research equipment manual...1437h -2015g university of dammam - college of engineering – research...

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION التعليم وزارة UNIVERSITY OF DAMMAM الدمام جامعة

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING الهندسة كلية

Research Equipment Manual

Vice-Deanship of Research and Higher Studies Scientific Research Unit

1437H -2015G

University of Dammam - College of Engineering – Research Equipment Manual _1437H-2015G

I

Contents

Page

Dean’s Message IV

Research Equipment Manual Committee Message V

I) Basic Engineering Labs

I-A: Thermodynamics Laboratory

01

I-A-1: Subsonic Wind Tunnel 02

II) Basic Sciences Labs

II-A: Physics Laboratory

03

04

II-A-1 : X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) 04

II-A-2 : Hall-Effect Measurement System 04

II-A-3 : Spectrophotometer 05

II-A-4 : Ellipsometer 05

II-A-5 : Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) 06

II-A-6 : Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy System 07

II-A-7 : Laser Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy 08

II-A-8 : ND-YAG Laser 08

II-A-9 : X-Ray Fluorescence System (XRF) 09

II-A-10: Thin Film Thermal Evaporation System 09

III) Biomedical Engineering Labs 10

III-A-1: Biomaterial Testing System - Instron E3000 11

III-A-2: Acoustic Intensity Measurement System “AIMS” III

with Soniq Software 12

III-A-3: ProtoMat S63 Rapid PCB Prototyping 12

III-A-4: X-Ray system-PHYWE 13

III-A-5: Compact AFM, Atomic Force Microscope 13

III-A-6: Magnetic Resonance Testing Unit-PHYWE 14


II

Page

IV) Construction Engineering Labs

IV-A: Concrete & Structure Laboratory 15

IV-A-1 : Universal Testing Machine - Instron 600dx 16

IV-A-2 : Mortar Flexural Testing Machine 16

IV-A-3 : Concrete Compression and Flexural Testing Machine 17

IV-A-4 : Mortar Compression Testing Machine 17

IV-B: NON–Destructive Testing Laboratory 18

IV-B-1 : Digi-schmidt 2000 Concrete Test Hammer 18

IV-B-2 : Vaisala Structural Humidity Measurement Kit –shm40 18

IV-B-3 : Aqua Meter - James Instrument 19

IV-B-4 : PUNDIT – Lab Ultrasonic Instrument 19

IV-B-5 : Rapid Chloride Permeability Test 20

IV-B-6 : Rebar Detector 20

IV-C: Soil and Pavement Laboratory 21

IV-C-1 : Speedy Moisture Tester 21

IV-C-2 : Sand Equivalent Apparatus 21

IV-C-3 : Digital Tri-axial Test Apparatus 22

IV-C-4 : Automatic Soil Compactor 22

IV-C-5 : CBR Test (California Bearing Ratio) 23

IV-C-6 : Semi-Automatic Cone Penetrometer 23

IV-C-7 : Los Angeles Abrasion Machine 24

IV-C-8 : Asphalt Centrifuge Extractors 24

IV-C-9 : Digital CBR and Marshall Test Machine 25

IV-C-10: Bending Beam Rheometer 25

IV-C-11: Thin-Film Oven Apparatus 26

IV-C-12: Gyratory Compactor 26


III

Page

V) Environmental Engineering Labs 27

V-A-1 : Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) 28

V-A-2 : Aethalometer 29

V-A-3 : Air Canisters 30

V-A-4 : Coriolis Bio-Sampler 31

V-A-5 : Dichotomous Air Sampler 32

V-A-6 : Laser Aerosol Spectrometer 33

V-A-7 : High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC ) 34

V-A-8 : PM2.5 , High Volume Ambient Air Sampler 35

V-A-9 : Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry 36

V-A-10: Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission

Spectrometry (ICP-OES)

37

V-A-11: TE-PNY1123, PUF Sampler, Volatile Organic

Sampler

38


IV

Dean’s Message

Research is the core of education, especially in a College of Engineering. Even though

College of Engineering in University of Dammam “UoD” has been around for only seven

years, the research equipment and instruments that it accommodates are the best in

the area and are not duplicated. Research equipment and instruments will provide

potential of research in biomedical engineering, construction engineering,

environmental engineering, and physics.

This manual aims to provide basic information about all equipment and instruments to

help researchers in UoD and outside UoD figure out how to utilize them. If interested

please e-mail [email protected] .

Sincere thanks are due to UoD Rector, Dr. Abdallah Al-Rubaish and to UoD Vice-Rector

Dr. Fahd Al-Mehanna for supporting research in College of Engineering and for

providing all funds necessary to purchase these equipment and instruments.

Dean of College of Engineering Abdulrahman Salih Hariri, PhD 1/1/1437H (14/10/2015G)

mailto:[email protected]


V

Research Equipment Manual Committee Message

Over the past seven years, College of Engineering - University of Dammam (CoE-UoD)

developed a state-of-the-art research laboratories in the areas of Basic Sciences, Basic

Engineering, Construction Engineering, Environmental Engineering, and Biomedical

Engineering. The main aim of these laboratories is to increase the research capabilities

in UoD in particular and in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in general in order to improve

the Engineering Practices in engineering and healthcare industries.

