report of the working group on biofuels for gasoline … even though no differences are observed in...

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JAPAN AUTO-OIL PROGRAM JATOP第2回成果発表会 Report of the Working Group on Biofuels for Gasoline Vehicles Working Group on Biofuels for Gasoline vehicles Toshiyuki Hirose March 9, 2012 JATOP Conference 2012

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JAPAN AUTO-OIL PROGRAM

JATOP第2回成果発表会

Report of the Working Groupon Biofuels for Gasoline Vehicles

Working Group on Biofuels for Gasoline vehiclesToshiyuki Hirose

March 9, 2012

JATOP Conference 2012

2

Based on the recognition that research on the use of E10 gasoline should be conducted, technical issues for future fuels and motor vehicles and their measures are being examined.

Japan’s energy strategy requires reducing oil dependence in transport sector, so that introduction of biofuels, especially for bio-ethanol, is a key solution to fuel diversification.

Objectives

* E10 gasoline: a blend of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline

3

Characteristics of ethanol used as gasoline blendstock

H: HydrogenC: CarbonO Oxygen

Strong polarity (similar to characteristics of water)

C2H5-O-H

Significant increase invapor pressure

Excess changes in distillation characteristicsOxygenated compound(O: 35mass%)

Low LHV (compared toGasoline)Impact of strong polaritysubstances on fuel quality

Damage to fuel system componentsMetal corrosion, rubber swelling

Increase in evaporative emissions

Events where concerns areraised about the impact onvehicle/engine performance

Fuel characteristics to be considered

Increase in exhaust emissions

• Production from carbohydrates of sugar canes and otherfeedstocks through fermentation method

• Single chemical substance expressed by C2H5OH(MW: 46) Boiling point: 78˚C

• High oxygen content (35 mass%)• Molecules have locally strong polarity (-O-H),

so that the characteristics are significantly differentfrom petroleum fuels

Degradation in driveability/ startability

4

T50: 75 - 110˚CImpacts on vehicle

emissions/ driveability

Impact of ethanol blending on distillation characteristics of gasoline

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0 20 40 60 80 100

E10

50

T50:JIS range

T90: JIS range

90

E0

30 7010留出量(vol.%)

・T50 is an important characteristic that affects vehicle exhaust emissions (tailpipe emissions) and driveability, there are concerns about the impact of blending ethanol up to 10% on emissions and driveability.

・ When T50 values are controlled using feedstocks with high boiling point, T90 can beincreased as high as the upper limit of JIS range.

E10

Blending ethanol up to 10% into conventional gasoline (E0) greatly decreases T50 .

Ethanol has a boiling point of 78˚C, when ethanol is blended with gasoline, high distillation characteristics of ethanol are exerted, and significantly affects distillation characteristics of ethanol-gasoline blends

Dis

tilla

tion

tem

pera

ture

(˚C

)

Distillate volume (vol%)

T50: 50 vol% distillationtemperature

T90: 90 vol% distillation temperature

5

Even though no differences are observed in the vapor pressure between ethanol-gasoline blends and conventional gasoline (E0 gasoline) at the temperature for measuring RVP (37.8˚C), which is a parameter of JIS, the differences in vapor pressure increase with increasing temperature, so that concerns are raised about the impact on evaporative emissions and driveability at high temperatures.

Impact of ethanol blending on vapor pressure of gasoline

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

エタノール混合率(vol.%)

RVP

(kP

a)

Blending ethanol into gasoline (RVP: 63 kPa)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

温度(℃)

RVP測定温度(37.8℃)

燃料タンク温度(55℃前後)

蒸気発生量増大

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

E0

E3

E10

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

The local maximum is achieved in a range of blending ratio from 3 to 15%

蒸気

圧(kP

a)

Fuel tank temperature(around 55˚C)

Increased evaporativeemissions

Temperature formeasuring

RVP (37.8˚C)

Vap

or p

ress

ure

(kP

a)Temperature (˚C)Ethanol blending ratio (vol%)

6

Impact of 10% blending of ethanol with gasolineon fuel quality of ethanol-gasoline blends

Impact of 10% blending Issues Issues envisionedFuel quality of ethanol with gasoline envisioned in in vehicle Research item

on fuel quality of fuel quality performanceethanol-gasoline blends

Controlled using Impact of distillation 1) Study of impacts on exhaustfeedstocks with characteristics far from emissions and fuel economy/different boiling those of conventional CO2 emissions

Distillation Decreased by points gasoline 2) Study of impacts on vehiclecharacteristics about 10˚C ⇒Exhaust emissions driveability

T50 T50 could fall ⇒Vehicle driveability Identify impacts of T50 (on thebelow the lower (Low T50: Driveability at high temperature side)

limit of JIS high temperatures) Identify impacts of T50 (on the low temperature side)

