renewable energies 水力能水力能水力能

19
1 Renewable Energies Solar Energy Photovoltaic Concentrating Solar Power Wind Energy Hydroelectric Power Geothermal Energy Ocean Energy Biomass Energy 水力能 Early Irrigation Waterwheel Early Roman Water Mill 水力能 ‧ 水力發電溯自 1876年西歐最先 開發利用,至18 世紀末世界各地 始普遍利用。 慣常水力發電為藉由水之流動 而產生電能。蓄水利則利用離 鋒時之多餘電力 抽水而於尖峰時 發電,為調節尖、 離峰用電之最佳 負載管理方式。 水力能

Upload: buithuy

Post on 03-Feb-2017

276 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 1

    Renewable Energies Solar Energy Photovoltaic Concentrating Solar Power Wind Energy Hydroelectric Power Geothermal Energy Ocean Energy Biomass Energy

    Early Irrigation WaterwheelEarly Roman Water Mill

    187618

  • 2

    Impoundment Hoover Dam, Grand Coulee

    Diversion or run-of-river systems Niagara Falls Most significantly smaller

    Pumped Storage Two way flow Pumped up to a storage reservoir and returned to a lower

    elevation for power generation A mechanism for energy storage, not net energy production

    Positive NegativeEmissions-free, with virtually no CO2, NOX, SOX, hydrocarbons, or particulates

    Frequently involves impoundment of large amounts of water with loss of habitat due to land inundation

    Renewable resource with high conversion efficiency to electricity (80+%)

    Variable output dependent on rainfall and snowfall

    Dispatchable with storage capacity Impacts on river flows and aquatic ecology, including fish migration and oxygen depletion

    Usable for base load, peaking and pumped storage applications

    Social impacts of displacing indigenous people

    Scalable from 10 KW to 20,000 MW Health impacts in developing countries

    Low operating and maintenance costs High initial capital costs

    Long lifetimes Long lead time in construction of large projects

  • 3

    Small Francis Turbine & GeneratorKaplan Turbine Cross Section

    Vertical Kaplan Turbine Setup

    Pelton Wheel Turbine

  • 4

    P = power in kilowatts (kW) g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2) = turbo-generator efficiency (0

  • 5

    8467630761,1731,027.3

    30504201.5

    50461971943615234

  • 6

    (1):9 7653 0 9 5

    20258%

    (2):5(93~97)()2,08523.8%

    (2010)

    8.65(15%)

    19608,000 MW

    20058,933MW20079,732MW201013%10,732MW3-2-5-1

  • 7

    Of the five forms of geothermal energy, only two

    hydrothermal reservoirs and earth energy are currently used for electric power generation. Technological advances must be made before the three other forms geo-pressured brines, hot dry rock and magma can be commercially developed.

    Hydrothermal reservoirs are large pools of steam or hot water, trapped in porous rock. To create electricity, the steam or hot water is pumped to the Earth's surface where it drives a turbine that spins an electric generator.

    Steam is routed directly to the turbine, eliminating the need for the boilers used by conventional natural gas and coal plants.

    Hot water with temperatures above 200 (392) are usually utilized a flash technology where hot water is sprayed into a low-pressure tank. The water vaporizes to steam, which is routed to the turbine.

    Hot water resources below 200 (392) are utilized using a binary cycle technology where the hot water vaporizes a secondary working fluid, which then drives the turbine.

    Earth Energy: The heat contained in shallow ground is used

    to directly heat or cool homes and commercial buildings through "direct-use" technologies and district heating systems such as geothermal heat pumps (GHP) by circulating hot water through pipes. Unlike other forms of geothermal energy, earth energy can be found everywhere. More than 200,000 GHPs are operating in U.S. homes, schools and commercial buildings.

    Hot dry rock: This energy consists of dry, impermeable rock. To use this energy, water must be pumped into the rock at high pressures to widen existing fissures and create an underground reservoir of steam or hot water.

    Magma: It is the molten or partially molten rock found below the Earth's crust. The problem is that Magma has got an extremely high temperature (above 1200 C). While some magma bodies exist at accessible depths, a practical way to extract magma energy has yet to be developed.

    Geo-pressured brines: These brines are hot (300 F to 400 F) (149 C to 204 C) pressurized waters that contain dissolved methane and lie at depths of 10,000 ft (3048 m) to more than 20,000 ft (6096 m) below the earth's surface. The best known geo-pressured reservoirs lie along the Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast. At least three types of energy could be obtained: thermal energy from high-temperature fluids; hydraulic energy from the high pressure; and chemical energy from burning the dissolved methane gas.

  • 8

    2,000-3,000

    4,000-5,00045(Engineered Reservoir)130150

    Hot Fractured Rock()Geodynamics Ltd2016450MW

    :

    (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)

    :

    95% 500 MW

    10.250.37

    7043 MW8211

    74300 kWBinary2~2.5/kWh83

    A.

    B.

    C.

    D.

    E.