The purpose of d this manual is to provide all the necessary details regarding research

facilities available within the CoE-UoD. It includes summarized details of all major

research equipment available in all departments within the college of engineering up

until autumn of 1436H (2015G).

Amro Owes Elsayed, PhD : Coordinator of Vice-Deanship of Higher Studies & Scientific Research Tarek Kayed, PhD : Chairman of Scientific Research Unit

Ijlal Shahrukh Ateeq, Lecturer: Member of Scientific Research Unit


1

I) Basic Engineering Laboratories


2

I-A: Thermodynamics Laboratory

I-A-1: Subsonic Wind Tunnel

Introduction:

An open-circuit subsonic wind tunnel for a wide range of

investigations is used for aerodynamics research areas. The wind tunnel offers a comprehensive range of optional

models and instrumentation, including a computer-based data acquisition system. A separate control and

instrumentation unit controls the speed of the axial fan (and

the air velocity in the working section). The control and instrumentation unit also includes manometers and electrical

outlets to supply electrical power to other optional instruments.

The working section of the tunnel is a square section with a clear roof, sides and floor. The sides are removable. Each

side panel has a special position to support the optional

wind tunnel models. Supplied with the wind tunnel are a protractor and a model holder to support and accurately

adjust the angle of any models fitted. The tunnel is provided with Data Acquisition System which

allows accurate real-time data capture, monitoring, display,

calculation and charting of all relevant parameters on a computer.

Applications

Flow past bluff and streamlined bodies with pressure

and velocity observations in the wake.

Investigations into boundary layer development. Study of characteristics of models involving basic

measurement of lift and drag forces. Study of the pressure distribution around an airfoil

model to derive the lift and comparison with direct measurements of lift.

Flow visualization.


3

II) Basic Sciences Laboratories


4

II-A: Physics Laboratory

II-A-1: X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD)

Introduction:

X-ray diffraction analysis investigates structure through the

use of diffraction. When X-radiation interacts with the

electrons of a substance, the X rays are diffracted. The diffraction pattern depends on the wavelength of the X rays

employed and on the structure of the object. Radiation of wavelength ~ 1 angstrom (Å), that is, of the order of

atomic dimensions, is used to investigate atomic structure.

The methods of X-ray diffraction analysis are used to study, for example, metals, alloys, minerals, inorganic and organic

compounds, polymers, amorphous materials, liquids, gases, and the molecules of proteins and nucleic acids. X-ray

diffraction analysis has been used most successfully to establish the atomic structure of crystalline substances

because crystals have a rigid periodicity of structure and

constitute naturally produced diffraction gratings for X rays.

Applications

Structural characterization of materials used by industry and in research labs

Quantification of strain and relaxation in multilayer

structures. Solar cell industry

II-A-2: Hall-Effect Measurement System

Introduction:

The Hall effect provides a relatively simple method for doing this. Because of its simplicity, low cost, and fast

turnaround time, it is an indispensable characterization

technique in the semiconductor industry and in research laboratories. The discovery of the Hall effect enabled a

direct measure of the carrier density. The polarity of this transverse Hall voltage proved that it is in fact electrons

that are physically moving in an electric current. Development of the technique has since led to a mature

and practical tool, which today is used routinely for

characterizing the electrical properties and quality of almost the entire semiconductor materials used by industry and in

research labs throughout the world.

Applications

Material characterization

Characterizing the electrical properties and quality of almost the entire semiconductor materials used by

industry and in research labs


5

II-A-3: Spectrophotometer

Introduction:

Spectrophotometry involves the use of a spectrophotometer. A spectrophotometer is a photometer

(a device for measuring light intensity) that can measure intensity as a function of the color, or more specifically, the

wavelength of light. There are many kinds of spectrophotometers. Among the most important distinctions

used to classify them are the wavelengths they work with,

the measurement techniques they use, how they acquire a spectrum, and the sources of intensity variation they are

designed to measure. Other important features of spectrophotometers include the spectral bandwidth and

linear range.

Applications

Optical properties of Materials

Estimating dissolved organic carbon concentration. Specific Ultraviolet Absorption for metric of aromaticity

Bial's Test for concentration of pentose's

II-A-4: Ellipsometer

Introduction:

Spectroscopic ellipsometers are the perfect tools for measuring thin film thickness and optical constants (n and

k) with high accuracy for single and multiple layer thin film structures. Thickness determinations range from a few

angstroms to tens of microns. Characterization of advanced material properties are also possible such as: anisotropic

structures, graded and non-uniform layers, alloy

composition.

Applications

In semiconductor research and microelectronic industries: characterizes thin film thickness, optical

constants, bandgap, crystallinity, interface and more of

multilayer structures on a large spectral range from DUV to NIR

In material science for non-destructive thin film characterization in material research:, characterizes

thin film thickness, optical constants and many other

material properties of nano and micro layers. In Photovoltic: characterizes thin film photovoltaics.

