report: a brief on the situation of women in cambodia 2004 ...sßanpabrsþienakm

sßanPaBRsþIenAkm<úCa

eroberogeday ³ Natalie Hacks Exkkáda qñaM2004

B½t’manbEnßm sUmTMnak;TMng³ evC¢> Bug QIvekk RbFanGgÁkarlIkadU Gasydæanelx16 pøÚv99 PñMeBj km<úCa RbGb;sMbuRtelx ³ 499 éRbsNIy_PñMeBj TUrs½BÞelx ³¬855¦ 23 330 965 ¼ 364 901 TUrsarelx ³¬855¦ 23 330 965 ¼ 217 626 GIuEm:l³ [email protected]

eKhTMB½r³ www.licadho.org/

mailto:[email protected]

matika TMB½r

sTÞanuRkm ...................................................................................................................................................6

I-buBVkfa ....................................................................................................................................................8 RbvtiþGtItkal ...............................................................................................................................8 karGnuvtþn_GnusBaØasþIBIkarlubbM)at;ral;TMrg;énkarerIseGIgRbqaMg nwgnarIePT nigkarkarBarsiTi§RsþI ...................................................................................................................10 RbPBÉksar nigkarviPaKTinñn½y ........................................................................................... 13

II- smPaBcMeBaHmuxc,ab; ............................................................................................................15 bBaðac,ab;EdlRsþIkMBugRbQmmux.............................................................................................15 Gnusasn_ .....................................................................................................................................16

III- GaBah_BiBah_ nigRKYsar....................................................................................................17 bþImYy RbBn§mYy......................................................................................................................... 17 GaBah_BiBah_pSMpÁúMedaymatabita .............................................................................................18 GMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsar nigGMeBIrMelaPesBsnßv³kñúgGaBah_BiBah_ ..........................................18 Gnusasn_ ....................................................................................................................................21

IV- GMeBIhigSaelIRsþI nigkumar ...................................................................................................23

rMelaPesBsnßv³ nigebotebonekrþ×x μas; ................................................................................23

CnrgeRKaH...................................................................................................................................23 taragTI1 krNIrMelaP nigebotebonekrþ×x μas; EdlGgÁkarlIkadU)anesuIb GegátkñúgqñaM 2002-2003 ...................................................................................................24

taragTI2 GayuCnrgeRKaH ¬GnitiCn¦ ....................................................................................24

karraykarN_GMBIkrNIrMelaP nigebotebonekrþ×xμas; ............................................................24

karrMelaPesBsnßv³CaBYk ........................................................................................................25

taragTI 3 karesIubGegátkrNIrMelaPCaRkumkñúgqñaM 2002-2003..................................25

Cnel μIs ¬carICn¦ ....................................................................................................................25

]bsKÁnanaenAkñúgRbB½n§c,ab; .................................................................................................. 26

dMeNaHRsayeRkAc,ab; ..............................................................................................................27

karTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHcMnYnkrNIekIneLIgEdl)anraykarN_ .............................................28

karsþarnItism,TarsMrab;CnrgeRKaH........................................................................................ 29

GMeBIhigSaEpñkeynD½r ............................................................................................................... 30

karvayRbharedayTwkGasuIt.................................................................................................. 30

kargaredaybgçMelIRsþI nigkumar ...............................................................................................32

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karsμ úMkUnciBa©wm ............................................................................................................................33

Gnusasn_ .................................................................................................................................... 35

V- RsþI nigkumarEdlRtUv)aneKCYjdUr nig)anFøak;eTAkñúgmuxrbrpøÚvePT....................37 ehtuGVI)anCaRsþIkm<úCaFøak;eTAkñúg nigenAEtbnþRbkbGaCivkmμpøÚvePTenH .......................... 38

niTÞNÐPaBEpñkc,ab;cMeBaHCnel μIsRbRBwtþGMeBICYjdUrmnusS nigembn................................. 39

RsþIevotNambMerIpøÚvePTenAkm<úCa..............................................................................................40

km μviFIkarsþarnItism,Tar nigsmahrNkmμdl;RsþIrgeRKaHedayGMeBICYjdUrmnusS nigekgRbv½Ba©pøÚvePT ...................................................................................................................41

suxPaBcMeBaHRsþIbMerIpøÚvePT......................................................................................................42

karCYjdUrRsþI nigkumarEdlBMuEmnkñúgeKalbMNgCYjdUrpøÚvePT ............................................42 Gnusasn_ .....................................................................................................................................44

VI- RsþIkñúgBn§naKar ..........................................................................................................................46

sßanPaBrs;enA ............................................................................................................................46

karrMelaPelIGñkeTas nigBiruT§Cn.............................................................................................48

kumarFMdwgkþIenAkñúgBn§naKar .......................................................................................................49

Gnusasn_ .....................................................................................................................................50

VII- RsþIenAtamCnbT.....................................................................................................................51

karvilvl;énvDÆn_PaBRkIRk nig]bsKÁ EdlRbQmmuxnwgkarGPivDÆn_sMrab;RsþICnbT ..51

RsþIemRKYsar ................................................................................................................................ 53

RsþIkñúgkarEkTMrg;CnbT nigkic©GPivDÆn_shKmn_ .................................................................. 53

RsþIkñúgvis½yksikmμ .....................................................................................................................54

Gnusasn_ .....................................................................................................................................54

VIII- RsþI nigsuxPaB ...................................................................................................................55

lT§PaBkñúgkarTTYl)anesvasuxPaBmanKuNPaB .................................................................55

karKaMBarmata ............................................................................................................................56 karBnüakMeNIt ........................................................................................................................... 57

Gnusasn_ .....................................................................................................................................58

IX- RsþIbMerIkargar ..........................................................................................................................59

eborvtSesμ IKña .............................................................................................................................59

snþisuxkargar nigkarKaMBarmataEdlbMerIkargar.................................................................... 60

RsþIkñúg]sSakmμkat;edr ............................................................................................................. 60

RsþIkñúgvis½yksikmμ .................................................................................................................... 62

BlkreTsnþRbevsn_ ¬BlkrcMNakRsuk¦ ......................................................................... 62

Gnusasn_ .................................................................................................................................... 63

X-RsþIkñúgvis½yGb;rM ...........................................................................................................................65

2

karGb;rMbzmsikSa ....................................................................................................................65

karGb;rMenAmFümsikSa nigkMrit]tþmsikSa ............................................................................ 66

karhVwkhVWnCMnaj nigviC¢aCIv³ .....................................................................................................67

Gnusasn_ .....................................................................................................67

XI- RsþIkñúgkic©karneya)ay CIvPaBsaFarN³ nigkic©karbeTs ............................68

kare)aHeqñat nigtMNagenAkñúgrdæaPi)al ................................................................................ 69

esrIPaBkñúgkarcUlrYmRbCMuu .......................................................................................................... 69

kare)aHeqñatXMuMu-sgáat;qñaM 2002 ...........................................................................................70

kare)aHeqñatCati qñaM2003 .....................................................................................................70

RsþIkñúgRbB½n§tulakar .................................................................................................................. 71

RsþIkñúgvis½ykic©karGnþrCati .....................................................................................................72

Gnusasn_ .................................................................................................................................72

XII- esckþIsnñidæan..........................................................................................................................73

karpþl;GMNacdl;RsþIkm<úCaeBlGnaKt ................................................................................73

esrIPaB nigTMnukTukcitþelIxøÜnÉg ...........................................................................................73

sßab½nrdænana nigrdæaPi)al ³ pøÚveq<aHeTArkkarpþl;GMNacRsþI ............................................73

Éksareyag........................................................................................................................................75

3

sTÞanuRkm AAFLI viTüasßankargaresrIGasuI Gaemrik ARIAT KMnitpþÜcepþIméntMbn;GasIuRbqaMgnwgGMeBICYjdUrmnusS ADB FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasuI CPP KNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa CSD mCÄmNÐlGPivDÆn_sgÁm CEDAW GnusBaØasþIBIkarlubbM)at;ral;TMrg;énkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePT CITA smaKmRKUbeRgonÉkraCükm<úCa CNCC RkumRbwkSaCatikm<úCa edIm,Ikumar CNCW RkumRbwkSaCatikm<úCa edIm,IRsþI CRC GnusBaØasþIBIsiTi§kumar CWCC mCÄmNÐlkm<úCa edIm,ICYyRsþImanvibtiþ CWDA Pñak;garGPivDÆn_RsþIkm<úCa ECPAT bBaÄb;eBsüacarkumarkñúgvis½yeTscrN_GasuI DRK saFarN³rdæRbCaFibetyükm<úCa FHH RsþIemRKYsar GAD eynD½r nigkarGPivDÆn_km<úCa HR siTi§mnusS IHRT GnusBaØasiTi§mnusSGnþrCati ILO GgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati KOC RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa LAC CMnYyEpñkc,ab;km<úCa LICADHO sm<½n§ExμrCMerOn nig karBarsiTi§mnusS MoH RksYgsuxaPi)al MoJ RksYgyutiþFm’ MOSALVY RksYgsgÁmkic©kargar bNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ nigyuvnItism,Tar MSF RKUeBTüK μanRBMEdn

4

NA sPaCati

NICFIC KN³kmμaFikarGBüaRkitü nig\tlMeGog edIm,Ikare)aHeqñatesrI nigyutiþFm’enAkm<úCa

NPRS yuT§saRsþCati edIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk PADV kmμviFIRbqaMgnwgGMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsar PAT kmμviFIRbqaMgnwgGMeBITaruNkmμ PER TsSnavdþIkarcMNaysaFarN³ PGE édKUr edIm,IsmPaBeynD½r RGC raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa TBA q μbEbbburaN ¬q μbCnbT¦ SCM ]tþmRkumRbwkSaénGgÁecARkm UNICEF mUlniFikumar énGgÁkarshRbCaCati UNDP kmμviFIGPivDÆn_ énGgÁkarshRbCaCati UNTAC GaCJaFrbeNþaHGasnñ énGgÁkarshRbCaCatienAkm<úCa

5

I- buBVkfa

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RbeTskm<úCaRtUv)ansn μt;fa eRkayBIqøgkat;shsm½ymanCMelaHRcbUkRcbl;CaRbvtþi saRsþ EdleFVI[sgÁmCativwkvr . km<úCamanRBMRbTl;EdnCab;KñaéncenøaHRbeTséf nigRbeTs evotNam Etg)anTTYlnUvGesßrPaB nigTTYlrgnUvkarQøanBanTwkdIBIsMNak;mhicätabreTseTot pg . karkan;kab;kñúgry³eBlmYyy:agEvg KWeRkamrdæ)alGaNaniKm)araMg EdlRKb;RKgGs; ry³eBlCitmYystvtSrhUtdl;sm½y)araMge)aHbg;GaNaniKmrbs;xøÜnenA\NÐÚcinkñúgTsvtSqñaM 19501 . enAeBlenaHRbeTskm<úCak¾)anTTYlGFibetyüPaBmkvij eRkamrbbraCaFibetyü sgÁmraRsþniym dwknaMedayRBHmhakSRt neratþm sIhnu . karsþarRbeTskñúgry³eBlxøIenaH k¾RtUv)anGnþrayeTAvij edaysarEtkm<úCaCaRbeTssßitenAcenøaHmenaKmviC¢aRbTajRbTg;énkar EbgEckRbeTsevotNam rvagsm<½n§kumμ úynisþevotNamxageCIgCamYyshrdæGaemrik . km<úCa k¾)ankøayeTACasmrPUmism¶at;sMrab;kMlaMgts‘UTaMgenaH ehIyCalT§plnaMeGaymankarEbk)ak;épÞ kñúgy:agF¶n;F¶r CaehtubNþaleGaymanrdæRbhareyaFa EdldwknaMeday]tþmesnIy_ ln ; Nul enAqñaM1970 . enHCacMNuccab;epþIménsRgÁamrauMér nigsRgÁamsIuvilGs;ry³eBl30qñaM rYmTaMg rbbRbl½yBUCsasn_km<úCaRbCaFibetyü EdldwknaMeday b:ul Bt BIqñaM1975-1979 pgEdr . eRkaymkk¾RtUv)ankan;kab;edayevotNam . bnÞab;mkk¾mankarcrcamYy EdleRCamERCg edayGgÁkarshRbCaCati ehIycMNayGs;eBly:agyUr enATIbMputk¾)anQandl;kic©RBm eRBognwg)ancuHhtßelxaelIkic©RBmeRBogsniþPaBenATIRkug)a:rIs naéf¶TI 23 Extula qñaM1991 RBmTaMgmankare)aHeqñatenAEx]sPa qñaM1993 enAeBleRkaybnÞab;mk .

enAkñúgsm½ye)aHeqñatBhubkS qñaM1993 KNbkSh‘VúnsIuInbuic EdldwknaMedaysemþcRkum RBHneratþm rNbJTi§ )anQñHsMelgeqñat 45°énsMelgeqñat b:uEnþk¾RtUvbgçMeGaycUlrYmkñúgrdæa- Pi)alcMruHd¾lM)akmYyCamYynwgKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa EdldwknaMedaysemþc h‘un Esn . b:uEnþ dMeNIrkarsþarsßanPaBneya)ayeLIgvijk¾)ancab;epþImedaykarbegáIt)anrdæsPaCati nigkarcuH RBHhsßelxaelIrdæFmμnuBaØf μ IedayRBHkruNa RBH)aT neratþm sIhnu . TegVIenH)anpþl;nUvsBaØa

6

1 KYrkt;sMKal;fa evotNam)anedIrtYnaTIy:agsMxan;kñúgkarrMedaHRbeTskm<úCaeGayrYcputBIrbbExμrRkhm . eRkay mkk¾manCnCatievotNamy:ageRcIncUlmktaMgTIlMenAkñúgTwkdIkm<úCakñúgsm½y EdlevotNamkan;kab;enaH b:uEnþCnCati evotNamPaKeRcInBMumanÉksarbBa¢ak;sBa¢atiRsbc,ab;eT .

énkarbBa©b;nUvsm½yEdlKμanesþcesayraCüry³eBl23qñaM nigkarbegáIteGaymanrbbraCaniym GaRs½yrdæFmμnuBaØCafμ ImþgeTot . edaysarEtrcnasm<½n§EbbRbCaFibetyüenAek μgx©IenAeLIy km<úCak¾enAEtbnþrgeRKaHBIkarGukLúk\tQb;Qrrbs;BYkT½BéRBEx μrRkhm EdlbnþCMelaHrhUt mkdl;qñaM19992 . enAqñaM1997 karcuHcUlrbs;kgT½BEx μrRkhm)ankøayeTACarbt;mYyEdlnaM eGaymankarregÁaHregÁIneya)ayBhubkS . karraldalénGMeBIhigSa)anpÞúHeLIgBaseBjTIRkug PñMeBj nigenATUTaMgRbeTsnaExkkáda EdlbNþaleGaymanmnusSrgrbYs sñab ;)at;bg;CIvit nigkar)at;xøÜnCaedIm . enAkñúgbriyakasclacl nigGnaFietyüKμanc,ab;TMlab; h‘‘un Esn k¾)an eFVIrdæRbharbeNþjsemþcRkumRBH neratþm rNbJTi§ eGayrt;eTArs;enAnIreTsn_ÉbreTs . Cag mYyqñaM eRkaymkGñksegátkarN_Cati nigGnþrCati)anRbkasfa kare)aHeqñatCatikñúgExkkáda qñaM 1998 RtUv)anRbRBwtþeTAedayesrI nigyutiþFm’ ehIyéf¶enaH hu‘un Esn enAEtkan;tMENgCanayk rdæmRnþI Etmñak;Ég . tamkarBitenAmun nigeRkayeBle)aHeqñateK)ankt;sMKal;eXIjmankar bMPitbMP½y nigGMeBIhigSaEdlbnþrhUtdl;Bak;kNþalExkBaØa .

cab;taMgBIsm½ye)aHeqñatelIkTI1 enAqñaM1993 km<úCa)ants‘UrhUtmkdl;TIbMputmYy CamYynwgGtitkalrbs;xøÜn RBmTaMg)ansßabnanUvmUldæand¾rwgmaMmYy edIm,IRbCaFibetyü nigkar karBarsiTi§mnusSdl;Blrdærbs;xøÜn . mkdl;rbt;énshsvtSfμ IeK)aneFVIeGaymankarrIkcMerIn EfmeTotehIyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa k¾)anpþÜcepþImnUvdMeNIrkarvimCÄkar Edl)aneFVIeGaymankar e)aHeqñatXMu-sgáat;enAqñaM2002 . KNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCarbs;semþc h‘un Esn )anTTYleCak C½yy:agFMeFg edayTTYl)anebkçCnCit 1>600nak; kñúgcMeNamXMusrubTaMg 1>621 enATUTaMg RbeTs . eTaHbICaminTan;)anQandl;sþg;daGnþrCatik¾eday k¾KNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa)anyl; eXIjfaenH KWCaeCaKC½yénlT§iRbCaFibetyüenAkm<úCa Edlcat;TukCakarvinicä½ytamKMrUy:agTab bMput Edl)ankMNt;edaykare)aHeqñatkalBImun² . CayfaehtueCaKC½yTaMgenaHBMuEmnCa eCaKC½y sMrab;smPaBeynD½reT BIeRBaHKNbkSFM²)anbdiesFminRBmTTYlykRbB½n§kUta EdlesñIsMueGaymanebkçPaBRsþIePT 30° .

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7

2 eRkayBIkare)aHeqñatEdlerobcMedayGu‘ntak;qñaM 1993 eK)an)a:n;RbmaNfamankgT½BExμrRkhmRbmaN 100>000 nak;eTotenAEtbnþeFVIskm μPaBTUTaMgRbeTskm<úCa ¬CaBiessenAtMbn;Bay½Bü ¦. dkRsg;BIkaEstDwEXm bUDaedlI éf¶TI 20 ExsIha qñaM2003 .

eGaymankarbegáItrdæaPi)alcMruHmYy b:uEnþkarCab;KaMgEpñkneya)ay)anBnüaeBlrhUtdl; 11Ex edayKNbkSTaMgenaH)andeNþImkan;kab;RksYgFM² RBmTaMgBiPakSaelIeKalkarN_RKwHmYycMnYn. kñúgkMLúgeBlenH RbeTskm<úCaBMumandMeNIrkarnitibBaØtiþeT ehIykarGnum½tnitiRkm dUcCa BRgag c,ab;sþIBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsar nigc,ab;sþIBIGMeBICYjdUrmnusSRtUv)anGak;xan .

R)aMqñaMeRkayBIkarcuHcaj;cugeRkayrbs;kgkMlaMgEx μrRkhmenAkm<úCa karExVgKMnitKñarvag CahtßelxInanaenAEtekIteLIgCuMvijkarbegáIttulakar . edIm,IeGaykm<úCa)ancUlrYmkñúgdMeNIr karpSHpSasþar nigksagsniþPaBesckþIsMercmYycMnYnRtUvEtsMerceGay)anedIm,IerobcMtulakar enH .

mrtk’énclaclGMeBIhigSad¾yUrGEgVg)anbgárCabBaða nwgnaMmknUv]bsKÁd¾FMdl;km<úCa sBVéf¶ . karerobcMsgÁmsIuvilenARKadMbUg mankarRbQmmuxeTAnwgbBaðaGsniþsux nigkarxVHxat y:aglM)akCaTIbMput3 . vb,Fm’niTÞNÐPaB Edl)anrIkFMFat;eLIgkñúgsm½yclaclk¾enAEtbnþ raraMgdl;k,alma:sIundwknaMrdæ nig)anrYmcMENkeFVIeGayGMeBIBukrlYykan;EtmanPaBF¶n;F¶reLIg² kñúgEpñkrdæ)alRKb;kMritTaMgGs; . RbB½n§bBaðaTaMgenH )anbNþaleGaymankarlM)aky:agxøaMg CaBiessdl;RsþIkñúgkarFanaeGayBYkeKmansmPaBenAkñúgsgÁm EdltamRbéBNIRsþIKWCaGñk CMnYykardl;burs . elIsBIbBaðaTMnas;enAkñúgvb,Fm’ vaytMélrYmmkelIRsþI Edl)ankb;CayUr mkehIybBaðad¾twgrwgEdlRsþIkm<úCakMBugRbQmsBVéf¶ KWkarekIneLIgnUvGMeBIhigSaEpñkeynD½r karekgRbv½Ba© nigPaBRkIRk\tQb;Qr .

karGnuvtþn_GnusBaØasþIBIkarlubbM)at;ral;TMrg; énkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePT nigkic©karBarsiTi§RsþI

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edIm,IbMerIeKaledAénGnusBaØaenH Baküfa {karerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePT : mann½yfa karEbgEck karpat;ecj b¤kardak;kMhitNamYyEdleFVIeLIgelImUldæanePT ehIyEdl bgáreLIg b¤EdlmanTisedAeFVIeGayxUcxat b¤eFVIeGayeTACaemaX³dl;karTTYlsÁal;

8

3 r)aykarN_rbs; ADB fμ I²enH)anbgðajnUvPaBRkIRky:agxøaMgenAkm<úCa RBmTaMgsnñidæanfaBMumansMerc)ankarkat; bnßyPaBRkIRkesaHkñúgkMLúgeBl 10 qñaM knøgeTAenH . dkRsg;BIkarEstbBaØav½nþExμrman cMNgeCIgfa : suc©n³kar kat;PaBRkIRkkan;Etdundab : cuHéf¶TI 9 ExkumÖ³ q μaM2004 .

karTTYl)an b¤kareRbIR)as;edaynarIePTnUvsiTi§mnusS nigral;esrIPaBCaRKWHenAkñúgvis½y neya)ayesdækic© vb,Fm’ Blrdæ b¤kñúgvis½yepSg²eTotelImUldæanes μIPaBrvagburs nignarIeTaHCakñúgsßanPaBGaBah_BiBah_EbbNak¾eday4 .

GnusBaØasþIBIkarlubbM)at;ral;TMrg;énkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePT ¬CEDAW¦ RtUv)an GgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlsÁal;CaGnusBaØamYyenAqñaM1981 . rdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anpþl;sc©ab½n elIGnusBaØaenHenAExtula qñaM1992 ehIyk¾)anTTYlsÁal; edayrdæFm μnuBaØEdlmanEcgenAkñúg maRtaTI 31>1 . cMeBaHBakü :erIseGIgRbqaMg nwgnarIePT : minTan;RtUv)anpþl;niymn½yCapøÚvkar NamYyenAkñúgrdæFmμnuBaØenAeLIyeT rdæaPi)al)anGHGagfaTTYlykniymn½y Edl)anKUs bBa¢ak;enAkñúgGnusBaØa . viFankareTAéf¶mux edIm,IlubbM)at;y:agskmμral;TMrg;énkarerIseGIg RbqaMgnwgnarIePTRtUv)anEcgy:agc,as;enAkñúgmaRta 45>1 énGnusBaØa . eyagtamr)aykarN_ rbs;rdæaPi)alfμ I²bMputsþIBIkarGnuvtþn_ GnusBaØasþIBIkarlubbM)at;ral;TMrg; énkarerIseGIgRbqaMg nwgnarIePT ¬CEDAW¦ :RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa)ancat;TukGnusBaØa ¬CEDAW¦ faCamUldæanc,ab; sMrab;GnuvtþEdlmanGaTiPaBelIc,ab;km<úCa5 .

CaGkuslkarTTYlsÁal;GnusBaØasþIBIkarlubbM)at;ral;TMrg;énGMeBIhigSaRbqaMgnwgnarIePT edayRsbc,ab;enAminTan;RtUv)anFanafa RsþIkm<úCarYcputBIkarerIseGIgenAeLIyeT . eTaHCaman karxitxMRbwgERbgrYmedayGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)almYycMnYn RBmTaMgRkumGgÁkarsiTi§mnusS dUcCa GgÁkarsm<½n§Ex μrCMerOn nig karBarsiTi§mnusS ¬lIkadU¦ kñúgkarGb;rM nigelIkkMBs;karyl;dwgGMBI siTi§dl;RsþIk¾RsþICaeRcInenAEtminTan;)anyl;RCYtRCab RBmTaMggayrgeRKaHCaTIbMput6 . enHKWCa bBaðaBiessmYyenAtamCnbTEdlmankMrityl;dwg nigkarGb;rMenATabenAeLIy . GaRs½yeday karP½ynþrayenAkñúgsgÁm EdlexÞcxÞaMCaeRcInqñaMedaysarsRgÁam 4 enAkñúgPaKnImYy²BIenHeTAnwgbBa©ak;maRtaBak;B½n§mYycMnYnénGnusBaØasþIBIkarlubbM)at;ral;TMrg;énkarerIseGIgRbqaMg nwgnarIePT EdlRtUv)anBiPakSaenAkñúgGtßbTxagmux . enAkñúgenH eyIgsn μt;famankaryl;dwgGMBIGnusBaØaxagelIrYc dUecñHRbeyaKsMxan;²énmaRtaTaMgmUl b¤mYyEpñkRtUv)anelIkykmkbBa¢ak; . enAkñúgr)aykarN_enHmin)anerobtam elxlMdab;rbs;GnusBaØaeT b:uEnþvaCakarqøúHbBa©aMgnUvkarviPaKxøwmsarbBaðaEdlCaGaTiPaBénkgVl;d¾xøaMgbMput EdlRsþI kMBugRbQmmuxenAkm<úCasBVéf¶ . 5 r)aykarN_dMbUgr)aykarN_TI 2 nigTI3sþIBIkarGnuvtþn_GnusBaØa ¬ CEDAW ¦enAkm<úCa ¬raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaExtula qñaM2003 TM> 24 ¦

9

6 lIkadURtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAPñMeBjCaGgÁkarCatimYyenAqñaM 1992 ehIybc©úb,nñmankariyal½ycMnYn 14enAtambNþa extþRkugnana . eKalkarN_d¾TUlMTUlayrbs;lIkadUrYmmankaresIubGegátkrNIrMelaPsiTi§mnusS nigkarCYyCnrgeRKaH edIm,IeFVIbNþwgeTAGaCJaFrBak;B½n§nana . eRkABIenHk¾mankarRsavRCav nigEsVgrkkarKaMRTmtiGMBIbBaðasiTi§mnusSnana Gb;rMsiTi§mnusSdl;smaCikGaCaJFr nigsaFaN³CnTUeTApgEdr . lIkadU k¾mankm μviFIsMrab;RsþI nigkumarEdlrgeRKaH edaykarrMelaPelIragkay nigpøÚvePTCaedIm .

nigkarclaclRsþIkm<úCaBMuEdl manbNþajCnsamBaØRkumRsþI nigsmaKmEdlmanGayukalEvg nigerobcM[)anl¥ dUcRbeTsCit xagdUcCaéf nighVIlIBInenAeLIy . edIm,ICMn³elIsßanPaBTaMgenH RsþIkm<úCaRtUv)anCYyeRCam ERCg nigkarBaredayGgÁkard¾skmμ EdlRbkbedayKMnitpþÜcepþImy:ageRcIn . GgÁkarTaMgenHGac shkarKñaCasm<½n§PaBmYy nigKaMRTKMnitpþÜcepþImCaviC¢manedayRksYgkic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§Cn RBmTaMgbBa©úHbBa©ÚlrdæaPi)aledIm,IeGaymansmPaBeynD½r nigkMENTMrg;c,ab; .

kargard¾]tþúg]tþmÖCaeRcInkñúgkic©karBar nigelIksÞÜysiTi§RsþIRtUv)anGnuvtþedayEXmbUv (CAMBOW)7. ExmbUv KWCasmaKménGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alkñúgRsukcMnYn 33CasmaCik EdlGnuvtþkargarelIbBaðaRsþICacMbg . GgÁkarTaMgenH)ansVHEsVgkñúgkarlubbM)at;ecalnUvc,ab; EdlmankarerIseGIgnwgGnuvtþRbqaMgcMeBaHRsþI CaBiessc,ab;EdlTak;TgeTAnwgGMeBIhigSakñúg RKYsar nigGMeBICYjdUrmnusS . EXmbUv eFVIkarbBa©úHbBa©ÚlGñkneya)ay RksYg sßab½nrdænana KN³kmμaFikarsMxan;²k¾dUcCakarerobcMeGaymankarBiPakSatumUlsvnakarsaFarN³ nigsnñisIT kaEstCaedIm . EXmbUvFøab;)anerobcMkaredIrk,Ün nig)atukmμedaysnþiviFI edIm,IelIkkMBs;kar yl;dwgGMBIGMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsar b:uEnþskmμPaBTaMgenHRtUv)anrdæaPi)alhamXat;mineGayerobcM eTkñúgeBlfμ I²knøgeTAenH . EXmbUvknøgmkFøab;TTYl)aneCaKC½yKYreGaykt;sMKal;kñúgkar EsVgrkkarKaMRTmtieFVIviesaFnkm μkñúgBRgagc,ab;fμIsþIBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsar b:uEnþenA EtRbQmnwg]bsKÁFM²CaeRcInkñúgkarFanaeGaymanviesaFnkmμenH . enAmankic©karEdlRtUv eFVIbnþeTot KWRtUveFVIkarbBa©úHbBa©ÚlRksYgyutiþFm’eGayeFVIesckþIRBagc,ab;eKalmYysþIBIGMeBICYj dUrmnusS . bBaðaenHnwgRtUvelIkykmkBiPakSalMGitEfmeTotenAkñúgEpñkxagmuxeToténr)ay karN_enH .

