rakinetansaungsaungparrmyarr

7/30/2019 RakineTanSaungSaungParrMyarr

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12/ &cdkifjynfe,f (10)ESpfc&D;ESifh 57

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14/ &cdkifhEGm;vm;Ob 65

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16/ &cdkifatmifvHawmf 76

17/ a0omvDacwf '*Fg;rsm; 79

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19/ &cdkif*dkPf;&Spfyg; 92

20/ &cddkify[dk&fpnf 100

21/ &cd kifa& S;a[mif;,Ofaus;rI vuf&mrsm; 106

22/ OD;&mZf"mwfapwDawmf 113

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25/ t'lrif;ndKavm? b'lrifndKavm 130

26/ o&PHwifh yef;ig;yGifh 139


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55555 66666


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ordkif;jyKpk&mwGifvnf;aumif;? Ak'tEkynm Art of Ancierb Arakan pmtkyf jyKpk&mwGifvnf;aumif; yg0ifulnDcJhonf/

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q&mBuD;um; &cddkif,Ofaus;rItarGtESpf? &cdkifordkif;? &cdkifpmay? &cdkifdk;&m"avhxHk;wrf;pOfvmrsm;udk topfwpfzef jyefvnfarG;xkwfay;cJhaom bcifBuD;wpfOD;yif jzpfonf/

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rMumcPqdkovdk wa&;a&; jrifa,mifrdygonf/ ESpfoufjrwfEdk;rIudk cHpm;&ygonf/ txufwef;ausmif;om; b0wGif ajrmufOD;rSppfawGodkY ajymif;a&TU&onfhtwGuf tzdk;ESifh taea0;oGm;&onfhwdkif uRefawmfh&ifxJ tzdk;\tajym? tqdktqHk;trrsm; jrwfEdk;pGm ydkudef;atmif;vmcJhygonf/ touft&G,fBuD;jyif;tawGUtMuHKtzHkzHk b0wGif pHkvmcJhaomfvnf; tzdk;tay:xm;&SdcJhaom uRefawmf\ pdwfxm;rsm; ajymif;vJroGm;cJhyg/

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&cd ki fvSjrif hE Sif hnDrsm;&cd ki fvSjrif hE Sif hnDrsm;&cd ki fvSjrif hE Sif hnDrsm;&cd ki fvSjrif hE Sif hnDrsm;&cd ki fvSjrif hE Sif hnDrsm;

99999 1010101010


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q&mOD;omxGef;xHrS jyefpmq&mOD;omxGef;xHrS jyefpmq&mOD;omxGef;xHrS jyefpmq&mOD;omxGef;xHrS jyefpmq&mOD;omxGef;xHrS jyefpm

uRefawmfrSm "n0wDpmapmif odkufNrdKufatmifjrifpGm xGufay:vma&;

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9/74


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OD;omxGef;OD;omxGef;OD;omxGef;OD;omxGef;OD;omxGef;anmifyifaps;? NrdKUa[mif;NrdKU/anmifyifaps;? NrdKUa[mif;NrdKU/anmifyifaps;? NrdKUa[mif;NrdKU/anmifyifaps;? NrdKUa[mif;NrdKU/anmifyifaps;? NrdKUa[mif;NrdKU/

odkYaom q&mOD;omxGef;\ jyefpmudk zwfI&olwdkif; &cdkif,Ofaus;rIESifh

twl pmay&yfrsm;\ xl;jcm;ajrmufjrm;pGm &SdaecJhonfhtaMumif;udk rSef;qod&SdEdkifMuayvdrfhrnf/ tuREkfyfum; q&mOD;omxGef;tm; txl;aus;Zl;wifrd\/q&majymonfhtwdkif; vuFm 2yk'fudk jyifqif&efum; PfrrDao;yg/ q&m\arQmfrSef;awmifhwtyfonfh yd#uwfwdkufBuD; taumiftxnfazmfxkwfa&;udk &cdkifvlrsdK;wdkif; ta&;wBuD; txl;*kjyKoifhaMumif;jzifhom EId;aqmfvdkuf&ygonf/

apmvSatmifapmvSatmifapmvSatmifapmvSatmifapmvSatmif"n0wDr*Zif; (1951-52)"n0wDr*Zif; (1951-52)"n0wDr*Zif; (1951-52)"n0wDr*Zif; (1951-52)"n0wDr*Zif; (1951-52)

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10/74



raemf[&D uefawmfausmufpmraemf[&D uefawmfausmufpmraemf[&D uefawmfausmufpmraemf[&D uefawmfausmufpmraemf[&D uefawmfausmufpm

raemf[&Duefawmfac: (uefvSuef-,ckNrdKUa[mif ;NrdKUtv,fwGif&Sdonf/)uefvSuefonf ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfa[mif;\ uefwpfckjzpfonf/ if;uefawmfwGif a&;xdk;xm;cJhaom ausmufpmjzpf uJhodkYaom pmrsdK;jzifh awGU&onf/tb,faMumifhqdkaomf ou&mzf 792-ckESpfwGif e&rdwfvSrif;apmrGefBuD;onfajrmufOD;udkwnf NrdKUwnfbk&m;? a&uef? a&wGif;wdkYudk jyKpkwnfaxmifcJhav

onf/xdkrif;aemuf e&EkapmrGef\ om;awmf bapmjzL (Kalimah sah) onf

ou&mZf 817-ckESpfwGif eef;wufawmfrlonf/ if;rif;onf ou&mZf 817-ckESpfwGif raemf[&Duefac: ewfa&tdkifBuD;udk av;axmifhuefawmftjzpf wl;azmfcJhavonf/ xdka&mtcg jA[DPbmomwdkY\"avhxHk;pHwdkYudk txl;ojzifh ,HkMunfaeaomumvjzpf xHk;pHawmftwdkif; uefawmfudk ywfywfvnfausmufwHwdkif;awG um&HNyD;vQif uefawmf\av;axmifh ewfuGef;wpfckpD wnfcJhav\/ xdkewfuGef;wdkYwGif r[ma'0ewfkyfwpfckpDxm;cJh\/ ewfkyf\wnf&m yvif0dkif;ay:

wGif ,ckazmfjyygausmufpmudk a&;xdk;xm;cJhavonf/if;ausmufpmudk ou&mZf 1299-ck? uqkefvtwGif; xyfrHwl;azmf&mwGif&&Sd&m t*Fvdyf*syef'kwd, urmppfBuD;jzpfpOfu aysmufqHk;oGm;avaomaMumifhwpfydkif;wpfprQom jyefvnfawGU&Sdygonf/

rpHkrvifwpfydkif;wpfpuav;yifjzpfjim;aomfvnf; t"dym,fudk &&Sd&efaomfvnf;aumif;? zwfIMuapjcif;iSmvnf;aumif;? &nfoef azmfjy&jcif;r[kwf?