Properties of interest are film thickness, refractive index, absorption, bandgap and silicon crystallinity.

Optoelectronics: optoelectronic thin film structures analysis such as LED. Film thickness, optical constants

and alloy composition are the properties of interest.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_Ultraviolet_Absorptionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bial%27s_Testhttp://www.horiba.com/scientific/products/ellipsometers/spectroscopic-ellipsometers/


6

II-A-5: Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA)

Introduction:

Thermogravimetric analysis or thermal gravimetric analysis

(TGA) is a method of thermal analysis in which changes in

physical and chemical properties of materials are measured as a function of increasing temperature (with constant

heating rate), or as a function of time (with constant temperature and/or constant mass loss). TGA can provide

information about physical phenomena, such as second-

order phase transitions, including vaporization, sublimation, absorption, adsorption, and desorption. Likewise, TGA can

provide information about chemical phenomena including chemisorptions, desolvation (especially dehydration),

decomposition, and solid-gas reactions (e.g., oxidation or

reduction).

Applications

Materials characterization through analysis of characteristic decomposition patterns,

Studies of degradation mechanisms and reaction kinetics,

Determination of organic content in a sample, Determination of inorganic (e.g. ash) content in a

sample, which may be useful for corroborating

predicted material structures or simply used as a chemical analysis. It is an especially useful technique

for the study of polymeric materials, including thermosets, thermoplastics,

elastomers, composites, plastic

films, fibers, coatings and paints.


7

II-A-6: Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy System

Introduction:

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) utilizes a

focused pulse from a high-powered laser to create a plasma in or on a solid, liquid, or gaseous media. Some of the

energy in the plasma is used to ablate solid or liquid material (if present), and the plasma rapidly expands to

form a gas plasma which is used to analyze the ablated

particles. As the plasma cools, continuum emission from the plasma (Bremstraalung emission, which we see as bright

white emission) fades, typically much faster than emission lines from neutral and singly-ionized atomic lines, such that

each elemental emission line has a particular optimum in a particular plasma. This optimum depends on the time and

temperature history of the plasma, which in turn is

dependent on the laser pulse energy and pulse length. The emission from the spectra can be then quantified and

calibration curves can be obtained by standard peak integration or by use of chemometrics, and/or pattern-

matching routines can fingerprint the material to determine

its type.

Applications

Elemental analysis of materials (liquid, gas and solid samples). The detection of material mix-ups,

analysis of inclusions in steel, analysis of slags in

secondary metallurgy and high-speed identification of scrap pieces for material specific recycling tasks

Pharmaceutical samples. geochemical and, in dentistry, analysis of teeth and dental materials,


8

II-A-7: Laser Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Introduction:

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is a spectroscopic method

used for studying the structure of molecules, detection of selective species and flow visualization and measurements.

It can be used in industry, engineering, dentistry,

biomedical industry, archeology, geology, environment, combustion, and petrochemical (detection of heavy metals

and radioactive in Arabian crude oil residue)

Applications

Detection of heavy metals and radioactive in Arabian

crude oil residue Detection of purity.

Optical tumor diagnosis. Premix burners and engine test

Detection of contamination

Detect and diagnose dental caries and calculus

II-A-8: ND-YAG Laser

Introduction:

ND-YAG Laser is a source of coherent light. It has four

harmonics to produce different wavelengths (1064, 532,

355, 266nm).

Applications

A unique light source that is a part of LIF and LIBS systems. It is used in industry and research labs.

Surface treatment for metal

Irradiation of materials


9

II-A-9: X-Ray Fluorescence System (XRF)

Introduction:

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is the emission of characteristic

"secondary" (or fluorescent) X-rays from a material that has been excited by bombarding with high-energy X-rays or

gamma rays. The phenomenon is widely used for

elemental analysis and chemical analysis, particularly in the investigation of metals, glass, ceramics and building

materials, and for research in geochemistry, forensic science and archaeology.

Applications

Measuring Sulfur in oil Analysis of cement and minerals

Positive Material Identification Coating thickness analysis of metal finishing

Scrap metal sorting Metal alloys

Quality control in the electronics and consumer goods

industry and many more.

II-A-10: Thin Film Thermal Evaporation System

Introduction:

Thermal Evaporation involves heating a solid material inside

a high vacuum chamber, taking it to a temperature which produces some vapor pressure. Inside the vacuum, even a

relatively low vapor pressure is sufficient to raise a vapor cloud inside the chamber. This evaporated material now

constitutes a vapor stream, which traverses the chamber

and hits the substrate, sticking to it as a coating or film.

Applications

Deposition of different kinds of films

http://www.oxford-instruments.com/industries-and-applications/metals/positive-material-identificationhttp://www.oxford-instruments.com/industries-and-applications/metals/scrap-metal-sorting


10

III) Biomedical Engineering Laboratories


11

III-A-1: Biomaterial Testing System - Instron E3000

Introduction

This testing systems provide the ability to perform variable speed tensile, compressive, indentation, flexure and fatigue

testing on a variety of different biological specimens, With diversity in specimen size and geometry, It offers a full line

of test fixtures including potting, tensile, bend and

indentation fixtures, and compression platens for testing of specimen type.

