r%f mwptpay; - padasalai.net-10th study materials 50. rthkp jahde;j ru];tjpahy; epwtg;gl;lj –...

r%f mwptpay;

(tpdhj;jhs; tbtikg;gpid jOtpaJ )

NtY}h; khtl;lk;.

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FOj; jiyth;

jpU. nt.nrq;Fl;Ltd;. Kjd;ikf; fy;tp mYtyh;.

NtY}h; khtl;lk;.

jpU. ngh.Rg;gpukzp.

khtl;l fy;tp mYtyh;.

NtY}h; fy;tp khtl;lk;.

jpUkjp.k.rrpfyhtjp>

khtl;l fy;tp mYtyh; (ngh)

jpUg;gj;J}h; fy;tp khtl;lk;.

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xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-

1. n[h;kdp kw;Wk; ,;j;jhyp xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l Mz;L – 1870

2. %yg;nghUl;fspd; Njitia mjpfg;gbahf cUthf;fpaJ – njhopw;Gul;rp

3. rPdh murpay; uPjpahf Rje;jpuk; ngw;w Ml;rpf;fhyk; - kQ;R Ml;rpf;fhyk;

4. INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; „ nry;thf;if epiy ehl;Ljy; ‟ vd;w nfhs;ifia gpd;gw;wpaJ - rPdh

5. Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa tzpff;FO Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L – fp.gp.1600

6. gpnuQ;R fpof;fpe;jpa tzpff; FOit epWtpath; - fhy;gh;l;

7. mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehLfs; kw;Wk; ,q;fpyhe;J rPdhtpw;fhf Vw;gLj;jpa nfhs;if

- jpwe;j ntspf;nfhs;if

8. rPdf; Fbauir cUthf;fpath; - lhf;lh; rd;ahl;nrd;

9. cyfk; KOtijAk; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; jpwik n[h;kdpf;F kl;LNk cs;sJ vdf; $wpath; - nfa;rh; ,uz;lhk; tpy;ypak;.

10. nfa;rh; ,uz;lhk; tpy;ypak; fg;gw;gilia epWj;jpapUe;j ,lk; - n`ypNfhyhe;J

11. gpuhd;R jpUk;gg;ngw tpUk;gpa ,lq;fs; - my;Nr]; kw;Wk; nyhiud;

12. M];jphpa gl;lj;J ,sturh; - gpuhd;rp]; ngh;bdhz;L

13. n[h;kdpahy; %o;fbf;fg;gl;l mnkhpf;fhtpd; Gfo; ngw;w tzpf fg;gy; - Yhrpl;lhdpah.

14. n[h;khdpa fg;gw;gil jfh;f;fg;gl;l fly;Nghh; - [Pl;yhe;J

15. Kjy; cyfg; Nghiu KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L te;jJ – ghhp]; mikjp khehL

16. rh;tNjr rq;fk; mjpfhu g+h;tkhfj; Njhd;wpa ehs; - [dthp 20> 1920

17. nghUshjhug; ngUke;jk; Njhd;wpa ehL – mnkhpf;fh

18. 1929-,y; mnkhpf;f [dhjpgjpahf ,Ue;jth; - n`h;gh;l;`Pth;

19. mnkhpf;fh;fs; Nguhh;tj;Jld; <Lgl;lJiw – gq;F tzpfr;re;ij

20. ghrpr fl;rpiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jth; - KNrhypdp

21. KNrhypdpahy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ - epiyahd Ml;rp

22. njhopyhsh;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l rpwe;j epthuzk; - njhopy; gl;lak;

23. KNrhypdpAld; nghJf;nfhs;ifia Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lth; - `pl;yh;

24. rh;tNjr rq;fj;jpypUe;J KNrhypdp tpyfpa Mz;L – 1937

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25. Njrpa mit xU [dehaf rl;l mikg;Gld; $ba $l;;lhl;rp Kiwia Vw;gLj;j $ba ,lk; - nta;khh;

26. $l;Lg;gil tsk;kpf;f ,lj;ij Mf;fpukpg;G nra;jJ – iud;yhe;J

27. `pl;yh; tpad;dhtpy; gzpahw;wpaJ – ngapz;lh;0

28. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUf;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzkhf mike;j cld;gbf;if – nth;Nry;]; cld;gbf;if

29. gpuhd;Rf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l epyf;fhpr;Ruq;fk; - rhh;

30. Kjy; cyfg;NghUf;Fg;gpd; ty;yurhf vOr;rp ngw;w ehL – [g;ghd;

31. `pl;yh; jd;dplk; nfhLf;Fk;gb Nfl;lJ - lhd;rpf;

32. gpypl;];fpuPf; vd;why; - kpd;dy; Nghh;

33. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpd; NghJ gphpl;b~; gpujkuhf ,Ue;jth; - rh;tpd;];ld; rh;r;rpy;.

34. If;fpa ehLfs; rig Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L – 1945

35. If;fpa ehLfs; rhrdk; ifnaOj;jhdJ – rhd;gpuhd;rp];Nfh

36. I.eh.tpd; epue;ju mit – nghJr;rig

37. gd;dhl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiyikafk; mike;Js;sJ – jpN`f;

38. I.eh.tpd; nghd;tpoh Mz;L – 1995

39. INuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpd; Njhw;wk; fhzg;gLtJ - <.rp.v];.rp

40. INuhg;gpa xd;wpa kd;wj;jpd; Kjy; epue;juj; jiyth; - n`h;kd; thd; uhk;g;Ng

41. INuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpd; xw;iw ehzak; - a+Nuh

42. 1857 Mk; Mz;L ngUk;Gul;rpia Mq;fpy tuyhw;wwpQh;fs; mioj;jJ – giltPuh; fyfk;.

43. ,e;jpa tuyhw;wwpQh;fs; 1857-Mk; Mz;L ngUk; Gul;rpia mioj;jJ

- Kjy; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug;Nghh;.\

44. 1857 ngUk; Gul;rpapd; NghJ ,e;jpahtpd; fth;dh; n[duyhf ,Ue;jth; - fhdpq; gpuG

45. nghJ ,uhZtg; gzpahsh; rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;l Mz;L – 1856

46. Kjd; Kjypy; Gul;rp ntbj;jJ - ghuf;g+h;

47. 1857 Mk; Mz;L Gul;rpf;F gpd; ,e;jpa fth;dh; n[duy; miof;fg;gl;lJ

- ,e;jpa murg;gpujpepjp

48. rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fspd; Kd;Ndhbahfj; jpfo;e;jth; - ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;

49. 1829-Mk; Mz;L tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG rjp vd;Dk; cld;fl;il VWk; gof;fj;ij xopf;f cWJizahf ,Ue;jth; - ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;.

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50. Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjpahy; epWtg;gl;lJ – Mhparkh[k;.

51. ts;syhh; gf;jpg;ghly;fis; mlq;fpa njhFjp – jpUtUl;gh

52. rh;iraJ mfkJfhd; njhlq;fpaJ – mypfhh; ,af;fk;

53. Nfushitr; Nrh;e;j rpwe;j r%f rPh;jpUj;jthjp - = ehuhaz FU

54. gbj;j ,e;jpah;fspd; nkhopahf mike;jJ – Mq;fpyk;

55. rka kw;Wk; r%f rPh;jpUj;jthjpfshy; cUthdJ - Njrpak;.

56. kpjthjpfspd; Nfhhpf;iffis jPtputhjpfs; th;zpj;jJ – murpay; gpr;ir

57. fhq;fpu]py; gpsit Vw;gLj;jpa khehL - #uj;

58. kpz;Nlh – khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jr; rl;lk; jdpj;njhFjpfis mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ

- K];yPk;fs;

59. gk;ghapy; jd;dhl;rp fofj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jth; - jpyfh;

60. Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fhe;jp[p cgNahfpj;j Gjpa Af;jp Kiw – rj;jpahfpufk;

61. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L - [dthp 26> 1950

62. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpy; ,e;jpah;fis <LgLj;jpath; - ypd;ypj;Nfh

63. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; kw;Wk; filrp fth;dh; n[duy; -kTz;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG

64. ,e;jpa rk];jhdq;fis ,izf;Fk; gzpia Nkw;nfhz;lth;

- rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gNly;.

65. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; FbauRj; jiyth; - lhf;lh; ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;

66. nrd;id kfh[d rigapd; Kjy; jiyth; - gp.uq;ifah ehAL

67. Ntjhuz;ak; cg;G rj;jpahfpufj;ij elj;jpath; - ,uh[Nfhgyhr;rhhp

68. 1940 Mk; Mz;L fhkuh[h; thh;jh nrd;W re;jpj;jJ - fhe;jp[p

69. fhkuh[hpd; gpugykhd nfhs;if - “Nf” –jpl;lk;

70. jkpo;ehl;bd; jiyrpwe;j rKjha rPh;jpUj;jthjp - <.Nt.uhkrhkp ehaf;fh;

71. itf;fk; mike;Js;s ,lk; - Nfush

72. lhf;lh; Kj;Jyl;Rkpapd; rPhpa Kaw;rpahy; Gw;WNeha; kUj;Jtkid njhlq;fg; gl;l ,lk; - milahh;

73. mfpy ,e;jpa kfsph; khehL eilngw;w ,lk; - g+dh

74. lhf;lh; Kj;Jyl;Rkpahy; njhlq;fg;gl;l mdhij ,y;yk; - mt;it ,y;yk;.

75. lhf;lh; v];.jUkhk;ghs; jkpo; MrphpaUf;fhf elj;jpa Nghuhl;lk; - ,oT thuk;.

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nghUj;Jf:

1. fh;ehlfg; Nghh;fs; - ,e;jpahtpy; gpnuQ;R Mjpf;f KbT

2. ,dntwpf;nfhs;if - Mg;gphpf;fh

3. gd;dhl;L FbNaw;wk; - rPdh

4. fpskd;R - gpuhd;R

5. Mh;yhz;Nlh - ,j;jhyp

6. yhapl;]; [hh;[; - gphpl;ld;

7. cl;Nuhtpy;rd; - mnkhpf;fh

8;. nfa;rh; tpy;ypak; - n[h;kdp

9. nth;Nry;]; cld;gbf;if - n[h;kdp

10. n[h;kd; cld;gbf;if - M];jphpah

11. gq;Fr;re;ij rhpT - gq;Fr;re;ijfspy; fld; KjyPL

12. nghUshjhug;ngUke;jk; - 1930-fspy; Muk;gk;

13. $l;lhl;rp uprh;t; tq;fp - flDjtpfs;

14. ba+]; - KNrhypdp

15. fUQ;rl;il - KNrhypdpapd; njhz;lh;fs;

16. Xtuh - KNrhypdpapd; ,ufrpa fhty; gil

17. gOg;Gr;rl;ilfs; - `pl;yhpd; njhz;lh;fs;

18. /guh; - jiyth;

19. ];t];jpfh - ehrp rpd;dk;

20. nf];lNgh - `pl;yhpd; ,ufrpa fhty;gil

21. nkapd; fhk;g; - vdJ Nghuhl;lk;

22. mopj;Jg; gpd; thq;Fk; - u~;ah

23. “U” tifg;glFfs; - n[h;khdpa ePh;%o;fpf; fg;gy;

24. Yh/g;l;Nth/g; - n[h;kdp

25. ml;yhz;bf; rhrdk; - vg;.b.&];nty;l;

26. epa+ahh;f; - I.eh.jiyikafk;

27. jw;Nghija I.eh.nghJr;nrayhsh; - ghd;fp %d;

28. mZ Nrhjidj; jilr;rl;lk; - 1963

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29. njhlh; mZ Nrhjid jilr;rl;lk; - 1996

30. a+Nuh - 2002

31. kq;fs; ghz;Nl - guhf;g+h;

32. ,uz;lhk; gfJhh; ~h - nly;yp

33. ,uhzp yl;Rkpgha; - kj;jpa ,e;jpah

34. ngUk; Gul;rp - 1857.

35. tpf;Nlhhpah kfhuhzpapd; Nguwpf;if - kfhrhrdk;

36. etPd ,e;jpahtpd; tpbnts;sp - ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;

37. ,e;J rkaj;jpd; khh;bd; Yhjh; - Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp

38. epa+ ,e;jpah - md;dpngrd;l;

39. ts;syhh; - ,uhkypq;f mbfs;

40. Nfrhp - ghyfq;fhju jpyfh;

41. rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gl;Nly; - ,e;jpahtpd; gp];khh;f;

42. ghz;br;Nrhp - gpnuQ;R gFjpfs;

43. lhf;lh; gp.Mh;.mk;Ngj;fh; - tiuTf;FO

44. nrshp nrsuh - cj;jpugpuNjrk;.