Increased by about Controlled using Impact of increased 3) Study of impacts on vehicleVapor pressure 7 kPa (Increased feedstocks evaporation at high evaporative emissions

(RVP) evaporation at high (e.g. butane temperatures Identify impacts of permeationtemperatures) removal) ⇒Vehicle evaporative (during vehicle parking)

emissions Identify impacts of increasedMaterial Impacts of permeation evaporation at high temperatures

compatibility Rubber permeation - ⇒Vehicle evaporative (during vehicle operation)(rubber materials) emissions

Is there any impactStorage stability Metal corrosion on oxidation 4) Study impacts of materials

(metal, rubber and stability? Impact on vehicle on fuel propertiesresin materials) Swelling of rubber Does the increase fuel systems

and resin materials in existent gumcontent affect

storage stability?

7

Impact of 10% blending of ethanol with gasolineon fuel quality of ethanol-gasoline blends

Impact of 10% blending Issues Issues envisionedFuel quality of ethanol with gasoline envisioned in in vehicle Research item

on fuel quality of fuel quality performanceethanol-gasoline blends

Controlled using Impact of distillation 1) Study of impacts on exhaustfeedstocks with characteristics far from emissions and fuel economy/different boiling those of conventional CO2 emissions

Distillation Decreased by points gasoline 2) Study of impacts on vehiclecharacteristics about 10˚C ⇒Exhaust emissions driveability

T50 T50 could fall ⇒Vehicle driveability Identify impacts of T50 (on thebelow the lower (Low T50: Driveability at high temperature side)

limit of JIS high temperatures) Identify impacts of T50 (on the low temperature side)

Increased by about Controlled using Impact of increased 3) Study of impacts on vehicleVapor pressure 7 kPa (Increased feedstocks evaporation at high evaporative emissions

(RVP) evaporation at high (e.g. butane temperatures Identify impacts of permeationtemperatures) removal) ⇒Vehicle evaporative (during vehicle parking)

emissions Identify impacts of increasedMaterial Impacts of permeation evaporation at high temperatures

compatibility Rubber permeation - ⇒Vehicle evaporative (during vehicle operation)(rubber materials) emissions

Is there any impactStorage stability Metal corrosion on oxidation 4) Study impacts of materials

(metal, rubber and stability? Impact on vehicle on fuel propertiesresin materials) Swelling of rubber Does the increase fuel systems

and resin materials in existent gumcontent affect

storage stability?

8

Study description Identify how T50 of E10 gasoline affects exhaust emissions and fuel economy/ CO2 emissions through testing with various types of vehicles in order to determine the applicability of the existing indicators for fuel quality to ethanol-gasoline blends

① Study of impacts on exhaust emissions,fuel economy /CO2 emissions

<Test vehicle>4 Four-wheel vehicles (1 compact car and 3 light motor vehicles)3 Motorcycles

<Test cycle>Four-wheel vehicle: Japanese 11 mode (Cold start cycle)

Japanese 10-15 mode (Hot start cycle)Motorcycle: Motorcycle test cycle (Cold start cycle)

<Evaluation item>Non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) or total hydrocarbons (THC),nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), aldehydes, carbondioxide (CO2) and fuel economy

9

Test vehicle specifications (Four-wheeled vehicles)

Vehicle designation Vehicle AA Vehicle DA Vehicle DB Vehicle EAClassification Compact car Light motor Light motor Light motor

vehicle Vehicle vehicleApplicable 75% reduction 75% reduction 50% reduction 75% reductionemissions from 2005 from 2005 from 2005 from 2005 regulations regulations regulations regulations regulations

First registration year 2007 2008 2008 2008Engine displacement (L) 1.5 0.66 0.66 0.66

Number of cylinders Inline 4 Inline 3 Inline 3 Inline 3Compression ratio 10.5 10.8 9.0 9.0

Supercharger N/A N/A Equipped EquippedFuel injection system PFI PFI PFI DI

Transmission CVT CVT CVT CVTMax power (kw/rpm) 81/6000 43/7200 47/6000 47/6500

Max torque (N▪m/rpm) 140/4400 65/4000 103/3000 103/3500Fuel Regular-grade Regular-grade Regular-grade Regular-grade

Fuel tank capacity (L) 50 36 36 30Mileage during testing 20500 〜 4500 〜 4500 〜 5000 〜

(km) 36000 17500 20500 20000

10

Test vehicle specifications (Motorcycle)

Vehicle designation Motorcycle 1 Motorcycle 2 Motorcycle 3Classification Cl.1 motor-drivenCl.2 motor-driven Light

cycle cycle motorcycleApplicable emissions 2006 2007 2006

regulations regulations regulations regulationsEngine displacement (cc) 49 107 249

