rmwdddumum - ministry of information nov 2017.pdfrmwdddumum...
TRANSCRIPT
rrrrrmmmmmwwwwwdd dd dumumumumum
Ed kifiH jcm;wk duf½k duf&if;ES D; jEd kifiH jcm;wk duf½k duf&if;ES D; jEd kifiH jcm;wk duf½k duf&if;ES D; jEd kifiH jcm;wk duf½k duf&if;ES D; jEd kifiH jcm;wk duf½k duf&if;ES D; jrrrrr§KyfES Hr I\§KyfES Hr I\§KyfES Hr I\§KyfES Hr I\§KyfES Hr I\ (rsufESmzHk;aqmif;yg;)(rsufESmzHk;aqmif;yg;)(rsufESmzHk;aqmif;yg;)(rsufESmzHk;aqmif;yg;)(rsufESmzHk;aqmif;yg;)
tusK d;&v'ftusK d;&v'ftusK d;&v'ftusK d;&v'ftusK d;&v'f
- EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIESifh Oya'tjrif OD;[efñGefY (Oya') 4
- EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf½kduf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI\ tusKd;&v'f oef;apm (pD yD at) 9
- EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf½kduf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI\ armifarmifjrifhodef; 13
tusKd;jzpfxGef;rIrsm; (pufrIwuúodkvf)
uAsmuAsmuAsmuAsmuAsm
- tdkrmc,rff\ aw;uAsmrsm; (3) OD;boef; (r[m0dZÆm) 29
- trkef;w&m; wdkYz,f&Sm; NrJckdifwGJvufrsm; zdk;&efEdkif (ausmufBuD;) 31
tawG;tac:ESif h wufusrf;qk dif&mtawG;tac:ESif h wufusrf;qk dif&mtawG;tac:ESif h wufusrf;qk dif&mtawG;tac:ESif h wufusrf;qk dif&mtawG;tac:ESif h wufusrf;qk dif&m
- wefzkd;rjzwfEdkifaom t&if;tESD; armifay:xGef; 38
- aiGqdkwm aiGukdac:w,f Munfrif; 60
- qif;&Jjcif;vGwfuif;atmif at;jzL 130
- rnfolrqkd csrf;omEdkifonf [def;vwf 153
ppfa&;qd kif&mppfa&;qd kif&mppfa&;qd kif&mppfa&;qd kif&mppfa&;qd kif&m
- qdk;0g;vmzG,f tm&SppfyGJtEÅ&m,f xDvmpkd;jrifhx,f 55
Ed kifiHa&;qk dif&mEd ki fiHa&;qk dif&mEd ki fiHa&;qk dif&mEd ki fiHa&;qk dif&mEd ki fiHa&;qk dif&m
- uuf&SfrD;,m; EkdifiHa&; pnfolvIdif 148
odyÜ HESif henf;ynmqkdif&modyÜ HESif henf;ynmqkdif&modyÜ HESif henf;ynmqkdif&modyÜ HESif henf;ynmqkdif&modyÜ HESif henf;ynmqkdif&m
- a&S;acwfppfoabFmrsm; tykdif; (2) aqGZifñGefY 92
- 'pf*spfw,f EdkifiHom; wifñGefY 125
okwya'ompmapmifokwya'ompmapmifokwya'ompmapmifokwya'ompmapmifokwya'ompmapmif
twGJ (44)? trSwf twGJ (44)? trSwf twGJ (44)? trSwf twGJ (44)? trSwf twGJ (44)? trSwf ((((( 11)11)11)11)11)
2017 ckESpf? Ek d0ifbmv2017 ckESpf? Ek d0ifbmv2017 ckESpf? Ek d0ifbmv2017 ckESpf? Ek d0ifbmv2017 ckESpf? Ek d0ifbmv
vli,fqk di f&mvli,fqk di f&mvli,fqk di f&mvli,fqk di f&mvli,fqk di f&m
- rdwfzuf&Smyg ukdaZmfaX; (,Ofaus;rI) 32
pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m
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- tdrfarG;wd&pämefjzifh pdwfukxHk; Edkifaomif;xG#f 52
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- qef;opfazG&Sm aq;ynm (191) a'gufwm jrifhoef; (oaEom;) 118
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- avoGif;toHk;jyK&onfh a&mfbmwrHrsm; omvl&Snf 106
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0w¬Kwk d0w¬Kwk d0w¬Kwk d0w¬Kwk d0w¬Kwk d
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- tusyftwnf;ukd tEkdif,lwwfrI tEkynm armifaus;Zl; 145
- [mo armf (oefvsif) -
Ed ki fi HwpfE d ki fi H\ pD;y Gm;a&;zG H U NzK d ;wd k ;wufapa&;twGuf Ed ki fi H jcm;E d ki fi HwpfE d ki fi H\ pD;y Gm;a&;zG H U NzK d ;wd k ;wufapa&;twGuf Ed ki fi H jcm;E d ki fi HwpfE d ki fi H\ pD;y Gm;a&;zG H U NzK d ;wd k ;wufapa&;twGuf Ed ki fi H jcm;E d ki fi HwpfE d ki fi H\ pD;y Gm;a&;zG H U NzK d ;wd k ;wufapa&;twGuf Ed ki fi H jcm;E d ki fi HwpfE d ki fi H\ pD;y Gm;a&;zG H U NzK d ;wd k ;wufapa&;twGuf Ed ki fi H jcm;
&if;ES D ; jr § Ky fES Hr Ivkyfief;rsm; yd kr k d0ifa&mufvm&ef? jynfolrsm;twGuf&if;ES D ; jr § Ky fES Hr Ivkyfief;rsm; yd kr k d0ifa&mufvm&ef? jynfolrsm;twGuf&if;ES D ; jr § Ky fES Hr Ivkyfief;rsm; yd kr k d0ifa&mufvm&ef? jynfolrsm;twGuf&if;ES D ; jr § Ky fES Hr Ivkyfief;rsm; yd kr k d0ifa&mufvm&ef? jynfolrsm;twGuf&if;ES D ; jr § Ky fES Hr Ivkyfief;rsm; yd kr k d0ifa&mufvm&ef? jynfolrsm;twGuf
tvkyftukdif tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ay:xGef;vmap&efESif h jrefrmEdkifiHwGiftvkyftukdif tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ay:xGef;vmap&efESif h jrefrmEdkifiHwGiftvkyftukdif tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ay:xGef;vmap&efESif h jrefrmEdkifiHwGiftvkyftukdif tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ay:xGef;vmap&efESif h jrefrmEdkifiHwGiftvkyftukdif tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ay:xGef;vmap&efESif h jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
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aemufcHork di f;tusOf;aemufcHork di f;tusOf;aemufcHork di f;tusOf;aemufcHork di f;tusOf;aemufcHork di f;tusOf;
EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIESifhpyfvsOf;í aemufcHorkdif;tusOf;udk OD;pGmwifjyzkdY vdktyfonf/
2012 ckESpf? jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf Oya'trSwf (21) jzifh ]]EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI Oya'}}
jy|mef;cJhzl;onf/ 2013 ckESpf? jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf Oya'trSwf (18) jzifhvnf; ]]jrefrmEdkifiHom;
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rsm; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'}} jy|mef;cJhzl;onf/
tqdkygOya'rsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
Oya' (Myanmar Investment Law) jzi f h
½kyfodrf;vdkufNyD; jzpfonf/
EkdifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'ukd ½kyfodrf;
vdkufaomfvnf; ,if;Oya't& wnfaxmif
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jr§KyfES HrIOya't& qufcHrnfhaumfr&Siftm;
wm0ef0wå&m; vTJtyfay;onfhaeYtxd vkyfief;
rsm;ukd aqmif&GufcGifh &Sdap&rnf jzpfonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHom; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolqdkonfrSmjrefrmEdkifiHom; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolqdkonfrSmjrefrmEdkifiHom; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolqdkonfrSmjrefrmEdkifiHom; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolqdkonfrSmjrefrmEdkifiHom; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolqdkonfrSm
EdkifiHawmftwGif; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI jyKvkyf
onfh EdkifiHom;ukd qdkonf/ ,if;pum;&yfwGif
jrefrmEd kifiHukrÜPDrsm; tufOya'ESif htnD
zGJUpnf;wnfaxmif rSwfyHkwifxm;onfh jrefrm
ukrÜPD? ½Hk;cGJrsm;ESifh tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;tzGJUtpnf;
rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ «yk'fr 2 (¡)»
ESifhtnD zGJUpnf;wnfaxmif rSwfyHkwifxm;onfh
EkdifiHjcm;ukrÜPD? ½Hk;cGJ? tjcm;pD;yGm;a&; tzGJU
tpnf;rsm;ESifh jynfyEdkifiHwpfEdkifiHrS jy|mef;
xm;onfh Oya'rsm;ESifhtnD zGJUpnf;xm;aom
pD;yGm;a&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/
«yk'fr 2 (P)»
&if;E S D ; j&if;E S D ; j&if;E S D ; j&if;E S D ; j&if;E S D ; jrrrrr§ Ky fE S Holqk donfrSm§ Ky fE S Holqk donfrSm§ Ky fE S Holqk donfrSm§ Ky fE S Holqk donfrSm§ Ky fE S Holqk donfrSm
EdkifiHawmftwGif; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIukd Oya'
ESifhtnD vkyfukdifaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonfh jrefrm
EdkifiHom; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHol okdYr[kwf EdkifiHjcm;om;
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolukd qkdonf/ «yk'fr 2 (w)»
Ed ki fi H jcm;&if;E S D ; jE d ki fi H jcm;&if;E S D ; jE d ki fi H jcm;&if;E S D ; jE d ki fi H jcm;&if;E S D ; jE d ki fi H jcm;&if;E S D ; jrrrrr§ Ky fE S Hr Iqk donfrSm§ Ky fE S Hr Iqk donfrSm§ Ky fE S Hr Iqk donfrSm§ Ky fE S Hr Iqk donfrSm§ Ky fE S Hr Iqk donfrSm
EdkifiHjcm;om; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolu EdkifiHawmf
twGif; jyKvkyfonfh wkduf½kduf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIukd
qdkonf/ «yk'fr 2 (")»
jrefrmEd ki fi H &if;ES D ; jjrefrmEd ki fi H &if;ES D ; jjrefrmEd ki fi H &if;ES D ; jjrefrmEd ki fi H &if;ES D ; jjrefrmEd ki fi H &if;ES D ; jrrrrr§Ky fE S Hr IOya'§Ky fE S Hr IOya'§Ky fE S Hr IOya'§Ky fE S Hr IOya'§Ky fE S Hr IOya'
2016 ckESpf? jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf
Oya'trSwf (40) jzpfonf/ 2016 ckESpf?
atmufwdkbmv 18 &ufpGJjzifh jynfaxmifpk
vTwfawmfu jy|mef;jcif; jzpfonf/ EdkifiHawmf
or®wBuD; OD;xifausmf vufrSwfa&;xkd;jy|mef;
jcif; jzpfonf/
tcef; (23) cef;tcef; (23) cef;tcef; (23) cef;tcef; (23) cef;tcef; (23) cef;
tcef; (23) cef; yg&Sdonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm-
trnfESifh t"dyÜm,fazmfjycsuf? &nf&G,fcsuf?
Oya'\ tusKH;0ifrIe,fy,f? aumfr&SifzGJUpnf;
jcif;? aumfr&SifrS EkwfxGufjcif;? &yfpJjcif;ESifh
vpfvyfae&m jznfhpGufcefYxm;jcif;? aumfr&Sif
\ wm0efESifh vkyfykdifcGifhrsm;? tpnf;ta0;
5
Ek difiHjcm;om; &if;ES D;jr§KyfES HolqdkonfrSmEk difiHjcm;om; &if;ES D;jr§KyfES HolqdkonfrSmEk difiHjcm;om; &if;ES D;jr§KyfES HolqdkonfrSmEk difiHjcm;om; &if;ES D;jr§KyfES HolqdkonfrSmEk difiHjcm;om; &if;ES D;jr§KyfES HolqdkonfrSm
EdkifiHawmftwGif; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI jyKvkyf
onfh EdkifiHom;r[kwfolukd qdkonf/ ,if;pum;
&yfwGif jrefrmEdkifiH ukrÜPDrsm; tufOya'
usif;yjcif; ? tqk d jyKcsuf wifoGi f; jcif; ?
twnfjyKavQmufxm;vTmwifoGif;jcif;? &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrIvkyfief; trsKd;tpm;rsm; owfrSwfjcif;?
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;tm; qufqHaqmif&Gufjcif;?
ajrtoHk;jyKcGifh? trIxrf;rsm;ESifh tvkkyform;
rsm; cefYxm;jcif;? &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIukd tmrcHjcif;?
b@maiGrsm; vTJajymif;jcif;? &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;
\ wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;? tmrcHxm;&S d jcif;?
uif;vGwfcGifhESifh oufomcGifhrsm;? tjiif;yGm;rI
ajz&Sif;jcif;? pDrHcefYcGJa&;jypf'Pf? >cif;csuf jyK&
rnfhtcsufrsm;? vHkNcKHa&;qdkif&m uif;vGwfcGifh
rsm;ESifh taxGaxGwdkY yg0ifonf/
( *) jynfolwdk YtwGuf tvkyftukdif
tcGifhtvrf;rsm; ay:aygufvmap
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(C) vlom;t&if;tjrpf zGHUNzKd;vmap&ef?
( i) p Gr f ;aqmi f&nf jri f hrm;onf h
xkwfvkyfrI? 0efaqmifrI? ukefoG,frI
u@rsm; zGHUNzKd;wdk;wufap&ef?
( p) enf;ynm zG H U NzK d;wd k;wufap&ef?
pdkufysKd;a&;? arG;jrLa&;ESifh pufrI
u@ zGHUNzKd;wdk;wufap&ef?
(q) E d ki fi Hwp f0e f ;vH k ;w Gi f tajcc H
taqmufttH kr s m ;tygt0i f
ynm&y fe,fy,ftoD;oD ;wd k Yü
zGHUNzKd;wdk;wufap&ef?
( Z) EdkifiHom;rsm;taejzifh EdkifiHwum
tokduft0ef;ESifh ,SOfwGJvkkyfukdif
aqmif&GufEkdifap&ef?
( ps) E d k i f i Hwump HE Ie f ;E S i f hn Daom
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESif h &if;ES D;
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Oya'\ tusK H;0ifrIe,fy,fOya'\ tusK H;0ifrIe,fy,fOya'\ tusK H;0ifrIe,fy,fOya'\ tusK H;0ifrIe,fy,fOya'\ tusK H;0ifrIe,fy,f
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rwl/ wpfrlxl;jcm;pGm atmufygtwdkif; azmfjy
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vkyfukdifaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonfh okdYr[kwf þ
Oya'tmPmwnfNyD;aemuf topfzG JUpnf;
wnfaxmifvkyfukdifrnfh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItm;vHk;
ESifh tusKH;0if oufqkdifap&rnf/ okdY&mwGif
6
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twkdif; jzpfonf-
(u) EdkifiHawmfESifh EdkifiHom;wdkY\ tusKd;
pD;yGm;tvkdYiSm obm0ywf0ef;usif
ESifh vlrIywf0ef;usifudk xdckdufrI r&Sd
aponfh wm0ef,lrI&Sddaom &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrIvkyfief;rsm; zGHUNzKd;wdk;wufap
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( c) &if;ES D;jr§KyfES Holrsm;ESif h ¤if;wdk Y\
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIvkyfief;rsm;ukd Oya'
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þOya'tmPm rwnfrDu jzpfyGm;vsuf&Sd
onfh wnfqJ&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIqkdif&m tjiif;yGm;rI
rsm; okdYr[kwf þOya'tmPm rwnfrDu
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onfh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;onf þOya'ESifh tusKH;
0if oufqkdifrI r&Sdap&/}}
omwlnDrQ qufqHaqmif&GufrIomwlnDrQ qufqHaqmif&GufrIomwlnDrQ qufqHaqmif&GufrIomwlnDrQ qufqHaqmif&GufrIomwlnDrQ qufqHaqmif&GufrI
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omwlnDrQ qufqHaqmif&GufrIjyK&ef tmrcH
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csuf okdYr[kwf aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ESifh oufqdkif
onfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &ykdifcGifh? w&m;
Oya'ESifhtnD aqmif&GufcGifhESifh t,lcHcGifhrsm;
ukd tmrcHonf/
ajrtoHk; jyKcGif hE Si f h tcGif hta&;rsm;ajrtoHk; jyKcGif hE Si f h tcGif hta&;rsm;ajrtoHk; jyKcGif hE Si f h tcGif hta&;rsm;ajrtoHk; jyKcGif hE Si f h tcGif hta&;rsm;ajrtoHk; jyKcGif hE Si f h tcGif hta&;rsm;
Oya'ESifhtnD ajrtoHk;jyKcGifh &Sdonf/
oufwrf;wdk;Edkifonf/ pmcsKyfpmwrf; rSwfyHk
wifEdkifonf/ trIxrf;rsm;? tvkyform;rsm;
cefYxm;Edkifonf/ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIukd tmrcHonf/
jynfyokdY b@maiGrsm; vTJajymif;Edkifonf/
wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;
Oya'tcef; (16) wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHol\
wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;ukdvnf; azmfjyjy|mef;xm;
7
Oya'ESif htnDOya'ESif htnDOya'ESif htnDOya'ESif htnDOya'ESif htnD
ajrtoHk;jyKcGif h &S donf/ajrtoHk;jyKcGif h &S donf/ajrtoHk;jyKcGif h &S donf/ajrtoHk;jyKcGif h &S donf/ajrtoHk;jyKcGif h &S donf/
oufwrf;wdk;Ed kifonf/oufwrf;wdk;Ed kifonf/oufwrf;wdk;Ed kifonf/oufwrf;wdk;Ed kifonf/oufwrf;wdk;Ed kifonf/
pmcsKyfpmwrf;pmcsKyfpmwrf;pmcsKyfpmwrf;pmcsKyfpmwrf;pmcsKyfpmwrf;
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8
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ra&Smifolrsm;jzpf&ef vdktyfaMumif;? a'o
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vkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfaMumif;? vQyfppf? pGrf;tif?
ykdYaqmifa&;pDrHudeff;rsm;&SdaMumif;? EdkifiHwumrS
odvkdaomtcsufrsm;? aiGaMu;u@? bPfudpö
rsm;udk ynm&Sifrsm;? vkyfief;&Sifrsm; aqG;aEG;
nd§EIdif;MuaMumif; ponfh owif;aumif;rsm;ukd
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tBuHjyKcsufrsm;ukdvnf; BuKdqdktyfonf/
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jrefrmEdkifiHokdY EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;
0ifa&mufvmygap/ ,Hk Munfpdwfcs&aom
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&nfñTef;&nfñTef;&nfñTef;&nfñTef;&nfñTef;
- Oya'aygif;csKyfusrf;rsm;
Ed kifiHjcm;&if;ES D;jr§KyfES HrIrsm; ykdrk d0ifa&mufEdkifiHjcm;&if;ES D;jr§KyfES HrIrsm; ykdrk d0ifa&mufEdkifiHjcm;&if;ES D;jr§KyfES HrIrsm; ykdrk d0ifa&mufEdkifiHjcm;&if;ES D;jr§KyfES HrIrsm; ykdrk d0ifa&mufEdkifiHjcm;&if;ES D;jr§KyfES HrIrsm; ykdrk d0ifa&muf
vmjcif;vmjcif;vmjcif;vmjcif;vmjcif;
jrefrmEdkifiH pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzKd;wdk;wufa&;
twGuf EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm; ykdrkd0ifa&muf
vm&ef vdktyfaMumif; Myanmar Global Invest-
ment Forum - 2017 ukd aejynfawmfü 2017
ckESpf? pufwifbmv 12 &ufwGif usif;ycJhonf/
jrefrmEd kifiHonf tvm;tvmaumif;
aom EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHjzpfaMumif;? Oya'? enf;
Oya'rsm; jy|mef;xGufay:NyD;jzpfaMumif;?
9
jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzKd;wdk;wufatmif aqmif&Guf&mwGif u@jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzKd;wdk;wufatmif aqmif&Guf&mwGif u@jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzKd;wdk;wufatmif aqmif&Guf&mwGif u@jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzKd;wdk;wufatmif aqmif&Guf&mwGif u@jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzKd;wdk;wufatmif aqmif&Guf&mwGif u@
tvkduf cGifhjyKxm;onfh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;? &if;ESD;cGifhjyKxm;onfh tajctaetvkduf cGifhjyKxm;onfh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;? &if;ESD;cGifhjyKxm;onfh tajctaetvkduf cGifhjyKxm;onfh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;? &if;ESD;cGifhjyKxm;onfh tajctaetvkduf cGifhjyKxm;onfh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;? &if;ESD;cGifhjyKxm;onfh tajctaetvkduf cGifhjyKxm;onfh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;? &if;ESD;cGifhjyKxm;onfh tajctae
rsm;E Si f h O D ;pm;ay; &if;E S D ; jr § Ky fE S H jci f;\ tusK d ;&v'frsm;taMumif;uk drsm;E Si f h O D ;pm;ay; &if;E S D ; jr § Ky fE S H jci f;\ tusK d ;&v'frsm;taMumif;uk drsm;E Si f h O D ;pm;ay; &if;E S D ; jr § Ky fE S H jci f;\ tusK d ;&v'frsm;taMumif;uk drsm;E Si f h O D ;pm;ay; &if;E S D ; jr § Ky fE S H jci f;\ tusK d ;&v'frsm;taMumif;uk drsm;E Si f h O D ;pm;ay; &if;E S D ; jr § Ky fE S H jci f;\ tusK d ;&v'frsm;taMumif;uk d
a&;om;xm;onf/a&;om;xm;onf/a&;om;xm;onf/a&;om;xm;onf/a&;om;xm;onf/
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onfh wdkuf½kduf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIukd qkdonf[k 2016 ckESpf? jrefrmEdkifiH&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI Oya' tykd'f
2 (") wGif twdtvif; t"dyÜm,fzGifhqkdxm;onf/
10
&if;ES D ; jr § Ky fE S Hr IwGif atmufygtwkdif;
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rsm;?
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tm; tqdkjyKwifjyapNyD; cGif hjyKrdef Y&&SdrSom
&if;ESD;jr§KyfES H&rnfhvkyfief;rsm;rSm EkdifiHawmf
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jr§KyfESHrI vkyfief;trsKd;tpm;rsm;? rwnf aiG&if;
BuD;rm;onf h &if;ES D ; jr § Ky fE S Hr Irsm;? obm0
ywf0ef;usifESifh a'ocH vlxktay: BuD;rm;
aomoufa&mufrI jzpfEkdifonfhvkyfief;rsm;?
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toHk;jyKonfh &if;ES D;jr§KyfES HrIvkyfief;rsm;ESif h
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1988 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvuyif EdkifiHjcm;
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya'ukd jy|mef;ay;cJhNyD; jrefrmh
pD;yGm;a&;ukd wHcg;zGifhay;cJhonf/ yk*¾vduu@
zGHUNzKd;apa&;ESifh aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf yDyD
jyifjyif ay:aygufvmap&eftwGuf ukefoG,f
a&;? aiGa&;aMu;a&;? b@ma&;? pufrIvkyfief;?
tdrfwGif;pufrIvufrIvkyfief;rsm;ESifh oufqdkif
onfh Oya'rsm; jy|mef;ay;cJhjcif;aMumifh &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrIrsm; wkd;wufvmaomfvnf; txl;vdktyf
aom tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm; wnfaqmuf
a&;ESifh wnfNidrfNyD; jrifhrm;aom wdk;wufrIEIef;
rsm;twGuf vHkavmufrIr&Sdao;onfukd awGU&
ayrnf/ 2016 ckESpf? jynfaxmifpk vTwfawmf
Oya'trSwf (40) jzifh jy|mef;ay;vkdufonfh
11
xkwf jye fxm;onf h ude f ;*Pef ;r sm ;t&
atmufygtwkdif; awGU&SdEdkifonf-
31-8-2017 &uftxd Ek di fiHtvdkuf
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI cGifhjyKNyD; tajctae
jrefrmEdkifiH&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI Oya'onf 2012 ckESpf?
EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI Oya'ESifh 2013 ckESpf?
jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI Oya'rsm;ukd
½kyfodrf;NyD; jyefvnfjyifqifa&;qGJ twnfjyK
jy|mef;ay;vdkufojzifh &if;ES D;jr§KyfES HrIrsm;ukd
yd kr k dqG JaqmifEd ki faom Oya'wpf&yftjzpf
ay:xGufvmjcif;yif jzpfonf/
u@tvd kuf c Gi f h jy Kxm;aom &if;E S D ;u@tvd kuf c Gi f h jy Kxm;aom &if;E S D ;u@tvd kuf c Gi f h jy Kxm;aom &if;E S D ;u@tvd kuf c Gi f h jy Kxm;aom &if;E S D ;u@tvd kuf c Gi f h jy Kxm;aom &if;E S D ;
jjjjjrrrrr§ Ky fE S Hr Irsm;§ Ky fE S Hr Irsm;§ Ky fE S Hr Irsm;§ Ky fE S Hr Irsm;§ Ky fE S Hr Irsm;
jrefrmEkdifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;zG HUNzK d;wkd;wuf
atmif aqmif&Guf&mwGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm; r&Sd
rjzpf vdktyfonf/ jynfwGif;rS&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;
wdk;wufzkdYvkdovkd EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm; ydkrkd
0ifa&muf&ef vdktyfonf/ EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESH
rIrsm; 0ifa&mufvm&eftwGuf tvm;tvm
aumif;aom u@rsm;ukd avhvmMunfhvQif
31-8-2017 aeY t"duu@tvkduf &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrIrsm;ukd atmufygtwkdif; awGU&SddEdkifonf-
pOfpOfpOfpOfpOfu@u@u@u@u@
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3 pufrIu@ 801 8945.141 12.08
4 ykdYaqmifa&;ESifh 52 8577.977 11.58
qufoG,fa&;
5 tjcm; 345 13401.829 18.10
pkpkaygif; 1366 74046.761 100.00
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EdkifiHtvkduf cGifhjyKonfh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;
ukd &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIESifh ukrÜPDrsm;? OD;pD;Xme
1 w½kwf 195 19153.811 25.87
2 pifumyl 261 18398.806 24.85
3 xkdif; 112 11013.026 14.87
4 a[mifaumif 156 7755.808 10.47
5 ,lau 89 4332.938 5.85
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8 rav;&Sm; 61 1952.418 2.64
9 e,fomvef 20 1513.890 2.04
10 tdEd, 26 743.642 1.00
11 tjcm;EdkifiHrsm; 284 3308.833 4.47
pkpkaygif; 1366 74046.761 100.00
EdkifiHaygif; 49 EdkifiH? vkyfief;aygif; 1ç366
twGuf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH&ef cGifhjyKay;xm;onf/
w½kwf? pifumyl? xkdif;ESifh a[mifaumifEdkifiH
wkdYonf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI trsm;qHk;jzpfonfukd
awGU&onf/
EdkifiHtvkdufESifh u@tvkduf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH
rIrsm;rS t&if;tESD;rsm; jynfwGif;pD;0ifvmonfh
tcg tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;vnf; &Sdvmrnf
jzpfonf/ &if;ESD;rIrsm; pD;0ifvmjcif;aMumifh
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;? ukrÜPDrsm;twGuf pwif
wnfaxmifEkdifjcif;? wdk;csJUEdkifjcif;twGuf &if;ESD;
rIrsm; &&Sdvmjcif; (Funds for Startup or Ex-
12
pansion) wkd Y tusKd;cHpm;&rnf jzpfonf/
wpfpyfwnf; ,if;okdY wkd;csJUEdkifonfESifhtrQ
tvkyftukdiftcGif htvrf;rsm; (Expansion
Leads to Job Creation) zefwD;ay;Edkifonf/
pD;0ifvmonfh rwnf&if;ES D;jr§KyfES HaiGrsm;rS
vkyfief;rsm;vnfywfojzif h tusK d;tjrwf
rsm;rsm; &&SdvmNyD; ,if;tusKd;tjrwfonfyif
tjcm;aom vkyfief;rsm; wdk;csJUrI odkYr[kwf
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItwGuf avmifpmpGrf;tiftjzpf
aqmif&GufEdkifayonf/
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rsm;rsm;rsm;rsm;rsm;
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ESifh yl;aygif;jcif;? EdkifiHjcm;ukrÜPDrsm;ESifh tusKd;
wlyl;aygif;&if;EDS;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;wGuf aqmif&Guf
vsuf&Sdonf/ vQyfppf? pGrf;tifESifh vrf;wHwm;
tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
rsm; vdktyfaomfvnf; t&if;tESD; enf;ynm
ygvmonfh? t&nftaoG;&Sdonfh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
rsm;ukd BuKdqkd&rnf jzpfonf/ t&nftaoG;&Sd
onfh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIonf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItay:
jyef&EIef; tusKd;tjrwfukdom rMunfhbJ EdkifiH\
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rIrsm;onf a&eH? "mwfaiGU? pGrf;tif? pufrIu@
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ü a&&Snfjr§KyfES Hxm;Muaomfvnf; Ed kifiH\
vufiif;a&wdkumv wdk;wufzGHUNzKd;vmEdkifonfh
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a&;uvnf; ydkrd k&if;ES D;vmEdkifzG,f&S donfukd
awGUjrifae&onf/ v,f,mu@wGif awmifol
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wefzkd;jrifhxkwfukef xkwfvkyfrIykdif;wGif wefzkd;
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aps;uGufcsdwfqufrI ydkrdktm;aumif;vmum
aus;vufaejynfolrsm;\ tvkyftukdif tcGifh
tvrf;rsm; &&SdvmNyD; ae&ma'o tESHYtjym;
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,if;zGHUNzKd;wdk;wufrIonf enf;ynmopfrsm;
&&S drI (New Technologies and Know-how)?
vlYpGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpfrsm; pkpnf;EdkifrI (For-
mation of Human Resources) ? pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;rsm; NyKdifqkdifwdk;wufrI (Increase of
Competition) ? urÇmhaps;uGufESifh csdwfqufEdkifrI
(Integration in Global Market) ESifh vkyfief;rsm;
zGHUNzKd;wdk;wufvmNyD; jyefvnfzGJUpnf;EdkifrI (Firms
Development and Reorganization) ponfh
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oef;apm (pD yD at)oef;apm (pD yD at)oef;apm (pD yD at)oef;apm (pD yD at)oef;apm (pD yD at)
13
EdkifiHjcm;wkduf½kduf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI (FDI) ukd yGifhvif;NyD; atmifjrifaom EdkifiHwumpD;yGm;a&;
pepfESifh zGHUNzKd;wdk;wufrIqkdif&m t"du,EÅ&m; wpfcktwGuf tajccHusaom tpdwftykdif;taejzifh
Ed kifiHjcm;wdkuf½k duf &if;ES D;jr§KyfES HrIonf enf;ynm? vlom;t&if;tESD;? pDrHcefYcG JrIESif hEd kifiHjcm;wdkuf½k duf &if;ES D;jr§KyfES HrIonf enf;ynm? vlom;t&if;tESD;? pDrHcefYcG JrIESif hEd kifiHjcm;wdkuf½k duf &if;ES D;jr§KyfES HrIonf enf;ynm? vlom;t&if;tESD;? pDrHcefYcG JrIESif hEd kifiHjcm;wdkuf½k duf &if;ES D;jr§KyfES HrIonf enf;ynm? vlom;t&if;tESD;? pDrHcefYcG JrIESif hEd kifiHjcm;wdkuf½k duf &if;ES D;jr§KyfES HrIonf enf;ynm? vlom;t&if;tESD;? pDrHcefYcG JrIESif h
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf ta&;ygaom u@wpf&yf jzpfaMumif;? tvkyftukdifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf ta&;ygaom u@wpf&yf jzpfaMumif;? tvkyftukdifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf ta&;ygaom u@wpf&yf jzpfaMumif;? tvkyftukdifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf ta&;ygaom u@wpf&yf jzpfaMumif;? tvkyftukdifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf ta&;ygaom u@wpf&yf jzpfaMumif;? tvkyftukdif
tcGif htvrf;rsm; &&Sdvmjcif;aMumifh atmifjrifaom? pGrf;aqmif&nf jynfh0aomtcGifhtvrf;rsm; &&Sdvmjcif;aMumifh atmifjrifaom? pGrf;aqmif&nf jynfh0aomtcGifhtvrf;rsm; &&Sdvmjcif;aMumifh atmifjrifaom? pGrf;aqmif&nf jynfh0aomtcGifhtvrf;rsm; &&Sdvmjcif;aMumifh atmifjrifaom? pGrf;aqmif&nf jynfh0aomtcGifhtvrf;rsm; &&Sdvmjcif;aMumifh atmifjrifaom? pGrf;aqmif&nf jynfh0aom
vkyfief;&Sifrsm; ay:xGufvmEdkifaMumif;ESif h qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI avQmhcsa&;twGufvkyfief;&Sifrsm; ay:xGufvmEdkifaMumif;ESif h qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI avQmhcsa&;twGufvkyfief;&Sifrsm; ay:xGufvmEdkifaMumif;ESif h qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI avQmhcsa&;twGufvkyfief;&Sifrsm; ay:xGufvmEdkifaMumif;ESif h qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI avQmhcsa&;twGufvkyfief;&Sifrsm; ay:xGufvmEdkifaMumif;ESif h qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI avQmhcsa&;twGuf
vnf; t"duusaMumif; ponfjzifh Ed kifiHjcm;wdkuf½k duf&if;ES D;rI\tusKd;jzpfxGef;rIvnf; t"duusaMumif; ponfjzifh Ed kifiHjcm;wdkuf½k duf&if;ES D;rI\tusKd;jzpfxGef;rIvnf; t"duusaMumif; ponfjzifh Ed kifiHjcm;wdkuf½k duf&if;ES D;rI\tusKd;jzpfxGef;rIvnf; t"duusaMumif; ponfjzifh Ed kifiHjcm;wdkuf½k duf&if;ES D;rI\tusKd;jzpfxGef;rIvnf; t"duusaMumif; ponfjzifh Ed kifiHjcm;wdkuf½k duf&if;ES D;rI\tusKd;jzpfxGef;rI
rsm;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/rsm;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/rsm;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/rsm;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/rsm;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/
14
½Ijrifxm;onf/ xkdYaMumifh EdkifiHjcm;wkduf½kduf
&if;ES D;jr§KyfES HrI\ tusd;jzpfxGef;rIrsm;onf
atmif jrifr Iuk d a&&Snfxdef;xm;Ed ki faom
pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrItwGuf t"du tpdwftykdif;
tjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;? vlrIpD;yGm; zG HUNzKd;
wdk;wufa&;twGuf enf;vrf;wpf&yftjzpf
aomfvnf;aumif; ½Ijrifxm;Muonf/
Ed kifiH jcm;wd kuf½k duf&if;ES D; jr§ KyfES Hr Ionf
tdrf&SifEdkifiHrsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzKd;wdk;wufrI
ay:wGif xl;jcm;aom tusKd;oufa&mufrI
&Sdonf/ ,cktcg zGHUNzKd;qJEkdifiHrsm;? xGef;opfp
EdkifiHrsm;ESifh toGiful;ajymif;p EdkifiHrsm;onf
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIukd qGJaqmif&ef taumif;qHk;
rl0g'rsm;ESifhtnD vkdufygaqmif&GufaeMuonf/
tdrf&SifEd ki fiHrsm;twGuf tusK d; jzpfxGef;rI
trsm;qHk;jzpfapjcif;onf odomxif&Sm;vS
onf/ ,if;tusKd;jzpfxGef;rIrsm;wGif enf;ynm?
vlom;t&if;tESD; taxmuftuljzpfrI? ,SOfNyKdif
Edkifaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;? ywf0ef;usifukd
jr§ifhwifay;rI? EdkifiHwum ukefoG,frIaygif;pnf;
aqmif&Gufa&;wGif yg0ifaqmif&GufrIESi f h
pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzKd;rIwkdYukd jr§ifhwifay;jcif;wdkY yg0if
onf/
xkd Yjyif pD;yGm;a&; tusKd;jzpfxGef;rIrsm;
omru tdrf&SifEdkifiHrsm;\ ywf0ef;usifESifh
v lr Ia&;tajctae wd k ;wufr Iu d kvnf;
ulnDay;Edkifonf/ tdrf&SifEdkifiHrsm;twGuf ydkrkd
aumif;rGefaom enf;ynmukd tpm;xkd;ay;jcif;
ESifh vlrIwm0efodrIqkdif&m rl0g'rsm;ukd vrf;ñTef
ay;jcif;wdkYukd azmfaqmifay;onf/ ,if;tusKd;
jzp fxGe f ;r Itm;vH k ;onf y d kr k d jri f hrm;aom
pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrIukd ulnDaqmif&Gufay;
Edkifovkd tdrf&SifEdkifiHrsm;\ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI
avQm hcsa&;twGufvnf; t"duusonf h
tcef;u@wpf&yf jzpfonf/
trSefpifppf Ed kifiHjcm;wdkuf½k duf&if;ES D;
jr§KyfESHrIonf pD;yGm;a&;t& tusKd;oufa&mufrI
ukd wdwdusus wdkif;wm&ef cufcJvSonf/ FDI
\ tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;onf EdkifiHjcm;tcef;
u@rsm;ESif h a'ovlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif
tvkdtavsmuf jrifhwufvmjcif;omjzpfNyD;
tnDtrQ jrifhwufvmjcif;awmh r[kwfacs/
,if;tusKd;jzpfxGef;rIrsm;onf wpfEdkifiHESif h
wpfEdkifiH uGmjcm;vSonf/
t&if;tjrpfrsm; yH hy k d ;ay;jcif;t&if;tjrpfrsm; yH hy k d ;ay;jcif;t&if;tjrpfrsm; yH hy k d ;ay;jcif;t&if;tjrpfrsm; yH hy k d ;ay;jcif;t&if;tjrpfrsm; yH hy k d ;ay;jcif;
Ed ki fiH jcm;wd kuf½d kuf&if;ES D; jr§ KyfES Hr Ionf
t&if;tESD; (Capital) ? enf;ynm (Technology)
ESifh pDrHcefYcGJrI (Management) t&if;tESD;rsm;
yHhykd;ulnDjcif;jzifh tdrf&SifEdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;ukd
tjyKoabmqefaom yg0ifaqmif&GufrI jyKvkyf
ay;Ekdifonf/ ,if;t&if;tjrpfrsm; vTJajymif;
ay;jcif;onf tdrf&SifEdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wuf
rIukd vIHYaqmfay;Edkifonf/
15
t&if;tES D; t&if;tES D; t&if;tES D; t&if;tES D; t&if;tES D; (Capital)
t&if;tESD;taejzifhMunfhvQif EdkifiHwum
aumfy k da&;& Si f ;rsm;onf a&&Snfp Dr Hude f ;
rsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHMuNyD; ,if;pDrHudef;rsm;rS
tjrwftpGef; jyefvnf&,lEd kif&ef pGef Ypm;
rIrsm; jyKvkyfMu&onf/ pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif
rsm;u EdkifiHwumokdY t&if;tESD; vGwfvyfpGm
pD;qif;rIukd ESpfoufMuonf/ taMumif;rlum;
tusK d;tjrwf jyefvnf&&S drI tjrif hqH k;uk d
&SmazG&ef t&if;tES D;uk d pk dufxkwf&aom
aMumifh jzpfonf/ tdrf&SifEdkifiHrsm;&Sd pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;rsm;u ray;Edkifaom aiGaMu;t&if;
tESD;ukd "epGrf;tm;BuD;rm;pGm ykdifqkdifxm;aom
EdkifiHpHk aumfykda&;&Sif;rsm;u tdrf&SifEdkifiHrsm;okdY
ay;pGrf;EdkifMuonf/ BuD;rm;aom EdkifiHpHkaumfykd
a&;&Sif;rsm;onf ,if;wd k Y\*kPfodu©mjzif h
aps;uGufrsm;rS aiGaMu;ukd tdrf&SifEd kifiH&S d
pD;yGm;a&;ukrÜPDrsm;xuf acs;,l&ef ydkrdkvG,ful
aomaMumifh jzpfonf/
xkd Yjyif EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf½kduf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH
r Ionf jynfyt&if;tES D ; y H hy k d ;ulnD jcif;
omru xyfrHvkdtyfaom jynfwGif; &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrIukdyg jznfhqnf;ay;jcif;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;
wd k;wufrItwGuf ulnDaqmif&Gufay;Ed kif
onf/ t&if;tES D ; p D ;qif;r Irsm;aMumif h
EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf½kduf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIESifh jynfwGif;
&i f ;E S D ; jr § Ky fE S Hr ItMum; qufoG,fr Ionf
y d kr d ke D ;uy fvmonf/ xk d Ya Mumi f h o dom
xif& Sm;aom tusK d ; jzp fxGe f ;r Iwpfc kr Sm
jynfwGif;&if;ES D ; jr § Ky fE S Hr Iuk d jznf hqnf;ay;
jcif;yif jzpfonf/
pDr Hcef Yc G Jr I pDr Hcef Yc G Jr I pDr Hcef Yc G Jr I pDr Hcef Yc G Jr I pDr Hcef Yc G Jr I (Management)
EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf½kduf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIwGif pDrH
cefYcGJrIonf ta&;ygaomae&mrS yg0ifvsuf
&S donf/ todynmrsm; vTJajymif;ay;jcif;?
vkyfom;rsm;ukd avhusif hoifwef;ay;jcif;?
uRrf;usifrIrsm; vTJajymif;ay;jcif;? qef;opfaom
pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh tzGJUtpnf;qdkif&m tavhtx
rsm; vTJajymif;ay;jcif;rSwpfqifh tdrf&SifEdkifiH
wGif vuf&Sd &Sdaeaom todynm (Knowledge)
rsm;ukd wdk;wufaprnf jzpfonf/
EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf½kduf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrSwpfqifh
&&Sdaom EdkifiHjcm;pDrHcefYcGJrI? uRrf;usifrIrsm;
onf tdrf&SifEdkifiHrsm;twGuf tusKd;jzpfxGef;rI
rsm;ukd ay;Edkifonf/ avhusifhxm;aom a'ocH
0efxrf;rsm;onf EdkifiHwum ukrÜPDBuD;rsm;?
½Hk;cGJrsm;wGif pDrHcefYcGJrIqdkif&mESifh b@ma&;ESifh
enf;ynmqdkif&m e,fy,frsm;wGif tqifhjrifh
&mxl;rsm;jzifh 0ifa&mufvkyfukdifEdkifaom tusKd;
aus;Zl;rsm;&&S dEd kifNyD; ,if;ukrÜPDBuD;rsm;rS
&&Sdaom tawGUtBuKHrsm;jzifh jynfwGif;ukrÜPD
rsm;ukd xlaxmifEdkifrnf jzpfonf/ xkdYjyif EdkifiH
wumaumfyk da&;&Sif;rsm;\ yk drd kaumif;rGef
aom pDrHcefYcGJrI? uRrf;usifrIrsm;ukd jynfwGif;
16
&Sd ypönf;ay;oGif;olrsm;? jzefYcsda&mif;csolrsm;
ESifh NyKdifbufrsm;tay: jr§ifhwifay;EdkifvQif tusKd;
jzpfxGef;rIrsm; &&SdrnfrSm rvGJ{uef jzpfonf/
tdrf&SifEdkifiH&Sd vkyfom;rsm;onf EkdifiH
jcm;om;rsm; ykdYcsaom jynfwGif;oifwef;rsm;ESifh
jynfyoifwef;rsm; wufa&muf&aomaMumifh
uRrf;usifrItopfrsm; &&SdMuonf/ txl;ojzifh
Ed ki fiH jcm;ukrÜPDtzG JUtpnf;rsm;rSay;aom
oifwef;rsm;onf yd krd k jrif hrm;aom t&nf
taoG;ukd &&Sdaponf/ xkdYaMumifh EdkifiHjcm;
wdkuf½kduf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIjzifh vma&mufonfh
EdkifiHjcm;ukrÜPDrsm;wGif tvkyfvkyfMu&aom
jynfwGif;&Sd vkyfom;rsm;onf jynfwGif;vkyfom;
aps;uGufodkY jyefvnf0ifa&mufaomtcg ,if;
uRrf;usifrIrsm;udk ,laqmifoGm;Ed kifonf/
EdkifiHjcm;ukrÜPDrsm;rS &&Sdaom oifwef;rsm;
onf a,bk,stm;jzifh tzGJUtpnf;ESifh pDrH
cefYcGJrIacgif;pOfatmufwGif oifMum;Mu&avh
&Sdonf/ odkYjzpf&m tdrf&SifEdkifiHrsm;taejzifh
EdkifiHpHk aumfykda&;&Sif;rsm;\ ]]pDrHcefYcGJrIqdkif&m
omvGefaumif;rGefrI}}ukd tawGUtBuKH &&SdMu
rnfomru atmufygp Dr Hce f Yc G Jr Iqk di f&m
tusKd;jzpfxGef;rIrsm;vnf; &&SdMurnf jzpfonf-
(u) yd kr k daumif;r Ge faom avhusi f h
oifwef;ay;rIESifh ydkrdkjrifhrm;aom
pHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;rS vkyfief;aqmif
&GufrIrsm;wGif pDrHcefYcG JrIqdkif&m
pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm; wdk;wufvm
jcif;/
( c) &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIqkdif&m tcGifhtvrf;
rsm;ukd &SmazG&mwGif pGefYOD;vkyfief;
qdkif&m pGrf;&nfrsm; &&Sdvmjcif;/
( *) enf;ynm? tvkkyftrIaqmifESifh
aiGpm&if;qkdif&m uRrf;usif0efxrf;
rsm;xHrS &&Sdaom oifwef;tawGU
tBuKHrsm;ukd jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;rsm;wGif vufawGUtoHk;cs
vmEdkifjcif;/
tvkyftukdif tusK d;oufa&mufrIrsm;tvkyftukdif tusK d;oufa&mufrIrsm;tvkyftukdif tusK d;oufa&mufrIrsm;tvkyftukdif tusK d;oufa&mufrIrsm;tvkyftukdif tusK d;oufa&mufrIrsm;
E d ki fi H jcm;wd kuf½ k duf&if;E S D ; jr§ Ky fE S Hr IE Si f h
qufET,faeaom tvkyftukdifrsm;ay:wGif
tusK d ;oufa&mufr Ir sm;onf wd kuf½ k du f
okdYr[kwf oG,f0kdufvsuf&Sdaeonf/ tcsKdUEdkifiH
rsm;onf t&if;tESD;tm;jzifh tweftoifh
&Sm;yg;aomfvnf; vkyfom;tiftm;rSm <u,f0
vSonf/ EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf½kduf&if;ESD;jr§KyfES HrI\
tvTrf;rkd;qHk; t&mxifrIwpfckrSm tvkyftukdif
tcGif htvrf;rsm;uk d wd kuf½k duf ok d Yr[kwf
oG,f0k dufaomenf;jzif h zefwD;ay;aejcif;
jzpfonf/ Ed kifiHjcm;wdkuf½k duf&if;ES D;jr§KyfES HrI
aqmif&Gufaeaom EdkifiHpHkukrÜPDBuD;rsm;u
tdrf&SifEdkifiH\ EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;ukd tvkyfcefY
xm;jcif;onf wdkuf½kduftusKd;oufa&mufrIyif
jzpfonf/ EdkifiHpHkukrÜPDBuD;rsm;u a'ocH0efxrf;
rsm;ukd toHk;jyKrIaMumifh tvkyftukdifrsm;
zefwD;aomtcg &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI\ &v'ftae
jzifh oG,f0kduftusKd;oufa&mufrI &&Sdvmonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh jyifopfEdkifiHwGif wkd,kdwm
ukrÜPDBuD;\ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIonf tdrf&SifEdkifiH
wGif tvkyftukdif &&Sdrnf[lonfh tusKd;
oufa&mufrIukd azmfjyEdkifonf/ xkwfjyefxm;
aom tcsuftvufrsm;t& wdkuf½kduftvkyf
tukdif tcGifhtvrf;aygif; 2ç000 cefYukdvnf;
17
zefwD;ay;Ek difcJ honf/ tdrf&SifEd kifiHrsm;wGif
EdkifiHjcm;wkduf½kduf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI 0ifa&mufvm
aomaMumifh aps;uGufopfrsm;okdY oGif;tm;pkrsm;
jznfhwif;ay;aeaom jynfwGif;yk*¾vdu tcef;
u@taejzifh tusKd;jzpfxGef;rI &&SdMuonf/
xkdYjyif jynfwGif;yk*¾vduvkyfief;rsm;onf
EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf½kduf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHol\ xkwfukef
ypönf;vky fief;pOfrsm; aqmif& Guf&mwGif
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; qufoG,frItjzpf yg0if
jznfhqnf;Muonf/ jynfwGif;vkyfief;rsm;?
tjcm;tcef;u@rsm;ESif h ukefxkwfvkyfrI
qufpyfjcif;ukd vkyfief;uefx½kdkuf cGJay;jcif;
pepfrSwpfqifh jrifhwufvmcJhMuonf/ þwGif
Ed kifiHjcm;ukrÜPDrsm;okdY puft&efypönf;rsm;?
