rakhinekabyarhnuntrakhineahtwaeahkhor======

7/30/2019 RakhineKabyarHnuntRakhineAhTwaeAhKhor======

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&cdkifuAsmeefY&cdkifuAsmeefY&cdkifuAsmeefY&cdkifuAsmeefY&cdkifuAsmeefY

&cdkiftawG;tac:&cdkiftawG;tac:&cdkiftawG;tac:&cdkiftawG;tac:&cdkiftawG;tac:

okawoD - pHausmfxGef;okawoD- pHausmfxGef;okawoD - pHausmfxGef;okawoD- pHausmfxGef;okawoD - pHausmfxGef;

&cdkifom;BuD;pmay&cdkifom;BuD;pmay&cdkifom;BuD;pmay&cdkifom;BuD;pmay&cdkifom;BuD;pmay

c^55? uRef;a&T0gvrf;?c^55? uRef;a&T0gvrf;?c^55? uRef;a&T0gvrf;?c^55? uRef;a&T0gvrf;?c^55? uRef;a&T0gvrf;?

bk&ifhaemifyGJHk? &efukef/bk&ifhaemifyGJHk? &efukef/bk&ifhaemifyGJHk? &efukef/bk&ifhaemifyGJHk? &efukef/bk&ifhaemifyGJHk? &efukef/

zkef;-247807? 666890zkef;-247807? 666890zkef;-247807? 666890zkef;-247807? 666890zkef;-247807? 666890


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pHausmfxGef;pHausmfxGef;pHausmfxGef;pHausmfxGef;pHausmfxGef;

pmrlcGifhjyKcsuftrSwfpmrlcGifhjyKcsuftrSwfpmrlcGifhjyKcsuftrSwfpmrlcGifhjyKcsuftrSwfpmrlcGifhjyKcsuftrSwf ----- 700^95 (10)700^95 (10)700^95 (10)700^95 (10)700^95 (10)

rsufESmzHk;cGifhjyKcsuftrSwf - 149^96 (3)rsufESmzHk;cGifhjyKcsuftrSwf - 149^96 (3)rsufESmzHk;cGifhjyKcsuftrSwf - 149^96 (3)rsufESmzHk;cGifhjyKcsuftrSwf - 149^96 (3)rsufESmzHk;cGifhjyKcsuftrSwf - 149^96 (3)

xkwfa0ol - OD;&Jjrifhxkwfa0ol - OD;&Jjrifhxkwfa0ol - OD;&Jjrifhxkwfa0ol - OD;&Jjrifhxkwfa0ol - OD;&Jjrifh

wufvrf;pmay (01049)wufvrf;pmay (01049)wufvrf;pmay (01049)wufvrf;pmay (01049)wufvrf;pmay (01049)

trSwf(967)? ya'om&yf?trSwf(967)? ya'om&yf?trSwf(967)? ya'om&yf?trSwf(967)? ya'om&yf?trSwf(967)? ya'om&yf?

apmfbGm;BuD;ukef;?tif;pdef?&efukefNrdKU/apmfbGm;BuD;ukef;?tif;pdef?&efukefNrdKU/apmfbGm;BuD;ukef;?tif;pdef?&efukefNrdKU/apmfbGm;BuD;ukef;?tif;pdef?&efukefNrdKU/apmfbGm;BuD;ukef;?tif;pdef?&efukefNrdKU/

yHkESdyfol - a':cifcif0if;yHkESdyfol - a':cifcif0if;yHkESdyfol - a':cifcif0if;yHkESdyfol - a':cifcif0if;yHkESdyfol - a':cifcif0if;

uvsm (atmhzfquf)? 02670uvsm (atmhzfquf)? 02670uvsm (atmhzfquf)? 02670uvsm (atmhzfquf)? 02670uvsm (atmhzfquf)? 02670

152?uRef;a&TNrdKifvrf;?ok0P?&efukef/152?uRef;a&TNrdKifvrf;?ok0P?&efukef/152?uRef;a&TNrdKifvrf;?ok0P?&efukef/152?uRef;a&TNrdKifvrf;?ok0P?&efukef/152?uRef;a&TNrdKifvrf;?ok0P?&efukef/

yxrtBudfrf? 1996-ck? Edk0ifbmv?yxrtBudfrf? 1996-ck? Edk0ifbmv?yxrtBudfrf? 1996-ck? Edk0ifbmv?yxrtBudfrf? 1996-ck? Edk0ifbmv?yxrtBudfrf? 1996-ck? Edk0ifbmv?

tkyfa& -tkyfa& -tkyfa& -tkyfa& -tkyfa& - (500)tkyf(500)tkyf(500)tkyf(500)tkyf(500)tkyf

wefzdk; -wefzdk; -wefzdk; -wefzdk; -wefzdk; - usyfusyfusyfusyfusyf


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'kdYwm0efta&;okH;yg;'kdYwm0efta&;okH;yg;'kdYwm0efta&;okH;yg;'kdYwm0efta&;okH;yg;'kdYwm0efta&;okH;yg;

jynfaxmifpk rNydKuGJa&; 'kdYta&;jynfaxmifpk rNydKuGJa&; 'kdYta&;jynfaxmifpk rNydKuGJa&; 'kdYta&;jynfaxmifpk rNydKuGJa&; 'kdYta&;jynfaxmifpk rNydKuGJa&; 'kdYta&;

wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDGwfrIrNydKuGJa&;wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDGwfrIrNydKuGJa&;wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDGwfrIrNydKuGJa&;wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDGwfrIrNydKuGJa&;wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDGwfrIrNydKuGJa&; 'dkYta&;'dkYta&;'dkYta&;'dkYta&;'dkYta&;

tcsKyftjcmtmPmwnfwHhcdkifNrJa&;tcsKyftjcmtmPmwnfwHhcdkifNrJa&;tcsKyftjcmtmPmwnfwHhcdkifNrJa&;tcsKyftjcmtmPmwnfwHhcdkifNrJa&;tcsKyftjcmtmPmwnfwHhcdkifNrJa&; 'dkYta&;'dkYta&;'dkYta&;'dkYta&;'dkYta&;

pnf;urf;vdkufem ab;uif;uGmpnf;urf;vdkufem ab;uif;uGmpnf;urf;vdkufem ab;uif;uGmpnf;urf;vdkufem ab;uif;uGmpnf;urf;vdkufem ab;uif;uGm

pnf;urf;&SdrS wdk;wufrnfpnf;urf;&SdrS wdk;wufrnfpnf;urf;&SdrS wdk;wufrnfpnf;urf;&SdrS wdk;wufrnfpnf;urf;&SdrS wdk;wufrnf

pnf;urf;udkufnD ab;uif;onf/pnf;urf;udkufnD ab;uif;onf/pnf;urf;udkufnD ab;uif;onf/pnf;urf;udkufnD ab;uif;onf/pnf;urf;udkufnD ab;uif;onf/

EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' ay:aygufa&;onfEdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' ay:aygufa&;onfEdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' ay:aygufa&;onfEdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' ay:aygufa&;onfEdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' ay:aygufa&;onf

jynfaxmifpkom;tm;vHk;\ y"meusaomwm0ef jzpfonf/jynfaxmifpkom;tm;vHk;\ y"meusaomwm0ef jzpfonf/jynfaxmifpkom;tm;vHk;\ y"meusaomwm0ef jzpfonf/jynfaxmifpkom;tm;vHk;\ y"meusaomwm0ef jzpfonf/jynfaxmifpkom;tm;vHk;\ y"meusaomwm0ef jzpfonf/


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6/87

b0aumufaMumif;b0aumufaMumif;b0aumufaMumif;b0aumufaMumif;b0aumufaMumif;

q&mpHausmfxGef;udk 1936-ck? Zlvdkifv (20)&uf? t*FgedrSm ajrmufOD;NrdKU? jrif;pdkif; jrif&GmrSm rGD;yga&/tz OD;wufwdk; (a&Tyef;xdrfazmfq&mBuD;)? trd a':rndK jzpfyga&/ nDtpfudk armifESrig;a,mufrSm

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tvGwfynmoif ausmif;q&mb0? tpdk;&ausmif;q&mb0wdudk wufwuf


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8/87

q&m----q&m----q&m----q&m----q&m----

(1)

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trGDyD;EdkifcvDzdkYqdkpGm t


9/87

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10/87

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nHhyga&/ ,if;cgu q&mudk vGrf;rda&/ wefbdk;enf;a& yk*vdu tvGrf;yg&m/

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ydkvGrf;yga&/ pmyD,Ofaus;rIeefY,SOfNyD;au trsdK;bmomeefY,SOfNyD;au tvGrf;rda&b0 vGrf;ygq&m/

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)

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aysmf&TifcHpm;wwfp jyKa&csdefrm vSya& &cdkifobm0w&m;eefY qdk;0g;a& ppfa' ESpfrsdK;a& q&mhb0xJukd

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a&/ taoQuyif bmomw&m; udk udkif;,SdKif;a&? pmBudK;pm;a&? ordkif;,Ofaus;rIudk jrKyfNyD;avhvma&/

Pfaumif;a&? xufaw/ wuodkvfudk cvkwfrowfbJ a&mufvm;cyga&/ wuodkvfrm q&mhb0yDjyif

kyfvHk;


11/87

tvTmwdu urf;vSrf;vma&vufudk q&macgif;cgvDa&? xdkumvu acwfpm;a&vifa&mif; vif0,fpepf

udk q&mqefYusifa&/ ,if;ydkifeefY EGDuEm&opmvrf;rm q&mwpfa,mufxJ/

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ordkif;tzJhtpaoQwdudk pkpnf;zdkY av;pm;zdkYqdkpGmu vuf[drsdK;quf? vmzdkYrsdK;qufwd wm0efyg/

(4)

a'pMum0VmxJrSm aumif;rIukodkvfvkyfca& vlwdtwGuf? ok*wdbHkvdkY[dyga&vwf/ ,if;bHkrm

&cdkif &GmvdkY [dyga&vwf/ ,if;&Gmrm q&mBuD;pHa&Tyk? q&mBuD;atmifomOD;? q&mBuD;OD;omxGef;? q&mBuD;

pHomatmifdkUeefY tzef &nfaomuf,ufyif; &cdkifordkif;? &cdkifpmyDwdudk q&maqG;aEG;wdkifyifvdkY [dvDygzdkY/

,if;&Gmrm ajrmufOD;vrf;aoQudk avQmuf,ufyif; q&mBuD; atmifvSZHeefYwGdyem? &cdkiftrsdK; om;ynma&;taMumif;udk aqG;aEG;vdkY[dvDygzdkY/

armifcdkifatmifarmifcdkifatmifarmifcdkifatmifarmifcdkifatmifarmifcdkifatmif


12/87

&cdkifuAsmeefY&cdkiftawG;tac:&cdkifuAsmeefY&cdkiftawG;tac:&cdkifuAsmeefY&cdkiftawG;tac:&cdkifuAsmeefY&cdkiftawG;tac:&cdkifuAsmeefY &cdkiftawG;tac:

ed'gef;

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]em;vnfrI} &pDzdkY jzpfygonf/ &cdkifudkem;vnfrI &pDzdkYyif jzpfygonf/ &cdkifudk &cdkifem;vnfrI&pDzdkY? &cdkifudk

csif;? ucsif? oQrf;? u,m;? u&if? rGef? jrefrmdkU em;vnfzdkY? &cdkifudk urmhvlom; wpf&yfvHk;em;vnfzdkY

t"du &nf&G,fygonf/ &nf&G,fcsuftwGuf tusdK;arQmfrIwqdwfauxm;ygonf/ ,if;tusdK;arQmfrlum; tjcm;r[kwfyg/ tcsif;csif; em;vnfjcif; aMumifh tcsif; csif;cspfcifnDnm&D;? tcsif;csif;av;pm;&D;?

