referencing apa style

8/19/2019 Referencing APA Style

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Referencing

APA Style


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Referencing: A to Z

Referencing Different Sources

A. Referencing Books

Step 1 - Collecting the Details

Take down the following details from the source you use as you progress through your work:

• author/editor (Last name and initials of given name/s i.e. Emil, R. R.

• year of pu!lication

• title

• edition num!er

• pu!lisher

•place of pu!lication

• the page num!ers of any "uote/s you may use

NB 1: This includes any novels you may refer to. #f these are no longer in copyright note !oth original pu!lishing

year and the edition you are using.

NB 2: #n the in$te%t citation, if pages are !eing directly referenced, include the page num!er/s after the year.

NB 3: &apitali'ation $ &apitali'e only the first word of the title and of the su!title, if any, and any proper nouns.

Book with one author

Step 2 - References in the Bo! of "our #e$t

• assan ()**+ has argued that

• #n a ma-or study (assan, )**+, it was found that

Step 3 - References at the %n of "our &ork

uthor. (ear of pu!lication. Title of book (Edition. 0lace of pu!lication: 0u!lisher.

• &astells, 1. ()***. End of millennium ()nd ed.. 1alden, 1: 2lackwell.

• assan, R. ()**+. Media, politics and the network society . 1aidenhead, England: 3pen 4niversity 0ress.

Book with two authors


[Type the company name] 5 )

http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref02-bookOneAuthor.html?style=1&type=1&detail=2


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• #n their findings ... (6ellman 7 aythornthwaite, )**)

• 6ellman and aythornthwaite ()**) refute the argument


uthor, . ., 7 uthor 2. 2. (ear of pu!lication. Title of book (Edition. 0lace of pu!lication: 0u!lisher.

• 6ellman, 2., 7 aythornthwaite, &. . ()**). The Internet in everyday life. 3%ford, England: 2lackwell.

Book with three or 'ore authors


• ...as argued (8harp et al., )**)

• 8harp et al. ()**) argued...


uthor, . ., uthor, 2. 2, 7 uthor, &. &. (ear of pu!lication. Title of book (Edition. 0lace of pu!lication:

0u!lisher.

• 8harp, 9. ., 0eters, 9., 7 oward, . ()**). The management of a student research project . ldershot,

England: ;ower.

Book with no author


• s discussed in Good ousekeeping ( ....

• ...infants are weaned (Good ousekeeping , ....


Title of book (Edition. (ear of pu!lication. 0lace of pu!lication: 0u!lisher.

•The Good ousekeeping illustrated book of child care! "rom newborn to preteen . (. ?ew ork, ?: earst2ooks.

Seconar! source in a (ook


• @reudAs study (as cited in 8mith, 9ones 7 2lack,


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uthor, . . 7 uthor, 2. 2. (ear of pu!lication. Title of book (Edition. 0lace of pu!lication: 0u!lisher.

• 8mith, 0., 9ones, 1., 7 2lack, 9. (


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Book with group as author


• #n a recent study, the 3rgani'ation for Economic &o$operation and Development F3E&DG ()**H found ...

•... was found (3rgani'ation for Economic &o$operation and Development F3E&DG, )**H.

• recent 3E&D ()**H report suggested ...

• ... in work situations (3E&D, )**H.


@ull name of group author. (ear of pu!lication. Title of publication (dditional information. 0lace of pu!lication:

0u!lisher.

• 3rgani'ation for Economic &o$operation and Development. ()**H. %abies and bosses! 'econciling work and

family life! # synthesis of findings for (E&) countries. 0aris, @rance: uthor .

NB 1: Edition is written as )nd ed. or Rev. ed. for revised.

NB 2: 6hen author and pu!lisher are identical, use the word IuthorJ as the pu!lisher.

%ite (ook


• 2eckman and 1a ()**B suggest that

• this theory was disproved (2eckman 7 1a, )**B.


Editor, . ., 7 Editor, 2. 2. (Eds.. (ear of pu!lication. Title of book (Edition. 0lace of pu!lication: 0u!lisher.

• 0orter (C wrote K#tAs lright 6ith 1eK for the musical &an$&an.

• 2eckman, . R., 7 1a, 9. (Eds.. ()**B. $till moving! %etween cinema and photography. Durham, ?&: Duke

4niversity 0ress.

NB 1: 4se the a!!reviation (Eds.. for multiple editors.