45. gQ;rhg; rpq;fk; - yhyh y[gjpuha;

46. vy;iyfhe;jp - fhd; mg;Jy; fhgh;fhd;

47. rhzf;fpah; - ,uh[h[p

48. muir cUthf;fpath; - fhkuh[h;

49. itf;fk; tPuh; - <.Nt.uhkrhkp nghpahh;

50. tPuj; jkpod;id - lhf;lh; v];.jUkhk;ghs;

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,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. Vfhjpgj;jpak; - tiuaW

xU ehL gpw ehLfspd; gFjpfis tYfl;lhakhf ntd;W mtw;iw jdJ Ml;rpapd; fPo; nfhz;L tUjy;.

2. fhydp Mjpf;fk; vd;why; vd;d ?

FbNaw;wq;fis me;epa ehl;by; Vw;gLj;jp mjd; ,aw;if tsq;fisr; Ruz;Ljy; MFk;.

3. rPdh gd;dhl;L FbNaw;wkhf vt;thW khwpaJ ?

rPd ehl;il ntspehl;lth;fs; jq;fSf;fpilNa tzpf chpikf;fhf gq;fPl;Lf; nfhz;ldh;.

4. ijg;gPq; fyfk; vd;why; vd;d?

fp.gp.1854 Mk; Mz;L kQ;R muRf;Fk; ntspehl;lth;fSf;Fk; vjpuhf rPdh;fs; fyfj;jpy; <L;gl;ldh;. ,f;fyfk; ijg;gpq; fyfk; vdg;gLk;.

5. nghUshjhuk; my;yJ typf;fl;Lg;ghl;ilg;gw;wp vOJf.

typikAs;s ehL> typik Fiwe;j ehl;bd; nkhj;j nghUshjhu mjpfhuq;fis jd; tag;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sjy;

6. Kjy; cyfg; NghUf;fhd cldbf; fhuzk; ahJ ?

M];jphpa ehl;L ,sturiuAk; mtuJ kidtpiaAk; nrh;gpa ehl;L jPtputhj ,isQdhy; nruh[pNth-tpy; nfhy;yg;gl;lJ

7. Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpy; mnkhpf;fh <Lgl fhuzk; vd;d?

mnkhpf;f fg;gyhd Yhrplhdpahit> n[h;khdpa ePh;%o;fpf; fg;gy;fs; %o;fbj;j epfo;Nt Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpy; mnkhpf;fh <Lgl fhuzk; MFk;.

8. nth;nrapy;]; cld;gbf;ifapd; ,uz;L ~uj;Jf;fs; ahit?

1. n[h;;kdpapd; gilgyk; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. 2. n[h;kdpapd; FbNaw;wq;fs; NerehLfshy; gq;fPL nra;ag;gl;ld.

9. rh;tNjr rq;fj;jpd; mq;fq;fs; ahit?

1. nghJr;rig 3.nrayfk; 5. rh;tNjr njhopyhsh; mikg;G 2. eph;thf rig 4.rh;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;

10. nghUshjhuk; ngUke;jk; Njhd;w fhuzq;fs; ahit?

mnkhpf;fg; gq;Fr; re;ijapy; Vw;gl;l rhpT.

kf;fs; fld;thq;fp gq;Fr; re;ijapy; KjyPL nra;jJ. 11. Njrpa njhopy; kPl;Gr;rl;lk; Fwpg;G tiuf.

njhopw;rhiyfspy; rk;gs cah;T> gzp Neuf; Fiwg;G.

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12. ghrprk; - nghUs; $W

ghrprk; vd;Wk; nrhy; ghrp]; vd;Dk; ,yj;jPd; thh;j;ijapy; ,Ue;J Njhd;wpaJ.

,jw;F “$l;L” (m) “FO” vd;W nghUs;

13. ghrprj;jpd; ehd;F Jhz;fs; ahit?

1. xNu jiyik 2. xNu fl;rp Ml;rp 3. gaq;fu thjk; 4. nghUshjhu MSik

14. `pl;yh; vd;d mwptpj;jhh;?

“xNu kf;fs;

xNu ehL

xNu jiyth;”

15. kpa+dpr; cld;gbf;if rpWFwpg;G tiuf.

1. ,q;fpyhe;J gpujkUf;Fk; `pl;yUf;Fk; ,ilNa kpa+dpr; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; Vw;gl;l cld;gbf;if MFk;.

2. mjd;gb #ll;ld; yhe;ij kl;Lk; Mf;fpukpg;G nra;ayhk;. kw;w ,lq;fisf; ifg;gw;wf; $lhJ.

16. ,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghUf;fhd cldbf; fhuzk; vd;d>

1. `pl;yh; Nghye;J topahf ,uhZt rhiy mikf;f chpik Nfhhpdhh;. 2. lhd;rpf; JiwKfj;ij jd;dplk; xg;gilf;f typAWj;jpdhh;. 3. ,jid Nghye;J kWj;jJ.

17. mopj;J gpd; thq;Fk; nfhs;if gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.

1. mopj;J gpd; thq;Fk; nfhs;ifia gpd;gw;wpaJ ,u~;ah. 2. muR mYtyfq;fs;> gaph;fs;> ghyq;fs;> ,Ug;Gg;ghijfs; Nghd;wtw;iw

n[h;kdp ifg;gw;whky; ,Uf;f mtw;iw jhq;fNs mop;j;Jf;nfhz;ldh;.

18. mnkhpf;fh> [g;ghd; kPJ Nghh; njhLf;f fhuzk; vd;d?

1941 brk;gh; 7 Mk;Njjp> [g;ghd; mnkhpf;fhtpw;Fr; nrhe;jkhd Kj;Jj; JiwKfj;ijj; jhf;fpaJ.

19. I.eh.rigapd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fs; ahit?

1. cyf muq;fpy; mikjp> ghJfhg;G> el;GwT> xw;Wik> ey;ypzf;fk; Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

2. rpf;fYf;F mikjpahd Kiwapy; jPh;T fhZjy;.

20. I.eh.tpd; rpwg;G epWtdq;fs; ahit?

1. cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; 2. And];Nfh 3. Adpnrg;

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4. gd;dhl;L njhopyhsh; epWtdk; 5. czT kw;Wk; Ntshz;ik epWtdk; 6. cyf tq;fp

21. I.eh.tpd; rhjidfs; ,uz;bidf; $W

1. 1963 – mZ Nrhjid jil rl;lj;ijAk;

2. 1996 – njhlh; mZ Nrhjid rl;lj;ijAk; epiwNtw;wpaJ. 3. <uhd;> <uhf; Nghiu KbTf;F nfhz;L te;jJ.

22. INuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fs; ahit ?

FbAhpik> FbAhpikia cWjp nra;jy;> rKjha Kd;Ndw;wk;> ghJfhg;ig gyg;gLj;Jjy;> rkePjpia cWjp nra;jy;> Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wik.

23. INuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpd; mq;fq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

INuhg;gpa ehlhSkd;wk;> xd;wpakd;wk;> Mypzak;> ePjpkd;wk;> fzf;fPl;lhsh; kd;wk;.

24. a+Nuhtpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?

rdthp 1> 2002-y; a+Nuh eilKiwf;F te;jJ. ,jd; FwpaPL € .

“tzpf ghpth;j;jidf;fhd jilfis fisfpwJ. jilaw;w tzpfj;ij

Nkd;ikAwr; nra;fpwJ.”

25. ngUk;Gul;rpapy; <Lgl;l Kf;fpaj;jiyth;fs; kw;Wk; Kf;fpa ,lq;fisf;Fwpg;gpLf

1. ,uz;lhk; gfJhh;~h - nly;yp 2. [hd;rpuhzp ,yl;Rkpgha; - kj;jpa ,e;jpah 3. Ngfk; `];uj; k`hy; - yf;Ndh 4. ehdhrhfpg;> jhe;jpahNjhg; - fhd;g+h; 5. fd;th;rpq; - gPfhh;. 6.

26. tpf;Nlhhpah kfhuhzpapd; Nguwpf;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?

1. ,e;jpa kf;fspd; kfhrhrdk; 2. Mq;fpy muNr ,e;jpahit Ml;rp nra;Ak; 3. ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik MSeh; itrpuha; (m) mur gpujpepjp vd;W

miof;fg;gLthh;. 4. ,e;jpahtpd; goikahd gz;ghLk;> gof;f tof;fq;fSk; kjpf;fg;gLk;.

27. 1857 Mk; Mz;L Gul;rpapd; cldbf; fhuzk; ahJ?

1. ,e;jpa ,uhZtj;jpy; Mq;fpNyauhy; Gjpa vd;gPy;L uf Jg;ghf;fp mwpKfg; gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

2. Njhl;lhf;fspy; gR (m) gd;wpapd; nfhOg;G jltg;gl;bUe;jJ. 3. ,ij rpg;gha;fs; cgNahfpf;f kWj;J> Gul;rpapy; <Lgl;ldh;.


28. Mhpa rkh[j;jpd; gzpfs; ahit?

1. Foe;ijj; ;jpUkzk;> gyjhu kzk;> gh;jh mzpAk; Kiw> cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fk; Mfpatw;iw vjph;j;jJ.

2. ngz;fy;tp> fyg;G kzk;> rkge;jp> jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; Kd;Ndw;wk; Mfpatw;wpw;F ghLgl;lJ.

29. ts;syhhpd; Nghjidfs; ahit?

1. rhjp> rka NtWghLfs; mh;j;jkw;wit. 2. midj;J caph;fsplj;Jk; md;G nrYj;Jjy; ([PtfhUz;ak;) 3. kdpj ,dj;jpw;Fr; nra;Ak; njhz;Nl Nkhl;rj;ij miltjw;fhd top. 4. ViofSf;F czT mspg;gNj rpwe;j topghL.

30. gpuk;kQhd rigapd; nfhs;iffs; ahit?

1. kf;fspilNa rNfhjuj;Jt czh;it tsh;j;jy; 2. kf;fspilNa nja;tPf rf;jpfis tsh;g;gJ. 3. gz;ila jj;Jtq;fs;> mwptpay;> ,aw;if epajpfis mwpjy;.

31. 19 Mk; Ehw;whz;bd; r%f kw;Wk; rka rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fspd; tpisTfisf; Fwpg;gpLf:

1. r%ff; nfhLikfshd cld;fl;il VWjy;> Foe;ijj;jpUkzk;> gyjhu kzk;> jPz;lhik Mfpatw;iw xopj;jJ.

2. ngz;fy;tp> tpjit kWkzk;> fyg;G jpUkzk;> rkge;jp czTKiw gyuhYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

3. kf;fspilNa rKjha vOr;rp> Njrpa czh;T ngUfpl toptFj;jJ.

32. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; ahit?

1. rl;lkd;wq;fis tphpTgLj;j Ntz;Lk;. 2. fy;tpiag; gug;g eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 3. gj;jphpf;ifr; Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. 4. ,uhZt nryTfis Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk;. 5. ,e;jpah;fis cah;gjtpfspy; epakpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

33. rpy Kf;fpa kpjthjpfspd; ngah;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

1. S.N. ghdh;[p> nesNuh[p> Nkj;jh> NfhfNy> M.G. uhzNl.

34. 1916 Mk; Mz;L yf;Ndh khehl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ ?

1. kpjthjpfSk;> jPtputhjpfSk; xd;Wgl;ldh;. 2. Rje;jpuk; ngw fhq;fpuRk;> K];yPk;fSk; xd;Wgl;ldh;.

35. 1935 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa muR rl;lk; GFj;jpa khw;wq;fs; ahit?

1. khfhzq;fspy; jd;dhl;rp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 2. khfhzq;fspy; nray;gl;L te;j ,ul;il Ml;rp xopf;fg;gl;lJ. 3. kj;jpapy; $l;lhl;rp murhq;fk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 4. $l;lhl;rp uprh;t; tq;fp epWtg;gLjy;.


36. 1929 Mk; Mz;L yh$h; fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; ,aw;wg;gl;l jPh;khdq;fs; ahit?

1. NeU jiyikapy; eilngw;wJ. 2. G+uz Rje;jpuk; ngWtNj fhq;fpu]pd; Nehf;fk;. 3. khehl;by; %th;zf; nfhb Vw;wg;gl;lJ.

37. mikr;ruit JhJf;FO Fwpg;G tiuf.

1. ngjpf;yhud;];> V.tp.mnyf;]hz;lh;> fphpg;]; %th; mlq;fpa FO ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jJ.

2. murpay; eph;za rig mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd $wpaJ. 3. ,ilf;fhy muR mikf;f ghpe;Jiu nra;jJ.

38. NtYhh; fyfk; Fwpg;G tiuf.

1. 1806 [{iy 10 Mk; ehs; eilngw;wJ. 2. ,e;J tPuh;fs; jq;fs; new;wpapy; rkaf; Fwpfisaplf;$lhJ.

3. K];yPk; tPuh;fs; jhb> kPiria – ntl;bf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 4. jpg;Gtpd; kfd; gNjf; i`jh; muruhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

39. fhkuhrhpd; eyj;jpl;lg;gzpfs; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.

