ReconstructionReconstruction

Chapter 9

Georgia after the War

Most houses, farms and businesses had been destroyed Businesses and banks were not functioning Lack of food; Starvation Confederate money was worthless $20 million in war debt Many adult males died or were injured and required care

Atlanta Depot after Sherman’s departure

The Freedmen’s Bureau Freedman: former slave

Homeless, uneducated, and “broken” Suffered from discrimination and fear

Freedmen’s Bureau: helped both blacks and whites recover and get back on their feet 1st Commissioner: Oliver O. Howard (Union Gen.)

Founded Howard University i.e.. clothing, food, shelter… Helped Freedmen with voting (ballots), land and

education

Political ReconstructionLincoln’s Plan

1. All southerners, except for high-ranking Confederate civil and military leaders, would be pardoned after taking an “oath of allegiance”.

2. 10% of the voters had to agree to rejoin the Union before permission was granted

Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theatre (April 14, 1865)

“Our American Cousin” Andrew Johnson (VP)

becomes President

Ford’s Theatre in Wash. DC

Political Reconstruction II

Johnson’s Plan1. Johnson expanded the

group of Southerners who were NOT pardoned by the Union People who owned

property of more than $20,000, had to apply directly to the President

Plantation Owners

2. Johnson also required Southern states to write new constitutions that abolished slavery

Andrew Johnson

Plantation in Washington, GA

Radical Republicans Radical Republican: Northern Republican Senators who

wanted to punish the South for slavery and secession. Called for stronger requirements to rejoin the Union Felt that blacks would become disenfranchised (Voting

rights taken away) Due to this pressure, Johnson added 3 more requirements:

1. States had to repeal secession ordinances2. States had to void all war debt3. States had to ratify 13th Amendment: abolished slavery

Freedman’s Official trying to keep the southern peace

PHASE I

Georgia’s Constitutional Convention of 1865James Johnson: GA’s Provisional Governor Repealed ordinance of secession Voted to outlaw slavery Wrote a new constitution Ratified the 13th Amendment Elected a governor (Charles Jenkins), Senators, and House Reps.

ALL requirements for reconstruction had been met!

Governor’s Mansion in Milledgeville Celebration of Emancipation

Georgia Discrimination

Even though Georgia voted to give civil rights to freed blacks, they were greatly limited.

Black Codes: designed to restrict the rights of freedmen.

1. Regulated employment2. Permitted whipping as punishment3. Allowed imprisonment of unemployed

blacks4. Restricted jury participation5. Rejected voting rights

PHASE II

Because of Georgia’s use of the Black Codes, they were not allowed statehood until a new set of requirements

were met! 14th Amendment: Forbids any state from making laws that

would limit the rights and privileges of ANY citizen. Georgia refused to ratify Military rule enacted in 1867

Southern States divided into 5 Military Districts Georgia, Alabama, Florida: 3rd Military District

General John Pope

General John Pope Reconstruction Military Districts

Scalawags and Carpetbaggers

Scalawags: southerners who supported the Radical Republicans Reconstruction plans.

Carpetbaggers: northerners who had moved into the South to help carry out Congress’ Reconstruction Plan.

They came to earn money and take advantage of the situation at hand.

Cartoonists rendering of a Carpetbagger

Black Georgian Delegates

Delegates at the GA Constitutional

Convention of 1867 Tunis G. Campbell: native of

New Jersey and a Freedmen’s Bureau agent.

Introduced laws that kept people who couldn’t pay their debts out of prison.

Henry Turner: born free in S.C.

1st Black chaplain in US Army

Aaron Bradley: GA slave who escaped to NY…outspoken, quick tempered

Expelled from Convention Elected to GA Senate (1868)

Tunis G. Campbell

Henry Turner

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

Secret racist organization that tried to keep blacks from using their civil rights

Began in Pulaski, Tennessee in 1865 Ex-Confederate Soldiers who felt the war was still be

fought.

“Worse than slavery!” This is why the Rebel Flag has problems!

Georgia Government Capital moved from

Milledgeville to Atlanta due to the fact that Milledgeville would not accommodate the black delegates (1868)

Rufus Bullock became governor (Native to New York)

Georgia had met all Phase II requirements to enter the Union

Rufus Bullock

Early Milledgeville

PHASE III The Georgia General Assembly expelled 28 of 32 black legislatures.

Georgia Act: placed Georgia under military rule for the 3rd time.