tpdwftykdif;rsm;ESifh wpf0ufwpfysuf NyD;pD;aom
ukefypönf;rsm; (Semi-finished Good) twGuf
jznf hwif ;ay;aeaom a'ocHvky fie f ;c G J
uefx½kdufwmrsm;twGuf tusKd;jzpfxGef;rIrsm;
&&SdMuonf/
þokdYjzifh xyfrHay:aygufvmaom tvkyf
tukdifrsm;ukd zefwD;ay;EdkifcJhMuNyD; pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;aqmif&GufrIukd tm;ay;cJ h Muonf/
pifppf EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf½kdkuf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI\ tvkyf
tukdifqkdif&m tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;onf
tdrf&SifzGHUNzKd;qJEdkifiHrsm;twGuf txl;tcGifh
ta&;taejzifh qGJaqmifrIukd jzpfaponf/
a&&SnfwnfwH hatmif xdef;odrf;Ed ki faom
wdk;wufrItwGuf t"duvkdtyfcsufwpfckrSm
pdkufysKd;a&;rS ukefxkwfvkyfrIESifh 0efaqmifrI
vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&mwGif vdktyfaom
vkyfom;tiftm;ukd &&Sd&ef pGrf;&nfjynfhrDae
jcif;yif jzpfonf/
Ed ki fi HwumukefoG,frIE d ki fi HwumukefoG,frIE d ki fi HwumukefoG,frIE d ki fi HwumukefoG,frIE d ki fi HwumukefoG,frI
Ed ki fiH jcm;wd kuf½k duf&if;ES D; jr§ KyfES Hr Ionf
zGHUNzKd;qJEkdifiHrsm;wGif ykdYukefwdk;wufrIukd taxmuf
tuljyKjcif;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrIwGif rsm;pGm
taxmuftuljyKEdkifonf/ ykdYukefjr§ifhwifa&;ukd
&nf&G,ftm;xm;aom EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf½kduf&if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrIrsm;onf tdrf&SifEdkifiHrS ykdYukefrsm; wdk;jr§ifh
a&;ukd tm½HkpkdufMuonf/ tu,fí jynfwGif;&Sd
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;onf EdkifiHjcm;ukrÜPDrsm;
u aqmif&Gufaeaom FDI vkyfief;rsm;wGif
ykdYukefrsm;twGuf ukefypönf;rsm; xkwfvkyfjcif;
wGif oGif;tm;pkrsm; (Inputs) jznfhqnf;ay;Mu
jcif;jzifh xyfqifhwkd; ykdYukefrsm; ydkrdkxGuf&Sdvmvdrfh
rnf jzpfonf/ Mum;cHukefypönf;rsm;ukd jynfyrS
wifoGif;aeaom EdkifiHjcm;wkduf½k duf&if;ES D;
jr§KyfESHrIonf oGif;ukefrsm;omru ykdYukefrsm;
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rsm;ukd tdrf&SifEd kifiHtwGif;rSm aqmif&Guf
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ykdYukefjr§ifhwifaeaom EdkifiHrsm;onf ukefxkwf
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Ed ki fi H jcm;wd kuf½ d ku f&i f ;E S D ; jr§Ky fE S Hr IrS y k dr k d
18
BuD;rm;aom pGrf;aqmif&nfukd ESpfoufMu
onf/
þwGif FDI ukd jynfwGif;t&if;tESD;ESifh
vkyfom;twGuf xyfrH jznf hwif;ay;aom
oGif;tm;pktaejzifh ,lqxm;onf/ okdYaomf
zGHUNzKd;qJEdkifiHrsm;twGuf vlom;t&if;tESD;
(Human Capital) ESifh enf;ynmopfonf t"du
t&if;tjrpf[k ynm&Sifrsm;u qkdMuonf/
xkdYjyif zGHUNzKd;qJEdkifiHrsm;twGuf ykdYukefjr§ifhwifa&;
wGif ta&;ygaom tif*sifwpfck[kvnf; qkdMu
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ukefoG,frIomru enf;ynmvTJajymif;rIESifh
uRr f ;usi fr Iwnfaqmuf jci f ;r S && S donf h
tusKd;jzpfxGef;rIrsm; jzpfonf/
,SOf NyK di frItay: tusK d;oufa&mufrI,SOf NyK di frItay: tusK d;oufa&mufrI,SOf NyK di frItay: tusK d;oufa&mufrI,SOf NyK di frItay: tusK d;oufa&mufrI,SOf NyK di frItay: tusK d;oufa&mufrI
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Ed kifiHjcm;ukrÜPDrsm;\ t&if;tESD; jr§KyfES HrI
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&if;ES D; jr§ KyfES HrIonf&if;ES D; jr§ KyfES HrIonf&if;ES D; jr§ KyfES HrIonf&if;ES D; jr§ KyfES HrIonf&if;ES D; jr§ KyfES HrIonf
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tcGif htvrf;rsm;?tcGif htvrf;rsm;?tcGif htvrf;rsm;?tcGif htvrf;rsm;?tcGif htvrf;rsm;?
Ed ki fiHwumukefoG,frIESif hE d ki fiHwumukefoG,frIESif hE d ki fiHwumukefoG,frIESif hE d ki fiHwumukefoG,frIESif hE d ki fiHwumukefoG,frIESif h
,SOf NyK di frIwd k Ytay:wGif,SOf NyK di frIwd k Ytay:wGif,SOf NyK di frIwd k Ytay:wGif,SOf NyK di frIwd k Ytay:wGif,SOf NyK di frIwd k Ytay:wGif
wd kuf½k dufaomfvnf;aumif;?wd kuf½k dufaomfvnf;aumif;?wd kuf½k dufaomfvnf;aumif;?wd kuf½k dufaomfvnf;aumif;?wd kuf½k dufaomfvnf;aumif;?
oG,f0k dufíaomfvnf;aumif;oG,f0k dufíaomfvnf;aumif;oG,f0k dufíaomfvnf;aumif;oG,f0k dufíaomfvnf;aumif;oG,f0k dufíaomfvnf;aumif;
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&S donf/&S donf/&S donf/&S donf/&S donf/
19
0efaqmifr Ivky fief;rsm;wGif txl;ta&;
ygonf/ xkdYaMumifh EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf½kduf&if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrIonf t&if;tESD;? enf;ynm? pDrHcefYcGJrI?
tvkyftukdif tcGifhtvrf;rsm;? EdkifiHwum
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aomfvnf;aumif;? oG,f0kdufíaomfvnf;aumif;
tusKd;jzpfxGef;rIrsm; &Sdonf/ ukefoG,frIESifhtwl
FDI \ Ek difiHwum pD;qif;rIrsm; jrif hrm;
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rsm; zefwD;Muonf/
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aqmif&GufMuonf/ tdrf&SifEdkifiHrsm;&Sd vkyfom;
tiftm;rsm;ukd toufarG;0rf;ausmif;qkdif&m
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jzifh pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wuf&ef vIHYaqmfaqmif&GufMu
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jr§KyfESHrIonf jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk
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onf jynfwGif; pD;y Gm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;\
pGrf;&nfukd jr§ifhwifay;aom? ,SOfNyKdifjcif;ESifh
qef;opfzefwD;jcif;twGuf pGrf;tm;&Sdaom
armif;ESiftm;wpfckyif jzpfayonf/
armifarmifjrifhodef; (pufrIwuúokdvf)armifarmifjrifhodef; (pufrIwuúokdvf)armifarmifjrifhodef; (pufrIwuúokdvf)armifarmifjrifhodef; (pufrIwuúokdvf)armifarmifjrifhodef; (pufrIwuúokdvf)
Ref: The Effects of Foreign Direct Invest-ments for Host Country's EconomyBy Selma KUR Tishi Kastrata
aMumfjimrsm; xnfUoGif;vdkyguaMumfjimrsm; xnfUoGif;vdkyguaMumfjimrsm; xnfUoGif;vdkyguaMumfjimrsm; xnfUoGif;vdkyguaMumfjimrsm; xnfUoGif;vdkyguzkef; -zkef; -zkef; -zkef; -zkef; - 01-249230 ?01 -249230 ?01 -249230 ?01 -249230 ?01 -249230 ? 09-4311914309-4311914309-4311914309-4311914309-43119143 odk h qufoG,fpH kprf;Ed kifygonf/ odk h qufoG,fpH kprf;Ed kifygonf/ odk h qufoG,fpH kprf;Ed kifygonf/ odk h qufoG,fpH kprf;Ed kifygonf/ odk h qufoG,fpH kprf;Ed kifygonf/
20
aMumufrufzG,f&m a&m*gqdk;ESifh BuKHawGUaecsdefaMumufrufzG,f&m a&m*gqdk;ESifh BuKHawGUaecsdefaMumufrufzG,f&m a&m*gqdk;ESifh BuKHawGUaecsdefaMumufrufzG,f&m a&m*gqdk;ESifh BuKHawGUaecsdefaMumufrufzG,f&m a&m*gqdk;ESifh BuKHawGUaecsdefwGif wGif wGif wGif wGif aMumuf&GHUxdwfvefYraMumuf&GHUxdwfvefYraMumuf&GHUxdwfvefYraMumuf&GHUxdwfvefYraMumuf&GHUxdwfvefYrIr&SdIr&SdIr&SdIr&SdIr&SdbJbJbJbJbJ
owd åtjynf h jzif h &ifqk di fausmfvTm;cJ honf h tlrBuD;uifqm a0'em&Sifowd åtjynf h jzif h &ifqk di fausmfvTm;cJ honf h tlrBuD;uifqm a0'em&Sifowd åtjynf h jzif h &ifqk di fausmfvTm;cJ honf h tlrBuD;uifqm a0'em&Sifowd åtjynf h jzif h &ifqk di fausmfvTm;cJ honf h tlrBuD;uifqm a0'em&Sifowd åtjynf h jzif h &ifqk di fausmfvTm;cJ honf h tlrBuD;uifqm a0'em&Sif
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a&;om;xm;onf/a&;om;xm;onf/a&;om;xm;onf/a&;om;xm;onf/a&;om;xm;onf/
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21
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22
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23
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24
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25
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26
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Ref: This Road can be traveledBy Nellie Pike RandallR.D, February, 1972
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27
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28
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Ref: Canada's Lucara sells world'slargest unout diamond for $ 53 millionsThe Global New Light of Myanmar,27 , September, 2017
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29
* Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (3)
The moving finger writes, and having writ,Moves on: nor all thy piety nor witShall lure it back to cancel half a line,Nor all thy tears wash a word of it.
Alas, that Spring should vanish with the rose!That Youth's sweet-scented manuscript shouldclose!The nightingale that in the branches sings,And whence and whither flown again who knows!
Edward Fitzgerald(1800-1883)
*
30
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31
Ä
One World, One HeartWe must overcome hate.We must overcome violence.We must overcome greed.We must overcome fighting.We must overcome cruelty.We must overcome all that tears apart andconcentrate on all that brings people together.
Susam Polis Schutz
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32
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rdwfzuf&Sm&jcif;yif jzpfawmhonf/
33
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aumif;rGefjcif;? oabmxm;El;nHhodrfarGUol
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34
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jyefvnfjyo&efvnf; vdktyfonf/ em;vnfrI?
35
,H k Munfr I ? tjye ftvSe f tusK d ; jy Konf h
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36
EdkifaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ vkkyfief;pwifygrS
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37
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aiGaMu;ukd oHk;jzKef;aiGaMu;ukd oHk;jzKef;aiGaMu;ukd oHk;jzKef;aiGaMu;ukd oHk;jzKef;aiGaMu;ukd oHk;jzKef;ypfjcif;xuf yk díqdk;&Gm;aMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/ypfjcif;xuf yk díqdk;&Gm;aMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/ypfjcif;xuf yk díqdk;&Gm;aMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/ypfjcif;xuf yk díqdk;&Gm;aMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/ypfjcif;xuf yk díqdk;&Gm;aMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/
38
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39
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40
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41
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qnf;yl;aom ynm&yf odkYr[kwf rdrdwdkY vkyfukdif
aom vkyfief;wGif atmifyef;qGwfum wdk;wuf
BuD;yGm; atmifjrifausmfMum; vmcJhMujcif; jzpf
onf/
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[lí xif&Sm;pGm a&;om;xm;yg/
armifay:xGef;armifay:xGef;armifay:xGef;armifay:xGef;armifay:xGef;
Ref: Making YourselfBy Orison Swett Morden
xkdpum; tvGef rSefonf/ vlYorkdif;udk
wdk;wufatmif azmfaqmifzefwD;cJholrsm;rSm
ynma&;okcrdefrsm;? awG;ac:&Sifrsm;? tif*sif
42
uREkfyfwdkY\urÇmBuD;onf ½l;oGyfoGm;NyD[k xifrSwf&ayonf/ 2004 ckESpf? c&pörwfyGJ
awmftNyD; aemufwpfaeYwGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH? plrMwm;urf;ajctvGefü &pfcsfwmpaw;
9 'or 1 &Sd ivsifwpfck vIyfcwfcJhonf/ ¤if;ivsifonf qlemrDjzpfay:apcJhNyD; vlOD;a&
wpfoef;\ av;yHkwpfyHkaom toufwdkYukd Ekwf,lcJhonf/ aemufoHk;ESpfausmfcefYtMumwGif jyif;tm;
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wpfcs defu qufpyfaecJ h NyD; ajrivsifvIyfcwfjcif;? a&BuD;jcif;wdk YaMumif hwpfcs defu qufpyfaecJ h NyD; ajrivsifvIyfcwfjcif;? a&BuD;jcif;wdk YaMumif hwpfcs defu qufpyfaecJ h NyD; ajrivsifvIyfcwfjcif;? a&BuD;jcif;wdk YaMumif hwpfcs defu qufpyfaecJ h NyD; ajrivsifvIyfcwfjcif;? a&BuD;jcif;wdk YaMumif hwpfcs defu qufpyfaecJ h NyD; ajrivsifvIyfcwfjcif;? a&BuD;jcif;wdk YaMumif h
uG J jym;oGm;jcif; jzpfaMumif;? urÇmhtay:,H ajrvTmatmuf&S d wGef;tm;uGJjym;oGm;jcif; jzpfaMumif;? urÇmhtay:,H ajrvTmatmuf&S d wGef;tm;uGJjym;oGm;jcif; jzpfaMumif;? urÇmhtay:,H ajrvTmatmuf&S d wGef;tm;uGJjym;oGm;jcif; jzpfaMumif;? urÇmhtay:,H ajrvTmatmuf&S d wGef;tm;uGJjym;oGm;jcif; jzpfaMumif;? urÇmhtay:,H ajrvTmatmuf&S d wGef;tm;
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a&;om;xm;onf/a&;om;xm;onf/a&;om;xm;onf/a&;om;xm;onf/a&;om;xm;onf/
43
6 'or 2 txuf&Sd ivsifrsm; tenf;qHk;
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ausmf aoqkH;cJh&onf/ xkdYjyif ajymrjyEdkifatmif
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wGif w½kwfjynf? pDcRrfjynfe,fü vIyfcwfcJhonfh
jyif;tm; 7 'or 9 &Sd ivsifBuD;aemufwGif
aemufqufwGJ ivsif &maygif;rsm;pGm vkdufyg
vmNyD; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom taqmufttkH
rsm;ukd NyKdusysufpD;aponf/ vlOD;a& 80ç000
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jzpfEd kifonf[k tqkdjyKwifjycJ honf/ z&efY
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yef;csDq&m tefwkdeD,kd pEdkuf'gyDvD*&DeD (An-
tonio Snider- Pellegrini) onf urÇmhwkdufBuD;
rsm;ukd qufpyfvkdufygu jzpfay:vmrnfh tae
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,if;t,ltqESifhywfouffí oufaocHcsuf
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oufaocHcsufrQom jzpfonf/
44
1900 jynfhESpf? ESpfOD;yk dif;wGif *smref
eu©wåaA'? rkd;av0oESifh blrdaA'ynm&Sif
jzpfaom t,fvfz&uf0*¾em (Alfred Wegener)
onf atmfwDvD;&y f\ ajz& Si f ;r&aom
jyóemukd qufvuftajz&SmcJhonf/ urÇmh
wdkufBuD;rsm;onf wpfcsdefu qufpyfaecJhonf
qdkygu oufaocHtaxmuftxm; &Sd&rnf
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&Sdonfh tquftpyfrsm;ukd enf;vrf;aygif;pHk
jzif h ajrvSefwl;azmf&SmazGcJ honf/ olonf
ESpfaygif; oef; 2000 oufwrf;&Sd b&mZD;vf
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a'o&Sd ausmufrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? tar&duef
jynfaxmifpk? Am*sD;eD;,m;a'orS ausmufrD;aoG;
rsm;ukd paumhwvefEdkifiH&Sd ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;
ESif hvnf;aumif;? awmiftar&duwdkufESif h
tmz&duwdkuf&Sd 'kdifEdkaqmrsKd;pdwf ESpfrsKd;wdkY\
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Munfh½IcJhonf/
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owif;pmwpfapmifukd tem;pGef;awG wkdufqkdif
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45
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46
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ajrvTmcsyfBuD;rsm;onf aysmhaysmif;í tvGefY
tvGefylaeaom ausmufom;jyifBuD;wpfck
tay:wGif pD;arsmíaeonf/ wkdufBuD;rsm;
onf pD;qif;aeaom a&cJjyiftwGif; at;cJae
onfh oabFmrsm;uJhokd Y tvGefjznf;nif;pGm
a&GUvsm;arsmygaeonf/ wpfESpfvQif oHk;pifwD
rDwmrS 10 pifwDrDwmcefY a&GUvsm;onf/)
blrdaA'ynm&Sifrsm;u t"duusaom ajrvTm
csyfBuD; ckepfck (ypdzdwf? ajrmuftar&du?
awmiftar&du? ,la&;& Sm; ? tmz&du?
MopaMw;vsESifh tEÅmwdu) onf urÇmajr\
vpf[monfhae&mrsm;ukd rsm;jym;vSpGmaom
ausmufwHk;uav;rsm;jzifh jznfhpGufay;aeonf
[k qdkonf/
jrif;usm;tpif;rsm; &SmazGawGU&SdNyD;aemuf
q,fpkESpfav;cktwGif; urÇmajr tay:,HvTm
tpdwftykdif;BuD;rsm; vIyf&Sm;rIESifhywfoufí
okawoevkyfief;rsm; tBuD;tus,f jyKvkyf
cJhMuonf/ owåKwl;azmfjcif;ESifh enf;ynm
qdkif&m e,l;ruúpDukdodyÜHrS ygarmu©wpfOD;
jzpfNyD; "Plate Tectonics and Crustal Evolution"
pmtkyfa&;om;ol uefYpDuGef'D; (Kent C Condie)
u wdk;wufvmonfh ajrivsif apmifhMunfh
avhvmjcif;wdkYaMumifh rnfokdY jzpfvmrnfukd
azmfjyvmEdkifNyDjzpfaMumif; ajymonf/
]]uRefawmfwdkY[m urÇmtwGif;ykdif;ukd xGif;
azmufNyD; urÇmajrA[kdcsufwdkifatmif edrfhqif;
oGm;wJh urÇmhajrvTmcsyfBuD;rsm;ukd ,cktcg
ajc&mcHEdkifNyD jzpfw,f/ urÇmhajrvTmcsyfBuD;
rsm;[m urÇmhajrtwGif;ukd tvGefeuf½Idif;pGm
e dr f hqif;oGm;wm jzpfygw,f} } [k olu
ajymonf/
47
,cktcg uREkfyfwdkYonf bmawG jzpfysuf
aeovJqdkonfukd aumif;pGmawG;qEdkifNyD jzpf
onf/ bmaMumifhjzpf&wmvJqkdonfh ar;cGef;ukd
rl tajzay;&ef usefaeonf/ vuf&SdoDtkd&D
,lqcsuft& urÇmajrtay:vTmvIyf&Sm;rI
(Tectonics) rsm;onf tylueftm; (Thermal
Dynamic) aMumifh jzpf&onf[k od&onf/ urÇm
ajronf yg;vTmí <uyfqwfonfh tjyifvTm
tcGHESifhtwl tyl&SdeftwGif; csmvywfvnf
aeaom abmvHk;wpfvHk;yif jzpfonf/ (ork'&m
Murf;jyif\ tay:vTmonf ig;uDvkdrDwmrS 10
uDvkdrDwmtxd xlayonf/ urÇmhwkdufBuD;rsm;\
tay:vTmonf 50 uDvkdrDwmtxd xlonf/)
tyl&Sdefu xkd;xGuf&ef BuKd;pm;onf/ þokdY
r&yfrem; xkd;xGuf&ef BuKd;yrf;rIaMumifh at;í
wif;rmaeonfh tay:cGHESifh urÇmajrtwGif;
vTm\ tay:qHk;tykdif;wdkYukd azmufxGif;0if
a&mufum urÇmhajrvTmcsyfBuD;rsm;ukdk zGJUpnf;
jzpfay:aponf/
u,fvDz k d ;e D ;,m;jynfe,f? pwef;z k d Y
wuúodkvfrS ygarmu©EGefpvdyf (Norm Sleep)
u ]]BuD;rm;wJh avat;ay;pepf tqifhqifhukd
jyKvkyfEdkifcJhygu puf,EÅ&m;pepfuJhokd Yaom
urÇmajrrsufESmjyifvTm&JU BuD;rm;wJh tpdwf
tykdif;BuD;rsm;\ vIyf&Sm;rI (Plate Tectonics)
rsm;ukd zsufqD;ypfEdkifrSm jzpfw,f/ tqdkyg
urÇmajrvTm tpdwftykdif;BuD;rsm;&JU vIyf&Sm;rI
rsm;vnf; yGwfBudwfNyD; &yfoGm;ayvdrfhr,f/
tat;ay;jcif; NyD;qHk;oGm;ygu awmifwef;rsm;
BuD;xGm;vmjcif;eJY rD;awmifrsm; vIyf&Sm;rIvnf;
&yfqkdif;oGm;rSm jzpfw,f/ qlemrDeJY ajrivsif
vIyf jcif;rsm;vnf; r&S dE d ki fawmhbl;/ tJ'g
b,fawmhjzpfrSmvJqkd&if 'DvdkjzpfzkdY ESpfaygif;
bDvD,Hwpf0uf Mumr,f}} [k ajymonf/
ya[Vdrsm;rSm &S daeqJyif jzpfonf/
odkY&mwGif aocsmonfhtcsufwpfck &Sdayonf/
vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; 100 ausmfu 0*¾em\
oufaojycsufonf vHk;0wnf&SdckdifNrJaejcif;
yif jzpfonf/ urÇmajrBuD;onf tb,fhaMumifh
þokdYþyHk jzpfae&onf? þodkY jyKrlae&onf?
¤if;jyKorQ toHAvHrsm; xGufae&onf ponfh
¤if;\ yHkjyifZmwfvrf;ukd &mpkESpfrsm;pGmMum
atmif ajymjy&ef BuKd;pm;vsuf&Sdonf/ uREkfyfwdkY
taejzifh ¤if;ajymjyrnfhyHkjyifukd pwif em;qif
MunfhEdkifNyD jzpfonf/
wufwk d ;epftEÅ&m,fwufwk d ;epftEÅ&m,fwufwk d ;epftEÅ&m,fwufwk d ;epftEÅ&m,fwufwk d ;epftEÅ&m,f
rD;uGif;BuD; (Ring of fire) [k trnfajymif
&&Sdxm;onfh ypdzdwfork'´&mtem;owfabmif
\ ivsifab;qkdif&m &Snfvsm;aom ordkif;
jzpf&yfrsm;onf wufwkd;epfwGef;tm;rsm;\
48
tusK d;qufaMumif hyif jzpfonf/ ypdzdwf
ajrvTmcsy f BuD;onf ajrmufbufpl;p l ;ok d Y
y Gwfwk dufonfhtwGuf ¤if;\teD;tem;&S d
ajrvTmcsyfBuD;rsm;atmufokdY a&mufoGm;onf/
xkdtcg epfZfum ajrcsyfvTm (Nizca Plate) onf
awmiftar&duESi f h MopaMw;vswd kuf\
ajrvTmcsyf BuD;atmufok d Y xk d ;0ifoGm;um
tm&SwkdufBuD;ukd wdkufrdavonf/ tusKd;quf
rSm r&yfrem;aom ivsifjzpfjcif; (tpdrf;a&mif)
ESifh ESpfaygif;oef;csD wnf&Sdaeonfh rD;awmifrsm;
(vdar®mfa&miftpufrsm;) ay:aygufvmjcif;yif
jzpfonf/
trSefyif tvmpumjynfe,f? rD;awmif
apmif h Munfhavhvma&;Xmeu tar&duef
jynfaxmifp k ? tvmpumjynfe,f&Sd
armifh&ufa'gh (Mount Redoubt) awmifonf
,ckESpf tapmykdif;wGif aygufuGJvdrfhrnf[k
BuKdwifowday;csufrsm; xkwfjyefcJ honf/
okdYjzpfí rwfvwGif rD;awmifxdyfrsm; aygufuGJ
cJh&m aoqHk;rIrsm; r&SdcJhacs/
tkdufpvefuRef;ukdtkdufpvefuRef;ukdtkdufpvefuRef;ukdtkdufpvefuRef;ukdtkdufpvefuRef;ukd
pOf;pm;Munfhyg/pOf;pm;Munfhyg/pOf;pm;Munfhyg/pOf;pm;Munfhyg/pOf;pm;Munfhyg/
uRef;\wpf0ufukduRef;\wpf0ufukduRef;\wpf0ufukduRef;\wpf0ufukduRef;\wpf0ufukd
ajrmuftar&duykdifíajrmuftar&duykdifíajrmuftar&duykdifíajrmuftar&duykdifíajrmuftar&duykdifí
usefwpfyk dif;rSmusefwpfyk dif;rSmusefwpfyk dif;rSmusefwpfyk dif;rSmusefwpfyk dif;rSm
Oa&myuOa&myuOa&myuOa&myuOa&myu
ykdifonf/yk difonf/yk difonf/yk difonf/yk difonf/
uGJxGufrI us,fjyefYoGm;yguuGJxGufrI us,fjyefYoGm;yguuGJxGufrI us,fjyefYoGm;yguuGJxGufrI us,fjyefYoGm;yguuGJxGufrI us,fjyefYoGm;ygu
,if;tykdif;ESpfckonf,if;tykdif;ESpfckonf,if;tykdif;ESpfckonf,if;tykdif;ESpfckonf,if;tykdif;ESpfckonf
aemufqHk;wGifaemufqHk;wGifaemufqHk;wGifaemufqHk;wGifaemufqHk;wGif
tvGefa0;uGmoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/tvGefa0;uGmoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/tvGefa0;uGmoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/tvGefa0;uGmoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/tvGefa0;uGmoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/
odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;onf rnfokdYaom blrd
aA'qdkif&m jzpfysufrIrsm; {ueftrSef jzpfvm
vdrfhrnfukd xkwfazmfajymqdk&mü ydkrkdwdk;wuf
aumif;rGefvmaomfvnf; rnfonhftcsdef
jzpfrnf qdkjcif;ukdrl BuKdwifxkwfazmfajymqdk&ef
cufcJaeqJ jzpfonf/ rD;awmifrsm;onf
ajrvTmcsyf vIyf&Sm;jcif;ESif h ivsifvIyfjcif;?
acsmf&nfrsm; ajrrsufESmjyifay:okd Y pD;xGuf
vmjcif;? a&cJjyiftxGwfrsm; t&nfaysmfjcif;?