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tusdK;arQmfygonf/ {csifha& t"du &nf&G,f csufrl? t"du tusdK;arQmfrIyg,m/

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,if;dkUrSm-

(1) pmyD? &cdkifpmyD

(2) pmyD\ yHkoPmefeefYtaMumif;t&m? &cdkifpmyD\ yHkoPmefeefY taMumif;t&m

(3) &cddkifuAsmwGif wGd[d&aom tawG;tac:BuD;oHk;&yf(4) ed*Hk; [l jzpfygonf/


13/87

tydkif;(1)tydkif;(1)tydkif;(1)tydkif;(1)tydkif;(1)pmyD? &cdkifpmyDpmyD? &cdkifpmyDpmyD? &cdkifpmyDpmyD? &cdkifpmyDpmyD? &cdkifpmyD

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ay:xGuf vma& vlUtoH k ;taqmifypnf;wpfc k jzp fygonf/ vlonf ywf0ef;usi feef Y

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ajymau tajymtqdk jzpfvmygonf/ &D;om;au t&D;tom; jzpfvmygonf/ tcsKyfrSmum; pmyDqdkonfrSm

- um,uHrI? 0pDuHrI? raemuHrIqdka& trIoHk;yg;aygif; pyfwDxGifvdkufjcif;wpf&yf jzpfygonf/

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jzpfygonf/

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tvIdif;tvdIif;wdeefY wefqm qif,ifxm;a& tuRefdkU\rmefatmifuRef;? wdkufuRef;? &JuRef;eefY


14/87

uRef;aygif;rsm;pGm xdkYtjyif ESvHk;rGd avsmf aysmfzG,ftwd &rm0wD&rf;jynfhuRef;BuD;? t&mwpfzufrSmqdkau

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odrfhodrfh? csrf;wNidrfhNidrfh Mum;&em &a& toHbvHrsm;yif/

,if;aemuf udk,fpdwfESpfyg;udk Munfvif&TifysoGD;


15/87

xdk&SD;&SD;acwf uum; ckydkifrvG,fulyg/

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NyD;au &cdkift&D;tom;? &cdkifpmudk wDxGifcuwfygonf/ tcsufeefYywfoufvdkY a0omvDacwfEdkifiHoHk;

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tif'dkat&D,efvlrsdK;dkU oHk;pGJonfhjA[Dtu&mrS jrpfzsm;cH um qif;oufvmNyD;au &cdkifhenf;vrf;t&

qifhuJajymif;vJvmjcif; (The Evolution of Rakkhawanna from Vrahmi)

aMumifh ay:xGef;vmaomtu&myifjzpfygonf/ tvm;wlyif oD[dkVftu&m? rGeftu&m? ysLtu&m? jrefrmtu&m? oQrf;tu&m?

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wzef tckacwfoHk;&cdkiftu&m &u0Ptu&mrS qifhuJajymif;vJvmjcif;(The Evolution of modern

Rakhine Alphabet from Rakkhawanna)yif jzpfygonf/qdkcaom &cdkiftu&meefY &cdkif tawG;tac:

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pmyDt&yf&yf dkUrSm ]]&cdkifpmyD}} (Rakhine Literature)yif jzpfygonf/


16/87


17/87


18/87

aumif;aumif;BuD; us,f0ef;rnf xifygonf/ pmpHkyDpHk&zdkYvnf; vdkygOD;rnf/ vuf[dyufyif;umvwGifum;

&cdkifpmyDrSm zsufqD; jcif; taxmifaomif;aMumifh tysufysuf t,Gif;,Gif; ta&ma&m taESmaESm[deD

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,lqxm;ygonf/ ,if;ZkaMumifh atmufygtwdkif; wifjyvdkufygonf/


19/87

tcef;(1)tcef;(1)tcef;(1)tcef;(1)tcef;(1)

vuFmvuFmvuFmvuFmvuFm

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(8) &Jwif;? (9) wrf;jcif;? (10) {jcif;? (11) &wk (vuFm&wk)? (12) &wk (ta&GU&wk)? (13) vl;wm;?

(14) tefjcif;? (15) oHayguf? (16) omjcif;? (17) wdkufomjcif;? (18) ipnfjcif;? (19) a[mpm?

(20) bdodufpm? Mobmpm? oHpm? arwmpm? (21) taxmufpmwrf;? (22) rSmwrf;? (23) odkufed'gef;pm?

(24) tJ? (25) bGJU? (26) wHk;jcif;? (27) odkif;jcif;? (28) [efjcif;? (29) ewfjcif;? (30) Asm&wk?(31) oHcsyftrsdK;rsdK;? (32) Asm&wk? (33) Asmum;,ifh? (34) Zrf;? (35) ,mOf;omjcif;trsdK;rsdK;?

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20/87

xdkaemuf ajrmufOD;acwfOD;? rif;apmrGefvufxuf (1430-1433 at'D)u toQifoDv0Ho

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oufa&muf ysdKU[kvnf; ysdKUESpfapmif wGdzl;ygonf/

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4/ ompGavvuFm/4/ ompGavvuFm/4/ ompGavvuFm/4/ ompGavvuFm/4/ ompGavvuFm/ ompGav[k csDaom av;vHk;oDvuFm wpfrsdK;udk ompGavvuFm[k ac:yg onf/


21/87

tcsrSm ]&cdkifoma,mifhom,mpGav? ompGav? &cdkif om;av? ompGav} [k tcsrsm;ygonf/

wcsdKUrSm ]&cdkifom; av? ompGav} [kvnf; dk;dk;cswwf uwfygonf/

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armfuGef;[kac:aMumif; rSwfom;xm;zl;ygonf/

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rjcm;yifjzpf ygonf/


22/87

r[mrkedoGef; pufvuFmordkif;? r[mrkedbk&m;ordkif;? OD;&pfawmifbk&m;ordkif;dkUrSm xif&Sm;aom

ordkif; rsm;yif jzpfygonf/

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10/ {;jcif; /10/ {;jcif; /10/ {;jcif; /10/ {;jcif; /10/ {;jcif; / {;tcsif;{; tcs&ifh&ifhlloDqdkum {;,mOfusL;aomtcg oDqdk&onfh tjcif;wpfrsdK;udk{;csif;[k ac:ygonf[k zGifhqdkEdkifygonf/

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{;jcif;udk bk&ifhom;awmf? orD;awmf? NrD;awmf? jrpfawmfdkUudk ykcufwifr*Fvmqif,ifaomtcg

