rivelatori di particelle - educationaledu.lnf.infn.it/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/rivelatori... ·...
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Rivelatori di Particelle
Danilo Domenici
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mappa concettuale decadimento
nucleare
radiazione cosmica
interazioni in un collisore
particella radiazione
rivelatore di particelle
rivelare
tracciare
identificare
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46m25m peso7000ton6000m2dirivelatori3000ricercatori
38paesidelmondo
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perchE’ facciamo collidere le particelle?
osservatore
sorgente
bersaglio
particella
collisione
rivelatore
per capire come è fatta la materia
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esperimento di rutherford
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perchE’ le facciamo collidere a energia sempre piu’ alta?
𝐸=𝑚𝑐↑2 𝜆= ℎ/𝑝
diminuisce la lunghezza che posso studiare
aumenta la nuova materia che posso creare
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1
1
2
2
3 4
3 4
1
2
3
4
2
3
1
4
come vediamo l’invisibile
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interazione radiazione-materia elettroni
carica elettrica negativa
nucleo carica elettrica positiva
carica forte
tipi diversi di particelle
possono interagire con gli elettroni o con il nucleo
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interazione radiazione-materia particelle direttamente rivelabili
ele$ronee
protonep
neutronen
fotone
γ
muoneµ
pioneπ
kaoneK
particelle stabili
particelle con vita media > 10–10 s
tutte le particelle con vita media < 10–10 s si identificano attraverso i loro prodotti di decadimento
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interazione radiazione-materia
ele$ronee
protonep
neutronen
fotone
γ
muoneµ
pioneπ
kaoneK
produzione di coppie e+e–
urti con gli elettroni – forza elettromagnetica
urti con il nucleo – forza forte
protonep
pioneπ
kaoneK
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apparato di rivelazione ermetico Rivelatore di Vertice o Tracciatore Interno
rivela le particelle cariche e ne misura la quantità di moto
Calorimetro Elettromagnetico rivela elettroni e fotoni e ne misura l’energia
Calorimetro Adronico rivela protoni, neutroni, pioni, kaoni
e ne misura l’energia
Magnete curva le particelle cariche
e ne permette la misura della quantità di moto
Rivelatore di Muoni rivela i muoni
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. ..elettrone
fotone
protone pione kaone
neutrone
...
muone
identificazione delle particelle
...
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... . .. . . .. . .
e+ e– → e+ e– e+ e– → µ+ µ–
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.. .
e+ e– → γ γ e+ e– → π+ p ̅n
...
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il rivelatore cms a lhc
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il rivelatore atlas a lhc
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pp → H → γ γ
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pp → H → Z0 Z0 → µ+ µ– µ+ µ–
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LHC computing
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LHC big data
40 M/s x 100 MB 4 PB/s
100 k/s x 1 MB 100 GB/s
300/s x 1 MB 100 PB/y
Trigger Livello1
Trigger Livello2
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Lhc computing grid 170 centri di calcolo
in 42 paesi del mondo collegati a 10Gb/s
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caratteristiche dei rivelatori
Sensibilità capacità di produrre un segnale per un certo tipo di radiazione e di energia
Risoluzione capacità di distinguere tra due misure vicine di una grandezza fisica misurata (es. posizione o tempo)
Efficienza frazione di particelle
rivelate rispetto a quelle incidenti
Tempo morto tempo necessario per essere di nuovo attivo
dopo la rivelazione di una particella
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tipi di rivelatori
Tracciatori Calorimetri
Rivelatori a gas
Rivelatori a stato solido
Rivelatori Cherenkov Tipo di funzione
Materiale
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tracciatori
Sensibilità tutte le particelle cariche
F = p x B immersi in campo magnetico misurano la quantità di moto
Materiali leggeri la particella deve perdere
poca energia
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calorimetri
Sensibilità Ecal: elettroni e fotoni
Hcal: protoni, neutroni, pioni, kaoni
Energia misurano l’energia
(senza campo magnetico)
Materiali pesanti la particella deve perdere
tutta la sua energia
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rivelatori a gas
power supply
current meter
ionizing par4cle cathode
anode
+
–
electric field
gas
Punti di Forza grandi volumi con poca spesa
segnale grande
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Multiwire proportional chamber
power supply
current meter
ionizing par4cle cathode
anode +–
electric field
gas
cathode
il segnale del filo fornisce la posizione della particella il campo elettrico vicino al filo (1/r) moltiplica gli elettroni
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gas electron multiplier un foglio di kapton metallizzato e micro-forato
moltiplica gli elettroni
Punti di forza piccolo tempo morto
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rivelatori a stato solido
Punti di Forza risoluzione spaziale e temporale
power supply
ionizing par4cle cathode
anode +
–
electric field silicio
germanio diamante
front-end amplifica4on electronics
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effetto cherenkov
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃= 𝑐/𝑣𝑛
𝑣𝑡
𝑐/𝑛 𝑡
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rivelatori cherenkov Tracciatore Rivelatore
Cherenkov
p = mv v/(cn)
m
identificazione della particella pione 140 MeV kaone 500 MeV protone 940 MeV
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positron emission tomography