15th Amendment: rights of citizens to vote and hold political office cannot be denied…

Georgia had to ratify before applying for statehood.

Economic Reconstruction Economic Civil War Fallout

Banks failed Confederate money

worthless 2/3 railroads unusable War debt Former Slaves without

jobs, homes, food… Farmers without workers

Reconstruction Promise to obtain votes:

“40 acres and a mule…” to all freedmen who

voted.

Using and repairing the land Sharecropping: land owner

provides land, shelter, tools, animals, seed, fertilizer…workers agreed to give land owners a share of the harvest.

Most ended in debt Tenant Farming: similar to

sharecropping…the difference being that the tenants owned agricultural equipment and farm animals…bought their own seed and fertilizer.

Profitable Both allowed farmers (land

owners) to keep their farms in operation without spending money.

1870-Georgia began to exceed pre-war cotton production

The Coastal Region was not as lucky

Reconstruction Gains With Northern financial help, textile mills,

banks, railroads and businesses started to make its way out of the rubble. Savannah and Brunswick were again

becoming the leading export ports in the South.

History of Atlanta

Founded in 1837, by railroad engineer Stephen Long 1st called Terminus…as a route for Georgia State Railroad (Ended here!) Marthasville…in honor of Governor Lumpkin’s Daughter Atlanta…due to the freight markings of ATL “Atlantic” as a destination…

Before the war, Atlanta was Georgia’s 4th largest city and grew steadily through the war.

After a proud rebuilding period, Atlanta became the capital in 1868.

Early Marietta grew due to railroads“Zero” Milepost

Social and Cultural Reconstruction

RELIGION Church membership

grew rapidly…especially as houses of worship were rebuilt

Episcopalians reunited with their churches in the North

Baptists did not reunite and remain a “Southern” religious organization

Black churches grew in number and influence

Woodstock Baptist Church

Social and Cultural Reconstruction

Education Improved with northern

money and missionary help 1870-the General Assembly

passed an Act to “…establish a system of public education…”

Divided state into local school districts

Provided state school commissioner

Provided state board of education

1869-Georgia Education Association formed

Gustavus J. Orr-Father of Georgia Public Education (1st Chairman)

4 Month school year due to need for agricultural help on farms

Segregation in Education

1870: separate but equal schools for blacks and whites

1872: “Equal as far as practicable.”

Social and Cultural Reconstruction

Literature “Little Women” by Louisa Mae Alcott

The trials of a New England family during the Civil War “A side show of the Southern Side of the War” by

Bill Arp (Pen name for Charles Henry Smith) Humor to describe woes of defeated South

“Southern Cultivator” Georgia magazine for farming

“The Atlantic Monthly” National Magazine

“The Saturday Press” Published in New York…brought fame to Mark Twain

1868: Atlanta Constitution…”Voice of the South” Newspaper

Credits Page 2: http://www.ngeorgia.com/history/reconstruction.html Page 4: http://www.nps.gov/foth/index2.htm Page 4: http://www.celebritymorgue.com/abraham-lincoln/ Page 5: http://www.americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=17 Page 5: http://www.washingtonplantation.com/ Page 6: http://lsm.crt.state.la.us/cabildo/cab11.htm Page 7: http://www.gcsu.edu/acad_affairs/ce_ps/mansion/visit.htm Page 7: http://www.sonofthesouth.net/slavery_pictures.htm Page 9: http://www.civilwarhome.com/popebio.htm Page 9: http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/ushist/timeline/recnstrc.htm Page 10:

http://score.rims.k12.ca.us/score_lessons/reconstruction_of_the_south/pages/resources.html Page 11: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAturnerHM.htm Page 11:

http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?path=/Religion/HistoricalFigures&id=h-2903 Page 12: http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/photos/html/1010.html Page 12: http://www.indexstock.com/store/Chubby.asp?ImageNumber=423144 Page 13: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Multimedia.jsp?id=m-4810 Page 13: http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ga/county/baldwin/home.html Page 14: http://www.washburn.k12.il.us/school%20jr%20high/department%20social%20studies/aeschliman/

civilwar.html Page 15: http://www.imh.org/imh/bw/mule.html Page 16: http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/a_f/brown/photos.htm Page 17: http://www.brunswickga.org/ Page 18: http://roadsidegeorgia.com/city/marietta.html Page 18: http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/atlanta/wes.htm Page 19: http://www.fbcw.org/info/default2.html Page 21: http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/sepbutequal.htm