revolution of nanotechnology theory and application & dr. ahmed abdel-fattah, phd hamburg...

Revolution of Nanotechnology Revolution of Nanotechnology Theory and ApplicationTheory and Application

Dr. Ahmed Abdel-FattahDr. Ahmed Abdel-Fattah

PhD Hamburg University, GermanyPhD Hamburg University, GermanyPlant Protection Department Plant Protection Department

Pesticides Chemistry and Environmental ToxicologyPesticides Chemistry and Environmental ToxicologyUniversity of AlexandriaUniversity of Alexandria

May 18th 2016

TopicsTopics Nanotechnology Terms and DefinitionsNanotechnology Terms and Definitions History of NanotechnologyHistory of Nanotechnology Research and ApplicationsResearch and Applications

Nanotechnology Terms and DefinitionsNanotechnology Terms and Definitions History of NanotechnologyHistory of Nanotechnology Research and ApplicationsResearch and Applications

NanotechnologyNanotechnology

Nano-Scale (Metrology)Nano-Scale (Metrology)Nano-Science (Studies & Theories)Nano-Science (Studies & Theories)Nano-Technology (Applications)Nano-Technology (Applications)Molecular Nanotechnology (Chemistry)Molecular Nanotechnology (Chemistry)Molecular Nanobiotechnology (Chem & Bio)Molecular Nanobiotechnology (Chem & Bio)

Nanoscale = billionths (10 )Nanoscale = billionths (10 )

6 billion people6 billion people8000 mile diameter8000 mile diameter

10 billion components10 billion components8 inch diameter8 inch diameter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth2014

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DefinitionDefinition

“Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at

dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena

enable novel applications.”

“Nanotechnology is the understanding and control

of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 1 to 100

nanometersnanometers, where unique phenomena enable

novel applications.”

What are Nanomaterials?What are Nanomaterials?

Materials with at least one external dimension in the size range from approximately 1-100 nanometers

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (March 2009). http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2009-125/

Objects with all three external dimensions at the nanoscale

NanomaterialsNanomaterials

NanoparticlesNanoparticles



Naturally occurring Naturally occurring

volcanic ash & soot from forest fires volcanic ash & soot from forest fires



Combustion processesCombustion processes

Welding physically and chemically heterogeneous and often termed ultrafine particles.


Produced and designed with very specific properties related to shape, size, surface properties and chemistry.

Byproducts Engineered nanoparticles Byproducts Engineered nanoparticles


Gecko feet are covered with nano-size hairs that use Gecko feet are covered with nano-size hairs that use intermolecular forces, allowing the lizards to stick intermolecular forces, allowing the lizards to stick

firmly to surfaces. firmly to surfaces.

Nano in natureNano in nature

adhesiveadhesiveseal wounds seal wounds


Why Nanoscale?Why Nanoscale?

physical and chemical properties of physical and chemical properties of materials differ significantly from those materials differ significantly from those

at a larger scale.at a larger scale.

Surface areaSurface area

enhance its reactivity, strength and enhance its reactivity, strength and electrical and magnetic properties.electrical and magnetic properties.

Why Nanoscale ?Why Nanoscale ?

Human HairHuman Hair

Scientific Revolutions

• Lamp and Television • Transistor• Integrate Circuit (IC)

• Microprocessors & Personal Computers

The 5th Generation of Scientific RevolutionNano-TechnologyNano-Technology

HistoryHistory

Three Champions of NanotechnologyThree Champions of Nanotechnology

Feynman Taniguchi Drexler

Richard P. Feynman 1959

One of America’s most notable physicists, 1965.

History, ContinuedHistory, Continued

Genome-wide variation from one human being to another can be up to 0.5% (99.5% similarity)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genetic_variation

He coined the term Nanotechnology in 1974

Norio TaniguchiNorio Taniguchi


Eric Drexler - 1986 Eric Drexler - 1986


Genome-wide variation from one human being to another can be up to 0.5% (99.5% similarity)

Heinrich RohrerGerd Binnig

Nobel Prize 1986


Dome over biosphere in Montreal A “Buckyball.”

Carbon 60 was named after Richard Buckminster Fuller, who went by the nickname “Bucky.”

History, ContinuedHistory, ContinuedFullerenesFullerenes

Is nanotechnology the gateway to the Is nanotechnology the gateway to the future for human beings on Earth?future for human beings on Earth?