Engine type Air cooled Water cooled Water cooledFour stroke Four stroke Four stroke

Fuel feed system Injection Injection InjectionSupercharger N/A N/A N/ATransmission CVT CVT CVT

Max power (kw/rpm) 3.7/8000 6.6/7500 14/6500Max torque (N▪m/rpm) 4.5/6500 9.3/6250 22/5000

11

Test fuel matrixTest fuels used to verify the impact of T50

*Test fuel is made by splash blending of ethanol up to 10% into E0 gasoline (T50: 75˚C)

E0/E10 E10* E0/E10 E0/E10 E0/E10 E0 E0/E10 E0/E10 E0/E10 E0 (ETBE23)

T10, ℃

T50, ℃ 65 75 100 110 120 90 100 110 120 100

T90, ℃

RVP, kPa 69

オクタン価

65

150

55以下

97以上

180(JIS上限)

(T90: Two groups representing market average level (150˚C) and the upper limit of JISare used for testing)

T50:低温側 T50:高温側

Octanenumber

(Upper limit of JIS)

55 or less

97 or over

T50: lowtemperature side

T50: Hightemperature side

12

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120T50(℃)

NM

HC

(g/

km) JIS JIS

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

T50(℃)

NM

HC

(g/

km)

JIS JIS

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

T50(℃)

NM

HC

(g/

km) JIS JISJIS JIS

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

T50(℃)

NM

HC

(g/

km) JIS JISJIS JIS

Emissions - NMHC(Four-wheel vehicle/ 11 mode)

◆ E0 T90:150℃■ E10 T90: 150℃◇ E0 T90:JIS上限域□ E10 T90:JIS上限域

△ETBE23 T90:JIS上限域

Vehicle DA(PFI)

Vehicle DB(PFI/Supercharger)

Vehicle AA(PFI)

Vehicle EA(DI/Supercharger)

For Vehicles AA, DA and DB, NMHC emissions tend to increase with E10 gasolinecompared to E0 gasoline, when T50 is 110˚C.

In some vehicles, emissions of CO and NOx also tend to increase with E10 gasoline.

E0 T90: 150˚C

E10 T90: 150˚C

E0 T90: Upper limit range of JIS

E10 T90: Upper limit range of JIS

ETBE23 T90: Upper limit range of JIS

13

・ For cold start testing, there are some cases where E10 gasoline affects emissions when T50 is 110˚C. And acetaldehydes tend to increase.

・ For hot start testing, E10 gasoline has no impact on emissions.

T50: High temperature side

Study results of impacts on exhaust emissions,fuel economy /CO2 emissions

Impact tendencies of E10 gasoline (compared to E0 gasoline)T50: Low temperature side

※ THC for motorcycles: Values tends to increase/ vary with E10 gasoline compared to E0 gasoline: There are no differences between E0 and E10 gasoline: Values tends to decrease with E10 gasoline compared to E0 gasoline

T90, ℃T50, ℃ 100 110 90 100 110 100 110 90 100 110 90 100 110

NMHC※ → 3/4台 → → 3/4台 → → → → → → → →

CO → 3/4台 → → 4/4台 → → → → → 3/3台 3/3台 3/3台

NOx → 3/4台 1/4台 1/4台 2/4台 → → → → → → 1/3台 1/3台

燃費(km/L) 4/4台 4/4台 4/4台 4/4台 4/4台 3/3台 3/3台 3/3台

燃費(km/MJ) → → → → → → → →

CO2 → → → → → → → →

アセトアルデヒド 4/4台 4/4台 4/4台 4/4台 4/4台 → → → → → 3/3台 3/3台 3/3台

2輪車

180

Coldスタート

(11モード)150

4輪車

Hotスタート

(10・15モード)Coldスタート(2輪車モード)

180180150

Coldスタート(11

モード)

Hotスタート

(11・15

モード)

NMHC → →

CO → →

NOx → →

燃費(km/L) 4/4台

燃費(km/MJ) →

CO2 → →

アセトアルデヒド 4/4台 →

4輪車

Fuel economy(km/L)

Fuel economy(km/MJ)

Acetaldehydes Acetaldehydes

Fuel economy(km/L)

Fuel economy(km/MJ)

Four wheel vehicle Motorcycle Four wheel vehicle

Cold start test(11 mode)

Hot start test(10▪15 mode)

Cold start test(Motorcycle

mode)

Coldstarttest(11

mode)

Hotstarttest

(10▪15mode)

14

Impact of 10% blending of ethanol with gasolineon fuel quality of ethanol-gasoline blends