"mwfaiGUESif h a&aEG;aiGUtjr§Kyfrsm;xGufjcif;
ponf h oJvGe fpedr dwfrsm;ud k jyoonf/
49
okawoevkyfief;rsm; tqufrjywf
vkyfaeaomfvnf; ivsifvIyfrnfukd BuKdwif
cef Yr Sef;&onfrSm tvGefcufcJvSayonf/
]]rD;awmifaygufuGJjcif;? ivsifvIyfjcif;? qlemrD
rsm; jzpfay:jcif;wdkY[m urÇmajrjzpfpOfawGeJY
qufpyfaeNyD; vlYtouf oef;aygif;rsm;pGmukd
xdcdkufapygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkYtaeeJY obm0
ab;tEÅ&m,fawG bmaMumifh? b,fae&m?
b,fvdk jzpfrSmvJqdkwm rodem;rvnfEdkifbl;
qdk&if 'g[m (jynfolawGukd umuG,fay;&r,f
qdkwJh arQmfrSef;csuf) qHk;½HI;rI&JU taMumif;wpfck
jzp fy gw,f } } [k vufpvDaqmwm;u
ajymonf/
jzpfay:ajymif;vJvmrnfh wk dufBuD;rsm;jzpfay:ajymif;vJvmrnfh wk dufBuD;rsm;jzpfay:ajymif;vJvmrnfh wk dufBuD;rsm;jzpfay:ajymif;vJvmrnfh wk dufBuD;rsm;jzpfay:ajymif;vJvmrnfh wk dufBuD;rsm;
\ yH koP²mef\ yH koP²mef\ yH koP²mef\ yH koP²mef\ yH koP²mef
rMumao;rDumvtwGif; urÇmajrtay:
vTm vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;u uREkfyfwdkY\urÇmBuD;tm;
vIyfcwfapcJhonfukd pOf;pm;Munfhyg/ aemif
ESpfaygif; 25 oef;rS oef; 50 twGif; rnfokdY
jzpfysufrnfukd uREkfyfwdkY arQmfrSef;xm;onfrsm;
ukd þae&mwGif azmfjyvdkufonf/ vuf&Sd
rsufarSmufumvwGif urÇmhtBuD;qHk;aom
ypdzdwfurÇmhajrvTmcsyfBuD;onf rD;pufuGif;
atmufok d Y 0i fa&mufoGm;onf htwGuf
wjznf;jznf;csif; t&G,ftpm; usKHUvmayvdrfh
rnf/ xkdpOfwGif tmz&duwdkufESifh tEÅmwdu
wdkufwdkYonf wjznf;jznf; BuD;xGm;vmayrnf/
MopaMw;vswdkufESifh e,l;*DeDuRef;wdkYonf
zdvpfykdifuRef;pkukd jzwfoef;um tm&Swkduf
BuD;ukd 0ifhaqmifhayvdrfhrnf/ okdYjzifh aemufay:
vmrnfh plygwdkufBuD;jzpfay:vm&ef tpjyKvkduf
ayvdrfhrnf/ awmifwef;topfBuD;wpfckonf
BuD;rm;vSaom [dr0EÅmawmifwef;BuD;ESif h
tNyKdif ta&SUawmiftm&Sü ay:vmayvdrfhrnf/
tmz&duwdkufonf Oa&mywdkufatmuf
okd Y xkd;0ifjcif; NyD;qH k;oGm;ayrnf/ ajrxJ
yifv,fonfvnf; aysmufuG,foGm;ayvdrfh
rnf/ tJvfawmifwef;rsm;onf NyD;jynfhpHkoGm;
ayvdrfhrnf/ yifv,feDonfvnf; aysmufuG,f
oGm;ayrnf/ avmhpftdef*svdpf ? pef;' D* k d ?
wD;*sL;em;ESifh uDvdkrDwm 1ç300 &Snfvsm;aom
bm*smuRef;qG,ftygt0ifjzpfaom pef;
tif'&D,mpf tufaMumif; (San Andreas Fault)
ESifh u,fvDzkd;eD;,m;jynfe,f taemufjcrf;
tm;vHk;onf ajrmufbufpl;pl;okd Y a&GUvsm;
oGm;um aemufqHk;wGif qefz&efppöukdNrKdUukd
ausmfjzwfNyD; uae'gEdkifiHtaemufbufjcrf;ukd
0ifwdkufayvdrfhrnf/ tMurf;zsif;tm;jzifh ,ckrS
aemif ESpfoef; 50 twGif; þjzpfpOfonf
tvmpumyifv,fauGU (Gulf of Alaska) ü
tqHk;owfoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/
vIyf&Sm;aeaom ajrvTmcsyf BuD;rsm;vIyf&Sm;aeaom ajrvTmcsyf BuD;rsm;vIyf&Sm;aeaom ajrvTmcsyf BuD;rsm;vIyf&Sm;aeaom ajrvTmcsyf BuD;rsm;vIyf&Sm;aeaom ajrvTmcsyf BuD;rsm;
ork'´&mukef;½kd;wef; ajryHkwpfcktay:
wGif ajrivsifESifh rD;awmifajryHkwpfyHkukd xyfí
50
azmfjyvkdufonf/ ,if;onf trSm;t,Gif; vHk;0
&Sdrnf r[kwfacs/ taMumif;rSm wu,f tppf
trSef pdwfvIyf&Sm;zG,fjzpf&yfrsm;onf urÇmajr
tay:,HvTmvIyf&Sm;rI\ e,fedrdwftpyfwGif
jzpfay:avh&SdaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
ajrvTmcsyfBuD;rsm;onf wpfckESifhwpfck
xdyfcsif;qdkif aqmifhrdMuonfhtcg jzpf&yfESpf
rsKd; jzpfay:Edkifonf/ þokdY wdkufrdMu&mwGif
ajrvTmcsyfESpfckvHk;onf ajrom;xk BuD;rm;pGm
&Sdaeygu tdE´d,EdkifiHwGif ajrvTmcsyfonf
tm&Swkdufukd wdkufrdNyD; [dr0EÅmawmifBuD;
jzpfay:vmouJhokdY ajrom;rsm; pkyHkjrifhwuf
vmrnf jzpfonf/ okd Y&mwGif wdkufrdonfh
ajrvTmwpfckonf ork'&mMurf;jyifjzpfaeonfh
tcg y k dr d kxkxnf BuD;rm;onf h wd kuf BuD;
atmufokdY a&muf&SdoGm;onf/ okdYr[kwfygu
usOf;ajrmif; &Snfvsm;onfh ajrmif;BuD;rsm;
tjzpf edrfhqif;oGm;onf/ ajrvTmatmufwGif
ausmufwHk;ESifh ausmuftykdif;tpwdkY\ BuD;rm;
aomtyl&Sdefonf acsmf&nfrsm;pkpnf;&m ae&m
wpfckjzpfvmNyD; rD;awmifwpfcktoGif zGJUpnf;
um tiftm;jzifh wdk;xGufvmonf/ ]]urÇm
ajrBuD;[m tNrJajymif;vJaeygw,f}} [k blrd
aA'ygarmu© vufpvDaqmwm;u ajymonf/
ajrvTmcsyfBuD;rsm;onf ESpfyk dif;uG J NyD;
wpfykdif;pDcGJí jzefYxGufoGm;ygu jzpfay:vm
onfh tusKd;qufonf tvGeftHhMozG,f aumif;
ayonf/ tkdufpvefuRef;ukd pOf;pm;Munfhyg/
uRef;\wpf0ufukd ajrmuftar&duykdifí usef
wpfykdif;rSm Oa&myu ykdifonf/ uGJxGufrI
us,fjyefYoGm;ygu ,if;tykdif;ESpfckonf aemuf
qHk;wGif tvGefa0;uGmoGm;ayvdrfhrnf/
tjcm;aomae&mrsm;wGif ajrvTmcsyfBuD;
r sm;onf wpfc kE Si f hwp fc k y Gw fwk du f Ny D ;
vGefcJhaom Zlvkdifvu jyif;tm; 7 'or 8 &Sd
ivsifvIyfcJhonfh ae&mjzpfaom u,fvDzkd;
e D ;,m; jynfe,fwGi f pe fte f ;'& D,y fp f
tufaMumif;ESifh e,l;ZDvefEdkifiH\ awmifbuf
uRef;ay:wGif t,fvffykdif;tufaMumif; (Alpine
Fault) wkdYukd jzpfay:apcJhonf/
&JxufaZmf& JxufaZmf& JxufaZmf& JxufaZmf& JxufaZmf
Ref: Ectonic ForceBy Christopher DavisDiscovery Channel Magazine,October, 2009.
51
urÇmwpfcGif&Sd vlrsm;onf tdrfarG;wd&pämefrsm;ESifh &if;ESD;cspfuRrf;0ifMuolrsm; jzpfMuonf/
tcsKdUqdkvQif tdrfarG;wd&pämefrsm;ukd vlemrnfrsm; ay;xm;wwfMuonfhtjyif rdrd\rdom;pk0if
tjzpfyif oabmxm;qufqHwwfMuonf/
tdrfarG;wd&pämefrsm;onf vlwdk Y\usef;rma&;twGuf tusKd;oufa&mufrItdrfarG;wd&pämefrsm;onf vlwdk Y\usef;rma&;twGuf tusKd;oufa&mufrItdrfarG;wd&pämefrsm;onf vlwdk Y\usef;rma&;twGuf tusKd;oufa&mufrItdrfarG;wd&pämefrsm;onf vlwdk Y\usef;rma&;twGuf tusKd;oufa&mufrItdrfarG;wd&pämefrsm;onf vlwdk Y\usef;rma&;twGuf tusKd;oufa&mufrI
rsm;pGm&S daMumif;E Si f h vlESi f hwd&pämefrsm;tMum; pdwfcHpm;rI qufpyfrsm;pGm&S daMumif;E Si f h vlESi f hwd&pämefrsm;tMum; pdwfcHpm;rI qufpyfrsm;pGm&S daMumif;E Si f h vlESi f hwd&pämefrsm;tMum; pdwfcHpm;rI qufpyfrsm;pGm&S daMumif;E Si f h vlESi f hwd&pämefrsm;tMum; pdwfcHpm;rI qufpyfrsm;pGm&S daMumif;E Si f h vlESi f hwd&pämefrsm;tMum; pdwfcHpm;rI qufpyf
aeaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/aeaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/aeaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/aeaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/aeaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/
52
,cktcg okawoejyKolrsm;u ]]tdrfarG;
wd&pämefrsm;onf vlYusef;rma&;ukd aumif;rGef
aponf}} [laom tcsufukd twnfjyKvm
Muonf/
MuNyD; tcsKdUrSm a>rrsm;? ,kefrsm;? jrif;rsm;ESifh
i Sufrsm;uk dyi f ac:aqmifoGm; Muonf/
tcsKdUaom wd&pämefrsm;onf vlESifh tpOfojzifh
aeavh&SdMuonf/
jrpf0uRef;ay:tzGJUtpnf;\ tBuD;tuJ
jzpfol vif'g[if;pfu wd&pämefrsm;onf zsm;em
aeaom vlemrsm;ukd usef;rmvmatmif tul
tnDay;Edkifovkd vlwdkYtay: pdwfwnfNidrfrI
tusKd;w&m;ukdvnf; ay;Edkifonf[k qkdonf/
tdrfarG;wd&pämefwpfaumifonf vlwpfa,muf
\ aoG;wdk;a&m*gESifh ESvHk;ckefEIef;ukd avsmhus
aponf[k q&m0efrsm;u awGU&Sdxm;Muonf/
0g&Sifwefjynfe,f taemufajrmufykdif;
wGif okawoejyKaeaom jrpf0uRef;ay:
tzGJUtpnf; (Delta Society) u wd&pämefrsm;
onf vlYusef;rma&;tay: tusKd;oufa&mufrI
&Sdonf/ txl;ojzifh zsm;emaeaomolrsm;ESifh
txD;usefaeaomolrsm;twGuf ykdítusKd;
oufa&mufrI &Sdonf[k qdkonf/
vGefcJhaom ESpfrsm;pGmu jrpf0uRef;ay:
a'o zGHUNzKd;a&;tpDtpOfwpf&yfukd ]]tdrfarG;
wd&pämefukxHk;}} [k ac:cJhMuonf/ þtdrfarG;
wd&pämefukxH k; tpDtpOfwGif yg0ifaom
tenf;qHk; vl 2ç500 a,mufonf EdkifiHt0ef;
tvkyf vkyfuk di fvsuf&S d\/ xk dolwd k Yonf
tdrfarG;wd&pämefrsm;ESif htwl aq;½Hk&S dvlem
rsm;xH tvnftywf oGm;Muonf/ xkdYjyif
tusOf;axmifrsm;? wpfoD;yk*¾v tdrfrsm;qDokdY
vnf; ac:aqmifvnfywfMuonf/ xkdtxJwGif
acG;ESifh aMumifrsm;ukd trsm;qHk; ac:aqmifoGm;
vif;ykdifrsm;onfvnf; vlwdkYtay: tusKd;xl;
oufa&mufaponf/ zavmf&D'g&Sd vif;ykdif
okawoetzGJUu aysmf&TifjrL;xl;wwfMuaom
vif;yk di frsm;ESi f h zsm;emaeaom vlwd k Yuk d
awGUxday;cJhonf/ vlrsm;u vif;ykdifwdkYtm;
tpmauR;Muonf/ xdawGU ukdifwG,fMuonf/
vif;ykdifausmukef;ay: wufpD;Muonf/
vif;ykdifESifhywfoufaom tpDtpOfukd
BuD;rSL;aqmif&Gufol a';Apfeufoefqif qdkol
u pdwfESifh ½kyfykdif;qdkif&mjyóem cHpm;ae&
53
aom vlBuD;rsm;? uav;rsm;ESifh vif;ykdif 15
aumifwdkYukd awGUxdapvsuf jyóemajz&Sif;ay;
aeonf/
q&m0efeufoefqifu vlemrsm;ESif h
vif;ykdifwdkYMum;wGif &Sif;rjyEdkifaom txl;cHpm;
qufoG,frIyHkpH &SdaeNyD; vif;ykdifrsm;u vlem
rsm;\ cHpm;rIukd ykdí oufomvmaponf[k
qkdonf/
vlrsm;onf wd&pämefrsm;udk ,k,jcif;jzifh
rdrdukd,frdrdvnf; ulnD,k,&m a&mufonf/
e,l;a,muf&Sd pdwfykdif;qdkif&m 'ku©a&mufae
aom uav;rsm;ud k v,f,majrwpfckok d Y
ac:aqmifoGm;NyD; zsm;emaeMuaom? 'Pf&m
temw&jzpfaeMuaom okd;rsm;? jrif;rsm;ESifh
EGm;rrsm;udk uav;rsm;u *½kpkduf MuifemapcJh
onf/ þokdY uav;rsm;u wd&pämefrsm;tay:
*½kwpdkuf MuifempGmulnDMu&mrS wd&pämefrsm;
ydkrk d usef;rmvmaomtcg uav;rsm;onf
rdrdwdk Y\ toHk;0ifrIrsm;ukd cHpm;od&SdvmMu
onf[k ñTefMum;a&;rSL; qefa&mhpfu qdkonf/
wd&pämefwdkYukd ulnDay;jcif;jzifh uav;rsm;onf
rdrdwdk Y cHpm;ae&aom aomujyóemrsm;
arhaysmufoGm;onf[kvnf; qdkonf/
þokd Yaom tpDtpOfwGif vlwdk Yonf
wd&pämefwdk Y\ cspfjcif;arwåmukd &Ed kiforQ
rsm;rsm;&zkd Y vkdtyfouJhokdY wd&pämefwdkYonf
vnf; vlwdk Y\ cspfjcif;arwåmukd &EdkiforQ
rsm;rsm;&zk d Y vdktyfonf[laom tcsufukd
azmfjyaejcif;yif jzpfonf/
Ed ki faomif;xG#fEd ki faomif;xG#fEd ki faomif;xG#fEd ki faomif;xG#fEd ki faomif;xG#f
Ref: Pat TherapyAmerican Mosaic, July, 1995.