&cdkifjynfBuD;\twGif; pmaytrsdK;rsdK; xGef;um;cJhyHk? pmay&SdvQif vlrsdK;&SdojzifhvltrsdK;rsdK; pmayESifhwuG qufqHaygif;oif;cJhyHk? rnfonfhacwf? rnfonfhumv?rnfonfhtcsdefwGif pmtrsdK;rsdK;udk toHk;csyHk? ,cktcgqdkaomf t*Fvdyfacwft*FvdyfpmoHk;yHk? jrefrmacwf jrefrmpmoHk;yHkwdkYjzifh odEdkif&monf/

xdktcsdeftcgwGif tb,faMumifh ausmufpmrsdK;udk oHk;cJhygoenf;[lrlum;

ajrmufOD;wnf rif;apmrGefrStp? rif;bmBuD;tqHk;&Sdaom rif;apmrGefquf 12qufwdkifwdkif tdEd,jynfol &wef;rif;ESifh txl;qufqHcJhvnf;aumif;? rif;apmrGeftm; ol&wefrif;u ppfulay;zl;aomaMumifh vnf;aumif;? ul;oef;a&mif;0,fjcif; tdEd,jynfESifh om txl;wvnful;oef;a&mif;0,faomaMumifh vnf;aumif;? bk&m;? a&uef? a&wGif;? aiGom;? '*Fg;? a&Tom; '*Fg;? armfuGef;ausmufpmrSp tma&ADa&S;a[mif; ausmufpmrsdK;jzifh a&;om;cJhavonf/ ajrmufOD;wnfrif;apmrGefBuD;wnfcJhaom rkwfav;qefapwDawmfwGif (av;rsufESmapwD) a&;xdk;cJhaom ausmufpmvnf; a&S;a[mif; tma&AD jzpfonf/ ,ckjywdkufxJwGif &Sd

onf/ apmrGefqufrsmoHk;cJhaom '*Fg;wdkYrSm ,ckwdkif &Sdao;\/uefawmf\rlvtdkiftjzpfrS bapmjzLapmrGefonf rQBuD;us,fpGm jyKvkyfcJhonfh avmif;MuufNrdKUacwfwkef;u ajrmufOD;udk rwnfrDtcsdefumvwGif uefonf ewfa&tdkifjzpfaeonf/ jzpfaMumif;rSm avmif;MuufNrdKUawmfrS pdw&em&'&Sifi,fnDaemifwdkY ynmoif&ef q&m&SmMupOf tdkifrSmyif vlrygbJ olcsnf;oufouftouf&Sdovdk bl;awmif;uav;wpfvHk;onf a&cyfvm&m nDaemifESpfOD;wdkYonf xl;jcm;aombl;awmif;uav;aemufodkY tpOfwpdkufvdkufygoGm;MuNyD;ynm[doQif&aohESifhawGUavaMumif; &mZ0ifBuD;wGif awGU&Sd&onf/ taMumif;udk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh OD;pHazmfOD; a&;cJhonfrSm (A pot of Water Caurying dried.pump kin was seen jogging along by itself on the ground. Dumb-founded they

instinctively followed it slowly and cautiously. It finally went down into a tank

containing good and transparent Water, on which grew . The five kinds of

Paduma Lilies. Immersing Itself into if and having filled itself with the Water, if

Came up again and retraced its Steps.)

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11/74


OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dkif jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dkif jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dw f) &cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;xdkYaMumifh uefonf avmif;Muufacwfwkef;u ewfa&tdkif? ajrmufOD;acwf

wGif av;axmifhuef jzpfvmavonf/ taMumif;wdkYudk bapmjzLrif;onf acwftvdkuf a&;om;aom ausmufpmjzifh armfuGef;wifcJhavonf/ a&S;a&S;aom &mZXmeDacwfwkef;u wdkif;wpfyg;rSvltrsdK;rsdK;wdkY\ pmaytm;jzifh qufoG,fjcif; vlrsdK;tcsif;csif;cdkuf&efa'gor&Sd aygif;oif;qufqHjcif;wnf;[laom ,Ofaus;rI? Nidrf;

csrf;om,mrIwdkYudk azmfjyvdkaompdwfxm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? wdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,faeaom &cdkifjynfwGif;&Sd pmaya[mif;wdkYudk ay:vGifapjcif;iSmvnf;aumif;? ausmufpmav;wpfydkif;udk *kwpdkufazmfjyvdkuf&jcif;jzpfayonf/

OD;omxGef;? NrdKUa[mif;/OD;omxGef;? NrdKUa[mif;/OD;omxGef;? NrdKUa[mif;/OD;omxGef;? NrdKUa[mif;/OD;omxGef;? NrdKUa[mif;/"n0wDr*Zif; (152-53)"n0wDr*Zif; (152-53)"n0wDr*Zif; (152-53)"n0wDr*Zif; (152-53)"n0wDr*Zif; (152-53)

wwd,ajrmufOD;acwf tv,fyd ki f;wwd,ajrmufOD;acwf tv,fyd ki f;wwd,ajrmufOD;acwf tv,fyd ki f;wwd,ajrmufOD;acwf tv,fyd ki f;wwd,ajrmufOD;acwf tv,fyd ki f;

a&S;a[mif;aiGom;'*Fg;a&S;a[mif;aiGom;'*Fg;a&S;a[mif;aiGom;'*Fg;a&S;a[mif;aiGom;'*Fg;a&S;a[mif;aiGom;'*Fg;

r[m0D[Du&uyl&"n0wDjynfBuD;wGif xD;eef;ueufpOfqufjzefYrdk; tkyfpdk;awmfrlaom rif;rsm;taygif;wdkYwGif ,ckazmfjyvwHUaom wwd,ajrmufOD;acwftv,fydkif;twGif;wGif acwftavsmuf oHk;pGJMuukefaom aiGom;'*Fg;a[mif;rsm;udk tenf;i,frQ azmfjyvdkaom pdwfxm;jzifh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfBuD;\A[kokwajymifajrmufapjcif;iSm vnf;aumif;? wdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,faeaom okckrynm&yfrsm;udk ay:xGufxGef;um;apjcif;iSmvnf;aumif; BudK;pm;&SmazGpkaqmif;um azmfjy&ayownf;/

wwd,ajrmufOD;acwf tv,fydkif;[l acgif;pOfwyfNyD;vQif pDpOfa&;om;&jcif;rSm ou&mZf 974-ck? oD&dok"r&mZm\ vufxuf oHk;pGJcJhaom aiGom;'*Fg;a[mif;udk tpjyKNyD;vQif a&;om;azmfjy&jcif;aMumifh wwd,ajrmufOD;acwftv,fydkif;'*Fg;[laom acgif;pOfudk qifETJcJh&ayonf/ tb,faMumifh wwd,ajrmufOD;acwf ac:wGif&oenf;[lrlum; ou&mZf 449-ckESpfwGif yxrajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfBuD;udk zefqif;wnfaxmifawmfrlavaom yJjzLrif;om;onf yxrajrmufOD;NrdKUudk wnfawmfrl\/ if;ou&mZfrSm cqyudef;udkNzdK a&wGufvmaom ,ckaumZmou&mZf 792-ckwGif rif;apmrGefBuD;onf 'kwd,ajrmufOD;NrdKUudk wnfawmfrlaomaMumifh 'kwd,ajrmufOD;NrdKU[k ac:wGifavonf/ wwd,ajrmufOD;NrdKUac:wGifaMumif;um; ou&mZf 893-ckwGif b0&Sifrif;Am;BuD;onf

1717171717 1818181818


12/74


OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dkif jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dkif jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dw f) &cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;wwd,ajrmufOD;NrdKUudk wnfawmfrlaomaMumifh wwd,ajrmufOD;wGifavonf/if;wwd,ajrmufOD;NrdKUwnf rif;Am;BuD; ou&mZf 893-ckrStp ou&mZf 974-ckwGif ajrmufOD;rif;quf tv,fydkif;odkY usa&mufaeNyD;jzpfaomaMumifh ajrmufOD;acwftv,fydkif;[laom trnfudk ay;cJh&avonf/