]bsKÁmYyEdlCa]bsKÁFMCageKbMputkñúgkarGnuvtþn_GnusBaØa sþIBIkarlubbM)at;ral;TMrg; énkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePT ¬CEDAW¦ KWPaBTn;exSayénRbB½n§c,ab; EdlkRmnwgGacpþnÞa eTasCnel μIskñúgkrNIerIseGIgpøÚvePTNas; . enAkñúgkrNIRBhμTNÐmanRbB½n§CMnYyEpñkc,ab; BiessmYy b:uEnþRsþITaMgLayhak;dUcCa cUlcitþBwgEp¥keTAelIkarKaMRTrbs;RkumGgÁkarminEmnrdæa Pi)alCaCag dUcCaGgÁkarlIkadU ¬LICADHO¦ nigGgÁkarCMnYyEpñkc,ab;km<úCa ¬LAC¦ CaedIm EdlGacCYyRsþIkñúgkarnaMykkrNITaMgLayeTAcMeBaHmuxtulakar)an . eTaHbICaenAkñúgkrNI

10

7 EXmbUvRtUv)anbegáIteLIgenA qñaM2000 edaymankarpþÜcepþImKaMRTnigpþl;mUlniFi edayGgÁkarmUlniFiGasIu .

ekgRbv½Ba© nigkrNIrMelaPF¶n;F¶r k¾RsþIPaKeRcInEtgmanGarmμN_TTYlkarbgçitbgçMeGayTTYlyk rebobedaHRsaytamkarsMercrbs;shKmn_tamEbbTMenomTMlab; nigTTYlyksMNgCMgWcitþCa CagrkdMeNaHRsaytampøÚvc,ab;cMeBaHbTel μ IsEdl)anRbRBwtþcMeBaHBYkeK . TegVIEbbenH Ca karBRgwgnUvvb,Fm’niTÞNÐPaB ehIyGacCaktþarYmcMENkkñúgkareFVIeGaymankarekIneLIgnUvGMeBI higSa nigkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePTenAkm<úCabc©úb,nñenH ¬2004¦ . mRnþIrdæaPi)alnana emFavI nignKr)alenARKb;lMdab;fñak;kñúgCYrrdæ)alRtUveronsURtbEnßmeTotGMBIsarsMxan;kñúgkar BRgwgsiTi§RsþI nigkarGnuvtþn_ karBRgwgEpñkc,ab;eGaymanRbsiTi§PaBcMeBaHkarpþnÞaeTasCnTaMg LayEdlrMelaPelIsiTi§CamUldæanTaMgenH . RbPBÉksar nigkarviPaKTinñn½y

B½t’mankñúgr)aykarN_enHRtUv)andkRsg;ecjBIRbPBÉksar r)aykarN_ eGLicRtUnik nanaEdlRtUv)anBinitüBic½y nigvaytMély:agRbugRby½tñkñúgkareRbIR)as; edIm,IbgðajsßanPaBRsþI km<úCanaeBlbc©úb,nñeGay)anRtwmRtUv nig\tlMeGog .

enAkm<úCa qñaM2003 knøgeTAenH BMumankareFVICMerOnfñak;CatieT ehIysuc©nkrsßitiBlrdæ PaKeRcInEdleRbIkñúgr)aykarN_enH RtUv)ancgRkgedayFnaKarBiPBelak GgÁkarshRbCaCati nigRbPBrdæaPi)alrhUtmkdl;qñaM2003 enH . manTinñn½ysßitiTUeTAtictYc EdlRtUvRbmUlBIkar e)aHBum<pSayr)aykarN_ nigkaEstfμ I²rbs;GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al . B½t’manEdlRtUv)anpþl; edayGgÁkarlIkadUdl;evTikarGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alkm<úCasþIBIbBaðaRsþI EdlnaMeGaymanevTikar Rkugeb:kaMgenAqñaM1995 RtUv)aneRbIR)as;CamUldæanRKwHkñúgkarkt;sMKal;karpøas;bþÚrCabnþbnÞab; enAkñúgqñaMGnþraKmn_8 . CaGkusl mCÄmNÐlGPivDÆn_sgÁmminTan;)anecjpSaynUvr)aykarN_ GPivDÆn_sgÁmqñaM 2004 EdlGacbBa¢ak;faCaRbPBB½t’manfμ I²GMBIsuc©nkrGPivDÆn_enAkm<úCaEdl mantMélx<s;CaTIbMput . sßitiGMBIkarCYjdUrmnusS nignarIrksIupøÚvePTRtUv)anerobcMy:agRbug Rby½tñCaTIbMputedaykarRsavRCavf μ I²enATUTaMgRbeTskm<úCa rYmmantYelxEdlTTYl)ankalBI munCatYelxbMe)a:g nigEdlminGacykCakar)an9 .

8 evTikarGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alsþIBIbBaðaRsþIenAeb:kaMgqñaM 1995 ³ siTi§RsþICasiTi§mnusS ¬lIkadU 1995¦

11

9 karvas;sÞg;cMnYnRsþI nigkumarEdlRtUv)aneKCYjdUrenAkm<úCa³ karsikSaenAmUldæanedaykarsegátedaypÞal; ¬Thomas M. Steinfatt sklviTüal½yém:GamI qñaM 2003 ¦ .

12

sßanPaBRsþIenAkm<úCaGacviPaK)antamRkbx½NÐeKalkarN_d¾FMTUlay Edl)anEcgenA kñúgGnusBaØasþIBIkarlubbM)at;ral;TMrg;énkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePT . b:uEnþvaenAEtCakar Gnuvtþn_tamr)aykarN_tMrUvkarminmanlkçN³c,as;las;enAeLIyeT . r)aykarN_BIGgÁkarRsþI nigRkumsiTi§mnusSnana EdleFVIkarenATUTaMgRbeTsCaeRcInenAEtminRsbKñaCamYynwgkarviPaKGMBI bBaðaRsþI nigkarGnuvtþn_GnusBaØasþIBIkarlubbM)at;ral;TMrg;énkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePTeT . CakarminKYreGayPJak;ep¥IlenaH KWrdæaPi)alcUlcitþEtbgðajBITidæPaBviC¢manénsßanPaBRsþIenAkñúg RbeTskm<úCaenaH . niyayCaTUeTARksYgkic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§CnEtgEtmanectnaesμaHRtg; GMBIbBaðaEdlRsþIkMBugRbQmmuxCagRksYgrdæepSg²eTot BIeRBaHRksYgenH)anCYbRbTH nigbnþ TMnak;TMngCamYynwgGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alcuHeFVIkarenAtammUldæanpÞal; . cMNucEdlminRsb KñaTaMgenaH KWTIkEnøgNaEdlGaceFVIeTA)anRtUv)anKUsbBa¢ak;enAkñúgr)aykarN_ edIm,IbgðajnUv karBit nigbBaðaBi)akTaMgLayEdlRsþIkMBugRbQmmuxenAkm<úCa .

II- smPaBcMeBaHmuxc,ab;

maRta 15

1- enAcMeBaHmuxc,ab; rdæPaKIRtUvpþl;CUnnarInUvPaBes μ IKñanwgburs . 2- enAkñúgEpñkrdæb,evNI rdæPaKIRtUvpþl;cMeBaHnarIePTnUvsmtßkic©enH . CaBiessrdæPaKIRtUv

pþl;cMeBaHnarIePTnUvsiTi§dUcKñakñúgkic©karcuHkic©snüa nigkñúgkarRKb;RKgRTBüsm,tiþ ehIy RtUvcat;TukBYkeKes μ I²KñaenAkñúgRKb;dMNak;kalénnItiviFIkñúgkarCMnMuCMrH nigenAtulakar .

3- rdæPaKITTYlsÁal;faral;kic©snüa nigral;lixittubkrN_ÉkCndéTeTotRKb;RbePT EdlmanGnuPaBxagpøÚvc,ab;sMedAdak;kMhitelIsmtßkic©pøÚvc,ab;rbs;narI RtUvcat;TukCa emaX³ nigminGacykmkeRbIR)as;)aneLIy .

4- rdæPaKITTYlsÁal;fa burs nigRsþImansiTi§dUcKñaTak;TgeTAnwgbBaØtiþ EdlEcgGMBIsiTi§ buKÁlkñúgkaredIrehIr nigesrIPaBkñúgkareRCIserIsTIkEnøgsñak;GaRs½y nigeKhdæanrbs;xøÜn.

maRta31 énrdæFm μnuBaØkm<úCapþl;nUvtfPaBdl;kfaxNÐ4enAkñúgGnusBaØasþIBIkarlub

bM)at;ral;TMrg;énkarerIgeGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePT EdlTak;TgeTAnwgsmPaBcMeBaHmuxc,ab; . enAkñúg karGnuvtþn¾Cak;Esþg RbB½n§c,ab;km<úCakMBugsßitenAkñúgsßanPaBTn;exSayenAeLIy nigeBareBjeTA edaybBaðaEdlraraMgdl;nItirdædl;Blrdækm<úCaTaMgGs;Kña . r)aykarN_rbs;GgÁkarXøaMemIlsiTi§ mnusS)ansnñidæanfa :RbB½n§tulakarenAkm<úCaRtUv)aneRCotERCkedaysßab½nneya)ay edayGgÁ nItiRbtibtiþ CatulakarEdlmansmtßPaBkMritTab ¬GaRs½yedayCMnajexSay nigxVHkarhwVkhWVn nigkarGb;rMdl;ecARkmTaMgLay ¦ RBmTaMgmanbBaðaBukrlYyy:ageRcInEfmeTotpg : 10 . bBaðac,ab;EdlRsþIkMBugRbQmmux

bBaðaCak;lak;mYycMnYnEdlRsþIkm<úCakMBugRbQmmuxcMeBaHkarFanaEpñkpøÚvc,ab;rbs;GnusBaØa sþIBIkarlubbM)at;ral;TMrg;énkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePTénraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa KWmanbIdMNak; kal . bBaðaTImYy c,ab;sMxan;² edIm,IKaMRTsiTi§RsþIenAminTan;)anGnum½teGayeTACacegáamnitikm μ enAeLIy . karCab;KaMgc,ab;enHTak;TgeTAnwgkarTb;sáat;GMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsar nigkic©karBarCn rgeRKaH kMENlMGc,ab;sþIkarRbqaMgkarCYjdUrmnusS nigBRgagRkmRBhμTNÐfμI EdlcUlrYmkñúgkar

13

10 kMhusF¶n;F¶r ³ ehtuGVI)anCamhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCatitMrUveGayBRgagkic©RBmeRBog GMBItulakarkat;eTas emdwknaMExμrRkhmmankarpøas;bþÚr ¬GgÁkarXø¶aMemIlsiTi§mnusS Exemsa qñaM2003¦ .

dak;TNÐkmμdl;karerIseGIgEpñkeynD½r . karCab;KaMgEpñkneya)ayeRkaykare)aHeqñatqñaM2003 )anbnþrhUtmkdl;Exkkáda qñaM2004 RBmTaMgeFVIeGayxkxankñúgkarpþl;sc©ab½ndl;c,ab;TaMg enH ¬nigc,ab;mYycMnYneRcIneTot¦ edaykñúgkMLúgeBlenaHBMuTan;manrdæsPaCatieT .

bBaðaTI2 KWPaBgayrgeRKaHrbs;RsþIenAkñúgkic©karkic©snüa nigtMENgCam©as;km μsiTi§ . RsþIeTIbEtElglHbþIfμI² nigRsþIemRKYsar KWCaRkumRsþIEdlgayrgeRKaHCaTIbMputenAeBlEdlman nrNamñak;deNþImykdIFøIBIBYkeK . CMnYyEpñkc,ab;sMrab;krNIrdæb,evNIkRmmanCaTIbMput ehtu dUecñHRsþIRtUvrt;karkic©karc,ab;enHedayxøÜnÉg b¤RBmTTYlykkarsRmbsRmYleRkApøÚvkarkñúgmUl dæanrbs;xøÜnEdlPaKeRcInsuT§EtRtUveFVIeLIgedayPaKIxagburs .

bBaðacugeRkay KWFanaeFVIy:agNaeGayc,ab;karBarRsþI; EdlmanRsab;RtUv)anelIkyk mkGnuvtþ nigGnuvtþeGaymanRbsiTi§PaBedIm,IkarBarRsþI . tMrUveGaymankarKaMRT nigkic©Rbwg ERbgeGay)aneRcInBIsMNak;RksYgkic©karnarI nigGtIt³yuT§Cn RBmTaMgGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al epSg²eToteTAelIbBaðacMbgeTVreRKaHTaMgBIr . TImYy KWRtUvGb;rMRsþIGMBIsiTi§rbs;BYkeK . TIBIr KW RtUvbBa©úHbBa©ÚleGaymankarpøas;bþÚrcMeBaHniTÞNÐPaBEdlmand¾eRcInelIslubenAkñúgRbB½n§Gnuvtþ c,ab; .

Gnusasn_

• bnþEklMGkarhwVkhVWn nigelIkTwkcitþeGaymankarhVwkhVWnRBmTaMgeRCIserIsRsIþeGay )aneRcInEfmeTot edIm,IbMerIkargarenAkñúgRbB½n§tulakar .

• begáItRkumsegátkarN_c,ab;ÉkraCü CaviFIkñúgkarBüayamRbqaMgnwgniTÞNÐPaB nigkar RbRBwtþGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgRbB½n§c,ab; .

• RtUvxitxMRbwgERbgEfmeTot edIm,IFanaeGaymanPaBsuc©rwtenAkñúgkareFVIbøg;dIsMrab;RsþI EdlCam©as;elIkm μsiT§i .

• begáInCMnYyEpñkc,ab;dl;RsþICaBiessdl;RsþITn;exSayEdlgayrgeRKaH dUcCa RsþIemma:y CaemRKYsarCaedIm .

14

III- GaBah_BiBah_ nigRKYsar

maRta 16

1- rdæPaKInanaRtUvcat;RKb;viFankarsmRsbTaMgGs; edIm,IlubbM)at;ral;karerIseGIgRb qaMg nwgnarIePTenAkñúgRKb;vis½yEdlTak;TineTAnwgGaBah_BiBah_ nigTMnak;TMngRKYsar>>>

2- karP¢ab;Bakü nigGaBah_BiBah_buRtFItanwgminmanRbsiTi§PaBtampøÚvc,ab;eLIy ehIy ral;TegVIcaM)ac;nanarYmTaMgbBaØtiþc,ab;pgRtUvEtRbkan;ykkarkMNt;GMBIGayuGb,brma kñúgkarerobGaBah_BiBah_ RBmTaMgkarkMNt;Cakic©caM)ac;nUvkarcuHbBa¢IGaBah_BiBah_ enAkñúgbBa¢ICapøÚvkar .

c,ab;GaBah_BiBah_nigRKYsarqñaM1989 )anbBa¢ak;BIsiTi§EdlmantMkl;enAkñúgGnusBaØasþIkar lubbM)at;ral;TMrg;énkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePT edIm,IkarBarRsþI ¬nigburs¦ BIkarerob GaBah_BiBah_edaybgçitbgçM RBmTaMghamXat;mineGaymanbþI b¤RbBn§eRcIn . c,ab;enaH k¾)anFanadl;siTi§rbs;RsþIkñúgkarElglHKñaEdr nigkarciBa©wmkUnEfmeTot . enAkñúgkar Gnuvtþn_Cak;EsþgmankarGnuvtþn_siTi§CamUldæanTaMgenHtictYcCaTIbMput .

bþImYy RbBn§mYy

15

karGnuvtþn_RbéBNIbþImYyRbBn§mYy KWbursmanRbBn§eRcInminsUvmaneToteTenAkm<úCa bc©úb,nñenH . b:uEnþ karmanédKUrrYmePTxageRkA)anekItmanCaTUeTAenAkñúgRbeTs bBaðaenH mYy Epñk KWGaRs½yedaymanRsþIrksuIpøÚvePTeRcIneBk . bBaðakarrYmePTCamYyRsþIbMerIpøÚvePTenHRtUv )anRsþICaPriyaCaRcInyl;eXIjfa vaCaerOgFmμta nigcat;TukfaCaGMeBIEdlekIteLIgkñúgry³eBl d¾Evg EdlGacnaMeGaymaneRKaHfñak;dl;CIvitGaBah_BiBah_eTotpg . ninñakarenHkMBugcab;;epþIm eFVIeGayRsþIkm<úCaTTYlnUvplvi)akEpñksuxPaB . enAqñaM 2002 GgÁkaryUnIeshV )anraykarN_ famankarekIneLIgkMritqøgeraKCasmamaRtrvagBIbþIeTARbBn§ nigCasmamaRtrvagBImþayeTAkUn y:agx<s; EdlnaMeGaymankumarkMRBaredaysarCMgWeGds¾GayueRkam 15qñaM RbmaN 30>000

nak;11 . mindUcRsþIrksIupøÚvePTmYycMnYnFMeT RsþImanRKYsarhak;dUcCamankaryl;dwgGMBI HIV

/AIDS enATabenAeLIy ehIyEfmTaMgmanGarm μN_faminGachamXat;karRbRBwtþikarrYmePTxag eRkA)aneT .

GaBah¾BiBah¾pSMpÁúMedaymatabita

RbCaCnkm<úCaCaeRcIn enAEtRbkan;tamRbéBNIeRCIserIssVamIeGaykUnRsIrbs;xøÜn . PaBsmKñaenAkñúgGaBah_BiBah_EbbenHmankarxusEbøkKñaBImnusSmñak;eTAmnusSmñak;eTot . CaBi esskUnRsIRKYsarRkIRkenAtamCnbTeRcInEtRtUvbgçMeGayerobGaBah_BiBah_ EdlminsUvsmKña dUcCa RtUvmþayelIkeGaybursEdlmanRTBüsm,tiþeRcInEdlCaerOgFmμta ¬manGayueRcInCag¦ enAkñúgPUmiXMu . RbéBNIEbbenH k¾RtUv)anGnuvtþenAkñúgvNÑ³sgÁmfñak;elIpgEdr edayBYkmRnþIx<g; x<s;ykmkGnuvtþkñúgkareRCIserIssVamI PriyaeGaykUn²rbs;BYkeK . TegVIenHCakareFVIeGayBl rdæTUeTAenAkñúgsgÁmTaMgmUlyl;fa matabitaKYrEtCaGñkeRCIserIskUnRbsarRbus-RsICaCagkar eRCIserIstamry³kUn²rbs;BYkKat; kñúgkarkMNt;nUvCMerIsGaBah_BiBah_edayxøÜnÉg . enAkñúg maRta 16x énGnusBaØasþIBIkarlubbM)at;ral;TMrg;énkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePT EcgfamnusS RKb;rUb :mansiTi§dUcKñakñúgkareRCIserIsKUrRskredayesrI RBmTaMgmansiTi§kñúgkarerobGaBah_ BiBah_edaymankaryl;RBmy:ageBjeljBIsMNak;samIuxøÜnenaH} . kfaxNÐenHenAEtmankar eKarBtictYcbMputenAkñúgsgÁmkm<úCasBVéf¶enH .

GMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsar nigGMeBIrMelaPesBsnßv³kñúgGaBah_BiBah_

evTikalIkadUsþIBIRsþIkm<úCaenAeb:kaMgqñaM 1995 )anTamTarfa :GMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsarKYrEt bBa©ÚleTAkñúgbBa¢ICMgWqøgd¾sMxan;bMputEdlraraMgdl;karGPivDÆn_}12 . R)aMbYnqñaMeRkaymkGMeBI higSakñúgRKYsarenAEtraldaldEdl ehIymanr)ay-karN_mYyraykarN_famanRsþIerobGaBah_ BiBah_cMnYn17°GayuBI15-45qñaM )anrgGMeBIhigSaelIragkay nigpøÚvePTedaysarsVamIrbs;BYk

11 km<úCa³ rUbPaBFM ¬yUnIeshV km<úCaqñaM2003 TM> 3¦ . KYrkt;sMKal;fa UNDP )a:n;RbmaNfa cMnYnkumarkMRBa mankarekIneLIgx<s;dl; 51>000 nak;kñúgqñaM2002 tamBt’manTTYl)ancugeRkay éf¶TI 19 Ex]sPa qñaM2004 tamry³ Web site (www.youandaids.org) .

16

12 evTikarGgÁkarsþIBIRsþIenAeb:kaMgqñaM 1995 ³ siTi§RsþI KWCasiTi§mnusS ¬lIkadU qñaM1995¦ T>M10 .

eK13 . CakarKYreGayrMlwkpgEdr EdlmanRsþICag 25° Edl)anrgeRKaHedayGMeBIhigSapøÚv ePT nigGMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsarmin)anKitfaBYkeKRtUv)anTTYlrgkarrMelaPeT14 . cMNucenHbgðaj faRsþImin)anyl;dwgGMBIsiTi§rbs;xøÜneT RBmTaMgsiTi§CaTUeTAy:ageRcInelIslubeTotpg .

tamkarRsavRCavxøH)anbgðajeGayeXIjnUvTMnak;TMngrvagkarekIneLIgnUvGMeBIhigSakñúg RKYsarnigkarekIneLIgnUvPaBRkIRk15 . eKeCOfakarlM)akEdlbNþalmkBIGesßrPaBxagEpñk hirBaØvtßú)annaMeGaymanPaBtantwg nigkarGs;sgÇwmkñúgkMritx<s; EdlCaehtueFVIeGaymnusScg; EtRbRBwtþGMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsar . CakarBitNas;RsþIRkIRk nigxVHkarGb;rMmancMnYny:ageRcInkñúg cMeNamCnrgeRKaHTaMgLay . karsikSaRsavRCavmYyEdleFVIeLIgedayGgÁkarlIkadU )anbgðaj nUvTMnak;TMngpÞúyrvagkMritkarGb;rM nigGMeBIhigSaedaymanRsþI19>8°kñúgcMeNamRsþIrgeRKaHmin Edl)ancUleron nig18°eTot)anbBa©b;RtwmkMritbzmsikSa ehIyRsþIcMnYn 10>9°)aneroncb; GnuviTüal½y nigmanEtRsþI5>8°b:ueNÑaH)anerondl;viTüal½y16 . eyagtamRsþIrgeRKaH)aneGay dwgfa 65>7° énRsþIEdlrgrbYsedaysarGMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsar)anbBa¢ak;faeRKOgRsvwg KWCaktþa rYmcMENky:agFMkñúgkarRbRBwtiþnUvGMeBIhigSaenH . sRgÁam nigkarpøas;bþÚrRbéBNIsgÁmk¾naMeGayman\Ti§BleTAelIkMritvilvl;énGMeBIhigSa kñúgRKYsarkñúgsgÁmkm<úCaEdr . enAqñaM1996 GgÁkarlIkadU)anRbemIlemIlfaRsþIEdlekItTan; sm½yEx μrRkhmEdlsBVéf¶manGayuBI ¬36-50qñaM¦ eyagtamr)aykarN_)anbgðajeGay eXIjfa mnusSRkumenH)anrgGMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsarkñúgkMritd¾x<s;CageK17 . cMNucenHCakar bgðajeGayeyIgeXIjfa manTMnak;TMngy:agxøaMgrvaghigSaTMnas;enAkñúgsgÁm nighigSaenAkñúg RKYsar . ktþarYmpSMmYyeTot KWkarXøatq¶ayBIRbéBNIbnþicmþg²énKUrsVamIPriyakñúgkarrs;enA CamYynwgRKYsarxagRbBn§ . karrs;enACamYynwgRKYsarxagRbBn§EbbenH CaTUeTAGacCYyeGay RsþI nigkUn²mansnþisuxBIGMeBIhigSaEdlRbRBwtþedaysVamI . karsikSabEnßmeTotedaylIkadU

13 r)aykarN_sþIBIkarlubbM)at;ral;TMrg;énkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePTenAkm<úCa ¬KN³kmμaFikarGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi )alkm<úCasþIBIGnusBaØa CEDAW qñaM 2001¦ TM>57 . 14 siTi§mnusSrbs;RsþI ¬evC¢> Bug QIvekk karBiPakSakñúgtMbn;rvagskmμCnsiTi§RsþI nigGgÁkarsiTi§mnusS nana enATIRkug m:anIl qñaM 1996¦ . 15 mCÄmNÐlkm<úCa edIm,ICYyRsþImanvibtiþ-CYyRsþIedIm,IeGayBYkKat;ecHCYyxøÜnÉg ¬mCÄmNÐlkm<úCa edIm,ICYyRsþI manvibtiþ-r)aykarN_RbcaMqñaM Exmkra-FñÚ 2002 . 16 siTi§mnusSrbs;RsþIkm<úCa ¬evC¢> Bug QIvekk-karBiPakSafñak;tMbn;rvagskm μCnsiT§imnusS nigGgÁkarsiTi§mnusSnana enATIRkugm:anIl qñaM 1996 ¦

17

17 RbPBÉksardEdl TM> 2

)anQandl;karsnñidæanfa RsþIrs;enAkan;Etq¶ayBIRKYsarrbs;nag enaHnagkan;EtgayrgeRKaH edayGMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsar18 . CMelaHhigSa nigGMeBIrMelaPesBsnßv³kñúgGaBah_BiBah_ enAEtRtUv)ancat;TukfaCabBaða kñúgRKYsar EdlnKr)al nigmRnþInanamankarsÞak;esÞIrkñúgkarCYy nigsRmuHsRmYs . RsþIeRcInEt manGarmμN_Éeka minGach‘anniyay b¤mankareGonx μas;kñúgkarrkCMnYyxageRkAedIm,IedaHRsay GMeBIrMelaPbMBanEdlBYkeKrgeRKaHedaysñaédsVamIrbs;BYkeKenaH . enAtulakarfñak;extþ RsþI GacsMuElglHbþI)an b:uEnþvaCadMeNIrkarmYyy:agEvgGnøayedayrYmTaMgeBlevlaRtUvcMNay edIm,IpSHpSaKñapg . enAkñúgkMLúgeBlenH RsþIGacRtUv)anrgkarKabsgát;edayjatisnþan nigmnusSepSg²eTotenAkñúgshKmn_ edIm,IeGaynagsuxcitþpSHpSaCamYysVamIuvij . GMeBIhigSa kñúgRKYsarBMuEmn Bak;B½n§eTAnwgGMeBIhigSa EdlRbRBwtþeTAelIEtRsþIedaysVamIEtb:ueNÑaHeT . kumar CaerOy²k¾)ankøayeTACaCnrgeRKaHedaysarGMeBIrMelaPbMBanragkay nigpøÚvePTBIsMNak;mata bitapgEdr . BIeRBaHenAkñúgsgÁmGasIu vaCabBaðaFmμtaeTAehIyEdlsac;jatirs;enACamYyKñakñúg pÞHEtmYy nigedaymUlehtubBaðaenHCnel μ IskñúgkarRbRBwtiþGacCa«Buk b¤CItaenAkñúgRKYsarenaH . edaysarcMNucenHehIy eTIbvaCakarcaM)ac;bMputkñúgkarbBa©úHbBa©ÚlrdæsPaCati edIm,IeFVIy:agNa eGayBRgagc,ab;fμ IsþIBIGMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsarTTYlsÁal;GñkRbRBwtþEbbenHpg BMuEmnTTYlsÁal;Et GMeBIEdlRbRBwtþedaysVamIerobkareBjc,ab;b:ueNÑaHeT . GaBah_BiBah_PaKeRcInenACnbTeRcIn Et )anerobcMeLIgtamBiFIRbéBNI ehIyminsUv)anerobcMeTAtampøÚvc,ab;EdlBMumankarkarBardl; PriyaBit²eRkamBRgagc,ab; sþIBIGMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsarEdl)anesñIeLIgfμIenH . dUecñHEXmbUv nig RksYgkic©karnarI nigGtIt³yuT§CnRtUvrkSaTuksMBaFeTAelIrdæsPaeGay)an edIm,IBRgwgnUvniym n½yénBakü {CnrgeRKaH} edIm,IeGay)andak;bBa©ÚlkarRbRBwtþieTAelImnusSeRkABIshB½n§Efm eTotpgEdr dUcCa GñkbMerI b¤sac;jatiCaedIm . kareFVIviesaFnkm μenHRtUv)anRkumRbwkSardæmRnþI TTYlykrYcehIy b:uEnþeRkaymkk¾RtUv)anrdæsPabdiesF . edaysarEtbBaðaenHeTIbbNþal eGaymanPaBtantwgrvagGgÁkarRsþInana nigrdæsPaCati b:uEnþeTaHCay:agenHkþIkarbBa©úHbBa©Úl RtUvEteFVICabnþeTAeTot . RksYgkic©karnarI nigGgÁkarnana dUcCamCÄmNÐlkm<úCa edIm,ICYyRsþImanvibtiþ ¬CWCC¦ CaedIm)anGMBavnavdl;mNÐlTaMgLayenAtambNþaextþTUTaMgRbeTskm<úCaeGayCYydl;RsþI Edl rgGMeBIhigSaedaysarGaBah_BiBah_enH . b:uEnþ edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgbBaðaenHtMrUveGaymanRsþI

18

18 RbPBÉksardEdl TM> 2

EdlmankarhVwkhVWnGMBIkarBieRKaHRbwkSabBaðaCabnÞan; edIm,IedaHRsaytMrUvkarc,ab; nigcitþsaRsþ rbs;CnrgeRKaHedayGMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsarenH . elIsBIenHeTAeTotk¾RtUvmanmNÐlEfmeTot EdredIm,Ipþl;CMnYydl;RsþI EdlEsVgrkTIkEnøgsuvtißPaBedaykarrgkarrMelaP nigGMeBIhigSaenaH . ehIyk¾RtUvsßabnakargarbNþajGPivDÆn_ nigeynD½r CabzmsßabnaKøInik edIm,IekERbbursNa EdlecHEtcg;RbRBwtþGMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsar .

Gnusasn_

• yuT§nakarpSBVpSayGb;rMKYrEteFVIenATUTaMgRbeTs edIm,IelIkkMBs;karyl;dwgGMBIc,ab; rbs;RsþI CaBiessTak;TineTAnwgGaBah_BiBah_ nigkarElglHKña .

• RtUveFVIkarbBa©úHbBa©ÚlrdæsPaeGayGnum½tBRgagc,ab;TI1 sþIBIGMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsarEdl EXmbUv nigGgÁkarnana)anEsVgrkkarKaMRTmtiknøgmk . BRgagc,ab;enHRtUv)anRkum RbwkSardæmRnþIGnum½trYcehIymune)aHeqñatqñaM2003 . c,ab;EdlrdæsPa)aneFVIviesaFnkm μ fμ I²enHminRKb;RKan; edIm,IkarBarCnrgeRKaHTaMgGs;EdlRtUvrgeRKaHedayGMeBIhigSaenA kñúgRKYsareT . c,ab;fμI²k¾)anTukeGaymancenøaHRbehagRsbc,ab;sMrab;burskñúgkareKc BIkardak;TNÐkmμRbhak;RbEhlKñacMeBaHGMeBIhigSaEdlBYkeK)anRbRBwtþpgEdr .

• yuT§nakareXasna CaBiessenAtMbn;CnbTRtUvRbqaMgnwgKMnitBIburaN EdlRsþIRtUvEtrkSa cMNgGaBah_BiBah_rbs;xøÜneGaysmnwgkarcMNayR)ak;rbs;bursmkelInag .

• RtUvGb;rMRsþIGMBIviFankarkarBareRKaHfñak; nigviFankic©karBarcaM)ac;nana edIm,IbBaÄb;kar raldalCMgW HIV/AIDS .

• B½t’manKYrEteRbIkñúgn½ysßabnanwgeFVIeGayRKb;Kña)anyl; edaysgát;F¶n;bBa¢aak;eTAelI sarEdlpþl;dMNwgfaral;TMrg;énGMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsarnwgminRtUv)anGt;»nCadac;xatenA RbeTskm<úCa .

• nKr)al nigmRnþIEpñkc,ab;RtUvEtGnuvtþc,ab;EdlmanRsab; Cakic©karBarBIGMeBIhigSa nig GMeBIrMelaPbMBan RBmTaMgbBaÄb;nUvvb,Fm’niTÞNÐPaB EdlekIteLIgd¾eRcInelIslub .

19

• KYrpþl;mUlniFibEnßm edIm,IKaMRTdl;KMeragkarrbs;GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al nigRksYgkic©kar narI nigGtIt³yuT§Cn edIm,ICYynwgpþl;CMrkdl;RsþIxVHxat . RBmTaMgKMeragkarsþarnIti sm,Tark¾RtUvEtman edIm,ICYydl;RsþI nigkumarkñúgkarCMnHnUvvibtiþpøÚvcitþ nigeFVIeGayBYk eK)anrs;raneLIgvijkñúgshKm .

• CaBiess TegVIEbbenHmansar³sMxan;Nas;cMeBaHkumarrgeRKaHedayGMeBIrMelaPbMBan edIm,I kat;bnßynUvvDÆcRkBICnrgeRKaHkøayeTACnelμIs .

20

• RtUveGaymanKøInik nigkarBieRKaHRbwkSabBaða edIm,IsþarnItism,TarbursEdl)anRbRBwtþnUv GMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsar .

IV- GMeBIhigSaelIRsþI nigkumar

GMeBIrMelaPesBsnßv³ nigGMeBIhigSaelIRsþI nigkumar)anekIneLIgrIkraldalkan;EtFMeLIg² enATUTaMgRbeTskm<úCa . bBaðaenHRtUv)aneFVIkarRsavRCav nigelIkmkBiPakSakñúgbribfénsßan PaBkñúgRKYsar RBmTaMgTak;TgeTAnwgkarrksIupøÚvePT nigGMeBICYjdUrmnusS . GgÁkarlIkadUkMBug EtBüayameFVIy:agNaeGaybBaðaenHRtUv)andak;eTAkñúgrebobvar³sMxan; ehIyRtUv)anedaHRsay dUcCa)atuPUtsgÁmmYyEdlekIteLIgpÞÜn² nwgekIneLIgenAxageRkAbribfenH19 .

rMelaPesBsnßv³ nigebotebonekrþ×xμas;

GMeBIrMelaPesBsnßv³RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;faCabTel μ IsRBhμTNÐtammaRta 5 énc,ab;sþIBI bTel μ IsRBhμTNÐsßankMritTm¶n;eTasqñaM2001 . enAkñúgc,ab;enH)ankMNt; niymn½yénBakü rMelaPesBsnßv³fa {ral;GMeBIrMelaPpøÚvePTEdlRbRBwtþeLIgbMBaneTAelImnusSedayBMumankarRBm eRBog }. krNIrMelaP nigkarb:unb:grMelaPGacRtUvpþnÞaeTasdak;Bn§naKarBI 10qñaM eTA 20qñaM . RbsinebI krNIEbbenHRtUvnaMykeTAkat;eTasBIbTecaTRbkan;elIkrNIrMelaP eRcInEtRtUvbn§Ú bnßybTecaTRbkan;CakrNIebotebonekrþ×x μas;eTAvij EdlRtUvcat;TukCabTRBh μTNÐkMritRsal vij ehIyTIbMputGacRtUvkat;eTasedayBüÜreTas . GMeBIrMelaPesBsnßv³ KWCaRbePTbTel μ Is mYy EdlBi)akpþnÞaeTasCaTIbMput ehIyedaynItiviFIGacbNþaleGayCnrgeRKaHrgkarrMelaP elIkTIBIr ehIyCnrgeRKaHelIkrNIRbePTenHPaKeRcInCakumar .

CnrgeRKaH

taragTI1 bgðajnUvcMnYnkrNIrMelaP nigebotebonekrþ×xμas;EdlGgÁkarlIkadU)anesIubGegát kñúgqñaM2002-2003 . taragTI2 bgðajnUvRkumGayukumarrgeRKaHenAkñúgkrNIenH . krNITaMg enH KWCaPsþútagy:agc,as;las; edaykrNIrMelaPCaeRcIn)ansißtkñúgsPaBlak;kM)aMgedaylak; elomPaBGam:as; xøacGMNacCnelμ Is b¤RtUvkaredaHRsayeRkAviFIRbB½n§c,ab; . ral;krNIrMelaP esBsn§v³TaMgLay Edl)anraykarN_nwgbwþgmklIkadU CnrgeRKaHmYyPaKFM KWCakumarEdl

21

19 sUmGanÉksarsþIBIkarrMelaP nigkarebotebonekrþ×xμas; ¬r)aykarN_Biesseroberogeday ¬Diane O'connel, LICADHO¦ qñaM2001¦ r)aykarN_GMBIkarrMelaP nigebotebonekrþ×xμas; ¬r)aykarN_segçbrbs;lIkadU -PñMeBj Exmina qñaM2004 ¦.

manv½yek μg² . kumarI GacCaCnrgeRKaHmankMritF¶n;F¶rkñúgkarTTYlkarrgeRKaHy:agx<s;bMputkñúg cMeNamkumarsißtkñúgRKYsarRkIRk .

taragTI1 krNIrMelaPesBsnßv³ nigebotebonekrþ×x μas;EdlGgÁkarlIkadU)anesuIbGegát kñúgqñaM 2002-2003 .

kabriecäT krNIraykarN_nwgbwþg )anebIksvnakrNI kMritpþnÞaeTas 2002 179 71 63 2003 177 5 4

taragTI2 GayuCnrgeRKaH ¬GnitiCn¦

qñaM GayueRkam 18qñaM GayueRkam 12qñaM GayueRkam 5qñaM 2002 87>6° 40>4° 6>4° 2003 77>8° 41>1° 8>7°

RbPB³ rMelaP nigebotebonekrþ×xμas; ¬r)aykarN_segçblIkadU PñMeBj Exmina qñaM2004¦. kñúgcMeNamkrNI Edl RtUv)anesuIbGegátelIRsþI EdlmanGayucab;BIGayu0-50qñaMeLIg kumarI EdlmanGayucenøaHBI 11-15qñaM mancMnYn eRcInCageKbMput ¬38>3°¦ kñúgcMeNamkrNITaMgGs; .

esckþIraykarN_GMBIkrNIrMelaP nigebotebonekrþ×xμas;

22

enARbeTskm<úCak¾dUcCaenARbeTsCaeRcIneTotEdr krNIrMelaPeRcInEtCabT]RkidæmYy RbePTEdlminsUvRtUv)anraykarN_eT . krNIrMelaPkumarTMngCamankarraykarN_GaRs½y edaykarykcitþTukdak;rbs;matabita . b:uEnþkrNI RsþIEdl)anerobGaBah_BiBah_rYcTMngCamin sUv)anraykarN_eT . bBaðaenHBak;B½n§eTAnwgktþabn§ÚbnßymYycMnYn EdlraraMgmineGaymankar raykarN_nUvkrNIrMelaPpøÚvePTEbbenH . RsþICaFm μtamanGarm μN_Gam:as;y:agxøaMg RBmTaMg TTYlrgkarsþIbenÞasdak;kMhusedayminsmehtuplcMeBaHkarrMelaPenaH CaBiess enAeBlEdl CnrgeRKaHRtUv)at;bg;RBhμcarI . RsþIRbEhlCaminh‘anraykarN_GMBIkrNIebotebonekrþ×xμas;eT BIeRBaHeKyl;fa krNIenHminTan;F¶n;F¶rRKb;RKan;smnwgbþwgpþl;eT RbsinebIminTan;mankarrMelaP ekIteLIgeT . karxVayxVl;CaTUeTA krNITaMgenHmansPaBF¶n;F¶rNas; enAkm<úCamanmnusSmYy cMnYnyl;RsbeTA nigCMenOmYyEdlfa luHRtaEtmankar)at;bg;RBh μcarIeTIbbBa¢ak;faCakrNI rMelaP)an . RsþIGacmincg;raykarN_GMBIkrNIrMelaP edaysarEtBMumanCMenOeCOCak;eTAelIRbB½n§

tulakar EdlmanPaBTn;exSay BukrlYy nigbBaðakarcMNaykñúgkarbþwgpþl; ¬rYmmankarBinitüeFVI ekaslüvic©½ynwgTegIVsMuluykak;eRkApøÚvkarCaedIm¦ kñúgdMeNIrkarrbwþgpþl;enaH . RbsinebI CnrgeRKaHNamñak;sMerccitþ[mankareFVIkaresIubGegátedayh μt;ct;enaH Kat;nwgTTYlrgkarbMPit bMP½y nigrgeRKaHEfmeTotBICnel μIsdEdlenaH .

karrMelaPesBsnßv³CaRkum ¬smUhPaB¦

taragTI3 bgðajnUvcMnYnkrNIEdl)anesIubGegátBIqñaM 2002-2003 . GgÁkarlIkadU eCOCak;faEbbrMelaPCaRkum ¬rMelaPedayRkummnusSRbus rab;BI 3nak;b¤eRcIneLIgeTA¦ kMBugEt køayeTACabBaðad¾Fm μtamYy20 . bBaðaenHBak;B½n§eTAnwgkarrIkraldalénÉksarGasGaPas BiessekIteLIgkñúgcMeNamkumar nigek μgCMTg; . GgÁkarlIkadUk¾)anbBa¢ak;bEnßmeTotpgEdrfa mankarekIneLIgnUvTMenarEdlek μgRbusCMTg;²CaeRcIncUlrYmkñúgRkumbgFM nigyktRmab;tamRkum bgFMenaH .

tulakarCaFmμtaGnuvtþcMeBaHRkumbgFMenHy:agtwgEtgCaTIbMput b:uEnþkarykcitþTukdak; GMBIpøÚvc,ab;cMeBaHbTelμIsenHGacraraMg edaysarEtskþanuBlkñúgkarrkR)ak;cMNUl)anx<s;tamry³ karsIusMNUk . bBaðaenHnwgelIkykmkBiPakSalMGit enAEpñkbnÞab;kñúgr)aykarN_enH .

taragTI 3 karesIubGegátkrNIrMelaPCaRkumkñúgqñaM 2002-2003 .

kalbriecäT krNIrMelaPCaRkum karpþnÞaeTas 2002 8 1 2003 11 1 ¬1 kMBugdMeNIrkar¦

RbPB³ rMelaP nigebotebonekrþ×xμas; ¬r)aykarN_segçblIkadU PñMeBjExmina qñaM2004¦

CnelμIs ¬carICn¦

CnelμIsEdlCaCneBjv½y manecjmkBIRkummnusSRKb;muxgarnigzan³énsgÁmTaMgGs; . b:uEnþGgÁkarlIkadU)ankt;sMKal;eXIjmanRkummYycMnYn EdlbgðajtYelxkñúgkarRbRBwtþiGMeBIrMelaP

23

20 rMelaP nigebotebonekrþ×xμas; ¬r)aykarN_segçblIkadU PñMeBj Exmina qñaM2004¦ .

esBsnßv³ nigebotebonekrþ×x μas;CageKenAkñúgsßiti21 . RkumTaMgenaH KWksikr nigGñkensaTEdl tamsßitisegáteXIjfa)anRbRBwtþbTel μ IsenHkñúgkMritx<s;CageK EdlKitCaPaKryman 29>5° kñúgcMeNamCnCab;ecaTTaMgGs; . cMnYnhak;dUcCasmehtupgEdr ebIeRbobeTAnwgcMnYnbursy:ag eRcInEdlRbkbrbrkñúgvis½yTaMgenH ehIyGacTak;TgeTAnwgPaBRkIRkenAtamCnbTpgEdr . RkumTI2 GacCaRkummRnþIraCkarEdlman 28° . munnwgeFVIkarEkTMrg;c,ab;enAkñúgqñaM2001 mRnþI raCkarEdlRtUv)anecaTRbkan;BIbTel μIsRbePTenHminRtUv)ancab;xøÜn ehIyBMumankarÉkPaB BInaykdæan b¤RksYgeT ehIybBaðaenH)annaMeGaymanniTÞNÐPaBkñúgcMeNammRnþIraCkar . bc©úb,nñ nItiviFIenHRtUv)anpøas;bþÚr ehIynaykdæan b¤RksYgEdlBak;B½n§nwgCnCab;ecaTenaHc,ab;RKan;Et tMrUveGayCUndMNwgbIéf¶muneBlcab;xøÜnCnel μ IsEtb:ueNÑaH . b:uEnþeTaHCay:agenHkþIry³eBlxag elIenH)anTukeBlRKb;RKan;eGayCnel μIseKcxøÜnBIkarcab;xøÜnedayGaCJaFr . RkumTI3 Edlman sßitikñúgkarRbRBwtiþbTelμ Isx<s;Edr KWsisS-nisSitEdlman 14° . :sisS : BMumanRkumBitR)akd eT edayrYmmanRKb;kMritsikSaTaMgGs;cab;taMgBIbzmsikSarhUtdl;kMrit]tþmsikSa . RkumsisS EdlKUsbBa¢ak;faRtUv)anecaTRbkan;eRcInCageK RBmTaMgCaninñakarmYyEdlKYreGayRBYy)armÖ pgenAkm<úCa KWsisSEdlmanGayueRkam 18qñaM . GgÁkarlIkadU)anraykarN_fa mankumaraman GayueRkam 16qñaM mandl;eTAcMnYn 7° . kñúgcMeNamCnsgS½yénkrNIrMelaPesBsnßv³ nig ebotebonekrþ×x μas;TaMgGs;22 .

]bsKÁnanaenAkñúgRbB½n§yutþaFikar

dMeNIrkarkñúgkarnaMxøÜnCnsgS½yykeTApþnÞaeTas KWeBareBjeTAedayGMeBIBukrlYy Cn rgeRKaHTTYlrgkarQWcab; eRKaHfñak; nigkarcMNayfvika . RbB½n§tulakarhak;dUcCadak;bnÞúk hYsehtueTAelIPsþútagEdlbnSl;elIragkaykñúgkrNIrMelaPesBsnßv³ . enAkñúg»kasCajwk jab;eKsegáteXIjfa CnrgeRKaHbMpøajPsþútag edaysßanPaBGama:s; b¤lak;krNIenaHminRBm raykarN_ EdlbNþaleGaysøaksñamBit²EdlekIteLIgBIkarrMelaPRtUvrlub)at;Gs; . lixitekaslüvic©½yRtUv)ancat;TukfaCaPsþútagd¾sMxan;bMputenAkñúgtulakar b:uEnþevC¢bNiÐtmYy cMnYnenAmankaryl;dwgkMritTabenAeLIyGMBIbBaðakarBinitüeFVIekaslüvic©½yCUnCnrgeRKaHenH Ca BiesskñúgkrNI EdleBlevla)anknøgputq¶ayBIKñarvagbTel μIs nigkarBinitüeFVIekaslüvic©½y 21 rMelaP nigebotebonekrþ×xμas; ³ bT]RkidæenAkñúgshKmn_ ¬Diane O' connel) r)aykarN_Biessrbs;lIkadU ExkumÖ³ qñaM2001¦ TM> 54 .

24

22 ÉksardUcxagelI TM> 12 .

enaH23. evC¢bNiÐitTaréføQñÜleFVIekaslüvic©½yenaHpgEdr EdlRsþIPaKeRcInminmanlT§PaB cMNaykñúgkareFVIlixiteBTümYyenH)aneT24. bEnßmBIelIenHeTot KWRsþIk¾RtUvsUknKr)al edIm,I GaymankaresIubGegátenAkEnøgekItehtudMbUg . eK)anmanCMenOCaTUeTAfa enAkñúgRbB½n§tulakarTal;EtmanPsþútag dUcCa ecjTwkkam karRbvayRbtb;Kña karrMelaPdl;TICMerA nigsñamrEhkRBh μcarIeTIbcat;TukfamanGMeBIrMelaPesB snßv³ekIteLIg . CMenOxusTMngenH KWCakarel μ IseTAnwgniymn½yénBakürMelaPesBsnßv³enAkñúg maRta5 y:agc,as;RkELt ehIyBMumankarTTYlxusRtUvdl;karQWcab;CaeRcInRbePT EdlekIt manelICnrgeRKaHkñúgkrNIrMelaPesBsnßv³enH . CalT§plénTsSn³yl;RcLMenH eTIbkrNI rMelaPCaeRcInRtUv)anbn§Úbnßy pøas;bþÚrbTecaTRbkan;eTACakrNIebotebonekrþ×x μas;eTAvij . dUecñH tMrUvkarCacaM)ac;bMputkñúgkarGb;rM nigkarEkTMrg;c,ab; rYmTaMgRbB½n§yutßaFikarGMBIbBaðakrNI rMelaPesBsnßv³ nigkrNIrMelaPpøÚvePTnana.

dMeNaHRsayeRkAc,ab;

eyIgsegáteXIjfamanPaBxusKñaEpñkc,ab;y:agc,as;rvagkrNIrdæb,evNI nigkrNIRBh μ TNÐkñúgRbB½n§tulakarkm<úCa . karTTYlyksMNgrdæb,evNIenAeBlEdlnItiviFIRBh μTNÐ)ancab; epþImenaHKWCaGMeBIxusc,ab; . kñúgkarGnuvtþn_Cak;EsþgCnrgeRKaHPaKeRcInTTYlykdMeNaHRsay tamry³karsgCMgWcitþenARKb;kMriténkaresIubGegátTaMgGs; ehIymRnþIrdæaPi)alCaeRcInmankar Bak;B½n§edayeCosminputenAkñúgdMeNIrkarénkarsRmbsRmYledaHRsaykarsgCMgWcitþ . GgÁkar CMnYyEpñkc,ab;km<úCa ¬LAC¦ )anraykarN_faBI 60°-70°énkrNIrMelaPesBsnßv³ nigebot ebonekrþ×x μas; Edl)anraykarN_RtUv)anedaHRsayxageRkAtulakar . CnrgeRKaHeRcInEtCa BlrdæRkIRk nigmanPaBtk;søútedaysarkarCYbRbTHnUverOgd¾GaRkk; ¬BMuEmnCYbkarlM)akEtbT ]RkidæeT b:uEnþGac]bsKÁEpñkc,ab;eTotpg¦ehtudUecñHkaremIleXIjfasMNgCMgWcitþ KWCaviFIedaH RsaysmrmünwgeBjcitþ edIm,IbBa©b;erOgr:av25 . b:uEnþmankrNICaeRcInkaredaHRsayeRkA

23 mankrNIxøH evC¢bNÐitk¾RtUvTTYlrgkarbMPitbMP½ywigKMramkMEhg edIm,IkMueGaypþl;lixitekaslüvic©½ydl;Cnrg eRKaH . sUmGanÉksarsþIBIrMelaP nigebotebonekrþ×xμas; ³ bT]RkidæenAkñúgshKm ¬Diane O'connel¦ r)aykarN_ Biessrbs;lIkadU ExkumÖ³ qñaM2001 ¦ TM> 54 . 24 enAkñúgqñaM 2002 manEtCnrgeRKaH 11° b:ueNÑaHEdlGacTTYllixitekaslüvic©½y)an :rMelaP nigebotebon ekrþ×xμas; PñMeBj Exmina qñaM2004 ¦TM> 6 .

25

25 cMnYnTwkR)ak;sMrab;dMeNaHRsayeRkAtulakarERbRbYl b:uEnþCaFmμtarvagBI 100-200duløa .

tulakarBImunmkCaRbkarKYreGayP½y nigxøacxøaMgNas; . CnrgeRKaHGacRtUv)anCMrujeGay Qb;bþwgedayCnelIμ Is b¤edayRbCaCnenAkñúgPUmiXMu . CnrgeRKaHk¾GacRtUv)anKabsgát;eGay suxcitþTTYlykdMeNaHRsayeRkAtulakaredaymRnþIEpñkc,ab; dUcCa RkLabBa¢IEdlsgÇwmfa nwg)ankMérBIkarCYysRmuHsRmYlkñúgkaredaHRsayenaH . dMeNaHRsay d¾EsnQWcab;CaTIbMput kñúgqakCIvit KWCnrgeRKaHRtUv)anCMurujeGayerobGaBah_BiBah_CamYynwgCnel μ IsCMnYseGaykar bþwgpþl; b¤karedaHRsayedaysgCMgWcitþCaluykak;vij . ehtuenHvaminGacmanPaBRtwmRtUv RsbtammaRtac,ab;sMrab;CnrgeRKaHedayGMeBIrMelaPesBsnßv³ nigrMelaPpøÚvePTeT .

karTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHcMnYnkrNIrMelaPekIneLIgEdl)anraykarN_

enAkñúgcMeNamGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alTaMgLay nigrdæaPi)almankaryl;RsbKña Edl cMnYnkrNIraykarN_kMBugekIneLIg . enAqñaM 2001 krNIEdl)anraykarN_mklIkadURtwmEt 146 krNIEtb:ueNÑaH . enAqñaM 2003 cMnYnenH)anekIneLIgrhUtdl; 177 krNI . b:uEnþeyIg k¾enAminTan;dwgfaetIkarekInenHvaCakarbgðajnUvsuqnÞ³kñúgkarraykarN_rbs;CnrgeRKaH GMBI krNIrMelaPenH b¤k¾krNIrMelaPmankarekIneLIgenATUTaMgRbeTs . enAeBlEdleKelIkyk BaküenHeTAsYrnayikar RbFanmCÄmNÐlkm<úCa edIm,ICYyRsþImanvibtiþ ¬CWCC¦ nwgecaTsYr naykGgÁkaresvaGPivDÆn¾sgÁmkm<úCa K μannayk-nayikaNamñak;GackMNt;nUvehtuplén mUlehtueGay)anc,as;cMeBaHkarekIneLIgnUvcMnYnkrNIrMelaPEdl)anraykarN¾enHeT26 .

karRsavRCavmYyEdleFVIeLIgedaymCÄmNÐlkm<úCa edIm,ICYyRsþImanvibtiþ ¬CWCC¦ enAqñaM2002 )ansnñidæanfa vamanmUlehtuEdlTak;TgKñay:agxøaMgrvagcMnYnGaCIvkm μvIedGU Edl naMeGayeRKaHfñak; dUcCa karbBa©aMgerOgGasGaPasCamYynwgkarekIneLIgnUvcMnYnkrNIrMelaP esBsnßv³27 . mUlehtumYyeTotEdlGacnaMeGaymankarekIneLIgnUvcMnYnkrNIenHpgEdr KW fabTel μ IsRbePTenHPaKeRcIn CakrNIEdll,I² KWCkrNIrMelaP ehIysMlab;GnitiCnk¾Ca krNI EdlenAEtminTan;edaHRsay)anenAeLIy . bBaðaenHGacnaMeGayekItmanniTÞNÐÐPaBkñúg cMeNamCnel μ IsmYycMnYn ehIyEfmTaMgGacCMrujeGaymankarRbRBwtþiel μ IsEfmeTot . bBaða niTÞNÐPaBenHecHEtbnþman\tQb;Qr edaysarEteK)anBRgwgnUvCMenOTsSn³mYy Edlniyay fa CnrgeRKaHGacsgCaR)ak;kas)any:aggay . GgÁkarlIkadU)anKUsbBa¢ak;bEnßmeTotGMBI 26 bT]RkidæEdlminGacniyay)an-kaEstDWEXmbUDaedlIecjpSayéf¶TI13-14 Exmina qñaM2004 TM> 8-9-15 .

26

27 mCÄmNÐl edIm,ICYyRsþImanvibtiþ-r)aykarN¾RbcaMqñaMmkra-FñÚ 2002¦ TM> 8 .

mUlehtuEdlecHEtrIkFMeLIg²nUvGMeBIrMelaPenAkm<úCa dUcCakMeNInkareRbIR)as;eRKOgejon sMrab;rYmePT ¬eRKOgejonsMrab;eFVIeGaymansMerIb¦ RBmTaMgCMenOenAGasIu EdleCOfakar)an rYmePTCamYyRsþIenARBh μcarInwgeFVIeGaymankMlaMgxagpøÚvePTkan;EtxøaMgeLIg . CakareqøIytb eTAnwgkMeNInkarrIkraldalénemeraKeGds¾ burseRcInEtcUlcitþrYmePTCamYynwgkumarIek μg² ehIyeKyl;faminsUvmaneRKaHfñak;kñúgkarqøgCMgW . maneBlxøHRsþICaPriyamYycMnYn)anCYybþI rbs;xøÜneGayRbRBwtþel μ IsCamYyRsþIv½yek μgeTotpg edayeKyl;fa kareFVIEbbenHvaRbesIr CagkarTukeGaybþIeTArYmr½kSCamYynwgRsIkMNan; b¤RsþIrksuIpøÚvePTedayk,t;citþlYclak;. c,as; Nas;EdlkarsikSaRsavbnþeTotRtUvkarcaM)ac;CabnÞan; edIm,IkMNt;eGayeXIjfa ehtuGVI)anCa krNIrMelaPesBsnÞv³mankarekIneLIgkñúgkMritCasmamaRtmYy. CaBiess GgÁkarlIkadU )an eFVIkarGb;rMelIkkMBs;karyl;dwgGMBIkarekIneLIgnUvbBaðarMelaPesBsnßv³enAkñúgsgÁmkm<úCa . b:uEnþeTaHCay:agenHkþI k¾eyIgenAEtRtUvmankarsikSaRsavRCavEfmeTot . karyl;dwgGMBIbJs Kl;rbs;bBaðaeGay)ankan;EtsuICMerAnwgGaceFVIeGaysgÁmGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alnanaRBmTaMg rdæaPi)alrYmTb;sáat;eTAnwgbBaðaeGaykan;EtTUlMTUlayeLIg .

karsþarnItism,TarsMrab;CnrgeRKaH

GgÁkarmYycMnYnRKb;RKgKMeragsþarnitism,Tar nigmCÄmNÐlsMrab;CnrgeRKaHeday GMeBIrMelaPpøÚvePT28 . manbBaðaGtulüPaBmYyEdlRtUvedaHRsay KWkarpþl;eGaymanmCÄ mNÐleGaykan;EteRcInkEnøgenAtambNþaextþ dUcCaenAxageRkATIRkugPñMeBjCaedIm . man bBaðamYyeTot KWkarpÁt;pÁg;EdlmanRsab; ehIysBVéf¶PaKeRcIneKTTYlCYyCnrgeRKaH eday ehtuplxagGaCIvkm μpøÚvePT nigCnrgeRKaHedaysarGMeBIhigSaxagpøÚvePT rIÉCnrgeRKaHenA eRkAbBaðaTaMgenHmin)anTTYlesvabMerIEdlBYkeKRtUvkareT . kñúgcMeNambBaðaCakgVl;FM²epSg eTot KWRtUvkareGaymanGñkcitþsaRsþ EdlmankarhVwkhVWn)anRtwmRtUv GñkcitþsaRsþ nigGñkBi eRKaHRbwkSabBaða edIm,ICYyCnrgeRKaH . GgÁkarlIkadU )anGnuvtþviFImYycMnYn edIm,IedaHRsay bBaðaenHenAkñúgkariyal½ykm μviFIRbqaMgnwgGMeBITaruNkm μ . lIkadU TTYlsÁal;fa {karrMelaP esBsnßv³ KWmanPaBsñiteTAnwgGMeBITaruNkm μCagbBaðapøÚvePT} . GgÁkarenHk¾)aneFVIeGayman KMeragEfTaM EdlsMedAedaHRsaykarP½yxøacEpñøkpøÚvcitþry³eBlEvgEdlCnrgeRKaH)anTTYl

27

28 kargarkñúgvis½yenH RtUv)anGnuvtþedayGgÁkarTsSn³BiPBelak (World Vision, LICADHO, CWCC,

AFESIP, nig YWCC¦ .

rgplvi)ak . KMeragenHk¾)anepþat eTAelIkumarrgeRKaHpgEdrkñúgeKaledA edIm,IbeBa©osecj BIpøÚveRKaHfñak;énkarTTYlrgGMeBIrMelaPkøayeTACaGñkrMelaPeKvijenAeBlGnaKt .

GMeBIhigSaEpñkeynD½r

GMeBIhigSaEdlRbRBwtþelIRsþI nigkumarTaMgkñúgkrNIRKYsar nigkñúgsgÁm KWCakarekIteLIg y:ag\teGonx μas; nigCaerOgFm μtaenAkm<úCa . edImkMeNIténkarRbRBwtþGMeBIGaRkk;mkelIRsþI enHGacRtUv)andk;sñamCamYynwgTMlab;vb,Fm’ Edlh‘u¿B½T§tYnaTIrbs;RsIþCaGñkCMnYykarcMeBaH burs . GMeBIhigSakalBImunmkelIRsþIk¾RtUvGacrkeXIjenAkñúgvb,Fm’higSa nigPaB\tc,ab; TMlab;EdlekItmankñúgsm½yEx μrRkhm nigsm½ysRgÁamkñúgRsuk . GMeBIhigSaEdlecHEtekIt mandEdl²taMgBIedImmk KWCakarpÞúyRsLHeTAnwgRbCaCatimYy EdlPaKeRcIneKarBRBHBuT§ sasnay:agelIslub b:uEnþGMeBIhigSaenHGacemIleXIjedaykarbgðajPøam²tamry³vtþmanén GavuFyuT§P½NÐ nigkMaePøIgxøIEdlmanRsab; . fVIt,itEtmankarrYmkMlaMgKñaRBmTaMgkic©xitxMRbwg ERbgd¾xøaMgkøaedayGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al dUcCaRkumkargarkat;bnßyGavuFk¾enAEtmanGavuF Rbl½yCIviteRbIpÞal;xøÜny:ageRcInenAkm<úCa .

karvayRbharedayTwkGasuIt

enAExFñÚ qñaM1999 GñkcMerogd¾l,Il,ajmñak;eQ μaH tat m:arINa RtUv)anrMelaPbMBanrag kayedaymnusSbInak;cak;eRsacCHTwkGasIut bNþaleGayxUcrUbragnagCaerogrhUt . Cn sgS½y KWCaPriyarbs;mRnþIrdæaPi)alCan;x<s;mñak; ¬nigkgkarBar2nak;eTot¦ . mnusSTaMgenaH minTan;RtUv)ancab;xøÜneT . krNIenH)aneFVIeGaymankarykcitþTukdak;BImCÄdæanCati nig GnþrCatinanacMeBaH)atuPUténkarvayRbharedayTwkGasuItd¾eRcInhYsehtuenAkm<úCa RBmTaMg niTÞNÐPaB EdlCnel μ IsTTYl)ankñúgkal³eTs³BiessxøHenaH .

28

GgÁkarlIkadU)aneFVIkarkt;RtakrNIvayRbharTwkGasuItcMnYn 44 krNIBIqñaM 1999 mk dl;qñaM2002 knøgeTAenH EdlKitCamFümkñúgry³eBl 25éf¶ mankrNIvayRbharTwkGasuIt

mYyekIteLIg29 . krNIvayRbharedayTwkGasuIt)anbNþaleGaymnusS 60 nak;rgrbYs nig 3 nak;eTot)ansøab; . mnusS 18nak;rgrbYsedayeRKaHfñak;écdnüenaHKWmann½yfa BYkeKenA Ek,rmnusSEdleKmanbMNgCHTwkGasuItmkelI . krNIesaknadkm μmYy KWRsþImñak;)anvay RbhareTAcMelIkUnRbusrbs;xøÜn EdlmanGayu 5qñaMBIeRBaHkUnenaH)anQrenACitCnEdlCaeKal edAvayRbharmkelIbþIrbs;RsþIenaH30 . kñúgcMeNamCnrgeRKaHrlakBIkarvayRbharedayTwk GasuItTaMgenaHmanburs 30nak; nigRsþI 31nak; . vahak;dUcCaminqøateTkñúgkarkMNt;nUv TMenard¾Bi)ak nwwgelOneBkenAkñúgkrNImYycMnYntUc . b:uEnþ lIkadUGacniyay)anfa krNIvay RbharedayTwkGasIutPaKeRcInEdlRbRBwtþedayRsþI KWsMedAeTAelIsVamIEdlrMelaPbMBanmkelI nag b¤sMedAeTAelIRsþIkMNan;citþ b¤RbBn§f μ Irbs;énsVamIbc©úb,nñ b¤BIGtItkal . bursEdlvay RbharedayTwkGasuItelIRsþI KWeFVIeLIgdaysarEtmancitþRcENnRbc½NÐ nigkare)aHbg;ecal edayCnrgeRKaH . etI\Ti§BlGVIEdlnaMeGaykarrMelaPedayGasIutsahavy:agenH {Cnel μ Is CaFm μtamincg;sMlab;CnrgeRKaHeT b:uEnþcg;eFVIGVImYyeGayGaRkk;elIskarsMlab;enHeTAeTot dUcCaeFVIeGayCnrgeRKaHevTnaGs;mYyCIvitCaedIm.} GasIutCaFm μtaeKCHsMedAeTAelImuxCn rgeRKaH . Cnel μ Iscg;bMpøajmuxnwgeFVIeGayCnrgeRKaHmanmuxmat;emIldUcCabIsac dUecñHK μan nrNaRsLaj;CnrgeRKaHeToteT }31 .

