renewable energies 水力能水力能水力能
TRANSCRIPT
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Renewable Energies Solar Energy Photovoltaic Concentrating Solar Power Wind Energy Hydroelectric Power Geothermal Energy Ocean Energy Biomass Energy
Early Irrigation WaterwheelEarly Roman Water Mill
187618
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Impoundment Hoover Dam, Grand Coulee
Diversion or run-of-river systems Niagara Falls Most significantly smaller
Pumped Storage Two way flow Pumped up to a storage reservoir and returned to a lower
elevation for power generation A mechanism for energy storage, not net energy production
Positive NegativeEmissions-free, with virtually no CO2, NOX, SOX, hydrocarbons, or particulates
Frequently involves impoundment of large amounts of water with loss of habitat due to land inundation
Renewable resource with high conversion efficiency to electricity (80+%)
Variable output dependent on rainfall and snowfall
Dispatchable with storage capacity Impacts on river flows and aquatic ecology, including fish migration and oxygen depletion
Usable for base load, peaking and pumped storage applications
Social impacts of displacing indigenous people
Scalable from 10 KW to 20,000 MW Health impacts in developing countries
Low operating and maintenance costs High initial capital costs
Long lifetimes Long lead time in construction of large projects
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Small Francis Turbine & GeneratorKaplan Turbine Cross Section
Vertical Kaplan Turbine Setup
Pelton Wheel Turbine
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P = power in kilowatts (kW) g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2) = turbo-generator efficiency (0
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8467630761,1731,027.3
30504201.5
50461971943615234
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(1):9 7653 0 9 5
20258%
(2):5(93~97)()2,08523.8%
(2010)
8.65(15%)
19608,000 MW
20058,933MW20079,732MW201013%10,732MW3-2-5-1
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Of the five forms of geothermal energy, only two
hydrothermal reservoirs and earth energy are currently used for electric power generation. Technological advances must be made before the three other forms geo-pressured brines, hot dry rock and magma can be commercially developed.
Hydrothermal reservoirs are large pools of steam or hot water, trapped in porous rock. To create electricity, the steam or hot water is pumped to the Earth's surface where it drives a turbine that spins an electric generator.
Steam is routed directly to the turbine, eliminating the need for the boilers used by conventional natural gas and coal plants.
Hot water with temperatures above 200 (392) are usually utilized a flash technology where hot water is sprayed into a low-pressure tank. The water vaporizes to steam, which is routed to the turbine.
Hot water resources below 200 (392) are utilized using a binary cycle technology where the hot water vaporizes a secondary working fluid, which then drives the turbine.
Earth Energy: The heat contained in shallow ground is used
to directly heat or cool homes and commercial buildings through "direct-use" technologies and district heating systems such as geothermal heat pumps (GHP) by circulating hot water through pipes. Unlike other forms of geothermal energy, earth energy can be found everywhere. More than 200,000 GHPs are operating in U.S. homes, schools and commercial buildings.
Hot dry rock: This energy consists of dry, impermeable rock. To use this energy, water must be pumped into the rock at high pressures to widen existing fissures and create an underground reservoir of steam or hot water.
Magma: It is the molten or partially molten rock found below the Earth's crust. The problem is that Magma has got an extremely high temperature (above 1200 C). While some magma bodies exist at accessible depths, a practical way to extract magma energy has yet to be developed.
Geo-pressured brines: These brines are hot (300 F to 400 F) (149 C to 204 C) pressurized waters that contain dissolved methane and lie at depths of 10,000 ft (3048 m) to more than 20,000 ft (6096 m) below the earth's surface. The best known geo-pressured reservoirs lie along the Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast. At least three types of energy could be obtained: thermal energy from high-temperature fluids; hydraulic energy from the high pressure; and chemical energy from burning the dissolved methane gas.