,ckazmfjyyg '*Fg;yHk 1-yHkrSm ou&mZf 974-ck oD&dok"r&mZmrif;vufxufwGif oHk;cJhonfh yHk 2-ou&mZf 1000-e&wdrif;BuD;/ yHk -3owdk;rif;w&m;/ if;rif;udk bGm;jrifaomtcg ueu'gefxD;jzL tvdkvdkyGifhawmfrlaomaMumifh xD;jzLyGifhrif;[l ac:\/ xdkYaMumifh if;rif;vufxuf oHk;pGJcJhaom'*Fg;wGif ueu'gefxD;jzLyGifh[ef qGJvGJcsL&GufoPmef? wGJus[ef tem;&pfwdkYjzifh oGef;vkyfcJhonf/yHk-4 pEok"r&mZm ou&mZf 1014 if;rif;vufxufwGif qifjzLocif qifeDocif[laom bGJUudky,f a&Teef;ocif[laom bGJUudkom cH,lMuonf/

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usrf;\ xGufqdkcsuft& [kwfrSefvdrfhEdk;jzifh rLodrf (acwoifac: wdkif;cspfrif;)vufxuf oHk;pGJcJhaMumif;[lay\/odkYaomf yxrazmfjy&if; rm&,k'*Fg;vnf; vGefvGef;onf/ tb,faMumifhqdk

aomf rm&,krif; a*gwrbk&m; yGifhawmfrrlrD umvuyif bkd;awmfteESifhumVa'0dv&aowdkY rNzdKao;aom ou&mZf 6057-wGif rif;jzpfaomoljzpfaomaMumifh xdkacwf xdkumvtcsdef '*Fg;udkum; roHk;pGJcJhMu? a&T'dkifcGuf aiG'dkifcGufudkom oHk;pGJcJhMuaMumif; aCmouolaX;BuD;0wKudk axmufIEdkifonf/ xdkaMumifh,kwdrxif&Sm;acs/ rLodrfac: wdkif;cspfrif;vufxufwGif oHk;pGJcJhaMumif; &mZ0ifoufBuD;wdkY azmfjycJhMuonfrSmvnf; aemufodkY qkwfvGef;onf[l xifrdonf/

tb,faMumifhqdkaom yxra0omvDNrdKUawmfa[mif;wGif &SmazG&&Sdaom '*Fg;tcsdKUrSm ou&mZf -150ausmftwGif;u usa&mufNyD;vQif tu&mpmwdkYrSmvnf; a&S;a[mif;ou|em*&Dtl'l? tma&ADtu&moufoufjzifhaomf vnf;aumif;? EGm;kyfvlkyfjzifhaomfvnf;aumif; cwfESdyfxkvkyf awGU&Sd&ayonf/

xdkYaMumifh azmfjyNyD;jzpfaom qwfwHqdyf'*Fg;rSm pmayroHk;pGJrDumvuaomfif;? rm&,krif;\ aemufqHk;tqufrS aomfvnf;aumif; ay:xGuf[efvuPm&ay\/ xdktpOftcgrSp aiGom;'*Fg;? a&Tom;'*Fg;? aMu;jym;'*Fg;oHk;pGJvmMuav

1919191919 2020202020


13/74


OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dkif jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dkif jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dw f) &cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;onf/ ,ckazmfjyyg ajrmufOD;acwftv,frS tqHk;wdkifatmif '*Fg;wdkYrSm oD&dok"r&mZm '*Fg;wpfjym;omvQif jrefrmpmwpfbuf? tl'lESifh [dELbmoma&maESmwpfbuf cwfESdyfxm;onf/ e&ywdrif;tp r[morw&mZmtqHk;wdkifatmif'*Fg;wdkYrSm 2-bufpvHk;wGif jrefrmtu&moufoufjzifh cwfESdyfcJhMu\/ &cdkifjynfwGif ou&mZf 1144-ckESpf eef;wuf ou&mZf 1146-ckESpfwGif eef;usaomr[morw&mZmtqHk;wGif tr&yl&bdk;awmfrif;w&m;BuD; odrf;ydkuftkyfpdk;awmfrlavonf/ xdktcgwGif bdk;awmfrif;w&m;BuD;vnf; aiGom;'*Fg;cwfESdyfoHk;pGJawmfrlonf/ xdkYaMumifh yHk-12 '*Fg;wGif 1146-tr&yl& qifjzL&SifEdkifiH[l cwfESdyfxm;avonf/ rQjzifh wwd,ajrmufOD;acwftv,fydkif;ESifh aemufqHk;ydkif t*Fg;rsm;taMumif;udk tenf;i,fazmfjyjcif; jzpfayonf/ usef'*Fg;rsm;taMumif;udkvnf; qufvufazmfjy&ef tmoDo&SdcJhygaMumif;/

tqdkyg'*Fg;wdkY\ tav;csdefrSm tBuD;qHk;'*Fg;\tav;csdef ESpfusyfcGJ tvwf'*Fg;wpfusyf? tvwf'*Fg;wpfrsdK; oHk;rwf? q,fyJ/ ti,f'*Fg; &SpfyJav;yJ tp&Sdonfjzifh awGU&ayonf/

rSwfcsuf/ / (u) yHk-1\ 0JbufrSm tu&mjzifh cwfESdyfxm;um ,mbufwGiftay:ydkif; tl'ltu&m? atmufydkif; [dELtu&mrsm;ESifh toD;oD;cwfESdyfxm;ygonf/

(c ) yHk-2rS 12-xd 0JbufESifh ,mbufrSm twlwljzpfygonf/(* ) yHk-3 '*Fg;\ tem;&pfwGif ueu'gPfxD;jzLzGifhyHk yg&Sdyg

onf/

OD;omxGef;OD;omxGef;OD;omxGef;OD;omxGef;OD;omxGef;

&mZ0ifq&m/&mZ0ifq&m/&mZ0ifq&m/&mZ0ifq&m/&mZ0ifq&m/1954-? 1955? &cd kifwefaqmifr*Zif; twGJ(1)1954-? 1955? &cd kifwefaqmifr*Zif; twGJ(1)1954-? 1955? &cd kifwefaqmifr*Zif; twGJ(1)1954-? 1955? &cd kifwefaqmifr*Zif; twGJ(1)1954-? 1955? &cd kifwefaqmifr*Zif; twGJ(1)

trSwf(4)trSwf(4)trSwf(4)trSwf(4)trSwf(4)

2121212121 2222222222


14/74



aAmif;awmfav;q,faAmif;awmfav;q,faAmif;awmfav;q,faAmif;awmfav;q,faAmif;awmfav;q,f

&udKifwdkY\ qif,ifxHk;zGJUrIwGif urmay:&Sd vlrsdK;aygif;pHkwdkY\ qif,ifxHk;zGJUbdouJhodkY rsdK;dk;ESifhnDpGm a'otvdkuf? Xmetvdkuf? umvtvdkuf tqifhqifhxHk;zGJUvmMuonf/ rdrdwdkYXme? umva'oESifhnDpGm xHk;zGJUqif,ifonfvnf; &Sd\/eD;pyf&mwdkif;jynfrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;? qufqHrdwfzGJU&m wdkif;jynfrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;? qif,ifxHk;zGJUrIrsm;rSm tenf;i,fwlnDaeonfvnf; &Sd\/ rdrdwdkYMoZmvTrf;rdk;&m xD;aqmif;eef;aewdkYrS b@mawmfqufo &&Sdaom txnfrsdK;tkyfrsdK;0wfpm;rsdK;wdkYudk qif,ifxHk;zGJU&onfvnf; &Sd\/