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atmuftESD;cif;&aMumif;? a&TjcL a&T&Gufwyfqif&aMumif;? uwDygwrkwfBudK;udk ESpfzufqdkifum

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{;,mOfusL;aomtcg bGm;awmfrdzk&m;BuD;uaomfvnf;aumif;? r,fawmfrdzk&m;uaomf vnf;aumif;

orkwfBudK;jzifh tomt,mvTJ&aMumif;? txdef;t, tysdKawmfdkUu vufckyfwajzmufajzmuf? pnf;pkwf


23/87

w&Tif&Tif wD;cwfum {;jcif;wMuHMuH oHNydKifoDqdk&aMumif;d k Yudkvnf; od[d&ygonf/

{;jcif;oDqdkuwfyHkeefYywfouf ,if;{;jcif;tydk'f (5) wGif atmufrSmtwdkif; wGd[d&ygonf/

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MuHMuH&ifhoG,f? r,fawmfr,fudk? emzG,fESpfodrfh? ESvHk;NidrfhrQ? oHqdrfhoH{;? u&0dwfa


24/87

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oQifavmif;vSnfh&wk[k ac:qdk&rnfrSmvnf; taxmuftxm; cdkifcdkifvHkvHk rwGd&odyg/ &wkrsdK;onf

oQifavmif; vSnfh&mrS tpysdK; ay:aygufvmonf[k wifjyEdkif&efvnf; om"ur[dyg/ ]odefuefrdefwGif}

csDtvGrff;ta&GU&wkeefY trwfBuD; OumysH\q,fhESpf&moD ta&GU&wkdkUudk axmufqMunfhygau

oQifavmif;vSnfh&wk[k ac:qdkzdkY aumif;aumif; cufcJzdkYydkif wGdrdygonf/

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vuFm&wkyHkoPmefjzifh zGJUqdkEdkifaom taMumif;t&mtrsdK;rsdK;udk ta&GU&wk yHkoPmefjzifh oDzGJUEdkifonf

&mru avQmufxHk;? rSwfwrf;? rSmwrf;? Zmwfedygwfawmfrsm;? &mZ0if aMumif;rsm;? '@m&DyHkjyifrsm;dkU

udkvnf; oDzGJUEdkifygonf/

rSL;awmfrwfawmf okcrdefrsm;u avQmufwifvdkaom taMumif;t&mwpfckckudk ta&GUzGJUum

avQmufwifc uwfonfvnf; [dygonf/ yk&drfacwf? avmif;Muufacwf? ajrmuf OD;acwf trwfawmfrsm;

avQmufxHk;dkUwGif udk;um;uwfaom usrf;pum; aumufEkwfcsufrsm;rSmvnf; ta&GU&wkjzifh oDzGJU

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rif;zavmif;BuD;tm; oHwref taMumif;eefY ywfouf avQmufxm;csufyif jzpfygonf/

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oDzGJUcuwf ygonf/ wef;cdk;q&mxGef;u Oawe0wK? uko0wKdkUudk ta&GU&wkjzifh oDzGJUcygonf/

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onfudkvnf; &cdkif vlUtzGJUtpnf;wGif trsm;tjym; wGd[dEdkifygod\/

13/ vl;wm; /13/ vl;wm; /13/ vl;wm; /13/ vl;wm; /13/ vl;wm; / &Sdtydk'f\ tcsydk'fudk aemuftydk'f\ tcsDyk'ftjzpf qufumqufum oDzGJU toH

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wydk'fqHk;wdkif; ]vHk;wDav? vHk;wmav} [k vdkuf&ygonf/


25/87

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vl;rSvHk; jzpfvmyHkudk {ydkifpOf;pm;rd ygonf/ OK? OK; o&rS OHK? OHK;o&odkY ajymif;vJvm;yHkudk &cdkif bmompum;

trsm;wGd[dEdkifygonf/ OK? OK; rS OHK? OHK; ajymif;vJjcif; Oya'oyif jzpfygonf/ ESmoduXmefjzpfaom i?n? e? P? r eefY w? v ponfh tu&mdkUodkY OK? OK; o& uyfau O? OK;onf OHK? OHK;odkY ajymif;vJwwfygonf/

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q&mawmfxHrSm 1961-ckESpf 'DZifbmvu &[dcygonf/

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wGif ta[mif;qHk;[k ,lq&ygonf/

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olrsm;twGuf uAsmpwifoifMum;&ef taumif;qHk; jzpfygonf/ ,if;aMumifh ]uAsmoifp oHaygufu}

[k qdkprSwfjyKuwfygonf/


26/87

ta[mif;qHk; oHaygufwpfrsdK;udk ]u0d*EKygoQusrff;} eefY ]u0du@ygousrf;} dkUwGif wGd[d&ygonf/

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ESpfouf pzG,f zGJUqdkxm;aomaMumifh uAsm\oabmudk,l ysdKU[k ac:xm;onfhydkifwlygonf/

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]wacsmif;tiif? vHk;csnf;wif? v[ktrSefyif? t


27/87


28/87

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jyefumquf (0g) quf&ufckef&D;zGJUenf;? (9) rif;usdK;&Gufxyf (0g) ebDpyf&D;zGJUenf;? (10) rif;usdK;&Gufxyfjyef

um[yf &D;zGJUenf;? (12) vHk;xyf (0g) 0dpmxyfwGefY&D;zGJUenf;[l jzpfygonf/

bdodufpmudk &SD;bk&iftqufquf bdodufr*FvmyGJawmfwdkif;wGif &Gwfzwfcuwfygonf/ twef;

tpm;tvdkuf tvTmtvdkuf wrsdK;pD&Gwfzwf&ygonf/ tcktxift&Sm;wGdEdkifaom bdodufpmrsm;rSm

y&drfNrdKUawmfoQif 'o&mZmrif;BuD; (1123-1139 at'D)\ bdodufpmeefY ajrmufOD;acwfaemufydkif;

bk&ifrsm;\ bdodufpm rsm;dkUyif jzpfygonf/

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rsdK;dk;tpOf pmudkcif;vsuf Mobmpm&D;vd&D;x[duwfygonf/ Mombmpmudk [l;&m;wwfynm[ddkU

trsm;&D;zGJUuwfygonf/ ]tcgpm}[kvnf; ac:aMumif; q&mtcsdKUdkUu rdefYqdkuwfygonf/ tcgpmrSm

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toQifvuFm&rax&fonf arwmpmtrsm;tjym; &D;zGJUcaMumif; wGd[d&ygonf/ &rf;jynfhNrdKU? av;awmif

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tcgcgeD rxdk;? ESif;tcdk;0D0D? aqmif;eD0oE? oHk;umvwGif? wedrQeDt[def? tcsdefrSm tmoefvjynfh?