  • 9

    SWOT

    (2010)

    Ocean Energy

    :

    (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion)(OTEC) :(Tidal

    Energy) :(Tidal/marine

    Currents) :(Wave

    Energy) :

    (Kvenvolden,1988)

    (OTEC)1000

    20

    1979268

    1990

  • 10

    198050~100MW

    19931999PICHTR (Pacific International Center for High Technology Research)Keahole Point210(255)17040

    101,000

    201992(Hwang, 1992)30460TWh52.5GW3.2GW

  • 11

    92

    95500W

    975kW5kW98kW

    96~9880kW

    3052.5GW3.2GW28TWh

    Tidal Energy

    5

    DTI (The Department of Trade and Industry) 3000GW2%60GW

    Tidal Energy Tidal Energy 1966La Rance

    240MW5.4419301968400kWMurmanskKislogubsk

    195619584012kW703.2MW960kW

    198420MWAnnapolis20051994Shihwa Lake12.7254MW200911Woodshed Technologies PtyLtd.Tidal DelayMar de Corts3.4GWUNAMtwo-basin barragePuerto Peasco86MW

  • 12

    Tidal Energy

    Cross Section of La Rance Barrage

    Tidal Barrages (dams)

    Tidal EnergyAdvantages: High predictability

    Tides predicted years in advance, unlike wind Similar to low-head dams

    Known technology Protection against floods Benefits for transportation (bridge) Some environmental benefits

    Disadvantages: High capital costs Few attractive tidal power sites worldwide Intermittent power generation Silt accumulation behind barrage

    Accumulation of pollutants in mud Changes to estuary ecosystem

    Tidal Energy

    Tidal Turbine Farms

    Oscillating Tidal Turbine

    Like a wind farm, but(1) Water 800x denser than air(2) Smaller rotors(3) More closely spaced

    Tidal EnergyAdvantages: Low Visual Impact

    Mainly, if not totally submerged. Low Noise Pollution

    Sound levels transmitted are very low High Predictability

    Tides predicted years in advance, unlike wind High Power Density

    Much smaller turbines than wind turbines for the same power

    Disadvantages: High maintenance costs High power distribution costs Intermittent power generation

  • 13

    Tidal Energy

    La Rance Tidal Power Barrage

    La Rance Turbine Exhibit

    945395

    Marine Current EnergyBlue Energy450 GW

    2003MCT Marine Current Turbines)Lynmouth300kWSeaFlow(3-2-5-2)20084MCTStrangford Lough1.2MWSeagen(3-2-5-2)OpenHydro20085Orkney (Europen Marie EnergyCentreEMEC)250kW

    2007Nova ScotiaFundyOpenHydro200540kw

    Marine Current Energy Marine Current Energy

    40km200km

    3GW

  • 14

    Marine Current Energy 2005

    1994 2003 300

    100W/m2

    100-600 W/m2

    600 W/m2 1200-2100 W/m2

    2030

    60

    1.25MW

    13kw7kw

    Wave Energy

    (wave energy converter) 300

    1.25MWLIMPET (Land Installed Marine Powered Energy Transformer)

    Pelamis()

    (LIMPET)2000Islay(500KW)

    (750KW) Orkney

    2014

  • 15

    2013/5/2 Ching-Yao Chen, NCTUME

    - Ocean Power Technologies

    (OPT)PowerBuoyOceanlinxOceanlinx Wave Energy System1.5MW(offshore OWC)Wave Dragon1/151/44 MW7MWAWSWave Swing250kW2009EMEC

    197019962000100 kWWells5015H1/10 1~3mTm 5~7s5~40 kW100 kW

    A. (Attenuator):

    Pelamis Wave Power(Pelamis)

    B. (Point absorber):/Ocean Power TechnologiesPower Buoy

    C. (Oscillating Wave Surge Converter):Aquamarine PowerOyster

  • 16

    D. (Oscillating water column):

    WavegenLIMPET

    E. (Overtopping device):Wave DragonWavedragon

    F. (Submerged pressure differential):AWS Ocean EnergyArchimedes Waveswing

    Advantages: Onshore wave energy systems can be incorporated into harbor walls and coastal

    protection Reduce/share system costs Providing dual use

    Create calm sea space behind wave energy systems Development of mariculture Other commercial and recreational uses;

    Long-term operational life time of plant Non-polluting and inexhaustible supply of energy

    Disadvantages: High capital costs for initial construction High maintenance costs Wave energy is an intermittent resource Requires favorable wave climate. Investment of power transmission cables to shore Degradation of scenic ocean front views Interference with other uses of coastal and offshore areas

    navigation, fishing, and recreation if not properly sited Reduced wave heights may affect beach processes in the littoral zone

    (2006)

    (

  • 17

    New Ocean Energy:

    1372016

    - W. R. Schmitt1981

    kW

    1981

    -Source

    Tides Waves Currents OTEC Salinity World electric2

    World hydro

    Potential (est) 2,500 GW 2,7003

    5,000 200,000 1,000,000

    4,000

    Practical (est) 20 GW 500 50 40 NPA4

    2,800 550

    2 As of 1998 3 Along coastlines4 Not presently available

    Tester et al., Sustainable Energy, MIT Press, 2005

    Ocean Energy - Taiwan

  • 18

    :1.

    3GW,19990.78~1.05m/sMW3m/s

    2. 5m

    3. 10kW/mMW

    4. 3052.5GW3.2GW28TWh

    Ocean Energy - Taiwan Ocean Energy - Taiwan

    (1):

    (2):

    (3):

  • 19

    Ocean Energy - Taiwan