references: 1.jawetz, melnick, & adelberg; medical microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.zinsser, hans, and...

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References: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron, Samuel; Medical Microbiology, 4 th ed. ی ک ش ز پ ی وژ ل و ی ب زو ک ی م ی ک ش ز پ ی وژ ل و ی ب زو ک ی م

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Page 1: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

References:References:

1. Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24th ed.

2. Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17th ed.

3. Baron, Samuel; Medical Microbiology, 4th ed.

میکروبیولوژی میکروبیولوژی پزشکیپزشکی

Page 2: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

میکروبیولوژی

را ها میکروارگانیسم که است علمی میکروبیولوزی . میکند بررسی

هستند زنده موجودات از گروه آن ها میکروارگانیسم. نمیشوند دیده مسلح غیر چشم با معموال که

فیلوژنی بندی طبقه های روش به ها میکروارگانیسم. نیستند افتراق قابل ماکروارگانیسمها از

Page 3: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

( سال بیلیون چند به ها میکروارگانیسم سال )قدمت بیلیون چند به ها میکروارگانیسم >( >( 33قدمتدیگر تکاملی منشا که میشود تصور و میرسد دیگر پیش تکاملی منشا که میشود تصور و میرسد پیش

اند بوده زنده اند موجودات بوده زنده .موجودات

متابولیسم ظاهر= در ها متابولیسم میکروارگانیسم ظاهر= در ها و ˏˏمیکروارگانیسم و فیزیولوژی فیزیولوژیجانوران و گیاهان از بیشتر مراتب به تنوعی جانوران ژنتیک و گیاهان از بیشتر مراتب به تنوعی ژنتیک

دارند.دارند.

به متعلق باکتریوم سیانو یک قبل 950فسیل سال میلیون

Page 4: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

4

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

• First to observe living microbes

• his single-lens magnified up to 300X

(1632-1723)

Page 5: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

Microscope of Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

Page 6: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

Leeu

enho

ek’s

Mic

rosc

ope

Simple Scope: Only One Lens(Advantage = Less Distortion)

Page 7: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

7

Page 8: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

Hooke’s Microscope

Page 9: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

9

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

• Showed microbes caused fermentation & spoilage

• Disproved spontaneous generation of microbes

• Developed aseptic techniques.

• Developed a rabies vaccine.

Page 10: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

10

Robert Koch Robert Koch

• Proposed: Germ theory of disease

• Developed: pure culture methods.

• Identified: cause of anthrax, TB, & cholera.

(1843-1910)

Page 11: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

11

MicrobiologyMicrobiology

• The study of organisms too small to be seen without magnification

Page 12: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

Acellular and cellular Microorganisms

Acellular: VirusesViruses ViroidsViroids PrionsPrions

Cellular:BacteriaBacteriafungifungiprotozoa protozoa helminths (worms) helminths (worms) algaealgae

Page 13: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

13

All living organisms in All living organisms in 3 3 domainsdomains

: پروکاریوتیک سلولی ساختمان دارای• Bacteria (Eubacteria) -true bacteria,

peptidoglycan

• Archaea (Archaebacteria)– odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc

: یوکاریوتیک سلولی ساختمان دارای• Eukarya - have a nucleus, & organelles

Page 14: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

14

Characteristics of microbes

Page 15: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

Prokaryotes vs EukaryotesProkaryotes vs EukaryotesSize smaller Larger

Nucleus - +

Organelles - +

Chromosomes 1 circular Multiple, linear

Ribosomes smaller 70s Larger 80sr

In prokaryotes against Eukaryotes, cell membranes lack In prokaryotes against Eukaryotes, cell membranes lack sterols (e.g. cholesterol)sterols (e.g. cholesterol)

Page 16: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

16

با مقایسه در با اوباکتریا مقایسه در اوباکتریاآرکئوباکتریاآرکئوباکتریا

(Eubacteria versus Archaebacteria)(Eubacteria versus Archaebacteria)

• EubacteriaEubacteria– peptidoglycan (murein)peptidoglycan (murein)– muramic acid muramic acid

• Archaebacteria Archaebacteria – pseudomureinpseudomurein– no muramic acidno muramic acid– The sequence of 16S rRNA is very different from The sequence of 16S rRNA is very different from

