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Research
Series
末廣 昭 編
東京大学社会科学研究所
東京大学社会科学研究所研究シリーズ No.56
東アジアの雇用・生活保障と新たな社会リスクへの対応
2014 3
B
23330077 2011 2013
3
2
1990
1997
3
2
7 2010 410
63 5 6 2012 3 1-148
1990
10 1990
2012 11 9
2013 11
2001
2011 2012 6 805
1200
1 6 2
17 3 15
4 7 5
16
6 68
7 51 8 71 9 115 10
62 11 63 12 45 13
41 115 14
43 15 70
2011
2013
10
NIES ASEAN
9
4 8
3
GDP
1997
2000
OECD
4
2008 2013
20 21
2000 2010
6
3 2000
1997
2008 2
2000
2011 12
12
1209
2012 693 16 3000
6 25
9
2
25 15
2000
30
30
3
NEP 1971 1990 NDP 1991 2010
NEM 2011 2020
NEM
2012 9
2
2008
2004
2011 2014 1
JAMSOSTEK
ASKESKIN JAMKESMAS
FDW
2013 130
FDW 21
FDW
FDW
FDW
FDW
2014 2 10
1
39
57
2000 79
99
115
123
141
167
195
2003
economic inequality
2010 an upper middle-income country
1
2006 2007
3
1
2014 6
3
-1-
Jose Gabriel Palma
Asian Development Outlook 2012: Confronting Rising Inequality in Asia ADB
2012
WEF Global Risks
7 2012 5
5 WEF 2012
5 10 1
5
1
459 NGO 34
28 2 60 20
-2-
2 3
1-1
Chan 2009
unpredictable risks
individualization
2
2000
1-8A 2011
2 Beck and Beck-Gernsheim (2002) 2013 1
-3-
3
2004
2006 2007 10
1-2
1-2 NIES ASEAN
2011
NIES ASEAN
1 2
2004 12 22 6566
2008 2010 2011
2013
ASEAN
3 ADB (2012) 2012 2 3
2013
-4-
ASEAN
NIES
1-3
-5-
1-3 30
1980 84 2000 36 08 16 2000
1-4
1988 42 96 15
21
2000 10 7
0.40
0.45 0.39
42.2
33.7
28.4
19.0
14.817.5
21.0
14.9
11.29.6
8.5
8.9
8.1 7.7
0.44 0.44
0.45 0.440.43
0.41
0.430.42
0.430.42
0.40 0.40
0.40
0.39
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
1-5
1-5 20 20
-6-
20
1990 2010 NIES
20
1990 5. 1 2010 9.6
4 1985
0.331 90 0.357 2001 0.448 2005 0.485 2000
2008 0.491
2012 0.474
2013 306
2013
5
100
4 2009 2010 ADB 2012b:
32-36 5 2006 2009
-7-
1-6 2010 GDP
PPP
32.12 35.60
37.00 40.02 43.40
34.20 G7 32.87 31.50 25.90
44.49
52.06
47.60
54.69
34.2031.50
43.40
48.0046.21
40.02
37.00
42.98
35.60
37.00
32.12 32.87
24.80
25.90
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
55.00
60.00
Per Capita PPP
G7
Denmark
Sweden
Latin America
54.69 52.06
48.00
46.21
NIES
the ratio of unemployment
-8-
1-7 A ILO
10
6 15
16
1990 2012
1-8A 1-8B
6
2010 2.95 4.90
1.26 2013 86
-9-
NIES 1998 2006
3
2012 4
3 3 5
ASEAN 1-8B
1990 2008 2009 7
1999 2008
2009
20
1
-10-
7
15 4
10
NIES ASEAN
1-5
7 2012
-11-
1955
Kuznets 1955
1880 1950
5 20
1840 90
90
1950
underdeveloped countries
ibid.: 5
a
long secular swing
ibid.: 20
GDP PPP
1-9
-12-
Barro 2008
1960 10 2000
Income Inequality Database 92
ibid.: 12
3050 2000
GDP
Palma 2011
5 quintile
10 decile
10 D10 5
20 D10+D9
2005 135 19
4
-13-
10 D10 19
10 30 35 LA
SAf
45 FSU
25
EA1* 35 EA1 20 NOR
20 1-10A
22.5
33.5
29.026.526.0
32.0
22.0
44.5
22.5
45.0
34.032.5
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
1 10A D10
D10
SAfLA
EA1* USA
EU
EA1 NOR JPN
SS A
IND
EA2
FSU
53.050.0
52.0 54.054.0
50.0
54.0
46.0
54.0
46.550.0
55.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
55.0
60.0
65.0
70.0
1 10B D5 D9
D5 D9
LA
IND
SS A SAf
NOR
JPNUSA
EU
EA1 EA1*
EA2FSU
-14-
D4 D9
19 15 50
56 47
3
1-10B
ibid.: 11
homogeneity in the middle vs. heterogeneity at the tails
10 D10
D5-D9 D1-D4
Saez 2012
1-11 1980 10
26 2009 33
17 13 52
D10 D1-D4
-15-
10 10 D10/D1 17.7
13.2 11.0 7.8 4.5
ibid.: 25
D10 D5-D9 D1-D4
1-12
22.6
23.322.9
22.3
20.2
21.1
20.520.5
19.8
19.319.7
19.9
22.2
21.1 20.821.2
23.4
22.723.0
22.322.7
23.4
22.822.7
45.0
47.0
49.0
51.0
53.0
55.0
57.0
59.0
61.0
63.0
65.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
21.0
22.0
23.0
24.0
25.0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
D1 D4 D10 D5 D9
D10 D1-D4 1990 22.6 22.2
1990
98 23
D5-D9
8
8
-16-
Asian Development Outlook 2012
ADB 1999
ADB 2012a: 37
developing Asia 1990
1960 70
growth with equity NICs 90
ibid.: 37
i ii iii
inequality of outcome
inequality of opportunity
ibid.: 38-40
ibid.: 62-73
skill premiums
spatial inequality
gender inequality
30 50
-17-
25 35
ibid.: 74
1-13
1-13 2.6
1.9 1.7 1.6 2
2000
-18-
1-3
2010 20 20
3.1 4.7
2011
10-7, 10-8
2011
2010
93 97
59 82
16 43 1-14
96.8 93.0
58.9
15.7
99.3 97.3
82.2
42.7
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
-19-
2010 20
20 3.1 1.7
2.2
6.1 1996 3.4
1-16
55 60 30
30
5 1990 2000
-20-
2000
2004 06
45
2008 41
2000 45
35.536.3
38.2
40.6
44.843.8 44.0
43.141.7
41.142.0 42.7
57.8 56.956.5
57.558.5
56.856.2
56.8 55.4
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
55.0
60.0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2011
10
5 2000
NIES
-21-
9
2008
140 400 540
1068 2012 178
34 20
1-17
2012 100
57 64 04
2003 61.3 65.1 58.2 29.8 71.6 70.4 85.1 66.3
2004 65.0 69.5 60.3 30.4 73.5 75.9 80.2 66.0
2006 62.8 68.8 54.8 28.9 71.0 74.3 73.1 60.1
2008 60.9 68.5 56.3 27.0 68.0 72.7 64.7 59.4
2010 54.8 61.0 54.4 24.6 62.5 66.2 55.5 57.4
2012 56.6 63.7 56.2 24.7 64.3 69.0 64.3 58.7
9 2011 183
230 30
2014 6
-22-
1-18
30 31 30 23 17
100 2012 192-193
5 8
97.8 36.3 98.9 30.1
98.5 39.9 98.5 31.1
82.5 37.1 81.0 30.0
99.4 29.6 99.3 23.1
97.1 23.0 94.9 16.8
89.1 22.2 87.5 17.5
25.4 3.8 18.6 2.2
2012 8 2012 2011
2 3000 17 80
1 8000
2013 229
6
1500 2000 3 1000 1500
2012 : 77 2010
4540 4200 3900
2012 : 23
2009
12 57
19 53 7 41 Sawada
2012: 96
-23-
NIES
1-19 2012 9
5
5 i
ii iii iv 4
NGO
2010
ASEAN [2013 ]
1-19
3
1
30
-24-
12 19
9
3
Goodman, White and Kwon eds. 1998
3 5
-25-
excluded majority
van Ginneken ed. 1999
1990 Social Security Act
91 98
2004
2010 7
45
2001 06
National Saving Fund 2011 2012
1995
2002
2007
2004
2010 339-340
2010
ASEAN
inactive members
1-20
SOCSO
8
-26-
2009 45 40
2005 578 11,155 349 4,883 60 442006 613 11,748 366 5,455 60 462007 650 12,297 383 5,451 59 442008 684 12,603 389 5,670 57 452009 724 13,437 327 5,310 45 402010 n.a. n.a. 348 5,519 n.a. n.a.
