Reported speechIntroductory verbs

Reported speech

• ‘Reported speech’i ehk Kaudset kõnet kasutatakse kellegi poolt öeldu, mõeldu, kirjutatu või küsitu edasiandmiseks, ilma selle isiku sõnu täpselt kordamata.

Reported speech

• Kaudse kõne sissejuhatamiseks kasutatakse mitmeid ütlemist, arvamist, mõtlemist, küsimist või tõotamist väljendavaid verbe.

Tähtsaimad neist on: say, tell, think, ask, want to know, dream, promise, add.

DIRECT SPEECH(otsene kõne) (saatelause) He

says, “I`m not a bully.”

Tom says, “The weatehr

has been awful.”

REPORTED SPEECH(kaudne kõne) He says (that) he is

not a bully.

Tom says (that) the weather has been awful.

Otsese kõne muutmisel kaudseks toimuvadmõningad muudatused, näiteks muutuvadvastavalt lause mõttele asesõnad ja mõneljuhul ka verbi pöördevormid.

NB! Pange tähele, et sageli jäetakse that

ära, eriti say ja tell järel.

VÄITLAUSED (jaatavad laused)

Kui saatelause verb on minevikus (said,

asked),siis toimub kaudkõneskõrvallauses rida

muutusi: 1. Muudame

asesõna(asesõnu) - ( ka siis, Kui

saatelause on olevikus)

2. muudame aega – toimub nn. aegade nihe

present simple write(s) -past simple wrote

present continuous am/is/are writing - past continuous was/ were writing

present perfect have/has written - past perfect had written past simple wrote - past perfect had written

future simple will write - future in the past would write

3. kui saatelause verb on minevikus, asendatakse kaudses kõnes mõned “lähedust” väljendavad sõnad “kaugust” väljendavate sõnadega:

• that – this now – then• these – those today – that day• here – there tomorrow -. the

next day• ago - before yesterday - the

day before• last night – the previous night soon - later• next week/year – the following week/year

4. me muudame oleviku modaalverbe • can - could• will - would• may - might• shall - should• must - had to / must5. me ei muuda minevikus olevaid

modaalverbe • ought to / might / could/ would

KÜSILAUSED * kaudsetes üldküsimustes on - siduvaks sõnaks if või

whether (kas)-         sõnajärjestus on otsene, s.o. alus + öeldis + ...-         abiverbid jäävad ära-         saatelause say või said asendatakse küsimust

väljendava verbiga ask/asked, wonder/wondered, want to know/wanted to know

Kaudse küsimuse sõnade järjekord on sama, mis jutustaval lausel ehk alus on enne abitegusõna ja tegusõna!!!

Üks tüüpilisemaid vigu suulise eksami rollimängus.

 * kaudsetes eriküsimustes on – siduvaks sõnaks küsisõna /what, where, when, who, how, why ...)

-         sõnajärjestus on otsene s.o. alus + öeldis +.....

KÄSUD JA PALVED * sõltuvalt sellest, mida tahetakse

väljendada, kasutatakse verbe tell, order, ask, invite, recommend jne., millele järgneb sihitis (kellele) + to-infinitiiv

The teacher said, “ Open the door.”The teacher told us to open the door.* eitava käsu, palve jne. puhul on to-

infinitiivi ees not: She said, “Don`t be late.”She told me not to be late.

TERVITUSED, ÕNNITLUSED, SOOVID, TÄNU

DIRECT SPEECH

Hello, Tom.Hello, Tim.He said, “Congratulations.”

REPORTED SPEECH

Tom and Tim greeted each other.

He congratulated me.

Introductory verbs

• +to –infagreeclaimdemand offerpromiserefusethreaten

• Example:verb – offerdirect speech – “Would you like me to help you?”reported speech – “He offered to help me.”

Grammarway p.109 vaata tabelit!

Introductory verbs

• +sb +to –infadviseallowask, begcommandforbidinviteorderremind

• Example:verb – forbiddirect speech – “You mustn’t stay out late!”reported speech – “He forbade me to stay out late.”

Introductory verbs

• + -ing formaccuse sb ofadmit (to)apologise forboast about/ofcomplain to sb ofdenyinsist onsuggest

• Example:verb – suggestdirect speech –“Let’s go out to dinner.”reported speech – “He suggested going out to dinner.”

Introductory verbs

• explain to sb + how

Example:direch speech – “That’s how it works!”reported speech – “He explained to us how it worked.”

Introductory verbs

• +that –clauseexplaininform sbexclaim/remark

• Example:verb – exclaim/remarkdirect speech –“What a glorious day!”reported speech – “He exclaimed/remarked that it was a glorious day.”

The verbs marked with asterisk can also be followed

by a that – clause in reported speech.

• He claimed that he had won a price.

• He promised that he would call.

• He admitted that he was wrong.

• He boasted that he was very rich.

• He denied that he had taked the money.

• He insisted that I (should) work on Saturday.

• He suggested that we (should) take out a loan.