tcgwpfyg;pDwdkY tcGifhta&;tm;nDpGm bk&ifrif;jrwfESifhwuG? rdzk&m;acgifBuD; om;awmf orD;awmf tdrffa&SUOy&mrSL;awmfrwfawmf uawmfZkEwf avmouGufppfwyfppfcsD 'dkif;usD'kdif;usm;tp&Sdaom 0efBuD;rsm;? NrdKUpm;&Gmpm;rsm;ESifhwuGtaptyg;taygif;wdkYudk XmeumvESifhnDatmif 0wfpm;ay;oem;awmfrlonf/

xdkodkYaqmif&Guf&m rSL;BuD;rwfBuD; aoemywdBuD;wdkYonf wdkufckduf&m

vnf;aumif;? avQmufwif&mvnf;aumif;? qHk;jzwf&mvnf;aumif;? vGefuJxl;cRefcJhonf&Sdaomtcg aAmif;awmfpvG,fawmfwdkY tcReftwuf yef;cufyef;&Guf tqifht&pf? yk&pfzl;wef? wrmcRefMumzl; qiful;qifajymuf waxmufrum&f;uGuf? anmif&Guf awmifhwJhZmNAJ? a'gif;'vdyf? wHqdyf? yk@&du 'dyoPmefMumrGef y'krtp&Sdaom wHqdyfedrdwfwdkYudk qifhwdk; rlvwGif jznfhpGwf&onf/pvG,fawmfwdkYrSmvnf; xdkenf;wlyif jznfhpGuf&onf/

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15/74


OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dkif jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dkif jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dw f) &cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;bGJUawmf-rnfawmfwdkYrSmvnf; *kPfxl;xyfqifh&onf/ odkY&udKifwdkYwGif &Ayl

&-orkwda'0rif;rSp ajrmufOD;acwf r[morwrif;wdkifatmif qif,ifxHk;zGJUvmMuonf/ ,if;aAmif;awmfpvG,fawmfwdkYESifh nDrQpGmaom ykwD;? ema#mif;?vufaumuf? ajcusif;? cg;BudK;? 'Gg'&m? ygvnfuGJU? armif;uGuf? cg;csyf? rdefndKtp&Sdaom t0wftpm;wdkYwGifvnf; &wemrsdK;pHkwdkYudkvnf;aumif;? zsifykqdk;? ydk;yk

qdk;wdkYudkvnf;aumif;? pDjc,f0wfqif&onf/,ckESpfwGif tuRefonf q,f,ifxHk;zGJUrIrsm;teuf? a&S;acwf&udKifwdkY\aAmif;awmfav;q,f? pvG,fawmf udk;yg;[laom uAsmyk'f&if;BuD;rS aAmif;awmfav;q,fwdkYwGif &Spfyg;aomaAmif;awmfudk xkdyHkpHESifhwuG wifjyygonf/ ,ckwifjyaom aAmif;awmfwdkYrSm &udKifjynf ajrmufOD;aejynfawmf aumif;pm;pOftcgubapmjzLapmrGef (umvDroQmvf)rif;w&m;BuD;onf &efatmifaZ,sykxdk;awmfBuD;\ ta&SUajrmufcyf,Gef;,Gef; wpfac:ruaom c&D; [rD0efrnfaom ewfawmifBuD;\ awmifpG,ftaygif;wdkYwGif wwd,ajrmuf awmifpG,f r[maAm"dapwD

awmfudk wnfxm;cJhonf/,if;apwD*lwGif; vuf0J-vusfmeH&HwdkYwGif xD;cPf;eef;cPf;xGufawmfrlcPf;kyfvHk;rsm;udk xkxm;onf/ ,if;kyfvHk;rS xGufawmfrlcPf;yg0ifaom qif,ifxHk;zGJUrIwGif ajrmufjrm;pGmyg0ifaeonf/ A[kokwyGm;rsm;ap&ef &nfoefaom pdwfxm;jzifh vnf;aumif;? wdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,fvkrwwf jzpfaeaom &udKif,Ofaus;rIudk wifjyjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? &Spfckaom aAmif;xkyfawmfwdkYudk wifjyjcif; jzpfygonf/

aAmif;xkwfawmftrnfrsm;udk aqmif;yg;a&SUydkif; tenf;i,fazmfjycJhNyD/vufawGUaAmif;xkyfrsm;udk a&S;a[mif;bk&m;*lwdkY awGU&Sdjim;aomfvnf; &mZ0ifordkif;pmay uAsmvuFmwdk YESif h taotcsmEIdif;nd&ao;onf/ ,if;aemufeef;wGif; eef;jyifqif,ifxHk;zGJUrI ed'gef;pOfvmwdkYESifh ndEIdif;&ao;onf/ xdkodkYNyD;rSaocsmpGm oufaoom"ujyK wifjy&ygonf/ odkYwifjy&mwGif ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; &udKifausmif;olausmif;om;wdkY\ pmapmifom rsm;aomtm;jzifh wifjycJhygonf/

wpfESpfvQif wpfrsdK;uspDwifjyaeygonf/ owdrlaom pmzwfy&dowfwdkYrSwfrdMuayvdrfhrnf/ uRefawmfwdkY wifjycJhonfrSm bmoma&; ,Ofaus;rIpmay,Ofaus;rI? xD;cPf;eef;cPf; ,Ofaus;rI qif,ifxHk;zGJUrI ,Ofaus;rI? wdkYudk wifjycJhygonf/

,if;odkYwifjy&m oufaoom"ucdkifvHkpGmjzifhvnf;aumif;? ou&mZf &mpk

ESpftpOftvmjzifh vnf;aumif;? usrf;*efpmay? ausmufpmyk&ydkufwdkYESifh wifjyEIdif;ndonfwdkYudk EIdif;ndwifjy uJh&JUjcif;udkvnf;aumif;? jypfwifHIUcsjcif;udkvnf;aumif; cHcJh&onf/ csD;rTrf;jcif; tm;ay;jcif;wdkYudkvnf; cHcJh&onf/

rnfodkYyifjzpfvifhupm; aumif;aom tmoDowdkUjzifhom wifjy&jcif;aMumifhESpfpOfESpfwdkif;yif wifjyygOD;rnf/ uRefawmf\ aqmif;yg;a&;om;&mwdkYwGifrnfonfhyk*dKvfxHrS ta&;tom; aqmif;yg;? uAsmwdkYudkckd;,ljcif;? trnfcHjcif;?yHkwlul;,ljcif;rjyKvkyfcJhyg/ aemifudkvnf; jyKvkyfvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg/ vGefcJhaomESpfwpfESpftwGif;u aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fonf tuRefra&;bJESifh tuRefYtrnfudk

wyfxm;ygonf/ ,if;aqmif;yg;rSm tuRefvnf; ra&;yg/ trnfwljcif;om jzpfygonf/ tuRefr[kwfyg/ aqmif;yg;ydkif&SifESifhwuG? om;ajr;wdkY pdwfqdk;rmefygonf[k Mum;od&ygonf/ tuRefr[kwfaMumif; jyefMum;ygonf/ pdwfqdk;rmefygjcif;udk cGifhjyKMuyg/

&udKifqif,ifxHk;zGJUrItrsdK;rsdK;wGif wpfyg;tygt0if jzpfaom (aAmif;awmfav;q,f)trnfrsm;udk aemifa&;vwHaomaqmif;yg;rsm;wGif qufvufa&;om;ygOD;rnf/