(1) kjpa czT jpl;lk; (2) Gjpa gs;spfisj; jpwe;jhh;> (3) ,ytr fy;tp toq;Fjy;> (4) Ntshz;ikia Nkk;gLj;Jjy;> (5) Gjpa njhopw;rhiyfs; mikj;jhh;.

40. nghpahh; “itf;fk; tPuh;” vd Vd; miof;fg;gl;lhh;?

1. Nfushtpy; cs;s itf;fj;jpy; eilngw;w jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fspd; “Mya

EioT jil rl;lj;ij” vjph;j;Jg;Nghuhbdhh;.. 2. muR rl;lj;ijj; jsh;j;jp midtUk; Myaj;jpw;Fs; Eioayhk; vd

mwptpj;jJ.

3. ,jdhy; nghpahh; “itf;fk; tPuh;” vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;. 41. Njtjhrp Kiw xopg;gpw;F Kj;Jnyl;Rkp nul;bapd; Nghuhl;lj;ij tpsf;Ff.

1. Njtjhrp Kiwia xopf;f ghLgl;lhh;. 2. Nkyit cWg;gpduha; ,Ue;J> fhe;jpabfs;> nghpahh;> jpU.tp.f. Nghd;w

jiyth;fis re;jpj;J jdJ vz;zj;jpw;F MjuT jpul;bdhh;.

jiyg;Gfspy; cs;s midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilasp

1. gpshrp kw;Wk; gf;rhh; Nghh;

m) 1757 Mk; Mz;L tq;fhsj;jpd; ethg;ghf ,Ue;jth; ahh;? –rpuh[; cj;njsyh

M) Jizg;gilj;jpl;lj;jpid mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; ahh; ? nty;ny];yp gpuG

,) ly;n`srp gpuGtpd; nfhs;if ahJ? – thhpR ,og;Gf;nfhs;if.

<) tpf;Nlhhpah kfhuhzpapd; gpufldk; vg;nghOJ ntspaplg;gl;lJ? fp.gp. 1858.


2. ghf;rh; Gul;rp.

m) rPd – [g;ghdpa Nghhpd; tpist ahJ?

rPdh Njhy;tpaile;jJ.

M) rPdh> [g;ghdpw;F mspj;j jP;T ahJ ? - ghh;Nkhrh

,) ghf;rh; fyfj;jpw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ ?

rPdg;Nguurp rPd ,isQh;fis ntspehl;lth; kPJ jpir jpUg;gpdhh;.

<) ghf;rh;fs; vd;d nra;jhh;fs; ?

Mq;fpy> gpnuQ;R> n[h;khdpaf; FbNaw;wq;fis jhf;fpdhh;fs;.

3. Kjy; cyfg; NghUf;fhd cldbf;fhuzk;

m) gh];dpah kw;Wk; i`h;rNfhtpdhit vg;nghOJ M];jphpah ,izj;jJ ?

- 1908

M) M];jphpa ehl;L gl;lj;J ,sturh; ahh;? - gpuhd;]p]; ngh;bdhd;l;

,) mtUf;F Neh;e;jJ vd;d?

nrh;gpa jPtputhj ,isQdhy; Rl;Lf;nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.

<) M];jphpah vd;d nra;jJ ? - nrh;gpah kPJ Nghiu mwptpj;jJ.

4. Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpd; Nghf;F.

m) Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpd;; fhyk; vd;d? – fp.gp. 1914-18.

M) ika ehLfs; ahit?

n[h;kdpAk; mjd; $l;lzp ehLfSk;.

,) Ner ehLfs; ahit ?

,q;fpyhe;Jk; mjd; el;G ehLfSk;.

<) Nghhpy; cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gl;l fUtpfs; ahit?

gPuq;fpg;gil> ePh;%o;fpf; fg;gy;fs;.

5. Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpd; tpisTfs;

m) cld;gbf;ifapd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; vt;thW vOjg;gl;ld ?

mnkhpf;f mjpgh; cl;Nuhtpy;rdpd; 14 mk;r Nfhl;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapy;

vOjg;gl;lJ.


M) n[h;kdp gpuhd;]plk; ,oe;;jit ahit?

my;Nr];> nyhiud;

,) kd;duhl;rpia KbTf;F nfhz;L te;j ehLfs; ahit?

n[h;kdp> ,u~;ah> M];jphpah> JUf;fp.

<) Gjpjhfj; Njhd;wpa FbauRfs; ahit?

nrf;Nfh];Nyhthfpah> Nghye;J.

6. rh;tNjr rq;fk;

m) rh;tNjr rq;fj;jpw;F Kd; Njhd;wpa rpy rh;tNjr mikg;Gfspd; ngah;fis

vOJf.

1) rh;tNjr rKjhak; 2) cyf mikjpf; $l;likg;G 3) Rje;jpu ehLfspd; rh;tNjr rq;fk;

M) rh;tNjr rq;fj;jpd; jiyikafk; vq;F mike;Js;sJ ? - n[dpth.

,) cWg;G ehLfs; jq;fs; gpur;ridfSf;F vt;thW jPh;T fhzNtz;Lk; ?

rh;tNjr rq;fj;jpd; %yk; RKfkhd Kiwapy; jPh;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

<) [g;ghd; vg;NghJ kQ;#hpahitf; ifg;gw;wpaJ? - fp.gp.1931.

7. gpuhq;f;spd; b.U];nty;l;

m) [dhjpgjp Njh;jy; vg;nghOJ eilngw;wJ ? - 1932

M) gpuhq;f;spd; b.&];nty;l; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lhh;? FDR

,) mtuJ Njh;jy; mwpf;if ahJ?

mnkhpf;f kf;fSf;Fg; Gjpa gaDhpikf; nfhs;ifia mh;g;gzpf;f ehd;

cWjpaspf;fpNwd;..

<) mth; cUthf;fpa nfhs;ifapd; ngah; vd;d? - Gjpa rPuikg;Gf;nfhs;if.

8. ghrprf; fl;rp

m) ghrprf; fl;rpiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jth; ahh;? - KNrhypdp.

M) KNrhypdpapd; Kof;fk; gw;wp vOJf : - mjpfg;gil> mjpf kjpg;G..

,) ghrprj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs; vd;d ?

1) ehl;il cah;epiyf;Ff; nfhzh;jy; 2) jdpkdpjdpd; cilikfisg; ghJfhj;jy; 3) Mw;wy; kpf;f ntspAwTf; nfhs;if.


<) ghrprj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs; vd;d?

1) vy;yhk; ehl;bw;fhfNt 2) ehl;bw;F vjpuhf vJTkpy;iy. 3) ehl;bw;F ntspNa vJTkpy;iy.

9. mlhy;/g; `pl;yh;

m) mlhy;/g; `pl;yh; vq;F gpwe;jhh;? - M];jphpah

M) mth; je;ijapd; njhopy; vd;d ? – Rq;f mjpfhhp

,) `pl;yh; vjidj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;? – Njrpa rkjh;kthjpfs; (ehrprf;fl;rp)

<) `pl;yh; vOjpa Gj;jfj;jpd; ngah; vd;d? - vdJ Nghuhl;lk;.

10. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; - fhuzq;fs;

m) [g;ghd;-,j;jhy;p-n[h;kdp nra;J nfhz;l cld;gbf;if ahJ?

Nuhk; - ngh;ypd; - Nlhf;fpNah xg;ge;jk;

M) Kjy; cyfg;NghUf;Fg; gpd; Vw;gl;l rpy murpay; nfhs;iffisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

[dehafk;> nghJTilik> ghrprk;> ehrprk;.

,) ty;yuR ehLfspd; jiyth;fs; gpd;gw;wpa nfhs;iffs; gw;wp vOJf.

Nghypahd mikjpf;nfhs;if.

<) `pl;yh; vij kPwpdhh; ? - kpa+dpr; cld;gbf;ifia kPwpdhh;.

11. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpd; KbT.

m) mnkhpf;f gphpl;b~; gilfs; vq;F fskpwq;fpd? - ehh;kz;b.

M) ,th;fs; ahUld; ,ize;J nfhz;ldh;? – gpuhd;rpy; ,Ue;j csTg;gilAld;

,) `pl;yh; vd;d nra;jhh;? – jw;nfhiy nra;Jnfhz;lhh;.

<) mnkhpf;fh `pNuh~pkh kw;Wk; ehfrhfp kPJ vg;nghOJ mZFz;Lfis

tPrpaJ? - 1945> Mf];l; 6 kw;Wk; 9-k; Njjp.

12. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpd; tpisTfs;

m) [g;ghidf; ifg;gw;wpaJ ahh;? – mnkhpf;f gilj;jsgjp n[duy; nkf; Mh;jh;

M) ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUf;Fg;gpd; Njhd;wpa ,U ty;yuRfs; ahit?

- mnkhpf;fh > ,u~;ah.

,) NghUf;Fg;gpd; Rje;jpuk;; ngw;w ehLfs; ahit?

- ,e;jpah> ,yq;if> gh;kh> vfpg;J> kNyrpah. <) If;fpa ehLfs; rig Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ Vd; ?

- cyf muq;fpy; mikjp> ghJfhg;G> xw;Wik kw;Wk; ey;ypzf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;j I.eh.rig Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.


13. I.eh.tpd; Kf;fpa rhjidfs;.

m) I.eh.nra;J nfhz;l Kf;fpa cld;gbf;iffisf; Fwpg;gpLf

1. 1963 - mZNrhjid jilr;rl;lk;

2. 1996 – njhlh; mZ Nrhjid jilr;rl;lk;.

M) Rw;Wr;#oy; Nkk;ghl;L khehL vq;F elj;jg;gl;;lJ? - hpNah-b-n[dpNuh.

,) midj;J ehLfSk; vjid Vw;Wf;nfhz;ld? - mwpf;if 21

<) #a]; fhy;tha; gpur;ridia I.eh. vt;thW KbTf;F nfhz;L te;jJ?

I.eh.jdJ mikjpg;gilia vfpg;Jf;F mDg;gp #a]; fhy;tha; rpf;fiy

KbTf;F nfhz;L te;jJ..

14. INuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpd; rhjidfs;

m) INuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpd; xw;iw ehzaj;jpd; FwpaPL vd;d? – a+Nuh €

M) INuhg;gpa xw;iw ehzak; vijf; fisfpwJ ?

- tzpfg; ghpth;j;jidf;fhd jilfis fisfpwJ.

,) INuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpy; jw;NghJ vj;jid cWg;G ehLfs; cs;sd?

– 27 ehLfs;

<) INuhg;gpa xd;wpa Muha;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fSf;F epjp xJf;Fk; mikg;G vJ? - INuhg;gpa Muha;r;rp Mizak;.

15. 1857 Mk; Mz;L Gul;rpf;fhd murpay; fhuzq;fs;

m) Jizg;gilj;jpl;lj;jpid mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; ahh;? - nty;ny];yp gpuG

M) ly;n`srp gpuG mwpKfg;gLj;jpa nfhs;if ahJ? – thhpR ,og;Gf;nfhs;if.

,) ,uz;lhk; gfJhh;~h kPJ Mq;fpNyah; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;if ahJ?

- rpiwgpbf;fg;gl;L uq;$Df;F ehL flj;jg;gl;lhh;.

<) ehdh rhfpg; jdJ ntWg;ig Mq;fpNyah; kPJ mjpfg;gLj;jpaJ Vd;?

- mtUf;F toq;fg;gl;L te;j Xa;t+jpak; epWj;jg;gl;ljhy;.

16. kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpy; ngUk; Gul;rp

m) kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpy; Gul;rpia topelj;jpr; nrd;wth; ahh;?

- [hd;rp uhzp ,yl;Rkpgha;.

M) ,uhzp ,yl;Rkpgha; ifg;gw;wpa efuk; vJ? - Fthypah;

,) ,uhzp ,yl;Rkpghapd; KbT vd;d?


- 1858-y; eilngw;w Nghhpy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.

<) jhe;jpah Njhg;gpw;F epfo;e;jJ vd;d? – ifJ nra;ag;gl;L nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.

17. gpuk;k rkh[k;

m) gpuk;k rkh[j;jpid epWtpah; ahh; ? - ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;

M) ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; gapd;w nkhopfs; ahit?

- muhgpf;> rk];fpUjk;> ghurPfk;> Mq;fpyk;> gpnuQ;R> ,yj;jPd;> fpNuf;fk;.

,) ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; vOjpa Gj;jfq;fs; ahit?

1) VR fpwp];Jtpd; fl;lisfs;. 2) mikjpf;Fk; kfpo;r;rpf;Fk; top.

<) gpuk;k rkh[j;jpd; ek;gpf;if ahJ?

„xNu flTs;‟ vd;w mbg;gilapy; „ nghJ rkaj;jpy;‟.

