBsfnu Toj mrj tkrk gS rFkk gkFk iS j 'kfDrghu gks tkrs gS aA eka lis f'k;ksa o rfU=dk rU= ij Hkko ls

jksx dh rhozrk ls fodykaxrk vk tkrh gSA5- {k; jksx (Tuberculosis) : bls jkt;{ek ;k risfnd Hkh dgrs gSaA ;g fof'k"V lapkjh

jksx ok;q ds ek/;e ls QSyrk gSA jksx ds lw{e thok.kq ekbdks&cSDVhfj;e V~;qcjdqfyu(Mico bacteriun Tuberculin) euq"; ds QsQM+ks a ij vke.k djrs gSaA bl jksx esa rhoz Fkdku o detksjh ds lkFk gYdk cq[kkj jgrk gSA Hkw[k de yxrh gS vkSj /khjs&/khjs otu de gksrk tkrk gSA dks [kka lh cuh jgrh gS ,oa 'okl ysus es a dfBukbZ gksrh gSA jksx dh rhozrk esa [kkalh ds lkFk cyxe

o jDr vkus yxrk gSA LokLF; esa fxjkoV ds lkFk&lkFk O;fDr ek= ,d uj dadky ds :i esafn[kkbZ nsrk gSA

AglaSem Sc
http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/http://schools.aglasem.com/


35/314

27

6- [kljk (Measles) : bl rhoz laked jksx ds ok;jl jksxh ds ukd] dku vkSj xys ds L=koks a ls LoLF; O;fDr rd lafer /kw y d.k ,oa R;{k lEidZ }kjk igq prs gS aA ;g jksx cPpks a es avf/kd gksrk gS rFkk cq[kkj o Ropk ij yky QqfUl;ksa ;k nkuks a ds :i es a igpkuk tkrk gSA bl jksx es a xys es a tyu] nnZ o [kka lh ds lkFk gYdk cq[kkj vkrk gSA ,d&nks fnu es a NksVs&NksVs xksy xqykch nkus Ropk ij fn[kkbZ ns rs ga SA ;s nkus psgjs] 'kjhj ds chp ds Hkkx o gkFk iSj ij fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaAnks ;k rhu fnu esa nkus lw[kdj /khjs&/khjs lekIr gksus yxrs ga SA

bu N% k.k?kkrd chekfj;ks a ls NqVdkjk ikus ds fy;s Hkkjr ljdkj us 1985 es a jk"Vh;Vhdkdj.k dk;Ze 'kq: fd;kA Vhdkdj.k ekuo 'kjhj dks laked jksxks a ls cpkus dk lclsHkko'kkyh rjhdk gSA fo'o ds R;sd ns'k es a LokLF; dh xfrfof/k;ksa es a Vhdkdj.k dk;Ze Hkh ,d xfrfof/k gksrh gSA Vhdkdj.k ds nks eq[; ms'; gSa %1- ,d o"kZ ls de vk;q ds cPpks a dk Vhdkdj.k djds N% tkuysuk chekfj;ks a ls cpkukA2- xHkZorh efgykvksa dks VsVul ds Vhds yxkdj mUgs a o muds uotkr f'k'kqvksa dks VsVul ls

cpkukA

Vhdkdj.k lEcU/kh dqN vko';d ckrsa %Vhdkdj.k lEcU/kh dqN vko';d ckrsa %Vhdkdj.k lEcU/kh dqN vko';d ckrsa %Vhdkdj.k lEcU/kh dqN vko';d ckrsa %Vhdkdj.k lEcU/kh dqN vko';d ckrsa %1- f'k'kq dks igyh ckj Vhdk yxokrs le; tPpk cPpk j{kk

dkMZ fp= 4-1 fn;k tkrk gS bl dkMZ es a Vhdk vkS j bldksyxokus dh rkjh[k Hkjh tkrh gSA bl dkMZ dks lEHkky dj j[kuk pkfg;s rFkk R;sd ckj Vhdk yxkus ds fy;s tkrs oDr dkMZ lkFk ys tkuk pkfg;sA

2- cPps o xHkZorh efgyk dks lHkh Vhds Vhdkdj.k lw ph dsvuqlkj lgh le; mez ij yxokus pkfg;sA

3- mfpr vk;q ls cM+ s cPpks a dks Hkh lHkh Vhds yxokus pkfg;sA4- Vhdk yxkrs le; dhVk.kqjfgr lqbZ fljhat dk bLrseky

djuk pkfg;s vU;Fkk Vhdk yxkus ds ckn lae.k dsdkj.k ml LFkku ij lwtu vkdj eokn Hkh iM+ ldrk

gSA5- ;fn cPpk [kkalh] tqdke] nLr vkSj lw[kk jksx vkfn lsxzflr gks rks Hkh mls lHkh Vhds yxokus pkfg;sA lw[kk

jksx ls xzflr cPps dks Vhds yxokuk lkekU; cPpksa dh vis{k

raj board class 12 book - grah vigyaan

Documents