Impact of 10% blending Issues Issues envisionedFuel quality of ethanol with gasoline envisioned in in vehicle Research item

on fuel quality of fuel quality performanceethanol-gasoline blends

Controlled using Impact of distillation 1) Study of impacts on exhaustfeedstocks with characteristics far from emissions and fuel economy/different boiling those of conventional CO2 emissions

Distillation Decreased by points gasoline 2) Study of impacts on vehiclecharacteristics about 10˚C ⇒Exhaust emissions driveability

T50 T50 could fall ⇒Vehicle driveability Identify impacts of T50 (on thebelow the lower (Low T50: Driveability at high temperature side)

limit of JIS high temperatures) Identify impacts of T50 (on the low temperature side)

Increased by about Controlled using Impact of increased 3) Study of impacts on vehicleVapor pressure 7 kPa (Increased feedstocks evaporation at high evaporative emissions

(RVP) evaporation at high (e.g. butane temperatures Identify impacts of permeationtemperatures) removal) ⇒Vehicle evaporative (during vehicle parking)

emissions Identify impacts of increasedMaterial Impacts of permeation evaporation at high temperatures

compatibility Rubber permeation - ⇒Vehicle evaporative (during vehicle operation)(rubber materials) emissions

Is there any impactStorage stability Metal corrosion on oxidation 4) Study impacts of materials

(metal, rubber and stability? Impact on vehicle on fuel propertiesresin materials) Swelling of rubber Does the increase fuel systems

and resin materials in existent gumcontent affect

storage stability?

15

Study descriptionIdentify how T50 (high temperature side) of E10 gasoline affects vehicle driveability (accelerability, startability and demerit scores) through testing on various types of vehicles in order to determine the applicability of the existing indicators for fuel quality to the ethanol-gasoline blendsPrepare E10 gasoline by splash blending of ethanol with E0 gasoline (T50 values: lower limit range of JIS), and using the blends, identify how 10% blending of ethanol in gasoline (T50 values: below the lower limit of JIS) affects vehicle driveability at high temperatures (startability and accelerability)

② Study of impacts on vehicle driveability

<Test vehicle>1 compact car and 3 light motor vehicles (Vehicles used for the emissions testing are also used for this study)<Test cycle>T50 (High temperature side): Impacts on vehicle driveabilityDriveability test cycle (JPI method/ Cold and Hot start test cycles) at laboratory temperature of 20˚CT50 (Low temperature side): Impacts on vehicle driveability at high temperatures JPI method “ High speed and congested traffic” driving test and Mt. Rokko climbing mode at laboratory temperature of 35˚C<Evaluation item> Accelerability, startability and demerit scores

16

Test cycle for driveability evaluation - JPI method

Accelerability: Evaluation by measuring the time from the beginning ofacceleration to the attainment of 40 km/h

Study of impacts on driveability- Test cycle for driveability evaluation -

Startability: Evaluation by measuring the time from the onset of voltagedrop to 1000 rpm

<Evaluation item>

試験室温:20℃

エン

ジン

回転

時間

3sec

3sec

Dレンジ

車速:40km/h

アクセル開度:30-50%

アイドル

3sec

加減速Cold試験:20回Hot試験:10回

始動(Nレンジ)

エン

ジン

回転

時間

3sec

3sec

Dレンジ

車速:40km/h

アクセル開度:30-50%

アイドル

3sec

加減速Cold試験:20回Hot試験:10回

始動(Nレンジ)

10sec

加減速冷機始動:20回暖機始動:10回

3

Acceleration/ DecelerationCold start: 20 timesHot start : 10 times

JPI: Japan Petroleum Institute

Eng

ine

spee

d Vehicle speed: 40 km/h

Idle

D range

Startup (N range)Time Laboratory temperature: 20˚C

Acceleratoropening degree:

30 – 50%

17

0

1

2

3

4

5

60 70 80 90 100 110 120

T50(℃)

0→

1000rp

m

始動

時間

(sec)

JIS JIS

Laboratory temperature: 20℃

Startability -Engine startup time (Cold start testing)

For Vehicle DB, engine startup time tends to increase with E10 gasoline compared to E0 gasoline, when T50 is 110˚C.For Vehicle AA, some impact of 10% ethanol blending is observed only when T50 is 110˚C and T90 is in the upper limit range of JIS.

