recognition systems 辨識系統

Recognition systems辨識系統鄭先祐 (Ayo)

國立台南大學環境與生態學院

Recognition systems 2

Recognition systems 4.1 Introduction 4.2 辨識 (recognition) 的類型與功能 4.3 Components of recognition systems

4.3.1 The central problem ( 核心問題 ) 4.3.2 The production component ( 產出的成分 ) 4.3.3 The perception component ( 接收的成分 ) 4.3.4 The action component ( 行動的成分 )

4.4 Current topics in recognition research 4.4.1 Failures of kin recognition ( 親緣辨識 ) 4.4.2 Misunderstandings about kin recognition 4.5 Conclusions


4.1 Introduction 個體如何辨識是自體的，或是同種的，有親緣關係的，或是鄰居的？有何辨識機制？


4.2 辨識 (recognition) 的類型與功能 Nepotism (nepotistic kin recognition) ：學習辨識親屬關係，以增加 outbreeding Disease avoidance Mate recognition


4.3 Components of recognition systems

1. Production( 產出 ): the nature and development of labels (cues) in recipients that actor use to recognize them.2. Perception( 接收 ): the sensory detection of labels by actors and subsequent phenotype matching3. Action( 行動 ): the nature and determinants of actions performed, depending on the similarity between actors’ templates and recipients’ lables.


Fig. 4.1 Recognition systems comprise three components: production, perception and action.

產出

接收

行動


4.3.1 The central problem ( 核心問題 ) Acceptance errors vs. rejection errors

Accept undesirable recipients ( 接受不要的 ) vs. rejecting desirable recipients ( 拒絕想要的 ) Recipients’ cues ( 接受者的 cues) and actor’s template ( 行動者的模板 )

Recognition systems 8Fig. 4.2 Evolution of recognition systems

接受的閥值

接受拒絕接受的錯誤

拒絕的錯誤


閥值移動


Experimental Problems Logistic problems lead to low replication Which leads to a Type I error; declaring that a hypothesis is false when in fact it is true. ( 否定 null 假說，但事實上是「 null 假說是成立的」 ) Low replications lead to greater standard error (SE) values.


two types of error in measurement

type I error—the conclusion that there is an effect when in fact there is none, ( 否定 null 假說，但事實是「假說是成立的」 ) type II error—when an impact exists but is not detected. ( 接受 null 假說，但事實是「假說是錯誤的」 )


two types of error

自然現象的研究，盡量的下降 type I error 。盡量避免否定 null 假說。如此可以避免研究方向的錯誤。

然而，對於自然資源 ( 災害 ) 的研究，則需要選擇下降 type 2 error 譬如：漁業資源的耗減


declining fish stocks Current management focuses on reducing type I errors because maximizing fish catch is of primary economic importance (Paully et al., 1998; Williams, 1998). However, scientific advice should be explicit about type II errors also, because the environmental consequences from type II errors are much more serious and take longer to recover from. Type I errors usually result in only short-term economic costs.


4.3.2 The production component General principles 行動者應使用可辨識的 cues ，讓接受者可以容易區分其喜愛或不要的成份。使用 genetic and/or environmental cues

環境單調，可使用 genetic cues 環境複雜，使用 environmental cues


Fig. 4.3 An organism’s environment can influence whether labels produced by genetic loci or environmental cues are more reliable indicators of kinship.

環境的cues基因的cues


Wood frogs 授精卵聚集，區分 paternal half-sibs and Non-kin Paternal half-siblings share their father’s genes by descent. 使用 genetic cues

American toads 區分 Siblings and paternal half-sibs. 可能再加上 environmental cues


Fig. 4.3 (b) Wood frogs oviposit in communal clumps (left), presumably to insulate their eggs against the cold. American toads breed in warmer water and individual females often deposit strings of eggs separately (right).


Mate recognition Selection should always favor efficient recognition of mates through use of detectable ( 可偵測的 ), discriminable ( 可區分的 ) and memorable ( 可記憶的 ) cues. In sex and species recognition, females should minimize acceptance errors by using U-absent cues and minimize rejection errors by favoring males whose cues deviate least from the population mean.


U-absent cues Stereotypic courtship sounds,

odors and behaviors These cues consist of heritable

elements, and all of them must match the male-recognition template for copulation to occur.


Mate-quality recognition In many mate-quality recognition systems, females prefer signals that deviate most from the population mean. 對雌性有吸引力的特徵，會有誇大的演化現象。

‘good genes’ models


Mate-resource recognition The vehicle-enhancing qualities they

signify depends on what females are attempting to obtain from males. Good spawning sites Males’ nutritional offerings Male body size Courtship feeding rate


4.3.3 The perception component

General principles Selection may shape the perception component by modifying both the recognition template ( 辨識模組 ) and the matching algorithm ( 對應規則 )


Templates ( 模組 ) Templates are internal representations of the characteristics of desirable or undesirable recipients. Recognition occurs when phenotypes of recipients match these templates closely enough.

Belding’s ground squirrels usually give multiple-note trill ( 啼聲 ) vocalization to terrestrial predators and single-note whistles( 鳴聲 ) to aerial predators. However, the squirrels trill at walking hawks and whistle at running coyotes.


學習與參考者 Templates must be learned when the

characteristics of desirable or undesirable recipients vary over space or time.

When templates are learned, the objects or individuals that provide information about the characteristics of desirable or undesirable recipients are called referents.

The timing of template learning depends on when the most informative referents are available and when discrimination is first adaptive.


Matching algorithms ( 規則 ) Optimally balance acceptance and

rejection errors. If rejection errors are costly, cues that

characterize nearly all desirable recipients (D-present cues) should be disproportionately weighted, even if some undesirable recipients also will match closely the template.

If acceptance errors are costly, actors should disproportionately weight cues that are possessed rarely by undesirable recipients (U-absent cues), even if some desirable recipients will not match closely the template.


4.3.4 The action component

Individuals might perform a continuous range of actions ( 連續累積的行動 ) Alternatively, actions may be all-or-none ( 全或無 ) , as when there is a threshold ( 閥值 ) above which all recipients are accepted and below which they are rejected. Many decision rules involve binary actions.


4.4 current topics in recognition research

4.4.1 Failures of kin recognition Many organisms occasionally make acceptance or rejection errors. 譬如， brood parasitism by cuckoos


4.4.1 Failures of kin recognition There are at least three evolutionary reasons why this may be so

1. Circumstances favoring recognition may be rare, or may have been rare until recently. ( 辨識的利益稀少 )2. Errors may persist because the error-related costs of kin-discrimination outweigh the benefits. ( 辨識的成本太大 )3. When recipients benefit from the absence of discrimination they will be favored to hide their true kinship by ‘muting’( 減弱 ) or ‘scrambling’( 混淆 ) recognition labels.


4.4.2 misunderstandings about kin recognition

1. Kin recognition favored by kin selection must be mediated by genetic cues. ( 未必然，因為有學習的成分 )2. Non-phenotypic recognition is not ‘true’ kin recognition. ( 有些是不需要型態特質 )3. Kin recognition is an epiphenomenon of species or group recognition. ( 未必然 )


4.5 conclusions (future research)

1. Quantifying the fitness consequences of recognition in nature, especially kin recognition.2. Determining the occurrence of self-referent ( 自我指示 ) phenotype matching in the context of mate recognition and nepotism (偏袒親戚 ).3. Determining how mechanisms underlying perception(認知 ) and action ( 行動 ) components develop.

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recognition systems 辨識系統

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