29/87

xdyfwnfhwnfhwuGuf? eDpufxGef;y? taem'w&Dtrl? rdrdtylolUtavmif? ukefatmifapwwfaom?

rsufjrwfapZmw? Mo"d arwmjzifh? uif;&Gmynwf? &rm&yfu? oQpfxyfaom yvifjrifhwGif? oQpfqifh

xD;jzLudk? vlvljzefYrdk;? eDrsdK;ol&def? tordefwdkY? xdefxdefaomif;uRef;? wefcdk;rSef;onf? pHjref;awmfrl&m?

wdkif;&umraZ? axGaxGe0&wf? rsufjrwf vQHjrL;? ajrmufOD;NrdKUapmif;? o&Dacsmif;t&Sdurf;? &yf&dyfcsrff;uHapmuf&Gmae vuform;bk&m;bat;xH} [k tpysdK; &D;zGJUxm;ygonf/

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tcspfrSmwrf;[k ESpfrsdK;[dyg onf/

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30/87

udk aumif;pGm odom&ygonf/

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31/87

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38/87

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39/87

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pum;jynfonfvnf; &cdkifhtawG:tac:? &cdkifhcHpm;csuf? &cdkifhtajymtqdkdkUudk azmfxkwf&m yHkoPmef

wpfck jzpfygonf/ yHkoPmefonfvnf; toHk;twGifqHk;? toHk;trsm;qHk;yif jzpfygonf/ &cdkifdkU\

ta[mif;qHk;eefY toHk;twGifqHk; pmyDyHkoPmefwpf&yfyif jzpfygonf/ pum;jynf tm;aumif;au vlrsdK;

tm;aumif;aMumif;udk urmhordkif; t&yf&yf wGd[d&ygonf/


40/87


41/87


42/87

tydkif;(3)tydkif;(3)tydkif;(3)tydkif;(3)tydkif;(3)

&cdkifuAsmwGifwGd[d&aom tawG;tac:BuD;oHk;&yf&cdkifuAsmwGifwGd[d&aom tawG;tac:BuD;oHk;&yf&cdkifuAsmwGifwGd[d&aom tawG;tac:BuD;oHk;&yf&cdkifuAsmwGifwGd[d&aom tawG;tac:BuD;oHk;&yf&cdkifuAsmwGifwGd[d&aom tawG;tac:BuD;oHk;&yf

(u) &ur@dKif&cdkifudkzGJUaom tawG;tac:rsm;?(c)t&dpwdkua&pDoabmw&m;ouf0if&mtawG; tac:rsm;?

(u) &cdkifhkyfywf0ef;usifudk xif[yfjyaom tawG;tac:rsm;?

(1) obm0tzGJUtEGJUrsm;

(2) jynfolUuAsmrsm;

(3) uAsmopfrsm;

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tm;rvdktm;r& jzpfvsufeefYyif wifjyvdkuf&ygonf/

tyifwdkif; tyifwdkif; t&nfzGHUNzdK;vmau zl;onf? iHk onf? yGifhonf? ,if;ydkifyif vlwdkif;vlwdkif;

t&nfzGHUNzdK;vmau cHpm;onf? awG;ac:onf? zGifh[ajymqdkonf? zGifh[&D;zGJU onf? xdkvlUtcHtpm;

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tyifrS yef;yGifha& ydkif vlUcHpm;csuf vlUawG;ac:csufrS uAsmyGifhvef;vmonf[k qdkvdkygonf/ yef;onf

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,if;ydkifyif &cddkifyef;onf Moumoavmuudk wefqmqif &cdkifhuAsmonf &cdkifvlrItzGJU tpnf;udk

wefqmqifonf[k qdkvdkygonf/ pifppf&cdkifyef;? &cdkifuAsmdkUonf &cdkifjynfeefY &cdkifvlUtzGJUtpnf;udk

wifhw,fpDonf? vSypDonf r[kwfygvm;/

(u) &ur@dKif? &cdkifudkzGJUaomtawG;tac:rsm;(u) &ur@dKif? &cdkifudkzGJUaomtawG;tac:rsm;(u) &ur@dKif? &cdkifudkzGJUaomtawG;tac:rsm;(u) &ur@dKif? &cdkifudkzGJUaomtawG;tac:rsm;(u) &ur@dKif? &cdkifudkzGJUaomtawG;tac:rsm;

oD&d*kwukef;awmfum; &ur@dKifwnf;? ,if;ukef; r[mrkedpufudkwnfum &cddkifrif;tqufqufylaZmfcuwf ygonf/ ,if;udk &cdkifacwftqufquf txl;MunfndKum OD;xdyfxm;cuwfygonf/

apmifha&Smuf c uwfygonf/ ynm[dtaygif; csD;usL;zGJUqdkcuwfygonf/

r[mrkedpufrwnfrD yxr"n0wDNrdKUwnfeef;wnf rif;jzpfaom rm&,kbk&if (bDpD-3323-

3216) onf vnf;aumif;? 'kwd,"n0wDNrdKUwnfeef;wnfrif;jzpfaom uH&mZmBuD; (bDpD 1505-

1468)onf vnf;aumif;? &udKifr@dKif oD&d*kwatmifNrDeufoefudk trGefwjrwfxm;c aMumif;udk

&mZ0iftapmif apmif zwfI&ygonf/

wwd,"n0wDNrdKUwnfeef;wnfrif;jzpfaom r[mpEol&d,rif; (bDpD 578-526)onf


43/87

a*gwrAk'\ udk,fpm;awmf r[mrkedudk BuD;us,fcrf;em;pGm oGef;vkyfNyD;au &ur@dKif udk pdkufxlcygonf/

r@dKifukef;awmfeefY kyfwkawmfudk ,if;umvup ,edxufwdkif &cdkifwdkif; &cdkifwdkif; trGeftjrwfxm;