,ckESpfwGif (u) yka&m[dwfaAmif;xkyf/ (c) twGif;0efaAmif;xkyf/ (*)vTwfawmf0efaAmif;xkyf (C) [l;&m;olBuD;aAmif;xkyf/ (i) ZkEwfvusfmysHcsD aAmif;xkyf (a&wyf)/ (p) ZkEwfvusfmysHcsD aAmif;xkyf (Munf;wyf)/ (q) "m;ydkifBuD;aAmif;xkyf (a&wyf)/ (Z) [l;&m;aoG;BuD;aAmif;xkyfwdkYudk wifjyygonf/ aAmif;xkyfawmfwdkYudk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh rif;cef;rif;em;wdkYwGif rnfodkYqif,ifyHk? wpfacwfESifhwpfacwf tajymif;tvGJ&SdyHkwdkYudk a0zefEIdif;ndEdkifonf/

taqmifta,mif taetxm;wdkUudkvnf; odEdkifonf/ qif,ifxHk;zGJUrIudkjrif&jcif;tm;jzifh a&S;a[mif;edygwfawmfESifh jyZmwfwdkYudk ujy&mwGif toHk;jyK

2525252525 2626262626


16/74


OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dkif jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dkif jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dw f) &cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;Edkifonf/ odkYrSomvQif &udKifwdkYonf urmay:&Sd vlrsdK;toD;oD;wdkYuJhodkY ,Ofaus;rIudk azmfxkwfEdkifayvdrfhrnf/ ]]aAmif;awmfav;q,f? pvG,fawmfudk;yg;? cg;BudK;ig;&yf? vufpGyf &Spfq,fhwpf? vnf&pfudk;oG,f? eaAudk;qifh? MunfyGifh q,fhajcmuf?vufaumufESpfq,f? yef;oG,fig;rsdK;? qHxdk;&Spfck? yef;pH&Spfcsyf? ajcpGyfckepfyg;?udk,fvTm;ig;rsdK;? tbdk;te*? xdkufwefvSonfh? Z&mrpm? 'vdk'gOy? aoVd,ESifh

jA[Pyka&m[dwf edrdwfzwf[l&m;aoG; a&SUajy;oHawmfqifh? rsdK;jrifh ? rsdK;jrwf?y&dowfwdkY? wifhtyfqifh&m? tjzmjzmudk? vuFmodkY uHk;ownf;}} [laom &udKifed'gef;usrf; yxrwGJvmaom rif;cef;rif;em; qif,ifrIrS? tenf;i,fazmfxkwfNyD; vufawGUtm;jzifh a&S;a[mif;kyfvHk;rsm;? &SmazGwdkufqdkifvsuf wifjyygonf/trnfemr twGefYtwufwdkYudk azmfjyygu pmtkyfBuD;wpftkyf jzpfoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/ rQESifh ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufygonf/


&cd ki fwefaqmif&cd ki fwefaqmif&cd ki fwefaqmif&cd ki fwefaqmif&cd ki fwefaqmif&cd ki fwefaqmifr*Zif (1960-61)&cd ki fwefaqmifr*Zif (1960-61)&cd ki fwefaqmifr*Zif (1960-61)&cd ki fwefaqmifr*Zif (1960-61)&cd ki fwefaqmifr*Zif (1960-61)

2727272727 2828282828


17/74



&cd ki fwl&d,mESif h *Dw&cd ki fwl&d,mESif h *Dw&cd ki fwl&d,mESif h *Dw&cd ki fwl&d,mESif h *Dw&cd ki fwl&d,mESif h *Dw

&cdkifwl&d,mESifh*DwwdkYonf rnfonfhtcsdef rnfonfhumvuyif ay:aygufvmoenf;/ tuRef\ ,aeYtxd qef;ppfa0zefum pkaqmif;&[dorQaom pma[mif;aya[mif;? &cdkifoufBuD; rdbwdkYxHrS pmayA[kokwtm;vHk;teufrStenf;i,fazmfjyygtHh/ rnfonfhtwGufaMumifh tenf;i,f azmfjy&oenf;[lrlum; tvGef&Snfvsm;rnfpdk;aomaMumifhwnf;/

,if;twGufaMumifh &cdkifwdkY\ rlv*DwrSm- a&S;vGefavNyD;aom bk&m;tqlqlwdkY\ yGifhawmfrl&m rZdra'ot&yfESifh urmOD;olwdkY\ rif;tqufqufwdkYrSqif;oufvmonf/ &cdkifjynfwGif wdkif;BuD;q,fhajcmufwdkif;? jynfBuD;q,fhajcmufjynf tygt0ifjzpfaom &ryl&jynf? &r0wDNrdKU? orkwda'0rif;qufrSp jzpfxGef;vmcJhonf/ xdkrSwqifh r[m0d&rif;qufwdkY\ aysmfpH&m a0omvDNrdKUawmfBuD;

pjEm;rif;qufwdkYonf pdk;pHcJhMu\/,if;tcguyif ,ck &cdkifwdkY\toHjzifh pyfqdkoHk;pGJMuukefonfh a&vm; avS

awmfoHwpfckESifh od*pjEm;rif;\ arsmufom;awmf apmjynfhndKoDqdkaom oQdK;vdkuf&wkac: &uefBuD;udk &cddkif&mZ0ifwGif awGUrd&onf/ if;wdkYrStxufydkif;ou#? rm*"? &mu0Ptu&mwdkYESifh a&;xm;aom qef;vuFmwdkYjzifh pDuHk;xm;onfh ygVdoHESifh tu&muAsm*DwwdkYudk awGUrd&onf/

2929292929 3030303030


18/74


OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dkif jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dkif jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dw f) &cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;,if;uAsm *DwwdkYudk oDqdkaomtcg rMumt&Snf xm;vsuf 'DCoHwdkYonf

yvlwoHjzifh tvGef&Snfvsm;pGm oDqdk&onf/ wl&d,mwdkYrSm wpfbufydwfaompnf&Snf oHvGifpnf;? a>y&SnfwdkYudk wD;rIwfonf/ vufckwfudk wajzmufajzmufwD;&onf/ pjEm;rif;qufwdkY a&mufaomtcg tdrfa&SUrdzk&m;apmjynfhndK&wkudkoDqdkwD;rIwfaomtcg azmfjyygwl&d,mrsm;xuf ydkrdkum wa&m? apmif;aumuf?

c&m? a>y? c&maumuf? vufwH&Snf? cGufcGif;? ywfom? vif;uGif;wdkYudk oHpHkvdkufum wD;rIwfMuonf/pjEm;rif;bGJUac: (vlUjynfausmfaomif;? rif;aumif;&mZm? a0omvDrSm? pdk;

aomcg) tpcsDonfh bGJUawmfBuD; tqdkyg wl&d,mwdkYjzifh tuRefwdkYi,fcgu wD;rIwfMuonf/ wa&mwpfckwnf;ESifh oDqdkwD;rIwfaomol wpfOD;ESpfOD; ,cktcg ajrmufOD;NrdKUwGif yif&Sdao;onf/ ,if;yk*dKvfwdkYonf rsm;aomtm;jzifh apmjynfhndK? oDqdkonfh oQdK;vdkuf&wkrsdK;udk oDqdkwD;rIwfavh[donf/ xdkrSwpfcsuf pjEm;qufwGifaESmif;qHk;pjEm;jzpfaom plVpjEm;rif;avSavSmfoHudkvnf; ,aeYxufwdkif avSawmfom;rsm; avSNydKifyGJwGif EGJUum,drf;um wufdk;oHwpfacgufacgufjzifh oDqdkuckefMuao;\/ &Hzef&Hcg &udKifoHcsyfBuD;wdkYudkvnf; oDqdkwD;rIwfMuao;\/