車両EA(直噴/過給)

車両AA (PFI)

Vehicle DA (PFI)

0

1

2

3

4

5

60 70 80 90 100 110 120

T50(℃)

0→

1000rp

m

始動

時間

(sec)

JIS JIS

車両DB(PFI/過給)

0

1

2

3

4

5

60 70 80 90 100 110 120T50(℃)

0→

1000rp

m

始動

時間

(sec)

5.79秒と6.44秒

JIS JIS

0

1

2

3

4

5

60 70 80 90 100 110 120T50(℃)

0→

1000rp

m

始動

時間

(sec)

1000rpmに到達せず

JIS JIS

◆ E0 T90:150℃■ E10 T90:150℃◇ E0 T90:JIS上限域□ E10 T90:JIS上限域△ETBE23 T90:JIS上限域

Vehicle AA(PFI)

Vehicle EA(DI

w/ supercharger)

Vehicle DB(PFI

w/supercharger)

Not attained to 1000 rpm

Eng

ine

star

tup

time

(sec

)E

ngin

e st

artu

p tim

e (s

ec)

Eng

ine

star

tup

time

(sec

)E

ngin

e st

artu

p tim

e (s

ec)

5.79 & 6.44 sec.

18

Study results of impacts on driveability

Laboratory temperature: 20˚C

For cold start testing, there are some cases where E10 gasoline affects driveability, when T50 is 110˚C. In some of the above cases, there is a tendency where larger impacts are seen when T90 is in the upper limit range of JIS compared to when T90 is 150˚C.

For hot start testing, E10 gasoline has no impact.

Impact tendencies of E10 gasoline (compared to E0 gasoline)

T90, ℃T50, ℃ 100 110 90 100 110 100 110 90 100 110

始動時間 → 1/3台 → → 2/4台 → → → → →

加速時間 → 2/3台 → → 2/4台 → → → → →

デメリット点数 → 2/3台 → → 2/4台 → → → → →

150 180Hotスタート

4輪車Coldスタート

180150

:E0に比較してE10は増加/ばらつく傾向:E0とE10で差なし

Four-wheel vehicleCold start testing Hot start testing

Engine startup time

Accelerationtime

Demerit scores

↑: Values tend to increase/ vary with E10 gasolinecompared to E0 gasoline

→: There are no differences between E0 and E10 gasoline

19

Mt. Rokko climbing modeJPI method

“High speed/ congested traffic ”driving mode testing

0

30

100

120125

車速

(km

/h)

15min

15sec

15sec

15sec

15sec

1min

5min

5min

15min

10min

5min

暖気 ベース性能

エンジンキーオフソーク

キーオフソーク後性能

アイドルソーク

アイドルソーク後性能

給油 始動性評価

加速性評価

加速性評価

加速性評価

始動性評価

100km/h

40km/h 40km/h 40km/h

80km/h 80km/h 80km/h

100km/h100km/h

120km/h 120km/h120km/h

0

30

100

120125

車速

(km

/h)

15min

15sec

15sec

15sec

15sec

1min

5min

5min

15min

10min

5min

暖気 ベース性能

エンジンキーオフソーク

キーオフソーク後性能

アイドルソーク

アイドルソーク後性能

給油 始動性評価

加速性評価

加速性評価

加速性評価

始動性評価

100km/h

40km/h 40km/h 40km/h

80km/h 80km/h 80km/h

100km/h100km/h

120km/h 120km/h120km/h

0

30

100

120125

車速

(km

/h)

15min

15sec

15sec

15sec

15sec

1min

5min

5min

15min

10min

5min

暖気 ベース性能

エンジンキーオフソーク

キーオフソーク後性能

アイドルソーク

アイドルソーク後性能

0

30

100

120125

車速

(km

/h)

15min

15sec

15sec

15sec

15sec

1min

5min

5min

15min

10min

5min

0

30

100

120125

車速

(km

/h)

15min

15sec

15sec

15sec

15sec

1min

5min

5min

15min

10min

5min

暖気 ベース性能

エンジンキーオフソーク

キーオフソーク後性能

アイドルソーク

アイドルソーク後性能

給油 始動性評価

加速性評価

加速性評価

加速性評価

始動性評価

100km/h

40km/h 40km/h 40km/h

80km/h 80km/h 80km/h

100km/h100km/h

120km/h 120km/h120km/h

Driveability test at high temperatures – Driving cycle

Accelerability: Evaluation by measuring the time required to rise from 40 km/h to 100 (80)and 120 (100) km/h in the JPI method, while to 120 (100) km/h in the Mt. Rokko climbing mode, respectively. (Figures in parentheses are for minivehicles)

Startability: Evaluation by measuring the time from the onset of voltage drop to 1000 rpm.<Evaluation item> Laboratory temperature: 35˚C

加速性評価

0

35

120

車速

(km

/h)

15min

暖気 エンジンキーオフソーク

始動 始動性評価

40km/h

120km/h

※2

10%勾配

エンジンキーオフソーク後性能

加速性評価

0

35

120

車速

(km

/h)

15min

暖気 エンジンキーオフソーク

始動 始動性評価

40km/h

120km/h

※2

10%勾配

エンジンキーオフソーク後性能

※ Engine key-off soak time is defined as the time when temperature of delivery pipe rises to the highest.