pmayAdrmef jynfolUpmMunfhwdkufpmayAdrmef jynfolUpmMunfhwdkufpmayAdrmef jynfolUpmMunfhwdkufpmayAdrmef jynfolUpmMunfhwdkufpmayAdrmef jynfolUpmMunfhwdkuf
toif;0ifrsm; zdwfac:toif;0ifrsm; zdwfac:toif;0ifrsm; zdwfac:toif;0ifrsm; zdwfac:toif;0ifrsm; zdwfac:
&efukefNrd K Yawmf pnfyifom,ma&;aumfrwD e,fedrdwftwGif;
aexdkifMuaom pmayjrwfEdk;olrsm;taejzifU pmayAdrmef jynfolY pmMunfUwdkuf
toif;0ifvd kygu trSwf 529^531? ukefonfvrf;? pmayAdrmef
pmMunfUwdkufESifU zkef;eHygwf 381447 okdh qufoG,fEdkifygonf/
54
'kwd,urÇmppftwGif;u [D½kd&SD;rm;NrKdUESifh em*gqmuDNrKdUESpfNrKdUonf tPkjrLAHk;'PfcHcJh&
ojzifh urÇmwGif *syefEkdifiHonf tPkjrLAHk;'Pfukd yxrqHk; ukd,fawGUcHpm;cJh&onfh EkdifiHjzpf
onf/ AHk;BuJcJholrSm tar&duefEdkifiH jzpfonf/ urÇmhtjcm;EdkifiHrsm;u EsLuvD;,m;AHk;\
aMumufrufzG,f qkd;0g;rIukd rsufjrifcHpm;cJhMu&ojzifh wkefvIyfacsmufcsm;cJh&onf/ okdYjzifh
tar&duefESifh w½kwfEkdifiHonf tPkjrLppfukd a&Smif&Sm;Mu&ef uwdu0wf jyKcJhMuonf/
,aeY urÇmwGif pkd;&drfp&mjzpfaeonfh tar&duefESif h ajrmufukd&D;,m;EdkifiH,aeY urÇmwGif pkd;&drfp&mjzpfaeonfh tar&duefESif h ajrmufukd&D;,m;EdkifiH,aeY urÇmwGif pkd;&drfp&mjzpfaeonfh tar&duefESif h ajrmufukd&D;,m;EdkifiH,aeY urÇmwGif pkd;&drfp&mjzpfaeonfh tar&duefESif h ajrmufukd&D;,m;EdkifiH,aeY urÇmwGif pkd;&drfp&mjzpfaeonfh tar&duefESif h ajrmufukd&D;,m;EdkifiH
wd k Y\ jyif;xefonfh EsLuvD;,m; prf;oyfrIrsm;? ppfa&;wkH Y jyefrIrsm;ESif hwd k Y\ jyif;xefonfh EsLuvD;,m; prf;oyfrIrsm;? ppfa&;wkH Y jyefrIrsm;ESif hwd k Y\ jyif;xefonfh EsLuvD;,m; prf;oyfrIrsm;? ppfa&;wkH Y jyefrIrsm;ESif hwd k Y\ jyif;xefonfh EsLuvD;,m; prf;oyfrIrsm;? ppfa&;wkH Y jyefrIrsm;ESif hwd k Y\ jyif;xefonfh EsLuvD;,m; prf;oyfrIrsm;? ppfa&;wkH Y jyefrIrsm;ESif h
ESpfEd kifiHtBuD;tuJwdk Y\ oabmxm;rsm;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/ESpfEd kifiHtBuD;tuJwdk Y\ oabmxm;rsm;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/ESpfEd kifiHtBuD;tuJwdk Y\ oabmxm;rsm;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/ESpfEd kifiHtBuD;tuJwdk Y\ oabmxm;rsm;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/ESpfEd kifiHtBuD;tuJwdk Y\ oabmxm;rsm;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/
55
ppf&dy fppfaiGUrsm;ppf& dy fppfaiGUrsm;ppf& dy fppfaiGUrsm;ppf& dy fppfaiGUrsm;ppf& dy fppfaiGUrsm;
,cktcsdefwGif tm&Sta&SUajrmufa'o
jzpfaom ukd&D;,m;uRef;qG,fwpf0k dufwGif
tiftm;BuD;ESpfEdkifiHu ppf&dyfppfaiGUrsm;orf;í
ppfyGJwpfyGJjzpf&ef jyifqifvsuf &SdaeMuNyD jzpf
onf/ xkdtiftm;BuD;ESpfEdkifiHrSm w½kwfEdkifiH
ESifh tar&duefEdkifiHwdkY jzpfMuonf/ xkdESpfEdkifiH
onf tm&Swdkuf\ ppfa&;rkd;wdrfrsm; jzpfonf/
w½kwfESifh ajrmufukd&D;,m;EdkifiHwdkYtay:wGif
ppf&dyfppfaiGUrsm; orf;vsuf&SdNyD; ppfjzpf&ef
ra0;awmhaom tcsdefokd Y a&mufaeNyD jzpf
onf/
ppfa&;uRrf;usifolrsm;ESifh ppforkdif;ynm&Sif
rsm;u yx0DEdkifiHa&;jzpfonfh tm&Sta&;
tcif;rsm;ukd tao;pdwfavhvmMunfh½I oHk;oyf
vsuf&Sdonf/ ajrmufukd&D;,m;acgif;aqmif
tmPm&Sif uif*sK Htefonf urÇmay:wGif
tiftm;tjyif;xefqHk; EsLuvD;,m;vufeuf
jzifhvnf;aumif;? qdkufbmwdkufckdufrIjzifhvnf;
aumif; tar&duefukd Ncdrf;ajcmuf &efpvsuf&Sd
onf/ ppfyGJukd vlwdkif;u tvkdr&SdMuyg/ txl;
ojzifh vltrsm;tjym; aoqHk;Muonfh EsLuvD;
,m;ppfyGJudk urÇmhjynfolrsm;u vHk;0t<uif;rJh
qefYusifuefYuGufoGm;Murnfom jzpfonf/
b,fawmh Ny D;rvJb,fawmh Ny D;rvJb,fawmh Ny D;rvJb,fawmh Ny D;rvJb,fawmh Ny D;rvJ
,cktcg acgif;aqmifESpfOD;wdkYonf tm&S
wGif ppfa&;vIYHaqmfrIrsm;ESihff ppfa&;cif;usif;
rIrsm;ukd jyovsuf&Sdonf/ ppfa&;r[mAsL[m
ajrmuf tcif;tusif;rsm;ukd ESpfzufwyfrsm;
u jyifqifxm;NyD;jzpfum xdef;csKyfxm;Mu
onfh tajctaerSmyif &Sdaeonf/ rdrdwdkYonf
ppfyGJp&efom jyifqifaeMuonf/ rdrdwdkYonf
ppfrjzpfzkdYtwGuf awGUqHknd§EIdif;rIrsm; jyKvkyfNyD;
MuNyDvm;? jyKvkyfNyD;NyD;qkdvQif tBudrfrnfrQ
aqG;aEG;NyD;NyDvJ [laom ar;cGef;ay:aygufvm
onf/
NyD;cJhonfh {NyDvtwGif;u tar&duef
onf tBuD;qHk; AHk;BuD;wpfvHk;ukd tmz*efepöwef
tMurf;zufolrsm; ckdvIHaeonfh ae&mokdY ypfcs
azmufcG Jc J honf/ xk dAH k ;onf EsLuvD;,m;
AH k;r[kwfay/ xkdumvtwGif; tar&duef
onf awmifukd&D;,m;ü omh'f (Thaad) ac:
'H k;cGif; 'H k;vufeufuk d jzef Y Muufcsxm;NyD;
jzpfonf/ omh'fac: 'Hk;cGif; 'Hk;vufeufrSm
&efolu rdrdxH ypfrSwfxm;í ypfcwfwdkufcwf
onfh 'H k ;usnfonf rdrdxH a&mufrvmrD
aumif;uif,HwGif&Sdaeckduf rdrdxHrS ypfvTwf
vkdufaom 'Hk;usnfu &efolY'Hk;usnfukd xdrSef
zsufqD;vkdufEdkifonfh tzsuf'Hk;jzpfonf/ &efolY
'Hk;usnfukd NzKdcGif;zsufqD;rnfh 'Hk;cGif;'Hk;jzpfonf/
xkdokdY rvGJracsmfapbJ wduspGm &efolY'Hk;ukd ypfcs
Edkifap&ef rdrd'Hk;usnfwGif txl;wnfae&mjy
GPS pepfESif h txl;tpGrf;xufjrufonfh
tm½H kc Hud& d,m wyfqifxm;onf/ ,if;
56
vufeufonf ajrmufukd&D;,m;\ Ncdrf;ajcmuf
rIukd wefjyef&ef jzpfonf/
oef;ESif hcs Dí aoqHk; Murnfoef;ESif hcs Dí aoqHk; Murnfoef;ESif hcs Dí aoqHk; Murnfoef;ESif hcs Dí aoqHk; Murnfoef;ESif hcs Dí aoqHk; Murnf
tar&duefEkdifiHu ajrmufukd&D;,m;EkdifiH
tm; EsLuvD;,m; 'Hk;vufeufjzifh pwifwdkufcdkuf
vQif rdrduvnf; tar&duef\ r[mrdwfrsm;
jzpfMuonfh awmifukd&D;,m;ESifh *syefEdkifiHwkdY
u d k E s LuvD;,m;vufeuf jzi f h jye fvnf
wdkufckdufrnf[k Ncdrf;ajcmufonf/ tu,fí
ajrmufukd&D;,m;ESifh tar&duefEdkifiHwdkY trSef
wu,f ppf jzpfvQif awmifuk d& D;,m;ESi f h
*syefjynfolrsm;onf ta&twGuf odef;oef;
csDí aoqHk;ysufpD;Murnf jzpfonf/
okd Yjzpfí awmifukd&D;,m;jynfolrsm;u
rdrdEdkifiHwGif jzefYMuufcsxm;&ef pDpOfxm;onfh
omh'f 'Hk;cGif; 'Hk;vufeufukd qefYusifqE´jyMu
onf/ tar&duefor®w a':e,fx&efYu
awmifukd&D;,m;wGif omh'fvufeufrsm;ESifhtwl
tar&duef\pGr f ;tm; BuD; av,mOfwif
oabFmBuD; oHk;pif;ukdvnf; ukd&D;,m;uRef;qG,f
okd Y apvTwfvkdufonf/ xkd Yjyif tar&duef
a&wyf\ EsLuvD;,m;vufeuf wyfqifxm;
onfh aemufqHk;xkwf rsK d;qufopf a&ikyf
oabFmay:rSvnf; owif;rsm; xkwfjyefonf/
rD;vQHESif h a'gorD;vQHESif h a'gorD;vQHESif h a'gorD;vQHESif h a'gorD;vQHESif h a'go
ajrmufukd&D;,m;EkdifiHonf wpfurÇmvHk;
u wm;qD;uefYuGufaeMuonfh Mum;rSmyif
¤if;\yJhxdef;ygaom 'Hk;usnfrsm;ukd trsKd;rsKd;
xkwfazm fpr f;oyf jyc J honf/ txl;ojzif h
tar&duefEdkifiHokdY a&muf&Sdatmifyif ypfcwf
EdkifNyD[k aMunmonf/ 'Hk;usnftcsKdUrSm ypfcwf
vkdufonfESifhwpfNyKdifeuf yifv,fxJokdY ysufus
cJhonf/ okdY&mwGif wjznf;jznf; wdk;wufrIrsm;
&vmcJhonf/
a jrmufuk d& D ;,m; ody Ü Hynm& Si fr sm;
onf wkdufcsif;ypf yJhxdef;ygaom 'Hk;usnfukd
atmifjrifpGm xkwfvkyfEdkifNyDjzpfí tar&duef
NrKdUBuD;rsm;ukd wdkufcdkufEdkifawmhrnf[k xkwf
azmfajymMum;aMumif; tifwmeufowif;
wGif azmfjyxm;onf/ x&efYu ,if;ukd vufwkHY
jyefonfhtaejzif h rD;vQHESif h trsufa'go
vTrf;NcKHrI[k BuKH;0g;cJhonf/ t"dyÜm,frSm rdrdwdkY
EdkifiHukd ypfcwfwdkufcdkufvmvQif rdrdwdkYonf
a'gotdk; aygufuGJum rD;vQHrsm;jzifh ajrmuf
ukd&D;,m;ukd acsrIef;ypfrnf[laom oabmjzpf
onf/
uif\½l;oGy fr Iuif\½l;oGy fr Iuif\½l;oGy fr Iuif\½l;oGy fr Iuif\½l;oGy fr I
urÇmhacgif;aqmifrsm;u x&efY\BuKH;0g;rI
ukd tjypfwifa0zef uefYuGufMuonf/ ta&;
tcif;ukd oHwrefenf;jzifh nd§EIdif;ajz&Sif;oifh
aMumif; 0kdif;0ef;tBuHjyKMuonf/ uif*sKHtef
onf urÇmhqif;&Jom;EdkifiHi,frS EsLuvD;,m;
ykdif EdkifiHtqifhokdY a&muf&Sdatmif BuKd;yrf;ae
57
onf/ uif*sKHtefu olYukd jzKwfcsrnfh vlrsm;
tm; jzKwfrcsEdkifatmif Ncdrf;ajcmufjyonf/
uifu urÇmhEsLuvD;,m;tkyfpk0if Ed ki fi H
wpfEdkifiH jzpfvmap&ef qE´&Sdonf/ xkdokd Y
0ifcGifh&vQif uif*sKHtefonf olY&mxl; NrJrnf/
tkyfpk tajymif;tvJ &S dawmhrnfr[kwf[k
wGufqonf/ ok d Y&mwGi f ,if;tpDtpOf
onf uif*sKHtef\ ½l;oGyfrIom jzpfaMumif;
tar&duefEkdifiHu oHk;oyfonf/
tar&duefor®w a':e,fx&efYtae
jzif h ppfa&;qdkif&m tBuHay;yk*¾K dvfrsm;ESif h
Ak dvfcsKyfBuD;rsm;\ tBuHÓPfrsm;&,lNyD;rS
ajrmufukd&D;,m;ta&; tqHk;tjzwf ay;rnf
jzpfonf/ rdrdwpfOD;wnf; oabmrsK d; jzif h
ppfa&;qHk;jzwfcsufukd x&efYu csrSwfrnf
r[kwfay/ xkdYjyif ppfwdkufawmhrnfqdkvQif
vTwfawmfu axmufcHaMumif; tqHk;tjzwf
&&SdNyD;rSom tar&duefwyfzGJUrsm;u tjcm;
EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHukd ppfwkduf&rnf jzpfonf/
jyif;xefonfh ppfa&;wk H Y jyefrIjyif;xefonfh ppfa&;wk H Y jyefrIjyif;xefonfh ppfa&;wk H Y jyefrIjyif;xefonfh ppfa&;wk H Y jyefrIjyif;xefonfh ppfa&;wk H Y jyefrI
awmifukd&D;,m;EdkifiHtwGif;ü tar&duef
wdkufcdkufa&; wyfom;aygif; 25ç000 cefYukd
jzefYMuufcsxm;vsuf&Sdonf/ ae&maygif; 80
wGif ppftajcpdkufpcef;rsm;tjzpf tar&duef
wyfpcef;rsm;udk wdk;csJUcsxm;onf/ ,if;okdY
csxm;jcif;\ t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm ajrmuf
uk d& D ;,m;\ Es LuvD;,m; Nc dr f ;a jcmufr I
ESifh 'Hk;usnftEÅ&m,frS umuG,fwm;qD;&ef
jzpfonf/ NyD;c J honf h Mo*kwfvtwGif;u
tar& due f yi fw* Ge fpp fXmecs Ky fonf
awmifukd&D;,m;&Sd tar&duef ppfpcef;av;cku
&efolYwkdufcdkufrIrS umuG,f&ef tkwfwHwkdif;
um&efr Ivky fie f ;rsm; pwif jy Kvky fonf/
ajrmufukd&D;,m;u EsLuvD;,m; vufeuf
prf;oyfrIESifh wkdufcsif;ypf wmvwf yJhxdef;
' H k ;usnf pr f ;oyfr Ir sm;uk d ukvor*¾\
wm;qD;xdef;csKyfrIatmufrS remcHbJ azmufcGJ
prf;oyfrIrsm; qufíjyKvkyfonf/
ajrmufukd&D;,m;\ajrmufukd&D;,m;\ajrmufukd&D;,m;\ajrmufukd&D;,m;\ajrmufukd&D;,m;\
[kduf'½k d*sifAH k;[kduf'½k d*sifAH k;[kduf'½k d*sifAH k;[kduf'½k d*sifAH k;[kduf'½k d*sifAH k;
prf;oyfrIonfvnf;aumif;?prf;oyfrIonfvnf;aumif;?prf;oyfrIonfvnf;aumif;?prf;oyfrIonfvnf;aumif;?prf;oyfrIonfvnf;aumif;?
tar&duefESif htar&duefESif htar&duefESif htar&duefESif htar&duefESif h
awmifukd&D;,m;wdk Y yl;wGJíawmifukd&D;,m;wdk Y yl;wGJíawmifukd&D;,m;wdk Y yl;wGJíawmifukd&D;,m;wdk Y yl;wGJíawmifukd&D;,m;wdk Y yl;wGJí
a&ikyfoabFm wdkufzsufa&;a&ikyfoabFm wdkufzsufa&;a&ikyfoabFm wdkufzsufa&;a&ikyfoabFm wdkufzsufa&;a&ikyfoabFm wdkufzsufa&;
ppfa&;avhusifhrIonfppfa&;avhusifhrIonfppfa&;avhusifhrIonfppfa&;avhusifhrIonfppfa&;avhusifhrIonf
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&efponfhvkyf&yfrsm;[k&efponfhvkyf&yfrsm;[k&efponfhvkyf&yfrsm;[k&efponfhvkyf&yfrsm;[k&efponfhvkyf&yfrsm;[k
ESpfzufpvHk;ESpfzufpvHk;ESpfzufpvHk;ESpfzufpvHk;ESpfzufpvHk;
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58
ajrmufuk d& D ;,m;u [k duf'½ k d* si fA H k ;
prf;oyfazmufcG JrIudk jyKvkyfvkdufjyefojzifh
tar&duef umuG,fa&;0efBuD; Aufwpfu
ajrmufukd&D;,m;tm; jyif;xefonfh ppfa&;
wkH YjyefrI jyKvkyfrnf[k owday;vkdufonf/
,ckoDwif;ywftwGif;ü tar&duefonf
qkd;vfNrKdU\awmifbuf uDvkdrDwm 300 tuGm&Sd
*sDa,mif*sL;c½kdifwGif 'Hk;cGif;'Hk; (Thaad) vufeuf
av;ckukd pwifcsxm;cJhonf/
EsLuvD;,m;pk d ;& dr f MuEsLuvD;,m;pk d ;& dr f MuEsLuvD;,m;pk d ;& dr f MuEsLuvD;,m;pk d ;& dr f MuEsLuvD;,m;pk d ;& dr f Mu
,if;okd Y csxm;jcif;aMumif h ukd&D;,m;
uRef;qG,fwGif wif;rmrIrsm; t&Sdefjrifhwufvm
rnfukd txl;ojzifh a'ocHrsm;u pkd;&drfruif;
jzpfMuNyD; ,if;vufeufav;ck csxm;jcif;ukdyif
qefYusifuefYuGuf qE´jycJhMuonf/ 'Hk;cGif;'Hk;
vufeufrsm; csxm;jcif;ukd w½kwfEdkifiHuvnf;
¤if;\EdkifiHESifh qufpyfaeojzifh pkd;&drfruif;
jzpfNyD; uefYuGufonf/ ajrmufukd&D;,m;u
rdrdukd wkduf½kdufcsdef&G,f jzefYMuufcsxm;jcif;
jzpfí tqdkyg 'Hk;cGif;'Hk;vufeufrsm;udk qefYusif
uefYuGufonf/ xkdYxufykdqdk;onfrSm tar&duef
onf ajrmufukd&D;,m;tm; pwifwdkufcdkufvm
vQif ajrmufukd&D;,m;onf awmifukd&D;,m;
tm; EsLuvD;,m;vufeufjzifh wkdufcdkufrnf
[k BuK H ;0g; Nc dr f ;a jcmufvk duf jci f ;a Mumif h
awmifukd&D;,m;EdkifiHom;rsm;u aMumuf&GHUum
'Hk;cGif;'Hk;vufeufrsm;udk qefYusifuefYuGufMu
jyefonf/ a'ocHrsm;u ajrmufukd&D;,m;rS
EsLuvD;,m;vufeufjzifh wdkufcdkufvQif a'ocH
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Ref: The 24 Hour Turn-AroundBy Jim Hartness and Neil Eskelin
64
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66
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67
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68
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69
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tNrJtrSwf&rdaewmuawmh aMumifaygufpav;
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awGeJY vdyfjymav;awGu uRefr&JUaomueJY
tvGrf;a0'emudk oufom&m &apcJhw,f/
azazaoqkH;oGm;cJhwmudk uRefr cHomatmif
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ajymjywwfwJh cspfarar&JU tajrmftjrif&SdrIukdyJ
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ausmf0if;[def; (yckuúL)ausmf0if;[def; (yckuúL)ausmf0if;[def; (yckuúL)ausmf0if;[def; (yckuúL)ausmf0if;[def; (yckuúL)
Ref: When I was NineBy Bridget MooreR.D, April, 1981.
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onfESif h tdyfyH kcsif; rwlnDMuaMumif; pojzifh ig;rsm;\ tdyfyH k tdyfenf;rsm;udkonfESif h tdyfyH kcsif; rwlnDMuaMumif; pojzifh ig;rsm;\ tdyfyH k tdyfenf;rsm;udkonfESif h tdyfyH kcsif; rwlnDMuaMumif; pojzifh ig;rsm;\ tdyfyH k tdyfenf;rsm;udkonfESif h tdyfyH kcsif; rwlnDMuaMumif; pojzifh ig;rsm;\ tdyfyH k tdyfenf;rsm;udkonfESif h tdyfyH kcsif; rwlnDMuaMumif; pojzifh ig;rsm;\ tdyfyH k tdyfenf;rsm;udk
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70
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72
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73
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vJhvJ h0if; (owåaA')vJhvJ h0if; (owåaA')vJhvJ h0if; (owåaA')vJhvJ h0if; (owåaA')vJhvJ h0if; (owåaA')
Ref: (1) Why these whales are standing in theOcean.National Geographic August 5, 2017.
(2) How do fish sleep?by Wyken SeagraveBig Question March 4,2008
(3) Sleep in Fish, Wikipedia.
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EG,fEG,frmEG,fEG,frmEG,fEG,frmEG,fEG,frmEG,fEG,frm
Ref: Against the Rising TideBy Brent LewinR.D,Aug, , 2011
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80
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Ref: I've come to Clean Your Shoes.By Madge HarrawR.D, September, 2017
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awGU&onf/ uRefrwdkY\ ½SL;zdeyfrsm;udk eH&HwGif
pDvsuf tpuftaysmufr&Sd ajymifvufaeonf
ud k awGUjrif&onf/ zdeyfrsm;ud k vufqG J
83
urÇmwGif zGHUNzdK;NyD;Ek difiHrsm;ESif h zG HUNzdK;qJEk difiHrsm;[lí ESpfrsK d;&S d\/ wpfenf;qdkaomf
csrf;omaomEkdifiHrsm;ESifh qif;&JaomEkdifiHrsm; [lí jzpfonf/
Ek difiH\ zG HUNzdK;wdk;wufrIrsm;udk vufqifhurf;o,faqmifoGm;Ek difrnfh uav;Ek difiH\ zG HUNzdK;wdk;wufrIrsm;udk vufqifhurf;o,faqmifoGm;Ek difrnfh uav;Ek difiH\ zG HUNzdK;wdk;wufrIrsm;udk vufqifhurf;o,faqmifoGm;Ek difrnfh uav;Ek difiH\ zG HUNzdK;wdk;wufrIrsm;udk vufqifhurf;o,faqmifoGm;Ek difrnfh uav;Ek difiH\ zG HUNzdK;wdk;wufrIrsm;udk vufqifhurf;o,faqmifoGm;Ek difrnfh uav;
oli,frsm;\ ½kyfyd kif;? pdwfyd kif;qd kif&m zG H U Nzd K;wd k;wufa&;twGuf Ek difiHawmfoli,frsm;\ ½kyfyd kif;? pdwfyd kif;qd kif&m zG H U Nzd K;wd k;wufa&;twGuf Ek difiHawmfoli,frsm;\ ½kyfyd kif;? pdwfyd kif;qd kif&m zG H U Nzd K;wd k;wufa&;twGuf Ek difiHawmfoli,frsm;\ ½kyfyd kif;? pdwfyd kif;qd kif&m zG H U Nzd K;wd k;wufa&;twGuf Ek difiHawmfoli,frsm;\ ½kyfyd kif;? pdwfyd kif;qd kif&m zG H U Nzd K;wd k;wufa&;twGuf Ek difiHawmf
tpdk;&ESif h tkyfxdef;ol vlBuD;rdbrsm;taejzifh tav;xm;aqmif&GufMu&rnftpdk;&ESif h tkyfxdef;ol vlBuD;rdbrsm;taejzifh tav;xm;aqmif&GufMu&rnftpdk;&ESif h tkyfxdef;ol vlBuD;rdbrsm;taejzifh tav;xm;aqmif&GufMu&rnftpdk;&ESif h tkyfxdef;ol vlBuD;rdbrsm;taejzifh tav;xm;aqmif&GufMu&rnftpdk;&ESif h tkyfxdef;ol vlBuD;rdbrsm;taejzifh tav;xm;aqmif&GufMu&rnf
jzpfaMumif;ESi f h pifumylEk di fi Htpd k ;&\ uav;oli,frsm;tay: *½kwpd kufjzpfaMumif;ESi f h pifumylEk di fi Htpd k ;&\ uav;oli,frsm;tay: *½kwpd kufjzpfaMumif;ESi f h pifumylEk di fi Htpd k ;&\ uav;oli,frsm;tay: *½kwpd kufjzpfaMumif;ESi f h pifumylEk di fi Htpd k ;&\ uav;oli,frsm;tay: *½kwpd kufjzpfaMumif;ESi f h pifumylEk di fi Htpd k ;&\ uav;oli,frsm;tay: *½kwpd kuf
aqmif&GufaeonfhtaMumif;rsm;udk a&;om;xm;onf/aqmif&GufaeonfhtaMumif;rsm;udk a&;om;xm;onf/aqmif&GufaeonfhtaMumif;rsm;udk a&;om;xm;onf/aqmif&GufaeonfhtaMumif;rsm;udk a&;om;xm;onf/aqmif&GufaeonfhtaMumif;rsm;udk a&;om;xm;onf/
84
csrf;omaomEkdifiHrsm;rSm pufrIzGHUNzdK;aom
EkdifiHrsm;jzpfNyD; qif;&JaomEkdifiHrsm;rSm v,f,m
vkyfief;rsm;udkom t"duxm;aeMu&onfh
EkdifiHrsm;jzpfonf/
a&S;OD;yxrt&G,f uav;b0zGHUNzdK;a&;
at*si fp Donf ausmi f ;z Gi f h&ufr sm ;ü
ausmif;om;i,frsm;tm; wpfaeYvQif tenf;qHk;
wpfem&D usef;rma&; avhusifhcef;rsm;udk jyKvkyf
ap&rnf[k owfrSwfxm;\/ tqdkyg wpfem&D
wGif em&D0uf (rdepf 30) udk pmoifcef;
odk Yr[kwf ausmif;cef;rtwGif;ü r[kwfbJ?
ausmif;0ef;twGif;&Sd upm;uGif; odk Yr[kwf
opfyifrsm;atmuf&S d ajruGufvyfrsm;wGif
udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;upm;jcif; avhusifhcef;rsm;udk
jyKvkyfay;&rnfjzpf\/
aiGaMu;jynfhpHkaom csrf;omonfhEkdifiHrsm;
onf EkdifiHom;rsm;\ ynma&;? usef;rma&;?
vlrIa&; ponfwdkYwGif aiGaMu;rsm;pGmoHk;pGJNyD;
tem*wfumvwGifvnf; qufvufzGHUNzdK;&ef
aqmif&Gufay;vsuf&dS\/ txl;ojzifh rsKd;quf
opfuav;oli,frsm; ÓPf&nfzGHUNzdK;a&;udk *½k
wpdkuf aqmif&GufMu\/ odkYrSom tem*wfwGif
vlBuD;jzpfvmMurnfh uav;oli,frsm;onf
EkdifiH\ zGHUNzdK;aerIudk vufqifhurf;o,faqmif
oGm;Ekdifrnf/
tm&S ta&SUawmifydkif;rS zGHUNzd;NyD;EkdifiHi,f
av;jzpfonfh pifumylEkdifiHonf uav;oli,f
rsm;\ ynma&;? usef;rma&; ponfwdk Yudk
tav;xm;aqmif&Gufay;vsuf&Sd\/
ausmif;rsm;wGif uav;oli,frsm;udk
rlBudKausmif;aecsdefrSpí udk,fvufusef;rma&;
avhusifhcef;rsm; aqmif&Gufay;&ef ynma&;
XmerS tav;xm;Muyfrwfvsuf&Sd\/
rlvwef;txuf ausmif;om;rsm;tm;
ausmif;qif;csdefrsm;ESifh ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;wGif
tm;upm;rIudk jyKvkyfEkdif&ef tm;upm;ypönf;
rsm;udk tvG,fwul&&SdEk dif&ef (iSm;&rf;&ef)
pDpOfay;xm;\/
q&mrsm;onf ausmif;om;rdbrsm;ESifh twl
ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;ü tkyfpkvdkuf udk,fvuf
vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk jyKvkyfMujcif;jzifh ausmif;om;
rsm; tNrJpdwf0ifwpm;&Sd&ef yHhydk;ay;\/
ausmif;rsm;wGif um,q&m? q&mrrsm;
udk cefYxm;NyD; ausmif;om;rsm;tm; usef;rmpGm
85
aexdkifoGm;vm&ef vrf;nTefrIrsm;udk jyKvkyf
ay;\/
ynma&;Xmeonf usef;rma&;XmeESifh
yl;aygif;í ausmif;om;rsm;udk tcsdefrSefrSef tdyf?
tcs de fr Se fr Se fpm;onf h tavhtusif hr sm;
&&SdoGm;&ef a[majymyGJrsm; rMumrMum jyKvkyf
ay;\/
pifumylEdkifiHwGif uav;oli,ftrsm;pk
xJrS oHk;yHkwpfyHkcefYrSm &Spfem&DrS 10 em&DcefY
txd rtdyfMubJ wpfnvQif ig;em&D rdepf
30 ESifhatmufom tdyfMuonf[k usef;rma&;
Xme\ pp fwrf ;r sm;t& od&S dxm;onf/
uav;oli,frsm; usef;rma&;aumif;&ef
wpfnvQif tenf;qHk; &Spfem&DrS 10 em&Dtxd
tdyfzdkYvdkonf[k usef;rma&; okawoDrsm;u
owfrSwfxm;onf/
uav;oli,fwpfa,mufonf npOf
tdyfa&;00rtdyfygu MumvQif rSwfÓPf
tm;enf;vmNyD; pdwfusef;rma&;udk xdcdkufvm
rnfjzpfonf/ pdwfusjcif;? pdwfylyifaomujzpf
jcif;? pdwfwdkjcif; tjzpfrsKd;odkY a&mufoGm;wwfNyD;
tdyfa&;r0aom uav;tcsKdUrSm tpm;udkzdpm;
aomaMumifh t0vGefvmonf/
,cktcg ody Ü Hynm&yfonf tvGef
xGef;um;ae&m odyÜHqdkif&m wDxGifrIrsm;onf
vnf; rsm;pGm ay:aygufvsuf&Sd\/ uav;rsm;
tm; tDvufx&Gefepfqdkif&m wDxGifrIypönf;
rsm;jzifh ntdyf&mr0ifrD aqmhupm;apjcif;
onf tdyfysufjcif;udk jzpfap\/ uav;rsm;
*drf;aqmhupm;jcif; rvGefuJ&ef rdbtkyfxdef;
olrsm;u Muyfrwf&rnf[k ynma&;XmerS
tBuHjyKxm;onf/
uav;oli,frsm;onfuav;oli,frsm;onfuav;oli,frsm;onfuav;oli,frsm;onfuav;oli,frsm;onf
taygif;toif;udktaygif;toif;udktaygif;toif;udktaygif;toif;udktaygif;toif;udk
cifrifwwfMu\/cifrifwwfMu\/cifrifwwfMu\/cifrifwwfMu\/cifrifwwfMu\/
rdrdcifrifaomrdrdcifrifaomrdrdcifrifaomrdrdcifrifaomrdrdcifrifaom
taygif;toif;\taygif;toif;\taygif;toif;\taygif;toif;\taygif;toif;\
tajymtqdk?tajymtqdk?tajymtqdk?tajymtqdk?tajymtqdk?