Applications:

Static and Fatigue Testing of Spinal Implant

Constructs to ASTM F1717

Fatigue Testing Stent Materials and Structures in a "Test to Fracture" Approach

Low Force Dynamic Fatigue Testing of Tissues and Biomaterials

Flexural Fatigue Testing of Metallic Bone Plates and

Fixation Devices to ASTM F382 Characterization and Fatigue of Intervertebral Disc

Prostheses to ASTM F2346 Fatigue Testing of Implants for Finger Fractures

Fatigue of Knee Tibial Trays Prostheses to ISO 14879-1

Endurance and Fatigue Testing of Artificial Hip

Implant Prostheses to ISO 7206 Dynamic Fatigue Testing of Femoral Nails


12

III-A-2: Acoustic Intensity Measurement System

“AIMS” III with Soniq Software

Introduction:

AIMS III is the latest generation hydrophone scanning

system that enhances acoustic measurement productivity to map acoustic fields in liquids. User workflow is improved by

productivity enhancements that save time in the measurement set-up, scanning, and reporting. Combined

with Soniq software, the user benefits from real-time plotting, automated FDA reporting, and improved positioning

performance. AIMS III continues to be the de facto standard

scanning tank for hydrophone-based measurements.

Applications:

It is commonly used to characterize and validate transducer designs. Features such as the 5 axis motion, various

firing/measuring orientations, and real-time plotting make it the tool of choice to meet the most stringent environments.

The system allows for automatic reporting compliant with

standards for diagnostic equipment as well as for physiotherapy.

III-A-3: ProtoMat S63 Rapid PCB Prototyping

Introduction:

The ProtoMat S63 is the ideal system for virtually all in-house prototyping applications where speed and security are

crucial. It’s also perfectly suited for multilayer and RF applications. The high rotational speed ensures the fine

structures of up to 100 µm required by many modern applications. The precision and performance of this compact

circuit board plotter are the foundation for producing PCB

prototypes in just one day.

Features:

Automatic tool exchange Automatic milling width adjustment

Dispensing 60,000 rpm spindle motor

Upgradable to ProtoMat S10

Applications:

Multilayer PCBs: Multilayer PCBs can be easily

manufactured using ProtoMat S63. Housings: In addition to machining PCBs and signs,

the ProtoMat S63 will also machine, route-out and depth mill materials such as aluminum and plastics,

e.g. in housings.


13

III-A-4: X-Ray system-PHYWE

Introduction:

This PHYWE X-ray system can be used to take an image of an object and observe the result on the fluorescent screen.

By varying the anode current and voltage and observe the change in result on the fluorescent screen.

Applications:

This system provide information about the basics of X-ray

tube, Absorption of X-rays, Radiography and Fluorescence.

A digital camera can also be interfaced with this system in order to see real time images of the objects.

III-A-5: Compact AFM, Atomic Force Microscope

Introduction:

Compact and easy to use atomic force microscope.

Developed for educational purposes in practical lab course and pre-research labs in physics, chemistry, life sciences and

material sciences.

Applications:

Visualize and image structures on the micro and nano meter

scale. Developed for educational purposes in practical lab course and pre-research labs in physics, chemistry, life

sciences and material sciences.


14

III-A-6: Magnetic Resonance Testing Unit-PHYWE

Introduction:

This unit is a fully functional Magnetic Resonance Tomograph (MRT) for teaching purposes, covering all

aspects from the basic principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to the high-resolution 2D and 3D MR

imaging (MRI). It is easy to connect and immediately

operative (USB 2.0).

Applications:

Training with clinically relevant measuring procedures High resolution MR imaging (2D, 3D)

Live visualization of data

Realtime control of experimental parameters Determination of Larmor frequency

T1/T2 measurements All MR parameters accessible

Measure a multitude of samples with a diameter up to

one centimeter Software-driven didactical approach


15

IV) Construction Engineering Laboratories


16

IV-A) Concrete and Structure Laboratory

IV-A-1: Universal Testing Machine - Instron 600dx

Introduction

A universal testing machine normally used to test the tensile stress and compressive strength of materials.

Instron 600DX is designed for high-capacity tension, compression, bending/flexural and shear testing.

Applications

The two test space designed to make changing between tension and compression testing. The machine can be

tested on Metals, Wire Rod, Concrete, Wood, Reinforced concrete structure such as beam.

The maximum capacity of the machine is 600 kN (135,000 lbf).The machine conform to international standards such

as ASTM A370, A615, BS 4449 and ISO 6892-1, 6892-2,

7438.esting machine normally used to test the tensile stress and compressive strength of materials. Instron

600DX is designed for high-capacity tension, compression, bending/flexural and shear testing.

IV-A-2: Mortar Flexural Testing Machine

Introduction

This single lever machine is designed for flexural tests on 40.1 x 40 x 160 mm mortar prisms and tensile tests on

mortar briquettes.