[dwwfygonf/

ol&d,quf 25-quf (bDpD 578-at'D 327)? pE&m;quf 9-quf (at'D 327-769) vufxufdkUwGif &ur@dKifeefY r[mrkedpufudk txl;*kxm;caMumif;udk &cdkif&mZ0if &cdkif&mZykHdkU zwfI&ygonf/

,if;ydkif MunfndKvmcuwf&mrSm at'D 1103-ckxd jzpfygonf/

at'D 1103wGif &cdkifjynft&Sdbufu 0ifa&mufvmMuaomysLdkUonf r[mrkedpufudk zsufqD;ypfc

uwfygonf/ 'kwd,yk&drfNrdKUwnfeef;wnf '&mZmrif;BuD;(at'D 1123-1139)onf &ur@dKifudk

oD&d*kw& ukef;awmf cdkifcdkifaemif;aemif; rGrff;rHpdkufxlcygonf/ r[mrkedpufudk aumif;aumif;rGefrGef

jyefvnfpdkufwnf xm;cygonf/ ,if;aemuf udk,fpm;awmf\ udk,fpm;awmfrsm; oGef;vkyfaMumif; uwnKukef;awmf r[mrked udk,fpm;awmfwpfqludk wnfxm;aMumif; &cdkif&mZ0if? &cdkif&mZyHkdkU zwfI&ygonf/

uwnKukef;rS r[mrked udk,fpm;awmfrSm (at'D 1784)wGif tzsufcH&aMumif; wGd[d&ygonf/

&cdkifpmyDwavQmufwGif &ur@dKifeefY &cdkiftrsdK;udk zGJUqdkcsufrSm Zmwd*kPfrmefwufyH?qdwf

rnHwnf;}} [lvnf;aumif;/


44/87

pmqdkawmf z'lrif;ndKu ]qdkif;qdkif;r@dKif? &cdkifGefYzl;? rGefMu,fjrL;odkY? ajrmufOD;a&Teef;} [k

vnf;aumif;?

]r[morwf? EG,frjywfvQif? txGwfxdyfrdk;? jynfhjynfpdk; onf? rsdK;vnf;vGefjrwfxl;wnfhav}

[k vnf;aumif;? r@dKif*kPf rsdK;dk;*kPfudk azmfusL;um wuf


45/87

]&cdkifom;av? ompGav? atmifajrr@dKif? wdkif;&udKif? &cdkifompG? r@v0,f? &SD;utajc?

cktajcudk? aocsmwyftyf? jyefoHk;oyf? trSwfxifxif awG;qifjcifavm} [k zGJUqdkum owdyD;wifjy

xm;ygonf/

uAsmrsm;wGifomru jynfolUta&GU[k ac:qdkEdkifaom yef;wsm;jcif;wGifvnf; &ur@dKifudk&cdkif pdk;rdk;&onf[k wufwuf


46/87

Grave indeed was his responsibility. He had not only to maintain the state as the homeland of the

Arakanese race, but as the one place on earth where an authentic shape of Tathagata was preserved,

a possession of greater potency than the most precious relics'[k &D;om;xm;jyefygonf/

Ak'jrwfpGmonf bDpD 543wGif y&dedAmefjyKvDNyD; &Snfvsm;vSpGmaom ESpfaygif; 2173 ESpfwGifvGefvDonfh wfdkifatmif Ak'\udk,fpm;awmfonf oD&d*kwukef;awmf (&ur@dKif) pHpm;vsufyif [dygonf/

udk,fpm;awmfjrwfum; urmay:wGifta[mif;qHk;? todcufqHk;? tjrifhjrwfqHk;&wemyif jzpfygonf/

aovm*D&d ausmufawmfawmifxdyfrS Asm'dwfawmfxm;caom "mwfawmfrGDawmfdkUudk Xmyemwnfxm;

udk;uG,fc&um; &cdkifjynfrSm jrifhjrwfaomwdkif;jynfwpfjynf jzpfygonf/ xdkYjyif Ak'omoemawmf\tcsuf

tcsmr@dKifyif jzpfygonf/ xdkwdkif;jynf\ bk&ifoD&dok"rum; rSwfavmufom;avmufaom Ak'bmom0if

bk&ifjrwfwpfyg;jzpfygonf/ trSefpifppf bk&ifjrwf\wm0efrsm;rSm t&D;BuD;vSygonf/ bk&ifjrwfrSmvlrsdK;wdkY\zGm;oefYpif&m &cdkifjynfudk&m tkyfcsKyfapmifha&Smuf&rnf r[kwfoD;? "mwfawmfjrwf rGDawmfjrwf

taygif;dkUxuf xGwfjrwfawmfrlvSaom Ak'udk,fpm;awmfppf pHpm;&m &ur@dKifudkvnf; udk;uG,f

apmifha&Smuf&rnf jzpfygonf[l &D;om;xm;ygonf/

rQvQif &ur@dKifonft"dujzpfygonf/ acwftqufquf xif&Sm;cygonf/ &cdkifvlrsdK;&mru

&cdkifeefY qufqHzl;orQ vlrsdK;dkUvnf; &ur@dKifudk t"duxm;uwfaMumif; odomEdkifygonf/

pifppf &cdkifdkUtzdkY r@dKifonf &cdkif? &cdkifonf r@dKif jzpfygonf/ &ur@dKifonf &cdkifhMunfvif&m?