JAMSOSTEK
1-21
9
2010 59 29
2005 37 8
JAMSOSTEK
-27-
JAMSOSTEK 7
1-22 2008
60
70
11 16 6
45 28 57
1-22
53 48
-28-
40 50
1-23
1000 7,021 647 1,653 1,468 2,359 893
9.7 8.4 9.2 11.9 9.6 9.1
11.6 10.2 11.4 13.2 11.8 10.8
41.4 25.4 38.9 43.9 42.2 50.7
6.6 19.6 9.3 4.6 3.3 5.3
2.5 0.0 0.7 4.3 3.8 0.8
3.0 7.7 4.5 3.4 0.7 2.9
3.8 8.4 4.8 3.3 1.5 5.7
40.8 36.6 39.9 38.4 47.3 32.6
18.7 11.9 19.3 21.1 16.5 25.2
2.5 8.4 2.4 2.0 1.1 3.0
3.0 0.1 1.7 4.5 4.5 1.6
2.7 6.1 3.7 3.1 0.8 3.0
7.9 9.0 7.3 7.9 7.1 10.9
61.5 59.2 61.5 57.5 67.2 54.3
88.0 87.5 87.6 92.8 85.2 88.6
1.1 0.3 1.0 0.7 1.7 0.7
10.9 12.3 11.4 8.5 13.0 10.7
766,040 79,350 187,863 95,316 307,493 96,018
28.0 23.9 22.3 27.7 32.3 29.1
12.0 7.7 15.7 13.1 9.8 14.4
40.5 29.7 41.1 37.8 43.5 41.2
12.3 15.8 11.2 10.5 12.5 12.5
3.3 16.6 3.5 3.7 0.3 0.9
2013 1-23 2007
2010
7 2012
-29-
60
7 3 2009 4 60
500
2 2011 600 60
70 700 70 80 800 80 90
1000 90 2013 360
7
2013 300 7500
600
41 62
10
2007
2011
NESDB 2005 6
2008 2009
10 2009 2012
-30-
1-24
1980 2010 30
4.90 3.50 4.41 3.10
4.50 3.10 4.66 2.92 4.45 2.69
1980 3.22 4.41 4.66 4.45 4.50 4.90
2000 2.67 3.44 3.33 3.12 3.80 3.70
2010 2.46 3.10 2.92 2.69 3.10 3.50
1990 23.1 6.3 13.4 9.0 7.3 n.a.
2000 27.6 5.2 21.6 12.0 10.0 8.2
2010 31.2 4.8 22.0 16.5 18.4 12.2
1990 59.6 34.8 63.5 66.3 39.7 n.a.
2000 58.4 45.6 55.0 68.3 33.1 82.0
2010 57.1 53.7 54.5 65.6 n.a. 76.2
1990 12.5 58.9 16.2 12.2 53.0 n.a.
2000 9.5 48.1 15.7 6.7 56.9 5.6
2010 6.9 32.3 16.4 6.5 n.a. 6.7
1980 6.70 n.a. 9.29 10.60 n.a. 9.80
2000 6.40 8.49 8.19 7.00 5.49 6.70
2010 5.60 12.41 6.00 6.50 4.48 6.60
1980 1.22 n.a. 0.83 0.60 n.a. 0.80
2000 2.10 1.21 2.37 2.80 1.14 1.60
2010 2.01 2.68 2.51 2.30 1.70 2.00
1990 2010 13 22
9 17 10 18
35 54
64 55 9
16
-31-
3
1980
1-24 1000
1000 1990 61 2010 37
6.1 7.2
4
4 1995
The Maintenance of Parents Acts 2013 7
2010 283
NIES
2013
2010 5 8000
-32-
2000 5
developmentalism
2
a developmental state
Leftwich 2008
2
3
the excluded majority
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20
-33-
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3
2013 8 23
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1 1990
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3 IMF
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IMF
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-57-
1
20
IMF
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30
1990 IMF
2000
1 IMF 2008
-58-
2003 2004
2006
2005 2008
2010
IMF
IMF
IMF 2000
50 1997 6.2
1999 9.3 2000
2002 7.1 2005 9.4
2012 62
1997 0.237
1999 0.267 2000 2002
0.260 2005 0.263 2007 0.270
2012 160
2000
2 46.7
2010
1
2 2013 12 4 2013
-59-
1990 IMF
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1 OECD 34
10
3-1 3-2 OECD 2010
10 33.5 OECD 11.3 3
3-1 2004 OECD 1
2000 2010 101.8
OECD 3-2
2013 10
20
3
3 40 50 2013
-60-
3-1 OECD 2010
4.8
6.36.7
9.29.3
10.610.811.011.2
11.311.311.7
13.5
13.915.815.9
17.318.6
21.233.5
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
OECD
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3-2 OECD 2000 2010
42.836.5
28.422.221.720.4
15.915.615.1
10.68.95.65.44.94.32.1
1.917.1
86101.8
60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
OECD
OECD, Health Data Base 2012.
1 OECD
1
-61-
3-3 2010 1.23 OECD
2002 OECD
3-4 1970
1990
2005 1.08
3-3 OECD 2010
2.2 1.8
2.07 1.57
2.05 1.49
2.03 1.44
1.99 1.41
1.98 1.39
1.98 1.39
1.95 1.38
1.93 1.38
1.89 1.37
1.88 1.26
1.87 1.23
OECD, Family Data Base 2012.
3-4 1970 2010
4.50
3.30
2.70
1.701.59 1.64 1.47
1.08 1.25 1.19 1.15 1.23
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
OECD, Family Data Base 2012.