18. Mhpa rkh[k;.

m) Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjpapd; ,aw;ngah; vd;d? - %y; rq;fh;.

M) Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjpapd; FU ahh;? - tpuh[de;jh;.

,) Rthkp jahde;jh; nfhs;if vd;d? - Ntjq;fis Nehf;fpr; nry;.

<) Mhpa rkh[k; vjid Mjhpj;jJ ?

ngz; fy;tp> fyg;G kzk;> rkge;jp czTKiw> ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw;wk;.

19. ,uhkfpU~;z klk;

m) ,uhkfpU~;z guk`k;rh; vd;gth; ahh;? - fhsp Nfhtpy; mh;r;rfh;.

M) ,uhkfpU~;z klj;jpid epWtpath; ahh;? - tpNtfhde;jh;.

,) cyf rka khehL vq;F vg;nghOJ eilngw;wJ ?

- 1893-y; mnkhpf;fhtpy; rpf;fhNfh efhpy; eilngw;wJ. -

<) cyf rka khehl;by; ,e;J rkaj;jpd; gpujpepjpahf fye;J nfhz;lth; ahh;?

- tpNtfhde;jh;.

20. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];

m) ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; vg;nghOJ Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ? - 1885.

M) ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; ahUila MNyhridahy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ ?

- A.O. `{a+k;.

,) fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; khehL vq;F eilngw;wJ? ,jw;F jiyik jhq;fpath;


ahh;? - Kk;ig> W.C. ghdh;[p.

<) fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;l jiyth;fs; rpyiuf; Fwpg;gpLf.

et;Nuh[p> S.N.ghdh;[p> khstpah> M.G.uhdNl> NfhfNy> Nkj;jh> Rg;ukzpaIah;

21. [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy

m) ifJ nra;ag;gl;l Kf;fpa jiyth;fs; ahh;?

- Dr. rha;Gjpd; fpr;RY> Dr.rj;aghy;.

M) kf;fs; vq;F $bdh; ?

- mkph;jru]py; cs;s [hypad; thyhghf; g+q;fhtpy; $bdh;.

,) mkph;jru]pd; Mq;fpy ,uhZt jsgjp ahh;? - n[duy; lah;.

<) ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$h; nra;jJ vd;d? - iel;Tl; gl;lj;ij Jwe;jhh;.

22. kTz;l; Ngl;ld; jpl;lk;

m) 1947-Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa fth;dh; n[duyhfg; gjtpNaw;wth; ahh;?

- kTz;l; Ngl;ld; .

M) Mq;;fpNya filrp fth;dh; n[duy; ahh;? - kTz;l; Ngl;ld;.

,) kTz;l; Ngl;ld; jpl;lk; vd;why; vd;d?

,e;jpa a+dpad; vd;Wk; ghfp];jhd; a+dpad; vd;Wk; ,UehLfshfg;

gphpf;fg;gLk;.

<) kTz;l; Ngl;ld; jpl;lj;jpw;F fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; K];yPk; yPf;fpd; gpujpgypg;G

vd;d ? - fhq;fpu];> K];ypk;yPf; Vw;Wf;nfhz;ld.

23. Nf. fhkuh[h;

m) fhkuh[h; vg;gb murpaypy; Eioe;jhh;?

- 1924 Mk; Mz;L itf;fk; rj;jpahfpuf Nghuhl;lj;jpy;> <Lgl;ljd; %ykhf. M) 1930-y; vq;F rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;lhh;? - mypg;g+h; rpiwapy;

,) 1947-k; Mz;L ,e;jpa Njrpa nfhbia vq;F Vw;wpdhh;?

- rj;jpa%h;j;jpapd; tPl;by; nfhbia Vw;wpdhh;.

<) fhkuh[h; vg;nghOJ ,we;jhh; ? - 1975.


22. Rakhpahij ,af;fk;

m) Rakhpahij ,af;fj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jth; ahh;? - <.nt.uh. nghpahh;.

M) Rakhpahij ,af;fk; Vd; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ ?

- rKjhaj;jpy; ghh;g;gdh;fspd; Mjpf;fj;;ij fLikahf vjph;j;J

Rakhpahij ,af;fk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.

,) ,e;j ,af;fk; vg;nghOJ Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ ? - 1925.

<) Rakhpahij ,af;fj;jpd; njhlh; Nghuhl;l tpisthf muR ,aw;wpa

rl;lq;fis vOJf - ,e;J rka mwepiyar; rl;lk;.

tuyhW

5 kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit ?

njhopw;Gul;rp : njhopw;Gul;rpapd; fhuzkhf nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jp mjpfhpj;jJ. nghUl;fis tpw;f re;ijfs; Njitg;gl;ljhy; Mrpa> Mg;gphpf;f ehLfspy; FbNaw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpd.

Njrpa kakhf;fy;: Njrpa kakhf;fg;gl;l ehLfs; jq;fs; ngUikia epiyehl;l tsh;r;rp Fd;wpa ehLfspd; kPJ Mjpf;fk; nra;a tpUk;gpd.

rkepiy Mjpf;fk; : rkepiy Mjpf;fj;ij epiyehl;l INuhg;gpa ehLfs; FbNaw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpd.

Gjpa topj;jlq;fs; fz;Lgpbg;G: Mrpa> Mg;gphpf;f fz;lq;fis mila fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;l Gjpa topj;jlq;fs; Vfhjpgj;jpa nfhs;ifia Cf;Ftpj;jd.

kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fk; : kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fk;> Ntiyap;d;ik Mfpait Vfhjpgj;jpaj;ij Jhz;baJ.

2. Vfhjpagj;jpaj;jpd; tpisTfs; ahit ?

ed;ikfs; :

1. FbNaw;w ehLfspy; Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhiy njhlh;G Jiwapy; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

2. Gjpa tptrha Kiwfis ifahz;L czT nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpia mjpfhpj;jd.

3. fy;tp> kUj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Rfhjhu Jiwfis Nkk;gLj;jpd. 4. FbNaw;w ehLfspy; cs;s kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juj;ij cah;j;jpd.

jPikfs;:

1. FbNaw;w ehLfs; Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;jd. 2. mth;fs; mbikfshf elj;jg;gl;ldh;. 3. FbNaw;w ehLfs; re;ijfshf tpsq;fpd. 4. ,dNtWghl;Lf; nfhs;if gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. 5. Ntiyapd;ikAk; Vo;ikAk; mjpfhpj;jd.


3. Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpd; tpisTfs; ahit?

,g;Nghh; nghUshjhu Nrjj;ijAk;> caphpog;igAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

rh;tNjr rq;fk; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ.

gy;NtW ehLfspy; kd;duhl;rp xopf;fg;gl;lJ.

n[h;kdpapd; gilgyk; Fiwf;fg;gl;L> mjd;kPJ Nghh; ,og;gPL Rkj;jg;gl;lJ.

ntw;wp ngw;w ehLfs; Njhy;tpAw;w ehLfs; kPJ rhjfkw;w cld;gbf;iffis Vw;Wf;nfhs;SkhW tw;GWj;jpdh;.

4. rh;tNjr rq;fj;jpd; rhjidfis tpsf;Ff;.

cyf ehLfspd; fy;tpj;juj;ij cah;j;jpaJ.

mfjpfs; kw;Wk; njhO Nehahspfs; kWtho;tpw;fhf NgUjtp Ghpe;jJ.

cyf ehLfSf;fpilNa Vw;gl;l gy;NtW gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPh;T fz;Ls;sJ.

fphP]; - gy;Nfhpahtpw;F ,ilNa Vw;gl;l vy;iyg;gpur;ridia jPh;j;J itj;jJ

Nghye;J – n[h;kdp ,ilNa Nghh; Vw;gLtijj; jtph;j;jJ.

5. F.D. &];nty;l; mwptpj;j epthuzk;> Gduikg;G kw;Wk; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; gw;wp tphpthd tpilasp.

Gjpa gaDhpik nfhs;ifia nfhz;L te;jhh;.

nld;drp gs;sj;jhf;F jpl;lk;: njhopw; ngUf;fk;> tptrhak; Cf;Ftpj;jy; > kz;tsk;> td tsk; ghJfhj;jy;.

$l;lhl;rp mtru epthuz eph;thfk; : khepy> cs;shl;rpfSf;F epjp toq;fg;gl;lJ.

$l;lhl;rp uprh;t; tq;fp : njhopw;rhiyfSf;F fld; toq;fpaJ.

ghJfhg;G ghpth;j;jidr;rl;lk;: gq;Fr; re;;ij chpkk;.

Njrpa njhopy; kPl;Gr;rl;lk;: rk;gs cah;T> gzpNeuf; Fiwg;G

6. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; Vw;gl fhuzq;fspy; VNjDk; Ie;jpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.

1. nth;nrapy;]; cld;gbf;ifapd; FiwghLfs; 1. n[h;kdpapd; FbNaw;wq;fs; gwpf;fg;gl;ld. 2. ,uhZt gyk; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ 3. n[h;kdpapd; gopthq;Fk; vz;zk;.

2. [g;ghdpd; vOr;rp 1. njhopy; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp Vw;gl;ljhy; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;ij

gpd;gw;wpaJ.

3. rh;thjpfhu vOr;rp : `pl;yh;> KNrhypdpapd; Nghh; kw;Wk; ifg;gw;WjNy ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUf;Ftop tFj;jd.

4. mr;R ehLfspd; $l;L: n[h;kdp> ,j;jhyp> [g;ghd; Mfpa ehLfs; Nrh;e;J Nuhk;- ngh;ypd;- Nlhf;fpNah $l;lzpia cUthf;fpdh;.

5. cldbf;fhuzk; : `pl;yh; Nghye;J topahf ,uhZt rhiy mikf;f chpik Nfhhpdhh;. ,ij Nghye;J kWj;jJ.


7. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpd; tpisTfs; ahit ?

Rkhh; 50 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; caphpoe;jdh;.

Vuhskhd nghUshjhu mopit Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

n[h;kdp ,uz;lhfg; gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.

mnkhpf;fh [g;ghid ifg;gw;wpaJ.

rh;thjpfhu Ml;rp KbTf;F te;jJ.

mnkhpf;fhTk; u~;ahTk; ty;yuRfshf khwpd.

I.eh.rig Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.

8. I.eh.tpd; Kf;fpakhd rhjidfs; ahit?

gy;NtW gd;dhl;L gpur;ridfSf;F mikjpahd Kiwapy; jPh;T fz;Ls;sJ.

,];Nuy; - ghy];jPd Nghiu KbTf;F nfhz;L te;Js;sJ.

<uhd;- <uhf; Nghiu KbTf;F nfhz;Lte;jJ.

1963 Mk; Mz;L – mZNrhjid jil rl;lj;ij epiwNtw;wpaJ.

1996 Mk; Mz;L - njhlh; mZNrhjid jil rl;;lj;ij epiwNtw;wpaJ.

hpNahb n[dpNuhtpy; - Rw;Wr;#oy; khehl;bd; “mwpf;if 21” midj;J ehLfSk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;ld.

I.eh. jdJ mikjpg;gilia vfpg;Jf;F mDg;gp> #a]; fhy;tha; gpur;ridia KbTf;F nfhz;L te;jJ.

9. 1857 Mk; Mz;L ngUk; Gul;rpf;fhd eph;thf kw;Wk; ,uhZtf; fhuzq;fis tpthp.

eph;thf fhuzq;fs;:

ghurPf nkhopf;Fg;gjpyhf Mq;fpy nkhopia GFj;jpaJ.

mjpfkhd epythp t#ypf;fg;gl;lJ.

,e;jpah;fSf;F cah;gjtp kWf;fg;gl;lJ.

,uhZtf; fhuzq;fs;:

,e;jpa rpg;gha;fSf;F Fiwe;j Cjpak; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.

rpg;gha;fSf;F gjtp cah;T mspf;fg;gltpy;iy.

,th;fs; fly;fle;J gzp Ghpa Ntz;b ,Ue;jJ.

10. 1857 Mk; Mz;L Gul;rp Njhy;tpaile;jjw;fhd fhuzq;fis tpthp?

Gul;rpahsh;fSf;fpilNa xw;Wikapd;ik.

Gul;rp ehL KOtJk; guttpy;iy.

gbj;j ,e;jpah;fs; Gul;rpia Mjhpf;ftpy;iy.

Gul;rpahsh;fs; etPd Nghh;f;fUtpfisf; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.

Gul;rpia topelj;j rpwe;j gilj;jsgjpapd;ik

Gul;rpahsh;fspilNa xUkpj;j Fwpf;Nfhs; ,y;iy.

Mq;fpNyah;fspd; gphpj;jhSk; nfhs;if.


11. 1857Mk; ;Mz;L Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs; ahit?

Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp Ml;rp KbTf;F te;jJ.

,e;jpah> Mq;fpy murpd; Neub Ml;rpapd; fPo; te;jJ.