Applications

The flexural test is useful for explaining the brittle material

like cement mortar has a very low tensile strength compared to its flexural strength. The test by this machine

is conform accordingly based on EN 196-1, 459-2, 1744-1, 1015-11, 13454-2, BS 3892-1, 4551-1 and ASTM C109.


17

IV-A-3: Concrete Compression and Flexural Testing Machine

Introduction

This machine is specifically designed for testing on hardened concrete compression test and flexural test for a

various standard specimen sizes.

Applications

There is a relationship between compressive and flexural strength. Generally it can be assumed for most purposes

that flexural strength of normal concrete is about 10% of the compressive strength achieved in the same

concrete.The machine is capable to test on 150 and 100 mm concrete cubes or cylinders up to 320 x 160 mm

diameter with maximum capacity 2000 kN.

IV-A-4: Mortar Compression Testing Machine

Introduction

The compressive strength test on cement is carried out to make sure that the measured strength of cement is in

compliance with the requirement needed based in international standard. The Machine provides consistent

automatic testing of a wide range of specimens.

Applications

The machine provided platens fitted to the load frame, compression jig with 40 mm and 50mm or 2 inch square

platen sets and flexural jig for testing 40.1 x 40 x 160 mm prisms.The machine conform to international standards

testing such as EN 196-1, BS 3892-1, 4551-1, ASTM C109.


18

IV-B: NON – Destructive Testing Laboratory

IV–B-1: Digi-schmidt 2000 Concrete Test Hammer

Introduction

DIGI-SCHMIDT rebound hammer is also a useful tool to determine the surface hardness of concrete. The DIGI-

SCHMIDT concrete test hammer consists of the actual

concrete test hammer and the display unit. Each component fit together and is calibrated as one unit

Applications

Rebound hammer can be operated on vertical, horizontal

and inclined surfaces, upwards and downwards, but it has to be at right angles to the measured surface

IV-B-2: Vaisala Structural Humidity Measurement Kit - shm40

Introduction

Vaisala Structural Humidity Measurement Kit SHM40 is a

useful tool to determine the humidity measurement of concrete and any other structure. This equipment has been

designed to determine humidity by using borehole method.

Applications

Vaisala Structural Humidity Measurement Kit SHM40 is used

to determine the Humidity of Concrete and other structure


19

IV-B-3: Aqua Meter - James Instrument

Introduction

The James Instrument Aquameter is an effective tool. It is

use to determine the dampness in building material. It

facilitate surveyors and other practitioners to measure the moisture levels of building components such as walls, floors

and other materials easily

Applications

James Instrument Aquameter is used to determine the Dampness in Building Material such as wood, concrete etc.

IV-B-4: PUNDIT – Lab Ultrasonic Instrument

Introduction

The ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test (UPV) is one of the

popular methods which are used to determine the interior

of a concrete structure with two accessible surfaces (transducers). The most known instrument, which we used

in the lab, is the PUNDIT (Portable Ultrasonic Non-destructive Digital Indicating Tester) this comes with two

transducers and one calibration rod to adjust the readings

before any test.

Applications

PUNDIT - lab ultrasonic instrument is used to determine the pulse velocity, crack depth and compressive strength of

concrete


20

IV-B-5: Rapid Chloride Permeability Test

Introduction

The PROOVE'it© equipment is designed to develop techniques to non-destructively measure the chloride

permeability of in-place concrete in accordance with the standard ASTM C 1202-08.

Applications

The PROOVE'it© equipment is used to determine the concrete ability to resist chloride ion penetration.

IV-B-6: Rebar Detector

Introduction

The Profometer 5+ rebar locator is a compact, easy handle

and lightweight device which is used to determine the

location of rebars, measurement of concrete cover and bar diameter without damaging the structure. It consists of

indicating device and universal probe.

Applications

Rebar detector is used to determine the location of Rebars,

measurement of concrete cover and bar diameter.


21

IV-C: Soil and Pavement Laboratory

IV-C-1: Speedy Moisture Tester

Introduction

Speedy Moisture Tester vessel provides direct soil moisture

reading after reaction with calcium carbide within thirty seconds. The speedy moisture meter provides a quick,

simple means of determining the moisture content of soil. It is particularly useful for field determination of moisture

contents in conjunction with the field compacting testing.

Applications

A well-established portable test method for the

determination of moisture content of soils, sand and fine aggregates.

IV-C-2: Sand Equivalent Apparatus

Introduction

These test methods are used to determine the in-place density of compacted materials in construction of earth

embankments, road fills, and structure backfill. This test

method covers determination of the in-place density and unit weight of soil using a pouring device and calibrated

sand to determine the volume of a test pit.

Applications

For construction control, these test methods are often used

as the basis for acceptance of material compacted to a specified density or to a percentage of a maximum unit

weight determined by a standard laboratory test method.


22

IV-C-3: Digital Tri-axial Test Apparatus

Introduction

The measurement of the effective shear strength

parameters for cylindrical specimens of saturated soil which

have been subjected to isotropic consolidation and then sheared in compression, under a constant confining

pressure, by increasing the axial strain.