-62-
OECD
4
OECD
4
1 20
15 24 3-5
2011 OECD 16.2 9.6
8.0
3-5 OECD 15 24 2011
9.6 23.0
22.0 29.9
8.0 39.1
OECD 16.2 39.7
22.8 40.8
17.3 45.5
8.5 48.2
20 50.1
14.2 57.5
OECD, Stat Extracts.
23.0 OECD 39.3
OECD 39.1
-63-
1990 IMF
1998 15 24 27.1 15 29 40.6 2000
2000 15 24 29.4 15 29 43.4
IMF 2011 15 24
23.0 15 29 40.5
8
20
NG No Graduation
2011 34
64 100
100 NG 200
NG
2010
300 IMF
1995 2008 40 413 372
51.4 83.8 20 33
55
2008 15.8 1995 20.2
NG
88 88
8 8
4 4 400
20
2
OECD OECD 2013 3-6 2010
-64-
47.2 OECD 12.8 1
2006 1 OECD
1
2012
2003 25.7
2007 27.5 2011 30.2
50 36.6 2003 38.6 2007 41.0
2011 1
3-6 OECD 2010
1.43.7
5.45.5
6.78.08.69.59.79.79.910.511.3
12.512.8
16.719.4
27.635.5
47.2
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0
OECD
2009 2011
OECD, Pension at a Glance 2013.
2009 58.4
5 8 8.7 5.0 5
25.4 46.5 11.4
OECD 2013
1988 1986 2008
-65-
2012 2 3
4
2011b
2010 174-177 2010 2050
37 10
2009 7
2011 2
KBS
3 OECD
3-7 2009 GDP 0.8
0.0 0.7 2007
2007
0.66 0.46 2009
2009 OECD 2.3 3 1
4.1 5 1
2009 219.0 OECD
817.1 4 1
2012
2012
-66-
51.9
3-7 OECD GDP 2009
0.70.8
1.01.1
1.31.51.5
1.71.8
2.12.3
2.62.8
2.93.23.2
3.33.7
3.84.1
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
OECD
OECD, Social Expenditure Data Base 2012.
1
2 3
2011
OECD
4 1
OECD
-67-
3-8 OECD GDP
OECD 2011 GDP 7.6
OECD 6.3
4.8 2.8 OECD
OECD 5.4 OECD 0.9 7.3
5.1 2.2 5.1 3.6
1.5 2001 OECD 1
3-8 OECD GDP 2008
OECD, Education at a Glance 2011.
1
OECD 3-9
OECD OECD 2011 2009
5315 OECD 6312 2
4602 9586
2 2852 OECD 2 7247
7
2
OECD
8
-68-
3-9 OECD 2009
US PPP
6,312 22,852
5,315 9,586
4,602 7,247
4,140 8,933
1,281 4,713
879 7,262
190 1,309 1,128 8,339
5,641
OECD Education at a Glance 2011.
3-10 OECD
OECD
6.3 2.6
2.2 0.7
3-10 OECD 2009
17.3 4.5 17.1 4.1 5.3 16.5 7.2 6.3 7.4 14.3
17.5 3.6 24.6 3.8 4.2 14.1 11 2.2 7.6 11.3
16.4 4.7 24.9 5.9 3.4 17.2 9.2 0.7 6.2 11.4
12.7 5.8 19.8 5.8 1.6 17.3 12.6 1.4 11.8 11.1
9 4.6 17.4 4.8 19 13 9 2.6 6.2 14.4
15.7 5 26.9 5 3.1 17.2 11.3 0.3 5.6 9.8
14.9 4.8 26.5 5.8 2.6 15.8 11.1 0.7 5 12.9
17.3 8 20.6 7.6 3.2 16.1 6.8 0.9 9.9 9.7
OECD National Account 2009.
2012
1
-69-
OECD
OECD
1990 IMF
2000
2000
2011a
2011b 2012 2013 2000 2008
2012
CEO
2008
2008 11
-70-
2009 2010 2010
2010 2010
2020
1 2
2008
2020 2010
2011 2010 2011
2012 2013
2008
2010
-71-
2012 2011 2012
4
2013 2013
5
5
2013
2010
1990
6
4 2012 2012
2012 2012 2013
5 2012 2012 2012
2012 6 2009 2011
2011 2012 2012
2012 2013
-72-
3-11 20
21
3-11 20 21
20 21
20 20
old social risk
Keynesian welfare state
20 20
Schumpeterian workfare state
Jessop 2002 active welfare state Esping-Andersen et. al. 2002
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state Lister 2003 2004 Perkins et al. 2004 Taylor-Gooby 2007
20 21
1
20 21
new
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20 21
20 20
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20
21 21
1990 IMF
IMF 20
20
20
20 21
20
21
20 21
20
21
20
21
1990
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1986 1989
1992 1995
1998
1999 1
2000 2003 28
2
1997 IBM 2003
1
2003 60 61 2 2007 17
“ ”
2006 145-147
-79-
2000
3 4 2000
2013 12 46 FTA 5
2000 2010 10
2007 29
6
3 2003 1-5
“ ” 2010
1 5 4
Albert and Ozawa 1986 2004 5 EU 26 ASEAN 10 6 “ ”
“ ” “ ” “ ”
-80-
2000
2
7
3
8
2000 74
1990 2001
2004 43 9
Fringe benefits
2000
2005 2006
4-1
10
29 A 30 99 B 100 299 C
300 499 D 500 999 E 1000
F 10
7 1999 183 “ ”
“ ”
8
2000 21 9 1990 1996
2004 46 10 299 80
-81-
2000
2000
A 2000 24.8% 2010
18.1% F 2000 39.8% 2010 22.7%
4-1 2000 F 1997
2000
4-1
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-82-
2000
2013 88-90)
2000 164 2005 233 2010
279 11
1 2000 277
2012 448
2000 62.6% 2012 72.4%
1
2000
4-2 4-1 A F
F A B 2000 A B
1 F 43.3% 48.2
2010 50.1% 54.8% 1
A F A
1 2000 55.0% 2010 58.7%
F
A 2000 50.9% 2010 46.9%
30 99 B
2000 10
29
29 30 99
10
11 2013 183 5 10
1997 30
-83-
2000
10 29
4-2 1
1 29
4-2
2000 2010
-84-
2000
2010 12 335 5470
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201 2176 2 19 188 6980
2 93.7 20 99 10 9353
5.4% 93.7% 2 19
19 1997
30
Start-up
1993 528
1995 41-47 38
13 2005 14 (Workplace
Panel Survey) 2013 16
15
5
4-3 16 F A
B
2000 2010
12 KOSIS 13
1990
(1995 31 37) 14 2002 2004 15 16
16 4-3 4-4 2006
-85-
2000
4-3
2000 2010
-86-
2000
2000
2000 F A B 48.4% 57.7%
2010 61.5% 73.0%
2000 F A B 252.3% 235.4% 2010
343.2% 303.4%
17
2000 F
A B 67.8% 70.3% 2010 59.8% 56.9%
A B A
B
18
4-4
2000 A B 1 5000
F 2 F A B
2000 24.6% 29.1% 2010 28.9% 38.1%
99 1
500-999 1000 2000
2010
A B 10%
2000 A B 6 5 4000
F 4 5000 F
A B 2000 133.6% 118.1% 2010
161.0% 158.5%
17 1991
18 2005 2007 2007
-87-
2000
4-4
2000 2010
-88-
2000
19
F A B 2000 2010
99
1 2000
2010
1991 99
1000 2010 2000
3
19 2013 292 4 77 1
8 500
31.1% 99 37.9% 12
500 13.8% 99 17.6%
-89-
2000
4-5 1995 2000 2005
2009
4-5
1995 2000 2005 2009
1995 91.2% 81.6% 73.9%
61.6% 49.9% 41.5%
2009 91.4% 84.1% 60.2%
39.5% 38.8%
4-5 1995 2000 2005 2009
1995 2000 30
-90-
2000
2005 2009 10
1990
1997 2008 2
1990 2000
1997 1995
2000 5
10%
3 73.9% 63.0% 61.6% 46.3%
16.3% 3.5%
2
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2009
3.9% 9.4% 1990
10%
4
1990
2
20
1998 2003
FTA
20 2003
2005
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4-6
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4-6
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b
1995 2000 59.3% 69.1%
a b
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23.5% 11.2% 49.5% 34.7% 4
2005 2009 20.0% 25.1%
37.9% 31.5% 23.7% 24.8%
29.8% 22.4% 41.0% 37.2% 4
2010 82
1980 1990
2000
4-6 2000 30 99
23.5 100
100
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92.6% 2000 500
50
2009 10
99 32.0%
500 63.6%
-93-
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21 22
1990
2000
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2009 500 13.5
21.8% 23
2000 2
2
2000
2000
21 2013 3-9 1990 27.8
24.3 2000 29.3 26.5 2010
32.1 29.4
22 2008
23 2013 98 2-50
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2000
2000
1990
2005 179-182
2000
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2000
1990
1990 1980
2000
2000
2007
7 No.564 20-31
2003 2003
2003
No.10
2003
2003
2005
32-53
2003
2003
2006 52
2 113-124
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2000
2010 2010
2010 7
2010
7 2010
2004 174
4 16-20
2000 2000
[2000]
2005
2000
2000
2007
7 No.564 4-19