,af;Feh; FOTk;> fl;Lg;ghl;L FOTk; fiyf;fg;gl;lJ.

,e;jpa muR nrayh; xUth; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

,e;jpa kd;dh;fSf;F jj;J vLf;Fk; chpik toq;fg;gl;lJ.

,e;jpa ,uhZtk; Kw;wpYk; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ.

12. Njrpa ,;af;fk; Njhd;Wtjw;fhd Ie;J fhuzq;fisf; $Wf.

Mq;fpy Vfhjpgj;jpak; : ,e;;jpahtpy; Njrpaj;ijAk; xw;WikiaAk; epiyehl;baJ.

INuhg;gpa ehLfSld; njhlh;G: n[h;kdp> ,j;jhyp If;fpakile;jijg; NghyNt jhq;fSk; tpLjiyg; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd vz;zpdh;.

etPd jfty; njhlh;G kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J: kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis ehl;bd; %iy KLf;fpw;nfy;yhk; vLj;Jr;nrd;wJ.

,e;jpaj;jiyth;fs; : ,e;jpah;fspilNa jd;dk;gpf;if> Gj;Jzh;T kw;Wk; ehl;Lg; gw;iwj; Jhz;bdh;.

mr;rfKk; nra;jpj;jhs;fSk;: kf;fspilNa Njrpa tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;jpd.

13. 1920-22 Mk; m;z;L xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd; gbepiyfis tpsf;Ff ? xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; iftplg;gl;lJ Vd; ?

Kjy;epiy: Mq;fpy murplkpUe;J ngw;w gjtpfisAk;> gl;lq;fisAk; tpUJ fisAk; Jwe;jdh;.

,uz;lhk; epiy: Ntiy epWj;jk;> muR mYtyfq;fs;> gs;spfs;> fy;Yhhpfs; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;ld.

%d;whk; epiy: thpnfhlh ,af;fk; ;njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.

1922 ;Mk; Mz;L nrshp nrsuh rk;gtj;jhy; xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; cldbahf iftplg;gl;lJ.

14. %d;W tl;lNki[ khehLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ff.

,e;jpa murpay; gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPh;T fhZk; Kaw;rpapy; tl;lNki[ khehLfs; ,yz;ldpy; eilngw;wJ.

Kjy; tl;lNki[ khehL : 1930. fhq;fpu]; fl;rp ,k;khehl;by; fye;J nfhs;stpy;iy. ,jdhy; ,k;khehL Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ.

,uz;lhk; tl;lNki[ khehL:1931 fhe;jp ,h;tpd; xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb fhe;jpabfs; ,k;khehl;by; fye;J nfhz;lhh;. KO Rje;jpuk;> tFg;G gpur;rpidfSf;F jPh;T vl;lg;gltpy;iy. vdNt ,k;khehL Njhy;tpAw;wJ.

%d;whk; tl;lNki[ khehL : 1932 fhq;fpu]; jiyth;fs; ,k;khehl;by; gq;F ngwtpy;iy. vdNt ,k;khehL Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ.

15. nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; - Fwpg;G tiuf.


fphpg;]; JhJf;FOtpd; Njhy;tp - fhe;jpabfspd; Nghf;fpy; khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;L te;jJ.

fhe;jpabfs;> Mq;fpNyah; ,e;jpa ehl;iltpl;L ntspNaw Ntz;Lnkdf; Nfhhpdhh;.

KOr; Rje;jpuk; jtpu NtW vjpYk; jpUg;jp milakhl;Nld;.

“ nra; my;yJ nrj;J kb”

Kf;fpaj; jiyth;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ljhy; ehnlq;Fk; td;Kiwf; fytuq;fs; ntbj;jd.

fhyf;NfhL

1. 1856 - nghJ ,uhZt gzpahsh; rl;lk; 2. 1857 - ngUk; Gul;rp

3. 1858 - tpf;Nlhhpah kfhuhzpapd; Nguwpf;if

4. 1875 - Mhpa rkh[k; 5. 1885 - ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; Njhw;wk;

6. 1893 - cyf rka khehL 7. 1897 - ,uhkfpU~;z klk;

8. 1905 - tq;fg;g;p;hptpid / RNjrp ,af;fk;

9. 1906 - K];yPk; yPf; fl;rp Njhw;wk; 10. 1907 - #uj; gpsT

11. 1909 - kpz;Nlh – khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jk;

12. 1911 - tq;fg;gphptpid ePf;fk;

13. 1914 - Kjy; cyfg;Nghh; njhlf;fk;

14. 1916 - jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; / yf;Ndh xg;ge;jk;

15. 1917 - Mf];L mwpf;if

16. 1918 - Kjy; cyfg;Nghh; 17. 1919 - nusyl; rl;lk;> [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy 18. 1920 - xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; 19. 1922 - nrshp nrsuh rk;gtk; 20. 1923 - Rauh[;[paf; fl;rp Njhw;wk; 21. 1927 - irkd; FO 22. 1928 - irkd; FO ,e;jpah tUif 23. 1929 - yh$h; fhq;fpu]; khehL

24. 1930 - cg;G rj;jpahfpufk; / Kjy; tl;lNkir khehL

25. 1931 - fhe;jp - ,h;tpd; xg;ge;jk; / ,uz;lhk; tl;lNkir khehL

26. 1932 - g+dh xg;ge;jk; / %d;whk; tl;lNkir khehL. 27. 1935 - ,e;jpa murpayig;Gr; rl;lk; 28. 1939 - ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; njhlf;fk;

29. 1940 - Mf];L ed;nfhil / ,U ehLfs; nfhs;if

30. 1942 - fphpg;]; JhJf;FO / nts;isaNd ntspNaW> ,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtk;

31. 1945 - ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; KbT. 32. 1946 - mikr;ruit JhJf;FO - ,ilf;fhy muR 33. 1947 - kTz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk; > ,e;jpa tpLjiy 34. 1948 - fhe;jpabfs; kiwT 35. 1949 - ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr;rl;lk; Vw;G 36. 1950 - ,e;jpah FbauR> jpl;lf;FO 37. 1955 - ghz;Lq; khehL 38. 1963 - mZNrhjid jil rl;lk;. 39. 1992 - Rw;W #oy; Nkk;;ghL


40. 1995 - I.eh. nghd;tpoh 41. 1996 - njhlh; mZ Nrhjid jil rl;lk;.


Gtpapay;

xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:

1. ghf; ePh; re;jp ……………. it ,e;jpahtpypUe;J gphpf;fpwJ. -=yq;fh

2. ,e;jpahtpd; eLNt nry;Yk; kpf Kf;fpa jPh;f;ff;NfhL … eLNt nry;fpwJ –

myfhghj;.

3. ,e;jpahtpd; caukhd rpfuk; - fhl;tpd; M];bd;

4. fq;if Mw;wpd; gpwg;gplk; - fq;Nfhjhp

5. ,kakiyfs; - vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd – gdp ciwtplk;.

6. ,e;jpahtpy; epyTtJ – ntg;g kz;ly gUtf;fhw;W fhy epiy.

7. njd;Nkw;F gUtfhw;W jpirf;F ,izahf mike;js;s kiyfs; - Muty;yp.

8. Nfhil gUtj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpd; tlfpof;F gFjpapy; tPRk; cs;@h; Gaypd; ngah;

…………….. ehh;nt];lh;];

9. flw;fiu gFjpfspy; epyTtJ ………. rkkhd fhyepiy.

10. gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhLfs; ………… vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd - ,iyAjph; fhLfs;.

11. NkhNdhirl; kzypy; fhzg;gLk; jhJ ………..ANudpak;.

12. ney; mjpfkhf tpisAk; kz; ……….. tz;ly; kz;.

13. Njapiy kw;Wk; fhg;gp gaph; mjpfkhf tpisAk; ,lk; …… kiyr;rhpT.

14. twl;rpapYk; tsUk; gaph; …….. jpid tif.

15. gUj;jp xU ………. gzg;gaph;.

16. gUj;jpahiy xU …… Ntshz; rhh;e;j njhopyfk;.

17. ,e;jpahtpd; khd;nr];lh; vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ ……. Kk;ig.

18. lhlh v/F epWtdk; mike;Js;s ,lk; ……… [hk;n~l;g+h;.

19. NrhlhehfGhp gPlg+kp ……… tsj;jpw;F Gfo; ngw;wJ - fdpk tsk;.

20. kpd;dpay; jiyefuk; vd miof;fg;gLtJ …. ngq;f@U

21. XilfspYk;> VhpfspYk; ,aw;if rj;J mjpfhpg;gJ – kpifa+l;l tsKWjy;.

22. ,aw;if fhw;W khriltjw;F Kf;fpaf; fhuzk; - thfd Gif.


23. ePh;khriltij ………….. vd;fpNwhk;. ePh;khriljy;.

24. xU ehl;bd; vy;iyf;Fs; eilngWk; tzpfk; - cs;ehl;L tzpfk;.

25. ek;ehl;by; Fiwe;j nryT kw;Wk; midtuhYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Nghf;Ftuj;J –

rhiy top.

26. ,e;jpa ,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; jiyikak; cs;s ,lk; - nly;yp.

27. Ntfk; kw;Wk; tpiy cah;e;j etPd Nghf;Ftuj;J – thd;top Nghf;Ftuj;J.

28. thd;top Gifg;glq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tiuag;gLk; tiug;glq;fs; - nrq;Fj;J

tiug;glq;fs;.

29. nghUis fz;Lgbf;Fk; topKiwia …….. vd;W miof;fpNwhk; - ,yf;F.

30. kpd;fhe;jk; gpujpgypg;gij fz;lwpAk; fUtp – czhp.

nghUj;Jf:

1. Gdpj jyk; - Nfjhh;ehj;.

2. juha; - rJg;Gepyk;.

3. yhth gPlg+kp - khsth gPlg+kp

4. Nfushtpy; cs;s nghpa Vhp - Ntk;gehL.

5. gUt kio ntbg;G - [Pd; Kjy; nrg;lk;gh;

6. ehh;nt];lh;]; - tlfpof;F ,e;jpahtpd; jyf;fhw;W.

7. mjpf kio ngWk; gFjp - nksrpd;uhk;> rpug;g+d;[p.

8. fhpry; kz; - gUj;jp gaph;.

9. gOg;G epyf;fhp - xUtif epyf;fhp.

10. NfhJik - gQ;rhg;.

11. Mg;gps; - `pkhr;ry gpuNjrk;.

12. ug;gh; - Nfush

13. rzy; / rzy; njhopyfk; - Nkw;F tq;fhsk;.

14. thfd njhopyfk; - jkpo;ehL.

15. nkd; nghUs;njhopyfk; - fh;ehlfk;.


16. ,Uk;G v/F njhopyfk; - Nrhl;lh ehfGhp kz;lyk;.

17. ,e;jpahtpd; rh;f;fiu fpz;zk; - cj;jpu gpuNjrk;.

18. kj;jpa ,uapy;Nt - Kk;ig

19. njw;F ,uapy;Nt - nrd;id.

20. tlf;F ,uapy;Nt - nly;yp

21. epy msit - Vuhskhd topfs;.

22. njhiy Ez;Zzh;T - Gtp jfty; njhFjp.

23. fhw;wpy; kpjf;Fk; gY}d; - gpuQ;R Nkg;gpayhsh;fs;.

24. tpkhdk; - Kiwahd thd;top epow;glk;.

25. bI Mh;Xv]; (TIROS) - mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehLfs;.

,U kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:

1. ,kakiyapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,uz;bidf; $Wf?

1.,e;jpahtpd; ,aw;if muzhf mike;Js;sJ.

2. ,kakiy me;epa gilnaLg;ig jLf;fpwJ.

2. ,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa ,aw;if mikg;Gg; gphpTs; ahit?

1.tlf;F kiyfs;> 2.tl,e;jpa ngUk; rkntspfs;> 3. jPgfw;g gPlg+kp 4.

flw;fiur; rkntspfs; 5. jPTfs;.

3. ,e;jpahtpd; tlf;F kiyfspYs;s ,uz;L Kf;fpa Gdpjj; jyq;fis Fwpg;gpLf?

1. mkh;ehj;> 2. Nfjhh;ehj; 3. gj;hpehj;. 4. it~;ztp Njtp Nfhtpy;.

4. ,e;jpaj; jPTf; $l;lq;fs; ahit?

1. me;jkhd; epf;Nfhghh; jPTfs;> 2. ,yl;rj;jPTfs;.

5. ,e;jpa fhyepiyia eph;zapf;Fk; fhuzpfspd; ngah;fis vOJf?

1. ml;rq;fs;> 2. cauk;> 3. flypypUe;J J}uk;. 4. fhw;W. 5. kiyfspd; mikT.

6. gUtf;fhw;W vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?


1. khd;#d; vd;w nrhy; nksrpk; vd;w mNugpar; nrhy;yhFk;.