[Type the company name] 5 >

http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref09-bookGroupAuthors.html?style=1&type=1&detail=8http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref09-bookGroupAuthors.html?style=1&type=1&detail=8http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref09-bookGroupAuthors.html?style=1&type=1&detail=8http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref09-bookGroupAuthors.html?style=1&type=1&detail=8http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref09-bookGroupAuthors.html?style=1&type=1&detail=8http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref07-bookEdited.html?style=1&type=1&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref07-bookEdited.html?style=1&type=1&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref07-bookEdited.html?style=1&type=1&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref07-bookEdited.html?style=1&type=1&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref07-bookEdited.html?style=1&type=1&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref07-bookEdited.html?style=1&type=1&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref09-bookGroupAuthors.html?style=1&type=1&detail=8http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref09-bookGroupAuthors.html?style=1&type=1&detail=8http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref09-bookGroupAuthors.html?style=1&type=1&detail=8http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref09-bookGroupAuthors.html?style=1&type=1&detail=8http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref09-bookGroupAuthors.html?style=1&type=1&detail=8http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref09-bookGroupAuthors.html?style=1&type=1&detail=8http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref07-bookEdited.html?style=1&type=1&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref07-bookEdited.html?style=1&type=1&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref07-bookEdited.html?style=1&type=1&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref07-bookEdited.html?style=1&type=1&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref07-bookEdited.html?style=1&type=1&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref07-bookEdited.html?style=1&type=1&detail=6


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Referencing: A to Z

NB 2: @or ma-or reference works with a large num!er of editors, use the name of the lead editor followed !y et

al. and, in parentheses, the year.

Doctoral issertations an 'aster)s theses


• &onsidine (


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• uthor, . . (ear. Title. )issertation #bstracts International! $ection. Title of section, olume(#ssue, ?um!er

of a!stract.

&onsidine, 1. (


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*ournal article with one author


• was summarised (anson, )*


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Referencing: A to Z

uthors, . ., 7 uthor, 2. 2., uthor, &. &., 7 uthor, D. D. (ear of pu!lication. Title of article. /ame of publication, 0olume(#ssue, pp$pp.

• Lindgren, ., #nkinen, 1., 7 6idmalm, 8. ()**=. 6ho knows !est what the people want: 6omen or

menN &omparative 4olitical $tudies, 12 (), C>.

@or B or more authors:

• Dotsch, 8., 6ig!oldus, R. 9., van nippen!erg, O., ckermannered, L., ;riskevicius, 2., Li, ?. 0., . . . 2otros, ?.

()*,


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NB 1: ?o retrieval date is necessary when a D3# is availa!le.

NB 2: D3# num!ers are often located on the first page of an article near the copyright notice. #f availa!le, they are

included in the references retrieved !y Discovery.

St!le notes

•

?o retrieval date is necessary when a D3# is availa!le.• D3# num!ers are often located on the first page of an article near the copyright notice. #f availa!le, they are

included in the references retrieved !y Discovery.

• @or supplementary material availa!le online, include a description of the content in !rackets after the title,

e.g., FLetter to the editorG, F1apG, Fudio podcastG.

+nline article without D+, FD3# P Digital 3!-ect #dentifierG


•Thierstein ()**= identifies . . . .

• . . . was identified (Thierstein, )**=.


uthor, . . (0u!lication date. Title of article. Title of publication, volume number (issue num!er, pp$pp. Retrievedfrom we! address of -ournal.

• Thierstein, 9. ()**=. Education in the digital age. Educause 'eview , 11(


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/aga0ine


• ?ewman ()**B reported that . . . .

• pple has !een !eset with more patent suits since developing the i0od (&la!urn, )**B.


uthor, . . (ear of pu!lication, 1onth day. Title of article. /ame of 4ublication, %%, pp$pp.

• &la!urn, T. ()**B, 1ay >. 8warm of patent suits !ites pple. Electronic Engineering Times,*525 , )).

• ?ewman, 1. ()**B, 3cto!er. 2affling the !andits. /ational 6ildlife, 17 ,


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• ;holson, 2., 7 2arker, 0. (. uhn, Lakatos, and Laudan: pplications in the history of physics and

psychology. #merican 4sychologist , 1- (, H>>$H=.

St!le notes

• 4se secondary sources sparingly, e.g., when the original te%t is not accessi!le.

• #n the Reference List, record only the secondary source.

• #n the te%t, name the original article, and give a citation in parentheses for your secondary source. That is,

if you did not read the article cited, list the reference for the work you did access in the Reference List, !ut in thete%t, after identifying the original work, put in parentheses the phrase as cite in followed !y the authorsJ namesfor your source and the pu!lication year of their work.

• 9ournal titles are italici'ed.