Where

Where Y

OU

RY

OU

R

ImaginationImaginationTake

Take

YouYou ??

doesdoes

Nanotechnology Offers Nanotechnology Offers

LighterLighter Stronger Stronger FasterFaster SmallerSmaller More DurableMore Durable Easier and Clean TechnologyEasier and Clean Technology

Nano Materials Shapes

Nano TubesNano Rodes

Nano Composite Nano Particles

Types of Nano-Materails

• Single Dimensional Nano-Materials

• Bilateral Dimensional Nano-Materials

• Three Dimensional Nano-Materials

Engineered Surfaces

Bio-Polymers & Nano wires

Nanoparticles

How How cancan smallsmall ScienceScience

havehave suchsuch bigbig ImpactImpact ??aa

Magnetic properties

The large surface area to volume ratio results in different magnetic coupling with neighboring atoms leading to

differing magnetic properties.

Optical properties• Gold spheres of 10-20nm exhibit red color• Gold spheres of 2-5nm exhibit yellow color.• Gold spheres of >20nm exhibit purple color

Electronic properties

Nanotechnology ScopeNanotechnology Scope

Assembling NanomaterialsAssembling Nanomaterials

Bottom-up or top-down?Bottom-up or top-down?

Assembling NanomaterialsAssembling NanomaterialsBottom up or top downBottom up or top down

Use electricity Use electricity (electrospray)(electrospray)

Nanospider for electrospinning Nanospider for electrospinning

SEM images of SEM images of electrospun electrospun nanofibers nanofibers

ready to ready to encapsulate encapsulate

bio-surfactants bio-surfactants

Abdel-Megeed et al., (2012). Fabrication of electrospun antimicrobial nanofibers containing metronidazole using nanospider technology. Fibers And Polymers. 13 : 6 (709-717).

Silver NanopariclesSilver Nanoparicles

Fourier-transform infrared

Biosynthesis and characterization of AgNPs

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can transform inorganic metal ions into metal can transform inorganic metal ions into metal nanoparticlesnanoparticles

Many biological systems

including plants and algae , diatoms , bacteria , including plants and algae , diatoms , bacteria , yeast , fungi , and human cellsyeast , fungi , and human cells

via the reductive capacities of the proteins and via the reductive capacities of the proteins and metabolites present in these organisms. metabolites present in these organisms.

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SEM micrograph recorded from silver nanoparticles SEM micrograph recorded from silver nanoparticles produced by reaction of AgNO3 solution (1 mM) with produced by reaction of AgNO3 solution (1 mM) with

F. oxysporum F. oxysporum biomassbiomass

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Make nanoparticles.Make nanoparticles.Soak filter in nanoparticles.Soak filter in nanoparticles.““Inoculate” plate.Inoculate” plate.Check results.Check results.

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How to Make Silver NanoparticlesHow to Make Silver Nanoparticles

2 ml .5 mM AgNO3 in a test tube.2 ml .5 mM AgNO3 in a test tube.Start with a compound that has silver in it.Start with a compound that has silver in it.Our solution is silver nitrate.Our solution is silver nitrate.

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Put 2 ml .5 mM AgNOPut 2 ml .5 mM AgNO33 in a test tube. in a test tube.

Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes.Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes. Heating it will speed the reaction.Heating it will speed the reaction.


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Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes.Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes. Add 5 drops of 1% sodium citrate.Add 5 drops of 1% sodium citrate. Carefully add the sodium citrate; Carefully add the sodium citrate;

the solution is the solution is HOT!HOT! Allows silver to formAllows silver to form

stable nanoparticles stable nanoparticles


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Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes. Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes. Add 5 drops of 1% sodium citrate.Add 5 drops of 1% sodium citrate.Continue heating — wait for silver Continue heating — wait for silver nanoparticles to form.nanoparticles to form. Watch for a change in color to indicate the silver Watch for a change in color to indicate the silver

has formed.has formed. Let it heat a few more minutes to be sure the Let it heat a few more minutes to be sure the

color change is complete.color change is complete.


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Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes. Heat in boiling water bath for 5 minutes. Add 5 drops of 1% sodium citrate.Add 5 drops of 1% sodium citrate.Continue heating — wait for silver nanoparticles Continue heating — wait for silver nanoparticles to form.to form.


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Growth of BacteriaGrowth of Bacteria

Bacteria may grow as Bacteria may grow as a group = a group = colonycolony

Bacteria may cover Bacteria may cover surface of plate = surface of plate = lawnlawn

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Bacterial Antibiotic SensitivityBacterial Antibiotic SensitivityAntibiotics may Antibiotics may inhibit the growth of inhibit the growth of some bacteria.some bacteria.Evidence of this is a Evidence of this is a “halo”. “halo”. A halo indicates a A halo indicates a zone where bacteria zone where bacteria are not present.are not present.

Tools used to characterize Tools used to characterize nanoparticlesnanoparticles

Tools used to characterize nanoparticlesScanning Electronic Microscopy

Measurement of zeta potential and electrophoretic Measurement of zeta potential and electrophoretic mobility in aqueous and non-aqueous dispersions mobility in aqueous and non-aqueous dispersions using Laser Doppler Micro-Electrophoresis.using Laser Doppler Micro-Electrophoresis.