2. Nfhilf;fhyj;jpw;Fk; Fsph;fhyj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa jq;fsJ jpiria KOtJk;

khw;wpf; nfhz;L tPRk; fhw;WfSf;F gUtfhw;W vd;W ngah;.

7. kpf mjpf kiongWk; gFjpfspd; ngah;fis Fwpg;gpLf?

1. fpof;F ,kakiyapd; njw;F rhpT. 2. m];]hk; 3. Nkw;F tq;fhsk;.

4. nfhq;fzk;> 5. kyghh; flw;fiu.

8. gUtkio ntbg;G vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?

njd; Nkw;F gUtfhyk; Muk;gj;jpy;> ,b kpd;dYld; $ba kioia

mspg;gijNa „gUtkio ntbg;G‟ vd;gh;.

9. ,aw;if tsk; vd;why; vd;d?

md;whl tho;tpd; Njitfis epiwT nra;a ,aw;ifapypUe;J ngwg;gLk;

nghUl;fis ,aw;if tsq;fs; vd;fpNwhk;.

10. ,e;jpahtpy; ikf;fh cw;gj;jpahFk; ,lq;fs; ahit?

1. Me;jpugpuNjrk;. 2. [hh;f;fz;l;. 3.gPfhh;. 4. ,uh[];jhd;.

11. Ntshz; njhopiy eph;zapf;Fk; fhuzpfs; ahit?

1.epyj;Njhw;wk; 2.fhyepiy 3.kz;tif 4.ePh;.

12. Ntshz; njhopypd; tiffs; ahit?

1. goikahd Ntshz;ik.

2. jd;dpiwT Nthsz;ik.

3. tzpf Ntshz;ik.

4. Njhl;l Nthz;ik.

13. ,e;jpa Nthsz;ikapd; gUt fhyq;fs; ahit?

1. fhhp/g;.

2. uhgp gaph;fs;.

3. iraj; gaph;fs;.

14. jpiz tifg;gaph;fs; vq;F Vd; gaphplg;gLfpd;wd?

1. kj;jpa gpuNjrk;> 2. Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> 3.jkpo;ehL 4. Xhprh 5.gPfh; Mfpa

khepyq;fspy; gaphplg;gLfpwJ.

,g;gaph;fs; tskw;w kz;zpYk;> twl;rpiaj; jhq;FtjhfTk; cs;sjhy; mq;F

gaphplg;gLfpd;wd.

15. gUj;jp tpisAkplq;fisf; $Wf?


F[uhj;> kfhuh~;buk;> Me;jpugpuNjrk;> fh;ehlfh> jkpo;ehL> gQ;rhg;> kj;jpa

gpuNjrk;.

16. Njhl;lg; gaph;fs; ahit?

Njapiy> fhg;gp> ,ug;gh;> goq;fs;> fha;fwpfs;.

17. cw;gj;jp vd;why; vd;d?

,aw;if tsq;fis EfUk; nghUl;fshf khw;WtNj cw;gj;jp MFk;.

18. rzy; nghUl;fs; ahit?

1. rzy; igfs; 2. $lhuj;Jzp 3.rpg;gg;igfs; 4.tiyg;igfs;.

5.Nfhzpg;igfs;.

19. njhopy; miktplj;ij eph;zapf;Fk; fhuzpfs; ahit?

1. %yg;nghUl;fs; 2.vhprf;jp 3.Nghf;Ftuj;J 4.kdpj rf;jp 5.ePh;tsk; 6.re;ij.

7.murhq;f nfhs;iffs;.

20. Ntshz; rhh;e;j njhopyfq;fs; ahit?

1. gUj;jp Miyfs;.

2. rzy; Miyfs;.

3. rh;f;fiu Miyfs;.

21. VNjDk; Ie;J nkd;nghUs; njhopyfq;fs; mike;Js;s ,lq;fis Fwpg;gpLf?

1.nrd;id. 2.ngq;f@h; 3.Kk;ig 4.neha;lh 5. nfhy;fj;jh.

22. ePh; khriljy; vd;why; vd;d?

ePh; khriljy; vd;gJ Ntjpapay;> ,aw;gpay; my;yJ caphpay; khw;wk; ed;dPhpd;

juj;jpy; Vw;gLtjhFk;.

23. caphpdg; gd;ik vd;why; vd;d?

caphpdg; gd;ik vd;gJ xU #oypy; tho;fpd;w caphpdq;fspd; NtWghl;il

Fwpg;gjhFk;.

24. kpd;dpay; fopT vd;why; vd;d?

njhiyf;fhl;rp ngl;bfs;> ifNgrp>fzpdp> Fsph;rhjdg;ngl;b Nghd;wit kpd;dpay;

fopTg; nghUl;fshFk;.

25. tzpfk; vd;why; vd;d? tzpfj;jpd; tiffs; ahit?

tzpfk; vd;gJ Nritfis thq;Fk;> tpw;Fk; nray; KiwahFk;. tiffs;:

1. cs;shl;L tzpfk;. 2.gd;dhl;L tzpfk;.

26. Foha; Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; ed;ikfs; ahit?


1. fuLKulhd jiug;gFjpapYk;> ePUf;fbapYk; mikf;f ,aYk;.

2. jq;F jilaw;w Nghf;Ftuj;ij cWjp nra;Ak;.

3. ,af;Ftjw;F Fiwe;j msNt vhpnghUs; Njitg;gLk;.

27. njhiy Ez;Zzh;T vd;why; vd;d?

Gtpapd; ve;j xU nghUisAk; Neubahfj; njhlh;G nfhs;shky; Gtpapd;

tptuq;fis njhiytpypUe;J Nrfhpg;gjhFk;.

28. njhiy Ez;Zzh;tpd; gFjpfs; ahit?

1. ,yf;F 2. Mw;wy; %yk; 3. gpujpgypf;Fk; top 4. czh;tp.

29. Gtpj;jfty; njhFjp – tiuaW:

Gtpj;jfty; njhFjpfs; fzpdp> nkd;fl;lisj; njhFg;G> gug;G rhh; Gs;sp

tptuq;fs; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l njhFg;ghFk;.

30. Gtpj; jfty; njhFjpapd; ,uz;L gad;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf?

1. Ruq;fq;fs; Njhz;Ltjw;Fk;> fdpk tsq;fis fz;lwpaTk; gad;gLfpwJ.

2. kpd;rf;jp epWtdq;fs;> kpd;rf;jp msT> kpd; fk;gpapd; tiyaikg;ig

fz;fhzpf;fTk;> MuhaTk; gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs;.

31. cyf miktplq;fs; fz;lwpAk; njhFjpapd; gad;fs; ,uz;bidf; $Wf?

1. epy msit Nkg; tiujy;> fly; top Nghf;Ftuj;J> ifNgrp Mfpatw;wpy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

2. ghJfhg;G fhuzq;fshd top elj;Jjy;> VTfiz> kPl;G gzp> Mfptw;wpy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

NtWgLj;Jf :

1) fpuPd;tpr; jPh;f;f Neuk; - ,e;jpa jpl;l Neuk;

fphPd;tpr; jPh;f;f Neuk; ,e;jpa jpl;l Neuk;

1. 0ojPh;f;fNuifapypUe;J fzf;fplg; gLfpwJ.

,e;jpa jpl;l Neuk;

2. 5.30 kzp Neuk; ,Uf;Fk; Fiwthf fphPd;tpr; Neuj;ijtpl 5.30 kzp Neuk; $LjyhFk;.

3. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; cs;s fphPd;tpr; topahfr; nry;fpwJ.

myfhghj; topahf nry;fpwJ.

2) Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyfs; - fpof;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfs;.

Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyfs; fpof;Fj;njhlh;r;rp kiyfs;

1. Nkw;F flw;fiuf;F ,izahfr; nry;fpwJ

fpof;F flw;fiuf;F ,izahfr; nry;fpwJ.

2. njhlh;r;rpahdJ njhlh;r;rpaw;wJ.

3) Nkw;F flw;fiur; rkntsp – fpof;F flw;fiur; rkntsp


Nkw;F flw;fiur; rkntsp fpof;F flw;fiur; rkntsp

1. fl;r; Kjy; fd;dpahFkhp tiu gutpAs;sJ.

Nkw;F tq;fk; Kjy; fd;dpahFkhp tiu gutpAs;sJ.

2. FWfyhd rkntsp mfykhdJ.

4) njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W – tlfpof;F gUtf; fhw;W

njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W tofpof;F gUtf;fhw;W

1. [{d; Kjy; nrg;lk;gh; tiu tPRfpwJ. mf;Nlhgh;> etk;gh; khjq;fspy; tPRfpwJ.

2. Nkw;F flw;fiuf;F kioiaf;

nfhLf;fpwJ.

fpof;F flw;fiuf;F kioiaf;

nfhLf;fpwJ.

5) thdpiy – fhyepiy

thdpiy Fhyepiy

1. Xhplj;jpy; xU ehspy; epyTk;> tspkz;ly ntg;gk;> mOj;jk;> fhw;W> <ug;gjk;> kiog;nghopit Fwpg;gjhFk;.

Xhplj;jp;d; ePz;l ehisa ruhrhp

thdpiyiaf; Fwpg;gjhFk; (35 tUlq;fs;)

6) Yh – ehh;nt];lh;];

Yh ehh;nt];lh;];

1. ,e;jpahtpd; tlf;F tlNkw;F gFjpfspy; Nfhilfhyj;jpy; tPRk; ntg;gf;fhw;W tlfpof;F ,e;jpahtpy;tPRk; jyf;fhw;W

7) GJg;gpf;ff; $ba tsk; - GJg;gpf;f Kbahj tsk;

GJg;gpf;ff; $ba tsk; GJg;gpf;f Kbahj tsk;

1. kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; vspjpy; cw;gj;jp nra;af;$ba tsq;fs;.

gad;ghl;bw;F gpwF kPz;Lk; fpilf;f ,ayhj tsq;fs;

2. v.fh. #hpa xsp> fhw;W v.fh. epyf;fhp> ngl;Nuhypak;.

8) fhw;W rf;jp – mdy; kpd; rf;jp

fhw;W rf;jp mdy; kpd; rf;jp

1. GJg;gpf;ff; $ba tsk; GJg;gpf;f ,ayhj tsk;.

2. fhw;whiyfs;> jkpo;ehL> Me;jpugpuNjrk;> fh;ehlfh Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mikf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ.

jkpo;ehL> gQ;rhg;> fh;ehlfh Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

9) jd;dpiwT – tzpf Ntshz;ik


jd;dpiwT Ntshz;ik tzpf Ntshz;ik

1. tptrhapfspd; Ra Njitia epiwT nra;Ak; nghUl;L cw;gj;jp nra;jy;

mjpf mstpy; cw;gj;jp nra;J me;epa nryhtzpia <l;b jUfpwJ.

2. ney;> NfhJik Nghd;wit tpistpf;fg; gLfpd;wJ.

gUj;jp> fUk;G Nghd;wit tpistpf;fg; gLfpd;wd.

10) Nfhil - Fsph;fhyg; gaph;fs;

Nfhilfhyg; gaph; Fsph;fhyg; gaph;

1. khh;r; khjj;jpy; tpijj;J [{d; khjj;jpy; mWtil nra;ag;gLk; (fhhp/g;> iraj;)

etk;gh; khjj;jpy; tpijj;J khh;r; khjj;jpy; mWtil nra;ag;gLk;. (uhgp gaph;fs;)

2. v.fh. goq;fs;> fha;fwpfs; v.fh. NfhJik> fLF

11) xU gaph; rhFgb - ,Ugaph; rhFgb

xU gaph; rhFgb ,Ugaph; rhFgb

1. xU gaph; xU Nghfk; kl;Lk; tpistpf;fg;gLk;.

,U gaph;fs;> ,uz;L Nghfk; tpistpf;fg;gLk;.

2. v.fh. ney;> fUk;G v.fh NfhJik> fLF

12) Ntshz;rhh;e;j - fdpkk; rhh;e;j njhopyfq;fs;

Ntshz; rhh;e;j njhopyfq;fs; fdpkk; rhh;e;j njhopyfq;fs;

1. Ntshz; nghUl;fs; %yg;nghUl;fshf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

fdpkg;nghUl;fs; %yg;nghUl;fshf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ

2. v.fh. gUj;jp Miy> rh;f;fiu Miy. v.fh. ,Uk;G v/F Miy.

13) ePh; khriljy; - epyk; khriljy;

ePh; khriljy; epyk; khriljy;

1. ed;dPhpd; juj;jpy; Vw;gLk; Ntjpapay;> caphpay; khw;wk; MFk;.

efu fopTfs; nfhl;lg;gLjy;> g+r;rpf; nfhy;yp gad;gLj;JtjhYk; khrilfpwJ.

2. ghf;Bhpah> itu]; fpUkpfshy; khrilfpwJ

njhopyff; fopTfs;.

