regnul fungi
DESCRIPTION
Tipuri de ciuperci si scurta caracteristicaTRANSCRIPT
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REGNUL FUNGIREGNUL FUNGI
((CIUPERCI)CIUPERCI)
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Caractere generale:Caractere generale:
-gr.mykes,fungos=ciuperca-gr.mykes,fungos=ciuperca-circa 100 000 de specii-circa 100 000 de specii-prezente in toate mediile de viata,de la ecuator la -prezente in toate mediile de viata,de la ecuator la
polipoli-aparatul vegetativ=MICELIU(hife -aparatul vegetativ=MICELIU(hife
tubulare,neseptate,multinucleate=cenobiu,sau tubulare,neseptate,multinucleate=cenobiu,sau septate(pluricelulare) cu celule uni- sau binucleateseptate(pluricelulare) cu celule uni- sau binucleate
-plectenchimuri(hife impletite)=pseudotesuturi-plectenchimuri(hife impletite)=pseudotesuturiCorp de fructificatie=ascocarpi si basidiocarpiCorp de fructificatie=ascocarpi si basidiocarpi
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ORGANIZARE CELULARAORGANIZARE CELULARA
Celula-tip EKCelula-tip EK Perete celular chitinos(celuloza absenta)Perete celular chitinos(celuloza absenta) Plastide absentePlastide absente Produsi de asimilatie:glicogen,lipide(amidon Produsi de asimilatie:glicogen,lipide(amidon
absent)absent)
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NUTRITIENUTRITIE
HETEROTROFA-absorbtieHETEROTROFA-absorbtie -saprotrofa-saprotrofa -parazita(micoze=boli)-parazita(micoze=boli) MIXOTROFA=simbioza(EX.: MIXOTROFA=simbioza(EX.:
LICHENII,MICORIZELE)LICHENII,MICORIZELE)
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MicorizaMicoriza
LicheniLicheni
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INMULTIREINMULTIRE
Vegetativa:diviziune celulara(amitoza)Vegetativa:diviziune celulara(amitoza) inmugurire(drojdia de bere)inmugurire(drojdia de bere) fragmente de miceliufragmente de miceliu Asexuata:-sporiAsexuata:-spori Sexuata:gametogamie,gametangiogamie,somatSexuata:gametogamie,gametangiogamie,somat
ogamieogamie
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CLASIFICARECLASIFICARE
Filum ChytridiomycotaFilum Chytridiomycota Filum ZygomycotaFilum Zygomycota Filum AscomycotaFilum Ascomycota Filum BasidiomycotaFilum Basidiomycota
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1.ARHIMICETE1.ARHIMICETE -microscopice,au corp gelatinos cu mai multi -microscopice,au corp gelatinos cu mai multi
nuclei,inmultire asexuata prin spori si sexuata nuclei,inmultire asexuata prin spori si sexuata prin izogametiprin izogameti
EndoparaziteEndoparazite Produc boli:raia neagra(cancerul cartofului)-Produc boli:raia neagra(cancerul cartofului)-
Synchitrium endobioticumSynchitrium endobioticum Innegrirea coletului de varza(Olpidium Innegrirea coletului de varza(Olpidium
brassicae)brassicae)
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Innegrirea Innegrirea coletului de coletului de
varzavarza
RAIA RAIA
NEAGRA A NEAGRA A CARTOFULUICARTOFULUI
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ZIGOMICETEZIGOMICETE Ciuperci inferioare(mucegaiuri)Ciuperci inferioare(mucegaiuri) Miceliu foarte ramificat,neseptat,unicelular,multinucleatMiceliu foarte ramificat,neseptat,unicelular,multinucleat Ex:Mucegaiul alb(Mucor mucedo)Ex:Mucegaiul alb(Mucor mucedo) Mucegaiul negru(Rhizopus nigricans)Mucegaiul negru(Rhizopus nigricans) Saprofite(pe resturi vegetale,animale,produse alimentare)Saprofite(pe resturi vegetale,animale,produse alimentare) Parazite(mucoromicoze)Parazite(mucoromicoze) Simbionte(micorize,licheni)Simbionte(micorize,licheni) Inmultire prin spori formati in sporange pe hife numite Inmultire prin spori formati in sporange pe hife numite