&cdkifhcdkifNrJ&m? &cdkifhtv,ftcsuftcsm jzpf&m? &cdkifhudk,fjyXmef;&myif jzpfygonf/

,if;aMumifh toQifem*dEarmfuGef; ]trsdK;oDv? ESpfXmeudk? jynfh0r@dKif apmifhpGrf;Edkif? &cdkifemr?

bGJUrnfvSjzifh? tEGwonm? ac:tyfpGmwnf;} [k oDzGJUcjcif; jzpfygonf/

&SD;&SD;acwfu &cdkifrsdK;udk apmifha&Smufjcif;? &cdkifoDvudk apmifha&Smufjcif;aMumifh ]&cdkif}

[laomemrnf eefY vdkufzufaMumif;? r@dKifjynfh0aMumif;udk armfuGef;t& odMu&yg,m/ igdkUacwfwGif

]r@dKif} udk ydkrdk eufeJpD&zdkY? ydkrdkodrfrGdpD& zdkY? ydkrdkus,f0ef;pD&zdkY? ydkrdkjynfh0pD&zdkY? ydkrdkwdk;wufpD&zdkYyif jzpfygonf/

(c) t&dpwdkua&pD oabmw&m;ouf0if&mtawG;tac:rsm;(c) t&dpwdkua&pD oabmw&m;ouf0if&mtawG;tac:rsm;(c) t&dpwdkua&pD oabmw&m;ouf0if&mtawG;tac:rsm;(c) t&dpwdkua&pD oabmw&m;ouf0if&mtawG;tac:rsm;(c) t&dpwdkua&pD oabmw&m;ouf0if&mtawG;tac:rsm;t&dpwdkua&pD[lonfokcrdefolaumif;rsdK; tkyfcsKyf jcif;udk ac:ygonf/ &cdkifjynfwGif ya'o&mZf

NrDoQifacwfu bk&ifpepfeefY t&dpwdkua&pDpepfESpfck xGef;um;edaMumif;udk wGd&ygonf/ pepfESpfck

o[ZmwjzpfeDuwfau? wenf; aMumif;usdK;qufnDGwfeDuwfau w&m;eefY"m;xufjrufeDojzifh r@dKif

*kPf&mif xdefajymifxGef;vif;cygonf/ &SD;&SD; acwf tqufqufu bk&ifwdkif;vufxufwGif jynfxdef;okc

rdefNyD;jyKwfconf[k r[dcyg/ okcrdefBuD;wpfyg; xGef;vmau rif;qufoHk;av;ig;quf xdef;uGyfvm;wwfyg

onf/ jynfxdef; okcrdef tmPmvkonf[kvnf;r[dbl;cyg/ rif;raumif;au rSL;rwfjynfolnDGwf


47/87

rif;opf ajrmufuwfonfcsnf; jzpfygonf/ rif;tm;enf;vGef;rS&m trwfdkU tmPmodrf;uwfygonf/

odkYaomfvnf; okcrdefjynfxdef;trwfBuD;udk rxdyg;uwfyg/

&cdkifordkif;wGif okcrdeftkyfxdef;&D;pepf ZmavmufavmufxGef;um;coenf;qdkonfudk ay:xGef;c

onfh jynfxdef;okcrdef tausmftarmfrsm;udk vdvmMunfhu odomEdkifygonf/oD&d&mZmrif;vufxuf (bDpD 608-578)rif;wkef;pm; 0drvtrwfBuD;? ajymif;jympm;

a'oausmfxif trwfBuD;? pEol&d,rif;vufxuf (bDpD 578-526)awmifukyfpm; "r aZ,strwfBuD;?

ol&d,auwkrif; vufxuf (at'D 273-327)aomif;wD;pm;OwroD&dausmf trwfBuD;plVpE&m;rif;

vufxuf (at'D 733-769)ppfwaumif;pm; 0d"l&trwf BuD;? 'o&mZmrif;vufxuf (1123-1139

at'D) u0dausmftrwfBuD;? iESvHk;rif;vufxuf (at'D 1246-1250) 0drv trwfBuD;? rif;xD;bk&if

vufxuf (at'D 1283-1389)ppf waumif;pm; 0drvtrwfBuD;? e&rdwfvSrif;apmrGefBuD; vufxuf(at'D 1404-1406)? (1429? 1430-1433)0drvtrwfBuD;? av;NrdKUpm;u0dausmftrwfBuD;? rif;Am;bk&if

vufxuf (at'D 1531-1553) ppfwaumif;pm; r[mynmausmftrwfBuD;? oD&dok"rm&mZm vufxuf

(at'D 1622-1638)av;NrdKUpm; ivufHk;trwfBuD;? e&ywdBuD;vufxuf (at'D 1638- 1645)

jynfpdk;BuD;"raZ,s? ausmif;xdkifq&mawmfBuD; wusdyfESpfyg;? e&tb,&mZmrif;vufxuf (at'D 1742-

1761)trwfBuD; aumif;ausmfxifpm; (jrausmfOD;)? pEy&r&mZmrif;vufxuf (at'D 1761-1764)

pdefwifpm; trwfBuD; (a&ToJ)? pE0drvrif;vufxuf (at'D 1777) trwfBuD; "m;ydkifBuD; pdefwifNrdKUpm;

oD&drvma'0D (rdyef;&H)ponftm;jzifh &cdkifordkif;wavQmufwGif okcrdeftrwfawmfrsm; ay:aygufcuwf

ygonf/ trwfawmfdkU\ tquftEG,frSm r[mynmausmf trwfBuD;\ txufatmuf tquftEG,f

rsm; jzpfaMumif; vdvmod[d&ygonf/ pEy&r&mZmu trwfBuD;a&ToJtm; rdefYMum;&mwGif r[m

ynmausmfdkU\tpltpOfrSm tbd&mZm? uH&mZmBuD;dkU tEG,fjzpfaMumif; yg[dygonf/ tcsufudk

axmufqMunfhygau? &SD;&SD;acwfu &cdkifrif;rsdK;rif;EG,fwpfckxJrS tkyfcsKyf&D;eefY tkyfxdef;&D;udk wm0efcGJ0Dum

pDrHcaMumif;? w&m;eefYtm;udk pepfwuscsum r@dKif*kPfudk tjrifhrm;qHk;jrifhwif xm;caMumif; odom&

ygonf/&cddkifordkif;wavQmufwGif bk&ifu wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfygonf/ ynm[du tkyfxdef;ygonf/

oHCmawmfu em,utjzpf BuD;rSL;ygonf/ awmifilrif;w&m; a&TxD;csDvmaMumif; owif;pum;eefY

ywfouf r[mynmausmftrwfBuD;u rif;Am;bk&iftm; avQmufwifaomtcef; ]vSDwdkifudkBudK;

xdef;ygonf/ jynfudk trwfBuD;xdef;ygonf} [kygonfudk axmufqu tqdkxif&Sm;rSefuefaMumif;

od&ygonf/ wzef jrefrm awmifiltrwfBuD; ausmfxifaemf&xmtm; &cdkiftrwf jynfpdk;BuD;"raZ,su

ajymMum;aompum; ]tusifhr[d trsdK;rapmifhaomrif;,kwfonf tu,f pdk;rdk;tHh? xdkrif;tm; trwf

aumif;wdkYonf rrSm;r,Gif;pD&m? toufriJh avQmufwif&NrJjzpfonf/ rif;ESifh trwfwdkYpHkvsuf