odkYaomfvnf; ,cktcg jrefrmoHa&m nyfxm;onfh oHcsyfac: twdkiftazmufoHcsyfrsdK; oDqdkMuonf/ &udKifwdkY\ tEkynm*DwwdkYonf wa&GUa&GUaysmufrSef;rodaysmufqHk;avNyD/ odkYaomfvnf; &udKifwdkY\ a0omvDacwf? "n0wDacwf? ajrmufOD;acwfwdkYtwGif; wnfxm;cJhaom bk&m;ykxdk; taqmuftOD ewfuGef;twGif;wdkYwGif wD;[ef? u[ef? rIwf[ef oDqdk[efwdkYrSmum; ,aeYwdkifxif&Sm;pGm [dao;onf/

uJhodkY[djcif;aMumifh ,ckurmay:wGif wdk;wufxGef;um;aeaom wkwf

jynfopf wkwfynm[dBuD;rsm; TefMum;csuft& wefYrif;quf? csefrif;qufwdkYrS wnfxm;cJhonfh vIdif*lBuD;twGif;&Sd wl&d,mwD;rIwf[ef ausmufkyfwdkYudk twk,lum wkwfvli,fwdkYu trsdK;om;wl&d,m wD;rIwfyHkudk azmfxkwfvdkuf&m 1956-57 ckESpftwGif; a&S;a[mif;ESifh acwfrDtrsdK;om;wl&d,mtjzpf xGef;um;onfudkwkwfjynfrS xkwfa0aom pmaywdkYwGif kyfyHkESifhwuG awGU[d&onf/

&udKiftrsdK;om;taygif;wdkYvnf; rdrdwdkY\trsdK;om;dk;&m wl&d,m*Dwrsm;udkwkwf? rGef? u&if? &Srf; jrefrm? ukvm;? t*FvdyfvlrsdK;rsm;uJhodkY urmolurmom;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;? jynfaxmifpkom;tcsif;csif;aomf vnf;aumif;? cspfMunfrI&&Sdap&ef &cdkiftrsdK;om;wdkY\ wl&d,muAsm*DwwdkYudk azmfxkwfMuavmh/

a&S;tcg xD;eef;MuiSef;ESifhtqufrjywf pnfyifxGef;um;vmcJhonfh &cdkif

jynfBuD;0,f bZmaMumifh wl&d,muAsm r[dbJjzpf&rnfenf;/ xD;crf;? eef;crf;?rif;crf; nDvmcHwdkYwGif wl&d,mwD;pNrJjzpfonfhtaMumif;&if;udk ay:wl*Dbkef;awmfBuD;omoemjyK refe&dwfonf oD&dok"rrif;\ bdodwfawmfr*Fvmtcrf;tem;&cdkifwl&d,mwD;rIwfoDqdkuckefonfudk tus,fw0ifha&;xm;onf/

,if;aMumifh vufawGUom"u&ap&ef ajrmufOD;acwf oD&dol&d,pE&r[m&mZmac: wpfenf;tm;jzifh tdEd,wdkif;om;wdkY\trnfjzifh (aZmufawmufoQmvf)ac: rif;Am;BuD;wnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhonfh(Temple of Victory) &efatmifaZ,sykxdk;awmfBuD;ac: oQpfaomif;ykxdk;awmfBuD;\ vIdif*lawmf'kwd,xyf t*Fgaxmifh? &m[kaxmifhwdkYrS &cdkifwl&d,mwdkYudk wD;rIwfaeolwdkYonf wD;rIwfvsufyif? uckef[efwdkYudk A[kokwjzpfapjcif;iSm azmfjyvdkufyg\/ wD;rIwfolwdkY\ teD;tem; 0dkif;tHk uckefae[efwdkYudk ra&;vdkufNyD/ rsm;omtm;jzifh ,ckumv (bJav;)ac:tursdK;ESifh wlonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh &cdkifjynfwGif pnf&SnfrsdK;udk wD;rIwfMuonf/

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aom *DwuAsmwdkYrSm &udKifoHoufoufjzpfonf/ ppfBuD;NyD;qHk;onfESifh &udKifwdkY\ wl&d,mESifh uAsm*DwwdkYonf wNydKifeuf aysmufqHk;cJhMu\/ xdkYaMumifh trsdK;om;\ dk;&m,Ofaus;rIwdkYudk &if;ESD;qufqHjcif;jzifh azmfxkwfMuukefavm/

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3131313131 3232323232


19/74



ajcawmf&mrsm;ajcawmf&mrsm;ajcawmf&mrsm;ajcawmf&mrsm;ajcawmf&mrsm;

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xuf BuD;rm;ayonf/okawoDtcsdKUwdkYu ajc&myHkpHudk urmOD;vlom;wdkY\ ajc&m(Fossil) ?

ausmufjzpfkyf


20/74


OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dkif jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dkif jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dw f) &cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;pufvuPmrsm;udk a0omvDe,fajrrS awGU&Sdaom 12v&moDpufESifh EIdif;

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21/74


22/74



&udKi fa0omvDNrdK Ua[mif;rS ]*kywpm}&udKi fa0omvDNrdK Ua[mif;rS ]*kywpm}&udKi fa0omvDNrdK Ua[mif;rS ]*kywpm}&udKi fa0omvDNrdK Ua[mif;rS ]*kywpm}&udKi fa0omvDNrdK Ua[mif;rS ]*kywpm}

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23/74


OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dkif jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dkif jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dw f) &cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;4141414141 4242424242trsdK;rsdK; zsufqD;ypfMuayonf/ if;jyif tvdk&Sdoavmuf qifhqifh &&Sdonfum; r[kwf? ESpfaygif;rsmpGm MumrSom wpfBudrfwpfcg awGU&Sd&ayonf/

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24/74


25/74


26/74


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rif;quf jzpf\/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf tdEd,jynf a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;yGifhpOfwGif &udKifjynf ol&d,rif;quf pEol&d,rif; jzpfonf/ ol&d,rif;quf25 quf jzpfcJhonf/ bk&m; y&dedAmefvGefNyD; 218ckESpfwGif oD&d"rmaomurif;BuD; jzpfxGef;onf/ ,if;tcsdefwGif &udKifjynf0,f ol&d,rif;quf jzpfonf/pmayum; r*"ac: jA[Dtu&mjzpfonf/ ,aeYxd"n0wDNrdKUawmfa[mif;ae&mjA[Dtu&mjzifh a&;xdk;xm;cJhaom ausmufpmwpfcsyfudk q&mOD;pHa&Tzl;ESifh


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28/74



e&m"dywdarmfuGef;e&m"dywdarmfuGef;e&m"dywdarmfuGef;e&m"dywdarmfuGef;e&m"dywdarmfuGef;OD;omxGef; (ajrmufOD;NrdKU)OD;omxGef; (ajrmufOD;NrdKU)OD;omxGef; (ajrmufOD;NrdKU)OD;omxGef; (ajrmufOD;NrdKU)OD;omxGef; (ajrmufOD;NrdKU)

armfuGef;\t"dym,frSm ou&mZf 955ck? wydkYwGJvqef; 5-&uf? Ak'[l;aeYe&m"dywda&Teef;oQif rdefYawmfrlaom 0gqdkvwGif tvdkawmfjynfhrnf[l qdkonf/rSefaomaMumifh ykPm;rPDa"gufudk uif;jyif&GmwGif [def'laoma&marmaESmt0ifig;oQif;oHk;yGm; vSLawmfjyKonf/ v,fudkom;pOfajr;quf pm;apyg urnf;xm;onf/ a&SUawmfcHa&G;om;i&J ESpfa,muf toHk;csvnf; oHustay:xufjyiftawmif;trSwfr,l ay;\wnf;/