CnrgeRKaHedaysarkarrlakTwkGasuIt kRmnwgmanGñkNamñak;)anTTYlkarBüa)al EfrkSaeGay)ansmrmüNas; ¬TaMgEpñkragkay nigpøÚvcitþ¦ nUvelImuxrbYsrbs;BYkeK . eRbob eFobeTAnwgbTel μ IshigSaepSg²eTot GRtaénkarcab;Cnel μ Is KWx<s;smrmü 13krNIRtUvcab; kñúgcMeNam 44 krNIEdl)anesuIbGegát . b:uEnþkarpþnÞaeTasdl;krNICHTwkGasuItmindUcKñaeT edayehtufakrNIenHminTan;RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;enAkñúgc,ab;;km<úCaenAeLIy . EXmbUv)anbBa©úH bBa©ÚleGaydak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgBRgagc,ab;f μ I sþIBIkarTb;sáat;GMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsarnwgCYyCnrg eRKaH EdlsBVéf¶enAkMBugrg;caMrdæsPa ehIyeRkayrujRtLb;mksamIuRksYgvijeTIbeFVIkarGnu m½tCaeRkay .

29 cMnYnsrubkrNICHTwkGasuItTMngCax<s;CagenHeRcInNas; b:uEnþkrNImYycMnYnBMumankarraykarN_eT GaRs½yedayBMu manCMenOkñúgRbB½n§c,ab; karbMPitbMP½y nigedayCnrgeRKaHxVHkaryl;dwgGMBIsiTi§rbs;xøÜn . sUmGanr)aykarN_ rs;enA kñúgPBGn§kar³ karvayRbharedayTwkGasuItenAkm<úCa ¬kmμviFIRbqaMgnwgGMeBITaruNÐkmμ lIkadU qñaM2003¦TM>2 . 30 RbPBÉksardEdldUcxagelI TM> 7 .

29

31 RbPBÉksardEdl TM> 1 .

kargaredaybgçMelIRsþI nigkumar

kareGayniymn½yénBakü {kargaredaybgçitbgçM} CakarBitKWmankarlM)aks μ úKs μaj Nas; RbsinebIRsþI b¤kumarmñak;cUlbMerIkargarNamYy CaBiesskarekgRbv½Ba©enAvis½yGaCIvkm μ pøÚvePT b¤bMerItameKhdæan edaysarPaBRkIRk karCMBak;bMNul nigkgVHkarGb;rM etIBYkeKTaMg enaHRtUv)an {bgçitbgçM} Edrb¤eT? bBaðaTaMgenHnwgRtUv)anedaHRsayy:agTUlMTUlayenAkñúg EpñkCabnþbnÞab;mkeTotenH . edIm,IbBa¢ak;eGayxøI ehIykan;Etc,as;Nas;eyagtamGnusBaØa rbs;GgÁkarkargarGnþrCati ¬ILO¦ GnusBaØaelx 29 EdlhamXat; kargaredaybgçitbgçMnwg Bak;B½n§eTA nigcMNgbMNulRtUv)anelIkykeRbICakarkMNt;niymn½y .

GgÁkarlIkadU nigviTüasßankargaresrIGasuIGaemrik ¬AAFLI¦ )aneFVIkarTak;Taj[

mankarykcitþTukdak;eTAelIlkçxNÐd¾KYreGayP½yxøac EdlkumarGayueRkam 15qñaMs‘URTaMeFVI karenAkñúgsib,km μL\dæ cMkarplitplksikm μ nigkñúgvis½ysMNg;ehdæarcnasm<½n§nana32 .

enAkñúgbriyakasEbbenH KWsißtkñúgsPaBmaneRKaHfñak;x<s;bMputedaysareRKOgma:suIn

ehIykRmman»kaseTAeronenAsalaNas; . kargarelIsem:ag nigkargard¾y:ab;yWnenHmin smpþl;[BYkeKnUvR)ak;QñÜld¾tictYc)anRtwmEt 5duløakñúgmYyExb:ueNÑaHeT . kñúgkal³eTs³ xøHkumareFVIkarCamYynwg«Buk-mþayrbs;BYkeK ehtudUecñHR)ak;QñÜlrbs;BYkeKRtUvsrubCamYy R)ak;QñÜlRbcaMExrbs;«BukmþayTaMgGs; . sßanPaBkargarenAkñúgvis½yesvakmμk¾F¶n;F¶rRbhak; RbEhlKñaEdr EdlmanefAEkePaCnIydæan nighaglk;RsapwkkMsanþ ¬Bar¦ cUlcitþnarICMTg;² BIeRBaHBYkeKman\riyabTminrwgrUsCamYynwgkarekgRbv½Ba©elIBlkm μBYkeK .

GgÁkarCaeRcIn dUcCa lIkadU nigGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alepSg²eTot RBmTaMgGgÁkar

GnþrCatinanaEdlCaGgÁkarkarBarkumarkMBugsikSakarRsavRCavnwgelIksÞÜykaryl;dwgGMBIsßan PaBd¾y:ab;yuWnénBlkm μkumar . GgÁkarnanaEdlkMBugeFVIkarenARbeTs\NÐaEdlbBaðaBlkm μ kumarCabBaðad¾FMmYyenATIenaH )aneFVICakarbgðajbMPøWpøÚvmYydl;RbeTsepSg²eTotkñúgkarEsVg rkdMeNaHRsaybBaðaenH . dMeNIrCaviC¢manmYykñúgkarkat;bnßyBlkm μkumar\LÚvenHkMBugcab; epþImelceLIgedaymankarbegáItsm<½n§PaBfñak;tMbn; nigGnþrCatiEdlGacEckcaynUvbTBiesaFn_

30

32 sUmGan Blkm μkumarenAkm<úCa ¬viTüasßankargaresrIGasuI Gaemrik niglIkadU ExkBaØa qñaM1996¦-RsþIeFVIkargarenA km<úCa ¬ Astrid Aafjes & Bana Athreya, LICADHO nigviTüasßankargaresrIGasuIGaemrik ¦ .

RbyuT§RbqaMgnwgbBaðaedayEp¥kelI {karqøgkat;} RBMEdn . viFIsaRsþkñúgtMbn;mYyEdleqøIytb eTAnwgbBaðaenaH KWkarbgÁab;bBa¢a BIeRBaHfaBlkrbgçitbgçMmYycMnYnFMRtUv)anCYjdUrqøgkat;RBMEdntam EbblkçN³GnþrCati bBaðaenHeyIgsUmelIkykmkBiPakSalMGitEfmeTotenAkñúgEpñkEdlBak; B½n§eTAnwgkarCYjdUrRsþI nigkumar .

karsμúMkUnciBaw©m

raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaminTan;)ancuHhtßelxaenAelIGnusBaØaTIRkugLaeG sþIBIkars μ M úkUnBI RbeTsmYyeTARbeTsmYyenAeLIyeT ehIyEfmTaMgmanc,ab;kñúgRsukrbs;xøÜnd¾Tn;exSayenA eLIykñúgkic©karBarCnrgeRKaHedaybTel μ IsEdlBak;B½n§nwgkars μ ú MkUnciBa©wmenH . GgÁkarlIkadU )ankMNt;fakars μ M úkUnxusc,ab;CasMxan; KWeKaledAénkars μ ú MsMrab;elITIpSarkñúgshrdæGaemrik EdlvaCabBaðaF¶n;F¶rnwgkMBugEtrIkFMeLIg33 . enAqñaM2002 km<úCaRtUv)anGHGagCaTUeTAfa mankarekIneLIgnUvdMeNIrkars μ ú MkUnciBa©wmy:agelOnkñúgBiPBelak ¬BI3-4Ex¦ Edl)anbegáIn skm μPaBTIpSarTijdUrTark nigkarCYjdUrkumar .

GñksRmbsRmYl ¬GñkedIrrkek μg¦ kñúgkars μ ú MkUnBIrrUb)anedIre)akbeBaäatRsþImanépÞeBaH

EdlgayrgeRKaH dUcCaRsþITITal;Rk RsþIElglHRKYsar nigRsþIemm:ayCaedIm . eK)aneGay GMeNayCaR)ak;tictYc ¬rvagBI 30 eTA 100duløa¦ CafñÚrnwgkarGnuBaØateGayeKykkUneTA dak;mNÐlkumarkumarkMRBar34. RbsinebI BMumanCMnYyEpñkc,ab; nigkarCYyBIsMNak;GgÁkar minEmnrdæaPi)alnanaeTenaH BYkeKTaMgenaHTMngCamin)aneXIjmuxkUnrbs;eKvijeLIy .

enAeBlEdlkumarNamñak;RtUv)anykeTAdl;pÞHElVgsμ ú MkUnciBa©wmÉkCn kumarTaMgenaHnwg

RtUvcuHpSayenAkñúgvibsayPasabreTs ¬Website¦ edIm,IEsVgrkGnaKt«BukmþayciBa©wmenAelI BiPBelak . ÉksarpøÚvkarcaM)ac;sMrab;karsM μ úkUn RKan;EttMrUveGaymRnþIfñak;PUmi¼XMuÉkPaBfa kumarBitCakMRBaEmn ehIymRnþIfñak;RksYgRKan;EtBinitüemIlÉksarbEnßmeTotnwgÉkPaBelI ÉksarenaHEtb:ueNÑaH . dMeNIrkarerobcMÉksarenaHeBareBjeTAedayGMeBIBukrlYy nigkarsUk

33 bTelIμsTak;TgeTAnwgdMeNIrkarsμúMkUnciBaw©mGnþrCati enAkm<úCa ¬r)aykarN_segçbrbs;lIkadU Exmkra qñaM2002 ¦.

31

34 GgÁkarlIkadUminGacdwg)anc,as;nUvsßanPaBrbs;Tark nigkumarEdlGacRtUv)anbMEbkecjBI«Buk-mþay rbs; kumarTaMgenaH ehIyeRkaymkRtUvlk;dUreGayBYkGñkEsVgrksμ úMkUnciBa©wm .

)a:n; EdlekIteLIgRKb;dMNak;kal b:uEnþenAkñúgdMeNIrkarénkars μ ú MkUnenHciBa©wmBMu)anTTYlsÁal; famanekItGMeBIEbbenHeT .

karTijdUrTark nigkars μ ú MkUnxusc,ab;Bi)akTb;sáat;Nas; BIeRBaHRsþIBMumankaryl;dwgGMBI

siTi§rbs;BYkeKrgeRKaHedaysarkarbMPitbMP½y ehIyBYkGñkedIrEsVgrkTarkkumartUc²enaHeRcIn EtGñkmanGMNac nigmanTMnak;TMngeTAnwgmnusSEdlGaceKcputBIkarecaTRbkan;)an . cenøaH BIqñaM2000-2002 GgÁkarlIdU)anesuIbGegáteTAelImNÐlkumarÉkCncMnYn4kEnøg Edl)an CYysRmbsRmYldl;kars μ ú MkUnCamYy nwgPñak;gars μ ú MkUnGaemrik . kñúgcMeNamkumar 15nak; EdlBak;B½n§enAkñúgkaresuIbGegátenaHkumarcMnYn 10nak; RtUv)anvilRtLb;eTARKYsarrbs;eKvij eRkayBIGgÁkarlIkadU)aneFVIkaresuIbGegátrYc ehIymankumar 3nak;RtUv)ans μ ú MykeTAshrdæput eRscehIy nig 2nak; eTottamrkmineXIj . eTaHCamankrNICak;EsþgEbbenHk¾eday enAkñúg krNIenaH k¾manEtmnusS 7nak;Etb:ueNÑaHEdlRtUv)anecaTRbkan;CapøÚvkarenAkñúgqñaM200235 . raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anecjnUvkarhamR)am p¥akCabnÞan;nanamYycMnYnsþIBIkars μ ú MkUnciBa©wmqøg EdneTAGnþrCati edIm,ICakareqøIytbeTAnwgesckþIEføgkarN_CasaFarN³d¾Gam:as; ehIyk¾)an pþl;sc©ab½ndl;GnuRkitüf μ ImYysþIBInItiviFIkñúgkars μ ú MkUnenH . Rbtikm μeqøIytbk¾enAEtminGackat; bnßynUvbTel μ Is EdlrdæaPi)alGnþrCati)ansþIbenÞasrYcmkehIyenaHEdrfaCaGMeBI {KYreGay s¥b;ex<ImCaTIbMput 36 : .

TMrg;s μ ú MkUnciBa©wmd¾yUrGEgVgmYyenAkm<úCaKWRbéBNIsMuek μgBIRKYsarRkIRk CaFm μtaeRcInEt

ek μgRsI edIm,IykeFVICaGñkbMerIkñúgeKhdæan . eK)anpþl;cMNIGahar nigsMelokbMBak;dl;kumar ehIyCafñÚr {GaNaBüa)al} eRcInEtKitfaeKmanGMNacbBa¢aeGayeFVIGVI)antamcitþ . mankrNI CaeRcInbBaðaenH)annaMeGaymanlkçxNÐdUcKñaeTAnwgTaskr ehIykumark¾GacTTYlrgeRKaH y:agxøaMgedayGMeBIrMelaPelIragkay nigpøÚvePT . GgÁkarlIkadUFøab;)ansegáteXIjrYcmk ehIyfa krNITaMgenHBi)akkñúgkaresuIbGegát nigCYyGnþraKmn_CaTIbMput BIeRBaHeyIgminGac cUlCYbkumarenAkñúgpÞHrbs;GaNaBüa)al)an37 . krNImYykñúgcMeNamkrNImYycMnYn Edl lIkadUGacesuIbGegát)ankñúgeBlfμ I²enH KWCakrNIkumarImñak;EdlmanGayu 8qñaM RtUv)aneK 35 RbPBÉksardEdl TM> 3 . 36 ÉkGKÁrdæTUtGaemrikRbcaMenAkm<úCa ¬Ken Whidemann¦ dkRsg;ecjBI }karrMelaPEdlTak;TgeTAnwgdMeNIrkar s μ úMkUnciBa©wmenAkm<úCa ¬r)aykarN_segçbrbs;lIkadU Exmkra qñaM 2002 ¦} TM> 4 .

32

37 BlkmμkumarenAkm<úCa ¬viTüsßankargaresrIGasIu Gaemrik nigGgÁkarlIkadU ExkBaØa qñaM 1996 ¦ .

eFVI)abCaRbcaMyUrmkehIyedayGaNaBüa)al CaRsþImñak;man\Ti§BlenAkñúgneya)ay nigesdæ kic©enAkm<úCa . krNIenaHRtUv)andwgdl;GgÁkarlIkadUtamry³GñkCitxagmñak;EdlR)ab;eday Rby½tñRbEyg . fVIt,itEtmanPsþútag énkarrMelaPbMBanelIrUbragkayEdlRtUvBüa)aly:ag RbugRby½tñGaNaBüa)alCaRsþIenaHRtwmEtTTYleTasBüÜrmYyqñaMEtb:ueNÑaHenAeBlkat;kþI .

Gnusasn_

• begáIncMnYnmRnþIGnuvtþc,ab;CaRsþIePT nigmRnþIEpñkc,ab;EdlmanGMNackñúgkarGnuvtþn_eTA elIGMeBIhigSaEdl)anRbRBwtiþelIμseTAelIRsþIeGay)aneRcIn .

• kat;bnßyvb,Fm’niTÞNÐPaBEdlmand¾elIslub edaykarxitxMRbwgERbgCaRbcaM edIm,InaM CnelIμseTApþnÞaeTas ¬RBmTaMgelIkkMBs;karyl;dwgGMBIbBaðaenHpg¦ .

• pSBVpSayB½t’manEfmeTotsMrab;RsþI sþIBIsiTi§rbs;BYkeK nigviFIRbtibtiþ RBmTaMgCYy RbsinebIRsþIRtUvrgeRKaH b¤EsVgrkkarCYydl;RsþIdéT b¤kumar .

• eFVIkarRsavRCavbEnßmeToteTAelIkarekIneLIgnUvcMnYnkrNIénkarrMelaPesBsnßv³ . • pþl;karGb;rMedaysnþiviFIdl;shKmn_nwgdak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgKMeragemerontamsalaeron

nana edIm,ICMnHGMeBIhigSaEdlditdamCaRbvtiþsaRsþehIykb;y:ageRCAenAkñúgshKm . • bnþBinitütamdanpþl;esvaBieRKaHRbwkSabBaða nigBüa)aldl;CnrgeRKaHedayGMeBIrMelaP

esBsnßv³ nigGMeBIhigSa CaBiessRkum KWeTAelICnrgeRKaHCaGnitiCn . karpþl;mðÚb Gahar dl;CnrgeRKaHedayGMeBIrMelaPesBsnßv³ nigebotebonekrþ×xμas;KYrEtEbgEck eGaydac;BIesva Edlpþl;dl;RsþIrgeRKaHedayGMeBICYjdUrmnusS nigGaCIvkmμpøÚvePT .

• pþl;esvaBüa)alBiessdl;CnrgeRKaHedayrlakTwkGasuIt ¬TaMgkarBüa)alxagpøÚvcitþ pgEdr¦ .

• dak;kMhit¼Binitükarlk;dUrGasuIt ¬dUcCaGasuIts‘ulpYrik GasuItsMrab;GaKuy GasIutnIRTik nigGasuIthIuRdURkUlikCaedIm ¦ .

• eronsURt nwgEckcaybTBiesaFn_CamYyRbeTsdéT dUcCaRbeTs)a:KIsßan nigbg;køaeds EdlmanbTBiesaFn_yUrGEgVgkñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgbBaðaeRbITwkGasuIteFVICaGavuFvay RbharenAkñúgtMbn; .

33

• raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaRtUvcuHhtßelxaGnusBaØaTIRkugLaeG sþIBIkarsμúMkUnciBa©wmqøgkat;RbeTs ehIyRkumsgÁmsuIvilRtUvbBa©úHbBa©ÚledIm,IeGaymankarrwtbnþwg nigkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;sþIBI karsμ úMkUnciBa©wmGnþrCati edIm,IkarBarCnrgeRKaHenAkñúgGaCIvkmμenH ¬kumar «Buk mþayBI

kMeNIt RBmTaMg«Buk-mþayciBaw©menAbreTs¦ . km<úCaminRtUveGayeKemIleXIjfaCaRb eTsmYysMrab;TijdUrTarkeT .

• «Buk-mþayRtUvnaMkUneTAcuHbBa¢IGRtanukUldæannwgRtUvmanlixitbBa¢ak;kMeNItsMrab;kUnRKb; ²Kña . kareFVIy:agenHGacCYyRbyuT§RbqaMg nigkarGHGagfaCakumarkMRBaedayEkøgbnøM .

• Pñak;garrdæaPi)alkm<úCa nigGnþrCati ¬CaBiessshrdæGaemrik¦ RtUvshkarenAkñúgkar esuIbGegátbTel μ Iskñúgkarpþl;B½t’manGMBICnel μIsEdlBak;B½n§eTAnigkarCYjdUrmnusSGnþr Cati .

34

• RtUvbnþeFVIkarRsavRCavnwgRbwgERbgEfmeTot edIm,IeGay)andwgeTAdl;kumar Edl)an RtUveK {sMuykeTAciBa©wmrYcehIy} enAkñúgsßanPaBCaGñkbMerI b¤TaskrenAtameKhdæan nana .

V- RsþI nigkumarEdlRtUv)aneKCYjdUr nig)anFøak;eTAkñúgGaCIvkmμpøÚvePT

maRta 6

rdæPaKInanaRtUvRbkan;ykral;viFankarsmRsbTaMgGs; TaMgbBaØtiþc,ab;pg edIm,IlubbM)at; karerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePT nigGaCIvkmμEpñkeBsüakmμnarIePT . karCYjdUrmnusS nigGaCIvkmμpøÚvePTelIRsþI nigGnitiCn)aneFVIeGaymankarykcitþTuk

dak;BIsMNak;BiPBelakTaMgmUl . ]sSahkmμpøÚvePTenA km<úCaRtUv)ancab;epþImeFVIGaCIvkmμenAedIm TsvtSqñaM1990 ehIy)anrIkraldaly:agelOn edaymanmnusSpøas;TIlMenAmkRbkbrbrenH beNþaHGasnñy:ageRcIn . cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmkkm<úCacab;maneQ μaHy:agGesacfaCaRbeTs mYyEdlTTYlnwgnaMecjnUvRsþI nigkumar ehIymaneQμaHfaCaRbeTsmYyEdlmanRsþI nigkumar Føak;cUlkñúgmuxrbrpøÚvePTy:ageRcInpgEdr . eyagtamRksYgsgÁmkic© kargar bNþúHbNþal viC¢aCIv³ nigyuvnItism,Tar )aneGaydwgfa : TItaMgPUmisaRsþrbs;RbeTs PaBRkIRk karGnuvtþn_ c,ab;enATn;exSay nigehdæarcnasm<½n§exÞcxÞaMedaysarsRgÁam k¾dUcCaGMeBIBukrlYy)anbegáItnUv briyakasmYysMrab;BYkCYjdUrmnusS. : 38

raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anRbkasfa {karCYjdUrRsþI nigkumar KWCaTMrg;énGMeBIhigSad¾GaRkk;

bMputRbqaMgnwgRsþI.}39 eRkABI)andak;GMeBIeBsüacarCaGMeBIxusc,ab;enAqñaM1996 raCrdæaPi)al km<úCa)anRbkaseGayeRbIc,ab;mYysþIBIkarbRgáabGMeBIcab;CMrit CYjdUrnwgeFIVGaCIvkm μelImnusS . c,ab;enHRtUv)aneKyl;faminRKb;RKan;kñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgeTAnwgbBaða ehIyRksYgyutiþFm’ bc©úb,nñ kMBugeFIVBRgagc,ab;mYyeGaymanlkçN³TUlMTUlayCagenH . rdæaPi)al)andak;ecjnUvviFankar sMxan;²mYycMnYn edIm,Ikat;bnßyGMeBICYjdUrmnusSnwgeFIVGaCIvkm μpøÚvePT40. manCMnYyBIGgÁkarmin 38 bBa¢ak;enAkñúgkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;³ ]bsKÁnwgRtUvCMnHedayrebobNa . sikçasalasþIBIkarkarBarc,ab; nigkarGnuvtþn_ c,ab;kñúgGMeBICYjdUrRsþI nigkumar ¬snÞrkfaEføgeday evC¢bNÐit Bug QIvekk lIkadU PñMeBjExvicäika qñaM2000 ¦ TM> 1 . 39 r)aykarN_dMbUg-TI2 nigTI3 sþIBIkarGnuvtþn_GnusBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIkarlb;bM)at;ral;TMrg;énGMeBIhigSaRbqaMgnwg narIePTenAkm<úCa ¬raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa Extula qñaM2003¦ TM> 32 .

35

40 viFankarTaMgenHRtUv)anKUsbBa¢ak;enAkñúgr)aykarN_rbs;raCrdæaPi)alsþIBIkarGnuvtþn_GnusBaØasþIBIkarlb;bM)at;nUv ral;TMrg;énkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePT qñaM2003 . >>>yuT§saRsþrYmmankarbiTxaraGUex kEnøgkMsanþ nigkøibraRtI kar

EmnrdæaPi)al nigGgÁkarmUlniFiy:ageRcInkñúgkarRsavRCavnwgGnuvtþynþkarkarBarRsþIeGayman RbsiTi§PaB . b:uEnþCaTUeTAeKTTYlsÁal;faCaGMeBICYjdUr nigkarekgRbv½Ba©RsþIRKb;TMrg;TaMgGs;enA EtkMBugekIneLIgCalMdab;.

ehtuGVI)anCaRsþIkm<úCaFøak;cUlkñúgnwgenAbnþRbkbmuxrbrpøÚvePTenH ?

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nigkar)ak;EbksnþisuxRKYsar RBmTaMgkarekIneLIgnUvGMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsar . RsþImYycMnYnGaccat; TukvafakarcUlbMerIenAkñúgpÞHbnCakargarFm μtamYy dUcCama:sSanwglk;RsaeborCaedIm faCakar eRCIserIsedayxøÜnÉg . b:uEnþ eyagtamkarRsavrbs;mCÄmNÐlkm<úCa edIm,IRsþICYymanvibtiþ)an eGaydwgfa narIrksuIpøÚvePT 64>45° RtUv)anbgçMeGayeFVIkargarenH cMENkÉRsþI 52>9° eTot caj;e)akeKedaycg;)ankargarl¥ ehIy 11>04 °RtUvRKYsarnaMykmklk; cugeRkayRsþIcMnYn 0>58° RtUveKrMelaPpøÚvePT43 . kñúgkrNI EdlRsþIRtUv)anCYjdUrTaMgenAeRkAnigenAkñúgRbeTs begáItRkumRbwkSakumar kñúgkarBinitütamdankareFVIGaCIvkmμ GnitiCn karbegáItRkumRbwkSaCati edIm,IRsþI XøaMBinitü tamkarRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgkareFVIGaCIvkmμelIRsþI nigkarbegáIteLIgnUvKN³km μkarRbtibtiþc,ab; EdlKaMRTedayGgÁkar mUlniFi nigGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)almYycMnYnedIm,IhVwkhVWnsPñak;garGnuvtþn_c,ab;EdlCaviFankarkarBar . 41 karvas;sÞg;cMnYnRsþI nigkumarEdlRtUv)anCYjdUrenAkm<úCa³ karsikSatamviFIsaRsþsegátpÞal;enAtammUldæan ¬Thomas

M. Steinfatt,¦ sklviTüal½y Miami qñaM 2003 TM> 11 42 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSkm<úCa qñaM 2000³ kumar nigkargar ¬RksYgEpnkar qñaM 2000¦TM> 10

36

43 mCÄmNÐlkm<úCa edIm,ICYyRsþImanvibtiþ -CYyRsþIedIm,IeGayBYkeKecHCYyxøÜneK ¬ r)aykarN_RbcaMqñaM Ex mkra -FñÚ qñaM 2002 rbs;mCÄmNÐlkm<úCa edIm,ICYyRsþImanvibtiþ ¦ TM> 17

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PaBd¾KYreGayrn§t;EdlRsþIRtUvsßitenAkñúgpÞHbnenATUTaMgRbeTskm<úCa . narIrksuIpøÚvePTRtUv)aneK yl;eXIjfaCakmμsiTi§rbs;embn . dUcCaembnyl;fa Kat;manGMNacXMuXaMgnwgvaydMnarItam citþ RbsinebIBYkeKmineFVItamembnenaH . enAkñúgkrNIxøHembnsgÇwmfanarIrksuIpøÚvePTbMerI ePJovrhUt 40nak;kñúgmYyéf¶ . enHBMuEmnCaerOgEbøkeTcMeBaHembnkñúgkarpþl;eGayRsþInUveRKOg ejon edIm,IeGayBYkeKeFVItam . RsþIbMerIpøÚvePTmYycMnYn)ankøayeTACaejonNakUTIk EdlCYy Bnül;GMBImUlehtufa ehtuGVI)anCaBYkeKbnþrs;enAnwgvilRtLb;mkpÞHbnvij .

niTÞNÐPaBEpñkc,ab;cMeBaHCnelμIsRbRBwtþGMeBICYjdUrmnusS nigembn

bT]RkidæEdlBak;B½n§ nigkarekgRbv½Ba©pøÚvePTRsþIPaKeRcInRtUv)anRbRBwtþedayK μaneTas éBr_ ¬niTÞNÐPaB¦ . mRnþIGnuvtþc,ab; nigmRnþImYycMnYn)aneFVImindwgminB¤cMeBaHbBaðaenH ehIyEbr CacUlrYmBak;B½n§enAkñúgbTel μ IsenHedaykarTTYlsMNUkeTAvij . eyagtamr)aykarN_rbs;kmμ viFIRbqaMgnwgGMeBITaruNkmμ-lIkadU :muxrbrsac;QamenH KWCarbrEdlrksuIkak;kb dUcmuxrbrkak; kbepSg²eTotenAkm<úCaEdr muxrbrenHRtUv)anRKb;RKgedaymnusSEdlmanGavuF nigmanGMNac.} nKr)al nigkgraCGavuFhtß kgT½B nigmRnþIraCkarepSg²eTot)anlUkédy:ageRCAcUleTAkñúg BaNiC¢km μEbbenH edaykarRKb;RKg b¤karBarGMeBICYjdUrmnusSy:agskm μCMuvijpÞHbn 44. cMeBaH krNICYjdUrmnusSCnel μIsk¾GacsgÇwmfa)anTTYlCMnYyBIsMNak;mRnþIGenþaRbevsn_pgEdr enA Rkug-extþEdlmankarCYjdUrmnusSCaRTg;RTayFM dUcCaenATIRbCMuCne)a:yEb:t ¬tambeNþayRBM Ednéf¦ enAsVayerog nigenAkMBug;cam ¬tMbn;RBMEdnCab;evotNam¦ . niyayeGayxøI :GMeBICYj dUrmnusS KWCaKMrUGaRkk;mYyEdlRbkbedayniTÞNÐPaB ehIy)ankøayeTACabBaØtiþmYy Edlkar pþnÞaeTasRtUv)ancat;TukCaerOgFmμtaeTAvij45. CakaresÞIrEtminGacerobrab;cMnYnGMeBIrMelaPd¾KYr eGayRBWRBYcEdlsMbUrbMputkñúgkrNICYjdUr nigkarekgRbv½Ba©pøÚvePT. ]TahrN_ Cak;EsþgmYy KWerOgrbs;RsþImñak;EdlRtUv)aneFVIXateday mac b‘unriT§ EdlCaembnd¾l,Il,ajxagvaydM eFVITukç 44}minsmrs;enACamnusS}GMeBITaruNkmμenAkm<úCa ¬Jason Barber) r)aykarN_kmμviFIRbqaMgnwgGMeBITaruNkmμ (PAT)

lIkadU qañM2000¦ TM> 4

37

45 r)aykarN_sþIBIsiTi§mnusS ¬smaKmn_km<úCa edIm,IGPivDÆn_ nigsiTi§mnusS Pñ μMeBjExmkra qñaM2004¦ TM> 67

eTasnwgCYjdUrmnusSenAtMbn;e)a:yEb:t . eK)anl,Ifa maneyaFad¾manGMNacenABIeRkayxñg nigkarBarKat;CaxñgbEg¥kkñúgkarrksuIenH . enAkñúgExmifuna qñaM1998 Kat;)anvaydMRsþImñak;Edl manGayu 24qñaMenAkñúgpÞHbn . fVIt,itEtnag)anrgrbYskþI nagRtUv)aneKXMuTukkñúgbnÞb;d¾RkxVk;mYy ehIymineGaynagBüa)alGs;ry³eBlbIéf¶ . eRkaymk nagk¾)ansøab;enAkñúgKøInikmYyenAkñúgtM bn;enaH . eRkayeBlenaH mac b‘unriT§ RtUv)ancab;xøÜnnwgecaTRbkan; . fVIt,itEtmansakSI ¬Edl h‘anecjmux¦ RBmTaMgPsþútagd¾eRcInelIslub k¾krNIenaHRtUv)anelIkElgkarecaTRbkan;eday sMGagfaBMumanPsþútagRKb;RKan; . eRkaymkCnrUbenaHmanesrIPaB ehIyvilRtLb;eTARbRBwtþ muxrbrdUcedImvij46 . eBsüacar nigGMeBICYjdUrmnusSCamuxrbrxusc,ab; ehIyskm μPaBTaMgBIrenHmanPaBsμúK sμaj nigBi)akkñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgedayBYkGñkrksuITaMgenaHeRcInEtmanxñgbEg¥kkarBar ehtu enHeTIbBYkeKecHEtrYceTasCanic© . karBiteTAmanEtRbCaCnsamBaØFm μtaEtb:ueNÑaH Edlrgkar dak;TNÐkmμcMeBaHTegVIBak;B½n§enAkñúgerOgdUceBalxagelI . PaKeRcInCnTaMgenHCaCnRkIRkbMput kñúgcMeNamCnRkIRkTaMgBYg dUcCamþayEdllk;kUnRsIrbs;xøÜnkñúgtMélRBmeRBogmYy . cMeBaHkñúg bBaðaenH tMrUveGaymankarxitxMRbwgERbgrYmKñay:agxøaMg edIm,Ikat;bnßynUvvb,Fm’niTÞNÐPaB nig GMeBIBukrlYyenACMuvijmuxrbrGaCIvkm μpøÚvePTenH . viFIsaRsþmYykñúgkarkMcat;GMeBIenH KWkarBüayaménkarpþl;GMNaccMeBaHRsþIrksuIpøÚvePT edIm,IeGayBYkeKecHCYyxøÜneT . Pñak;garGPivDÆn_RsþIkm<úCa ¬CWDA¦ )anelIkTwkcitþeGayRsþI rksuIpøÚvePTbegáItshCIBrbs;BYkeK edIm,IkarBarnarITaMgLayEdlRbkbrbrenAkñúgvis½yenH . b:uEnþc,ab;smaKmenHminsgÇwmfa mankarcUlrYmeRcInBIRsþI EdlRtUveKXMuXaMgkñúgpÞHbnenAkm<úCa b¤TINadéTeTotenaHeT . GgÁkarepSg²eTotk¾)anBüayamkarBarRsþI EdlgayrgeRKaHbMput kñúgpÞHbnpgEdr edayCYypþl;R)ak;elaHeGayembnCafñÚrnwgkaredaHElgrbs;BYkeK . kareFVI EbbenHCakarCYyeGaymanmeFüa)ayRKb;RKan;kñúgkareKcxøÜn EtTegVIEbbenH vadUcCarbrrksuI CamYy nigTMnijeRbIR)as;eTAvij EtTIbMputvaeTACaGMeBIeFVIGaCIvkm μelImnusSdEdl .

