rm - unit i & ii
TRANSCRIPT
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Presentation on
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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Meaning:
Research in common parlance refers to a
search for knowledge
Definition:
According to Redman and Mory Research isSystematized effort to gain new knowledge.
According to Clifford woody Research comprises
defining and redefining problems, formulating
hypothesis, collecting, organizing and evaluating data,making deductions and reaching conclusions, and at last
carefully testing conclusions to determine whether they
fit the formulating hypothesis.
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Objectives of Research:
To gain familiarity with a particular Phenomenon
To reveal the character of individual, group or
situation or a thing
To determine the frequency with which
something access
To test a hypothesis of a casual relationship
between variables
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What is good Research:
Purpose clearly defined
The process described in sufficient details
The design carefully planned to yield results
Careful consideration must be given and maintainhigh ethical standards
Limitations properly revealed
Adequate analysis of the data and appropriate tools
used Presentation of data should be comprehensive
Conclusion should based on the data obtained andjustified.
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RESEARCH PROCESSDefine
researchproblem
Review concept theories
Review preview research
finding
Formulate
hypothesis
Design research
(including sample
design)
Collect data(execution)
Analyze data
(test hypothesis if
any)
Interpret and report
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Determination of
Research
Methodology
Development of
Appropriate
ResearchDesign
Execute the
Research
Design
Communication
of Results
Research Process
Phase I Phase II Phase III Phase - IV
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Phase 1: Determination of ResearchProblem
Step 1: Determining Management information needs
Step 2: Redefining the decision problem as research
problem
Step 3: Establishing Research Objectives
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Phase 2: Development of Research Design
Step 4: Determining to evaluate research design
Step 5: Determining the data source
Step 6: Determining the sample plan and sample size
Step 7: Determining the measurement scales
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Phase 3: Execution of the research Design
Step 8: Data collection and processing
data
Step 9: Analyzing the data
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Phase 4: Communication of the results
Step 10: Preparing and presenting the
final report to management
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Importance of Research:
It inculcates scientific and inductive thinking and it promotesthe development of logical thinking
It provides the basis for nearly all government policies in our
economic system Diagnosing and assessing problems and opportunities.
Social scientists in studying social relationships and in seekinganswers to various social problems business and industry.
To professionals it is Source of livelihood
To philosophers and thinkers the outlet for new ideas andinsights
To literary men and women the development of new stylesand creative work
To analysts and intellectuals generalizations of new theories
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ResearchProblem
It refers to some difficulty which a researcher
experiences in the context of either a
theoretical or practical situation and wants to
obtain a solution for the same.
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Conditions:
There must be an individual (group or an organization)
I or N
At least two courses of action C1 and C 2
At least two possible outcomes O1 and O2
The course of action available must provides some
chance of obtaining the objective, but they cannot
provide the same chance
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Points to remember while selecting a research
problem:
Controversial subject should be become thechoice
Subject which is overdone should not bechosen
Too narrow or too vague problems shouldbe avoided
Subject selected for research should befamiliar
The selection of problem must be precededby a preliminary study.
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Technique involved in defining a problem:
Statement of the problem in general way
Understanding the nature of the problem
Surveying the available literature
Developing the ideas through discussions
Rephrasing the research problem
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Types of researchproblem:
Problems which relate to States of
nature
Problems Which relate to relationships
between variables.
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Research Design:
It is the plan structure, and strategy of
investigation conceived so as to obtainanswers to research questions and to
control variance.
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Types of Research Design
Explorative
Categories : Experience survey
Secondary data analysis
Case Studies
Pilot survey Focus group interview,
Projective techniques,
Depth interview
Descriptive :
Categories: Secondary Data analysis, Primary Data analysis, Case studies
Casual:
Categories : The one-shot case study, Before-after without control group,after-only with control group, Before after with one control group, Fourgroup, six-study design, time series design , completely randomized design ,factorial design
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Difficulties in carrying out research in
India: The lack of a scientific training in the methodology of research
There is insufficient interaction
Lack confidence in providing material
Overlapping one another are undertaken quite often for want of
adequate information Does not exist a code of conduct for researchers
Library management and functioning is not satisfactory
Difficulty of timely availability of published data
Difficulty of adequate and timely secretarial assistance
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Sources of Data:
Primary : Interview, Use of telephone, Observation,
Questionnaire Secondary
Sample:
A sample is a smaller representation of a large unit or
value.
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How sampling helps Researcher:
Its saves time and money
It also helps the researcher to obtain the accurate results
Sampling is only way when the population is very large in size
It enables to estimate the sampling error
Universe/Population: The group of individuals under study is known as the
population or universe.
Sampling:
A finite subset selected from a population with the objective of investigating itsproperties is called a sample.