sporangioforisi sexuat prin conjugare(zigogamie)sporangioforisi sexuat prin conjugare(zigogamie)
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Mucor Mucor mucedo=mucegaiul albmucedo=mucegaiul alb
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Rhizopus nigricans=mucegaiul negruRhizopus nigricans=mucegaiul negru
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AscomiceteAscomicete Unicelulare(izolate sau coloniale)-drojdii sau aparat Unicelulare(izolate sau coloniale)-drojdii sau aparat
vegetativ format din miceliu septat,dezvoltat,hife vegetativ format din miceliu septat,dezvoltat,hife pluricelulare,ramificatepluricelulare,ramificate
Ciuperci superioareCiuperci superioare Saprofite(drojdia de bere),mucegaiul verde-Saprofite(drojdia de bere),mucegaiul verde-
albastrui(Penicillium sp.),mucegaiul albastru(Aspergillus sp.)albastrui(Penicillium sp.),mucegaiul albastru(Aspergillus sp.) Parazite pe plante:basicarea frunzelor(Taphrina Parazite pe plante:basicarea frunzelor(Taphrina
sp.),putregaiul fructelor=monilioze(Monilinia sp.),putregaiul fructelor=monilioze(Monilinia fructigena),cornul secarei(Claviceps purpurea)fructigena),cornul secarei(Claviceps purpurea)
Simbiotrofe(cu radacini plante superioare=micorize,cu Simbiotrofe(cu radacini plante superioare=micorize,cu alge=licheni)alge=licheni)
-forme superioare: Tuber(trufe) Morchella(zbarciog)-forme superioare: Tuber(trufe) Morchella(zbarciog) INMULTIRE:asexuata(conidii formati pe conidiofori si INMULTIRE:asexuata(conidii formati pe conidiofori si
ascospori formati in ASCE(ORGAN CARACTERISTIC)ascospori formati in ASCE(ORGAN CARACTERISTIC)
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Saccharomyces Saccharomyces cerevisiae=Drojdia de berecerevisiae=Drojdia de bere
Saccharomyces Saccharomyces ellipsoideaus=Drojdia vinuluiellipsoideaus=Drojdia vinului
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ASCA CU ASCOSPORIASCA CU ASCOSPORI
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Penicillium notatumPenicillium notatum
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Aspergillus sp.Aspergillus sp.
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Claviceps purpurea=cornul secareiClaviceps purpurea=cornul secarei
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Morchella esculenta=zbarciogMorchella esculenta=zbarciog
Tuber=trufeTuber=trufe
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BAZIDIOMICETEBAZIDIOMICETE
Ciuperci evoluateCiuperci evoluate Miceliu septat,dezvoltat,ramificat,pluricelular,cu hife Miceliu septat,dezvoltat,ramificat,pluricelular,cu hife
binucleatebinucleate Saprofite(ciupercile cu palarie),parazite(rugini-Saprofite(ciupercile cu palarie),parazite(rugini-
Puccinia graminis,taciuni-taciunele Puccinia graminis,taciuni-taciunele porumbului=Ustilago maydis) si maluri=malura porumbului=Ustilago maydis) si maluri=malura graului=Tilletia tritici)graului=Tilletia tritici)
Inmultire:bazidiospori formati pe BAZIDII(sporangi Inmultire:bazidiospori formati pe BAZIDII(sporangi caracteristici) continuti de bazidiocarpi(organe caracteristici) continuti de bazidiocarpi(organe sporifere)=picior si sporifere)=picior si palarie(carnos,gelatinos,lignificat)palarie(carnos,gelatinos,lignificat)
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Agaricus Agaricus campestris=ciuperca de campestris=ciuperca de
campcamp
Boletus Boletus edulis=hrib,manatarcaedulis=hrib,manatarca
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Armillaria mellea=ghebeArmillaria mellea=ghebe