• #f pages are !eing directly referenced in the te%t, include the page num!er/s in the in$te%t citation after the

year.

D. Referencing +nline Sources

ere you will find referencing a!out

• 6e! page with author

• 6e! page with no author

•

2log post, 3nline forum post or ideo !log post (ouTu!e video• @ace!ook 7 Twitter post

• 3nline reference work

&e( page with author



• author (surname and initials of given name/s i.e. Emil, R. R.


• title of page

• full internet we! page address Fonly include full 4RL in the references at the end of your workG


[Type the company name] 5


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Referencing: A to Z


Title of page. (0u!lication date. Retrieved from we! address.

;< terror threat reduced to =substanial.=%%& /ews ;


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uthor, . . For liasG (ear, 1onth day. Title of original !log F6e! !log commentG. Retrieved from 6e!

address ideo !log

uthor, . . (ear, 1onth day. Title Fideo fileG. Retrieved from 6e! address 3nline forum post

uthor. . For lias.G (ear, 1onth day. Title of discussion thread F3nline forum commentG. 1essage posted to

6e! address

9R. ()*


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9ulia ;illard committed her government . . . (;illard, )*


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+nline reference work



• author (surname and initials of given name/s i.e. Emil, R. R.


• title of page



&hilvers ()**+ descri!es 6illiamsJ vision of landscape as Wdistinctly personal.X

6illiamsJ vision of landscape has !een descri!ed as Wdistinctly personalX (&hilvers, )**+.


uthor, . (Date. Title of article or segment. #n . . Editor (Ed., Title of encyclopedia. (%%th ed.. doi:

%%%%%%%%%% F3R: Retrieved from we! addressG ?o author or editor or date:

Title of entry. (n.d.. #n Title of reference work (%%th ed.. doi: %%%%%%%%%% F3R: Retrieved from we! addressG

Reference work cited as a whole:

Editor, . . (Ed.. Title of reference work (%%th ed.. doi: %%%%%%%%%% F3R: Retrieved from we! addressG

@lorman, Lisa. 0icasso, 0a!lo. (n.d.. #n 1. elly (Ed., (>ford art online. Retrieved fromhttp://www.o%fordartonline.com

0 style. ()*


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Referencing: A to Z

• #f no D3# is availa!le, provide the home page 4RL of the -ournal or of the !ook or report pu!lisher, not the

4RL of the article as retrieved from a data!ase search. Do not place a period after the 4RL.

• @or !oth free resources and su!scription resources "uote the we! address (4RL of the resourceAs home

page. @or those supplied !y the 4niversity of 1el!ourne through Discovery, you may need to do a "uick searchfor the resourceJs home page.

• The retrieval date need only !e included if the content is likely to change, as with 6ikis.

[Type the company name] 5


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Referencing: A to Z

%. Referencing Newspaper



• author/editor (Last name and initials of given name/s i.e. Emil, R. R.

• year, month and day of pu!lication

• title

• name of pu!lication

• the page num!ers of any "uote/s you may use

NB 1: pply rules for multiple authors as for -ournal articles.

NB 2: #n the Reference List, give the year, month and day.

NB 3: #n the in$te%t citation, give the first author surname and year only.

NB 9: #f an editorial piece, add FEditorialG after the article title.

NB : @or an online article, give the 4RL -ust for the newspaperJs home page (more specific we! addresses maychange or !ecome inactive.

Newspaper ite' with author


• issane ()**B reported that sentences . . . .

• . . . should !e made mandatory (issane, )**B.


uthor, . (ear, month day. Title of article. /ame of 4ublication, p. For pp.G.

• issane, . ()**B, 3cto!er )=. 2rum!y calls for tough sentences. The #ge, p.B.

3nline newspaper article:

• lass, 0. ()*


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• . . . the significance of these finds has !een "uestioned in the media (K3ldest !acteria fossilsK, )**).


Title of article. (ear, month day. Title of publication, p. For pp.G

• 3ldest !acteria fossilsN 3r are they merely tiny rock flawsN ()**), 1arch


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5. Referencing Auio ; isual Source

ere you will find referencing a!out

• 8ound Recording (1usical 8core

• DD, video, film:

• Television and radio !roadcast

• udio podcast

Soun Recoring /usical Score4



• &omposer / writer (Last name and initials of given name/s i.e. Emil, R. R.

• year of copyright

• title of song or work

• artist name (recorded !y

• title of al!um

• medium of recording (Record, &assette, &D, DD, 2lue Ray, etc

• location

• la!el

• date of recording if different from copyright date


• The original performance was altered !y Rimsky$orskov (1ussogorsky,


22/24

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?icks, 8. (


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Referencing: A to Z

&antrill, ., 7 &antrill, &. (0roducers 7 Directors. Two@colour seperation studies F1otion pictureG. ustralia:0roducers.