2003
2006
58 2 143-166
2006
58 2
2004
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2009
2009 117-119
1997 1998 2003
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2003 2008
2009 2008 2013
2013
1 EITC 2
3 2007 7
10
2011 12 2012 12
ICA
2013
1 2
3
1 2000 2006 2 EITC 2009
120
3
2006b
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1997
1998
1999
2006 : 17-18
2003 2004
2006 2008 2020 2010
2012 : 39
2
2012
: 45
2006 : 19
2007
-101-
2010 : 1-2
2010 10
2020 70 2020
2010 8
353 2012 1000
2010 : 38-39
2013 12 1012 2 2533
60.6% (1 3661 )
2013 2012 4 201 35.4
98 17.1 81 14.3
74 13.1 66.7 4
90 2012
2007 2009
2010 74
NGO
2012
4 2011 2011
631 567
554 550 2071
2012
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8 2012 : 55-56
1960 1972
1980
1997
2013a : 32-34
1985
1986
1999
2013a : 34
iCOOP
1990
1988 1992
2012
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2009 12 2012 International Year of
Co-operatives IYC IYC 3
IYC
IYC
2012
2008
2013a
2008 : 27-28
ICA
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2010 10
2011 10 31
2011 8 15
8
3
2012 : 6
2011 12 29 2012 1 26
2012 12 1
2013a
5
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2013a : 10
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119
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5
1
2013a : 60-63
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445 2013b )
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58.7 1100
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74
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5
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2012 11 5 8000 1
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5 2013
1
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3
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2012 : 60
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3
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3
S 6 S
2012 : 18
S
6 2013 2 19 S
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S
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7
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2012 : 228-234
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2013a
: 66
2012
1 1
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6
S
1 1
2007
2011
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2012
2012
3
2009
2009
2011 2012
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:‘ ’
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1 ASEAN
84
30 10
1990 20 20 5.1
20 2010 9.6
2000 30 40
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2012 12
693 16
3,000 1
6 25
6
25 9
6-1
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179 8 5
138
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29
2014
10
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the excluded majority
conventional
Jütting 2000: 173,187
ILO SPF, social protection floor
3 CBHI
7-1
3 ILO 202 ILO (2012)
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124 7-1
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2002 30 UC
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30
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Management by
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0
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sun dulae phu sung ayu nai chumchon
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2012 60~69 600 70~79 700
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6
2009 ILO
Thaworn et al. 2011: 409
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7-9
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15
60
50
2013
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3
( 33,39 )
(Ko.Bo.Kho.)
( 40 )
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7-9
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2004 NGO 1 1 7
2006 9
7,700 3,136
89 5,597
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3
3 1 1 1
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365
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2000
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4000
1000
6000
11000
16000
21000
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
-142-
5.124.11
2.31
1.31
4.295.30
8.76
7.48
5.83
4.703.00
0.60
3.71
2.73
4.73
0.06
5.233.19
4.00
2.00
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
%
1980
8-3 2007 2012
2.5% 2005 61% GDP
2012 54%
GDP
2005 39% 2012 46% BNM 2012: 36-38
16.0%
8.1%9.6%
21.0%
4.8%
9.0%
2.5%
4.0%
22.9%
17.4%
3.6%
2.2%
30.0%25.0%20.0%15.0%10.0%5.0%0.0%5.0%10.0%15.0%20.0%25.0%
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
-143-
Asian Productivity Organization: APO
1990 1995 6.0%
1995 2000 0.7% 2000 2005 3.0% 2005 2011
1.5% APO 17
4 13 10 14 APO 2013: 66
8-4
2000 2007
IT
57% 43%54% 46%54% 46%50% 50%56% 44%50% 50%51% 49%50% 50%
2004
9.5% 2012 13.5% DOS
5,213
3,807
2,435
1,718
1,299
1,065
1,283
1,216
959
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
-144-
8-5
8-6
32.0
26.5 2
12.4 11.1
8-7
2010 800
Malaysian Economic Monitor (2011)
OECD 100 3 1
-145-
6
9 1971 New
Economic Policy
20
Yusuf
and Nabeshima 2009; 2014 6
20%
8-8
BN
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1970 1974 1976 1979 1984 1987 1992 1995 1997 1999 2002 2007 2009 2012
20%
40%
40%
2008
-146-
1,500 BN 3 2
1
BN 2009 4
2010 3
NEM 2020 1
2008
NEM
i ii
iii
iv v vi
vii viii
ix 40% NEAC 2010a
NEM
Government Transformation Programme: GTP
Economic Transformation
Programme: ETP ETP
EPP Strategic
Reform Initiatives: SRIs
EPP
12
1 60%
MTUC Parti Keadilan Rakyat:
PKR
-147-
SRIs
NEM
NEAC 2010b: 65-75
2012
Civil Service Pension Scheme Armed Forces Fund
Employees Provident Fund: EPF Social Security Organization:
SOCSO Ragayah et al. 2002; 2010 Ong and Aizan 2010
EPF SOCSO 3 NEM
EPF
EPF
EPF Employees Provident Fund Act, 1991
8-9
-148-
70% 1 30%
50
100 2
EPF 2
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2 2012 35.64% 34.24%
26.55% 6.15%
-149-
8-10 EPF EPF
2010 1
60 5 5% 1
1 Malaysia Retirement Savings Scheme 6
EPF 2012: 104 3 21.8%
2001
4
EPF
EPF
820 75 55
196,800 630 NST, August
23, 2013 50% 5
5
8-11 54
EPF 1
8-12 54
3
EPF 2012 3 19
2014 1 5%
10% Star, September 21, 2013 4 Mohammed (2005) 5 EFP, “EPF Savings and Your Retirement,” (November 1, 2012)
http://www.kwsp.gov.my/ portal/en/member/booklet .