tjyKtrlrsm;udktjyKtrlrsm;udktjyKtrlrsm;udktjyKtrlrsm;udktjyKtrlrsm;udk
twk,lwwfMu\/twk,lwwfMu\/twk,lwwfMu\/twk,lwwfMu\/twk,lwwfMu\/
xdk YaMumif hxd k YaMumif hxd k YaMumif hxd k YaMumif hxd k YaMumif h
rdbtkyfxdef;olrsm;onfrdbtkyfxdef;olrsm;onfrdbtkyfxdef;olrsm;onfrdbtkyfxdef;olrsm;onfrdbtkyfxdef;olrsm;onf
uav;\uav;\uav;\uav;\uav;\
taygif;toif;rsm;udktaygif;toif;rsm;udktaygif;toif;rsm;udktaygif;toif;rsm;udktaygif;toif;rsm;udk
avhvmNyD;avhvmNyD;avhvmNyD;avhvmNyD;avhvmNyD;
vrf;rSm; ra&muf&efvrf;rSm; ra&muf&efvrf;rSm; ra&muf&efvrf;rSm; ra&muf&efvrf;rSm; ra&muf&ef
jyKjyifay;&rnf/jyKjyifay;&rnf/jyKjyifay;&rnf/jyKjyifay;&rnf/jyKjyifay;&rnf/
usef;rma&;okawoDrsm;u uav;rsm;
usef;rma&;aumif;&ef tdyfcsdefudk wpfzufyg
twdkif; owfrSwfxm;onf-
86
(u) ajcmufESpfatmufuav;rsm;onf
10 em&DrS 13 em&Dtxd tdyfzdkYvdk\/
(c) ajcmufESpfrS 13 ESpfuav;rsm;
onf 9 em&DrS 12 em&Dtxd tdyfzdkY
vdk\/
(*) 13 ESpfausmfvmvQif 8 em&DrS 10
em&Dtxd tdyfzdkYvdk\/
uav;oli,frsm; usef;rma&;zGHUNzdK;&ef
pm;aom tpm;tpmrsm;onfvnf; ta&;BuD;
\/ usef;rma&;aumif;jcif;udk taxmuftul
jyKonfh tpm;tpmrsm;udk i,fpOfuwnf;u
tavhtusifhjyKvkyfay;ygu vlBuD;jzpfvmonf
txd xdktusifhonf raysmufawmhay/
qdkif&m usef;rma&;vnf; aumif;zdkYta&;BuD;\/
tcs K d Uvl BuD;r dbrsm;onf uav;rsm;ud k
Murf;Murf;wrf;wrf; ud kifwG,fwwfMu\/
uav;\ ÓPf&nfÓPfaoG;udk rdbtkyfxdef;
olrsm;onf q&mrsm;ESifhvufwGJí tNrJ tuJ
cwf&rnf/ tcsKdUuav;rsm;onf ÓPfav;\/
xdkuav;udk ÓPf&nfaumif;aomuav;ESifh
EdIif;,SOfNyD; wGef;tm;ay;vQif xdkuav;onf
pdwfydkif;qdkif&m xdcdkufoGm;rnf/ uav;pdwfudk
em;vnfMu&rnf/
uav;oli,frsm;onf taygif;toif;udk
cifrifwwfMu\/ rdrdcifrifaom taygif;toif;
\ tajymtqdk? tjyKtrlrsm;ud k twk,l
wwfMu\/ xdkYaMumifh rdbtkyfxdef;olrsm;onf
uav;\ taygif;toif;rsm;udk avhvmNyD;
vrf;rSm;ra&muf&ef jyKjyifay;&rnf/ uav;
rsm;udk tMurf;enf;jzifh qHk;rjcif;onf qdk;usKd;
udkom jzpfap\/
pifumyltpdk;&onf uav;oli,frsm;\
pdwfydkif;usef;rma&;udk tav;xm;um aiGaMu;
rsm;pGm oHk;pGJí tultnDay;vsuf&Sd\/
,aeYvlaerIb0ü opfvGifqef;jym;rIrsm;
onf tvGe fr sm; jym;av&m vl Bu D ;r db
tkyfxdef;olrsm;taejzifh i,f&G,fEke,faom
uav;oli,frsm;udk rSefuefaomenf;jzif h
aexd ki fpm;aomufEd ki fa&; tav;xm;&ef
txl;vdktyfygonf/
jrodef;jrodef;jrodef;jrodef;jrodef;
Ref: Eat, Sleep and be HealthyBy Salma KhalikStrait Times, 14, Feb, 2017.
rlBudKt&G,frwdkifrDuwnf;u uav;rsm;
udk oMum;"mwfrsm;onfh tcsKd&nfrsm; odkYr[kwf
qDrsm;jzifh aMumfavSmfxm;onfh tpm;tpmrsm;?
Mum&SnfcH&ef jyKjyifxm;aom pnfoGwftpm;
tpmrsm;udk wwfEdkiforQrauR;bJ? opfoD;rsm;
ESifh [if;oD;[if;&Guf vwfvwfqwfqwfrsm;?
tom;? ig;? MuufO? EGm;EkdY ponfwdkYudk rQrQww
auR;oihf\/
uav;oli,frsm;\ usef;rma&;aumif;
&ef ½kyfydkif;wpfckwnf; aumif;írjzpf? pdwfydkif;
87
cifyGef;jzpfolonf BuHK&musyef;tvkyform;jzpfí 0ifaiGu rrSefaomfvnf; &onfhaiGxJu
yif tcsKdUudk rl;,pfaq;0,foHk;vdkufjyefao;onf/ tdrfrSm&Sdaom vlrrnf uav;rsm;onf
tcsdefrSef rpm;&ojzifh atmfidkMuavonf/ rdcifjzpfolrSmvnf; vufxJaiGr&SdaomaMumifh
pifumylEk difiHwGif vli,fvl&G,frsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;onf tGefvdkif;rSwpfqifhpifumylEk difiHwGif vli,fvl&G,frsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;onf tGefvdkif;rSwpfqifhpifumylEk difiHwGif vli,fvl&G,frsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;onf tGefvdkif;rSwpfqifhpifumylEk difiHwGif vli,fvl&G,frsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;onf tGefvdkif;rSwpfqifhpifumylEk difiHwGif vli,fvl&G,frsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;onf tGefvdkif;rSwpfqifh
rl;,pfaq;0g;udk tvG,fwul 0,f,loHk;pG JaeonfhtaMumif;ESif h pifumylrl;,pfaq;0g;udk tvG,fwul 0,f,loHk;pG JaeonfhtaMumif;ESif h pifumylrl;,pfaq;0g;udk tvG,fwul 0,f,loHk;pG JaeonfhtaMumif;ESif h pifumylrl;,pfaq;0g;udk tvG,fwul 0,f,loHk;pG JaeonfhtaMumif;ESif h pifumylrl;,pfaq;0g;udk tvG,fwul 0,f,loHk;pG JaeonfhtaMumif;ESif h pifumyl
Ek difiHtpdk;&\ rl;,pfaq;0g;wdkufzsufa&;twGuf tav;xm;aqmif&GufaeEkdifiHtpdk;&\ rl;,pfaq;0g;wdkufzsufa&;twGuf tav;xm;aqmif&GufaeEkdifiHtpdk;&\ rl;,pfaq;0g;wdkufzsufa&;twGuf tav;xm;aqmif&GufaeEkdifiHtpdk;&\ rl;,pfaq;0g;wdkufzsufa&;twGuf tav;xm;aqmif&GufaeEkdifiHtpdk;&\ rl;,pfaq;0g;wdkufzsufa&;twGuf tav;xm;aqmif&Gufae
onfhtaMumif;rsm;udk a&;om;xm;onf/onfhtaMumif;rsm;udk a&;om;xm;onf/onfhtaMumif;rsm;udk a&;om;xm;onf/onfhtaMumif;rsm;udk a&;om;xm;onf/onfhtaMumif;rsm;udk a&;om;xm;onf/
88
rnfod k Yr Q rwwfE k di fay/ ,if; jzp f&y fud k
rMunfh&ufonfh tdrfeD;csif;tcsKdUu uav;
rsm;udk tpm;tpm0,fauR;&onf/
oufBuD;&G,ftdk tbGm;wpfa,mufonf
vlvm;ajrmufpajr;twGuf oefY&Sif;a&;tvkyf
vkyfNyD; 0ifaiG&Smae&onf/ uav; tarurl
rl;,pfaq;0g;oH k;pG Jr IaMumif h axmifxJod k Y
a&mufaeojzifh tbGm;jzpfolu ajr;twGuf
tvkyfxGufvkyf&jcif;yif jzpfonf/
touf 18 E Sp ft& G,f pufr Io dy Ü H
ausmif;om;wpfa,mufonf ausmif;0if;xJ&Sd
acsmifusaomae&mwGif aq;ajcmufcdk;½SLae
onf/ tjcm;ausmif;om;wpfa,mufrSmrl
q&mrsm;tvpfwGi f r l ;,p faq;ygaom
aq;vdyfudk aomufae&m xdkowif;udk&xm;
aom q&mrsm;u tvpftidkuf 0ifzrf;rdvdkuf
Muonf/ wuúodkvfausmif;om;avmuwGif
rl;,pfaq;oH k;pG JaerIonf tvGefrsm;jym;
aeonf/
txufyg jzpf&yfrsm;rSm pifumylEkdifiH
rl;,pfaq;0g; wdkufzsufa&;vkyfief;pOfudk
oHk;oyfonfh tpnf;ta0;wpfckü rl;,pfaq;0g;
wdkufzsufa&;tzGJU0iftcsKdUu olwdkY BuHKawGUcJh
&aom jzpf&yftcsK d Uud k aqG;aEG;cJ h Mujcif;
jzpfonf/
pifumylEd ki fi HwGif vli,fvl&G,frsm;?
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;onf rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;
udk tGefvdkif;rSwpfqifh tvG,fwul 0,f,l
toHk;jyKaeMu&m xdkudpöudk tav;xm;NyD;
wm;qD;rI tjrefjyKvkyf&rnf[k pifumylEkdifiH
rl;,pfaq;0g;wdkufzsufa&;tzGJUrS wm0ef&Sdolu
ajymonf/
urÇmwGif rl;,pfaq;0g; wkdufzsufa&;udk
tm;BudK;rmefwuf vkyfaqmifaeaom EkdifiHrsm;
wGif pifumylEkdifiHvnf; yg0ifonf/ pifumylEdkifiH
wGifrl;,pfaq;0g;trIrsm;tm; tBuD;tao;udk
vdkufí ao'Pftxd jypf'PfcsrSwfavh&Sdonf/
pifumylEd ki fiHonf urÇmhavaMumif;
vrf;rsm;ESifh yifv,fa&aMumif;vrf;ay:wGif
wnf&Sd&m urÇmtESHUrS vlaygif;pHkt0iftxGuf
tvGefrsm;onf/ rl;,pfaq;0g;tvkyfud k
vkyfaom 'kp½k duf*d kPf;rsm;onf pifumyl
EkdifiHrSwpfqifh urÇmhta&SUydkif;? taemufydkif;odkY
arSmifcdkjzefYjzL;Muonf/ xdkvkyfief;udk vkyfol
rsm;r Smvnf; ai Gud kazmazmoDoDoH k ; Ny D ;
vkyfMuonf/
pifumylEd kifiHwGif vGefcJ honfh oHk;ESpf
twGif;u rl;,pfaq;0g;oHk;pGJaom ausmif;om;
vli,f OD;a& 350 ausmfudk zrf;qD;ta&;,l
NyD; oufBuD;yd kif; ta,muf 70 rSmvnf;
vGe fc J honf hE Sp fu r l ;,p faq;0g ;r I jzi f h
ta&;,ljcif; cHvdkuf&onf/
pifumylEk difiHwGif zrf;qD;jcif;cH&onfh
rl;,pfaq;0g;oH k;pG Jolrsm;ESif h a&mif;csol
rsm;wGif acwfynmwwfrsm; yg0ifvmrIonf
89
a&S;uxuf ydkrsm;vmonf[k avhvmolrsm;u
axmufjyvmMuonf/
ydkrsm;vmonf[k pifumylEkdifiH rl;,pfaq;0g;
wkdufzsufa&;tzGJUrS owif;xkwfjyefcJhonf/
pifumylEdkifiHwGif rdbrsm;u rl;,pfaq;
aMumifh axmifxJa&mufoGm;aomtcg usef&pf
cJhaom cdkudk;&mrJh vlrrnfrsm;udk xdef;odrf;
apmifha&Smuf&onfh wm0efudk aqGrsKd;rsm;u
a&&SnfwGif wm0efr,lEkdifaomaMumifh tpdk;&
r[kwfaom vlr Ia&;tzG J Utpnf;rsm;u
wm0ef,lapmifha&Smuf&onfh jzpf&yfrsm;vnf;
rsm;pGm&Sdonf/
*smreDEk difiHwGif*smreDEk difiHwGif*smreDEk difiHwGif*smreDEk difiHwGif*smreDEk difiHwGif
rlvwef;tqifhrlvwef;tqifhrlvwef;tqifhrlvwef;tqifhrlvwef;tqifh
ausmif;om;vli,frsm;rSpíausmif;om;vli,frsm;rSpíausmif;om;vli,frsm;rSpíausmif;om;vli,frsm;rSpíausmif;om;vli,frsm;rSpí
rl;,pfaq;0g;\rl;,pfaq;0g;\rl;,pfaq;0g;\rl;,pfaq;0g;\rl;,pfaq;0g;\
qdk;usK d;udkqd k;usK d;udkqd k;usK d;udkqd k;usK d;udkqd k;usK d;udk
q&mrsm;a&m rdbrsm;uygq&mrsm;a&m rdbrsm;uygq&mrsm;a&m rdbrsm;uygq&mrsm;a&m rdbrsm;uygq&mrsm;a&m rdbrsm;uyg
em;0ifatmifem;0ifatmifem;0ifatmifem;0ifatmifem;0ifatmif
nTefMum;oGefoifrI&S donf/nTefMum;oGefoifrI&S donf/nTefMum;oGefoifrI&S donf/nTefMum;oGefoifrI&S donf/nTefMum;oGefoifrI&S donf/
rl;,pfaq;oH k;p G Jol trsm;pkrSmvnf;
vli,fvl& G,frsm;omjzp f MuNy D ; r dwfaqG
taygif;toif;rsm;u prf;oH k ; Munf hyg[k
qG,f&mrS tNrJoHk;ol b0odkY a&mufoGm;Mu&
onf/
pifumylEdkifiH\ rl;,pfaq;0g;ta&;ESifh
pyfvsOf;í ,cktcg pifumylEkdifiHygvDrefü
trwftcsK dUonf tav;xm;aqG;aEG;rIud k
jyKvkyfvmMuonf/
trwftcsK dUu pifumylEk difiHtpdk;&\
vuf&Sd rl;,pfaq;0g;wdkufzsufa&; Oya'udk
jyefvnf oHk;oyf&efESif h rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;
0ifa&mufvmaerIudk rnfodkY xdxda&mufa&muf
wm;qD;&rnfqd konfud kvnf; oH k ;oyfí
enf;vrf;aumif;udk azmfxkwfvkyfaqmif&ef
aqG;aEG;Muonf/
pifumylEdkifiHwGif tGefvdkif;rS rl;,pfaq;0g;
arSmifcd ktvkyfvkyfudkifol 2015 ckESpfwGif
trI 30 om&SdcJh&mrSm 2016 ckESpfwGif 201 rI
txd &SdvmNyD; rl;,pfaq;0g;oHk;ol trsm;pkrSm
touf 30 ESpfatmuf vli,f? vlvwfrsm;
pifumylEdkifiHtpdk;&onf rl;,pfaq;0g;
ta&;ESifh pyfvsOf;í urÇmhEkdifiHtcsKdUü rnfodkY
vkyfaqmifaeMuonfudkvnf; avhvmonf/
zifvefEkdifiHESifh tdkufpvefEkdifiHwGif rl;,pfaq;
90
oHk;aom vli,frsm;r&Sd[k od&av&m xdkEkdifiH
wGif rl;,pfaq;0g; uif;pifatmif rnfodk Y
aqmif&Gufaeonfud kvnf; avhvmvsuf
&Sdonf/
zifvefEkdifiHESifh tdkufpvefEkdifiHwdkYonf
tvGefat;aom ajrmufbufpGef;a'orsm;ü
wnf&SdMuNyD; avaMumif;vrf;? a&aMumif;vrf;
ay:ü rwnf&SdbJ tjcm;EkdifiHom;rsm; tvGef
ta&mufenf;onf/ xdk Y jyif rl;,pfaq;0g;
xkwfvkyf&ma'orsm;ESifhvnf; tvGefYtvGef
tvSrf;a0;onf/ pifumylEkdifiHrSmrl xdkodkYaom
tajctaersKd;ü wnf&SdonfhEdkifiHr[kwf qdkonf
udkvnf; avhvmolrsm;u awGUMu&onf/
*smreDEkdifiHwGif rl;,pfaq;0g;\ qdk;usKd;udk
rlvwef;tqifh ausmif;om;vli,frsm;rSpí
em;0ifatmif q&mrsm;a&m rdbrsm;uyg
nTefMum;oGefoifrIrsm; &Sdonf/
pifumylEkdifiHtpdk;&onf rl;,pfaq;0g;
ta&;ESifh pyfvsOf;í &wufrat;jzpfaevsuf
&Sd&m tem*wfumvü rnfodkYaqmif&Gufrnfudk
jynfolvlxku apmifhMunfhaeMuavonf/
OD;OD;odef;OD;OD;odef;OD;OD;odef;OD;OD;odef;OD;OD;odef;
Ref: (1) New anti-drug strategy to meetrising challenges
(2) MPs outline ways to strengthenSingapore's fight against drugsThe Straits Times, 5, April, 2017
armf (oefvsif)armf (oefvsif)armf (oefvsif)armf (oefvsif)armf (oefvsif)
r[kwfygbl;r[kwfygbl;r[kwfygbl;r[kwfygbl;r[kwfygbl;
wpfnaewGif uRefrarmif\ ZeD;onf
u aetdrfü rD;zGm;&ef Ad kufemvmonf/
uRe fr\ armif jzp folu pdwfy lvmum
ta&;ay:Xmeodk Y zkef;qufí tultnD
awmif;onf/
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91
a&wyfppfoabFmrsm;a&wyfppfoabFmrsm;a&wyfppfoabFmrsm;a&wyfppfoabFmrsm;a&wyfppfoabFmrsm;
ppfoabFm odkYr[kwf a&wyfoabFm qdkonfrSm omrefc&D;onfwif oabFmwpfpD;ESifhrwlbJ
rsm;p GmuG J jym; jcm;em;onf/ ppfoabFmrsm;ud k t"dutm;jzif h ppfy G JwGi ftoH k ; jyK&ef
&nf&G,fwnfaqmufxm;onfqdkaomfvnf; Nidrf;csrf;csdefwGif xrf;aqmif&onfh wm0efrsm;vnf;
&S donf/ ppfoabFmrsm;? av,mOfwifoabFmrsm;? a&ikyfoabFm (Submarine) rsm;?