14) Vw;Wkjp - ,wf;Fkjp

Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp

1. ehl;bd; cghpg; nghUl;fis ntspehl;bw;F tpw;gjhFk;.

ekf;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fis ntspehl;bypUe;J thq;FtjhFk;.

2. v.fh. jhdpaq;fs;> gUg;G tiffs; v.fh.NfhJik> kUe;Jfs;


gj;jp tpdh - Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. “,e;jpah Xh; Jizf;fz;lk;” - epahag;gLj;Jf.

fz;lj;jpw;Fhpa gz;Gfshd gy;NtW tifahd>

1. ,aw;if mikg;G gphpTfisAk;

2. fhyepiyfisAk;

3. ,aw;ifj; jhtq;fisAk;

4. fdpk tsq;fisAk;

5. kdpj thoplq;fisAk;

6. fyhr;rhu $WfisAk;

7. kpfg;gue;j epyg;gug;igAk;

8. gy ,dq;fisAk;> nkhopfisAk;.

nfhz;bUg;gjhy;> ,e;jpah Jizf;fz;lk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

2. Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wik – tpthp?

1. ,e;jpah cah;e;j kiyfisAk; jho;e;j rkntspfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

2. khWg;gl;lfhyepiyia nfhz;Ls;sJ

3. mlh;e;j ntg;g kz;ly fhLfSk;> ghiytd Gjh;fSk; gutpf;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

4. gy;NtW tifahd jhtuq;fSk;> tpyq;FfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

5. ,e;jpa kf;fs; gy kjq;fis gpd;gw;wp tho;fpd;wd.

6. gy fyhr;rhu khWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

7. ,t;thW gy NtWghLfs; epiwe;J fhzg;gbDk;> ,e;jpah xw;Wik epiwe;j

ehlhf cs;sJ.

3. ,kakiiyfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpthp?

1. ,e;jpahtpd; ,aw;if muzhf mike;Js;sJ.

2. md;dpa gilnaLg;ig jLf;fpwJ.

3. njd;Nkw;F gUtfhw;iw jLj;J> kio nghopitAk;> gdpg;nghopitAk;

jUfpwJ.

4. kiy thoplq;fshd Knrshp> iedplhy;> ,q;F mike;Js;sd.

5. Gdpj ,lq;fshd mkh;ehj;> Nfjhh;ehj;> gj;hpehj;> it~;ztp Njtp Nfhapy;

fSk; ,q;F mike;Js;sd.

4. ,e;jpaf; fhyepiyia eph;zapf;Fk; ,uz;L $Wfis Muha;f.

cauk;:

1. Gtpg;gug;gpy; ,Ue;J caNu nry;y nry;y> ntg;gj;jpd; msT Fiwe;Jf;

nfhz;Nl nry;fpwJ.

2. caukhd ,lq;fs; rkntspia fhl;bYk; Fsph;e;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.

c.k;. rpk;yh.


flypypUe;J J}uk;:

1. flf Nuiff;F tlf;fpy; cs;s ,lq;fspy; fz;l fhyepiy epyTfpwJ.

2. ,jw;F fhuzk; ,g;gFjpfs; flypy; ,Ue;J ntF njhiytpy;

mike;Js;sJ.

3. flfNuiff;F njw;fpy; mike;Js;s ,lq;fs; %d;W gf;fKk; flyhy; #og;gl;Ls;sjhy;> “kpj ntg;g fhy epiy” epyTfpwJ.

5. njd;Nkw;F gUtfhw;wpd; VNjDk; xU fpisapid tpthpf;f ?

njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W ,U fpisfis nfhz;Ls;sJ.

1. mugpf;fly; fpis.

2. tq;fhs tphpFlh fpis.

tq;fsh tphpFlh fpis:

1. tq;fhs tphpFlhtpypUe;J tPRk; <ug;gjk; kpf;f fhw;W fhrp> fhNuh> n[ae;jpah>

Fd;Wfs; kPJ NkhJfpwJ.

2. gpd; fhw;W NknyOk;gp rpuGQ;rp fd kioia nfhLf;fpwJ.

3. Nkw;F Nehf;fp efh;e;J fq;if rkntspf;F kioiaj; jUfpwJ.

4. NkYk; Nkw;F Nehf;fp efUk; NghJ <ug;gjj;ij ,oe;J gQ;rhg;>

`hpahdhtpw;F Fiwe;jsT kioia jUfpwJ.

5. gpd; mugpf;fly; fpisAld; ,ize;J> rpthypf; Fd;Wf;F mjpf kioia

nfhLf;fpwJ.

6. kioePh; Nrfhpg;gpid tpsf;Ff?

1. ,e;jpah ntg;g kz;ly gUtf;fhw;W fhyepiyia ngw;Ws;sJ.

2. vdNt kio rPuw;w Kiwapy; nghopfpwJ

3. ,jdhy; kio ePh; FiwthfNt fpilf;fpwJ.

4. vdNt kioePiu Nrfhpj;jy;> kpf mtrpak;.

5. ePiuepyj;jpd; mbapy; Nrfhpj;J Njitg;gLk; NghJ gad;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;syhk;.

7. fhLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpthp?

1. tPl;L Njitf;Fk;> tzpfj;jpw;Fk; Njitahd kuq;fis %yg;nghUshf

mspf;fpwJ.

2. muf;F> Nfhe;J> gprpd;> kUe;Jfs;> Njd;> %ypiffis mspf;fpwJ.

3. tdg;nghUl;fis Vw;Wkjp nra;tjhy;> me;epa nryhtzpia <l;LfpwJ.

4. fhy;eilfSf;F. Nka;r;ry; epyq;fshf cs;sd.

5. fhLfs; Rw;Wy;yh ikaq;fshf jpfo;fpd;wd.

6. fhw;W khRg;gLjiy fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.

7. kz;zhpg;gpid fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.

8. epyj;jb ePhpd; msit guhkhpf;fpwJ.


8. ,e;jpa Ntshz; njhopypy; cs;s gpur;ridfs; ahit?

1. gUtf;fhw;Wfs; rPuhfTk;> Fwpj;jf;fhyj;jpYk;> tPRtjpy;iy.

2. ngUfptUk; rhiyfs;. uapy; ghijfs;> fl;Lkhdg; gzpfs;> kio ePh;

Xl;lk;> jilgLfpwJ.

3. ,jdhy; tbfhy; mikg;gpy; ePNuhl;l jil Vw;gLtjhy; gaph;fs;

gaphpLtjpy; jhkjk; Vw;gLfpwJ.

4. njhopw;rhiyfs;> FbapUg;G fl;blq;fs; fl;lg;gl;L tUtjhy; Ntshz;

5. epyq;fspd; gug;G Fiwe;Jf;nfhz;Nl tUfpwJ.

6. fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; Ntshz;ikapd; ngUk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

9. Kk;ig ,e;jpahtpd; khd;nr];lh; vd;wiof;f fhuzk; vd;d?

1. JiwKfk;> Vw;Wkjpf;F cjtpahf cs;sJ.

2. Nghf;Ftuj;J trjp>

3. <ug;gjk; kpf;f fhyepiy.

4. %yjdg;nghUl;fs;> epjptrjp> vspjhf fpilf;fpwJ.

5. gzpahl;fs; mjpfkhf fpilf;fpd;wdh;.

10. fhw;W khriljy; Fwpg;G tiuf?

1. jPq;F tpistpf;f $ba nghUs;fs; ntspaplg;gLtjhy; fhw;W khrilfpwJ.

2. vhpkiy ntbg;G> fhw;W mhpg;G> kfue;j guty; Mfpatw;why; fhw;W

khrilfpwJ.

3. thfdGif> njhopw;rhiy Gifahy; khrilfpwJ.

4. khRf;fhw;wpid Rthrpg;gjhy; kdpjh;fSf;F jPq;F tpistpf;fpwJ.

5. XNrhd; mLf;F rPuopT Vw;gLfpwJ.

11. ,e;jpar; rhiyfspd; tiffis tpthp?

1. fpuhkr;rhiyfs; - fpuhk gQ;rhaj;jhy; guhkhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

2. khtl;l rhiyfs; - khefuhl;rpfSk;> efuhl;rpfSk;

3. khepy neLQ;rhiyfs; - khepy nghJg;gzpj;Jiw.

4. Njrpa neLQ;rhiyfs; - kj;jpa nghJg;gzpj;Jiw.

5. jq;f ehw;fu rhiy

6. tpiuT topr; rhiy

7. vy;iyNahur;rhiy

8. gd;dhl;L neLQ;rhiy

12. njhiy Ez;Zzh;T El;gj;jpid tpthp?

1. Gtpapd; tptuq;fis Neubahf njhlh;Gf;nfhs;shky; njhiytpy; ,Ue;J

Nrfhpg;gJ MFk;.

2. ,jd; %yk; ghiwf;Nfhsk;> ePh;f;Nfhsk;> tspf;Nfhsk;> caph;Nfhsk;

Nghd;wit msptplg;gLfpd;wd.

3. ,jpy; njhiy czh;tp vd;w fUtp gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

4. ,t;Tzh;tpfs; n`ypf;fhg;glh;fs;> tpkhdq;fs;> nraw;if Nfhspy;

nghUj;jg;gl;L jfty;fs; Nrfhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

5. jfty;fs; #hpa xspapd; kpd;fhe;j miyfis gjpT nra;tjd; %yk;

ngwg;gLfpd;wd.


13. njhiy Ez;Zzh;T El;;gj;jpd; njhFjpfis tpthp.

1. #hpa Mw;wy; - nghUl;fis xspur;nra;J kpd;fhe;j Mw;wiy

toq;FfpwJ.

2. #hpa Mw;wy; tspkz;lyf; $Wfshy; fpufpg;gl;L gpujpgypf;fg;gLfpwJ.

3. #hpa Mw;wy; ,yf;fpd; jd;ikAk;> fjph;fspd; jd;ikiaAk; nghUj;J

mikfpwJ.

4. ,yf;fpypUe;J Mw;wy; rpjWk; NghJ kpd;fhe;j miyfis gjpT nra;J

nfhs;fpwJ.

5. gjpT nra;ag;gl;l kpd;fhe;j miyfs; gy;NtW gjpk vz;zhf khw;wg;

gLfpd;wJ.

14. njhiy Ez;Zzh;T El;gj;jpidg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwapid tpthp.

1. gue;j epyg;gug;gpd; tptuq;fis RUf;fkhf mspf;fpd;wd.

2. mZf Kbahj Gtpg;gFjpapd; tptuq;fis mwpa KbfpwJ.

3. tptuq;fis vspjhfTk;> NtfkhfTk;> rhpahfTk; jpul;bj;jUfpwJ.

4. eyj;jpl;lq;fs; jPl;lTk;> nray;gLj;jTk; cjTfpwJ.

5. epytiuglq;fis tpiuthf tiua cjTfpwJ.

15. njhiy Ez;Zzh;T El;gj;jpd; ,uz;L gad;fis tpthp

gad;fs; :

1. ,uhZtk; 2. nghJkf;fs;

nghJkf;fspd; gad;ghLfs;:

1. epy msit> Nkg; tujy;> fly;top Nghf;Ftuj;J> ifNgrp.

,uhZtk;

top elj;Jjy;> VTfiz> kPl;Gg;gzp> vjphp ehl;bd; ,uhZt gyj;ij

mwpag; gad;gLfpwJ.


Fbikapay;

xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; :

1. ,e;jpah mjpfg;gbahd ek;gpf;ifia nfhz;bUg;gJ - mikjp

2. gz;bj [t`h;yhy; NeUtpd; mikjpf;fhd Ie;J mk;r nfhs;iffs; - gQ;rrPyk;

3. mZ MAj jilr;rl;lk; ifnaOj;jhd Mz;L –1963

4. mZ MAj Fiwg;G jPh;khdj;ij I.eh. nghJ rigapy; ,e;jpah nfhz;L te;j

Mz;L – 1956

5. ,d xJf;fy; nfhs;if Kbtpw;F te;j Mz;L - 1990

6. rhh;f; mikg;gpd; Kjy; nghJr; nrayhsh; - M~hd;

7. jw;fhyj;jpy; kpfTk; gpurpj;jp ngw;w murhq;f Kiw - kf;fshl;rp

8. Neub kf;fshl;rp goq;fhyj;jpy; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ. fpuP];

9. vjph;fl;rp jiytUf;F mspf;fg;gl;Ls;s me;j];J – fhgpdl; mikr;rh;

10. Njh;jypy; Nghl;bapl taJ - 25

11. kj;jpapy; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l mikg;G – ghuhSkd;wk;.