Applications

In soil studies, triaxial tests are commonly conducted to

measure and analyze the deformations and strength characteristics of the soils under different stress paths.

IV-C-4: Automatic Soil Compactor

Introduction

The time and effort required to prepare specimens for

compaction studies and other test methods can often be costly and time consuming. The Compactor automatically

compact soil specimens, thereby eliminating the laborious

hand compaction method.

Applications

This unit is designed to automatically compact soil samples rapidly and produce a uniform degree of compaction. The

results compare favorably with hand compaction samples.


23

IV-C-5: CBR Test (California Bearing Ratio)

Introduction

Originally developed by the California Division of Highways

in the 1930’s, this CBR Test has been developed and

adapted to form the basis of most testing for sub grade quality and compaction. CBR is a measure of resistance of

material to penetration of a plunger under controlled density and moisture conditions.

Applications If you have excavated virgin land that you wish to

construct on, and have found clay or sand and want to

know if it’s strong enough to bear weight, a sample can be taken and used in a CBR test.

IV-C-6: Semi-Automatic Cone Penetrometer

Introduction

Used to determine the moisture content at which clay soils

pass from a plastic to a liquid state. Semi-automatic with timer where the cone is allowed to free fall for a period of 5

seconds including one each of 50 gm. & 100 gm. weight,

one penetration cone, preset counter & measuring cup.

Applications

Designed for ASTM penetration tests on petroleum products and for

consistency tests on a wide range of food products, cosmetics, pastes and

other solid to semi-solid products.


24

IV-C-7: Los Angeles Abrasion Machine

Introduction

The Los Angeles Abrasion test is widely used as an indicator of relative quality of aggregates. Test measures

degradation of standard gradings of aggregates when subjected to abrasion and impact, in a rotating steel drum

containing an abrasive charge of steel balls.

Applications

The Los Angeles (L.A.) abrasion test is a common test

method used to indicate aggregate toughness and abrasion characteristics. Aggregate abrasion characteristics are

important because the constituent aggregate in HMA must resist crushing, degradation and disintegration in order to

produce a high quality HMA.

IV-C-8: Asphalt Centrifuge Extractors

Introduction

Asphalt Centrifuge Extractors use for quantitative determination of bitumen and aggregate cement, as well as

aggregate gradiation of bituminous paving materials.

Specimen is heated to induce crumbling, then placed in rotor bowl. Solvent is added and centrifuge is started and

continued until all solvent is forced through paper filter ring on outer rim of bowl.

Applications

Binder extraction and recovery is important either for

determining the binder content or to recover, using a Rotary evaporator, a representative bitumen sample used

to perform other tests such as penetration, softening-point. Furthermore aggregates, including filler, are also

separated, not disturbed by high temperatures and available for sample grading.


25

IV-C-9: Digital CBR and Marshall Test Machine

Introduction

The Marshall test is used to measure physical properties

of asphalt specimens that relates to plastic deformation

properties of asphalt mixes.

Applications

The Marshall Stability Test Machine is used to determine the load and flow values of bituminous mixtures.

IV-C-10: Bending Beam Rheometer

Introduction

The Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) test provides a measure of low temperature stiffness and relaxation

properties of asphalt binders. These parameters give an indication of an asphalt binder’s ability to resist low

temperature cracking.

Applications

Bending-Beam Rheometer performs

low-temperature flexural creep stiffness measurements on asphalt binders

as specified in current ASTM, AASHTO and SHRP methodology.


26

IV-C-11: Thin-Film Oven Apparatus

Introduction

The dual purpose oven is used to determine the loss in

weight of bitumen and flux oils and the effects of heat and air on asphalt materials. Temperature is maintained at

163°C by the means of a variable temperature controller

and a thermostat.

Applications

This test is used to determine the effect of heat and air on a moving film of semi-solid asphaltic materials.

IV-C-12: Gyratory Compactor

Introduction

Gyratory compaction is considered to be one of the best

methods of laboratory compaction for the assessment of compactibility and the manufacture of test specimens.

Compaction is achieved by the application of a vertical

stress (normally 600kPa) via end platens to a known mass of asphaltic mixture within a 100 or 150mm internal Ø

mould. The longitudinal axis of the mould is rotated (gyrated) at a fixed angle to the vertical whilst the platens

are kept parallel and horizontal.

Applications

Use in Compaction of asphaltic paving material to a target

mixture density or void content, Assessment of mixture compatibility, Preparation of cylindrical test specimens


27

V) Environmental Engineering Laboratories


28

V-A-1: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)

Introduction

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is a spectro analytical procedure for the quantitative determination of chemical elements using the absorption of optical radiation (light) by free atoms in the gaseous state. In analytical chemistry the technique is used for determining the concentration of a particular element (the analyte) in a sample to be analyzed. AAS can be used to determine over 70 different elements in solution or directly in solid samples used

in pharmacology, biophysics and toxicology research. The processes in a flame include the following stages:

Desolvation (drying) – the solvent is evaporated and the

dry sample nano-particles remain; Vaporization (transfer to the gaseous phase) – the solid

particles are converted into gaseous molecules; Atomization – the molecules are dissociated into free

atoms;

Ionization – depending on the ionization potential of the analyte atoms and the energy available in a particular

flame, atoms might be in part converted to gaseous ions.