yxrurÇmppfE Si f h ' kwd,urÇmppftwGi f ; toH k ; jy Kc J honf h emrnfausm fyxrurÇmppfE Si f h ' kwd,urÇmppftwGi f ; toH k ; jy Kc J honf h emrnfausm fyxrurÇmppfE Si f h ' kwd,urÇmppftwGi f ; toH k ; jy Kc J honf h emrnfausm fyxrurÇmppfE Si f h ' kwd,urÇmppftwGi f ; toH k ; jy Kc J honf h emrnfausm fyxrurÇmppfE Si f h ' kwd,urÇmppftwGi f ; toH k ; jy Kc J honf h emrnfausm f
ppfoabFmBuD;rsm;\ pGrf;&nfESif h ta&;ygyHkrsm;? xl;xl;jcm;jcm; wnfaqmufppfoabFmBuD;rsm;\ pGrf;&nfESif h ta&;ygyHkrsm;? xl;xl;jcm;jcm; wnfaqmufppfoabFmBuD;rsm;\ pGrf;&nfESif h ta&;ygyHkrsm;? xl;xl;jcm;jcm; wnfaqmufppfoabFmBuD;rsm;\ pGrf;&nfESif h ta&;ygyHkrsm;? xl;xl;jcm;jcm; wnfaqmufppfoabFmBuD;rsm;\ pGrf;&nfESif h ta&;ygyHkrsm;? xl;xl;jcm;jcm; wnfaqmuf
xm;yH krsm;udk A[kokw&zG,f a&;om;xm;onf/xm;yH krsm;udk A[kokw&zG,f a&;om;xm;onf/xm;yH krsm;udk A[kokw&zG,f a&;om;xm;onf/xm;yH krsm;udk A[kokw&zG,f a&;om;xm;onf/xm;yH krsm;udk A[kokw&zG,f a&;om;xm;onf/
92
zsufoabFmrsm; ponfjzifh ppfoabFmrsm;
wGifvnf; trsKd;tpm;rsm;pGm &Sdygao;onf/
oabFmtrsKd;tpm;tvdkuf ¤if;xrf;aqmif
&onfh wm0efESifh a&jyifwdkufyGJwGif yg0if&onfh
tcef;u@tay: rlwnfí ppfoabFm
trsKd;tpm;rsm; uGJjym;jcm;em;&jcif; jzpfonf/
ypfcwfí wdkufyGJqifETJ&ef jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh
'kwd,urÇmppfumvtxd ppfoabFmBuD;rsm;
udk t&G,ftpm; tBuD;rm;qHk; wnfaqmufMu
onfhtjyif tajrmufBuD;rsm;udkvnf; trsm;qHk;
wyfqifxm;cJhMuonf/
tcsKdUaomppfoabFmrsm;rSm a&rsufESmjyif
ay:wGif wdkufyGJqifETJ&eftwGuf wnfaqmuf
xm;onfh trsKd;tpm;rsm;jzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm
oabFmt&G,ftpm; BuD;rm;onf htjyi f
tajrmufBuD;rsm;udkvnf; wyfqifxm;jcif;
tm;jzifh &efolppfoabFmrsm;udk wdkuf½d kuf
z&D*dwf (Frigate) ESifh zsufoabFm (De-
stroyer) rsm;rSm a&jyifwd kufyG Jrsm;twGuf
wnfaqmufxm;jcif;jzpfaomfvnf; z&D*dwfrSm
tapmif hvd kufyg wm0efxrf;aqmif&aom
ppfoabFmrsKd;jzpfonf/ zsufoabFmrsm;rSmrl
av,mO fwi foabFm Bu D ;r s K d ;u J ho d k Y aom
BuD;rm;onfh oabFmBuD;rsm;udk &efolYa&ikyf
oabFmESifh avaMumif;wdkufcdkufrIwdkYrS umuG,f
ay;&eftwGuf vdkufygapmifha&Smuf&onf/ ,ck
acwfwGif zsufoabFmrsm;udk a&ikyfoabFm
wd kufzsufa&; (Anti-Submarine) twGuf
t"duxm; toHk;jyKMuonf/ odkYaomfvnf;
yJhxdef;'Hk;ysHwif zsufoabFmrsm;udk a0[ifESifh
ajrjyifwdkufcdkufrIrsm;tm;vHk;rS umuG,f&ef
bufp H ktoH k ; jyK Muonf/ ,aeYacwfwGi f
a&wyfoabFmtkyfp kwpfc ktwGufqd kvQif
av,mOfwifoabFmESifh wGJzufnDpGm toHk;jyK
&aom a&ikyfoabFmrsm;rSm t"du ppfa&,mOf
rsm; jzpfvmonf/
93
acwfrDa&wyfrawmfrsm;wGif tajctae
Munfh axmufvSrf;&aom (Reconnaissance)
wm0efudk xrf;aqmif&onfhoabFmrsm;udk
vnf; ppfoabFmBuD;rsm;udk taxmuftul
ay;&ef xm;&SdMuonf/ urf;ajcumuG,fa&;
twGuf ur f ;a jcapmi f h (Coast Guard)
ppfoabFmrsm;&SdouJhodkY ppfonfESifh axmufyhHa&;
ypönf;rsm; o,f,lydkYaqmif&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh
axmufyH ha&;oabFmrsm;udkvnf; toHk;jyK
Mu&onf/
yifv,fjyifwGif &uf&Snfvrsm; wm0ef
xrf;aqmif&onfh oabFmtkyfpkBuD;rsm;twGuf
a&,mOfrsm;udk vdktyfonfh jyKjyifxdef;odrf;rI
rsm; aqmif&Gufay;Edkifaom BuHhcdkifa&;oabFm
(Maintanance Ship) rsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf/
a&atmuf&Sd &efolYrdkif;rsm;udk &SmazGzsufqD;&ef
rdkif;&Sif;oabFm (Mine Sweeper) rsm;udk a&
atmufrdkif;cif;oabFmtjzpfvnf; toHk;jyKMu
onf/ rdkif;&Sif;oabFmrsm;rSm tjcm;oabFmrsm;
xuf pufoHxGufay:rI nifomatmifpDrHxm;
onf/ oabFmpufoHrSjzpfay:onfh toHvdIif;
aMumifh rdkif;rsm;aygufuGJjcif;rS umuG,fEkdif&ef
twGuf jzpfonf/ tajctaeMunfh axmuf
vSrf;a&;,mOfrsm;ay:wGifrl armif;olrJh &[wf
,mOfudkyg wpfygwnf; wyfqifxm;onf/
,aeYacwf tapmifhvdkuf z&D*dwfoabFm
rsm;wGif yJhxdef;'Hk;ysHrsm; wyfqifxm;jcif;jzifh
pGrf;&nfjr§ifhxm;onf/ acwfrDa&wyfzGJU wpfck
wGif av,mOfwifoabFmESifh a&ikyfoabFmwdkY
ryg0ifygu jynfhpHkrIr&Sdawmhay/ av,mOfwif
oabFmqdkonfrSm yifv,fork'´&mtwGif;&Sd
av,mOfuGi f; ti,fpm;wpfc kyif jzpf Ny D ;
us,f jye f Yaom ork' ´&m jyi ftv,fwGi f
avaMumif;wdkufcdkufrIudk zefwD;EkdifpGrf;&Sdonf/
,ckacwfa&ikyfoabFmrsm;wGifvnf; 'Hk;ysHrsm;
udk wyfqifypfvTwfEkdifNyDjzpfojzifh a&jyiftxuf
odkYyg a&atmufrS wdkufcdkufEdkifNyDjzpfonf/
'&ufaemh'&ufaemh'&ufaemh'&ufaemh'&ufaemh (Dreadnought) ppfoabFmacwfppfoabFmacwfppfoabFmacwfppfoabFmacwfppfoabFmacwf
1906 ckESpfwGif NAdwdoQawmf0ifa&wyf
onf ppfoabFmBuD; tdyfcsftrftufpf '&ufaemh
(HMS Dreadnought) udk a&csvdkufjcif;jzifh
wpfurÇmvHk;u tHhMorSifwufrdoGm;apavmuf
atmif ppfoabFmwpfacwfudk ajymif;vJ
awmfvSefypfcJhonf/ '&ufaemhudkwnfaqmuf
&ef wpfESpfcefYom tcsdef,lcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif
'&ufaemhppfoabFmBuD;rSm acwfrDvGef;vSojzifh
,if;rwdkifrD &SdESifhcJ hNyD;aom ppfoabFmrsm;
tm;vHk;udk acwfaemufusonfhoabFmrsm;
94
odkYr[kwf '&ufaemhrwdkifrDacwf ppfoabFmrsm;
[k owfrSwfypfvdkuf&onftxd jzpfapcJhonf/
'&ufaemhrwd ki fr Dacwf ppfoabFmrsm;[k
qdk&mü 1890 jynfhESpfrS 1906 ckESpftMum;
wnfaqmufcJhaom ppfoabFmrsm;udk qdkvdk
jcif;jzpfonf/ tqdkyg ppfoabFmrsm;wGif
rsm;aomtm;jzifh tajrmufBuD;av;vufcefYESifh
oabFm0J,mwGif wyfqifxm;aom tajrmufi,f
tcsKdUom yg&SdMuonf/
1890 jynfhESpfaemufydkif; a&jyifppfyG J
rsm;rSm oabFmcsif; teD;uyfypfcwfwdkufckdufrI
r&Sdawmhay/ xdk YaMumifh wma0;ypfEdkifaom
tajrmufBuD;rsm;ud k yd kívd ktyfvmonf/
xd k Ya Mumif h NA dwdoQ awmf0ifa&wyfonf
wma0;ypftajrmufBuD;rsm;udkom oabFm
wpfpD;vHk;wGif rsm;jym;pGmwyfqif&ef qHk;jzwf
cJ h Muonf/ xd k YaMumif h awmf0ifa&wyf\
'&ufaemhppfoabFmBuD;udk a&aEG;aiGU wmbdkif
oHk; tif*sifwyfqifí ta0;ypftajrmufBuD;
12 vuftxd wyfqifum a&SUu&SdESifhNyD;om;
ppfoabFmrsm;tm;vHk;xuf omvGefaumif;rGef
tpGrf;xufatmif zefwD;wnfaqmufcJhonf/
,cif&SdNyD;aom ppfoabFmrsm;xuf tajrmuf
wma0;pGrf;&nf oHk;qtomjzifh wdkufck duf
EkdifpGrf;&Sdaom oabFmBuD;jzpfcJhonf/
'&ufaemhwGif wyfqifxm;aom a&aEG;
aiGU wmbdkifpGrf;tm;aMumifh '&ufaemhonf
awmfyD'dka&,mOfi,frsm;xufyif ydkíjrefatmif
oGm;Ek difonf/ '&ufaemhonf &S dcJ h NyD;aom
ppfoabFmrsm;tm;vHk;udk acwfaemufusapcJh½Hk
omru wyfqifonfh vufeuf,SOfNydKifrI
wpf&yfudkvnf; jzpfay:apcJhonf/ xkdtcsdefrS
pí '&ufaemhuJhodkY ppfoabFmBuD;rsKd;udk tjcm;
aoma&wyfrsm;uvnf; twk,lum vdkufí
wnfaqmufvmMuawmhonf/ *smreDEk difiH
uvnf; NAdwdoQawmf0ifa&wyfESifh pGrf;&nfcsif;
,SOfNydKifEkdif&ef tjyif;txef BudK;pm;vmonf/
þESpfEkdifiHtMum; vufeufNydKifqdkifrIuyif
yxrurÇmppfBuD;jzpfyGm;aprnfh rD;yGm;wpfp
jzpfcJh&avawmhonf/
yxrurÇmppfumv ppfoabFmrsm;yxrurÇmppfumv ppfoabFmrsm;yxrurÇmppfumv ppfoabFmrsm;yxrurÇmppfumv ppfoabFmrsm;yxrurÇmppfumv ppfoabFmrsm;
yxrurÇmppf jzpfyGm;aponfh taMumif;
&if;wpfckjzpfaom NAdwdefESifh *smreDEkdifiHwdkY\
a&wyftiftm;NydKifqd kifrIwGif tar&duef?
jyifopfESifh tDwvDEkdifiHwdkY\ a&wyftiftm;
wdk;csJUrIrsm;uvnf; wpfpdwfwpfyd kif; yg0if
cJhonf/ ppfBuD;jzpfyGm;umpwGifrl NAdwdoQwdkY\
a&wyfwGif ppfoabFmBuD;aygif; 30 ausmf&SdNyD;?
¤if;wdkYteuf 22 pD;rSm '&ufaemh trsKd;tpm;
jzpfonf/ xdkYjyif zsufoabFm? c½lZm (Cruiser)
ESifh z&D*dwfrsm; tygt0if aemufxyfoabFm
42 pD;&Sdonf/
95
*smrefa&wyfrSm xdkrQrBuD;rm;aomfvnf;
pGrf;tm;csif; wlrQonf[k qdkEkdifonf/ tb,f
aMumifhqdkaomf aMumufrufzG,f&m taumif;
qHk;[k qdkEkdifavmufaom ,l-bkwf (U-Boat)
a&ikyfoabFmwyfzGJUBuD;udk *smrefwdkYu ydkifqdkif
xm;aomaMumifhaywnf;/ NAdwdoQwdk Ybuf
uvnf; '&ufaemhxufyifyd kí acwfrDNyD;
pGrf;tm;BuD;rm;aom plyg'&ufaemh trsKd;tpm;
uGif;tJvDZbuf (HMS Queen Elizabeth) ppf
oabFmBuD;rsKd;udk xyfrHwnfaqmufcJhonf/
ppfyG J\tpydkif;wGif NAdwdefESif h *smreD
EkdifiHwdkY wpfOD;\ukefoG,fa&aMumif; oabFm
rsm;udk wpfOD;u ydwfqdkYwm;qD;jcif;rsKd;udkom
tjyeftvSef jyKvkyfvsuf&S daecJ h Muonf/
NAdwdoQ a&wyfu ajrmufyifv,fudk pdk;rdk;um
ukefoG,fa&,mOfrsm; *smreDEkdifiHudkaxmufyHh
jcif; rjyKvkyfEkdifatmif [efYwm;aESmifh,Sufjcif;
jzifh *smrefppfwyfudk csnfheJYatmif jyKvkyfonf/
*smrefwdk Yuvnf; ,l-bkwfrsm;jzifh NAdwdoQ
ukefoG,foabFmrsm;udk wdkufckdufepfjr§KyfMu
onf/ ,if;odkY&Sdae&mrS *smreD\ taemuf
ajrmufbufurf;½dk;wef;jzpfaom [,fvD*dk;vef;
bvdkuf (Heligoland Blight) t&yfü yxrOD;qHk;
aom a&aMumif;wdkufyGJ jzpfyGm;cJhonf/ odkY&mwGif
yxrurÇmppftwGif; tBuD;rm;qH k ;aom
a&aMumif;wdkufyGJBuD;rSm 'def;rwfEkdifiH\ *sKvef;
urf;½dk;wef; (Coast of Jutland) wGif 1916 ckESpf?
arv 31 &ufü jzpfyGm;cJhavawmhonf/
*sKvef;wdkufyG J BuD; *sKvef;wdkufyG J BuD; *sKvef;wdkufyG J BuD; *sKvef;wdkufyG J BuD; *sKvef;wdkufyG J BuD; (Battle of Jutland)NAdwdoQa&aMumif;AdkvfcsKyfBuD; a';ApfbDwD
(Vice Admiral David Beatty) OD;aqmifaom ppf
a&,mOftkyfpkESifh *smrefwdkYbufrS a&aMumif;
AdkvfcsKyf [pfyg (Admiral Hipper) OD;aqmifaom
a&,mOfpkwkd Y awGUqHkwdkufyG J jzpfyGm;jcif;jzif h
*sKvef;wkdufyGJBuD; pwifjzpfyGm;cJhonf/ *smref
wdkY\ wdkufppfudk NAdwdoQa&wyfu [efYwm;
EkdifcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif NAdwdoQwdkY\ qufoG,f
a&;tm;enf;csufESifh tjcm;aomtrSm;rsm;udk
tcGifhaumif;,lum *smrefwdkYuvnf; ab;uif;
vHkNcHKpGm qkwfcGmEkdifcJh&m wdkufyGJrSm ESpfOD;ESpfzuf
oa&usonf[k qdkEkdifonf/
þ*sKvef;wdkufyGJrSm tqHk;tjzwfay;aom
wkdufyGJtjzpfodkY ra&mufcJhaomfvnf; ppfyGJ\
usef&Sdaom umvwpfavQmufvHk;wGif NAdwdoQ
a&wyf\ vTrf;rdk;rIudk *smrefwdkYpdefac:Ekdifjcif;rS
uif;a0;apcJhavonf/ þwdkufyGJjzifh *smref
wdkY\a&aMumif; xkd;ppfudk [efYwm;EkdifcJhojzifh
NAdwdoQa&wyf OD;pD;csKyfjzpfaom AdkvfcsKyfBuD;
*Ref*s,fvDudk; (Admiral John Jellicoe) ESif h
wkdufyGJudkOD;aqmifol AdkvfcsKyfBuD;a';ApfbDwD
wdkYudk NAdwdefEkdifiHu csD;usL;*kPfjyKcJhavonf/
ppfBuD;tNyD;wGif a&aMumif;AdkvfcsKyfBuD; *Ref*s,f
vDud k;tm; First Sea Lord tqif htwef;
ay;tyfcsD;jr§ifhí *kPfjyKcJhonf/
av,mOfwifoabFmrsm;\tpav,mOfwifoabFmrsm;\tpav,mOfwifoabFmrsm;\tpav,mOfwifoabFmrsm;\tpav,mOfwifoabFmrsm;\tp
½d kufnDaemifwd k Y pwifwDxGi fc J honf h
av,mO fy s Hr Sm yxrurÇmpp fumvod k Y
a&mufaomtcg tawmifESpfxyf av,mOfysH
rsm;acwfodkY a&muf&SdaeNyD jzpfonf/ 1910
jynfhESpf? Edk0ifbmv 14 &ufwGif tar&duef
ydkif;avmhwpfOD;jzpfol ,l*sif; t,fvD (Eugene
Ely) u ¤if;\ tawmifESpfxyfav,mOfjzifh
96
&yfwefYxm;aom c½lZm ppfoabFm ,ltufpf
bmrif*rf (USS Birmingham) \ OD;yd ki f;
ukef;ywfay:rS atmifjrifpGm ysHwufjyEk dif
cJhonf/ xkdYaemuf NAdwdoQa&wyfrS uGefref'g
csm;vfqifrqrf (Cdr. Charles Samaon) uvnf;
ckwfarmif;aeaom ppfoabFm [pfbef;eD;,m;
(HMS Hibernia) ay:rS atmifjrifpGm ysHwuf
jyoEkdifcJhonf/
xd k YaemufwGifum; NAdwdoQ awmf0if
avwyfonf urÇmhyxrOD;qHk;aom av,mOfwif
oabFmjzpfonfh tmh&d Gif&,fvf (HMS Ark
Royal) udk atmifjrifpGm wnfaqmuf toHk;jyK
c J havonf/ oabFmay:wGi f a&qif ;
av,mOfys H (Seaplane) ig;p D ;E Si f h ½ d k ;½ d k ;
av,mOfysHESpfpD; yHkrSefwifaqmifum wdkufyGJ
0ifEk difaom tmh&G dif&,fvf av,mOfysHwif
oabFmBuD;onf yxrurÇmppfwpfavQmufvHk;
ta&;ygaomae&mrS yg0ifxrf;aqmif wdkufyGJ
0ifcJ honf/ txl;ojzifh wl&uDatmfwdkrif
(Ottoman) tifyg,m\ NrdKUawmfjzpfonfh
uGefpwef wDEdky,fvf (Constantinople) ,ck
tufpwefblvf (Istanbul) udk odrf;ydkufonfh
wdkufyGJjzpfaom *,fvDydkvD (Gallipoli) wkdufyGJ
wGif tmh&Gdif&,fvf av,mOfwifoabFm\
tcef;u@rSm ydkrdkí xif&Sm;cJhavonf/
ppfoabFmrsm;\ppfyG JppfoabFmrsm;\ppfyG JppfoabFmrsm;\ppfyG JppfoabFmrsm;\ppfyG JppfoabFmrsm;\ppfyG J
yxrurÇmppfNyD;oGm;aomtcg urÇm
wpf0ef;&Sd tiftm;BuD;EkdifiHrsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\
a&wyfrsm;udk tNydKiftqdkif wnfaqmufMujyef
&mrS 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; jzpfyGm;vmonf/
xdktcsdefwGifum; urÇmhtiftm;tBuD;rm;qHk;
a&wyfudk ydkifqdkifolrSm NAdwdoQwdkYr[kwfawmh
bJ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk jzpfvmcJhonf/
xdktcsdefxd ppfoabFmBuD;rsm;onf a&,mOf
tkyfpkwpfckwGif t"duusaom a&,mOftjzpf
qufvufwnf&SdqJyif jzpfonf/
"etiftm;awmifhwif;aom EkdifiHrsm;
onfvnf; BuD;rm;onfxuf BuD;rm;Ny D ;
tp Gr f ;xufaom pp foabFm Bu D ;r sm;ud k
tNydKiftqdkif wnfaqmufMuqJyif jzpfonf/
Oyrm *syefEkdifiH a&wyfrawmfqdkvQif ,cifu
97
wpfcgrQ rwnfaqmufcJhzl;aom t&G,ftpm;
jzpfonfh ppfoabFmBuD; ,mrmwdkESifh rlqm&SD
wdkYESpfpif;udk wnfaqmufcJhonf/ ,mrmwdk
pp foabFmBuD;r Sm *sye fa&wyfrawmf\
tvHaqmifoabFm (Flag Ship) jzpfvmcJhonf/
rlqm&SD ppfoabFmBuD;rSm 1944 ckESpfwGif
zdvpfydkif uRef;pkteD; jzpfyGm;aom av;wD;
yifv,fauGU (Leyte Gulf) wkdufyGJwGif ¤if;udk
av,mOfAHk; 17 vHk;ESifh awmfyD'dk tvkH; 20 wdkY
xdrSefjcif;jzifh ppfonfwpfaxmifausmfESifhtwl
epfjrKyfoGm;cJhonf/ ,if;tay:rS touf&Sif
use f&p fol oabFmom; 1ç300 O D ;ud kr l
tapmifhvdkufygvmaom zsufoabFmrsm;u
u,fwifEkdifcJhonf/ ppfoabFmBuD; ,mrmwdk
rSmvnf; ,if;wkdufyGJrS vGwfvmcJhaomfvnf;
tdkuDem0guRef;wdkufyGJ- wef*dkppfqifa&;wGif
av,mOfAHk; &SpfvHk;ESifh awmfyD'dk 10 vHk; xdrSefrI
aMumifh epfjrKyfoGm;cJhonf/
'kwd,urÇmppfwGif; tjcm;xif&Sm;aom
ppfoabFmBuD;wpfpD;rSm *smrefa&wyfrawmf
\ tvHaqmifoabFmjzpfonfh bpfprwf (Bis-
marck) ppfoabFmBuD; jzpfonf/ *smreftifyg,m
BuD;udk xlaxmifNyD;aemuf yxrqHk;eef;&if;0ef
tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhol atmfwdkAifbpf
prwf (Otto Van Bismarck) udk *kPfjyKí trnf
ay;xm;aom oabFmjzpfonf/ 'kwd,urÇm
ppftpwGif bpfprwfppfoabFmBuD;u NAdwdoQ
c½lZm wdkufoabFm [k'f (HMS Hood) udk
ypfcwfepfjr§KyfvdkufEkdifjcif;aMumifh bpfprwf\
trnfrSm ydkíxif&Sm;oGm;onf/ odkYaomfvnf;
rsm;rMumrDwGifyif r[mrdwfwdkYvufcsufjzifh
bwfprwf ppfoabFmBuD;ESifhwuG ¤if;tay:yg
ppfonf 2ç000 OD;wdkYtm; a&atmufodkY jr§KyfESH
EkdifcJhavonf/
*syefwdkYu [m0dkiftD&Sd ykvJqdyfurf;udk
wdkufcdkuf&mwGif av,mOfwifoabFmay:rS
av,mOfrsm;jzifh atmifjrifpGm wkdufcdkufEkdifcJh
ojzifh av,mOfwifoabFmrsm;\ ta&;ygrI
rSm yd kí xif&Sm;vmcJhonf/ av,mOfwif
oabFm rydkifqdkifbJ tiftm;BuD;a&wyf rnfodkY
rQ rjzpfEkdifacs/ av,mOfwifoabFmr&SdbJ
yifv,fudkvTrf;rdk;Ekdifaom a&wyf (Blue Sea
Navy) tqifhodkY rnfodkYrQ ra&muf&SdEdkifay/
,aeYurÇmay:wGif av,mOfwifoabFm
ydkifqkdifonfh EkdifiH udk;EkdifiHom&Sdonfhteuf
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkr Sm av,mOfwif
oabFmta&twGuf trsm;qHk;ydkifqkdifonfh
EkdifiHjzpfonf/
' kw d,ur Çmpp fumvtwGi f ;uyi f
av,mOfwifoabFmrsm;\ pGr f ;&nfE Si f h
ta&;ygyHkrSm xif&Sm;vmcJhonf/ enf;ynm
pGrf;&nf jrifhrm;vmonfESifhtrQ t&G,ftpm;
ydkí BuD;rm;NyD; pGrf;&nfydkí xufjrufaom
av,mOfwifoabFmrsm;udk wnfaqmufvm
Muonf/ &efolYa&wyfpcef;rsm;udk wdkufcdkufjcif;
ESifh a&,mOfwef; uGefAdGKifrsm;udk tumtuG,f
ay;&mwGif av,mOfwifoabFmrsm;u ydkí
pGrf;aqmifEdkifaMumif; *syefwdkYqifETJcJhaom ykvJ
qdyfurf;wdkufyGJu oufaojycJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkonf av,mOfwif
oabFmrsm;\ ta&twGufESif hpGrf;&nfud k
jr§i f hwif jci f ;tm; jzi f h a&wyfp Gr f ;tm;ud k
BuD;rm;atmif wnfaqmufvmcJhonf/ þonf
uyif ' kwd,urÇmpp f\wd kufy G Jr sm;wGi f
98
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkudk atmifyGJodkY ydkYaqmif
cJhavonf/
csJUxGifcJ honf/ *syefEk difiHtaejzif h ¤if;\
tifyg,mcsJUxGifrIudk taESmifht,Sufray;Ekdif
apjcif;iSm tar&duefa&wyf\ [m0dkiftDuRef;
ykvJqdyfurf;&Sd a&wyfzGJUBuD;udk 1941 ckESpf?