12. Njh;jy; MizaUf;F ,izahf mjpfhuk; nfhz;bUg;gth; - cr;rePjpkd;w ePjpgjp

13. khepy Njh;jy; eltbf;iffis Nkw;ghh;it nra;gth; - jiyik Njh;jy;

mjpfhhp

14. Njh;jy; Mizak; mike;Js;s ,lk; - GJnly;yp.

15. ekJ ehl;bd; gok; ngUk; rkak; - Ntj rkak;

16. ,e;jpahtpy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l mYtyf nkhopfs; - 22

17. nkhop vd;gJ - ,izg;G fUtp

18. Njk;ghtzpNahL njhlh;GilaJ - fpwpj;Jt kjk;

19. Gj;j g+h;zpkh nfhz;lhLgth;fs; - Gj;j kjj;jpdh;

20. xU nghUis KOikahf gad;gLj;JNthh; - Efh;Nthh;

21. Efh;Nthiu Vkhw;Wgth;fs; - tpahghhp

22. jfty; mwpAk; rl;lk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ - mf;Nlhgh; 2005

23. cyf Efh;Nthh; jpdk; - khh;r; 15

24. Efh;Nthhpd; kfhrhrdk; - Efh;Nthh; ghJfhg;Gr;rl;lk;.

25. Efh;NthUf;F tpopg;Gzh;r;rp Vw;gLj;jf; $ba jpl;lq;fspy; xd;W – th;j;jf

fz;fhl;rp.

,U kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:-

1. cyf mikjp xU mtrpakhdJ Vd; ?

cyf ehLfspd; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp cyf mikjp %yk; kl;LNk

mila KbAk;.

2. ,d xJf;fy; nfhs;if Fwpg;G tiuf

njd; Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; nts;isah;fs;> Mg;gphpf;f Fb kf;fSf;F rk chpik

toq;f kWj;jdh;.


ney;rd; kz;Nlyhtpd; Nghuhl;lj;jpdhy; 1990-y; ,;f;nfhs;if KbTf;F

te;jJ.

3. rhh;f; ehLfs; gu];gu ey;Ywit epiyehl;l Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpfs; ngaiu

Fwpg;gpLf.

Nghf;Ftuj;J> fbjNrit> Rw;Wyh> thdpay;> Rfhjhuk;> Ntshz;ik kw;Wk;

jfty; njhlh;G.

4. Njrpa fhl;rpfs; ahit ?

ehlhSkd;w Njh;jypy; ehd;fpw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fspy; MW rjtPj thf;Ffis

ngWk; fl;rpfs; Njrpa fl;rpfs; MFk;. v.fh. fhq;fpu];> gh.[.f.

5. murpay; fl;rpfs; vd;why; vd;d?

xj;j fUj;Jila kf;fshy; murpay; mjpfhuj;ij ngWk; Nehf;fpy; cUthf;fg;

gl;l mikg;Ng MFk;.

6. Njh;jy; Mizaj;jpd; gzpfs; gw;wp RUf;fkhf Fwpg;G jUf.

murpay; fl;rpfSf;F mq;fPfhuk; mspj;jy;

Ntl;ghsh;fSf;F Njh;jy; rpd;dq;fis xJf;fy;

Njh;jy; Njjp> thf;F vz;zpf;if kw;Wk; KbTfis mwptpj;jy;

Fbikapay;

Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

1. gQ;rrPyk; kw;Wk; mzpNruh nfhs;if gw;wp vOJf.

gQ;r rPyk; :

gpujkh; [t`h;yhy; NeU mikjpf;fhf gpd;gw;wpa Ie;J mk;r nfhs;iffs; -

gQ;rrPyk; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.

Xt;nthU ehLk; gpw ehLfspd; xw;Wik kw;Wk; ,iwahz;ikia kjpj;jy;

ve;j xU ehLk; gpwehl;il jhf;ff; $lhJ.

ve;j xU ehLk; kw;w ehLfspd; cs;tptfhuq;fspy; jiyaplf; $lhJ.

midj;J ehLfSk; rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; gu];gu ey;YwT nfhz;bUf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

Xt;nthU ehLk; gpw ehLfSld; mikjpahd Kiwapy; ,zq;fpapUj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

mzpNruhf; nfhs;if:

,e;jpah> ,U ty;yuR ehLfSld; Nruhky; eLepiyik tfpg;gJ>

mzpNruhf;nfhs;if.


2. rhh;f; mikg;G gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.

rhh;f; mikg;G 1985 Mk; Mz;L Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.

,J njw;fhrpa ehLfspd; gpuhe;jpaf; $l;likg;G vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

,jd; Kjy; nghJr; nrayhsh; M~hd; Mthh;.

,jpy; vl;L cWg;G ehLfs; cs;sd. ,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd;> Neghsk;>

g+lhd;> gq;fshNj~;> ,yq;if> khyj;jPTfs; kw;Wk; Mg;fhdp];jhd;.

ehLfs; jq;fSf;Fs; Nghf;Ftuj;J> fbj Nrit> Rw;Wyh> thdpay;>

Rfhjhuk;> Ntshz;ik> fpuhkGduikg;G kw;Wk; jfty; njhlh;G

Nghd;wtw;wpy; cjtp nra;J nfhs;Sjy;.

3. Efh;Nthiug; ghJfhf;f jkpof muR Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s eltbf;iffs; ahit?

fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; Efh;Nthh; fofq;fs; mikj;jy;

efuq;fspy; FbapUg;Nghh; rq;fq;fis cUthf;Fjy;

fUj;juq;Ffs; %yk; tpopg;Gzh;T Vw;gLj;Jjy;

“jkpo;ehL Efh;Nthh; ftrk;” khj ,jopd; %yk; tpopg;Gzh;T Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

thdpiy > njhiyf;fhl;rp k;w;Wk; FWk;glq;fs; %yk; nghJkf;fsplk;

gpur;rhuk; nra;jy;

4. Efh;Nthh; chpikfs; gw;wp vOJf.

1. nghUl;fspd; juk;> msT> jd;ik> mjDila cz;ik epiy> tpiy

Mfpatw;iw njspthf njhpag;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

2. nghUs;fs; epahakhd tpiyapy; ,Uf;fpwjh> ,y;iyah vd;W nrhy;tjw;F

chpik ngw;Ws;sdh;.

3. Efh;Nthh; jq;fsJ Fiwfis vLj;Jf; $wp jPh;it ngwyhk;.

4. 2005 mf;Nlhgh; 12k; ehs; jfty; mwpAk; rl;lk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;

epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.

4. ,jd; %yk;. kf;fs; midj;J eltbf;iffisAk; mwpe;J nfhs;fpd;wdh;.

,J

mth;fspd; mbg;gil chpikahFk;.


nghUspay;

xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:

1. ehl;L tUkhdj;jpd; kw;nwhU ngah; - nkhj;j ehl;L cw;gj;jp.

2. ehl;L tUkhdj;ij fzf;fpLk; topKiwfs; - 3Kiwfs;.

3. epfuehl;L cw;gj;jp vd;gJ = epfu ehl;L cw;gj;jp. (-) Nja;khdk;.

4. ,e;jpahtpd; jyh tUkhdk; - 950 lhyh;fs;.

5. Kjd;ik Jiw vd;gJ - Ntshz;ikj; Jiw.

6. jyh tUkhdk; Rl;bf;fhl;LtJ – kf;fspd; tho;f;if juk;.

7. ,e;jpa ehl;L tUkhdj;jpy; Kjd;ikj; Jiwapd; gq;fspg;G – 15.8%

8. ,e;jpahtpy; 5Mz;L jpl;lk; vd;w fUj;jikg;G – Nrhtpaj; u~;ahtpy; ,Ue;J

ngwg;gl;lJ.

9. ,e;jpa jpl;lf; FOtpd; jiyth; - gpujkh;. \

10 ,e;jpahtpy; jpl;lf;FO mikf;fg;gl;l Mz;L – 1950

11. ,e;jpa gpujkh; NeU ,e;jpag; nghUshjhuk; - fyg;G nghUshjhukhf mika tpUk;gpdhh;.

12. gRik Gul;rp eilKiw gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L – 1967

13. g+kpjhd ,af;fj;ij njhlq;fpath; - Mr;rhhpa tpNdhghNt.

14. ,e;jpa nghUshjhuj;jpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j Mz;L – 1991.

15. 2011 Mk; Mz;L kf;fl; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb ,e;jpahtpy; vOj;jwpT ngw;Nwhh;

vz;zpf;if – 74.04%

,U kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;.

1. ehl;L tUkhdk; - tiuaW.

xU ehl;by; Xh; Mz;L fhyj;jpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk;

gzpfspd; nkhj;j kjpg;Ng ehl;L tUkhdk; MFk;.

2. jyh tUkhdk; vd;why; vd;d?

jyh tUkhdk; = nkhj;j ehl;L tUkhdk; nkhj;j kf;fs; njhif.

3. gzpfs; Jiw vd;why; vd;d?

nra;jp> njhiyj;njhlh;G> Nghf;Ftuj;J> tzpfk;> tq;fpfs; kw;Wk; fhg;gPl;L

epWtdq;fis Fwpf;Fk;.

4. jiyaplhf; nfhs;if – rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.

muR> nghUshjhu nray;ghLfspy; <Lglhky; ,Ug;gJ MFk;..

5. epfu cs;shl;L cw;gj;jp vd;why; vd;d?

epfu cs;shl;L cw;gj;jp = nkhj;j cs;shl;L cw;gj;jp (-) Nja;khdnryT.

6. 11tJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;jpd; %d;W Nehf;fq;fis vOJf.

1.tWikia xopj;jy;> 2.Ntiytha;g;Gfis tphpthf;Fjy;> 3.Rw;Wr; #oy;

ghJfhg;ig cWjp nra;jy;.

7. fyg;G nghUshjhuk; vd;why; vd;d?

muRj;Jiw epWtdq;fSk;> jdpahh; Jiw epWtdq;fSk; ,ize;J nray;gLtNj

fyg;G nghUshjhuk; MFk;. \


8. jhuhskakhjy; vd;why; vd;d?

jhuhskakhjy; vd;gJ jdpahh; Jiw> njhopy; epWtdq;fSf;fhd

tpjpKiwfisAk;> fl;Lg;ghLfisAk; jpUk;g ngWtjhFk;.

9. jdpahh; kakhjy; vd;why; vd;d?

muRj; Jiw epWtdq;fis jdpahh; clikahf;Ftij jdpahh; kakhjy; MFk;.

10. cyfkakhjy; vd;why; vd;d?

xU ehl;bd; mq;fhbfis gd;dhl;L mq;fhbfSld; njhlh;GgLj;JtNj cyfka

khjy; MFk;.

Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;:

1. 11tJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fis tpthp?

Ntshz; Muha;r;rpia Cf;fg;gLj;Jjy;

Ntiytha;g;Gfis tphpthf;Fjy;.

tWikia xopj;jy;

fpuhkGw fl;likg;G trjpfis ngUf;Fjy;.

kpd;rhuk;> cuq;fSf;fhfd khdpaj;ij Fiwj;jy;.

njhlf;ff; fy;tpapy; ,ilepw;wiy Fiwj;jy;.

Rw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;ig cWjpnra;jy;.

2. gRikg;Gul;rpia tpsf;Ff?

1967y; gRikg;Gul;rp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

Nehf;fk; :,e;jpah czT cw;gj;jpapy; jd;dpiwT milar; nra;tJ>

epyr;rPh;j;jpUj;jKk;> tPhpaKs;s tpijfis gad;gLj;jy;> ePh;ghrd trjp>

,urhad cuq;fs;> g+r;rpf; nfhy;yp kUe;Jfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

Ntshz; Muha;r;rp epWtdKk;> Ntshz; gy;fiyf;fofq;fSk;>

,g;Gul;rpf;F tpj;jpl;ld.

NfhJik kw;Wk; mhprp cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah jd;dpiwT mile;jJ.

3. 1991k; Mz;bd; nghUshjhu rPh;j;jpUj;jj;ij tpthp?

jhuhskakhjy; : vd;gJ jdpahh; njhopy; epWtdq;fSf;fhd

tpjpKiwfisAk;> fl;Lg;ghLfisAk;> jpUk;g ngWtjhFk;.

jdpahh; kakhjy; : vd;gJ muRj; Jiw epWtdq;fis jdpahh;

clikahf;FtNj MFk;.

cyfkakhjy; : xU ehl;bd; mq;fhbfis gd;dhhl;L mq;fhbfSld;

njhlh;GgLj;JtNj cyfkakhjy; MFk;.

4. ehl;L tUkhdj;ij fzf;fpLk; Kiwfs;

cw;gj;jp Kiw : ehl;by;cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfspd; nkhj;j kjpg;ig fzf;fpLjy;.

tUkhdKiw : ehl;bYs;s midj;J kf;fspd; tUkhdj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzf;fpLjy;.

nrytpd Kiw : kf;fspd; nryT> KjyPL> Nrkpg;G Mfpa %d;wpd; mbg;gilapy; fzf;fpLjy;.

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