-150-
7 24,155
158,302 EPF
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
EPF 2012 1
5,000 1%
8-9 2012 7
55 60 Private Sector Retirement Age
Act, 2012 2010
75 2030 3 1 70
EPF NST, May 5,
2012
SOCSO (Employment Injury Insurance Scheme)
Invalidity Pension Scheme 1
3,000 3,000
1.75% 0.5%
-151-
EPF SOCSO
1
NEM
SOCSO
NEM
NEAC 2010b: 128-29; 169-73 ILO SOCSO
Malaysian Employers’ Federation: MEF
Malaysian Trades Union Congress: MTUC
MEF SMI
Associations of Malaysia Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers: FMM
Malaysian International Chambers of Commerce and
Industry: MICCI
FMM
5%
6
NST, June 12, 2012
EPF SOCSO 7
6 FMM, “Press Release: Unemployment Insurance Scheme Should NOT be Introduced,”
June 12, 2012. 7 3,000 2,000
500 1,200 Bantuan Rakyat 1Malaysia: BR1M
BR1M
EPF SOCSO
-152-
4
EPF SOCSO
SRIs
1
2008
i 2020
ii iii
-153-
2013 1
Industrial Relations Act, 1967
7% 8
1
NEM 1
1990
MTUC 1990
Loh 2012: 185 1998
900
2007 35%
100% MTUC 900
300 9
2008 1,500
2010 3 Star, March
9, 2010 10
National Wage Consultative Council
8 Penyata Rasmi Parlimen
Dewan Rakyat, June 30, 2011, p.47 1995
9 MTUC, “Memorandum to YAB Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Bdawi Perdana Menteri Malaysia on Minimum Wage RM900 and Cost of Living Allowance RM 300,” June 28,
2007; MTUC, “Malaysian Trades Union Congress Campaign on Minimum Wage RM900.00, Cost of Living Allowance RM 300.00,” (undated document).
-154-
2010 12 NEM 10
157 8-13
3 700
MEF
FMM Malaysian Plastic Manufacturers Association:
MPMA Associated Chinese Chambers of Commerce: ACCIM
Malaysian Agricultural Producers
Association: MAPA 11
10 NEM
NEAC 2010a: 114 NEM
NEAC 2010b: 70
National
Economic Advisory Council: NEAC
11 2011 FMM
142 76
54 24 FMM 2011: 118-120
-155-
EPF
EPF
2012 4 30
The Official YouTube Channel of YAB Dato’ Sri Mohd Najib Razak
-156-
8-13 NEM
NEM
12
2011 7 National Wages Consultative Council
Act, 2011
2
4 22 25
5 29
5 10
1 13
22
23
12
200 NST, June 7, 2011
-157-
1 10,000
43
Employment Act, 1955 2 23
a
b c
d e f
2
9 MEF MTUC 6
12 24
MTUC MEF 8-14
FMM 700
MTUC 2007 900 300
2
MTUC
MEF
FMM 2 MPMA 10
-158-
2
800 1,000
2012
900 4.33
800 3.85
Minimum Wages Order, 2012
6
2013 1 1 6 7 1
90
MTUC
900 1998 MTUC
1,100
MTUC
13
13
-159-
2013 1 6
4,200
635
MEF ACCCIM FMM
14
NST, January 29, 30,
2013
BN
BN
15
2013 5
16
2,500
150
2013 12 31
50
14
40% 70% NST, December 31, 2012;
Malaysia Insider, January 24, 2013 15 Star, January 22, 2013; Malaysia Insider, March 8, 2013; Roketkini.com, May 1, 2013.
BN
16 Secretariat National Wages Consultative Council Putrajaya, “Press Statement: Implementation of Minimum Wages,” March 19, 2013.
-160-
41
2013 12 31 17
1 34.16 154.16 18 50
8-15 4
2014 1
2013
27% 42.5% 29.2%
22.9% 20.3% 15.1%
17 Minimum Wages (Amendment) Order 2013, May 28, 2013. 18 2 NST, January 31, 2013
-161-
33% 38% BNM 2013: 104
MEF Salary and Fringe Benefits Survey
27% 65.2%
2012 5.83% 10
6.31% 6.78%
19
MTUC
NST, July
5; September 24, 2013
i
ii
iii
20 90%
50% 50%
BNM 2013: 105-106
ACCCIM
772 69%
42%
19% Productivity-Linked Wage
System 16% 13%
20% 42%
19 MEF, “Press Release: MEF Salary Surveys Forecasted Lower Salary Increase For 2014,” November 27, 2013; “Press Release: Minimum Wages Push up Salary Levels for Non Executives,” November 26, 2012. 20 2012 5 232
-162-
38%
14
37% 35% ICT 34%
0% R&D
8% ACCCIM 2013
8-13
R&D
NEM
BN
70%
NEM
-163-
2013
Suzuki
2013
BN
BN
20
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20
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2004
2011
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2011
1936
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Sulastomo 2011: 28 1945
Sukarno
1963 TASPEN, Dana
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9-1
1966
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ASABRI, Asuransi Sosial Angkatan Bersenjata Republik
Indonesia 1971 ASABRI
2010 80-81
1969 TASPEN
1
1968
ASKES, Asuransi Kesehatan 2
ASABRI TASPEN 3.25
4.75
2010 80-81 ASKES
2 ASABRI TASPEN ASKES
2010 316
1978 ASTEK, Asuransi
Sosial Tenaga Kerja 2010 316 1992
ASTEK JAMSOSTEK, Jaminan Sosial
Tenaga Kerja
JAMSOSTEK
10 1 100
3
3 6 3 6 0.24
1.74 5
0.3 9-1
4
1 56 20 50
2010 80-81 2 ASKES 21
2
2010 73 3 21 3
ASKES
JAMSOSTEK
2010 73 4 55
55
-169-
2 3.7
JAMSOSTEK
10 1 100
JAMSOSTEK 1 100
JAMSOSTEK 9-2 1994
30 28.5 JAMSOSTEK
JAMSOSTEK 1999
61.3 47.3
JAMSOSTEK
9-3 2003 2010 8
2 1.7
6
2003 45 2010 29 JAMSOSTEK
5
2010 80-81
-170-
JAMSOSTEK
1997