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Steps in the Sampling:
Defining the survey population or universe
Specifying the sample frame
Specifying the sampling method
Determine the sample size
Sampling plan
Select the sample
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Sampling Techniques
Probability sampling or representative
sampling
Non probability sampling or Judgmental
sampling
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Types of Probability Sampling:
Simple random sampling
Stratified random sampling
Systematic sampling
Cluster sampling
Multistage sample
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Non Probability
Quota sampling
Purposive sampling
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Methods of random sample
Lottery method
Tippets numbers
Selecting from sequential list
Grid system
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Precautions in drawing a random sampling
The population to be sampled should be clearlydefined and a list of all the units for the purposeof selection should be ready
Different units should be approximately of equalsize
Units should be independent of each other andthe selection of anyone may not make it binding
to select any other unit Every unit should be accessible
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Advantages
Free from bias
More representative
Very simple
Assessment of sampling error can be made
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Disadvantages
Very difficult to have completely catalogued
Cases selected may be too widely dispersed
Units are not of different size and the universeconsists of may heterogeneous groups of
different size
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Kinds of stratified sampling
Proportional stratified sample
Disproportional stratified sample
Stratified weighted sampling
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Features of sampling
Economy
Reliability
Detailed study
Scientific base
Greater suitability in most situations
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Essentials of ideal sample
Representativeness
Independence
Adequacy
Homogeneity
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Factors affecting the size of the sample
Homogeneity or heterogeneity of universe
Number of classes Proposed
Nature of study
Practical considerations
Standard of accuracy
Size of the questionnaire or schedule
Nature of cased to be contacted
Type of sampling used
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Pilot study: It is a preliminary study conducted on alimited scale before the original studies are carriedout to gain some primary information.
Sample Size: The most important problem whichconfronts a researcher at the outset is the size ofthe sample. If a larger sample than what is requiredis chosen, it involves both more cost and time. If asmall sample is chosen the results obtained will be
relatively less accurate.
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Factors considered to select sample size
The nature of population
Complexity of tabulation
Problems relating to collection of data
Type of sampling
The mathematics of sample size
Margin of error
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Mildred Parten has given the following formula for calculatingsample size:
Sample size =(SZ/T)2
S Preliminary standard deviation of the universe
Z Number of standard error units
T Margin or error to be obtained
Sample error: The errors which arise in the sample surveys areknown as the sampling error. There are 2 types pf samplingerrors.
Biased errors
Unbiased errors
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Non sampling error: It occurs both in census and samplesurveys. It includes the biases, prejudices and other relatedmistakes which arise in conducting the survey.
Questionnaire: It refers to a device for securing answers toquestions by using a form which the respondent fills inhimself.
Schedule:It is the name usually applied to a set of questions which are asked and filled in by the interviewer
in a face to face situation with another person.
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Types of schedule or questionnaire
Observation
Evaluation
Document
Interviews
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Classification
Structured or standardizes
Unstructured p non standardized
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Contents of questionnaire
Identifying information or introductory part
Social background and factual information
Subject matter
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Designing the questionnaire of schedule
Physical form of questionnaire:
Size
Length
Use one side of paper
Margin and spacing
Use of pictures
Quality and colour of the paper
Arrangement of grouping of items.
Choice or type of questions:
Specific information questions
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Data Processing
The data, after collection, has to be processed and analysedin accordance with the outline laid down for the purpose atthe time of developing the research plan.
Technically speaking, processing implies editing,coding, classification and tabulation of collecteddata so that they are amenable to analyses.
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Processing Operations-Editing
Editing
Editing of data is a process of examining thecollected raw data (specially in survey) to detecterrors and omissions and to correct these whenpossible.
Editing involves a careful scrutiny of the completedquestionnaires and schedules.
It is done to assure that data are accurate, consistentwith other facts gathered, uniformly entered, ascompleted as possible and has been well arranged tofacilitate coding and tabulation.
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Points or stages of editing
1. Field Editing consists in the review of the
reporting forms by the investigator at the
time of recording the respondentsresponses.
This type of editing is necessary in view ofthe fact that individual writing styles
often can be difficult for others to
decipher. (Abbreviations or illegible
forms)
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Points or stages of editing
2. Central Editing should take place when all forms orschedules have been completed and returned to theoffice. This type of editing is done by a single editor ina small study and by a team of editors in case of a
large inquiry.
Editor(s) may correct the obvious errors such as anentry in wrong place.
The editor can determine the proper answer byreviewing the other information in the schedule if theanswer is left without the response.
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Processing Operations-Classification
3. Classification
Most research studies result in a large volume of rawdata which must be reduced into homogeneousgroups if to get meaningful relationships. This isnecessary in process of arranging data in groups orclasses on the basis of common characteristics.
Data having a common characteristic are placed onone and in this way the entire data get divided into anumber of groups or classes.
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Processing Operations-Tabulation
4. Tabulation: tabulation is the process of summarising raw data anddisplaying the same in compact form for further analysis.
It is an orderly arrangement of data in columns and rows.
Tabulation is essential for the following reasons:
1. It conserves space and reduces explanatory and descriptivestatement to a minimum
2. It facilitates the process of comparison.
3. It facilitates the summation of items and the detection of errors
and omissions.
4. It provides a basis for various statistical computations.