RsþIevotNambMerIpøÚvePTenAkm<úCa

38

46 krNIenHRtUv)anbBa¢ak;enAkñúgGMeBIBukrlYy nigGaCIvkm μpøÚvePT ¬snÞrkfaEføgedayelakRsIevC¢> Bug QIvekk RbFanGgÁkarlIkadU enAmuxvtþbuTum Ex FñÚ qñaM 2001 ¦ TM> 2

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kmμviFIsþarnItism,Tar nigsmahrNkmμdl;RsþIrgeRKaHedayGMeBICYj dUrmnusSnwgekgRbv½Ba©pøÚvePT

RtUvTTYlsÁal;fa BMuEmnRKb;RsþITaMgGs; EdlRbkbrbrpøÚvePTRtUv)anbgçMeGaybnþenAkñúg pÞHbneT . manRsþImYycMnYn)ansuxcitþenAedays μ ½RKcitþ . GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al nigGgÁkar epSg²eTot CaBiessGgÁkarEdlCYyseRgÁaHRtUvRbugRby½tñminRtUvykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHmnsikar xusrbs;RsþIEdlEsVgrkkarKaMRTCYyenaH . RksYgkic©karnarI nigGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)almYy cMnYndUcCamCÄmNÐlkm<úCa edIm,ICYyRsþImanvibtiþ niglIkadU)anGnuvtþkmμviFIsþarnItism,TarenH . km μviFIsþarnItism,TarepþateTAelIkarpþl;snþisux CMnYyEpñkstiGarmμN_ nigkarBieRKaHRbwkSabBaða 47 sißtienHpþl;edayrdæPi)al r)aykarN_dMbUg TI2 nigTI3 sþIBIkarGnuvtþn_GnusBaØasþIBIkarlb;bM)at;ral;TMrg;énkar erIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePT enAkm<úCa ¬raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa Extula qñaM2003¦ b:uEnþelak Steinfatt )anelIkeLIgfa cMnYnGacticCagenHRbEhlCa 43°-tamÉksar {karvas;EvgcMnYnRsþI nigkumarEdlRtUvCYjdUrenAkm<úCa} karsikSa edayviFIsaRsþsegátpÞal;enAmUldæaneday ¬ Thomas M. Steinfatt sklviTüal½yma:ymI qñaM 2003 ¦ . 48 mindUcRbeTséfeT RbeTsevotNamminTan;)ancuHhtßelxaelIGnusSarN³eyaKyl; ¬MoU¦ CamYynwgPaKIkm<úCa eTGMBIbBaðaGMeBICYjdUrmnusSenH . eKsgÇwmfa ¬MoU¦enHnwgRtUvcuHhtßelxaenAqñaM2004 .

39

49 kñúgb:un μanqñaMfμI²knøgeTAenHmankarseRgÁaHRsþIevotNamYycMnYnecjBIpÞHbn ehIyykeTAdak;kñúgmNÐlsþarnItism, TarRKan;EtCakareKcBIpÞHbnmþgmáalb:ueNÑaH .

esvaKaMRTTUeTA nigkar]btßmdl;vKÁhwVkhWVnviC¢aCIv³nana ¬dl;RsþI nigkumar¦ km μviFIsmahrNkmμ man dUcCapþl;kEnøgsñak;enAsmrmüsMrab;CnrgeRKaH . eyagtammCÄmNÐlkm<úCa edIm,ICYyRsþI manvibtiþ)aneGaydwgfa CnrgeRKaHCaeRcInmankarP½yxøackñúgkarRtLb;eTAPUmi-XMurbs;BYkeKvij BiessxøacmankarrMelaPmþgeTot nigkarbeNþjecjBIshKmn_ . nItism,TarrYmman dUcCakar pþl;CMerIskargar nigkEnøgrs;enAepSg²dl;CnrgeRKaHenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa .

suxPaBcMeBaHRsþIbMerIpøÚvePT

narIbMerIpøÚvePTRbQmmuxCamYy nigkarKMramkMEhgBIrEbb KWsuxPaB nigsnþisux . bBaða TImYy KWCakarekIneLIgnUvGMeBIhigSamkelIRsþI nigkumarenAkñúgvis½ypøÚvePTenH bBaðaTIBIr KWCakar qøgCMgWtamry³karrYmePT dUcCaCMgW HIV/AIDS CaedIm . enAqñaM 1999 eK)an)a:n;RbmaNfa mankarqøgCMgWeGds¾enAkñúgcMeNamnarIRbkbrbrrksIupøÚvePT edaypÞal;man 33>2° narIbMerIpøÚv ePTCalkçN³BaNiC¢kmμman 19>8° nignarIbMerIpøÚvePTCalkçN³ÉkCnpÞal;xøÜnman 16>7°50 . cMnYnenH)anbgðajnUvkarfycuH ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgqñaMmun² ehIytYelxenHGaccuHEfmeTot edaynarIbMerIpøÚv)anTTYlCMnYy]btßm nigB½t’mansIþBIkic©karBarxøÜnGMBICMgWeGds¾eRcInCagmun .

karCYjdUrRsþI nigkumarEdlBMuEmnCabuBVehtuCYjdUrpøÚvePT

Blrdækm<úCaRtUv)aneKCYjdUrdUcCa {TMnijeRbIR)as;} kñúgeKalbMNgeFVIGaCIvkmμBMuEmn buBVehtuxagbMerIpøÚvePT . viFIEdlBYkCYjdUrmnusSTaMgenaHTTYl)aneCaKC½yTUeTA KWBYkeKedIr e)akR)as;burs-RsþI nigkumarRkIRkgayrgeRKaH ehIyeKGacRbRBwtþeTAedayK μaneTaséBr_ eday mankarrYmsmKMnitnwgkarBarBIsMNak;mRnþIrdæaPi)al nigmRnþIGnuvtþc,ab;xøHnana .

enARbeTséf evotNam nigRbeTsGas‘anCaeRcIneTotenAEtCaRbeTs EdlTTYlBlkr

CYjdUrBIkm<úCakñúgkMritkan;EtTabCagmun . kar)a:n;s μanfaenAqñaM 2000 manBlkrEdlCMBak; bMNul 88>000 nak;enAkñúgRbeTséf51. cMnYnenHrYmTaMgburs nigRsþIEdlRtUvCYjdUreTARbeTs éf ¬eRcInEtsμ ½RKcitþedaymankarsnüafa mankargarl¥²¦ EteRkaymkRtUv)aneKeRbIdUcCaTas

50 GñkXøaMemIl HIV . mCÄmNÐlCatiRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgCMgW HIV/AIDS eraKesIrEs,k nigeraKsgÁm qñaM2000 .

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51 karGnuvtþn_c,ab;³ ]bsKÁ nigRtUvCMn³edayrebobNa . sikçasalasþIBIkarkarBarpøÚvc,ab; nigkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;sþIBI GMeBICYjdUrRsþI nigkumar ¬snÞrkfaEføgeday evC¢> Bug QIvekk PñMeBjqñaM2000 TM> 1 .

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CnelμIsCYjdUrmnusS)aneRbIRsþIqøgEdneTARbeTséfeFVICaGñkdwkCBa¢ÚnfñaMejonehrU:GuIn nigy:ama: . eRkABIeRKaHfñak;dl;suxPaB EdlGacemIleXIjc,as; edaykardwkCBa¢ÚneRKOgejontamRTg; RTayepSg² KWRsþITaMgenHCaGñkRbQmmux nigkarpþnÞaeTasy:agF¶n;F¶redayRbhaCIvit RbsinebI GaCJaFréfcab;xøÜn)an . 52 BlkreTsnþRbevsn_eTARbeTséf ³ karvaytMéldMbUg ¬can; supl nigsuvNÑariT§- viTüasßanGPivDÆn_ FnFankm<úCa Exmifuna qñaM1999 : TM> 8 53 :RkumnKr)al)ane)assMGathaglk;bEg¥m seRgÁaHekμgCMTg;km<úCa 18 nak; : kaEst)agkkb:usþ× cuHéf¶TI 27 ExFñÚ qñaM2003¦ . 54 CnBikar nigRsIþmankUntUc²k¾CaeKaledArbs;BYkCYjdUrmnusS EdlykBYkeKeTA[sMuTankñúgRbeTsCitxagpgEdr .

41

55 bBa¢ak;enAkñúgr)aykarN_ }minsmrs;enACamnusS}³ GMeBITaruNkmμenAkm<úCa (Jason Barber) km μviFIRbqaMgnwgGMeBI TaruNkmμ PAT r)aykarN_lIkadU qñaM2000 TM> 69 . tYelxenHRtUv)ankt;Rta edaym:t;hμt; EttamkarBitRbEhl CasßitielIsBIenHeTAeTot .

Gnusasn_

• EXmbUv nigGgÁkarsgÁmsuIvilepSg²eTotRtUvbnþbBa©úHbBa¢ÚlRksYgyutiþFm’ edIm,IeGay mankarEkTMrg;nwggbegáItnUvc,ab;f μ I edIm,IRbqaMgkarCYjdUrmnusS EdlRbkbedayKtiyutþi TUlMTUlayRtwmRtUvsmrmü .

• RtUveRbIRKb;meFüa)ayTaMgGs; edIm,IGnuvtþc,ab;bc©úb,nñ EdlkarBarRsþIBIGMeBIrMelaPpøÚv ePTnwgCYjdUrmnusS . skm μPaBTaMgenHRtUvEtmandMeNIrkar edIm,ICMnHvb,Fm’niTÞNÐ PaB nigGMeBIBukrlYy .

• KYrKitKUrdl;kardMeLIgR)ak;ExmRnþIraCkar edaybBaðaenHCameFüa)ay nigCaKnøwHmYykñúg karRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYykñúgcMeNammRnþIraCkar .

• karhwVkhVWn nigkarGb;rMbEnßmeTotdl;mRnþInKr)alRBMEdn EdleFVIkargarRbekoknwgmCÄ mNÐlCYjdUrmnusS nigGaCIvkm μpøÚvePT .

• tMrUveGaymankarsikSaRsavRCavEfmeTot ¬TaMgenAkm<úCa nigevotNam¦ edIm,IEsVgrk meFüa)aykñúgkarCYynarIbMerIpøÚvePTCnCatievotNamenAkm<úCaeGay)anRbesIrCagmun . e)assMGatpÞHbnnana nigkarbBa¢ÚnCnCatievotNamTaMgenaHRtLb;eTAvijminGacCa dMeNaHRsayl¥bMputeT .

• RtUvbnþbBa©b;GnusSarN³eyaKyl;rvagkm<úCa nigevotNam edIm,IkarBarRsþIbMerIpøÚvePT CaCnCatievotNamBIkarrgeRKaHedaykarCYjdUrkøayeTACaCnGenþaRbevsn_xusc,ab; .

• bnþkarGb;rMsþIBI HIV/AIDS dl;RsþIrksuIpøÚvePT nigRkumbursEdlcUlcitþRsþITaMgenaH dUc CamRnþIeyaFa nignKr)al RBmTaMgBYkkmμkr EdlEtgEtcl½tcuHeLIgdUcCaGñkensaT RtI .

• eFVIkarRtYtBinitüQamdl;narIbMerIpøÚvePT nigRkumGtifiCnsMxan;²rbs;BYkeKeGay)anCa RbcaM .

• begáInmUlniFinwgpþl;CMnYydl;RksYgkic©karnarI nigGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alepSg²eTot edIm,IGnuvtþkm μviFIsþarnItism,Tar nigkartaMgTIlMenAfμIdl;RsþI EdlCaCnrgeRKaHeday GMeBICYjdUrmnusS nigkarekgRbv½Ba©pøÚvePTeGaymanRbsiTi§PaB .

42

• KYrepþatkarykcitþTukdak;eGay)anxøaMgeTAelIRkumnarIekμg²eGaymanCMnaj EdlGac pþl;dl;BYkeKmanlMnwgkñúgCIvit nigk¾CameFüa)aymYykñúgkarTb;sáat;BYkeKkMueGayFøak; cUleTAkñúgGaCIvkmμbMerIpøÚvePTenH .

43

• kMcat;ecalnUvsøaksñamGaRkk; EdlditCab;nwgCnrgeRKaHedayGaCIvkmμePT EdlCa ]bsKÁdl;karsþarnitism,Tar nigkarvilRtLb;eTAtaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijenAkñúgshKmn_ .

VI- RsþIkñúgBn§naKar

edaysarmanrUbPaBCak;EsþgenAKukTYlEsøgnaTIRkugPñMeBj kalBIrbbkm<úCaRbCaFib-etyü)aneFVI[RbeTskm<úCaTTYlnUvPaBGam:as;KYr[esaksþayenAelIqakGnþrCati . cab;BIeBl enaHmkkarEklMG EdlRtUveFVI[RbesIreLIgCaGtibrimaenaH)anditdamenAkñúgRbB½n§RBhμTNÐ km<úCa . RbkarxagelIenHbNþal[eTACalkçxNÐdl;skm μPaBtamdanRtYtBinitüGMBIkareKarB siT§imnusS nigsuxmalPaBrbs;TNÐitenAtamBn§naKarTUTaMgRbeTs56. b:uEnþ eTaHCa)aneFVIy:ag enHkþIk¾sßanPaBenaHenAxVHxateRcInNas;sMrab;sßanPaBRsþI nigkumarEdlenACab;XMuXaMgenaH57 . bTbBaØtiþEdlTak;TgeTA nigkmμviFIkargarkarBarRsþI ¬kUn²rbs;BYkeK¦ RBmTaMgGnitiCnRtUvBYk Gñkyam rYmTaMgRbFanBn§naKarniyaycMGkLkelIynwgemIlRsal . cMnYnRsþIRbmaN 6° nig GnitiCn 4° kñúgcMeNamGñkCab;ecaTTaMgGs;enAkm<úCa GacRtUvrgkarP½yxøacy:agxøaMgkøa58 nwgTTYlkarQWcab;hYsRbmaNBIsMNak;edayGñkeTasbursenATIenaHeTotpg59 .

sßanPaBrs;enA

eyagtamc,ab; RsþI nigGnitiCnRtUv)anpþl;kic©karBarbEnßmenAkñúgRbB½n§c,ab;RBhμTNÐ . CnTaMgenHtMrUveGaydak;enAkñúgkEnøgmYydac;edayELk ehIyEdlGñkyamburscUleTABinitü kñúgGaKar b¤bnÞb;XMuXaMgrbs;RsþI RtUvtMrUveGaymanGñkyamCaRsþIePTcUleTACamYyEdr . b:uEnþ bBaØtiþenHminsUv)anRbtibtiþtameT ehIyCnCab;ecaTCaRsþIePTFm μtaRtUv)andak;enAkñúgGaKar

56 kic©karenHCadMbUgcab;epþImedayGgÁkarlIkadU GgÁkarRKUeBTüK μanRBMEdnkñúgqñaM 1994 . 57 eyagtamc,ab;km<úCa minGnuBaØateGayykkumarGayueRkam 13qñaMdak;Bn§naKar)aneT b:uEnþc,ab;enHminRtUv)anyk mkGnuvtþeGay)anRtwmRtUveT . sUmGan : Less than Human : GMeBITaruNkm μenAkm<úCa ¬eday Jason Barber) km μvi FIRbqaMgnwgGMeBITaruNkmμ ¬PAT¦ r)aykarN_lIkadU Exmifuna qñaM2000 TM>51 . 58 enAqñaM 1999 tamr)aykarN_lIkadU manRsþI 176nak; nigGnitiCn 120nak;enAkñúgBn§naKarkm<úCa . GñkeTasTaMg Gs;man 3>007nak; . PaKeRcInénRsþITaMgenHRtUv)anXMuXaMgedaysarCMBak;bMNul ehIyRtUv)anXMuXaMgkñúgkEnøg Edlmankaryamkamy:agtwgrwgCaTIbMput . manbBa¢ak;kñúg :Less than Human {GMeBITaruNkm μenAkm<úCa ¬eday Jason Barber) km μviFIRbqaMgnwgGMeBITaruNkm μ ¬PAT¦ r)aykarN_lIkadU ExmifunaqñaM2000 TM>55 .

44

59 Baküfa :GñkeTas : nig {BiruT§Cn : RtUv)aneRbICamYyKñasMedAelImnusSEdleKXMuXaMgenAkñúgBn§naKar . BaküenHeRbI rYmTaMgburs nigRsþIEdlRtUv)ankat;eTasrYc ¬nigkMBugCab;eTas¦RBmTaMgeRbIelImnusSEdlkMBugrg;caMkarkat;kþIpgEdr .

Bn§naKarrYmKñaTaMgGs; ehIyRtUvyamkamedayqμaMBn§naKarCaburs60 . karsñak;enAsMrab;CnCab; ecaT {rYmKña} CaFm μtamansPaBRkxVk;xøaMgNas; ehIyEfmTaMgbrievNceg¥otEfmeTot EdlGac naMeGaymankarxVHGnam½y nigxVHPaBdac;edayELk . RsþImñak;)anR)ab;lIkadUeGaydwgfa Kat; RtUv dak;enAkñúgbnÞb;mYytUcceg¥otEdlmanmnusS 26nak;61 .

suxPaBrbs;RsþIenAkñúgBn§naKarmansßanPaBF¶n;F¶r . mYyPaKbYnénRsþIEdl)anqøgsmÖasn_

enAkñúgRbB½n§RBhμTNÐTaMgGs;)anniyayfa BYkeKminEdl)anTTYlkarBüa)aleGay)ansmrmü eT62 . enAkñúgeBlxøHmankarBüa)altMrUveGaymankarbg;R)ak; . cMNucenHCakarRbkasR)ab; eGaydwgnUvbriyakasmYyEdlK μanGnam½y nigkarxVHxatGaharEdlnaMeGaymanCMgWnana Ca BiessRbePTCMgWqøg . RsþImYycMnYnFMmanCMgWrlakRbB½n§bnþBUC nigGñkpÞúk HIV/AIDS k¾kMBugrIk raldalenAkñúgBn§naKarkm<úCapgEdr . CaFmμta BMumankarbMEbkCnCab;ecaTEdlmanCMgWeGay enAdac;BIKñaeT eFVIdUecñHCMgWGacraldalBaseBjTaMgBn§naKartamry³karcak;sak;rYm nigGMeBIesB snßv³CaedIm .

karpþl;mðÚbGaharmin)anRKb;RKan;enABn§naKarnanaCaeRcIn . buKÁliksiTi§mnusS)ansnñi

dæanfa raCrdæaPi)alBMu)aneKarBtamkatBVkic©kñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;GñkeTaseT . dUcEdlGñkesIubGegát GgÁkarshRbCaCatimñak;)anelIkeLIg :mnusSEdlRtUvkat;eGayCab;Bn§naKarminKYrbgçMdak;TNÐ km μedayviFIbg¥t;GahareT . rdæaPi)almYyEdlminGacciBa©wmGñkeTas)anBMumansiTi§rkSakar XMuXaMgBYkeKeGayenAmYykEnøg)aneT : 63. RsþICamnusSEdlgayrgeRKaHx<s;CageKenAeBlEdl karhUbcukminRKb;RKan; BIeRBaHBYkeKTMngCaminsUv)anTTYlmðÚbGaharbEnßmxageRkABIRKYsardUc burseT . 60 enAkñúgqñaM 2000 tamr)aykarN_)aneGaydwgfa manEtBn§naKaréRBsmYyeTEdlmankEnøgsMrab;RsþI nigGnitiCn dac;BIKñasUmGan :Less than Human : GMeBITaruNkmμenAkm<úCa ¬eday Jason Barber) kmμviFIRbqaMgnwgGMeBITaruNkm μ ¬PAT¦ r)aykarN_lIkadU Exmifuna qñaM 2000 TM>51 . 61 CnK μaneTaséBr_ ³ r)aykarN_lIkadU sþIBIsiTi§kumarEdlFMeLIgenAkñúgBn§naKar (Hilary Margolis), lIkadU Exmifuna qñaM2002 ¦ TM> 24 . 62 CnKμaneTaséBr_ ³ r)aykarN_lIkadU sþIBIsiTi§kumarEdlFMeLIgenAkñúgBn§naKar ¬Hilary Margolis), lIkadU Exmifuna qñaM2002 ¦ TM> 3 . 63 Less than Human : TaruNkmμenAkm<úCa ¬eday Jason Barber) km μviFIRbqaMgnwgGMeBITaruNkmμ ¬PAT¦ r)aykarN_ lIkadU Exmifuna qñaM2000 TM>54 .

45

GgÁkarmnusSFm’CaeRcIn dUcCa km μviFIes,ogGaharBiPBelak nigGgÁkarlIkadU)an pþl;GaharbEnßmdl;GñkeTas b:uEnþenaHRKan;EtCakardMeNaHRsaymþgmáalEtb:ueNÑaH ehIyTegVI EbbenH)aneFVIeGayrdæaPi)almincg;TTYlxusRtUv EdlenHCaParkic©rbs;rdækñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;EfrkSa GñkeTasTaMgenaH .

karrMelaPbMBanelIGñkeTas nigBiruT§Cn

kareFVITaruNkm μCaTUeTA EdlFøab;manBIBunmkelIGñkeTasRtUv)anfycuHcab;taMgBIBak; kNþalTsvtSqñaM 1990 mk . ktþaenHGaRs½yedaykarBinitütamdany:agditdl;karbBa©úHbBa©Úl nigkarelIkkMBs;énkaryl;dwgdl;GnurkSBn§naKarGMBIviFan nigbTbBaØtþinanakñúgkarRKb;RKgBiruT§ CneRkamkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;BYkeK . b:uEnþeTaH Cay:agk¾edayenAmanBn§naKarCaRcInenAEteRbI R)as;]bkrN_eFVITaruNkmμcas;² edIm,Idak;GñkeTaseGayenAmYykEnøgdUcedImdEdlRBmTaMg bBa¢aGñkeTasdUcKña edIm,IRtYtRtaGñkeTasdéTeTotkñúgeKalbMNgdak;vin½yelIGñkeTasepSg eTot . kareFVITaruNkm μeRcInEtRbRBwtþeLIgCarebobTaruNkm μlak;kM)aMg nigGaceFVIeLIgeday karvaydM b¤rebobCakarRbmafemIlgayk¾man .

rebobeFVITaruNkmμedaykll,icx<s;mkelIRsþIenAkñúgBn§naKar dUcCaGMeBIrMelaPesBsnßv³

nigrMelaPpøÚvePT)anekItmaneLIgedayGñkyam b¤GñkRKb;RKgBn§naKar b¤GñkeTasdUcKña . kñúg krNImYyEdllIkadU)anesuIbGegátelIkrNIRsþImñak;RtUv)anGñkyambgçMeGaykøayeTACaGñkbMerIpøÚvePTenAkñúgBn§naKar64 . krNImYyd¾KYreGayGeNacGFmμ EdlGgÁkarlIkadU)andwg KWekIteLIg enABn§naKarextþekaHkug kñúgcenøaHqñaM 1996-97 ³

enAExmifuna qñaM1997 RkumRKUeBTürbs;GgÁkarlIkadU)anCYbRbTHRsþImñak; EdlkMBugsßit kñúgdMNak;kalcugeRkayénCMgWeGds¾rbs;xøÜn enAkñúgbnÞb;mYyCamYynwgRsþImñak;eTotEdlmankUn bInak; . RsþImñak;EdlsÁal;fa eQ μaH TUc Gayu 27qñaM manCMgWraMuér . mRnþIeBTü)aneXIjnagkMBug edkRtaMenAkñúgføúklamk nigTwkenam . tambBa¢IBn§naKar RsþIeQμaH TUc RtUv)anXMuXaMgBIqñaM1996 . eRkayBIcUlmkdl;Bn§naKarPøammanGñkeTasmñak;eTot)anbbYlnag[rt;eKcecjBIBn§naKar . CakareqøIytbeTAnwgGMeBIenaH Gñkyam)ancab;RsþITaMgBIrnak;sRmatexaGavTaMgGs;ehIy)an rMelaPnagtamrn§KUfRBmTaMgykFagdUgmkcak;rn§KUfnagpg . b:un μan ExeRkaymkRsþIeQ μaH TUc enaHRtUv)aneKvaydMmþgeTot edayecaTRbkan;fa nag)anykerOgenHeTAniyayR)ab;mRnþItulakar

46

64 ÉksardEdl TM> 51

b:unμanqñaMeRkaymkeTot TUc RtUvGñkeTasmñak;rMelaPnagmþgeTot ehIyk¾manépÞeBaH . enAeBl RKUeBTüGgÁkarlIkadUeTABinitüsuxPaBnag eTIbdwgfakUn)ansøab;TaMgenAkñúgépÞeTAehIy . eTaHbI CaeK)anbBa¢ÚnnageTAmnÞIreBTükalBI BIr-bIs)aþh_mun ¬edaymankaresñIsMurbs;GgÁkarCMnYy Epñkc,ab;km<úCa¦ nagRtUv)annaMecjBImnÞIreBTümkvijmYyéf¶eRkay edaybuKÁlikmnÞIreBTü)anGH GagfaBMumanFnFanRKb;RKan;sMrab;emIlnagenAkñúgmnÞIreBTü . GgÁkarlIkadUk¾)anerobcMeGay nag)anRtLb;eTAmnÞIreBTüvij edIm,ITTYlkarBüa)al b:uEnþb:un μanéf¶eRkayBIbuKÁliklIkadU cak ecjBIekaHkugRsþIrgeRKaHeQμaH TUc k¾)ansøab; . tamkarBinitüeRkayeBlsøab:)anbgðajnagman pÞúkemeraKeGds¾65 .

krNIRsþIeQ μaH TUc bBa¢ak;nUvGMeBIGaRkk;EdlKYreGays¥b;ex<Imnwgrn§t;CaTIbMputenAkñúg

RbB½n§RBh μTNÐkm<úCa . taMgBIqñaM 1997 mankarEklMGkñúgkarEfTaM nigtmøaPaB ¬eTaHbICamin GaceFVI)anTaMgGs;k¾eday¦ EtTMngCaenAmanGMeBIsahavepSgeTotGacekItmaneLIgvijmþgeTot . krNIrbs;RsþIrgeRKaH TUc )anbgçitbgçMeGaynagmineGaytk;søút ¬eTaHCaerOgenaHCaerOgKYr eGayrn§t;exøacpSarCaTIbMputkþI¦ b:uEnþCakarbBa¢ak;sareLIgvijnUvtMrUvkareGaymankarRbugRby½tñ nwgEfTaMCaRbcaMdl;RsþIenAkñúgBn§naKarkm<úCanana .

kumarFMdwgkþIenAkñúgBn§naKar

c,ab;km<úCa)anGnuBaØateGaymþayciBa©wmkUnenAkñúgBn§naKar CasMNagEdrEdlcMnYnRsþIman kUnenAkñúgBn§naKarmanbrimaNtictYcenAeLIy . enAqñaM 2001 GgÁkarlIkadU)ansmÖasn_mþay TaMg 13nak; EdlxøHekItkUnenAkñúgBn§naKar nigxøHeTotnaMkUnmkrs;enACamYyedayKitfa K μanCM erIsNaepSgeTotkñúgkarEfTaMBYkeKeLIy66 . eK)andwgB½t’mantictYcEtb:ueNÑaHGMBIplb:HBal; dl;kumarTaMgenaHenAeBlBYkeKFMdwgkIþeLIg edaysßanPaBenAkñúgBn§naKar . eyagtamkarRsav RCavmYycMnYn Edl)aneFVIeLIg eyIgGacdwgBIsßanPaBkñúgBn§naKar EdlmanPaBy:ab;yWuny:agxøaMg sMrab;kumarTaMgenaH . mþayPaKeRcIn)anraykarN_fakUn²rbs;BYkeKmanbBaðasuxPaBCaRbcaM

65 Less than Human : GMeBITaruNkmμenAkm<úCa ¬eday Jason Barber) kmμviFIRbqaMgnwgGMeBITaruNkmμ ¬PAT¦ r)ay karN_lIkadU Exmifuna qñaM2000 TM>53 .

47

66 sUmGan CnKμaneTaséBr_kñúgBn§naKar ³ r)aykarN_rbs;lIkadUsþIBIsiTi§kumarFMdwgkþIenAkñúgBn§naKar ¬Hilary

Margolis), lIkadU Exmifuna qñaM2002 .

edayK μanmðÚb GaharRKb;RKan; nigman»kaseronsURt)antictYcbMput67. bBaðaKYreGay)armÖepSg eTot EdlbuKÁliklIkadU)ansegáteXIj KWPaBgayrgeRKaHrbs;kumarBIsMNak;karrMelaPbMBan rbs;Gñkyam nigGñkeTasdéT²eTot ¬CaBiessCnel μ IskñúgkrNIrMelaPenAkñúgbnÞb;XuMXaMgEk,r ²enaH¦ . bBaða mYyeTotEdlGacbnÞúcbg¥ak;dl;karlUtlas;EpñksuxmalPaBkumar KWxVHkarEN naMl¥sMrab;BYkeK . enAkñúgqñaM2002 lIkadU KWCaGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alEtmYyKt; Edl)anRsav RCavGMBIbBaðaenH ehIypÁt;pÁg;mðÚbGahar nigkarBüa)alcMeBaHkumarEdlFMdwgkþIenAkñúgBn§naKar .

Gnusasn_

• bnþkarRtYtBinitütamdany:agRbugRby½tñ GMBIsiTi§mnusS nigsuxPaBenAkñúgBn§naKarnana TUTaMgRbeTs edIm,IbegáIntmøaPaBenAkñúgRbB½n§RBh μTNÐ .