100 100km/h

Veh

icle

spe

ed (k

m/h

)

Veh

icle

spe

ed (k

m/h

)

Ref

uelin

g

Startabilityevaluation

Startabilityevaluation

Accelerabilityevaluation

Accelerabilityevaluation

Accelerationevaluation

Startup Startabilityevaluation

Accelerationevaluation

Enginewarmed up

Enginekey-offsoak

Performance afterengine key-off soak

10% road grade

Enginewarmed up

Basicperformance

Enginekey-offsoak

Performanceafter

enginekey-offsoak

Idlesoak

Performanceafter

idle soak

20

For all test vehicles used in this study, E10 gasoline has no impact when T50 is in the lower limit range of JIS.

→: There are no differences between E0 and E10 gasoline

Study result of impacts on vehicle driveabilityat high temperatures

Impact tendencies of E10 gasoline (compared to E0 gasoline)

ベース性能

キーオフソーク後

アイドルソーク後

始動時間 → → →

加速時間 → → → →

デメリット点数 → → → →

4輪車

六甲山登山モード

石油学会法「高速走行、渋滞走行試験」

Four-wheel vehicleJPI method “High speed/ congested

traffic” driving mode testing Mt. Rokkoclimbing

modeBasicperformance

After key-offsoak

After idlesoak

Enginestartup time

Acceleration time

Demerit scores

21

Impact of 10% blending of ethanol with gasolineon fuel quality of ethanol-gasoline blends

Impact of 10% blending Issues Issues envisionedFuel quality of ethanol with gasoline envisioned in in vehicle Research item

on fuel quality of fuel quality performanceethanol-gasoline blends

Controlled using Impact of distillation 1) Study of impacts on exhaustfeedstocks with characteristics far from emissions and fuel economy/different boiling those of conventional CO2 emissions

Distillation Decreased by points gasoline 2) Study of impacts on vehiclecharacteristics about 10˚C ⇒Exhaust emissions driveability

T50 T50 could fall ⇒Vehicle driveability Identify impacts of T50 (on thebelow the lower (Low T50: Driveability at high temperature side)

limit of JIS high temperatures) Identify impacts of T50 (on the low temperature side)

Increased by about Controlled using Impact of increased 3) Study of impacts on vehicleVapor pressure 7 kPa (Increased feedstocks evaporation at high evaporative emissions

(RVP) evaporation at high (e.g. butane temperatures Identify impacts of permeationtemperatures) removal) ⇒Vehicle evaporative (during vehicle parking)

emissions Identify impacts of increasedMaterial Impacts of permeation evaporation at high temperatures

compatibility Rubber permeation - ⇒Vehicle evaporative (during vehicle operation)(rubber materials) emissions

Is there any impactStorage stability Metal corrosion on oxidation 4) Study impacts of materials

(metal, rubber and stability? Impact on vehicle on fuel propertiesresin materials) Swelling of rubber Does the increase fuel systems

and resin materials in existent gumcontent affect

storage stability?

22

Determine the behavior of evaporative emissions from different vehicles and the reality of the increased evaporative emissions due to permeation and evaporation of E10 gasoline from fuel feed systems, in order to identify how blending of ethanol with gasoline affects quality of ethanol-gasoline blends

③ Study of impacts on vehicle evaporative emissions

<Test vehicle>1 compact car (for Running Loss test only) and 3 light motor vehicles (Vehicles used for the emissions testing are also used for this study)

<Test fuel>E0 : RVP 65, 72kPa (to identify sensitivity of RVP)E10 and ETBE23: RVP 65kPa

<Test conditions>Summer conditions assumed (Ambient temperature: 20 - 35˚C for diurnal breathing loss (DBL) test , 35˚C for running loss (RL) test)

<Evaluation item>Running loss (RL: evaporative emissions during vehicle operation)Hot soak loss (HSL: evaporative emissions after vehicle operation)Diurnal breathing loss (DBL: evaporative emissions from vehicles parked)