Applications

Clinical analysis: Analyzing metals in biological fluids and tissues such as whole blood, plasma, urine, saliva, brain

tissue, liver, muscle tissue, semen Pharmaceuticals: In some pharmaceutical manufacturing

processes, minute quantities of a catalyst that remain in the final drug product

Water analysis: Analyzing water for its metal content.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization


29

V-A-2: Aethalometer

Introduction

The Aethalometer™ is the foremost instrument for the real-time measurement of optically-absorbing ‘Black’ or ‘Elemental’

carbon aerosol particles. Aethalometer provide fully

automatic, unattended operation. The sample is collected as a spot on a roll of quartz fiber filter tape: depending on

location, one roll of tape may last from months to years. No other consumables are required. The AE-31 series performs

optical analysis at seven different wavelengths from 370 nm

to 950 nm, and has found widespread application in studies of atmospheric optics, radiative transfer etc.

The Aethalometer® technology has been used in a variety of air monitoring applications where the real-time measurement

of carbon particle mass concentration is necessary. Aethalometer hardware and software systems are thus as

follows: (a) to collect the aerosol sample with as few losses

as possible on a suitable filter material; (b) to measure the optical attenuation of the collected aerosol deposit as

accurately as possible; (c) to calculate the rate of increase of the BC component of the aerosol deposit and to interpret this

as a BC concentration in the air stream; (d) to display and

record the data, and to perform necessary instrument control and diagnostic functions.

Applications

Air quality

Air Quality Modeling

Sampling of BC (Aerosol)


30

V-A-3: Air Canisters

Introduction

The canister is a stainless steel vessel designed to hold vacuum to less than 10 mTorr or pressure to 40 psig.

Canisters are available in a range of volumes: 400 mL, 1.0 liter, 3.0 liter, 6.0 liter, and 15 liter. The size of canister used

usually depends on the concentration of the analytes in the

sample, the sampling time, the flow rate, and the sample volume required for the sampling period (Table II, page 3).

Typically, smaller canisters are used for more concentrated samples, such as soil gas collection, 3-liter and 6-liter

canisters are used to obtain integrated (TWA) ambient air

samples at sampling times of up to 24 hours, and large 15-liter canisters are used for reference standards. Sampling

time will be limited by the combination of canister size and the flow rate at which the sample is to be collected.

Applications

VOCs Monitoring Air Quality Modeling & Air sampling


31

V-A-4: Coriolis Bio-Sampler

Introduction

The Coriolis µ air sampler is the ideal tool for rapid clean room contamination control and indoor air quality

assessment. Coriolis® µ, is a microbial air sampler for bio-

contamination assessment, mainly dedicated to research, hospitals, pharmaceutical industries, offices, houses... for the

air quality control and air quality monitoring. This device is part of microbial testing of surface and water. Toxins, virus,

bacteria, molds, pollens, spores are collected and concentrated in a liquid.

Several audits have been realized in offices or dwellings and

have led the emphasis on specific contamination by pollen grains or molds such as Sachybotrys chartarum, Serpula

lacrymans or high levels of airborne endotoxins for example; in those cases, the traditional methods did not detect such

contaminants.

The Coriolis microbial air samplers are adapted to different fields in terms of efficiency, ergonomic and reproducibility

(Public Health and Safety; Environment & Industry; Veterinary applications; Food Industry; and Pharmacy

Industry)

Applications

Indoor Air contamination check

Indoor Air contamination check

Air sampling


32

V-A-5: Dichotomous Air Sampler

Introduction

The dichotomous air sampler is a dual-filter air sampler for

the simultaneous collection of the fine PM2.5 and the coarse PM10-2.5particles contained within PM10. Split flow

configuration of the virtual impactors allows a PM10 aerosol

to be separated into fine particles and coarse particles for subsequent collection onto 2 separate PTFE membrane filters.

The basic principle of this instrument is the dual flow configuration.

Information from standard pressure and temperature sensors is measured, stored and used to make the corrected flow rate

possible. Flow data, event markers, pressure and temperature

data can be downloaded from any internet connection via an on-board IP address. An optional weather station is available

to monitor and log air temperature, barometric pressure, relative humidity, precipitation amount, wind direction and

wind speed. All of this information is stored on a very large

removable memory card.

This instrument also allows the user to perform chemical

analysis comparison of the two size fractionated samples. These unique applications are very important to those

interested in source identification or subsequent human health studies.