EubacteriaEubacteria

Page 17: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

Rel

atio

nshi

p of

Mic

robe

s

Page 18: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

Viruses, Viroides and Prions

Page 19: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

Hierarchical Classification

Page 20: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

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Taxonomy - Taxonomy - system for organizing, system for organizing, classifying & naming living thingsclassifying & naming living things

• Domain - Archaea, Bacteria & Eukarya• Kingdom• Phylum or Division• Class • Order• Family• Genus• Species• Strains (and type strain)

Page 21: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

Strain O157:H7

One difficulty is deciding how different two isolates must be before one describes them as different species rather than as different strains.

Taxonomic Rank

Page 22: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

Type Strain

A standard strain to compare others to it

• Often the type strain is the first example of a species or strain

• Type strains are kept preserved by the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)

Page 23: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

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ها ارگانیسم دیگر ها و ارگانیسم دیگر باکتریها و علمی باکتریها نامگذاری علمی نامگذاری(Naming (Naming bacteria and other organismsbacteria and other organisms))

• Binomial (scientific) nomenclature • Gives each microbe 2 names

– GenusGenus - noun, always capitalized– speciesspecies - adjective, lowercase

• Both italicized or underlined– Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)– Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis)– Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Page 24: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

Bergey’s Manual

Page 25: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

Scale of Microbes

Page 26: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

Scale of Microbes

Page 27: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

اکولوژی در ها میکروب نقش

تولیدکنندهproducer) :) ها اکوسیستم برای را انرژی ها میکروب . میکنند فراهم آبی های اکوسیستم بویژه

کننده آلی ( Fixer :)تثبیت غیر ترکیبات از را غذایی مواد ها میکروب. آورند می بدست

کننده ترکیبات (Decomposer:)تجزیه از را غذایی مواد ها میکروب. آورند می بدست مرده های ارگانیسم آلی

کننده ریشه : former) (Symbiosesهمزیستی در ساکن میکروبهای. انسان روده در ساکن یا گیاهان بعضی

Page 28: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

درصنعت ها میکروب نقش

( اتانول صنعتی تخمیری محصوالت ...(˛استون ˛تولید( پنیر غذایی محصوالت جات ˛نان ˛ماست ˛تولید مشروبات ˛ترشی

...(˛الکلی)... ( ها واکسن انسانی انسولین نوترکیب محصوالت تولید ( فاضالب و آب های خانه تصفیه محیط بیولوژیک نفت ˛تصفیه تجزیه

دریا آب سطح در شده ...(˛منتشر

Page 29: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

و بیماری در میکروبها نقشسالمتی

Microbes both cause and prevent diseases

o Pathogenes

o Miroflora protect the body against pathogenes

o Some microbes produce antibiotics

o Some microbes are used for producing vaccines

Page 30: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

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های میکروارگانیسم های اثرات میکروارگانیسم اثرات بیماریزابیماریزا

((Impact of pathogens)Impact of pathogens)

• Nearly 2,000 different microbes cause Nearly 2,000 different microbes cause diseasesdiseases

• 10 billion infections/year worldwide10 billion infections/year worldwide

• 13 million deaths from infections/year 13 million deaths from infections/year worldwideworldwide

Page 31: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

ها باکتری ها اشکال باکتری اشکال (Bacterial shapes)(Bacterial shapes)

Page 33: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

Spherical Bacteria

Page 34: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

Spiral-Shaped Bacteria

Page 35: References: 1.Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg; Medical Microbiology, 24 th ed. 2.Zinsser, Hans, And Joklik, Wolfgang K.; Medical Microbiology, 17 th ed. 3.Baron,

آندوسپور(Endospore)

تاریخچه

( تندال توانایی John Tyndal / (1876جان که کرد کشف . است متفاوت ها باکتری انواع کشتن برای گرما

کوهن که /Ferdinand Cohn) (1876فردیناند داد نشانها باکتری بعضی در اسپور وجود بعلت تفاوت این

است. کخ باکتری ( Robert Koch / 1877) رابرت که داد نشان

تشکیل محیطی انتقال طی در آنتراسیس باسیلوس. میدهد آندوسپور