rizwana seminarfinal20.06.10

8/22/2019 rizwana seminarfinal20.06.10

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Supercritical Fluid Extraction: RecentAdvances and ApplicationsPresented By:

Rizwana Batool2003-ag-1813

Supervisor:Dr. Masood Sadiq Butt


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Outlines Supercritical fluid extraction

History

Supercritical fluids Process scheme

Recent advances and applications in foods

Conclusion

References


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Super Critical Fluid Extraction (SFE)Process of separating one component from another

using supercritical fluids as extracting solvent

Commonly used to extract chemicals or flavors from

Coffee

Tea

Hops

Herbs

Spices(Herrero et al., 2006)


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History In 1822: First reported by Baron Cagniard Tour

Gas liquid boundary disappearance due to

Increase in temperature by heating Using closed glass container

In 1879: First work done to demonstrate

Solvating power of supercritical fluids for solids

(Herrero et al., 2010)


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Cont In 1970: Significant

development in SFE

Provided incentive for

extensive future work

Involved decaffeination of

green coffee with CO2

(Brunner, 2005)

Coffee


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Cont In 1980: Rapid development of SFE for extraction of

Hops

Cholesterol from butter

Perfumes and flavors from natural products

Unsaturated fatty acids from fish oils

(Jung and Perrut, 2001)


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Super Critical FluidAny substance above its critical temperature and

critical pressure

Fluid possesses properties

Neither a gasNor a liquid

Intermediate of both

Commonly used fluid is CO2(Mendiola et al., 2007)


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Super Critical FluidsFluids Critical Temperature

oC

Critical Pressure (bar)

Carbon dioxide 31.3 73.8

Cyclohexane 281 40.7Propane 97 42.5

Ethane 32 48.8

Toluene 319 41.0

Ammonia 133 113.5

Water 374 221.2

Chlorodifluoromethane 29 38.7

(Mendiola et al., 2007)


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Process Scheme of SFE Four key steps

Extraction

Expansion

Separation

Solvent conditioning

Four primary components

Extractor column

Pressure control valve


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Cont Separator column

Pressure intensifier

Accessories

Heat exchangers

Condensers

Storage vessels

Supercritical fluid source(Brunner, 2005; Diaz and Brignole, 2009)


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Schematic Diagram of SFE System

CO2 source

Heat

exchang

ers

CO2 pump

Heatexchangers

Extractorcolumn

Cooling

bath

Pressure valve

Back pressure valve

CO2 outlet

Separator

Extract outlet

(Brunner, 2005)


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Comparison of SFE to ConventionalSeparations Techniques Advantages of SFE

Controlled dissolving power

Easy recovery due to volatility

Non-toxic solvents Low temperatures extraction of high boiling

components

Minimal damage to thermally labile compoundsduring extraction


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Cont Disadvantages of SFE

Elevated pressure required

Complex recycling of solvent to reduce energy

costs

High capital investment for equipment

(Abbas et al., 2008)


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Recent Advances and Applications Food product application

Food applications

By products processing using SFE

SFE in food toxicology

(Herrero et al., 2010)


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Food Applications of SFE Selective extraction and fractionation of

carbohydrates

Mono, di, tri and tetra saccharides

Lactose(Montanes et al., 2009)

Extraction of bioactive compounds from fruits and

vegetables

Extraction of lycopene from watermelon(Katherineet al., 2008)


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Cont Egg yolk: an excellent source of phospholipids

SFE gave high purity of phospholipids(Aro et al., 2009)

Phospholipids enrichment using supercritical fluidextraction in dairy by products(Spence et al., 2009)

SFE extraction of

Peach almond oil

Quality of extracts due to high oleic acidcontent

(Mezzomo et al., 2010)


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Cont Grape seed oil

Pronounced antioxidant activity

Total oil extracted 3540%(Passos et al., 2010)

SFE an alternative to refining procedures

Retained valuable compounds in oils

Wheat germ oil

Rice bran oil

Green coffee oil

Crude palm oil(Herrero et al., 2010)


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Cont Isolation of aroma compounds from sugar cane

spirits

(Gracia et al., 2007)

Removal of ethanol from alcoholic beverages(Fornari et al., 2009)

Faster and efficient recovery of amino acid profiles

from maize and soybeans (Bernal et al., 2008)


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By Products Applications SFE used to extracts

Polyphenols from rice wine lees

Polyphenols from pomegranate seeds

Long chain alcohols from sugar cane crude wax

Phytosterols from loquat seeds

Caffeine from tea plant wastes

(Lucas et al., 2007; Kawahito et al., 2008; Icen and Guru, 2009)


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Cont Poly unsaturated fatty acids from canola flakes

(Dong and Walker, 2008)