2003 248
JAMSOSTEK 2005
7
2
2005 2006
1979 PUSKESMAS, Pusat
Kesehatan Masyarakat 1985
POSYANDU, Pos Pelayanan Terpadu
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PUSKESMAS POSYANDU
5
PUSKESMAS POSYANDU
1996 JPKM, Jaminan Pemeliharaan Kesehatan
Masyarakat JPKM
2000 60-61
JPKM 6
1997
5
2009 6
2003
254-255 JPKM JPKM
Media Indonesia, Okt. 18, 2000 JPKM
2001 11
Kompas, Nop. 20, 2001 ; Kompas, Nop. 30, 2001
-172-
2.602.83
7.42
4.77
6.36
8.10
9.50
11.24
9.11
7.87
6.56
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011
9-4 1991 2011 1991 2
1997 2005 11.24
1997 1996 17.5
3400 1999 23.4
4800 9-5
17.5
23.4
18.2
16.0 15.4
12.5
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011
B. J. Habibie
JPS, Jaring Pengamanan Sosial
1998 JPS
JPS-BP
-173-
JPS-BK 4 Sumarto,
Suryadi, and Widyanti 2010: 111-117 7
Abdurrahman Wahid
JPS 2000 2
Megawati Sukarnoputri
Kompas,
Feb. 26, 2000
2000 8 SJSN, Sistem
Jaminan Sosial Nasional 2
28H 1 3
2 2002 8 4 34 2
3
2
2001 12
2002 4
Candra 2010: 75-78
2002 10
2002 18.2 2009 8.1
Kompas, Feb. 21, 2002 JAMSOSTEK
Candra 2010 :
101
2004 1
Kompas, Jan. 17, 2004 7
7 JPS
JPS-BK
Media Indonesia, April 15, 2000
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JAMSOSTEK
Candra 2010: 78-79
JAMSOSTEK
Kompas, Jan. 26, 2004 JAMSOSTEK TASPEN ASKES ASABRI
5 3
3 5
3
Candra 2010, 79-80
2003 2
APINDO, Asosiasi Pengusaha Indonesia
8
Candra 2010:
98 2004
APINDO 2004 5 19
APINDO
Candra 2010, 89-90
8
2003
-175-
APINDO
Kompas, Mei 25, 2004; Kompas, Juni 21, 2004 APINDO
JAMSOSTEK
JAMSOSTEK Kompas, Sep. 7, 2004
2004 5 24 25
28
2 6
6
Candra 2010: 91-95; Kompas, Juli 16, 2004
JAMSOSTEK 4
Candra
2010: 95
Candra 2010:
95-97 6
Candra 2010: 95-97; Kompas, Juli 16, 2004
2004 9 5
10
5
2005
9
9 2005 2
ASKES TASPEN ASABRI JAMSOSTEK 4
2004
32
2005 8
Hasil Uji Materi
-176-
2004 9
CCT
JAMSOSTEK
JPS-BK 2002
12 2003 4
JPK-Gakin, Jaminan Pemiliharaan Kesehatan Keluarga
Miskin
PKPS-BBM, Program Kompensasi
Bahan Bakar Minyak 10
Kompas, Jan. 11, 2003; Kompas, 16 Jan. 2003 JPK-Gakin 2002
2003 4
Kompas, Jan. 25, 2003
Media Indonesia, Agu. 5,
2003
Kompas, April. 12, 2004 11
Republika, Sep. 22, 2004
10 PKPS-BBM 2001 PDPSE,
Program Dampak Pengurangan Subsidi Energi
11 8 3364
34.9
Kompas, April 12, 2004
-177-
Media
Indonesia, Jan. 29, 2005
100
ASKES
ASKESKIN, Asuransi Kesehatan Orang Miskin 12
2005 1 ASKES
3
3600 ASKES
Kompas, Des. 2, 2004 13
ASKESKIN JPK-Gakin
ASKES
Media Indonesia, Mei 25, 2005 14 NGO
ASKESKIN Suara
Pembaruan, Feb. 28, 2006; Kompas, Juli 7, 2006
DAU, Dana
Alokasi Umum
Suara Pembaruan, Nop. 16, 2006
ASKES 2008 3
ASKES
Media Indonesia, Feb. 13, 2008 15
JAMKESMAS, Jaminan Kesehatan Masyarakat
ASKES JAMKESMAS 7640
16
12 ASKESKIN JPKMM, Jaminan
Pemeliharaan Kesehatan Masyarakat Miskin 13
Kompas, Maret 8, 2005 14 5000
2
ASKES Kompas, Juni 15,
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Kompas, Feb. 13, 2008 16 JAMKESMAS PUSKESMAS POSYANDU
ASKES
PUSKESMAS
ASKES
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9-6 2011
65 JAMKESMAS JAMKESDA
35
BANSOS, Bantuan Sosial
JPS JPS JPS-BK
ASKESKIN JAMKESMAS
JPS JPS-BP
JPS-BP
2005 PKPS-BBM
Program BKM, Bantuan Khusus
Murid 2005 7 BOS, Bantuan
Operasional Sekolah Rahayu 2012:
14-15 17
2010 75 17
Rahayu 2012: 26
-179-
2007 6500 Rahayu 2012: 26 2012
1 58 71
BOS
Rahayu 2012: 18-19
2005 BLT, Bantuan Langsung Tunai
PKPS-BBM 2007
CCT, Conditional Cash Transfer
Unconditional Cash Transfer
2005 1540 10
3 18 BLT
2006
1770 12 2008 1910 7 2009
1850 2 2010 Rahayu
2012: 126-127
BLT CCT
PKH, Program Keluarga Harapan
Rahayu 2012: 129-130 19
PKH 2007 7 Suara Pembaruan, April
25, 2007
1 60 220
6 ILO 2008: 57; Rahayu 2012: 132-133
20
18
1
1 50
14 9 10
11 12 13 14
ILO 2008: 56 2008 1 1
12 5000 15 17 5000
1500 6000 2008
28 ILO 2008: 57 19 CCT 2013 13 24
CCT Son 2008: 6 20 PKH 3
0 6 7 15
16 18 9
-180-
Rahayu 2012: 132
2007 7 50 2008 13 64 2000
2009 13 72 2010 20 81 6000 2011
25 111 6000 Rahayu 2012: 150
Kompas, Jan. 4, 2008
2006 7
30
2006 2500 2007 3500
2008 6000 Kompas, April 3, 2007; Media Indonesia,
Nop. 13, 2007 2008 PKSA, Program
Kesejahteraan Sosial Anak
Republika, Maret 24,
2010; Kementerian Sosial 2012: 100-105
(PNPM-Mandiri,
Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat- Mandiri
JPS
2007
5 Rahayu 2012: 81-83
2007
2361 2008 3999 2009 6408
2010 4147 2011 1640
Rahayu 2012: 109
NGO
Fitra, Forum Indonesia untuk Transparansi Anggaran
Gatra, Sep. 11, 2013: 99-101
85 Rahayu 2012: 132
-181-