48/87

qdk;oGrf;vwfaomf oHCmawmfwdkY usdK;aMumif; jyoa[majymqHk;r& NrJ jzpfonf} [k yg[dygonf/ onfudk

axmufqMunfhau? ,if;tqdk ydkrdkxif&Sm;aMumif; ydkrSefaMumif; od&ygonf/

&SD;&cdkifusrf;*ef;a[mif;wGifvnf; ]&DNrDOD;cdkif? EdkifiHydkifrl? wdrf;,dkif[dvrf;? tusifhoGrf;aomf? rif;uRrf;

0ifbd? rwfu0d wdkY? EIdif;nduefjim;? rif;yg;avQmufoifh? BuD;jrifh*kPfoQif? em;r0if? rif;yifusifh&m?wlpGmpdkuf? rif;vdkvdkuf? rwfrdkufESifhrif;? oif;yif;nDpG? jyjyefMurl? "robif? r*Fvmausmf? oHCmawmfwdkY?

ta[mw0? &SD;urif;aygif;? rSL;rwfaumif;wdkY? rapmif;wnfhrwf? usifh0wfusrf;*ef? rvGefr,kwf? azmfxkwf

jyo? qHk;rxHk;p? vSLcHoljrwf? &[ef;"mwfESifh? avsmufywfoifhpGm? ajymqdk&monf? pOfvmed*Hk; &SD;usifhxHk;}

[k yg[dygonf/ usrf;xGufpum;rSm ,if;tqdkudk wdkufdkufazmfTef;yD;aom tjrpftESpfyif jzpfygonf/

ynm[dokcrdef[lonf &cdkifdkUu usrf;*efwwfuRrf;HkkeefY vHkavmufonf[k r,lquwfyg/

udk,fusifhw&m;aumif;eefY jynfhpHkzdkYvnf; vdkygodonf/ tb,r[m&mZmrif;tm; pdefwifpm;trwfBuD;a&ToJ avQmufxHk; ]toQifrif;jrwf? olrdkufwkdYonf yd#uwfaA'ifudkoif wwfpDumrl? ynm[d

olawmfaumif;paom tjrifhtedrfh? t,kwftjrwftwdwf tem*wfudk qHk;jzwfEdkifonfr[kwfyg/ twwf

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tarmfdkUrSm omrefynm wwfrsm;r[kwfbJ ynm[dppfppfrsm;jzpfuwf aMumif;udk odomEdkifygonf/

txufu trwfjynfpdk;BuD; "raZ,s pum;udkaxmufcsifhuvnf; jynftwGuf toufudkriJhuwfaom

tmZmenfynm[drsm;yif jzpfuwf aMumif;udk odom&ygonf/

bk&if[lonfrSmvnf; vufHk;rmeudk raxmifxm;&/ ,if;acwfu tm;onfw&m;r[kwf?

w&m;onf tm;jzpf onf? w&m;rJhpGm tm;pum;ajymoludk vl,kwfvlrdkuf[k armfuGef;xdk;cuwfygonf/

odkYaomf &cdkif bk&ifdkUum; tm;udkpk w&m;eefYxdef;uwfygonf/ tm;[daomfvnf; tm;udkOD;pm; ryD;?

tm;eefYolwxl;udk tEdkifrcHuwf? ol&efvdkuvnf; tm;eefYwGef;vSefarmif;xkwfvdkufuwfonf&m

rsm;onf/ rif; Ambk&ifBuD;u jrefrmtrwf ausmfxifaemf&xmtm; rdefYMum; csufudkMunfhyg ]&Dr[daom

uef? qefr[daom pyg;? w&m; r[daom rif;rsdK;? qdk;aumif; rodaomrD;? c&D;a&muf&mvm; rD? ow0g ig;OD;wdkYonf ybkwf? olawmfaumif;wdkYrSDcdk&ef rtyf? tusdK;tjypfudkvnf; rod?xdkow0gwdkY[d&m t&yfa'o t&Snf rxGef;vif;Edkif&m? &efol rsdK;ig;yg;ESifh qufqH&rsm;vDonfyif/

tpfudkwdkY awmifilrif; vnf; vufHk;rmetm;vGefonf? ynm[dESifh eD;uyfygpDOD;}[k rdefYxm;ygonf/

ajrmufOD;acwf &cdkifEdkifiHBuD;udk xlaxmifcaom rif;Ambk&if udk,fawmfwdkifu vufHk;rmeudk Iwfcsxm;

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jynfh0zdkYvdkaMumif; &nfTef;rdefYxm;csufyif jzpfygonf/

wzef r[mynmausmfu jrefrmbk&if wyifa&TxD;tm; avQmufxm;csufudk Munfhyg/ ]toQif

rif;jrwf? vufHk;tm;udk tvdk[daomrif;onf &efydk xdkjynfolwdkYaomfvnf; vufHk;rmetm;BuD;


49/87

jcif;aMumifh pnf;pdrf r&Snf? &efolig;yg; qufqHrsm;avonf/ ESvHk;tm;udk tvdk[daom wdkif;jynfrif;wdkY\

jynfolonf tylaomu uif;jcif;aMumifh rdbom;NrD;pOfvm ojymawmifhwif; rukefqufqH cHpm;vsuf

rysufpnfxGef; bk&m;paom olawmfaumif;wdkY tcsD;trGrf;udkcH&aMumif;ESifh ynm[drsm;rSmxm;awmf

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