• Gb;rMGñkyam nigmRnþIRKb;fñak;GMBIbTbBaØtiþnanaBak;B½n§nwgkarXMuXaMgenAkñúgBn§naKar . dak;TNÐkmμeGay)antwgrwg RbsinebIRbRBwtþelμIsnwgbTb,BaØtiþenH.

• RtUvdak;RsþI nigGnitiCneGayenAkñúgkEnøgXMuXaMgdac;edayELk . • begáIncMnYnGñkyamCaRsþIePTeGay)aneRcIn . • bBa©úHbBa©ÚlrdæaPi)aleGaypþl;FnFanEfmeTot edIm,IpÁt;pÁg;mðÚbGaharEfTaM suxPaB

nigkarGb;rMdl;GñkeTas . • bnþkarRsavRCavnwgkarBardl;kumarEdlFMdwgkþIeLIgkñúgBn§naKar .

48

67 GñkRsavRCav)anerobrab;nUvGVIEdleK)anrkeXIjedayTTYlsÁal;faRsþITaMgenaHminGacerobrab;R)ab; eGayGs;dUc EdlBYkeKcg;eT edaymanvtþmanGñkyamenATIenaH . sUmGan ³ CnKμaneTaséBr_kñúgBn§naKar ³ r)aykarN_rbs; lIkadUsþIBIsiTi§kumarFMdwgkþIenAkñúgBn§naKar ¬Hilary Margolis), lIkadU Exmifuna qñaM2002 TM> 20-21 .

VII- RsþIenAtamCnbT

maRta 14

1- rdæPaKITaMgLayRtUvKitKUrdl;bBaða CaBiessEdlnarIenACnbTRtUvRbQmmuxRBmTaMg tYnaTId¾sMxan;rbs;narIenACnbTkñúgkarrs;ranEpñkesdækic©sMrab; RKYsarrbs;BYkeKrYmbBa©Úl TaMgkargarrbs;narITaMgenaHenAkñúgvis½yK μancMNUlénesdækic©eTotpg ehIyrdæPaKITaMg LayRtUvRbkan;yknUvviFankarsmRsbnana edIm,IFanadl;karGnuvtþn_bBaØtiþTaMgLay énGnusBaØaenHcMeBaHnarIenACnbTpg .

2- rdæPaKITaMgLayRtUvGnuvtþviFankarsmRsbnana edIm,IbM)at;karerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarI ePTenACnbT edIm,IeGayGñkTaMgenaHGaccUlrYm nigTTYl)annUvGtßRbeyaCn_BIkic© GPivDÆn_>>>

enAqñaM 2003 RbCaCnkm<úCa 84° Edlrs;enAtamCnbTkþIman 90° énBlrdæEdlrs;

enAeRkambnÞat;PaBRkIRkéntMbn;CnbT KWPaKeRcInCaRsþIePT68 . sßanPaBRsþIkm<úCaenACnbT KWmanPaBsμ úKsμaj nigPaBminRsYlRsNuky:agxøaMg . eRkABIRbéBNIerIseGIgCaTUeTAEdlGac qøúHbBa©aMgeXIjy:agelIslubenAkñúgRbeTsGasuIPaKGaeKñy_CaeRcIn RsþIkm<úCaRtUvRbQmmuxnwg bBaðad¾FM ¬K μanBIr¦ Tak;TgeTAnwgRbvtiþsaRsþ nigbribfpñt;KMnitneya)aysgÁmrbs;km<úCa .

karvilvl;énvDÆn_PaBRkIRkeTAnig]bsKÁ EdlRbQmnwgkarGPivDÆn_ sMrab;RsþICnbT

tamkar)a:n;sμan)aneGaydwgfa 50°énRsþICnbT KWminecHGkSr nigmin)anbBa©b;bzm sikSa69. tamtYelxenH mYyEpñkeyIgGacBnül;)anfaedaysarsalaeronmYycMnYnFMRtUv)an bMpøicbMpøajenAkñúgsm½yEx μrRkhm nigkarrMxanedaysRgÁamsIuvil EdlbnþrhUtmkdl;TsvtS qñaM1990 . bBaðaenHk¾Gacyl;)anEdrenAkñúgbribfRbéBNIEdlmanRsab;cMeBaHRsþI nigkarxVHxat

68 eynD½rkñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ¬EpñkGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al nigbBaða- ÉksarsþIBIkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nig karGPivDÆn_enAkm<úCa qñaM2003¦ TM> 37 .

49

69 ÉksardEdl .

FnFanCaTUeTAkñúgkarcMNaysMrab;karsikSa . kgVHkarGb;rMCar)aMgraMgsÞHmYyy:agFMdl;RsþIkñúg karyl;dwgGMBIsiTi§esμIPaB nigkarBartampøÚvc,ab;rbs;xøÜn . bBaðaenHGaceFVIeGayBYkeKgayrg eRKaHedayGMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsar nigGMeBIrMelaPbMBanEdlecHEtekItmaneLIgminQb;Qr. vaGac eFVIeGaylM)akpgEdrdl;RsþICnbTkñúgkarTMluHTMlayPaBRkIRk EdlmanRKbsgát;Canirnþeday RKan;eFVIkarsþarenAkñúgvis½yksikm μ EdlBMuEmnCavis½yGaCIvkm μBaNiC¢km μ . bBaðad¾F¶n;F¶rmYyeTot Edlb:HBal;dl;RsþICnbTkm<úCa KWbBaðaCMgW nigBikarPaB . tam r)aykarN_rbs;kic©GPivDÆn_GgÁkarshRbCaCatienA qñaM2003 )anlatRtdageGaydwgfaman buKÁliksuxaPi)alrbs;rdæaPi)alEt13° b:ueNÑaHEdlrs;enACnbT dUcenHehIyeTIbCMgWEdlGac Büa)al)anCaeRcInkøayeTACaCMgWF¶n;F¶r edayBMumankarykcitþTukdak;kñúgkarBüa)aleGay)an ditdl;nigTan;eBl . bBaðaenH )aneFVIeGaysmtßPaB nigkarKaMRTRKYsarrbs;RsþICnbTcuHTn;exSay y:agxøaMg .

fVIt,itEtmankarxitxMRbwgERbgrbs;Rkume)assMGatmInCaeRcIn km<úCaenAEtCaRbeTsmYy EdlsMbUredayRKab;mInenAelIBiPBelak ehIyEfmTaMgmansmamaRtCnBikarburs nigRsþIx<s; eTotpg . RsþIBikareRcInEtdwtCab;nUvsøaksñamsubinþGaRkk; nigRtUv)aneKerIseGIgenAkñúgshKmn_ RBmTaMgmingayrkKUrRskr)aneT . sßanPaBRsþIemRKYsarenaHkan;EteRKaHfñak;EfmeTotenAeBl EdlGñkrkR)ak;cMNUl Etmñak;Ég KWCamnusS)at;bg;smtßPaBEdlRtUvrkRbPBcMNUlepSg²eTot enaH. raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa ¬CaBiess RksYgkic©karnarI nigGtIt³yuT§Cnk¾dUcCa GgÁkarpþl;mUl niFi nigGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)almYycMnYn)anpþÜcepþImkmμviFICaeRcIn edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðakargarRsþI enACnbT . CaBiessGgÁkar UNDP enAkm<úCa)anykcitþTukdak;y:agxøaMgGMBIédKUr edIm,Ism PaBeynD½r ¬Partnership for Gender Equity, PGE, ¦ nigyuT§saRsþkñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk . enAedImqñaM 2003 UNDP )anbBa¢ak;eGaydwgfa km μvifI PGE EdlCaédKUrCamYynwgRksYgkic© karnarI nigGtIt³yuT§CnCamYyFnaKarBiPBelak)aneFVIkarEsVgrkmtiKaMRTedayeCaKC½y kñúg karbBa©ÚlbBaðasmPaBeynD½reTAkñúgyuT§saRsþCati edIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBRkIRk KWRtUv)ancat;Tukfa CaeCaKC½ymYykñúgcMeNameCaKC½ynanaenAelIBiPBelak cMeBaHkarbRBa¢abeynD½r70 .

50

70 édKUredIm,IsmPaBeynD½r ¬kmμviFIGPivDÆn_GgÁkarshRbCaCati UNDPqñaM 2003¦ TM> 1 .

RsþIemRKYsar

PaBRkIRky:ageRcInelIslubmanenAkñúgbBaðaEdlRsþICaemRKYsar ¬FHH¦ . CaBiessRsþI CaemRKYsargayrgeRKaHGMBIbBaða)at;bg;dIFøI . eyagtamkarsikSaRsavRCavEdleFVIeLIgenAqñaM 2000 CamFümmYyRKYsarmandImYyhikta b:uEnþRKYsar EdlRsþICaemRKYsarenaHmandIRtwmEtCag 0> 50 hiktaEtb:ueNÑaH71 . TMhMdIenH minRKb;RKan;eTsMrab;RKYsarmYyEdlmansmaCik 4nak; kñúgkarciBa©wmCIvit . RKYsarEdlmanRsþICaemRKYsark¾gayeRKaHfñak; nigrgkarbMPitbMP½yEfmeTot BIsMNak;BYkGñkedIrrwbGUsdIFøIEdlTamTarykdIrbs;BYkeK . RsþIBMumanFnFanGVIedIm,ITb;Tl;nwg karTamTarykdIenHenAkñúgRbB½n§tulakareT ehIyGacCamnusSEdleKerIseGIgkñúgkarkat;kþIenA kñúgshKmn_ .

smamaRtd¾FMmYyénRsþIemRKYsar KWCaRKYsarGtIt³yuT§Cn . mindUcenARbeTsevotNam

CaRbeTsCitxageT EdlRsþICaRKYsarGtIt³yuT§CnRtUv)aneKeKarB nigpþl;rbbesaFn cMENkRsþI emm:ayenAkm<úCavij BMumankarKaMRTBIrdæaPi)aleT . PaBs μ úKsμajénsRgÁamsuIvild¾rMeCIbrMCYl)an jaMjIkm<úCaGs;ry³eBlCaeRcInTsvtS)aneFVIeGaybBaðapþl;esaFnkøayeTACabBaðaneya)ayd¾ sμ úKsμajmYy EdlBi)akedaHRsayenAkñúgsm½ykalsþareLIgvijeRkaysRgÁamfμ I²enH .

RsþIkñúgkarEkTMrg;CnbT nigkic©GPivDÆn_shKmn_

tMrUvkarrIkcMerInénneya)ayvimCÄkarf μ I²enAkm<úCa)anpþl;»kasmYydl;RsþIkñúgkarcUlrYm kñúgevTikarsMerccitþenAfñak;mUldæan . RksYgkic©karnarI nigGtIt³yuT§Cn rYmCamYykmμviFIsIla)an elIkTwkcitþkarbRBa¢abeynD½reTAkñúgRbB½n§vimCÄkar taMgBIqñaM1998 RsþImanRtwmEt 40° enAkñúg tMNag XMukñúgextþPaKxaglicénRbeTskm<úCa72 . b:uEnþ sißtienHmin)anR)ab;eyIgfaetIRsþIGacTTYl karEtgtaMgrbs;BYkeKRbkbedayRbsiTi§PaB b¤k¾BYkeKRKan;EtmaneQ μaHkan;dMENgsamBaØEt b:ueNÑaHeT. cMeBaHbBaðaenHtMrUveGaymankarsikSaRsavRCavbEnßmeTot ebIeRbobeFobeTA nwgkar 71 km μsiTi§dIFøI ³ lk; nigkarRbmUlpþúMenAkm<úCa³ karBinitüsareLIgvijnUvTinñn½yRbePTTI 2 nigTinñn½y RbePTTI 1 BIkar sikSaRsavRCav 4 fμ I²- Éksarkargar 16 ¬ viTüasßanGPivDÆn_FnFankm<úCa qñaM2000¦ . bBa¢ak;enAkñúgr)aykarN_ sþIBIkarlb;bM)at;ral;TMrg;énkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePTenAkm<úCa ¬KN³km μkarGgÁkaminEmnrdæaPi)alsþIBI CEDAW qñaM2001 ¦TM> 48 .

51

72 r)aykarN_dMbUg TI 2 nig TI 3 sþIBIkarGnuvtþn_GnusBaØaGnþrCati sþIBIkarlubbM)at;ral;TMrg;énkarerIseGIgRbqaMg nwgnarIePTenAkm<úCa ¬ raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa Extula qñaM2003 ¦ TM> 39 .

rkeXIjenAevotNam)anlatRtdageGayeXIjfa RsþIenAkñúgrdæaPi)alCnbTRtUv)anbgárkar lM)aknwgcaj;beBaäatedayshkarIbursrbs;BYkeK .

RsþIkñúgvis½yksikmμ

karlM)akEdlRsþIRbQmmuxkñúgvis½yksikmμnwgRtUv)anelIkykmkBIPakSalMGitenAkñúg EpñkTI VIII ¬RsþIkñúgkargar¦ . Cakarl¥bMputEdlelIkeLIgykmkbBa¢ak;mþgehIymþgeTotGMBI sarsMxan;kñúgkarrYmcMENkrbs;RsþIenAkñúgvis½yksiplitkmμ EdleRcInEtRtUveKminsUveGaytMél enaH . tamkarKNnaRsþIman 65°kñúgvis½yksikm μ nig80° kñúgvis½yplitkmμmðÚbGahar BYkeK KYrEtCaeKaledAEdlRtUvTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_BIKMeragmIRkU\NTan nigKMeragpSBVpSayksikm μ nanaeGay)ansmrmü . KYrEtmankarelIkTwkcitþRsþI eGaycUlrYmhVwkhVWneFVICamRnþIpSBVpSay sMrab;CaPñak;garksikmμeGay)aneRcIn KWGaceFVI[RbesIreLIgdl;sßanPaBRsþITUeTAenAkñúgshKmn_ .

Gnusasn_

• tMrUveGaymanmUlniFibEnßmeTot edIm,IeGayRsþIenACnbTmanlT§PaBTTYl)annUv esvaBüa)al niglT§PaBbNþúHbNþalGb;rMkan;EtRbesIreLIg .

• bnþpþl;mUlniFinwgKaMRTdl;skmμPaBe)assMGatmIn . • PaBcaM)ac; karBinitütamdannUvlT§plnigsmiTi§plénkarbRBa¢abeynD½rényuT§saRsþ

Cati edIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBRkIRkeGaymanRbsiTi§PaB . • RtUvmankarsikSaRsavRCavbnþeTotGMBItYnaTIGPivDÆn_shKmn_ nigeKalneya)ay

EdlRsþIGacedIrtY)anenAkñúgevTikarGPi)alkic©CnbT nigGPivDÆn_shKmn_ . • RsIRtUv)anelIkTwkcitþ nigpþl;TMnukcitþkñúgkarcUlrYmy:agskm μnUvral;karsMerccitþkñúg

kic©GPivDÆn_shKmn_ . • KMeragmIRkU\NTan nigkarpSBVpSayksikmμKYrepþatelIeKalbMNgRsþIeGay)aneRcIn .

KYrelIkTwkcitþeGayRsþIePTeFVICaGñkhwVkhWVn nigGñksRmbsRmYlenAkñúgKMeragkarenH .

52

• KYrEtbegáInfvikadl;RksYgksikmμ edIm,IeGayeqøIytbeTAnwgPaKryRbCaCnd¾x<s; enAkñúgvis½yenH .

VIII - RsþI nigsuxPaB

maRta 12

1- rdæPaKIRtUvRbkan;yknUvral;viFankarsmRsb edIm,IbM)at;karerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarI ePTenAkñúgvis½ysuxaPi)al edIm,IFanakarTTYl)annUvkic©kar EdlTak;TineTAnwgEpn karRKYsarEfmeTotpg .

2- eRkABIbBaØtiþEdl)anEcgenAkñúgkfaxNÐ 1 énmaRtaenH rdæPaKITaMgLayRtUvFanadl; narIePTnUvral;esvasmRsb EdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarBreBaH karsMralkUn nigeRkay sMralkUn edaypþl;esvaTaMgLay\tKitéfø RbsinebICacaM)ac;kapþl;nUvmðÚbGaharman CIvCatikñúgry³eBlBreBaH nig eBlbMe)AkUnpgEdr .

bBaðasuxPaBrbs;Blrdækm<úCaTaMgGs;RtUv)anEcgenAkñúgmaRta 72 énrdæFmμnuBaØEdl sgát;F¶n;eTAelIkarminerIseGIgkñúgvis½ysuxaPi)al RBmTaMgkarBieRKaHeyabl;EpñkeBTüeday \tKitéfødl;BlrdæRkIRk . rdæaPi)alkm<úCamanemaTnPaBcMeBaHRbB½n§suxaPi)alCatirbs;xøÜn Edl)anTTYlkarKaMRTy:ageRcInBIsMNak;GgÁkarmUlniFi nigGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alnana . cMeBaHemaTnPaBenH vamankareCOnelOnxøH dUcEdlmankarGPivDÆn_Bit²enAelIcMNucsuc©nkr ¬bgðaj¦ sMxan;²dUcCaGRtaGayurMBwgTukrbs;RsþI GRtamrN³kumar nigmataCaedIm73 . b:uEnþ eyagtamr)aykarN_rbs;raCrdæaPi)alhak;dUcCamanectnalak;)aMgnUvPaBxusKñay:agFM rvages vasuxPaBenACnbT nigenATIRkug RBmTaMgkarraldalénCMgWeGds¾d¾KYeGayP½yxøackñúgcMeNam RsþIkm<úCaTaMgLay .

lT§PaBkñúgkarTTYl)anesvasuxPaBmanKuNPaB

r)aykarN_pøÚvkarrbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCasþIBIkarGnuvtþn_GnusBaØasþIBIkarlb;bM)at;ral; TMrg;énkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePT ¬CEDAW¦ )anbBa¢ak;fa manmnÞIreBTüCaticMnYn 8kEnøg

53

73 KYrkt;sMKal;fa eTaHCamansBaØafasuxPaBRsþImankarekIneLIgenAkñúgTsvtSknøgeTAkIþ k¾GRtamrN³rbs;kumar nigmataenAEtx<s;CagRbeTsnanaenAGasuI .

mnÞIreBTübEg¥kextþ 24 mnÞIreBTübEg¥kRsukcMnYn 44 nigmNÐlsuxPaBcMnYn 812kEnøgkñúgqñaM 2003 . mNÐlsuxPaBnimYy²pþl;esva dl;RbCaBlrdæBI 8>000-12>000 nak; 74 .

enAkñúgkarbdibtiþmankarRbmUlpþúMcMeBaHbuKÁliksuxaPi)al nigesvakmμenAkñúgTIRkug nig TIRbCMuCnnana ehIymantictYcbMputenAtamCnbT . KN³km μkarGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alkm<úCa sþIBIGnusBaØa (CEDAW) )aneFVIkar)a:n;RbmaNenAkñúgkarvaytMélmeFüa)aysuxaPi)alenACn bTfaRbEhl40° énRsþICnbTCYbRbTHkarlM)akGMBIkardwkCBa¢ÚnePaKpl75 . RsþIenACnbT nigenATIRkug)anbBa¢ak;dUcKñaBIkarlM)akEfmeTotGMBIbBaðaéføx<s;eBkkñúgesvaBüa)alCm¶W RBmTaMg kar lM)akkñúgkarCYbBieRKaHRKUeBTüxagEpñksuxPaBRsþI .

niyayCaTUeTA kMritCMnajÉkeTsrbs;buKÁliksuxaPi)alsaFarN³RtUv)ancat;TukfaenA TabenAeLIy ehIyCaBiessenAtamtMbn;dac;Rsy:alénRbeTskm<úCaEtmþg . R)ak;Exrbs; buKÁliksuxaPi)alEdlmansmtßPaBsþÜcesþIgCaTIbMput ehIycaM)ac;RtUvrkkargareFVIkñúgKøInikÉkCn edIm,IrkR)ak;cMNUlbEnßm b¤ykéføx<s;eTAelIesvaEdlxøÜn)anpþl; . drabNaR)ak;ebovtSrdæenA EtTab ehIyKμankarelIkTwkcitþdl;buKÁliksuxaPi)al EdlecjeTAeFVIkarenAtMbn;CnbTdac; RsyalenaH TMngCaKuNPaBesvasuxPaBsaFarN³nwgBMumanPaBRbesIrCagmuneT .

karKaMBarmataTark

knøgmkmankarlUtlas;RbesIreLIgKYreGaykt;sMKal;GMBIGRtamrN³mataEdlfyBIkar søab; 900nak; kñúgcMeNamkarpþl;kMeNItcMnYn 100>000nak;kñúgqñaM 1989 mkenARtwmEt 437 nak;kñúgqñaM 200076 . eTaHCay:agenHkþIk¾enAmanRsþICag 200>000 rgeRKaHBIkarmanépÞeBaH RbkbedayPaBs μ úKsμajkñúgmYyqñaM²77 . bBaðaTaMgenHekIteLIgedaysarEtPaBRkIRk EdlnaM eGaymanCMgWCaFmμtadUcCaCMgWxVHQamCaedIm )a:n;sμanemIleTAmanRsþImanépÞeBaH 66° Edl)an

74 r)aykarN_dMbUg r)aykarN_TI2 nigTI3 sþIBIkarGnuvtþn_GnusBaØaGnþrCati sþIBIkarlb;bM)at;ral; TMrg;énkarerIs eGIgRbqaMg nwgnarIePTenAkm<úCa ¬raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa Extula qñaM2003¦ TM> 69 75 r)aykarN_sþIBIkarlb;bM)at;ral;TMrg;énkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePT enAkm<úCa ¬KN³kmμkarGgÁkarminEmnrdæa Pi)alkm<úCasþIBI CEDAW qñaM 2001 ¦TM> 43 . 76 karsikSaRsavRCavGMBIRbCasaRsþ nigsuxPaBenAkm<úCaqñaM 2000 ³ r)aykarN¾dMbUg ¬viTüasßanCatisißtiRksYgEpn kar nigRksYgsuxaPi)al qñaM2000 ¦ TM> 17 .

54

77 eynD½r nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk-ÉksarénEpñkGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al nigbBaðananasþIBIkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigkarGPivDÆn¾enAkm<úCa qñaM2003 TM> 35 .

rgeRKaH edaysarCMgWenaH78 . ]bsKÁEdlnaMeGayBi)akrkkarEfTaMmata EdlmanKuNPaB smrmü k¾CaktþarYmcMENksMxan;mYyEdlnaMeGaymankMeNInmrN³Tark nigmatapgEdr . RsþI mYycMnYn CaBiessRsþI Edlrs;enACnbTeRcInTTYlkarCYysRmalkUnedaysarEtesvaKμan KuN PaB ¬ehAfaqμbCnbT¦ . qμbCnbTRtUv)ancat;TukfaCamnusS EdleKTukcitþenAkñúgPUmi -XMu BYkeK Gnuvtþ EbbburaNEdlGaceFVIeGaymanbBaðadl;mata nigTark dUcCakarhammineGaybriePaK Gahar EdlmanrsCatimYycMnYn ehIymataGacbriePaK)an RBmTaMgminGnuBaØateGaymatabMe)A edaHkUnry³eBlBIréf¶eRkaysMralkUnCaedIm . RksYgsuxaPi)al)anRbkasfa enAxVHq μbEdl mankarhVwkhVWnRtwmRtUvcMnYn 1000nak;kñúgqñaM 2003 ehIyRBmTaMg)ansnüafanwgCMrujkm μviFI hVwkhVWnq μbenH79 . karRsavRCavrbs;lIkadU)anbgðajfa cMnYnenHGac)a:n;s μanxusBIcMnYn Kilanub,rdæ EdlRtUv)anhVwkhVWneFVICaqμb edayGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alnanadUcCa GgÁkarRKUeBTü K μanRBMEdnCaedImEdlFøab;)anbMeBjkargary:agskmμ kñúgKMeragsuxPaBmataTarkenACnbTTUTaMg RbeTskm<úCa .

karBnüakMeNIt

enAkñúgqñaM2003 GRtakMeNIt)anfycuHmkenARtwmRsþImñak;mankUn 4nak;EdlCakar bgðajnUvkarfycuH 1/4° enAkñúgry³eBl 10 qñaMknøgmkenH . karfycuHenHmankarTak;Tg eTAkarGb;rM)anl¥ nigkaryl;c,as;GMBIkarGnuvtþn_nUvkarBnüarkMeNIt . tamkarRsavRCav)an eGaydwgfabc©úb,nñenHmanRsþI 24° kMBugeRbIR)as;bec©keTskarBarkMueGaymankMeNIt nigkar BnüakMeNItEdlcMnYnenHman 1° Etb:ueNÑaHkñúgqñaM 199580 . b:uEnþenAEtRtUvkareGaymankar pSBVpSayB½t’manGMBIkic©karBarkMeNItedaypÞal;mat;enAtamCnbT EdlmankMrityl;dwgtictYc RBmTaMgmansmtßPaBkñúgkarbegáItkUneRcInenAeLIy .

tamkarsikSaRsavRCavGMBIRbCasaRsþkm<úCa nigsuxPaB enAqñaM2000 )an)a:n;s μanfaRsþI

6°Edl)ansmÖasn_suT§EtFøab;rMlUtkUn ehIyRsþI 30° kñúgcMeNamRsþIxagelIenHniyayfa BYk 78 r)aykarN¾dMbUg TI2 nigTI3 GMBIkarGnuvtþn¾GnusBaØaGnþrCati sþIkarlubbM)at;ral;TMrg;énkarerIseGIgRbqaMg nwgnarIePTenAkm<úCa ¬raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa Extula qñaM2003 ¦TM 74 . 79 r)aykarN¾dMbUg TI2 nigTI3 GMBIkarGnuvtþn¾GnusBaØaGnþrCatisþIkarlubbM)at;ral;TMrg; énkarerIseGIgRbqaMg nwgnarI ePTenAkm<úCa ¬raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa Extula qñaM2003 ¦TM 72 .

55

80 dkRsg;ecjBIRbPBÉksardEdl .

eK)anrMlUtkUnenApÞHCaFmμta ehIymankarCYyedayq μb81 . GMBIbBaðarMlUtkUnenAkm<úCaRsþIeFVI eLIgkñúgkarlak;kM)aMg RBmTaMgenAmankareGonxμas;y:agxøaMgCaTIbMput . bBaðaenHGacraraMgRsþI kñúgkarrkkarBieRKaH nigdMbUn μanBIRKYeBTüEdlmanCMnajx<s; . dUecñHtMrUveGaymankarGb;rMEfm eTotGMBITIkEnøg nigrebobEdlRsþIGacrkRKUeBTüCMnaj edIm,ICYykñúgkarrMlUtkUnecj .

Gnusasn_

• tMrUveGaymankarRsavRCavlMGitEfmeTotsþIBIsuc©nkrsuxPaBbc©úb,nñenAkm<úCa . bc©úb,nñ enHhak;dUcCamankarBwgEp¥keTAelIkarsikSaRsavRCavGMBIRbCasaRsþ nigsuxPaBqñaM2000 y:agelIslub . r)aykarN_enHRtUvEteFVIeGaymanB½t’manfμ IEfmeTot .

• EklMGKuNPaBRbB½n§suxmalPaBsaFarN³CaTUeTAtamry³karelIkkMBs;R)ak;ebovtS edIm,IGUsTajeGaymanRKUeBTüEdlmanCMnajx<s;cUlmkeFVIkar .

• FanaeGayRsþIenAtamtMbn;dac;Rsyal)anTTYl)annUvesvasuxPaB EdlmanKuNPaB edaypþl;nUvkarelIkTwkcitþdl;buKÁliksuxaPi)alEdleFVIkarenAtMbn;dac;CnbTTaMgenaH.

• elIkTwkcitþedaymankareRCIserIsRKUeBTüRsþIeGaycUlbMerIkñúgEpñksuxaPi)aleGay)an eRcIn .

• KYreGaymankarERbRbYlCalMdab;dl;qμbCnbTenAkñúgEpñkkarEfTaMsuxPaBmata . RtUveFVI y:agNakMueGayq μbTaMgenaHGnuvtþviFIsaRsþbUraN EdlnaMeGaymanbBaðadl;RsþI nigkar rMlUtkUnenAtampÞH ehIyRtUvelIkTwkcitþBYk Kat;eGaybMerIkarCaP¶ak;garTMnak;TMngrvagRsþI eTIbsMralkUn RsþImanépÞeBaH nigeBTüqμbCMnaj enAkñúgshKmn_vij .

• xitxMRbwgERbgbnþeTotkñúgkareRbIR)as;kareXasnapSBVpSayGMBIkarkarBar. • kMeNItCaBiesspSBVpSaydl;bursenAtamCnbTnana .

56

81 karsikSaRsavRCavGMBIRbCasaRsþ nigsuxPaBkm<úCa qñaM2000 ³ r)aykarN_rbs;viTüasßansßitiRksYg Epnkar nig RksYgsuxaPi)al qñaM2000 ¦TM> 16 .

IX- RsþIbMerIkargar

maRta 11

1- rdæPaKIRtUvcat;viFankarsmRsbkñúgkarlubbM)at;nUvkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePTenAkñúgvis½ykargar>>>

2- edIm,ITb;sáat;karerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePTEdlQrelImUldæanGaBah_BiBah_ b¤matu PaB nigedIm,IFanadl;siTi§kargary:agmanRbsiTi§PaBrbs;eKenaH>>>

c,ab;rdæFm μnuBaØénmaRta 36-172-188 EdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgc,ab;kargarkm<úCa )anEcgfa RsþImansiTi§esμ IKñaenAkñúgvis½ykargarTaMgGs; . b:uEnþbBaðaenH sUm,IEtrdæaPi)alk¾sarPaBfa c,ab; TaMgenHBMumankarRtYtBinitü[)anRtwmRtUveT82 . karTTYlsÁal;enH CakarRbkaseGaydwgcab; BIéf¶enHteTA ¬2004¦ faRsþI KWCaEpñkTaMgmUlénkMlaMgkargarrbs;RbeTsCati . enAqñaM2003 manRsþI 73>5° )ancUlrYmkñúgkMlaMgBlkmμCati . kargarTaMgenaHrYmmankargareRkABIksikm μ 75° kargarraCkar 32/2° kargarkñúgvis½yÉkCn 40° nig87° énkmμkreragcRkTaMgGs; ¬PaKeRcIn KWkargareragcRk]sSahkm μkat;edr¦83 . sßitienHmin)anelIkeLIgnUvkarBitEdl RsþICaeRcIn)anbMerIkarenAkñúgEpñkeRkApøÚvkarBiesskñúgEpñkCMnYjxñattUcCaeRcIn dUcCaGñkbMerItam ePaCnIydæan nigCaGñkbMerItameKhdæannana EdlsUm,IEtkarGnuvtþn_siTi§kargarCamUldæanbMput k¾Gnuvtþmin)anpg .

eborvtSesμIKña

enAkñúgRTwsþI RsþIKYrTTYl)anR)ak;eborvtSsMrab;kargarrbs;xøÚn . b:uEnþebI)a:n;sμanemIleTA CamFümRsþI)anTTYlR)ak;QñÜlticCagburs 30° cMeBaHkargarRbhak;RbEhlKña . nieyaCk eRcInEtyl;RBmpþl;kargardl;RsþI ¬nigkumar¦ edayBYkeKCaTUeTABMusUvdwgGMBIsiTi§kñúgkarTTYl )anR)ak;Exes μ IKñarbs;BYkeK ehIyRBmTTYlykR)ak;ExTab nigbriyakaskargard¾lM)ak . 82 r)aykarN_dMbUg TI2 nigTI3 GMBIkarGnuvtþn_GnusBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIkarlb;bM)at;ral;TMrg; énkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarI ePTenAkm<úCa ¬raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa Extula qñaM2003 ¦ TM> 68 .