Tools used to characterize nanoparticlesThe Zetasizer Nano Z

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) SpectroscopyFourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy

Interactivity Interactivity Functional groupsFunctional groups

Tools used to characterize nanoparticles

FTIRFTIR

Bio-Energy or Products

Single molecule detection to determine enzyme/substrate interactions (e.g. cellulases in production of ethanol). Materials from biomass

Agrochemical Delivery

Delivery of pesticides, fertilizers, and other agrichemicals more efficiently (e.g. only when needed or for better absorption).

Animal Production

Delivery of growth hormone in a controlled fashion. Identity preservation and tracking.

Animal or Plant Health

Detect animal pathogens, such as foot and mouth disease virus. Detect plant pathogens early.

Animal Medicine

Deliver animal vaccines.

Plant Production

Delivery of DNA to plants towards certain tissues (i.e. targeted genetic engineering).

Sensing Detect chemicals or foodborne pathogens; biodegradable sensors for temperature, moisture history, etc.

Safety Selectively bind and remove chemicals or pathogens.

Packaging Prevent or respond to spoilage. Sensing features for contaminants or pathogens.

Healthy Food

Better availability and dispersion of nutrients, nutraceuticals, or additives.

Selected Categories of Nanotechnology Applied to Food and Agriculture

Nanotechnology Applied in Medicine

Nano-Technology between Scientific

Fiction and Reality

DNA Analogues and Nano-Technology

Bionano-Machines Programmed Molecule Molecular Motors

Self-Assembled Nano-Structures from Glycerol nucleic acid (GNA) a synthetic analog of DNA

Zhang Lilu, Peritz Adam, Meggers Eric (2005). "A simple glycol nucleic acid". J Am Chem Soc 127 (12): 4174–5. doi:10.1021/ja042564z

Special Features of NanoparticlesSpecial Features of NanoparticlesA double-edged swordA double-edged sword

Promise PitfallsIncreased surface area Increased reactivity?

Increased bioavailability and targeted to certain tissues

Increased toxicity?

Lower doses effective Lower doses toxic?

Penetration ability for remediation Impair subsurface ecosystems

Skin, membrane penetration may speed onset of action

Toxicity through nontraditional routes of administration?

The future of nanotechnologyThe future of nanotechnology

Research is being carried out to develop nanocapsules Research is being carried out to develop nanocapsules containing nutrients that would be released when containing nutrients that would be released when nanosensors detect a deficiency in your body. nanosensors detect a deficiency in your body.

Nanomaterials are being developed to improve the Nanomaterials are being developed to improve the taste, colour, and texture of foods. For example taste, colour, and texture of foods. For example “interactive” foods are being developed that would “interactive” foods are being developed that would allow you to choose which flavour and colour a food allow you to choose which flavour and colour a food has!has!

Modern biotechnologies involve making useful products from whole organisms or parts of organisms, such as molecules, cells, tissues and organs.

Recent developments in biotechnology include genetically modified plants and animals, cell therapies and nanotechnology.

These products are not in everyday use but may be of benefit to us in the future.

ConclusionConclusion

Nanotechnology is ubiquitous and pervasive. It is an emerging field in all areas of science,

engineering and technology

Welcome to Welcome to NanoWorld!NanoWorld!

Nanochemistry references and websites:Nanochemistry references and websites: Abdel-Megeed et al., Handbook of Nanotechnology (2010) Abdel-Megeed et al., Handbook of Nanotechnology (2010) Handbook of NanotechnologyHandbook of Nanotechnology, B. Bhushan, ed. (2004), B. Bhushan, ed. (2004) Molecular NanotechnologyMolecular Nanotechnology, D. E. Newton, ed. (2002), D. E. Newton, ed. (2002) Integrated Chemical SystemsIntegrated Chemical Systems, A. J. Bard (1994), A. J. Bard (1994) Engines of CreationEngines of Creation, K. Eric Drexler (1986) , K. Eric Drexler (1986)

( http://www.foresight.org/EOC/ ) ( http://www.foresight.org/EOC/ ) ““There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”, Richard Feynman (1959)There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”, Richard Feynman (1959)

( http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html )( http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html ) National Nanotechnology Initiative ( http://www.nano.gov/ )National Nanotechnology Initiative ( http://www.nano.gov/ ) Nano Letters - ACS Journal ( http://pubs.acs.org/journals/nalefd/ )Nano Letters - ACS Journal ( http://pubs.acs.org/journals/nalefd/ ) Materials Today - British journal ( http://www.materialstoday.com ) Materials Today - British journal ( http://www.materialstoday.com )