Water soluble compounds from fresh palmpressed fiber

(Lau et al., 2008)

Tocopherol frombrewers spent grain

(Fernandez et al., 2008)


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Cont Tomato pomace used to obtain

Carotenoids (lycopene)

Tocopherols

Phytosterols(Vagi et al., 2007; Shi et al., 2009)


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SFE in Food Toxicology SFE used for determination of various toxic

compounds in food

Milk: Orbifloxacin

Developed due to veterinary drug residues(El-Aty et al., 2009)

Fish oil: Dioxins and PCB

From contaminated water (Kawashima et al., 2009)


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Cont Edible seaweeds and their oils: PAH

From contaminated water(Lage-Yusty et al., 2010)


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Matrix Compounds Extraction conditions

Watermelon Lycopene CO2

+ethanol, 207 bar, 60C

Carbohydrates Lactose & lactuloseWater/ethanol+CO2, 100 bar,

100C

Fruits and vegetables Bioactive compounds CO2, 350 to 500 bar, 40C

Rice wine lees Polyphenols CO2, 80 bar, 30C

Tomato Tocopherols & phytosterols CO2, 300 bar, 40C

Sugar cane crude wax Long chain n-alcohols CO2, 300350 bar, 50100C

Pomegranate seeds Polyphenols CO2, 130470 bar, 4070C

Loquat seeds Phytosterol CO2, 200450 bar, 4080C

Brewers spent grain Tocopherol CO2, 350 bar, 40C

Fish oil Dioxins and PCB CO2, 300 bar, 70C

Tea stalk Caffeine CO2, 200 bar, 55C

Fresh palm-pressed fiber Water-soluble compounds CO2, 300 bar, 60C

Extraction Conditions for Certain Compounds


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Conclusion SFE

Method of choice for thermo labile compoundsextraction

Used for developing an ever expanding niche infood industry

Really needed as advance method for routineanalysis

Fast and reliable Clean and cheap


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References Abbas, K.A., A. Mohamed, A.S. Abdulamir and H.A. Abas. 2008. A

review on supercritical fluid extraction as new analytical method.American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 4(4):345-353.

Aro, H., E.P. Jarvenpaa, K. Konko1, M. Sihvonen1, V. Hietaniemi1and R. Huopalahti. 2007. Isolation and purification of egg yolk

phospholipids using liquid extraction and pilot-scale supercriticalfluid techniques. European Food Research Technology. 228(6):1438-2377.

Bernal, J.L., M.J. Nozala, L. Toribio, C. Diego, R. Mayo and R.Maestre. 2008. Use of supercritical fluid extraction and gaschromatography mass spectrometry to obtain amino acid profilesfrom several genetically modified varieties of maize and soybean.Journal of Chromatography. 1192(2):266-272.

Brunner, G. 2005. Supercritical fluids: Technology and application tofood processing. Journal of Food Engineering. 67:21-33.


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Cont Diaz, M.S. and E.A. Brignole. 2009. Modeling and optimization of

supercritical fluid processes. Journal of Supercritical Fluids.47(3):611-618.

Dong, M. and T.H. Walker. 2008. Production and recovery ofpolyunsaturated fatty acids added lipids from fermented canola.Bioresource Technology. 99(17):8504-8506.

El-Aty, A.M.A., , J.H. Choi, M.W. Ko, S. Khay, A. Goudah, H.C.Shin, J.S. Kim, B.J. Chang, C.H. Lee and J.H. Shim. 2009.Approaches for application of sub and supercritical fluid extraction forquantification of orbifloxacin from plasma and milk: Application to

disposition kinetics. Analytica Chimica Acta. 631(1):108-115. Fernandez, M.P., J.F. Rodriguez, M.T. Garcia, A. Lucas and I. Gracia.

2008. Application of supercritical fluid extraction to brewer's spentgrain management. Engineering of Chemical Research. 47(5):1614-1619.


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Cont Fornari, T., E.J. Hernandez, A.R. Rodriguez, F. J. Senorans and G.

Reglero. 2009. Phase equilibria for the removal of ethanol fromalcoholic beverages using supercritical carbon dioxide. Journal ofSupercritical Fluids. 50(2):91-96.

Gracia, I., J.F. Rodriguez, M.T. Garca, A. Alvarez and A. Garcia.2007. Isolation of aroma compounds from sugar cane spirits bysupercritical CO2 this article. Journal of Supercritical Fluids. 43(1):37-42.

Herrero, M., A. Cifuentes and E. Ibanez. 2006. Sub- and supercriticalfluid extraction of functional ingredients from different natural

sources: Plants, food-by-products, algae and microalgae. FoodChemistry. 98:136-148.