57

83 eynD½rkñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ¬ÉksarEpñkGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nigbBaðananasþIBIkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nig GPivDÆn_enAkm<úCa qñaM2003 TM> 35 .

snþiisuxkargar nigkarKaMBarmataTarkEdlkMBugbMerIkargar

nieyaCkTaMgLaykRmpþl;snþisuxkargarkñúgTMrg;CaesaFn b¤pþl;R)ak;QñÜlenAeBlQW Nas; . va)ankøayeTACakarGnuvtþn_CaeKalkarN_mYycMeBaHmRnþIraCkar nigbuKÁliksgÁmsuIvil TaMgGs;kñúgkarTTYl)annUvkarFanasuvtißPaBkargar b:uEnþeK)anTukqnÞanusiTi§ nigemtþakruNaeGay nieyaCkÉkCneFVIbBaØtiþenHeTAvij . CalT§plRsþIkm<úCaCaeRcInminEdl)andwgfaBYkeKRtUv)an TTYlnUvRbeyaCn_GVImYypg . TaMgGnusBaØasþIBIkarlb;bM)at;ral;TMrg;énkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwg narIePT c,ab;kargarkm<úCa nigrdæFmμnuBaØ)anEcgnUvkarhamXat;karbBaÄb;kargarRsþImanépÞeBaH . mRnþIraCkarRtUv)anGnuBaØateGayQb;sMrakmatuPaBry³eBlbIEx edayenAEtTTYl)anR)ak;eBj dEdl . enAkñúgRTwsþIkm μkreragcRk nig]sSakmμepSg²eTotk¾RtUvGnuBaØateGayQb;sMrab;lMEhr matuPaB 90éf¶ edayRtUv)anTTYlR)ak;ExBak;kNþal . enAkñúgkarGnuvtþn_Cak;EsþgsiTi§enHBi)ak kñúgkarGnuvtþn_Nas; ehIyk¾enAEtGaRs½yeTAnwgcitþemtþakruNarbs;nieyaCkdEdl . nieyaCk CaeRcInedaycg;)anR)ak;cMeNjeRcIn ehIyedaykarcMNaydl;kmμkreRcIneBkGacrkl,ickñúg karedjkmμkrRsþImanépÞeBaHecal . enAkñúgkal³eTs³xøHeK)anbgçMeGayQb;sMrakenApÞHeRkay BImanépÞeBaHBIeRBaHK μanTarkdæansMrab;kumar nigK μannrNaemIlkUneGayRsþITaMgenaH84 .

RsþIkñúg]sSakmμkat;edr

bc©úb,nñ]sSahkmμkat;edr KWCavis½yQanmuxenAkñúgenAkm<úCa . kñúgqñaM2001 vis½yenH)an naMmknUvR)ak;cMNUlnaMecj 90° énTMnijnaMecjrbs;RbeTsTaMgmUl enAkñúgqñaM 2003 vis½y)an pþl;kargardl;RsþI 20° kñúgcMeNamRsþIEdlmanGayuBI 18-25qñaM85 . vaCaerOgFm μtaeTA ehIyEdleragcRkrbs;breTsTaMgenaH GacRbRBwtiþnUvniTÞNÐPaBcMeBaHbuKÁlikRsþI . R)ak;ebovtS TabbMputtamc,ab;sMrab;km μkrkat;edrmñak; KW 45duløakñúgmYyEx cMeBaHkargar 48ema:gkñúgmYy s)aþh_ . GaRs½yedaymankm μkrRsþIeRcInelIstMrUvkarenAelITIpSarkargar nieyaCkEtgEtrMelaP elIbTdæanc,ab;EdltMrUv nigR)ak;QñÜlbEnßmem:ag . tamkarRsavRCav)anrkeXIjfaR)ak;ExTab eFVIeGaykm μkrmYycMnYnrkR)ak;cMNUlbEnßmedaytamry³eFVICaRsþIbMerIePT .

84 KYrkt;sMKal;fa Rkumh‘unEdlmanbuKÁlikelIsBI 100 nak;eLIgeTAc,ab;tMrUveGaymanTarkdæansMrab;buKÁlikkm μkr .

58

85 km<úCa ³ KnøwH]sSahkmμkat;edr énBiPBelak ¬Oxfam GB¦ TM> 3 .

bTdæanCamUldæansMrab;suxPaB nigsuvtißPaBkñúgkEnøgeFVIkargark¾kRm)anRtYtBinitüNas;86. buKÁliksiTi§mnusS k¾)anykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHsßanPaBkargar EdleRKaHfñak;dl;km μkrenAkñúgerag cRkmYycMnYnmanRsþI)anBul b¤sißtkñúgsßanPaBrgeRKaHEdlnaMeGayb:HBal;dl;suxPaB87 . GgÁkarlIkadU nigviTüasßankargaresrIGasuIGaemrik ¬AAFLI¦ )anbBa¢ak;bEnßmBIkarbgçitbgçMenA kñúgeragcRkkat;edrkm<úCa88 . eK)anraykarN_faRsþIRtUv)aneKbgçMeGaybg;R)ak;pakBin½yeTA nieyaCk RbsinebI bdiesFminRBmeFVIkarEfmema:g b¤enAéf¶GaTitü b¤éf¶buNü . enAkñúgkrNI BiessbnÞan;eK)anbiTTaVreragcRkmineGaykmμkrecjeT rhUtdl;kmμkrTaMgGs;)anbMeBjtam EpnkarbEnßmem:agenaHrYcral;89. suxPaB nigsuvtißPaBBak;B½n§eTAnwgkarGnuvtþn_enH KWCaPsþútag pÞal;xøÜn . bc©úb,nñenH km μkreragcRkmankarsÞak;esÞIrkñúgkarTamTarEklMGsßanPaBR)ak;Ex nigbris§an kñúgkEnøgeFVIkarrbs;BYkeKGaRs½yedaysßanPaBkñúgkarTamTarCamYynieyaCkmanPaBTn;exSay . R)ak;ExCacMnYnmYyeRcInebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgkargarkñúgvis½yepSgeTot ehIy)anGUsTajRsþIy:ag eRcIneGaycg;eFVIedayeKGac)ansl;fvikaxøHepJIeGayRKYsarrbs;BYkeK . raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCamin h‘anCMurujeGaykarTamTarCamYyRkumh‘unCaTMrg;shCIBkmμkreT edayxøacBYkGñkvinieyaKTaMg enaHQb;vinieyaKenAkñúgRbeTs . cMNucenHva)anpÞúyeTAnwgGnusBaØaelx 98 nig154 rbs; GgÁkarBlkmμBiPBelak ¬ILO¦ EdlFanaeGaymankarTamTarCalkçN³RTg;RTayFM .

enAqñaM 2005 RbeTskm<úCanwgcUlCasmaCikPaBénGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak "WTO" . GnuelameTAtamRbB½n§kUtaBn§dafμInwgcugbBa©b;énkic©RBmeRBog ¬Multifibre¦ EdlFanaeGayplit krkm<úCamanTIpSarxøHenAshrdæGaemrik tamkarGnuvtþn_kñúgkic©RBmeRBogenHeragcRkmYycMnYnnwg eTAvinieyaKenAkEnøgepSgvij . crnþpøas;bþÚrenHnwgecaTCabBaðamYyy:agFMcMeBaHkmμkrRsþITaMg CMnaj nigBak;kNþalCMnajd¾eRcInGenk EdlGacgayrgeRKaHedaysarGMeBIekgRbv½Ba©kñúgkar RbkbmuxrbrciBa©wmCIvit . 86 RbPBÉksardEdl . 87 ]TahrN_-KN³kmμakarRbRBwtiþkmμGgÁkarsiTi§mnusS . evC¢bNiÐt Bug QIvekk )anraykarN_enAeragcRkkat;edr mYymin)aneRbIma:s;)aMgmuxeT . 88 BlkmμkumarenAkm<úCa ¬viTüasßankargaresrIGasuIGaemrik niglIkadU ExkBaØa qñaM1996¦ RsþIeFVIkargar enAkm<úCa ¬ Astrid A afjes & Bama Athreya, LICADHO nig AAFLI) . 89 RsþIeFVIkargarenAkm<úCa ¬ Astrid A afjes & Bama Athreya, LICADHO nig AAFLI) TM> 11.

59

RsþIkñúgvis½yksikmμ

enAtMbn;CnbTkm<úCa ¬EdlmanRbCaBlrdæ 85° rs;enA¦ RsþICag 65° Caksikr ehIyRsþI )anrYmcMENk 80° enAkñúgskmμPaBplitmðÚbGahar90 . PaKeRcInénBlkrTaMgenH)ancUlrYm kñúgkargarksikmμ edIm,IciBa©wmCIvit nigCakargarksikm μ EdlBMumanR)ak;QñÜl . RsþITaMgenHeRcIn BMusUv)aneronsURteRCARCHeT man»kastictYcbMputkñúgkarrkkargareRkABIksikmμ dUecñHRtUvCab; enAkñúgkarvivtþn_énPaBRkIRk\tQb;Qr . mantMrUvkarmYyy:agxøaMgGMBIesvapSBVpSayksikmμ edIm,IeGay)aneTAdl;RsþICnbT RBm TaMgGacelIksÞÜybec©keTsksikm μedaymankarEklMG nigmannirnþPaBCanic© . RBmCamYyKña enHEdrk¾RtUveGayRsþIeronsURtGMBICMnajTIpSarpgEdr ehIyRtUvelIkTwkcitþeGayeFVIkarenAkñúg shkrN_ksikm μxñattUc CaBiesskargarciBa©wmCIvitEdlcMNayedImTuktic nigmanRbsiTi§PaB . RksYgkic©karnarI nigGtIt³yuT§CnrYmCamYynwgGgÁkarminEmnrdæ)almYycMnYn)anCYyRsþIeGay manlT§PaBkñúgkarx©ITun edIm,IerobcMshRKasxñattUc b:uEnþtMrUveGaymanviFIsaRsþmIRkU\NTanrwg maMCagenHeTAeTot . BYkeKRtUveronsURtykKMrUtamKMeragmIRkU\NTanNaEdlGnuvtþ)aneCaKC½y hIyk¾RtUveronsURtBIRbeTsCitxagdUcCaevotNam nighVIlIBInCaedIm . e

BlkreTsnþRbevsn_ ¬BlkrcMNakRsuk¦

edayyklMnaMtamRbeTsepSg²eTot dUcCahVIlIBIn nigevotNamCaedImkm<úCak¾)annaM BlkrRsþIecjeTAeRkARbeTsy:ageRcIneFVICaGñkbMerItameKhdæannanaenARbeTsGasuImYycMnYn dUcCa kUer:xagt,Úg nigma:eLsuICaedIm . manRsþImYycMnYnrk)ankargareFVItamry³GMeBICYjdUr mnusS nigGenþaRbevsn_xusc,ab; ¬sUmGancMNuc IV x¦ ehIyRsþImYycMnYneTot)ankargareFIVenA tameKhdæanÉbreTsedayRsbc,ab; . bc©úb,nñ enAkm<úCamanRkumh‘unÉkCncMnYn 5 Edlpþl;karhVwkhVWnGMBIkargarkñúgeKhdæandl; RsþIrYcbBa¢ÚneTARbeTskUer:xagt,Úg nigma:eLsuI 91 . kargarrbs;Rkumh‘unTaMgenH RtUvmankar 90 eynD½rkñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ¬ÉksarEpñkGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al nigbBaðasþIBIkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nig GPivDÆn_enAkm<úCa qñaM2003 ¦ TM> 35 .

60

91 RsþIRtUvcMNayfvikasMrab;karhVwkhVWn ¬2-3 Ex¦ EdlkarcMNayenaHRtUv)aneKkat;BIR)ak;ExRbcaMEx rbs;RsþITaMg enaH enAeBlEdlBYkeK)ankargareFVI .

BinitüBic©½y nigtamdaneGay)anditdl; . fμ I²enHmankm μkrmYycMnYn)ant¥ÚjEt¥rfaRkumh‘unxøH min)aneKarBkic©snüaeT edaykat;R)ak;Ex BI 400duløamkenARtwm 100duløa . manlT§PaBtic tYcNas; EdlRsþITaMgenHGaceFVI)anenAeBleTAdl;RbeTsEdlRtUveTAeFVIkarenaHCaFmμtaeK)an dkhUtlixitqøgEdnrbs;BYkkmμkrTaMgenaHrkSaTuk .

karRsavRCavkñúgkargarRbePTenHesIÞrEtminGaceFVIeTAekIt edayvaCa {:]sSahkm μlak; kM)aMg} EdlkmμkrsißtkñúgpÞHrbs;nieyaCk . Pñak;garGPivDÆn¾RsþIkm<úCa ¬CWDA) )ankt;sMKal; fa manRsþImYycMnYnsb,aycitþnwgbriyakaskargarf μ I RBmTaMgrIkraykñúgkarEdlGacepIJfvika mkRKYsarrbs;BYkeKenAkm<úCa92 . b:uEnþ RsþICaeRcInminsb,aycitþ ehIymanGñkCYytictYckñúgkar bwþg b¤pþl;kic©karBarxagpøÚvc,ab; . éf¶mYymanRsþImñak; EdlkMBugeFVIkargarCaGñkbMerIenAkUer:xag t,Úg)anTUrs½BÞmkGgÁkarlIkadUenAPñMeBj edIm,IEsVgrkCMnYyGnþraKmn_ . krNIenH )anbgðaj eGayeXIjnUvPaBÉkekarbs;RsþICaGñkbMerIkñúgeKhdæanenAbreTs EdlBYkeKBMumanmeFüa)ay Epñkfvika b¤bNþajKaMRT edIm,Irt;eKcecjBIkareFVI)abeLIy .

GgÁkarxara:m niglIkadUkMBugbBa©úHbBa©ÚlRksYgsgÁmkic© kargarbNþúHbNþal viC¢aCIv³ nig yuvItism,Tar eGayeFVIkarhVwkhVWndl;RsþIGñkbMerIkñúgeKhdæanGMBIsiTi§kargarrbs;BYkeK ¬TaMgsiTi§ enAkm<úCa nigkñúgRbeTsEdlRtUveTAeFVIkar¦ muneBlBYkeKecjdMeNIr . lIkadUk¾kMBugpþl;Gav yWtdl;kmμkr EdlenAelIenaHmankarerobrab;BIsiTi§rbs;BYkeK RBmTaMgelxTUrs½BÞsMrab;TMnak;TMng CamYyRbPBCMnYynanaenAkñúgRbeTsEdlBYkeKRtUveTAeFVIkar . CaGkuslB½t’manTaMgenHBMuRtUv )anpþl; edIm,ICameFüa)aysMrab;rMedaHxøÜn BIeRBaHRkumh‘unÉkCnEdleFVIBaNiC¢km μenHmankarsÞak; esÞIrkñúgkareGaykmμkrrbs;xøÜndwgGMBIsiTi§rbs;xøÜnenH . Gnusasn_

• RtUveFVIkarxitxMRbwgERbg nigvinieyaKEfmeTot edIm,IbegáItKN³kmμaFikarRtYtBinitü nig karBarnUvsiTi§EdlFanaedayGnusBaØasþIBIkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePT nigc,ab;rdæFmμ nuBaØkm<úCa dl;RsþIeFVIkarTaMgGs; .

• tMrUveGaymankarykcitþTukdak; nigkaryl;dwgeGay)anTUlMTUlayenAkñúgkarbRBa¢ab eynD½reTAkñúgkargar .

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92 KMnitpþÜcepþImshKmn_ edIm,ITb;sáat;GMeBICYjdUrRsþI-bTBiesaFn_km<úCa ¬karpøas;bþÚrsuxPaBpøÚvePT CWDA qñaM 2003¦ .

• ebIkvKÁhwVkhVWnviC¢aCIv³dl;RsþIbEnßmeTot edIm,IkMueGayRsþITaMgenaHgayrgeRKaH nigBwg Ep¥kEteTAelIkargarCaBlkrK μanCMnajEdlpþl;edaynieyaCkÉkCnEdlKitEtBIkarekgykcMeNjpÞal;xøÜn .

• KYreFVIy:agNaeGayRsþIenACnbTmanlT§PaBTTYl)anplBIKMeragkarpSBVpSayksikm μ nigmIRkU\NTan .

62

• RtUvbegáItbNþajKaMRTsMrab;RsþIkm<úCa EdlbMerIkargarCaGñkbMerItameKhdæanenAbreTs . bTBiesaFn_GMBIkic©karenHGaceronsURtBIRbeTshVIlIBIn EdlmanbTBiesaFn_yUrGEgVg .

X- RsþIkñúgvis½yGb;rM

maRta 10

rdæPaKIRtUvcat;viFankarsmRsbedIm,IlubbM)at;karerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePT edIm,IFana eGayBYkeKmansiTi§esμ IKñaCamYynwgbursenAkñúgvis½yGb;rM>>>

rdæFmμnuBaØénRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa )anEcgGMBIsiTi§es μ IKñasMrab;RsþIenARKb;EbbEpnénkarGb;rM nigGaCIBTaMgLay kñúgmaRta 48-63-65-66-67 nig68 . raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa k¾CahtßelxI énesckþIRbkaskarGb;rMsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña ehIyEfmTaMg)ansnüafa CamYynwgeKaledAshsvtS GgÁkarshRbCaCati edIm,IelIkkMBs;bTdæanGb;rMpgEdr . b:uEnþ KMlatrvagRTwsþI nigkarGnuvtþn_k¾ enAEtq¶ayBIKñaenAeLIy . enAqñaM 1990 GRtaGkçrPaBmnusScas;burs KW 78° nigRsþI 49°. GRtaTaMgenH)anekIndl; 80° cMeBaHburs nigRsþIdl; 57° enAqñaM 2000 b:uEnþ eTaHCamankar ekIneLIgy:agenHkþIk¾GRtaGkçrPaBRsþIkm<úCaenAEtTabenAeLIy ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgGRtaén RbeTsGasuIepSg²eTot93 . enAqñaM 2003 Oxfam GB )anGHGagfa RsþIkm<úCaEt22° b:ueNÑaH EdlecHGankaEstnwgecHsresrlixitsamBaØ94. RbPBnana)anbgðajGRtaGkçrPaBsuT§Etman suc©n³krxus²KñaTaMgGs; b:uEnþcMNucRsbKñaTUeTAmYy KWRsþIxVHkaryl;dwgCabBaðamYyF¶n;F¶rbMput . karGb;rMbzmsikSa

rdæFmμnuBaØ)anEcgfakumar EdlmanGayucenøaHBI 6 eTA 16qñaM nwgRtUv)anTTYlkarGb;rM edaybgçitbgçMry³eBl 9qñaM . b:uEnþ kumarICaeRcIn ehIyCaBiesskumarrs;enACnbTmYycMnYnmin Edl)ancUleronesaH ehIyxøHeTotmin)ancb;mFümsikSapg . manktþabIy:ag EdlGacbMPøW eGayyl;GMBIbBaðacMnYnkumarI)aneronbzmsikSaTabenH . ktþaTI1 CabBaðaEdl)ancak;b¤seTA kñúgRbéBNImYyEbbrbs;RsþI . enACnbTeKKitfaRsþICamnusSsMrab;EteFVIkargarpÞHEtb:ueNÑaH ehtuenHeKminyl; ehIyEfmTaMgminTTYlsÁal;nUvRbsiTi§PaBénkarGb;rMkumarIeTotpg . enAkñúg xN³xøHkarGb;rMRtUv)aneKyl;eXIjfa Ca]bsKÁcMeBaHRsþI edaybursmYycMnYnmincg;erobGaBah_ BiBah_CamYyRsþIEdlmankarGb;rM . dUecñHenAkñúgRKYsarRkIRk eK)aneGayGaTiPaBdl;kUnRbuseTA 93 UNICEF: sßitikm<úCaqñaM 2003 www. unicef.org/cambodia_statistics.html. km<úCa

63

94 km<úCa ³ KnøWHkat;edrsMrab;BiPBelak Oxfam GB qñaM 2003 .

salaeronCaCageGaykUnRsI ehIyTukkUnRsIsMrab;CYykargarpÞHeTAvij . ktþaTI2 KWbBaðasala eron . elakRKU-GñkRKUEdlmanR)ak;ebovtStictYc nigxVHFnFan)ansMueGaykumarbg;éføsala eRkApøÚvkar edIm,ITMnukbMrugdl;sala nigbuKÁlik . eRkABIkarbg;éføenH enAmankarcMNayepSg² eTotdUcCa bu‘ic esovePACaedIm . dUecñH tamkarCak;EsþgkarsikSaGb;rMCabnÞúkmYyd¾F¶n;cMeBaH RKYsarRkIRk EdleBlxøHminGacedaHRsay)an . eyagtamGgÁkar UNICEF )anelIkeLIgfa enAeBlkumarcuHeQ μaHcUlerondMbUgkumara nigkumarImancMnYnesμI²Kña ehIyktþaEdl)anelIkeLIg rYcmkehIy KWCaktþaEdlbNþaleGaykumarIQb;eroneRcInbMputenAbzmsikSa95 . smaKmRKU beRgonÉkraCükm<úCa ¬CITA¦ )aneFVIkar)a:n;RbmaNfaenAqñaM2003 mansisSanusisSRtwmEt 60°b:ueNÑaHEdl)aneroncb;bzmsikSa ehIyPaKeRcInCakumara96 .

karGb;rMenAmFümsikSa nigkMrit]tþmsikSa

enAqñaM2002 PaKryCamFüménkumarIEdl)aneronenAsalamFümsikSa nigkMritsikSaCan; x<s;)anekIndl; 36° nig31° edayenAtamCnbTmanGRtasisScUleronx<s;Cagmun97 . kar sikSaenAkMritenHk¾man]bsKÁRbEhlnwgktþaCa]bsKÁdl;RsþIenAkñúgkarGb;rMCaTUeTAEdr . b:uEnþeK )ancab;epþImCMhanCaviC¢manrYcehIy edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaGtulüPaBenH ehIyEfmTaMg)aneFVIkar bRBa¢abEynD½renAkñúgvis½yGb;rMenHeTotpg . enAqñaM2002 RksYgGb;rMyuvCn nigkILa)andak; ecjnUveKalneya)aypþl;GaTiPaBmYy edIm,IeGayRsþI)anerondl;kMritsikSaCan;x<s;EdllT§pl Rblgrbs;ebkçnarIIfñak;TI 12 RtUv)anpþl;GaTiPaBeRcInCagsisSRbus98 . rdæaPi)alk¾)anbgðaj fa xøÜnmanectnakñúgkarbegáIteGaymaneKalneya)aypþl;GaTiPaBenHenAkñúgmRnþIraCkarpgEdr CaBiessenAkñúgRksYgGb;rMyuvCn nigkILa edIm,IbegáIncMnYnGñkRKU . smaKmRKUbeRgonÉkraCü CITA )anesñIsMueGayrdæaPi)aldMeLIgR)ak;ebovtSdl;elakRKU-GñkRKUCaeRcInelIkeRcInsarRBm TaMgsMueGaybegáInmUlniFi edIm,IFanaeGaykarsikSaRtUv)aneFVIeLIgtammUldæan\tKitéfø ehIyeFVI dUecñH eTIbGacEklMGsþg;da nigviC¢aCIv³CMnajTUeTA)an . b:uEnþsmaKmRKUbeRgonÉkraCü nig

95 r)aykarN_RbcaMqñaM2003 ¬smaKmRKUbeRgonÉkraCükm<úCa PñMeBj Ex]sPa qñaM2004 ¦ TM> 1 . 96 r)aykarN_RBagsþIBIkarGb;rM ³ ¬smaKmRKUbeRgonÉkraCükm<úCa PñMeBj Ex]sPa qñaM2004 ¦ . 97 karsRmbsRmYlkarGnuvtþn_GnusBaØa CEDAW sMedAsMercsiTi§mnusSrbs;RsþIeGay)anenAtMbn; GasuIGaeKñy_ ¬ UNFPA & CIDA 2004 ¦ TM> 32 .

64

98 eRkamGnusBaØa CEDAW rdæPaKITaMgLayRtUv)anGnuBaØateGaymaneKalneya)aypþl;GaTiPaB .

shCIBGb;rM)anCYbRbTHnUvkarbMPitbMP½ykan;EteRcIneLIg² enAeBlEdlBYkeKcg;eGaymankar EklMGtmøaPaBR)ak;ebovtS nigsßanPaBRbesIrCagmun99 . karhVwkhVWnCMnaj nigviC¢aCIv³

RksYgkic©karnarI nigGtIt³yuT§Cn nigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)almYycMnYnTTYlsÁal;sarsMxan; énvKÁhVwkhVWnviC¢aCIv³dl;RsþIkan;EtxøaMgeLIg²100 . vKÁhVwkhVWnenH GacCYyeGayRsþImanCMnaj eRcInehIymansar³RbeyaCn_bMputkñúgkarCYydl;RsþIRkIRk nigRsþIenAtMbn;dac;RsyalEdlgay rgeRKaHedaysarkarekgRbv½Ba© . sar³RbeyaCn_ énvKÁhwVkhVWnviC¢aCIv³ KWedayvamanry³eBlxøI CagkareronsURttamEbbburaN ehIyGacpþl;nUvkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþgdl;RsþIkñúgkarCYyxøÜnÉg .

Gnusasn_ • KYrpþl;fvikabEnßmedaymantmøaPaBdl;km μviFI P.A.P rbs;rdæaPi)al101

CaTUeTAtMrUveGay mankarbegáInmUlniFikñúgvis½yGb;rMlubbM)at;karTaréføøeRkApøÚvkarBIsisSanusisS . kartMeLIg R)ak;ebovtSdl;elakRKUGñkRKUk¾CaCMhanmYykñúgkarEklMGKuNPaB nigeFVIeGaysisSa nusisSGacTTYl)ankarsikSay:ageRcInpgEdr .

• RtUvmanviFankarsmRsbnana edIm,IelIkTwkcitþnarIeGaybnþkarsikSaenAfñak;mFümsikSa nigx<s;CagenHeTAeTotdUcCaKMeragpþl;GaTiPaB karpþl;rgVan; karpþl;GaharUbkrN_Cati nigGnþrCati nigkarpþl;GenÞvsikdæandl;sisSnarImkBICnbT edIm,IsikSaenAviTüal½y nig mhaviTüal½y .

• vKÁbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³RtUvepþateTAelIeKaledA CaBiessnarIRtUvEtbegáInEfmeTotenA TUTaMgRbeTs .

99 r)aykarN_RbcaMqñaMsmaKmRKUbeRgonÉkraCPñMeBj qñaM 2003 . 100 elIkkMBs;karhVwkhVWnviC¢aCIv³ nigCMnajdl;RsþIKWCaeKaledAGPivDÆn_rYmrbs;RksYgkic©karnarI nigGtItyuT§CnenAkñúg EpnkaryuT§saRsþ 5qñaM EdlRtUv)anehAfa narIrtn³ .

65

101 P.A.P. KWCakm μviFIEdlbegáIteLIgedayrdæaPi)alkm<úCakñúgqñaM2002 . maneKalbMNg edIm,IecosvagkMueGayman karcMNayéføsalaedaykarpþl;kar]btßmÖdl;mhaviTüal½y . b:uEnþvaenAminTan;man\Ti§BleTAelIkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg cMeBaHkarGnuvtþn_xusc,ab;kñúgvis½yGb;rMenAeLIyeT .

XI- RsþIkñúgkic©karneya)ay CIvPaBsaFarN³ nigkic©karbeTs maRta 7

rdæPaKInanaRtUvcat;viFankarsmRsbTaMgGs;edIm,IlubbM)at;karerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePTenAkñúgCIvPaBneya)ay nigsaFarN³énRbeTsCati>>>

maRta 8

rdæPaKInanaRtUvRbkan;yknUvviFankarsmRsb edIm,IFanaeGaynarIGaccUlrYmedayQrelI mUldæanesμIPaBnwgburs nigedayKμankarerIseGIgGVITaMgGs;CatMNagrdæaPi)alrbs;xøÜnenA elIqakGnþrCati ehIynwgcUlrYmenAkñúgGgÁkarGnþrCatiTaMgmUl .

RsþItMNagkñúgneya)ay CIvPaBsaFarN³ nigkic©karGnþrCatiCamuxmat;saFarN³mYyrbs; tMNagEynD½renAkñúgRbeTsmYy . ehIyvak¾Gacpþl;nUvkarbgðajnUvtYnaTImYyEdlRsþIkan;tMENg kñúgkarbegáItc,ab; nigeKalneya)aynanaEdlb:HBal;dl;CIvitrbs;Blrdæ ehIyCaBiessdl;RsþI . RsþICasmaCiksPadMbUgbg¥s;BIqñaM 1958 dl; 1970 KWGñkRsI Bug eb:gecg ¬suIv eGgtug¦ Føab;bMerICardæmRnþIsgÁmkic© rdæmRnþIRksYgsuxaPi)al nigCaRbFanrdæsPasþITI102 . kñúgkMLúg eBlenHnag)anelIkTwkcitþRsþIepSg²CaeRcIndUcCa GñkRsI eDob DINa edIm,IeGayQreQ μaH . GñkRsI suIv eGgtug )anTamTarsiTi§rbs;RsþI\tQb;QrenAkñúgvis½ysmÖBRsþIkarbRBa¢abeynD½r eTAkñúgkargar nigGb;rM RBmTaMgkarBarkumar nignarIbMerIpøÚvePT . enAkñúgsm½yenaHeXIjfakar bRBa¢beynD½rmankarEklMG)anmYykMritenAkñúgvis½yneya)aynigkic©karsaFarN³ b:uEnþRsþIenAEt eBareBjeTAedayPaBesakesAedayKμanGñkNamñak;dwg .