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2,000-3,000
4,000-5,00045(Engineered Reservoir)130150
Hot Fractured Rock()Geodynamics Ltd2016450MW
:
(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)
:
95% 500 MW
10.250.37
7043 MW8211
74300 kWBinary2~2.5/kWh83
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
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SWOT
(2010)
Ocean Energy
:
(Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion)(OTEC) :(Tidal
Energy) :(Tidal/marine
Currents) :(Wave
Energy) :
(Kvenvolden,1988)
(OTEC)1000
20
1979268
1990
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198050~100MW
19931999PICHTR (Pacific International Center for High Technology Research)Keahole Point210(255)17040
101,000
201992(Hwang, 1992)30460TWh52.5GW3.2GW
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92
95500W
975kW5kW98kW
96~9880kW
3052.5GW3.2GW28TWh
Tidal Energy
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DTI (The Department of Trade and Industry) 3000GW2%60GW
Tidal Energy Tidal Energy 1966La Rance
240MW5.4419301968400kWMurmanskKislogubsk
195619584012kW703.2MW960kW
198420MWAnnapolis20051994Shihwa Lake12.7254MW200911Woodshed Technologies PtyLtd.Tidal DelayMar de Corts3.4GWUNAMtwo-basin barragePuerto Peasco86MW
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Tidal Energy
Cross Section of La Rance Barrage
Tidal Barrages (dams)
Tidal EnergyAdvantages: High predictability
Tides predicted years in advance, unlike wind Similar to low-head dams
Known technology Protection against floods Benefits for transportation (bridge) Some environmental benefits
Disadvantages: High capital costs Few attractive tidal power sites worldwide Intermittent power generation Silt accumulation behind barrage
Accumulation of pollutants in mud Changes to estuary ecosystem
Tidal Energy
Tidal Turbine Farms
Oscillating Tidal Turbine
Like a wind farm, but(1) Water 800x denser than air(2) Smaller rotors(3) More closely spaced
Tidal EnergyAdvantages: Low Visual Impact
Mainly, if not totally submerged. Low Noise Pollution
Sound levels transmitted are very low High Predictability
Tides predicted years in advance, unlike wind High Power Density
Much smaller turbines than wind turbines for the same power
Disadvantages: High maintenance costs High power distribution costs Intermittent power generation
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Tidal Energy
La Rance Tidal Power Barrage
La Rance Turbine Exhibit
945395
Marine Current EnergyBlue Energy450 GW
2003MCT Marine Current Turbines)Lynmouth300kWSeaFlow(3-2-5-2)20084MCTStrangford Lough1.2MWSeagen(3-2-5-2)OpenHydro20085Orkney (Europen Marie EnergyCentreEMEC)250kW
2007Nova ScotiaFundyOpenHydro200540kw
Marine Current Energy Marine Current Energy
40km200km
3GW
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Marine Current Energy 2005
1994 2003 300
100W/m2
100-600 W/m2
600 W/m2 1200-2100 W/m2
2030
60
1.25MW
13kw7kw
Wave Energy
(wave energy converter) 300
1.25MWLIMPET (Land Installed Marine Powered Energy Transformer)
Pelamis()
(LIMPET)2000Islay(500KW)
(750KW) Orkney
2014
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2013/5/2 Ching-Yao Chen, NCTUME
- Ocean Power Technologies
(OPT)PowerBuoyOceanlinxOceanlinx Wave Energy System1.5MW(offshore OWC)Wave Dragon1/151/44 MW7MWAWSWave Swing250kW2009EMEC
197019962000100 kWWells5015H1/10 1~3mTm 5~7s5~40 kW100 kW
A. (Attenuator):
Pelamis Wave Power(Pelamis)
B. (Point absorber):/Ocean Power TechnologiesPower Buoy
C. (Oscillating Wave Surge Converter):Aquamarine PowerOyster
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D. (Oscillating water column):
WavegenLIMPET
E. (Overtopping device):Wave DragonWavedragon
F. (Submerged pressure differential):AWS Ocean EnergyArchimedes Waveswing
Advantages: Onshore wave energy systems can be incorporated into harbor walls and coastal
protection Reduce/share system costs Providing dual use
Create calm sea space behind wave energy systems Development of mariculture Other commercial and recreational uses;
Long-term operational life time of plant Non-polluting and inexhaustible supply of energy
Disadvantages: High capital costs for initial construction High maintenance costs Wave energy is an intermittent resource Requires favorable wave climate. Investment of power transmission cables to shore Degradation of scenic ocean front views Interference with other uses of coastal and offshore areas
navigation, fishing, and recreation if not properly sited Reduced wave heights may affect beach processes in the littoral zone
(2006)
(
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New Ocean Energy:
1372016
- W. R. Schmitt1981
kW
1981
-Source
Tides Waves Currents OTEC Salinity World electric2
World hydro
Potential (est) 2,500 GW 2,7003
5,000 200,000 1,000,000
4,000
Practical (est) 20 GW 500 50 40 NPA4
2,800 550
2 As of 1998 3 Along coastlines4 Not presently available
Tester et al., Sustainable Energy, MIT Press, 2005
Ocean Energy - Taiwan
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:1.
3GW,19990.78~1.05m/sMW3m/s
2. 5m
3. 10kW/mMW
4. 3052.5GW3.2GW28TWh
Ocean Energy - Taiwan Ocean Energy - Taiwan
(1):
(2):
(3):
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Ocean Energy - Taiwan