&larke, 0. (E%ecutive 0roducer, 7 ppel, ;. (DD 0roducer. ()**C. 8ove is in the air FDDG. 8ydney, ustralia: 2&.

@ink, 1. (0roducer. 7 rmstrong, ;. (Director. (


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Referencing: A to Z

6illiams, R. (0resenter 7 au%, D (;uest. ()**=, Decem!er )*. short history of cell deaths. FRadio !roadcastG.#n 2. 8eega (0roducer, (ckhamCs ra9or . 8ydney, ustralia: 2& Radio ?ational.

St!le notes

• List the script writer, presenter, director and/or producer in the author position (as appropriate and use

parentheses to identify their contri!ution.

• To refer to an individual episode in a series, insert the title (not italici'ed after the !roadcast date and add

FTelevision series episodeG or FRadio !roadcastG. Then use the word #n as for a chapter in a !ook, and record the

producer in the position of editor, not inverting the producerJs name, e.g., 2. 8eega (0roducer, ?3T 8eega, 2.(0roducer. 0lace a comma !efore the italici'ed title of the series.

• &omplete with country of production and organi'ation responsi!le.

• Radio !roadcasts may not have a specific title.

5or auio pocast:



• author/podcasterJs name

• title and full 4RL

• date and time the podcast was uploaded and the date you accessed the file

• format of the podcast (i.e. #, 10C, 10E;, 6 etc.

• 8tart and finish times of any "uotes (note as hh:mm:ss


1asters ()**B outlines . . . .

. . . for East Timor (1asters, )**B.


0erson responsi!le, . . (Role. (ear, 1onth day. Title Fudio podcastG. Retrieved from we! address

1asters, &. (0roducer. ()**B, 1arch )*th. 6hat ne>t for TimorD Fudio podcastG. Retrieved from

http://www.a!c.net.au/rn

St!le notes

• #n place of an author, give the name of the person most responsi!le for the podcast, or two names with

different roles if relevant. #dentify the role in parentheses after each name.

• #talici'e the title and follow it immediately with identification of the format in !rackets: Fudio podcastG. The

period comes after the closing !racket.

• ;enerally the we! address for the providing organisation is ade"uate. #f you find it hard to retrieve, give a

specific we! address.
http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref27-AudioVisualTVRadio.html?style=1&type=5&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref27-AudioVisualTVRadio.html?style=1&type=5&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref27-AudioVisualTVRadio.html?style=1&type=5&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref27-AudioVisualTVRadio.html?style=1&type=5&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref27-AudioVisualTVRadio.html?style=1&type=5&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref27-AudioVisualTVRadio.html?style=1&type=5&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref27-AudioVisualTVRadio.html?style=1&type=5&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref25-ElecSourceOnlineAudioPodcast.html?style=1&type=4&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref25-ElecSourceOnlineAudioPodcast.html?style=1&type=4&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref25-ElecSourceOnlineAudioPodcast.html?style=1&type=4&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref25-ElecSourceOnlineAudioPodcast.html?style=1&type=4&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref25-ElecSourceOnlineAudioPodcast.html?style=1&type=4&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref25-ElecSourceOnlineAudioPodcast.html?style=1&type=4&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref27-AudioVisualTVRadio.html?style=1&type=5&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref27-AudioVisualTVRadio.html?style=1&type=5&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref27-AudioVisualTVRadio.html?style=1&type=5&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref27-AudioVisualTVRadio.html?style=1&type=5&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref27-AudioVisualTVRadio.html?style=1&type=5&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref27-AudioVisualTVRadio.html?style=1&type=5&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref27-AudioVisualTVRadio.html?style=1&type=5&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref27-AudioVisualTVRadio.html?style=1&type=5&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref27-AudioVisualTVRadio.html?style=1&type=5&detail=2http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref25-ElecSourceOnlineAudioPodcast.html?style=1&type=4&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref25-ElecSourceOnlineAudioPodcast.html?style=1&type=4&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref25-ElecSourceOnlineAudioPodcast.html?style=1&type=4&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref25-ElecSourceOnlineAudioPodcast.html?style=1&type=4&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref25-ElecSourceOnlineAudioPodcast.html?style=1&type=4&detail=6http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/ref25-ElecSourceOnlineAudioPodcast.html?style=1&type=4&detail=6

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