Herrero, M., J.A. Mendiolaa, A. Cifuentesa and E. Ibaneza. 2010.Supercritical fluid extraction: Recent advances and applications.Journal of Chromatography. 1217:2495-2511.


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Cont Icen, H. and M. Guru. 2009. Extraction of caffeine from tea stalk and

fiber wastes using supercritical carbon dioxide this article. Journal ofSupercritical Fluids. 50(3):225-228.

Jung, J. and M. Perrut. 2001. Particle design using supercritical fluids:literature and patent survey. Journal Supercritical Fluids. 20:179-219.

Katherine, L.S.V., C.C. Edgar, W.K. Jerry, R.H. Luke and C.D. Julie.2008. Extraction conditions affecting supercritical fluid extraction(SFE) of lycopene from watermelon. Bioresource Technology.99(16):7835-7841.

Kawahito, Y., M. Kondo, S. Machmudah, K. Sibano, M. Sasaki and M.

Goto. 2008. Supercritical CO2 extraction of biological activecompounds from loquat seed. Journal of Separation and PurificationTechnology. 61(2):130-135.


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Cont Kawashima, A., S. Watanabe, R. Iwakiri and K. Honda. 2009. Removal

of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs from fish oil by countercurrentsupercritical CO2 extraction and activated carbon treatment. Journal ofChemosphere. 75(6):788-794.

Lucas, A., A. Garcia, A. Alvarez and I. Gracia. 2007. Supercriticalextraction of long chain n-alcohols from sugar cane crude wax. Journalof Supercritical Fluids. 41(2):267-271.

Lau, H.L.N., Y.M. Choo, A.N. Ma and C.H. Chuah. 2008. Selectiveextraction of palm carotene and vitamin E from fresh palm-pressedmesocarp fiber (Elaeis guineensis) using supercritical CO2. Journal of

Food Engineering. 84(2):289-296. Lage-Yusty, M.A., S. Alvarez-Perez and M.O. Punin-Crespo. 2008.

Supercritical fluid extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons fromseaweed samples before and after the prestige oil spill. Bulletin ofEnvironmental Contamination and Toxicology. 82(2):158-161.


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Cont Mendiola, J.A., M. Herrero, A. Cifuentes, E. Ibanez and J. Chromatogr.

2007. Use of compressed fluids for sample preparation: Foodapplications. Journal of Chromatography. 152(1-2):234-246.

Mezzomo, N., B.R. Mileo, M.T. Friedrich, J. Martnez and S.R.S.Ferreira. 2010. Supercritical fluid extraction of peach (Prunus persica)almond oil: Process yield and extract composition. BioresourceTechnology. 101(14):5622-5632.

Montanes, F., T. Fornari, A. Olano and E. Ibanez. 2010. Supercriticalfluid purification of complex carbohydrate mixtures produced byenzimatic transglycosilation and isomerized with complexating

reagents. Journal of Supercritical Fluids. 53(1-3):25-33. Passos, C.P., R.M. Silva, F.A.D. Silva, M.A. Coimbra and C.M. Silva.

2010. Supercritical fluid extraction of grape seed (Vitis vinifera L.) oil.Effect of the operating conditions upon oil composition and antioxidantcapacity. Journal of Chemistry Engineering. 160(2):634-640.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6TG8-4N3GFK8-4-1&_cdi=5248&_user=10&_pii=S0021967307003251&_orig=search&_coverDate=06%2F08%2F2007&_sk=988479998&view=c&wchp=dGLzVlz-zSkzS&md5=96150571ba89b4bd58d328287c590102&ie=/sdarticle.pdfhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6TG8-4N3GFK8-4-1&_cdi=5248&_user=10&_pii=S0021967307003251&_orig=search&_coverDate=06%2F08%2F2007&_sk=988479998&view=c&wchp=dGLzVlz-zSkzS&md5=96150571ba89b4bd58d328287c590102&ie=/sdarticle.pdf


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Cont Spence, A.J., R.J. Flores, M. Qian and L. Goddik. 2009.

Phospholipids enrichment in sweet and whey cream buttermilkpowders using supercritical fluid extraction. Journal of Dairy Science.92:2373-2381.

Shi, J., C. Yi, S.J. Xue, Y. Jiang, Y. Ma and D. Li. 2009. Effects ofmodifiers on the profile of lycopene extracted from tomato skins bysupercritical CO2. Journal of Food Engineering. 93(4):431-436.

Vagi, E., B. Simandi, K.P. Vasarhelyine, H. Daood, A. Kery, F.Doleschall and B. Nagy. 2007. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

of carotenoids, tocopherols and sitosterols from industrial tomato by-products. Journal of Supercritical Fluids. 40(2):218-226.


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