23

Evaluation of vehicle evaporative emissions- Test facility -

ソークエリア

エンジン 吸入空気

ダイアナルロス(DBL)テスト時

車両位置

空調装置

TB

パージ空気

SHED

機械室

DBLテスト時仕切扉

ランニングロス(RL)テスト

ホットソーク(HSL)テスト時

車両位置48Bダイナモ

車速風

ソークエリア

エンジン 吸入空気

ダイアナルロス(DBL)テスト時

車両位置

空調装置

TB

パージ空気

SHED

機械室

DBLテスト時仕切扉

ランニングロス(RL)テスト

ホットソーク(HSL)テスト時

車両位置

THC測定装置

ソークエリア

エンジン 吸入空気

ダイアナルロス(DBL)テスト時

車両位置

空調装置

TB

パージ空気

SHED

機械室

DBL

TB

パージ空気

SHED

機械室

DBLテスト時仕切扉

ランニングロス(RL)テスト

ホットソーク(HSL)テスト時

車両位置48Bダイナモ

車速風

ソークエリア

エンジン 吸入空気

ダイアナルロス(DBL)テスト時

車両位置

空調装置

TB

パージ空気

SHED

機械室

DBLテスト時仕切扉

ランニングロス(RL)テスト

ホットソーク(HSL)テスト時

車両位置

THC測定装置

SHED (Sealed Housing for Evaporative Determination) system

Machineroom

Soak area

Engine intake air

Purgeair

Air conditioning

Partition door for DBL test

Blower

48B dynoVehicle position for DBL test

Vehicle position forRL & HSL tests

monitor

24

車両EA

車両DB

■ E0 gasoline■ E10 gasoline■ ETBE23 gasoline

Vehicle evaporative emissionsHSL + 24h‐DBL

車両AA H19年度先行研究データ(平均値)

車両DA

0

1

2

3

蒸発

ガス

量(g/

test

62.0kPa 64.0kPa

RVP RVP

0

1

2

3

1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目 1回目

蒸発

ガス

量(g/

test

64.5kPa 71.5kPa 59.5kPa65.5kPa

RVP RVP RVP RVP

0

1

2

3

1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目 1回目

蒸発

ガス

量(g/

test

64.5kPa 71.5kPa 59.5kPa65.5kPa

RVP RVP RVP RVP

0

1

2

3

1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目 1回目

蒸発

ガス

量(g

/te

st)

64.5kPa 71.5kPa 59.5kPa65.5kPa

RVP RVP RVP RVP

For Vehicle AA used in the Advanced Research (in FY 2007), some impact of E10 gasoline is observed on evaporative emissions, however, for Vehicles EA, DA and DB used in this study, no significant differences are observed in impacts between E10 and E0 gasoline.

Vehicle AA - Data from FY 2007 Advanced Research (Averages)

Vehicle EA

Vehicle DA Vehicle DB

Eva

pora

tive

emis

sion

s (g

/test

)

Eva

pora

tive

emis

sion

s (g

/test

)

Eva

pora

tive

emis

sion

s (g

/test

)

Eva

pora

tive

emis

sion

s (g

/test

)

1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st

test test test test test test test

1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st

test test test test test test test1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st

test test test test test test test

25

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目

蒸発

ガス

量(g/

km) RVP

64.5kPaRVP

71.5kPaRVP

59.5kPaRVP

65.5kPa

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目

蒸発

ガス

量(g/

km) RVP

64.5kPaRVP

71.5kPaRVP

59.5kPaRVP

65.5kPa

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目

蒸発

ガス

量(g/

km) RVP

64.5kPaRVP

71.5kPaRVP

59.5kPaRVP

65.5kPa

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目 3回目 4回目 1回目 2回目 1回目 2回目

蒸発

ガス

量(g/

km) RVP

64.5kPaRVP

71.5kPaRVP

59.5kPaRVP

65.5kPa

No significant differences are observed between E0 and E10 gasoline.

Vehicle AA

■ E0 gasoline■ E10 gasoline■ ETBE23 gasoline

Vehicle evaporative emissions RL

Vehicle EA

Vehicle DA Vehicle DB

Eva

pora

tive

emis

sion

s (g

/km

)E

vapo

rativ

e em

issi

ons

(g/k

m)

Eva

pora

tive

emis

sion

s (g

/km

)E

vapo

rativ

e em

issi

ons

(g/k

m)

1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd

test test test test test test test test

1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd

test test test test test test test test

1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd

test test test test test test test test

1st 2nd 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 1st 2nd

test test test test test test test test test test

26

Impact of 10% blending of ethanol with gasolineon fuel quality of ethanol-gasoline blends

Impact of 10% blending Issues Issues envisionedFuel quality of ethanol with gasoline envisioned in in vehicle Research item

on fuel quality of fuel quality performanceethanol-gasoline blends

Controlled using Impact of distillation 1) Study of impacts on exhaustfeedstocks with characteristics far from emissions and fuel economy/different boiling those of conventional CO2 emissions

Distillation Decreased by points gasoline 2) Study of impacts on vehiclecharacteristics about 10˚C ⇒Exhaust emissions driveability

T50 T50 could fall ⇒Vehicle driveability Identify impacts of T50 (on thebelow the lower (Low T50: Driveability at high temperature side)

limit of JIS high temperatures) Identify impacts of T50 (on the low temperature side)