66

102 kUnRsIrbs;GñkRsI Bug eb:gecg KWelaRsIevC¢bNÐit Bug QIvekk )anbnþRbéBNIRKYsarehIyk¾CaKMrUCaviC¢man mñak;sMrab;RsþIkm<úCa. nag KWCaRsþImñak;kñúgcMeNamRsþImYycMnYntUc EdlcUlrYmdwknaMkñúgkarcrcareRkApøÚvkarEdlQaneTA rkkic©RBmeRBogsnþiPaBenAkm<úCa . enAqñaM 1992 nag)anbegáItGgÁkarlIkadUCamYynwgkUnRsI NalI nigeGva: eFVI karminecHenOyht;edIm,IkarBarnigelIksÞÜysiTi§RsþIenAkm<úCa. evC¢bNÐit Bug QIvekk enAEtCaRbFanGgÁkarlIkadU bc©úb,nñenH nagepþatkarykcitþTukdak;y:agxøaMgkñúgkarEklMGesvasuxPaBenAkm<úCa .

kare)aHeqñat nigtMNagenAkñúgrdæaPi)al

tamlkçN³xageRkAkm<úCaCaRbeTsRbCaFibetyüesrIEdlGnusBaØa CEDAW nigmaRta 34 énrdæFmμnuBaØCatiFanaeGaymankare)aHeqñatCaskl nigkarkan;muxtMENgsaFarN³ . enA kñúgkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg RsþImantMNagtictYcbMputenAkñúgrdæaPi)alRKb;kMritTaMgGs; . enAkñúg sm½ye)aHeqñatEdlerobcMeLIgeday G‘untak; kalBIqñaM1993 manebkçCnCaRsþIEt 5° b:ueNÑaH . sßanPaBenHmankarRbesIreLIgenAkñúgTsvtSknøgeTAenH ehIyenAkñúgkare)aHeqñateRCIserIs sPatMNagraRsþkalBIqñaM1998 manRsþIEdl)anCab;CatMNagraRsþrhUtdl; 11/5°. eRkay kare)aHeqñat 1998 k¾enAmanPaBRbesIreLIgbnþiceTotEdrkñúgtMNagRsþIenAfñak;RksYgedayman RsþI 2rUb ¬kñúgcMeNam 24rUb¦ CardæmRnþItMNageGayRksYgvb,Fm’ nigviciRtsil,³ nigRksYgkic© karnarI nigGtIt³yuT§Cn . rdæaPi)alCnbTenAkm<úCak¾)anqøúHbBa©aMgnUvGtulüPaBeynD½rpgEdr edayBMumanRsþINamñak;Edl RtUv)aneKEtgtaMgCaGPi)alextþ b¤GPi)alRkugeLIy ehIymanEt RsþI 5nak;Etb:ueNÑaH Edl)ankan;tMENgCaBak;kNþaltMENgCan;x<s;énGPi)alextþ-Rkugrg nig GPi)alRsukrg . enAqñaM 2000 RbeTskm<úCa)anbegáIteLIgnUvRbB½n§eTVrsPa edayRBwT§sPaedIrtYnaTICasPa Can;x<s; . raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anEtgtaMgsmaCikRBwT§sPaTaMg 61rUb b:uEnþmantMNagRsþIEt 13° b:ueNÑaH . dUecñHraCrdæaPi)alBMu)aneRCIserIsykkarpþl;»kaskñúgkarrkdMeNaHRsaysm PaBsMrab;RsþIenAkñúgCIvPaBneya)ayeT103 . esrIPaBénkarCYbRbCMuuRbmUlpþúM

GgÁkarsiTi§mnusS)ankt;sMKal;eXIjfa siTi§esrIPaBénkarCYbRbCMuRtUv)anhamXat;cab; taMgBIKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa)anQñHeqñatkalBIqñaM2003104. karbdibtiþesrIPaBkñúgkarCYbRbCMu minRtUv)anFanasiTi§enAeLIyeTenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa . bBaðaenHCaBiess)anb:HTgiÁcdl;RsþIkñúg 103 tamGnusBaØa CEDAW rdæPaKInanaRtUv)anGnuBaØateGaybegáIteKalneya)aypþl;GaTiPaBdl;RsþI RbsinebIeKal neya)ayenaHbegáIteLIgkñúgeKalbMNgCak;Esþg edIm,IsmPaBrvagRsþI nigburs ehIyRKan;Et :CaviFankarBiess beNþaHGasnñ : Etb:ueNÑaH ¬maRta 4¦ .

67

104 KN³km μkarRbRBwtiþkmμ énGgÁkar-smaKmsiTi§mnusSkm<úCa .

vis½y]sSahkmμkat;edr edaykareFVI)atukmμedaysniþviFI edIm,ITamTarR)ak;ebovtSsmrmük¾RtUv )anbRgáabedayhigSaeXaeXAbMputEdr elIsBIenHeTAeTot BYkeK)anhamXat;rwtbnþwg . kñúgEx mina qñaM1997 )atukmμedaysniþviFImYyrbs;km μkrkat;edrenAxagmuxmnÞIrrdæsPaBCatiRtUvrgeday karvayRbharedayRKab;Ebk EdlbNþaleGaysøab; nigrbYsCaeRcIn . RsþImñak;EdlCaGñkrksuI ciBa©wmRKYsarEtmñak;Kt;kñúgRKYsarEdlmansmaCik 8nak; )anRtUvrgrbYsbNþaleGayxVinedIrmin rYc ehIyRtUvTTYlkarBüa)alCaRbcaM . enAqñaM2003 RkumsiTi§mnusS)ansegáteTAelI)atukmμCa eRcInEdleFVIeLIgedaykm μkrRsþIenAeragcRkkat;edr EdlRtUv)anKabsgát;k¾bNþaleGayman rgrbYs nigsøab;CaeRcInnak;pgEdr . dUcKñaenHEdr karCYbCMuKñaedIrdEgþðk,ÜnedayKN³kmμaFikarRsþI km<úCa EXmbUv edIm,IelIkkMBs;karyl;dwgGMBIbBaðaGMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsar k¾RtUv)anbdiesFmin GnuBaØatc,ab;pgEdr . bBaðaenH CakarR)ab;eGaydwgnUvninñakarmYykñúgkarKabsgát;siTi§esrIPaB rbs;RsþIkñúgkarbeBa©jmti nigkarCYbRbCMuénkarTamTarsiT§ikñúgTIkEnøgeFVIkar .

kare)aHeqñatXMuMu-sgáat;qñaM2002

enAkñúgkare)aHeqñatXMu¼sgáat;qñaM2002 KNbkSFM²TaMgbI ¬KNbkShVú‘nsIunbiuc KNbkS RbCaCnkm<úCa nigKNbkSsmrgSIú¦ min)anÉkPaBeGaymanRsþI 30° kñúgRbB½n§kUtaRtUv)anEcg kñúgc,ab;eT . cMNucenH )anbgðajeGayeXIjfaKNbkSFM²enAEtsÞak;esÞIrkñúgkarelIksÞÜyebkç CnQreQ μaHCaRsþIenAkñúgCYrmanEtbkSrbs;xøÜn. ry³eBl 2qñaMmune)aHeqñat GgÁsnþiPaBebovtSr_ RsþI ¬Women Waging Peace¦ )aneGaydwgfa xøÜn)anCYyKaMRTebkçCnRsþIcMnYn 5>527 rUb eday pþl;karENnaMdl;RsþITaMgenaHBIrebobviFIniyayCasaFarN³ karsresrsnÞrkfa kareqøIysMNYr rbs;m©as;eqñat nigkarTb;Tl;karRbkYtRbECgedaysmaCikbkSCaburs EdlmineyaKyl;dl;kar cUlrYmrbs;RsþI105 . kñúgcMeNamebkçCncMnYn 75>287 rUb manRsþI 16° ehIykñúgenaHmanEt 8>67°b:ueNÑaH Edl)anCab;eqñatbMerIkñúgRkumRbwkSaXMu-sgáat; . dUc)anBiPakSaenAkñúgcMNuc IV rYcmkehIy eKRtUveFVIkarRsavRCavbnþeTot edIm,IrukrkeGaydwgfa etIRsþIkMBugRbQmmux nwgkar erIseGIgTMhMb:unNaBIsMNak;shkarIbursrbs;xøÜnenAkñúgCYrkargarénrdæaPi)al .

kare)aHeqñatCatiqaMñ 2003

68

105 GPi)alkic©l¥BIeRkameLIgeTAelI³ tYnaTIrbs;RsþIeRkayCMelaHenAkm<úCa ¬Women Waging Peace KN³km μkareKal neya)ay ExkumÖ³ qñaM2004 ¦TM> 3 .

kare)aHeqñatCatienAqñaM2003 RsþI)anGnuvtþsiTi§rbs;xøÜnkñúgkMritPaKryx<s; . kare)aHeqñat enHRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;edayGñksegátkarN_minlMeGog famanlkçN³RbesIrCagqñaM1998 b:uEnþk¾ enAEtRbRBwtþeTAenAkñúgbrikasmYyEdleBareBjeday GMeBIhigSakarbMPitbMP½yTaMgmun nigTaMg eRkayeBle)aHeqñat . GñksegátkarN_siTi§mnusS)ankt;sMKal;eXIjfa mankarekIneLIgnUvkar sMlab;TaMgbþIRbBn§enAkñúgeBle)aHeqñatenaH . GñksegátkarN¾kñúgRsuk)anbgðajnUvkarCab;Bak; B½n§rvagkarniymKNbkSneya)ay nigkarsMlab;TaMgbþIRbBn§enH b:uEnþeK)andwgkarBittictYc Nas;CMuvijkrNITaMgenaH106 . krNIenHk¾GacCakrNIGMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsar EdlekItecjBIGMeBI higSaneya)aypgEdr . lT§plkare)aHeqñat RtUv)anKNbkSh‘VúnsuInbuic nigsm rgSIú bdiesF . CamYynwgRbB½n§ RtYtBinitü nigtulüPaBexSayenAkñúgrvagnItibBaØtiþ nignItiRbtibtiþrbs;rdæaPi)alkarCab;KaMgEpñk neya)ay)anbnþrhUtdl;ExkkádaqñaM2004enH . karBnüaeBlkñúgkarbegáItrdæaPi)alGs;ry³ eBl 11 ExenH )anbNþaleGaymanerOgra:vCabnþbnÞab;cMeBaHRsþIkm<úCa . rdæsPak¾minTan;)an Gnum½tc,ab;mYycMnYnFM EdlGacCYykarBarRsþIeGay)anRbesIrCagmun . elIsBIenHeTAeTotRtUv eFVIkarEkTMrg;tulakarkñúgRTg;RTayFM edIm,Ikat;bnßyniTÞNÐPaB nigGMeBIBukrlYyenAkñúgRbB½n§yutþa FikarEdlminTan;)anKitKUrenAeLIy .

RsþIkñúgRbB½n§tulakar

dUc)anerobrab;kñúgEpñknItibBaØtiþ nignItiRbtibtiþénrdæaPi)alEdr EpñktulakarsmaCikRsþIk¾ mantMNagtictYcEdr . enAqñaM2003 manRsþI 14nak;CaecARkm ¬12°¦ énecARkmsrubTaMg Gs;man 119rUb RsþI 1rUbCaRBHraCGaCaJ ¬1/5°¦ kñúgcMeNamRBHraCGaCJaTaMg 63rUb ehIyman 129rUbCaRkLabBa¢I ¬19/25°¦ kñúgcMeNamRkLabBa¢IsrubTaMgGs; 668107. tMNagsmaCik RsþIkñúgcMeNamemFavIk¾enAmancMnYnTabEdrkñúgTUTaMgRbeTskm<úCa .

GaRs½yedaymankarCab;KaMgEpñkneya)ay EdlekIteLIgedaysarkare)aHeqñat enAqñaM 2003 enaH eKsegáteXIjfamandMeNIrkareCOnelOntictYcNas;kñúgkarEkTMrg;vis½ytulakar .

106 GñksegátkarN¾rYmman nichVic niglIkadU .

69

107 r)aykarN_ TI2 nigTI 3 sþIBIkarGnuvtþn_GnusBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIkarlubbM)at;ral;TMrg;énkarerIseGIg RbqaMgnwgRsIþePT enAkm<úCa ¬raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa Extula qñaM2003¦ TM> 41-42 .

bc©úb,nñenHmanRsþImñak;)ankøayCaGñkdwknaMsalaPUminÞecARkm EdlCasBaØad¾l¥mYysMrab;RsþIkñúg vis½ytulakar . cMNucviC¢manmYycMnYneTot KWkarxitxMRbwgERbgkñúgkarKaMRTmUlniFi edIm,IelIk TwkcitþRsþIeGaycUlrYmkñúgkareronsURtc,ab;tamry³karKaMRTEpñkGaharrUbkrN_nigkarsikSa108 .

RsþIkñúgvis½ykic©karGnþrCati

knøgmkenH BMumanRsþICaÉkGKÁraCTUttMNagkm<úCaenAbreTseT . raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)an dak;kMhuseTAelIvb,Fm’ nigtMélsgÁmhYsehtu EdleFVIeGayRsþIBi)akkñúgkarcakecjBIRsuk edIm,ITTYlmuxtMENgenAeRkARbeTsenaH .

RsþIhak;dUcCamantMNageRcInKYrsmenAkñúgGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alenAkm<úCa . muxgarTaMg enH CacMNuccab;epþImmYysMrab;RsþIbnþkargarenAkñúgqakGnþrCati dUcCa cUlrYmkñúgsniñsIT nigCa RbtiPUCaedIm .

Gnusasn_

• KYrEtmanRbB½n§kUta b¤eKalneya)aypþl;GaTiPaBsMrab;ebkçnarI enAkñúgKNbkSneya)ay nana nigkarQreQ μaHe)aHeqñatsMrab;RsþI .

• bnþkarKaMRT elIkTwkcitþ nigKYrpþl;karhVwkhVWndl;RsþI edIm,IeGayBYkeKmanTMnukcitþkñúgkar kan;tMENgsaFarN³ .

• KYrelIkTwkcitþRsþI nigpþl;siTi§Gnuvtþnana edIm,IeGayRsþIbegáItshCIBenAkñúgeragcRk nig shRKasnana . kareFVIEbbenHnwgGacCYyFanaeGaymankic©karBarsiTi§RsþIenAkEnøgeFVI kartamry³yuT§saRsþtv:aCamYynwgRkumh‘unedaysniþviFI .

• karGnum½tesckþIRBagc,ab;nanaEdlsMxan;bMpugkñúgkic©karBarRsþI ehIyRtUvbnþeFVIkarEkTMrg; RbB½n§tulakareGay)anqab;CaTIbMput .

• KYrelIkTwkcitþnwgCMrujRsþIy:agskmμekñúgebskkmμkarTUt nigkarcUlrYmkñúgRbtiPUGnþrCati .

70

108 rdæaPi)alGaløWm:g; ¬tamry³ GTZ ¦ )anpþl;mUlniFi nigKaMRTnUvKMnitpþÜcepþImenHy:agskmμ .

XII- esckþIsnñidæan karpþl;GMNacdl;RsþIkm<úCaeBlGnaKt

r)aykarN_enH)anbgðajfaman]bsKÁy:ageRcInenAtamninñakar edIm,IQandl;karpþl; GMNaccMeBaHRsþIenAkm<úCa . CaeRcInelIkeRcInsar karsikSa)anxitxMKUsbBa¢ak;nUvbBaðaEdlKYr eGays¥b; dUcCaerOgrbs;narI :TUc} CaedIm . enAeBlxøHeTotkarsikSa)anlatRtdageGay eXIjnUvkarRBegIykenþIydEdl² edayRkumCnmYycMnYn)anbgðajeGayeXIjnUvbBaðaenHenAkñúg sgÁm)anbdiesFnUvsiTi§CamUldæanrbs;RsþIEdlmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab; . edayemIleXIjsuT§EtbBaða d¾FMeFgCaeRcIn nigCakargayNas;kñúgkaremIlrMlgnUvCMhanCaviC¢manEdlkMBugGnuvtþ edIm,IEk lMG»kas nigCIvPaBrs;enArbs;RsþIkm<úCa . fVIt,itEtmanbuBVehtuy:ageRcIn EdlRtUvxVayxVl; nwgpøas;bþÚrk¾eday EtenAmancenøaHRbehagsþIBIKMnitqøúHbBa©aMgeTAelIkarEklMGbEnßm Edl)an sMerckñúgTsvtSmun . esrIPaB nigkarTukcitþpÞal;xøÜn

karBRgwgGMNacRtUv)anbBa¢ak;edayesrIPaB . karpþl;GMNacskmμ rYmmanesrIPaBkñúgkar eTAsalaeron esrIPaBkñúgkarTTYl)annUvesvasuxPaB EdlmanKuNPaBx<s;esrIPaBkñúgkar eRCIserIskargar nigesrIPaBkñúgkareRCIserIsKUrRskrCaedIm . cMENkÉkarpþl;GMNacGkmμvij rYmmankarrs;enAedayKμankarP½yxøacBIGMeBIhigSamkelIragkay nigpøÚvePT RBmTaMgesrIPaB eCosputBIkarerIseGIg nigCaGñkCMnYyrbs;burs . esrIPaBTaMgenHmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab;km<úCa nig kñúgGnusBaØasþIBIkarlubbM)at;ral;TMrg;énkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePT ¬CEDAW¦ ehIyRtUv)an elIksÞÜynwgkarBaredayGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al nigGgÁkarepSg²eTot . tamry³karxitxMRbwg ERbgrbs;GgÁkarTaMgenaH RsþIkm<úCa)aneronsURtGMBIsiTi§rbs;xøÜnkñúgnamCaRsþI nigCamnusSbnþic mþg² . enH KWCaCMhansMxan;dMbUgbMputeq<aHeTArkRsþIenAkñúgsgÁmTaMgmUlTUeTAmanTMnukTukcitþkñúg karbegáItsmaKm nigRkumshkrN_ edIm,IkarBar nigGPivDÆn_esrIPaBTaMgenH . s

ßab½nrdænana nigrdæaPi)al ³ pøÚveq<aHeTArkkarpþl;GMNacRsþI

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CagmYyTsvtSeTIbknøgputeTA RbeTskm<úCasßitenAkñúgsPaBeGanfyeRkayBit² . edaysarkarxitxMRbwgERbgrbs;GñkRsI Bug eb:gecg ¬suIv eGgtug¦ nigGñkRsI Bug QIvekk

karcrcar k¾)anQandl;kic©RBmeRBogsniþPaB . erOgra:vxøI²enHGaceRCIserIsecjBIRbPBepSg² CaeRcIn EdlbgðajfaRsþIBIFmμCati KWCaGñkksagsniþPaB nigQøasévkñúgsil,³viFIedaHRsay CMelaHtammeFüa)ayGhigSa . RsþImantYnaTIy:agFMeFgenAkñúgsgÁmsuIvil nigkñúgCYrrdæaPi)al edayCYyeGaykm<úCamankarGPivDÆn_nwgkøayeTACaRbeTsmYy EdlRtUv)aneKkt;sMKal;faCa RbeTsEdlmanGPi)alkic©l¥ nigkareKarBsiTi§mnusS . RsþICaeRcInkMBugpøas;bþÚrTidæPaBneya)ay nigsgÁmtamry³kargarrbs;BYkeKenAkñúgGgÁkar minEmnrdæaPi)al nigenAkñúgrdæaPi)al . yuT§nakarelIkkMBs;RsþIeFVIeLIgy:agsiVtsVajenAkñúg GgÁkarTaMgGs;xagelI[eRcInelIsBIenHeTAeTot elIbBaðaRbQmcMeBaHRsþI Edl)anbBa¢ak;enAkñúg r)aykarN_enH . kñúgnamCanayikarkmCÄmNÐlGPivDÆn_sgÁmGñkRsI Ca vNÑat )anRbyuT§Ca mYynwgbBaðamYyy:agFMbMputenAkñúg RbeTskm<úCabc©úb,nñenH KWRbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYy . GñkRsI )anelIkkMBs;karyl;dwgGMBICMgWmharIksgÁmenH Edl)anraldalBaseBjRKb;RsTab; rdæaPi)al nigrdæ)alkm<úCaTaMgmUl RBmTaMg)anbgðajnUvKMlatrvagRbCaFibetyüEdlman dMeNIrkar nigRbCaFietyüGskm μ .

enAkñúgraCrdæaPi)alelakCMTav mYr suxhYr )anvayTMluHeTAkñúgbNþajGPi)alkic©rbs;burs edIm,Ikan;dMENgCardæmRnþI . RbvtiþelakCMTavenAkñúgGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al nigkargarsgÁm)an eFVIeGayelakCMTavksagTMnak;TMngshRbtibtiþkarrvagskmμniymsgÁmsuIvilcMeBaHsiTi§RsþI nig rdæaPi)al . eBlmankarsaksYrfa ehtuGVI)anCacUleTAkñúgrdæaPi)al elakCMTavRbkasfa :´ cg;manGMNac edIm,Ipøas;bþÚrGMNac edIm,IcUleTACitemb:UlIs ehIyniyayR)ab;fa {RBHetCKuN-elakRtUvEtTTYlxusRtUv : 109.

kgVHPaBTTYlxusRtUv nigkarerIeLIgvijénGMeBIBukrlYybNþaleGaymanvb,Fm’niTÞNÐPaB kMBuge)akbeBaäatbriyakasenAkm<úCa . kMhusEtmYyEpñkenH )anecaTCasMNYrfa ehtuGVI)anCa karGnuvtþn_siTi§RsþIenAkm<úCabc©úb,nñlM)akxøaMgemø:H . edayELkcMnYnRsþImankarekIneLIgenAkñúg tMENgFM²énsgÁmsuIvil nigrdæaPi)alTaMgenAfñak;Cati nigfñak;mUldæanenaHnwgmanGnaKtEdl RsþIGacniyayfa :elak-KWelakCaGñkTTYlxusRtUv eBlenHGIVEdlelakRtUveFIVenaH : KWkar pþl;GMNacsMrab;RsIþ .

72

109 bBa¢ak;enAkñúg GPi)alkic©l¥BImUldæaneLIgeTA ³ tYnaTIrbs;RsþIenAeRkaysRgÁamkm<úCa - ¬Laura McGrew, Kate

Frieson, Sambath Chan; KN³km μkar Women Waging Peace-Exmina qñaM2004¦ TM> 15 .

ÉksarBieRKaH karrMelaPTak;TgnwgdMeNIrkarsμúMkUnciBaw©mlkçN³GnþrCatienAkm<úCa ¬r)aykarN_segçb¦ lIkadU

Exmkra qñaM2002¦ . karsikSaRsavRCavGMBIsuxPaBnigRbCasaRsþkm<úCa qñaM2000³ r)aykarN_bzm ¬viC¢asßansßiti

énRksYgEpnkar nigRksYgsuxaPi)al qñaM2000¦ . r)aykarN_TUeTAénRbeTskm<úCa ¬www.adb.org/documents/HIV_AIDS/mobility/b.pdf) r)aykarN_TUeTAénRbeTskm<úCa ¬ IWRAW Asia -Pacific Exmina qñaM 2002¦³ KnøwHkat;

edrsMrab;BiPBelak ¬ Oxfam GB qñaM 2003 ¦. km<úCa elITidæPaBFM ¬ UNICEF km<úCa qñaM 2003 ¦ . siTi§RsþIkm<úCa ¬evC¢bNiÐt Bug QIvekk-karBiPakSaeTVrPaKIrvagskmμCnsiTi§RsþI nigGgÁkar

siTi§mnusS enATIRkugma:nIl hIVlIBIn qñaM1996¦ . ]bsKÁcMeBaHsiTi§RsþIenAtMbn;GasuI ³ siTi§RsþI nigGMNacneya)ayenAkm<úCa ¬snÞrkfaEføg

edayevC¢bNiÐt Bug QIvekk RbFanGgÁkarlIkadU Ex]sPa qñaM1998¦ . BlkmμkumarenAkm<úCa ¬viTüasßankargaresrIGasuI Gaemrik niglIkadU ExkBaØa qñaM1996¦ . KMnitpþÜcepþImshKmn_ edIm,ITb;sáat;GMeBICYjdUrRsþI-bTBiesaFn_enAkm<úCa ¬karpøas;bþÚrsuxPaB

pøÚvePT Pñak;garGPivDÆn_RsþIkm<úCa CWDA qñaM 2003¦ . GnusBaØasþIBIkarlubbM)at;ral;TMrg; énkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePT ¬CMBUkGnum½tedaymha

sniñ)aténGgÁkarshRbCaCati esckþIsMercelx 34¼180 cuHéf¶TI 18 ExFñÚ qñaM 1979¦ . GMeBIBukrlYy nigekgRbv½Ba©pøÚvePT³ ¬snÞrkfa Eføgeday evC¢bNiÐt Bug QIvekk RbFan

GgÁkarlIkadU enAmuxvtþbuTumvtIþ ExFñÚ qñaM 2001¦ . karGnuvtþn_c,ab; ³ ]bsKÁ nigrebobCMn³]bsKÁ . sikçasalasþIBIkic©karBarpøÚvc,ab; nigkar

Gnuvtþn_c,ab;kñúgGMeBICYjdUrRsþI nigkumar ¬snÞrkfaEføgeday evC¢bNiÐt Bug QIvekk RbFan GgÁkarlIkadU PñMeBj Exvicäika qñaM 2000¦ .

karsRmbsRmYlkarGnuvtþn_ CEDAW sMedAsMerceGay)annUvsiTi§mnusSrbs;RsþIkñúgtMbn; GasuIGaeKñy_ ¬mUlniFiGPivDÆn_RsþIGgÁkarshRbCaCati UNDFW & CIDA qñaM 2004 ¦.

eynD½rkñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk³ ¬ÉksarEpñkGgÁkar nigbBaðanana sþIBIkarkat;bnßyPaB RkIRk nigkarGPivDÆn_enAkm<úCa qñaM2003 ¦ .

73

sßitieynD½r RkumFnaKarBiPBelakRbcaMkm<úCa (http://devdate.worldbank.org /genderstats / cambodia)

http://devdate.worldbank.org/

GPi)alkic©l¥BIfñak;mUldæaneLIgeTA ³ tYnaTIrbs;RsþIeRkaysRgÁamenAkm<úCa ¬Laura McGrew,

Kate Frieson, Sambath Chan; KN³kmμkar Women Waging Peace Exmina qñaM2004¦ TM> 15 .

siTi§mnusS nigBn§naKarkm<úCa³ r)aykarN_ qñaM2001 sþIBIsuxPaB ¬lIkadUPñMeBj qñaM2001¦ . siTi§mnusS nigBn§naKarkm<úCa ³ r)aykarN _qñaM2001 sþIBIsßanPaBBn§naKar ¬lIkadUPñMeBj

qñaM2001¦ . r)aykarN_sßanPaBsiTi§mnusS³ ¬smaKmsiTi§mnusS nigGPivDÆn_km<úCa PñMeBj Exmkra qñaM

2004 ¦ . r)aykarN_bzmTI2 nigTI3 sþIBIkarGnuvtþn_GnusBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIkarlubbM)at; ral;TMrg;én

karerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePTenAkm<úCa ¬raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa Ex tula qñaM2003 ¦ . CnKμaneTaséBr_kñúgBn§naKar³ r)aykarN_lIkadU sþIBIsiTi§kumarFMdwgkþIenAkñúgBn§naKar ¬Hilary

Margolis¦ lIkadU Exmifuna qñaM2002 ¦ . yutiþFm’ nigkarpSHpSarCati . krNIsikSaGMBIkm<úCa ¬Ming- Try Ea ¦ mCÄmNÐl edIm,IsikSa

karelIkElgeTas nigkarpSHpSar qñaM2001¦ . minsmrs;enACamnusS³ GMeBITaruNkmμenAkm<úCa ¬Jason Barber) r)aykarN_km μ

viFIRbqaMgnwgTaruNkm μ lIkadU Exmifuna qñaM2000 ¦ . rs;enAkñúgPBGn§kar ³ karvayRbharedayGasuItenAkm<úCa ¬kmμviFIRbqaMgnwgGMeBITaruNkmμ -

lIkadU qñaM2003¦ . karvas;sÞg;cMnYnRsþIEdlrgeRKaHedayGMeBICYjdUrRsþI nigkumarenAkm<úCa ¦ karsikSaedaykar

segátpÞal;enAmUldæan ¬Thomas Steinfatt,¦ sklviTüal½yém:GamI qñaM2003 ¦ . narIrtn³ ³ RsþIKWCat,ÚgmantMél . EpnkaryuT§saRsþ 5qñaM ¬RksYgkic©karnarI nigGtIt³yuT§Cn

ExkumÖ³ qñaM1999 ¦ . evTikarGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alsþIBIRsþIenAeb:kaMg qñaM1995 ³ siTi§RsþI KWsiTi§mnusS ¬lIkadU

qñaM1995 ¦ . karcUlrYmrbs;GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alenAkñúgkic©xitxMRbwgERbgkm<úCa nigkñúgtMbn; edIm,ITb;

sáat;GMeBICYjdUrmnusS ¬evC¢bNiÐt Bug QIvekk lIkadU ARIAT, ÉksarEckcayB½t’man segçb-Rkugma:nIl qñaM2000 ¦. édKUr edIm,IsmPaBeynD½r ¬PGE ¦ ¬UNDP qñaM2003 ¦ .

evTikareKalneya)ay edIm,ITsSn³vis½yRsþIGnaKt ¬snÞrkfaEføgeday evC¢> Bug QIvekk lIkadU PñMeBj Exemsa qñaM1999¦ .

74

esckþIerobcM)aykarN_Gb;rMRBag smaKmRKUbeRgonÉkraCükm<úCa PñMeBj Ex]sPa qñaM2004 .

GMeBIrMelaP nigebotebonekrþ×x μas; ³ ]RkidækmμenAkñúgshKmn_ ¬Dien O'connel, ¦ r)aykarN_Biess lIkadU ExkumÖ³ qñaM2001 ¦ .

GMeBIrMelaP nwgebotebonekrþ×x μas; ³ ¬r)aykarN_segçblIkadU PñMeBj Exmina qñaM2004 ¦ . r)aykarN_sþIBIkarlb;bM)at;ral;TMrg;énkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePTenAkm<úCa ¬KN³kmμkar

GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alkm<úCa sþIBIkarlubbM)at;ral;TMrg;énkarerIseGIgRbqaMgnwgnarIePT qñaM 2001 ¦ .

r)aykarN_sþIBIyuT§nakarbBa©úHbBa©Úl edIm,IweGaymankarBinitüsareLIgvijnUvesckþIRBag c,ab;fμ IsþIBIGMeBIhigSakñúgRKYsar ¬EXmbUv PñMeBj ExkBaØa qñaM2002 ¦

r)aykarN_sþIBIyuT§nakar 1998 ³ yuTÞnakar 16éf¶énkarRbqaMgnwgGMeBIhigSamkelIRsþIenA extþkMBg;cam kMBg;s<W nigkNþal ¬RksYgkic©karnarI nigKN³km μkarGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al sþIBIsiTi§RsþI ExFñÚ qñaM1998 ¦ .

kaEst)agkkb:usþ¾ ¬2003 ¦ . tMélRsþIkñúgsgÁmkm<úCa ¬TidæPaBkm<úCa Exmina nigemsa qñaM2004¦ . kaEstDwEXmbUDaedlI ¬qñaM1998-2004 ¦ . mCÄmNÐlkm<úCa edIm,ICYyRsþImanvibtiþ – CYyRsþI edIm,IeGayRsþIecHCYyxøÜnÉg ¬r)aykarN_

RbcaMqñaM énmCÄmNÐlkm<úCa edIm,ICYyRsþImanvibtiþ Exmkra-FñÚ qñaM2002¦ . RkumFnaKarBiPBelak ³ Tinñn½yTUeTAkm<úCa ¬http://devdata.worldbank.org/external ¦ karKMramkMEhgmkelIGñkkarBarsiTi§mnusSenAkm<úCa ¬r)aykarN_segçb lIkadU ExFñÚ qñaM

2003 ¦ . UNICEF: sißtikm<úCa ¬http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry

/cambodia_statistics.html¦ RsþI nigCMelaH ³ TsSn³TUeTAénkarksagRbCaFibetyü karGPivDÆn_ nigsniþPaB ¬snÞrkfa Eføgeday evC¢bNiÐt Bug QIvekk RbFanGgÁkarlIkadU sPatMNagraRsþGg;eKøs Ex]sPa qñaM1999 ¦.

sßanPaBRsþI³ karGb;rM suxPaB nigGMNacneya)ayenAkm<úCa ¬snÞrkfa Eføgeday evC¢bNiÐt Bug QIvekk-y:ama:kata Cb:un qñaM1998 ¦ .

RsþIeFVIkarenAkm<úCa ³ ¬Astrid Asfjes & Bama Atheya ¦ lIkadU nigviTüasßankargar esrIGasIu- Gaemrik¦ .

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report: a brief on the situation of women in cambodia 2004 ...sßanpabrsþienakm

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