BANSOS Gatra, September. 11, 2013: 99
9-7
9-7
-182-
7
9-8
2010 7243
2006 66.9
2003
ASKESOS, Asuransi Kesejahteraan Sosial
2006 8
(ASKESOS JAMSOSTEK Media Indonesia,
Agu. 5, 2006
ASKESOS 21
60 1 30
5000 3
1 1 10 55
20 3 5000 36
18 2009 39-40 2010 78
JAMSOSTEK
21
21 JAMSOSTEK
JAMSOSTEK
Kompas,
-183-
JAMSOSTEK 2004
2004 Jasa Konstruksi 2005
Tenaga Kerja Luar Hubungan Kerja 2006 Tenaga Kerja
Perseorangan 22
0.1 0.24
4 1 2
0.3 3 6 23
9-9 2004 2010 JAMSOSTEK
451
JAMSOSTEK
7243 6.2
Sep. 20, 2008 2003 2010 11
22 2010 3578
76.1 JAMSOSTEK 22 JAMSOSTEK Tenaga Kerja Luar Hubungan Kerja
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2011
Pekerja Bukan Penerima Upah
23 JAMSOSTEK http://www.jamsostek.co.id/content/
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JAMSOSTEK
2008
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2009 6 12
2007 5 12 2011
9-5
2005 2008 3 JAMSOSTEK
JAMSOSTEK
Media Indonesia, Mar. 22, 2008 2004 2009 10
2009 5
Kompas, Mei 2, 2009 2010 3 12 100
Aliansi Serikat Buruh se-Indonesia
5 Media
Indonesia, Maret 30, 2010 4 46 5
54 KAJS, Komite Aksi Jaminan Sosial
Kompas, April 6,
16, 19, 23, Mei 1, 2010
9
Kompas, Mei 25, 2010; Media Indonesia, Juni 9, 2010
16 54
2004
12 24 Kompas, Mei 10, 2011; Media Indonesia, Mei 13,
2011
2011 5 9
2004
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4 JAMSOSTEK, ASKES, TASPEN, ASABRI
2004
2004 4 2004
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15, 2010 2011
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Media Indonesia, Mei 13, 2011 1
Kompas, Juni 9, 2011
4
Media Indonesia, Juli 12, 2011
4
2 Kompas, Juni 17, 2011 APINDO
Kompas, Juni 28, 2011
6
Media
Indonesia, Juni 10, 2011 7
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Kompas, Juli 14, 2011
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Kompas, Media Indonesia, Juli 21, 2011
10 25 28 1
24
Kartu Jakarta Sehat 2014 1
Gatra, September 11, 2013: 17
2004 2011
9-10 2004 2011
2011
ASKES JAMSOSTEK
5 7
2 1
JAMSOSTEK
24 Kompas, Juli 20, 2011; Kompas, Sep. 13, 2011;
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Indonesia, Des. 2011
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ASKES JAMSOSTEK
JAMKESMAS 2014 1 1
2019
JAMSOSTEK TASPEN ASABRI
2015 7 1 2029 TASPEN
ASABRI
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2014 1 1
2013 12 27 2013
12 2013 111 Peraturan Presiden Nomor 111
Tahun 2013 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Presiden Nomor 12 Tahun 2013
tentang Jaminan Kesehatan 25
9-12
2
JAMSOSTEK 3
6
2015 6 0.5 1
25 2013 12 Peraturan Presiden Nomor 12 Tahun 2013
tentang Jaminan Kesehatan 2013 12
-189-
8640 1 1
9225 200 2005 1
2 14
2
ASKES JAMSOSTEK
2015 1 1
2016 1 1
2019 1 1
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.y=15&sy=1990&ey=2013&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=536&s=L
UR&grp=0&a=#download 2013 12 26
JAMSOSTEK
http://www.jamsostek.co.id/content/i.php?mid=3&id=58 2014 1 7
-194-
10
GDP 2010 13
(Yearbook of Singapore 2011 5.1)
1
(Total Factor Productivity TFP)
(1994) 2
(Foreign Domestic Workers FDW) 3
CPF (Central Provident Fund
) (
) 2010 ) 2012
) 4
1 (2010 ) 2 2
3 FDW (Foreign Domestic Worker)
FDW
maid
FDW FDW
Migrant DW Transnational DW DH
(Domestic Helper ) ( 2011
162-163) 4 8 9 (Huang, Yeoh and Toyota
-195-
10
5
6 FDW
7 FDW
FDW
(Mehta and Thang 2008) FDW
8 FDW
FDW FDW
2000 9
FDW
FDW
2012 202) 5 (2006 82)
6 (2012 ) CPF
HDB 7
care
8
9 OFW Global Presence A Compendium of Overseas Employment Statistics 2005
http://www.poea.gov.ph/stats/OFW_Statistics_2005.pdf FDW.
-196-
10
FDW
FDW
Mehta and Thang (2008)
10 FDW
10
FDW (2011
)
FDW
FDW FDW
FDW
(2013 ) FDW
FDW
( 237) Levy
FDW ( )
Yeoh and Huang (2008) FDW 11
FDW
Yeoh and Huang (2010) Rahman (2008) Yeoh and Huang
(feminization of migration)
12 Yeoh and Huang FDW
10 (2007 236)
11 Yeoh and Huang
12 Rahman (2008)
-197-
10
(Yeoh and Huang 2010 69)
FDW (
) (Ibid: 78)
FDW
FDW NGO
(FDW)
Strait Times
10-1)
2012 531 149
336 127
1970 3.2 (2 ) 2012 37.7 127 (
-198-
10
10-2 ) 2000
13
1988
2013 21 2013
130 FDW 16.3
(Work Permit)
2007 2013 76 97
84 75 10-1 S
14
FDW 1991 2009
3 6 8 5,000 5
8 5,000 1995 7
4
9 15
13 1991 2000 GDP 36.9
14.1 (Rahman 2008 145) 14 S 3,300
S (Huang, Yeoh and Toyota 2012 202) 15 12
(Ministry of Manpower website Foreign Domestic Worker Requirements2014/2/3
) http://www.mom.gov.sg/foreign-manpower/passes-visas/work-permit-fdw/
before-you-apply/Pages/basic-requirements-of-a-foreign-domestic-worker.aspx.