Increased by about Controlled using Impact of increased 3) Study of impacts on vehicleVapor pressure 7 kPa (Increased feedstocks evaporation at high evaporative emissions

(RVP) evaporation at high (e.g. butane temperatures Identify impacts of permeationtemperatures) removal) ⇒Vehicle evaporative (during vehicle parking)

emissions Identify impacts of increasedMaterial Impacts of permeation evaporation at high temperatures

compatibility Rubber permeation - ⇒Vehicle evaporative (during vehicle operation)(rubber materials) emissions

Is there any impactStorage stability Metal corrosion on oxidation 4) Study impacts of materials

(metal, rubber and stability? Impact on vehicle on fuel propertiesresin materials) Swelling of rubber Does the increase fuel systems

and resin materials in existent gumcontent affect

storage stability?

27

④ Study of impacts of materials on fuel properties

<Test materials>Following metal, rubber and resin materials used in fuel feed systems are selected for evaluation:- Metal materials (5 types): Zinc, Tin, Steel, Copper and Nickel- Rubber materials (3 types): Fluororubber (KFM), Nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) and

Nitrile-butadiene rubber/Polyvinyl chloride (NBR/PVC)- Resin materials (3 types): Polyamide resin (nylon), Polyacetal resin (PA) and

Phenolic resin

<Test fuel>– E0 and E10 gasoline (Splash blend)

<Test conditions>– Metal materials: 100˚C for 480 hrs– Resin/ Rubber materials: 70 ˚C for 720 hrs

<Evaluation item>Impacts of materials on fuel properties is determined by dipping test (focusing on the

differences in the impacts between E0 and E10 gasoline)- Unwashed existent gum content, existent gum content, peroxide number and

oxidation stability

Determine impacts of materials used in fuel feed systems on the properties (oxidative stability, existent gum contents, etc.) of E10 gasoline when left standing for a long time

28

0

4

8

12

16

20

Blank Zn Sn Fe Cu Ni Mixed

洗浄

ガム

分 (

mg/100m

l)

E0

E10

Study results of impacts of materials on fuel properties

Impacts of metal materials Impacts of rubber/ resin materials

Existent gum content: Residue which is the nonvolatile matter left afterevaporation of gasoline and washed with the solvent

No significant differences are observed between E0 and E10gasoline.

For NBR and NBR/PVC, existent gum content has an increasing tendency with E10 gasoline.

0

20

40

60

80

Blank FKM NBR NBR/PVC Nylon POM Phenol

洗浄

ガム

分(m

g/100m

l)

E0

E10

Blank FKM NBR NBR/PVC Nylon POM Phenol

Exi

sten

t gum

con

tent

(mg/

100

ml)

Exi

sten

t gum

con

tent

(mg/

100

ml)

E0 gasolineE10 gasoline

E0gasolineE10gasoline

29

Research results – Summary

The tests using vehicles available in the domestic market reveal that 10% blending of ethanol in gasoline affects fuel quality of ethanol-gasoline blends in some cases. Consequently, attention should be paid to the impacts at the introduction of E10 gasoline into the domestic market.

Impact of 10% blendingFuel quality of ethanol with gasoline Research item Research results

on fuel quality of ethanol-gasoline blends

1) Study of impacts on exhaust For some of the test vehicle, there is an emissions and fuel economy/ impact of 10% blending of ethanol in CO2 emissions gasoline on T50, when T50 is in the range

Distillation Decreased by 2) Study of impacts on vehicle of JIS (110˚C)characteristics about 10˚C driveability Except for the above case, no impacts of

T50 Identify impacts of T50 (on the 10% blending of ethanol in gasoline are high temperature side) observed, even when T50 is in the lower Identify impacts of T50 (on the limit range of JIS. low temperature side)

Increased by about 3) Study of impacts on vehicle For the test vehicles used in this study,Vapor pressure 7 kPa (Increased evaporative emissions no significant impacts of 10% blending

(RVP) evaporation at high Identify impacts of permeation of ethanol in gasoline are observed.temperatures) (during vehicle parking) (With other test vehicles used by

Identify impacts of increased Advanced Research WG, some impactMaterial evaporation at high temperatures of 10% blending of ethanol in gasoline is

compatibility Rubber permeation (during vehicle operation) observed in HSL + DBL testing)(rubber materials)

For some rubber materials, existentStorage stability Metal corrosion 4) Study impacts of materials gum content increases by 10% blending

(metal, rubber and on fuel properties of ethanol in gasoline.resin materials) Swelling of rubber For metal materials, no differences are

and resin materials observed in the impacts on fuel qualitybetween E0 and E10 gasoline.