armfuGef;onf NrdKUa[mif;ta&SUbuf wpfrdkifausmfcefY a0;aom rif;w&m;jyif&GmwGif rPDacgufykPm; a&uefa&SUykPm;\ aetdrf&m 1313-ck? wydkwGJvqef; 5&ufaeYu wl;azmf&&Sdonf/ xdkae&mrS 30-9-52 aeY NrdKUa[mif;? oQpfaomif;bk&m;BuD;odrfawmfwGif;odkY pmay0goemygolwpfpkwdkYu ajymif;a&TUxm;Mu

ygonf/ if;ESifhtwl tvsm; 6awmifcefY&Sd oHcJtajrmufBuD;wpfckudkvnf; awGU&ygonf/

armfuGef;\tus,ft"dyg,frSm ou&mZf 955 ckwGif b0&Sife&m"dywdaqmfvdrfoQm;ac: rif;zavmif;BuD;onf ykPm;yPda"guf yka&m[dwf\ a[majymcsuftwdkif; 0gqdkvwGif tvdkcyfodrf;NyD;jynfhatmifjrifonfjzpf yka&m[dwfykPm;awmftm; uif;jyif&GmwGif v,fig;oQnf; oHk;yGm;qkay;oem;awmfrlonf/ if;udk

5151515151 5252525252


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30/74


31/74



&cd ki fjynfe,f 10-ESpfc&D;ESif h&cd ki fjynfe,f 10-ESpfc&D;ESif h&cd ki fjynfe,f 10-ESpfc&D;ESif h&cd ki fjynfe,f 10-ESpfc&D;ESif h&cd ki fjynfe,f 10-ESpfc&D;ESif h

&cd kif,Ofaus;rIaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;&cd kif,Ofaus;rIaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;&cd kif,Ofaus;rIaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;&cd kif,Ofaus;rIaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;&cd kif,Ofaus;rIaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;

vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;\ ,Ofaus;rItarGtESpfrsm;onf raysmufaumif; rysufaumif;ay/ jynfolUtusdK;jyK aqmif&Gufavhr&Sdaom e,fcsJUt*FvdyfacwfwGif&cdkif,Ofaus;rIrsm;onf rsufESmi,fi,fESifh &SdcJhaomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfwGifrl ,cifuxuf ta&;w,l jyKpkjcif;udk cHcJh&onf/

txl;ojzifh 1962-ckESpfwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDay:aygufvmNyD;aemuf&cdkif,Ofaus;rI azmfxkwfrIrsm;rSm wpfESpfxufwpfESpfwdk;wufvmonfudk tm;&p&m awGU&ayonf/ 1966-ckESpf awmifBuD;NrdKUusif;yaom jynfaxmifpkaeYwGif&cdkifwdkif;&if;om;dk;&m oQdKif'dkiftuESifh Ak'ylZed,tursm;udk azmfxkwfwifqufEdkifcJhNyD;aemuf &cdkif,Ofaus;rI*kPfowif;onf jynfaxmifpktESHUwGif arT;BudKifoGm;avonf/

,if;tcsdefrSp &cdkif,Ofaus;rIazmfxkwfrIrsm;udk &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;wdkYudk,fEdIufu jyefvnfpdwf0ifpm;vmMuonf/ ESpfpOfjynfaxmifpkaeYwdkif;vnf;&cdkifuuGufrsm;udk BudK;pm;wifqufcJhonf/ xdkYjyif &cdkifpmayordkif;ESifh "avhxHk;pH,Ofaus;rIrsmudkvnf; jyKpkvmMuayonf/

1974-ckESpfwGif &cdkifjynfe,f[l ay:aygufvmcJhaomtcgwGifvnf; &cdkif,Ofaus;rI azmfxkwfrIrsm;udk owfrSwfxm;aom pnf;urf;pnf;rsOf; vkyfydkifcGifh

twGif; qufvufaqmif&GufcJhonf/ ,Ofaus;rIa&;&mrsm;udk azmfxkwfaqmif&Guf&mwGif &ckdifjynfe,ftaejzifh ordkif;0ifa&S;a[mif;taqmufttHkrsm;udkjyKjyif xdef;odrf;jcif;? a&S;a[mif;tarGtESpfrsm;udk azmfxkwfxdef;odrf;jcif;? ESpfpOfdk;&myGJawmfrsm;udk usif;yay;jcif;? EdkifiHjcm;okawoDrsm;tm; {nfh0wfausyGefpGm ulnDTefjyay;jcif;? &cdkif,Ofaus;rIjycef;rsm;udk zGifhvSpfjyojcif;ponfhvkyfief;

rsm; yg0ifayonf/&cdkifjynfe,f ay:aygufvQif ay:aygufcsif; yxrqHk;aom ,Ofaus;rIaqmif&Gufjcif;[k qdktyfaomvkyfief;rSm &cdkifjynfe,faeY wHqdyf? tvHawmfESifh0wfpHkwdkYudk owfrSwfEdkif&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;yif jzpfonf/

&cdkifjynfe,faeY wHqdyf? tvHawmfESifh 0wfpHkwdkYudk owfrSwfEdkif&ef jynfe,fjynfolUaumifpDtzGJUu wm0efay;tyfaomyk*dKvfrsm;ESifh uRrf;usifolyef;csDq&mrsm; yg0ifaom tzGJUonf &cdkif&[ef;ynm&Sdrsm;? vlynm&Sdrsm;ESifh txyfxyftcgcg ndEIdif;wdkifyifvsuf a&G;cs,fowfrSwfcJhMuonf/

odkYwm0efay; a&G;cs,frIrsm;udk &cdkifjynfe,f jynfolUaumifpD 6-vywftpnf;ta0;wGif trsm;oabmwl axmufcHtwnfjyKcJhavonf/ odkYaqmif&GufrIrsm;aMumifh 'DZifbm (15)&ufaeY eHeuf 7em&D 20rdepfonf &cdkifjynfe,f\ r*Fvmtcgor,aeYESifh tcsdeftjzpfvnf;aumif;? &cdkifa&S;tarG a0omvD'*Fg;yg0ifaom atmifvHwHqdyfonf vnf;aumif;? &cdkif,Ofaus;rIudk tajccHaom 0wfpHkwdkYonfvnf;aumif; ay:xGufvmcJhayNyD/

&cdkifwdkif;rS &cdkifjynfe,f[l ay:aygufvmjcif;ESifhtwl jrefrmhtoHavvIdif;rS &cdkifydkif;tpDtpOfudk wpfaeYvQif rdepf 30uspD vTifhxkwfvmojzifh &cdkifbmompum;ESifh aw;*DwwdkYudk wdkif;&if;om;vkyfom;jynfolrsm; tvG,fwul odEdkifay

NyD jzpfayonf/ &cdkifbmompum;udk &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;wdkY udk,fwdkif avvIdif;oHrS Mum;&ojzifh vGefpGmrSyif aomreyDwd jzpf&ayonf/ onfrSm &cdkifjynfe,f jzpfay:vm&jcif;\ tusdK;qufwpfckyif r[kwfygavm/

EdkifiHa&;t& &cddkifjynfe,f[l ay:aygufvmojzifh &cddkifjynfe,ftaMumif;udk wdkif;&if;om;vkyfom;jynfolrsm;u od&Sdem;vnfoabmaygufaeovdk &cdkif,Ofaus;rItaMumif; od&Sdem;vnf&efvnf; vdktyfaeao;onf/ &cdkdif,Ofaus;rI