Applications

Air quality


Sampling of coarse and fine particulate matter


33

V-A-6: Laser Aerosol Spectrometer

Introduction

The Mini Laser Aerosol Spectrometer (Mini-LAS) 11-

R captures every single particle ranging from 0.25 to 35 µm

and classifies it into 31 size channels. It provides fine dust

analysis in highest precision ranging from 0.25 to 35 µm in 31

size channels. The areas of use range from fine dust

monitoring in industrial and manufacturing facilities to

workplace measurements. Specifications are:

Size range: 0,25 to 35 µm in 31 size channels

Count range: 1 to 2,000,000 particles/liter

Particle mass: From 0.1 µg/m³ to 100 mg/m³

Occupational classification: Inhalable, thoracic and

alveoli in accordance to EN 481 continuously and

simultaneously

Environmental data: PM10 and PM2.5, PM1

continuously and simultaneously

Reproducibility: ±3 % over the total measuring range

Sample flow: Measurement volume of 1.2 l/min ±5 %

automatically regulated

Measurement intervals: From 6 seconds upwards (for

31 channels)

Data storage: Internal 80 kB standard, expandable on

removable SD-card and USB flash drive

Applications

Dust particle monitoring

Aerosol & cloud chemistry

Collection of Airborne particles in air


34

V-A-7: High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC )

Introduction

High-performance liquid chromatography is used to separate

the components in a mixture, to identify each component, and to quantify each component. It relies on pumps to pass a

pressurized liquid solvent containing the sample mixture through a column filled with a solid adsorbent material. Each

component in the sample interacts slightly differently with the

adsorbent material, causing different flow rates for the different components and leading to the separation of the

components as they flow out the column. HPLC can be used in both qualitative and quantitative

applications that are for both compound identification and

quantification. It can also be used to effectively separate similar simple and aromatic hydrocarbons, even those that

differ only by a single methylene group. It is also used in the separation of amino acids, peptides, and proteins. Finally

HPLC is used to separate molecules of biological origin.

Applications

Toxic compounds detection(Benzene, Toluene etc)

Chemical and chemistry

Medical


35

V-A-8: PM2.5 , High Volume Ambient Air Sampler

Introduction

The HiVol 3000 high volume air sampler provides high quality,

reliable sampling with immediate notifications of errors providing high confidence in results and low data loss. The

HiVol 3000 high volume air sampler incorporates advanced programming functions and electronic volumetric flow control

to maintain a consistent flow and collect a truly representative

sample of dust. Optional attachments allow the high volume air sampler to measure wind speed and direction, used as

triggers to start sampling and capture other meteorological parameters.

Specifications are as follows:

Volumetric flow range: Nominal 45-96m3/hr

Flow accuracy: Better than ± 1m3/hr

Vacuum Capability: 140 mBar max

Temperature range: 0-50oC

Filter size: 250 x 200mm (rectangular element)

Weight: 45 kg

Dimensions: 380 x 380 x 1200 mm (WxDxH)

Power: 200-240V ±10% 50/60 Hz (std)

Applications

Air quality



36

V-A-9: Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass

Spectrometry

Introduction Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry or ICP-MS is

an analytical technique used for elemental

determinations. ICP-MS has many advantages over other

elemental analysis techniques such as atomic absorption and

optical emission spectrometry, including ICP Atomic Emission

Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), including:

Detection limits for most elements equal to or better

than those obtained by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GFAAS)

The ability to handle both simple and complex matrices with a minimum of matrix interferences due

to the high-temperature of the ICP source

Superior detection capability to ICP-AES with the same sample throughput

The ability to obtain isotopic information.

One of the largest volume uses for ICP-MS is in the medical

and forensic field, specifically, toxicology. Another primary use for this instrument lies in the environmental field. Such

applications include water testing for municipalities or private individuals all the way to soil, water and other material

analysis for industrial purposes.

Applications

Material Science

Water & waste-water analysis(trace metals)

Characterization of archaeological materials


37

V-A-10: Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES)

Introduction

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

(ICP-OES), is an analytical technique used for the detection of

trace metals. It measures the light emitted at element-specific characteristic wavelengths from thermally excited analyze

ions. This light emitted is separated and measured in a spectrometer, yielding an intensity measurement that can be

converted to an elemental concentration by comparison with calibration standards.

Applications

Material Science

Water & waste-water analysis(trace metals)

Characterization of archaeological materials

http://www.horiba.com/javasc#ipt:close();


38

V-A-11: TE-PNY1123, PUF Sampler, Volatile Organic Sampler

Introduction

All TSP High Volume Air Samplers feature accurate collection

of total suspended particulate exceeding US EPA

Specifications. Air flow through the system is maintained at a

constant rate by an electronic probe which automatically

adjusts the speed of the sampler to correct for variations in

line voltage temperature, pressure and filter loading.

Adjustable over range from 20 SCFM to 60 SCFM the air flow

is controlled at constant standard condition.

TSP samples are available with following specification. Mass

Flow Control (MFC) or Volumetric Flow Control (VFC). Brush

or Brush-less Motor type. Mechanical or Digital Timer. Flow

chart recorder.

Applications

Air quality


Sampling of volatile organic matter


39

For more information Please contact:

Tel: +966 13 333 1680

e-mail: [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]

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