-199-
10
( ) ( 2011 60) FDW
FDW
1990
(Yeoh and Huang1999 128-132) 16
(2011 35)
10-3 1995 1999
16 1990
(Huang, Yeoh and Rahman
2005 240-241)
-200-
10
Yeoh and Huang (1999 117) 5 1
2012 12 20 9,600 115 2,000
17 18 60
45 79
(Huang Yeoh and Toyota 2012 201)
1990 ( ) 24.8
4 1 57.7
23.1 7.7 9.6
18 FDW
2000 16 FDW 30 (Strait
Times, January 11, 2006) 1999 908
5.6 (Yeoh and
Huang 2008 195) 45 FDW
FDW 30
MOM 2011 5)
(19.2 ) (67.0 )
Yeoh and Huang 2010 78-80)
FDW
FDW
( 2006 155) 600
FDW
17 Yearbook of Singapore 2013 4.1 p.46
( 2007 263) (2013 )
18 National Survey of Senior Citizen in Singapore,1995, p.81
http://app.msf.gov.sg/portals/0/Summary/publication/Materials_SC_NationalSurvey1995.pdf
-201-
10
900 6 ( 2011 75) 19
2000 4,988 2010 7,214
2.1 (Census 2000 2010)
3,638 5,000 2010
20
3 200
2011 66) 3 12
2,500 2010 3,000 32
2,000 22 (Census of Population 2010 Statistical
Release 2 Households and Housing) 25 4
1
2007 269)
800 2004 2007 269)
5,000 MOM web )
269)
1 Huang Yeoh and
Rahman 2005 238 FDW
( 2007 269)
265 (MOM web21)
2007 269)
30 240 470
Huang and Yeoh 2003 81) 2 22
2 (Certificate
of Employment Agencies) (Women’s Charter)
19 5
( 2011 66)
20 0.478 0.489 OECD
Key Household Income Trends 2012 12
http://www.singstat.gov.sg/Publications/publications_and_papers/household_income_and_expenditure/pp-s19.pdf. 21 MOM web Work Permit (Foreign Domestic Worker) Before you apply
http://www.mom.gov.sg/foreign-manpower/passes-visas/work-permit-fdw/before-you-apply/Pages/default.aspx#levy 22 FDW 15 295
5 3,100 (Huang, Yeoh and Rahman 2005 248)
-202-
10
(Children and Young Persons Act) (Penal Code)
(Employment Agencies Act) (Employment of Foreign Workers
Acts) (Rahman 2008 162)
330 350 351 400
2011 62)
450
FDW 550 FDW
)
FDW
23
(Huang and Yeoh 2003 85) FDW
(Ibid 84)
FDW
2006 137)
2012
(FDW)
(FDW)
FDW
23 Yeoh and Huang (1999 117)
-203-
10
MOM (Ministry of Manpower )
FDW
1968
(Huang and Yeoh
2003 79 Rahman 2008 154)
1967
11 4
1968 PAP 57
DBS ) INNTRACO
( ) JTC ( ) SISIR ( )
1970
70 FDW
80 ( 2007 263) 1978
(Non-Traditional Sources NTS)
24
1972
74
72 2 NWC (National Wages Council )
79 NWC 20
1979 SDF (Skills Development Fund
1981 (Committee on Productivity)
(1979 9 )
1980 82
25 87 (Dependency
24
(Rahman 2008 164) 25 230 (Rahman 2008 161) 1989 120 160
(Yeoh and Huang 1999 117) 1998 200 345
-204-
10
Ceiling) FDW (Rahman 2008 161)
1992
(Ibid: 161) 30 310
FDW 350 (Huang and Yeoh 2003 88)
1994
2004
1998 BSC Basic Skills Certificate SEC Skills Evaluation Certificate
SEC 15
BSC (Rahman 2008 159) SEC
2005 45 2010 60
(Huang and Yeoh 2003 88)
2004 1
320
30
FDW
(Huang and Yeoh 2003 87 89 91 93)
2000
2003 FDW 2004 4
FDW (safety awareness)
(Ibid: 118)
-205-
10
(Yeoh and Huang 2010 76) FDW
(Huang Yeoh and Rahman 2005)
( 2006 156) 2004 10 1
5
( 2011 73)
2004 7 FDW
(Yeoh and Huang 2010 76)
CASE (Consumer Association of Singapore) AEAS (Association of Employment
Agency Singapore) (Huang, Yeoh and Rahman 2005 239,252) 2006
9 15 (standard contracts)
FDW (Yeah and Huang 2008 215)
2004 8 65 12
FDW 250
4 1
( 60 ) FDW
(MOM website) FDW
FDW 26
2005 1 1 18 23 8
( 2011 63 Rahman 2008 159)
16
FDW
2005 3 (the Foreign Domestic Workers Association
for Skills Training FAST) FAST
4 15 25
FDW
Advanced Elderly Care
(Yeoh and Huang 2010 76 , Yeoh and Huang 2008)
2005 4 1 3
26
( 2013 223)
-206-
10
FDW
FDW
(Rahman 2008 159)
2006 Super Maids Programme FDW
400 (3 2200 )
Philippines Education and Skills
Development Authority (TESDA) (Yeoh and Huang 2010 77)
232
48
FDW (Ibid: 77)
FDW TWCT
(FDW)
FDW (TWCT 2009)
FDW
(2011 74 130)
27
(Huang Yeoh and Toyota 2012 208)
(Ibid: 204)
(Yeoh and Huang 2010 79)
TWCT
FDW
( 2006 156 2011 20)
27
( 2007 266)
-207-
10
( 2011 116) 28
FDW
(TWCT 2009 ) FDW
1 3
100 65
78 29
72 4
21
(TWCT 2009 13)
3 23 2
3 1 (Ibid: 13) FDW
FDW
250
FDW
(TWCT 2009 26)
10- 1999 FDW
201 250 501 2005
FDW 201 250 251 300
301 350
28 10 8
(Yeoh and Huang 1999 131)
( 2011 55) POEA
Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA) in Singapore
(Yeoh and Huang1999 131) 29 FDW
14 (15.7 )
-208-
10
1 2
( 28)
FDW
(
10-5)
30 (MOM, Occupational Wages 2011)
31
30 Ministry of Labour (1993)Report on the Flexible Wage System Review
Committee Singapore Singapore Government 31 ( )
-209-
10
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000( )
( )
()
()
FDW 32
10-5 30 40
FDW FDW
(Gee and Ho,
Dignity Overdue 13)
57 21
(Ibid: 15)
( 2011 189)
FDW
32 2000 ( 2011 24)
-210-
10
( 2011 45)
FDW
(FDW) 4
(2013 12 15 ) 4
4 FDW
(International Migration Day) 10
FDW
Don’t let me work on a store!!! Don’t abuse!!!!
Don’t let me work in two houses!! 2 Don’t
lock me in the house Let me Rest, No to Overwork!!
Let me communicate with my Family! Give me
off day Pay my SALARY on time NO To
Physical Abuse! Don’t kick me! Don’t SLAP me!
Migrant Rights are Human Right
FDW 1
(MOM 2011) 916 FDW
10 8 88.6 33
33 FDW MOM FDW
1 1
46.7 (916 428 )
-211-
10
FDW
Gee and Ho: 44)
FDW
FDW FDW
D’Abusolute Employment Services
2 10 1 2
(The Sunday Times
December15 2013 Sunday Life Eve Yap )
1 D’Abusolute
Employment Services
600 700
E
E (Essential Home Management Skills)
( )
1 7 7 1
(Physical Vital Signs)
2 1 3 3
5
(Geriatric)
FDW
34 FDW
-212-
10
E
(2013 12 )
OK
FDW
( )
783
450
1088 550
613
( ) 150
FDW FDW
(Huang Yeoh and Toyota
2012 204)
(Ibid
211)
(FDW)
(Yeoh and Huang
2010 82-84) FDW
Ibid 77,82)
FDW
FDW
-213-
10
FDW
FDW
(Huang Yeoh and Rahman 2005 24; Yeoh and Huang 2010 82-84; Huang
Yeoh and Toyota 2012 211)
FDW
FDW FDW
FDW FDW
FDW
FDW
[2013].
[2013]
[2007]. [2007]
[2011].
[2013].
[2006]. 21
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10
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Edited by Akira Suehiro
INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO
ISS Research Series No. 56
Security System of Employment and Livelihood in East Asia under Increasing Social Risks