5757575757 5858585858


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OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dkif jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dkif jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dw f) &cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;taMumif; od&Sdem;vnf&efrSm &cdkif,Ofaus;rIESifhywfoufaom pmwpftkyf aywpfzGJUudk trsm;olig avhvmEdkif&ef wifjyjcif;vnf; yg0ifayonf/

jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwDXmecsKyfrS wdkif;&if;om;,Ofaus;rIdk;&m"avhxHk;pHrsm; (&cdkif)pmtkyfudkxkwfa0&ef &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm; yg0ifaom tzGJUwpfzGJUudk zGJUpnf;NyD; &cdkifjynfe,ftESHU oGm;a&mufapvTwfcJhonf/ ,if;tzGJUonf &cdkif

jynfe,ftESHUodkY oGm;a&mufavhvmNyD; &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;rsm; a&SUrD? aemufrDyk*dKvfrsm;ESifh awGUqHkaqG;aEG; a&;om;jyKpkcJhayonf/tqdkygpmtkyfonf 1976-ckESpfwGif yHkESdyfxkwfa0xGuf&SdcJhojzifh wdkif;&if;om;

rsm; &cdkif,Ofaus;rIESifh oabmobm0udk ydkem;vnfvmEdkifMuayonf/jyKjyifxdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufrItydkif;wGifvnf; ,cifuxufydkrdkaqmif&Guf

vmonf/ &cdkifjynfe,fwGif a&S;a[mif;ypnf;tarGtESpfrsm; ayg


33/74


OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dkif jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dkif jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dw f) &cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;q,fESpftwGif; &cdkifjynfe,f &cdkif,Ofaus;rIrsm; xkwfazmf&efrSm rsm;pGm

usef&Sdaeayao;onf/ ,cktcg jynfaxmifpkqdk&S,fvpf orwjrefrmEdkifiH\zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'opft& wdkif;&if;omvlrsdK;rsm;\ ,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfcGifhjyKxm;NyDjzpf&m &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;taejzifhvnf; rdrdwdkY\ a&S;acwf,Ofaus;rIrsm; azmfxkwfjcif;? xdef;odrf;jcif;rsm;udkvnf; wdk;wufaqmif&Guf

oifhaMumif; wdkufwGef;vdkuf&ayownf;/

OD;OD;omxGef;OD;OD;omxGef;OD;OD;omxGef;OD;OD;omxGef;OD;OD;omxGef;(ajrmufOD;)(ajrmufOD;)(ajrmufOD;)(ajrmufOD;)(ajrmufOD;)

&cd kif jynfe,fr*Zif;? (10)ESpfajrmuf txl;xkwf&cd kif jynfe,fr*Zif;? (10)ESpfajrmuf txl;xkwf&cd kif jynfe,fr*Zif;? (10)ESpfajrmuf txl;xkwf&cd kif jynfe,fr*Zif;? (10)ESpfajrmuf txl;xkwf&cd kif jynfe,fr*Zif;? (10)ESpfajrmuf txl;xkwf1984-'DZifbm (15)&uf/1984-'DZifbm (15)&uf/1984-'DZifbm (15)&uf/1984-'DZifbm (15)&uf/1984-'DZifbm (15)&uf/

ausmufqnfawmfBuD;ausmufqnfawmfBuD;ausmufqnfawmfBuD;ausmufqnfawmfBuD;ausmufqnfawmfBuD;1984-85 ppfawGaumvdyfr*Zif;1984-85 ppfawGaumvdyfr*Zif;1984-85 ppfawGaumvdyfr*Zif;1984-85 ppfawGaumvdyfr*Zif;1984-85 ppfawGaumvdyfr*Zif;


a&S;acwf&cdkifwdkYonf qnfajrmif;wmwrHrsm;udk qnfzdkYcJhMuonf/ ,if;odkYwl;azmf&jcif;\ t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm EdkifiH\ppfrufa&;&mt& &efoludk umuG,f

Edkif&eftwGuf vnf;aumif;? pD;yGm;a&;&mt& pdkufysdK;a&; arG;jrLa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif toHk;csEdkif&eftwGuf vnf;aumif;? aomufoHk;a&rsm; &&Sd&EftwGuf vnf;aumif;? rD;ab;umuG,f&eftwGuf vnf;aumif; ? NrdKUjyjynf&Gmrsm; pdrf;vef;pdkjynfap&eftwGuf vnf;aumif; jzpfayonf/

qnfajrmif;wmwrHrsm; wl;azmfqnfzdkYjcif;onf a&S;acwfu NrdKUjyjynf&Gmrsm;wnfaqmuf&mwGif t"duyg0ifaom vkyfief;wpf&yf jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYudk wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m Adokumynm&yfrsm; &SdcJhonf/ &cdkifwdkUtoHk;jyKJhMuaom Adokumusrf;BuD;rsm;rSm (1) ola,mfaZ,susrf;? (2) t#omcgusrf;(3)erEmusrf; (4) plVmrkPdusrf; (5) MuHy#dusrf; ponfwdkY jzpfMuonf/

&cdkifrif;orD;,dkifjcif;tydk'f (10)ESifh (11)wdkYwGif ]]{,if,if{{? {oHcsdKjrwf?usL;um&Gufydrhf? jyom'fig;&mESifh a&mufvmaomf jrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fpm; awmif;yefxm;cJhrSefonf? edAmeful;wdkY? "nNrdKUudk? ewfwdkYrp? puf0ef;csvsuf? 'DyywfuHk;?rif;tm;vHk;wdkY vufHk;raxmif? rmefa,mifrx? wm0efcs? vkyfuukefoD;?oQifrif;oD;onf/

6161616161 6262626262


34/74


OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dkif jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dkif jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dw f) &cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;]]rif;wdkYrsdK;wGif? wefcdk;


35/74


36/74


37/74


OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dkif jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dkif jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dwf)OD ;O D;omxGef ;(&c dk if jrefrmy@dw f) &cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;&cdkifwefaqmifaqmif;yg;rsm;a0omvDrSawGU&Sdaom y&Gif;oH'g ausmufrsm;wGifvnf; EGm;vm;Obkyf

rsm; yg&Sdonfudk awGU&onf/ vuf0wf&wem udk,f0wf&wemrsm; rnfonfhtwGuf EGm;vm;Obkyfudk tjrwfwEdk; xGif;xkcJhMuonfudkrl wyftyfaocsmrod&SdEdkifao;ay/

ajrmufOD;NrdKUe,f awmifOD;aus;&GmrS &onfh ausmufwdkifBuD;rsm;jzifhwnfaqmufxm;aom EGm;wif;ukwfwGif 0yfaeaom EGm;vm;ObESifh tvGefwlaom EGm;vm;rsdK; rif;jym;NrdKUe,f ausmufiEGm;&GmwGifvnf; wpfkyf&Sdao;onf[k od&onf/

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yHkpHEGm;kyfESifh 0yfaeaomyHkpHEGm;kyfom;rdudk awGUjrifzl;onf/EGm;kyfrsm;um; rnfonfhbmom t,l0g'? rnfonfh txdrf;trSwf? rnf

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jynfe,fpmapmif12? 1982 ckESpfjynfe,fpmapmif12? 1982 ckESpfjynfe,fpmapmif12? 1982 ckESpfjynfe,fpmapmif12? 1982 ckESpfjynfe,fpmapmif12? 1982 ckESpf

q&mjr0g twKywdtusOf;q&mjr0g twKywdtusOf;q&mjr0g twKywdtusOf;q&mjr0g twKywdtusOf;q&mjr0g twKywdtusOf;ol&d,y@dwfol&d,y@dwfol&d,y@dwfol&d,y@dwfol&d,y@dwf

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