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Amanita muscaria=muscaritaAmanita muscaria=muscarita
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Puccinia graminis=rugina grauluiPuccinia graminis=rugina graului
Ustilago Ustilago maydis=taciunele maydis=taciunele
porumbuluiporumbului
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Tilletia=malura grauluiTilletia=malura graului
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ImportantaImportanta
Comestibile(sursa de proteine,vitamine)Comestibile(sursa de proteine,vitamine) Produc fermentatii(alcool etilic,produse de Produc fermentatii(alcool etilic,produse de
panificatie)panificatie) Produc antibioticeProduc antibiotice Descompunatori(cele saprofite)Descompunatori(cele saprofite) Produc boli grave la plante, animale domestice Produc boli grave la plante, animale domestice
si omsi om
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Filum Lichenes(lichenii)Filum Lichenes(lichenii)
SIMBIOZA ALGA(albastra-verde sau verde) –SIMBIOZA ALGA(albastra-verde sau verde) –CIUPERCA(ascomiceta,rar bazidiomiceta)CIUPERCA(ascomiceta,rar bazidiomiceta)
TalofiteTalofite Tericoli,saxicoli(stanci golase),lignicoli(lemne)Tericoli,saxicoli(stanci golase),lignicoli(lemne) Tal-crustos(lichenul harta-Rhizocarpon geograficum)Tal-crustos(lichenul harta-Rhizocarpon geograficum) -folios(Lichenul galben-Xanthoria parietina-folios(Lichenul galben-Xanthoria parietina -tufos(Lichenul renilor-Cladonia rangiferina)-tufos(Lichenul renilor-Cladonia rangiferina)
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NutritieNutritie
Autotrofa(fotosinteza)-alga(asigura substantele Autotrofa(fotosinteza)-alga(asigura substantele organice ciupercii)organice ciupercii)
Heterotrofa-ciuperca(asigura seva bruta algei,o Heterotrofa-ciuperca(asigura seva bruta algei,o apara de uscaciune si de alti agenti stresanti)apara de uscaciune si de alti agenti stresanti)
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INMULTIREINMULTIRE
Vegetativ-fragmente de tal,izidii(soredii)Vegetativ-fragmente de tal,izidii(soredii)
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Reprezentanti:Reprezentanti:
Lichenul galben(Xanthoria parietina)-1Lichenul galben(Xanthoria parietina)-1 Matreata bradului-Usnea barbata-2Matreata bradului-Usnea barbata-2 Lichenul renilor-Cladonia rangiferina-3Lichenul renilor-Cladonia rangiferina-3 Lichenul de Islanda-Cetraria islandica-4Lichenul de Islanda-Cetraria islandica-4
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11..
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2.2.
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3.3.
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4.4.
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ImportantaImportanta
‘’‘’pionierii vegetatiei’’(formeaza primul strat de sol)pionierii vegetatiei’’(formeaza primul strat de sol) Sursa de hrana pt. animale si om(lichenul renilor)Sursa de hrana pt. animale si om(lichenul renilor) Sursa de uleiuri eterice(lichenul de Islanda) din care Sursa de uleiuri eterice(lichenul de Islanda) din care
se prepara parfumuri finese prepara parfumuri fine Sursa de turnesol(Rocella),colorantiSursa de turnesol(Rocella),coloranti Produc acizi usnici(Usnea barbata) utilizati in Produc acizi usnici(Usnea barbata) utilizati in
prepararea medicamentelor(exemplu: cancer)prepararea medicamentelor(exemplu: cancer) Produc daune arborilor(matreata bradului,lichenii Produc daune arborilor(matreata bradului,lichenii
corticoli)corticoli)