'DZifbmv 7 &ufwGif tvpftidkuf 0ifa&muf
wdkufcdkufum ypdzdwfppfyGJBuD;udk t&Sdefjr§ifhcJh
onf/ aemufwpfaeYwGif tar&duefEkdifiHu
*syefudk ppfaMunmonf/
ykvJqdyfurf;wd kufyG JwGif tar&duef
a&wyf\ ysufpD;qHk;½H I;rIrSm aMumufcref;
vdvdyif jzpfonf/ od k Y&mwGif tqdk;xJrS
taumif;tjzpf ajymEkdifonfum; tar&duef
wdkY\ av,mOfwifoabFmBuD;rsm;rSm qdyfurf;
wGif&S draeojzif h wpfpD;rQ zsufqD;cH&jcif;
r&SdcJ hay/ xdk Yjyif *syefwdk Yu ppfoabFmBuD;
rsm;ESifh ppfav,mOfuGif;rsm;? av,mOfrsm;
udkom t"duxm;í wdkufcdkufcJhojzifh a&wyf
oabFmusif;rsm;tm;vHk;rSm zsufqD;cH&jcif;
r&SdbJ taumif;yuwd usef&SdcJhonf/ ykvJ
qdyfurf;wd kufyG JwGif tar&duefa&wyf\
emrnfausmf t&DZd k ;em;ppfoabFmBuD;rSm
oabFmom; 1ç100 ausmfwdkYESifhtwl qdyfurf;
wGifyif wdkufcdkufepfjr§Kyfjcif; cHvdkuf&onf/
þjzpfpOfaMumifh tar&duefa&wyfonf jyefí
emvefxlEkdifatmif ajcmufvrQ tjyif;txef
BudK;yrf;cJh&ayonf/
1942 ckESpf? arvwGif ypdzdwfppfyGJudk
tvSnfhtajymif;jzpfaprnfh aumf&JvfqD; (Coral
Sea) wdkufyGJwGif tar&duefESifh *syef ESpfzuf
pvHk;u av,mOfwifoabFmrsm;udk toHk;jyKí
wdkufcdkufcJhMuonf/ þwkdufyGJ\ tusKd;quf
onf aemufrMumrD qufvufjzpfyGm;onfh
qdyfurf;wdkufyG JwGifqdyfurf;wdkufyG JwGifqdyfurf;wdkufyG JwGifqdyfurf;wdkufyG JwGifqdyfurf;wdkufyG JwGif
tar&duefa&wyf\tar&duefa&wyf\tar&duefa&wyf\tar&duefa&wyf\tar&duefa&wyf\
emrnfausmf t&DZd k;em;emrnfausmf t&DZd k;em;emrnfausmf t&DZd k;em;emrnfausmf t&DZd k;em;emrnfausmf t&DZd k;em;
ppfoabFmBuD;rSmppfoabFmBuD;rSmppfoabFmBuD;rSmppfoabFmBuD;rSmppfoabFmBuD;rSm
oabFmom;oabFmom;oabFmom;oabFmom;oabFmom;
1ç100 ausmfwdk YESif htwl1ç100 ausmfwdk YESif htwl1ç100 ausmfwdk YESif htwl1ç100 ausmfwdk YESif htwl1ç100 ausmfwdk YESif htwl
qdyfurf;wGifyifqdyfurf;wGifyifqdyfurf;wGifyifqdyfurf;wGifyifqdyfurf;wGifyif
wdkufcd kufepfjr§Kyfjcif;wdkufcd kufepfjr§Kyfjcif;wdkufcd kufepfjr§Kyfjcif;wdkufcd kufepfjr§Kyfjcif;wdkufcd kufepfjr§Kyfjcif;
cHvdkuf&onf/cHvdkuf&onf/cHvdkuf&onf/cHvdkuf&onf/cHvdkuf&onf/
ypdz dwfppfy G Jypdz dwfppfy G Jypdz dwfppfy G Jypdz dwfppfy G Jypdz dwfppfy G J
ypdzdwfppfyGJrsm;rSm 1937 ckESpfESifh 1945
ckESpftMum; ypdzdwfuRef;rsm;ESifh ta&SUawmif
tm&SwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom ppfyGJrsm;jzpfonf/
t"dutm;jzifh 'kwd,urÇmppfumvtwGif;
a&wyftiftm;BuD;EkdifiH ESpfckjzpfaom tar&duef
jynfaxmifpkESifh *syefEdkifiHwdkYtMum; jzpfyGm;aom
wkdufyGJpOfrsm;yif jzpfonf/ 1930 jynfhvGef
ESpfrsm;wGif *syefEkdifiHonf a&wyftultnD
jzifh ta&SUawmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;odkY tifyg,m
99
rpf'fa0; (Midway) a&aMumif;wdkufyGJBuD;tay:
odkY oufa&mufcJhonf/ rpf'fa0;wdkufyGJwGif
*syefwdkYu tar&duefav,mOfwif oabFm
rsm;udk zsufqD;&ef arQmfrSef;tm;xkwfcJhaomf
vnf; ratmi f jri fc J hay/ þwk du fy G J\
tqHk;tjzwfay;aom atmifjrifrIaMumif h
tar&duefa&wyfonf *syefa&wyfrawmfudk
vHk;0 emvefrxlEkdifatmif acsrIef;zsufqD;
EkdifcJhonf/ aumf&JvfqD;ESifh rpf'fa0;wdkufyGJBuD;
ESpfckpvHk;wGif tar&duef av,mOfwifoabFm
a,mhawmif; (Yorktown) onf t"duta&;yg
aom tcef;u@rS yg0ifcJhonf/
aqGZifñGef YaqGZifñGef YaqGZifñGef YaqGZifñGef YaqGZifñGef Y
Ref: Fighting ShipsRobert Fredericl Ltd, U.K,2016
armf (oefvsif)armf (oefvsif)armf (oefvsif)armf (oefvsif)armf (oefvsif)
apmif harQm favOD;apmif harQm favOD;apmif harQm favOD;apmif harQm favOD;apmif harQm favOD;
bk&ifhom;awmfwpfyg;u tjyKpm;cH&um
wpfESpfvQif pum;wpfvHk;om ajymEdkifonf/
olu ESpfESpfwm pum;rajymbJaevQif
aemufESpfwGif pum;ESpfvHk;ajymEkdifrnf/
wpfaeYwGif olu vSyacsmarmaom
rdef;rysKdwpfOD;udk cspfBudKufrd\/ xdkYaMumifh olu
ESpfESpfrQ pum;rajymbJaeum ]]tcspf}} [k
ajymEkdif&ef xdef;csKyfxm;onf/ xdkYaemuf olu
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rdef;rysKdudk cspfaMumif;ajymEkdif&ef aemufxyfoHk;ESpfrQ apmifhqdkif;cJhonf/
ig;ESpfukefqHk;NyD;aomf olu olYudk vufxyf&efajymzdkY av;ESpfxyfrHapmifhcJh&onf/
aemufqHk;wGif pum;rajymbJaecJhaomumv udk;ESpfjynfhNyD;aomtcg xD;eef;twGif;&Sd
tvGefw&m cspftm½Hkzrf;pm;rnfhae&modkY trsKd;orD;udk ac:aqmifum-
]]tcspf? rif;udk cspfw,f? vufxyfyg}} [k pum;udk;vHk;udk ajymvdkufonf/
trsKd;orD;u ajymonfrSm -
]][if ...bmajymw,f}}
100
MopaMw;vsEkdifiH taemufydkif; um*lvDNrdKU&Sd [dkw,f Exchange \ {nfhawGUcef;wGif
aupDa0gavhpf (Kasey Wallace) wpfa,muf olY vdar®mfa&mif owåKwGif;0wfpHkyif rvJao;bJ
nDtpfudk0rf;uGJ Blake Morgan ESifh aysmfyg;pm;aomufaeonf/ touf 18 ESpfom &Sdao;aom
pD;yGm;a&; zG H U Nzd K;wd k;wufvmjcif;aMumif h vlrsm;\tdyfrufudk taumiftxnfpD;yGm;a&; zG H U Nzd K;wd k;wufvmjcif;aMumif h vlrsm;\tdyfrufudk taumiftxnfpD;yGm;a&; zG H U Nzd K;wd k;wufvmjcif;aMumif h vlrsm;\tdyfrufudk taumiftxnfpD;yGm;a&; zG H U Nzd K;wd k;wufvmjcif;aMumif h vlrsm;\tdyfrufudk taumiftxnfpD;yGm;a&; zG H U Nzd K;wd k;wufvmjcif;aMumif h vlrsm;\tdyfrufudk taumiftxnf
azmfEk difjcif;? vpmaiG jrifhrm;jcif;? obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; ayg<u,f0jcif; ponfazmfEk difjcif;? vpmaiG jrifhrm;jcif;? obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; ayg<u,f0jcif; ponfazmfEk difjcif;? vpmaiG jrifhrm;jcif;? obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; ayg<u,f0jcif; ponfazmfEk difjcif;? vpmaiG jrifhrm;jcif;? obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; ayg<u,f0jcif; ponfazmfEk difjcif;? vpmaiG jrifhrm;jcif;? obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; ayg<u,f0jcif; ponf
wdk Ytjyif obm0ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;ESif h 'kp½dkufvkyfief;rsm;jzifhyg ausmfMum;onfhwdk Ytjyif obm0ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;ESif h 'kp½dkufvkyfief;rsm;jzifhyg ausmfMum;onfhwdk Ytjyif obm0ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;ESif h 'kp½dkufvkyfief;rsm;jzifhyg ausmfMum;onfhwdk Ytjyif obm0ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;ESif h 'kp½dkufvkyfief;rsm;jzifhyg ausmfMum;onfhwdk Ytjyif obm0ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;ESif h 'kp½dkufvkyfief;rsm;jzifhyg ausmfMum;onfh
MopaMw;vsEkdifiH? taemufydkif;jynfe,f&Sd NrdKUav;taMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/MopaMw;vsEkdifiH? taemufydkif;jynfe,f&Sd NrdKUav;taMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/MopaMw;vsEkdifiH? taemufydkif;jynfe,f&Sd NrdKUav;taMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/MopaMw;vsEkdifiH? taemufydkif;jynfe,f&Sd NrdKUav;taMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/MopaMw;vsEkdifiH? taemufydkif;jynfe,f&Sd NrdKUav;taMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/
101
Wallace rSm oHowåK½dkif;wGif;&Sd&m ajrmufbuf
uDvdkrDwm 730 udk toGm;tjyef um;armif;
&ojzifh vrf;wGif aMumuf&GHUp&m? owdxm;p&m
rsm;u tawGUtBuHK&aeNyDjzpfonf/ ]]rif;
uRrf;uRrf;usifusifarmif;Ed kifwmyJ? 'gayrJh
aemufqd k&i f av,mOfe J Yo Gm;z d k YpO f ;pm; ?
wcs K d Utvky form;awGqd k av,mOfe J Yvm
av,mOfeJ Yy J jyef Muw,f}}[k Morgan u
ajymonf/
nDtpfudkESpfa,muf olwdkYiSm;xm;aom
tdrfopftwGufvnf; aysmf&TifaeMuonf/
um*lvDNrdKUwGif vlOD;a& 35,000 OD;&Sdaomfvnf;
tdrfiSm;conf a':vm 1ç440 ay;&onf/
rnfhonfhae&muyJvmvm þae&ma&mufzdkY
qdkvQifrl ajcmufem&DcefY um;apmifh&wwfonf/
a':vm 210,000 ukefcJhw,f/ c&D;tqHk;txd
ra&mufcJhbl;/ vrf;qHk;atmif armif;oGm;zdk Y
qdkwmvnf; vlYt½dk;awGu vrf;rSm trsm;BuD;?
vlawGu t&ufawG trsm;BuD;aomufMuwJY
tjyif rl;,pfaq;awGvnf; oHk;Muw,f}} [k
Morgan u qdkonf/ olonf tcsdefvnf;&
aiGvnf;&S dojzif h wjcm;tvkyf wpfckud k
ajymif;vJcsifaeonf/
vlwd ki f ; 0i fai Gtjri f hq H k ;&aeaom
taemufydkif; MopaMw;vsjynfe,fonf touf
i,f&G,fol? aiGaMu;"ejynfhpHkolrsm;twGuf
udk,fhudk,fwdkif oef;<u,folaX;tjzpf zef;wD;
Ekdifonfh urÇmay:wGif wpfckwnf;aoma'o
jzpfonf/ vli,frsm;onf bmvDuRef;oGm;um
aysmf&TifpGm vdIif;pD;jcif;? Las Vegas oGm;NyD;
upm;0dkif;rsm;wGif taysmfupm;jcif;rsm;jzifh
tyef;ajzEdkifonf/ rnfonhfae&mrqdk olwdkY
taejzif h vpOf0ifaiG\ oHk;yH kwpfyH kcef Yud k
& SmE k di fovd k o H k ;vnf;oH k ;yp fE k di fonf/
odkYaomfvnf; taemufydkif; MopaMw;vs\
tvkyform; vdktyfcsufrSm pdppfa&G;cs,fjcif;
r&SdbJ &ovdkac:aeaomaMumifh tvkyform;
rsm;onf olwdkYvdkcsifaom aiG (vkyftm;c) udk
awmif;Edkifonf/
tajymus,fvSonfh teDa&mif oJuEÅm&
jyifus,fBuD;jzpfaom taemufydkif;MopaMw;vs
onf urÇmay:wGifaexdkif&ef roifhonfht&yf
vnf; jzpfonf/ tylcsdefu tNrJ 49 'D*&D
qJvfpD;,yfem;rSm&Sdaeonfhtjyif a'owpfck
vHk; touftEÅ&m,fay;Ekdifonfh owå0grsm;
jzifh jynfhESufaeonf/ a>r? uif;NrD;aumuf?
yifhulrsm; aygonf/ a&'D,dkrSvnf; aEG&moDwGif
Morgan wpfa,muf uGefu&pfazsmfpyfcif;
onfhtvkyfu aeYwpf0uf tem;,lvmol
jzpfonf/ touf 21 ESpfom &Sdao;aomfvnf;
vH kavmufaomaiGaMu; pkaqmif;xm;NyD;
jzpfonf/ olYtaejzifh oJuEÅm&jzwfausmfonfh
Motocross tm;upm;wGif tawGUtBuHKaumif;
wpfck &csifaeonf/ Texas jynfe,f {&d,m\
70 &mcdkifEIef;rSm oJuEÅm&rsm;om&Sdonf/
]]vGefcJ hwJhESpfu Motocross tm;upm;wGif
102
touftEÅ&m,fay;wwfaom yif hulrsm;
aomif;usef;wwfaomaMumifh a&Smifwdrf;&ef
tNrJvdkvdk owday;aMunmae&onf/ xdkYjyif
oD;ES Hcif;ESif h oD;yifrSeforQudk tkyfpkvdkuf
usa&muf zsufqD;wwfaom usKdif;aumif&efrsm;
tjyif awmrD;avmifuRr f ;r Ivnf; tNr J
jzpfay:aeonf/ ajrjyifwpfcGifvHk; qm;rsm;
aygufaeaomaMumi f h or k' ´&ma&xuf
ajcmufqcef Y yd kíiefum a&0yfcJ hz l;aom
ae&mrsm;wGif BuD;rm;aomtjzLuGuf? tjzL
pufBuD;rsm; usefcJhonf/
uka#cs DwefaomtaMumif;w&m;rsm;
vnf; &Sdonf/ ajreDatmufwGif <u,f0vSaom
obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; &S daeonf/ 2012
ckESpfrS 2013 ckESpftwGif; taemufyd kif;
MopaMw;vsonf a':vmoef;aygif; 55,000?
a&eHpdrf; a':vm 6,000? obm0"mwfaiGU&nf
oef; 12ç000 ESifh a&T oef; 8,700 zdk; &&Sd
cJhonf/ tm;vHk;NcHKMunfhvdkufvQif xdkjynfe,f
onf MopaMw;vswpfEkdifiHvHk; jynfyydkYukef\
40 &mckdifEIef;zdk; xkwfvkyfwifydk YEk difcJhonf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk ukrÜPDrsm;onf
e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI a':vm
82,000 ru xnfh0ifvmcJhonf/ urÇmwGif
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ yk*¾vdu &if;ES D;
jr§KyfESHrIudk trsm;qHk; vufcHaom EkdifiH? jynfe,f
jzpfvmcJ honf/ w½kwfjynf\ 0,fvdktm;
awmif;qdkrIaMumifh MopaMw;vsEdkifiHtaejzifh
obm0&if;jrpf xkwf,lrIudk &mpkESpf wpfpdwfvHk;
qufwdkufwdk;jr§ifhvmcJhonf/
taemufydkif; MopaMw;vsonf tvm
puma&TodkufuJhodkY jzpfaeonf/ tvm;wlyif
Texas a&eH tvQHy,fxGuf&SdrIaMumifh Michi-
gan oHacwfuJhodkY jzpfvmonf/ qdkifu,fpD;ol
rsm;vnf; oef;<u,folaX;rsm; jzpfvmonf/
taemufydkif; MopaMw;vswGif tvkyfvkyfaeol
rsm;\ wpfOD;csif;0ifaiGudk GDP-per-capita t&
wGufcsufMunfh&m vlZifbwfESifh umwmEkdifiHwdkY
NyD;vQif wpfOD;csif;0ifaiG trsm;qHk; jzpfonf/
vGefcJhaom 10 ESpfwmumvtwGif; jynfyrS
vlrsm; 800,000 ausmf 0ifa&mufvmcJhonfh
wdkif taemufydkif; MopaMw;vs\ tvkyfvufrJh
EIef;rSm 5 'or 1 &mckdifEIef;om &Sdavonf/
tvGefjrifhaom vkyfcvkyfpmaMumifh bmbmvD
awmifukef;\ olaX;rsm; odkYr[kwf aiGaMu;
<u,f0olrsm;[k taemuf MopaMw;vs
jynfe,f? NrdKUawmf Perth rS jynfolrsm;u
ajymqd k Muonf/ q,fpkESpftwGif; Perth
NrdKUawmfonf csrf;om<u,f0rIudk toHk;cs&m
ae&mtjzpf ajymif;vJcJhonf/
urÇm hoHvd kuf BuD;urÇm hoHvd kuf BuD;urÇm hoHvd kuf BuD;urÇm hoHvd kuf BuD;urÇm hoHvd kuf BuD;
obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; rnfrQMumatmif
&SmazG&&S daernfenf;/ owåKwGif;vkyfief;
vkyfolwdkif; odxm;ouJhodkY obm0t&if;tjrpf
qdkonfrSm twkdif;twm tuefYtowf&Sdaom
103
ypönf;jzpfonf/ taemufydkif; MopaMw;vs
onf a&S;ESpfrsm;pGmuyif <u,f0jynfhpHkrIESifh
aygufuGJqHk;½HI;rI ordkif;rsm; &SdcJhonfhjynfe,f
jzpfonf/ þa'owGif 1848 ckESpfu a&T
pwifawGU&SdcJhonf/ 1960 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;wGif
a&eHESif h obm0"mwfaiGUudk urf;vGefwGif
vnf;aumif;? BuD;rm;aom owåKaMumudk
vnf;aumif; awGU&S dcJ honf/ jynfe,fonf
urÇmhtBuD;qHk;aom aiG? eDu,fvf? ,la&eD,H?
&Sm;yg;owåK? o,HZmw? ovif;ausmuf?
*&if;Edkufrsm; <u,f0pGm&Sdonf[k <um;0gcJhzl;
onf/ odkYaomfvnf; 1990 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;wGif
a&TESifh eDu,fvf 0,fvdktm; usqif;oGm;aom
tcg Perth NrdKUawmfonf urÇmwGif txD;usef
tjzpfqHk;aomNrdKUawmf jzpfcJhzl;onf/ ]]uRefawmf
wdkYtaejzifh ta&SUbufurf;ajcrS N*dK[fwk&yf0ef;
tjzpf cHpm;&onf}} [k Scaffidi u ajymonf/
Perth NrdKUawmfonf ESpfem&DtwGif; urÇmh
vlOD;a&\ 60 &mckdifEIef;aom vlom;rsm;
aexdkif&mae&m jzpfvmonf/ tb,faMumifh
qdkaomf tv,ftvwfwef;pm; vlom;rsm;
tjzpf aexdkifEkdifjcif;? vlrsm;\ tdyfrufudk
taumiftxnfazm fE k di f jci f ;r sm;aMumif h
jzpfonf/ odkYaomfvnf; jynfhpHkvHkavmufaom
tajccHtaqmuftOD wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf
vkyfom;rsm;pGm vdktyfaeao;onf/ xdktajccH
taqmuftODrsm;onf obm0t&if;tjrpf
rsm; wl;azmf&efESif h jynfyokd Y yd k Yaqmif&ef
trSefyifvdktyfvSayonf/
xdkYaMumifh MopaMw;vsEkdifiHwpfvTm;ESifh
e,l;Z DvefE k di fi Hwd k Yr S a&&Snfvky fE k di frnf h
tvkyform;rsm;udk ac:onf/ vkyftm;crsm;
wdk;jr§ifhay;onf/ ukefpnfypönf;rsm;udkvnf;
aygrsm;atmif ? aps;E Ie f ;oufomatmif
jyKvkyfay;onfhtjyif MopaMw;vs a':vmudk
vnf; wd k ;x kwfay;onf/ qpf'e D Nr d K U& S d
wuúpD'½d ki fbmwpfa,muf wpfE Sp fvH k ;ü
a':vm 40,000 om vkyftm;c&onfh tcsdef
wGif taemufydkif; MopaMw;vsrdkif;wGif;rSm
x&yfum;armif;olwpfOD; wpfESpfvQif a':vm
200,000 &aeonf/ xdk Y jyif rJvfbkef;rSm
104
qpf'eDNrdKU&S dqpf'eDNrdKU&S dqpf'eDNrdKU&S dqpf'eDNrdKU&S dqpf'eDNrdKU&S d
wuúpD'½dkifbmwpfa,mufwuúpD'½dkifbmwpfa,mufwuúpD'½dkifbmwpfa,mufwuúpD'½dkifbmwpfa,mufwuúpD'½dkifbmwpfa,muf
wpfESpfvHk;üwpfESpfvHk;üwpfESpfvHk;üwpfESpfvHk;üwpfESpfvHk;ü
a':vm 40a':vm 40a':vm 40a':vm 40a':vm 40,000 om000 om000 om000 om000 om
vkyftm;c&onfhtcsdefvkyftm;c&onfhtcsdefvkyftm;c&onfhtcsdefvkyftm;c&onfhtcsdefvkyftm;c&onfhtcsdef
taemufyd kif;taemufyd kif;taemufyd kif;taemufyd kif;taemufyd kif;
MopaMw;vsrdkif;wGif;rSmMopaMw;vsrdkif;wGif;rSmMopaMw;vsrdkif;wGif;rSmMopaMw;vsrdkif;wGif;rSmMopaMw;vsrdkif;wGif;rSm
x&yfum;armif;olwpfOD;x&yfum;armif;olwpfOD;x&yfum;armif;olwpfOD;x&yfum;armif;olwpfOD;x&yfum;armif;olwpfOD;
wpfESpfvQifwpfESpfvQifwpfESpfvQifwpfESpfvQifwpfESpfvQif
a':vm 200a':vm 200a':vm 200a':vm 200a':vm 200,000000000000000
&aeonf/&aeonf/&aeonf/&aeonf/&aeonf/
oefYpifcef;ydkufrsm; jyif&ol wpfESpfvHk;wGif
a':vm 45,000 &aecsdef taemufyd kif;ü
a&ydkufESifh vufarmif;auG; ydkufqufjyifay;ol
taejzifh wpfESpfvHk;twGuf rJvfbkef;ydkufjyif
orm;xuf oH k ;q 0i fai Gy d k&aeonf/
aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief; ? [d kw,fvkyfief;?
a&xkwfuGefu&pfydkufayguf vkyfief;rsm;u
ta&twGufrsm;vmonf/ a'o\ vlOD;a&
onfvnf; q,fpkESpftwGif; 30 &mckdifEIef;
eD;yg; wdk;vmcJhonf/ tvkyform;rsm;onf
av,mOfjzifhyif tvkyfoGm;? tvkyfjyefMuonf/
a':vm 53 'or 5 oef;wef aps;tBuD;qHk;
tdrfonf Perth NrdKUqifajczH k;wGif &S donf/
pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;vmrIonf owåKwGif; NrdKUi,f
uav;rsm;&S d yH krSefaetdrfrsm;\ aps;udkyg
jrifhwufvmaponf/ NrdKUi,frsm;onf oJuEÅm&
'Pfud k wGe f ;vSe fE k di fonf h taetxm;
jzpfaomaMumifh Kalgoorlie &dS aetdrfrsm;yif
a':vmwpfoef; aps;ac:onf/
ukrÜPDrsm;u aemufxyft&if;tES D;
rjr§KyfESHawmhbJ tjrwfa0pkom cGJa0ay;ae
onfrSm ajcmufvMumcJhNyD jzpfonf/ ,cktxd
wef;pDxm;NyD;aom pDrHudef;rsm;udk cGifhjyKNyD;onfh
wefzdk;rSm a':vmoef; 240,000 (240 bil-
lion) &SdNyD; aemufxyf 316 bDvD,Hzdk; cGifhjyK
&eftwGufvnf; pOf;pm;xm;NyD;jzpfonf[k
MopaMw;vs owåKwGif;ESifh owåKvkyfief;toif;
trIaqmift&m&Sd Steve Knott u ajymonf/
,cktcgwGif taemufydkif; MopaMw;vs\
t0ga&miftkyfcif;vrf;rBuD;onf a&mifjyef
[yfaeaom oJuEÅm&BuD;twGif;bufqDodkY
wjznf;jznf; c&D;qefYaeayonf/
ausmf&Sif;ausmf&Sif;ausmf&Sif;ausmf&Sif;ausmf&Sif;
Ref: This remote Australia Town has moreself-made millionaires per capita,than New York City.By Jay Newton smallTime, 10, March, 2014.
Perth NrdKUawmf\ ajrmufbufqifajczHk;&Sd
Osborne Park yef;NcHvrf;wGif vlcsrf;omrsm;
om 0,f,lEkdifonfh aps;0,fpifwm&Sd aps;qdkif
rsm;? a&yl? a&at; a&ul;uefrsm;? Rolls-Royce
um;rsm;? uyGJ½Hkrsm;tm;vHk; pHkvifpGm &Sdonf/
Nr d K Uv,fwGi fvnf; aps;qd ki fr sm; ? urÇm h
tqifhtwef;rD umpDEdkupm;0dkif;ESifh w&m;0if
tEdSyfcef;rsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ MopaMw;vswGif
owåKwGif;olaX;BuD; Chris Ellison ydkifaom
105
106
avoGif;tokH;jyK&onfh a&mfbmwrHrsm;rSm 'kvkH;&Snf okdYr[kwf qvif'gykHpH&Sd a&mfbmjzifh
pDrHxm;aom wrHtrsKd;tpm;rsm; jzpfonf/ ¤if;wkdYonf jrpf okdYr[kwf acsmif;rsm;ukd uefYvefYcHum
a&ukd wm;ay;xm;Ekdifonfh wrHtrsKd;tpm;rsm; jzpfonf/
urÇmhEkdifiHrsm;wGif tokH;jyKaeonfh a&mfbmwrHrsm;onf ukefusp&dwf oufomum obm0urÇmhEkdifiHrsm;wGif tokH;jyKaeonfh a&mfbmwrHrsm;onf ukefusp&dwf oufomum obm0urÇmhEkdifiHrsm;wGif tokH;jyKaeonfh a&mfbmwrHrsm;onf ukefusp&dwf oufomum obm0urÇmhEkdifiHrsm;wGif tokH;jyKaeonfh a&mfbmwrHrsm;onf ukefusp&dwf oufomum obm0urÇmhEkdifiHrsm;wGif tokH;jyKaeonfh a&mfbmwrHrsm;onf ukefusp&dwf oufomum obm0
ab;tEÅ&m,fwcsKdUukd umuG,fEkdifaMumif;? avESifh a& ESpfrsKd;pvkH; xnfhoGif;tokH;jyKab;tEÅ&m,fwcsKdUukd umuG,fEkdifaMumif;? avESifh a& ESpfrsKd;pvkH; xnfhoGif;tokH;jyKab;tEÅ&m,fwcsKdUukd umuG,fEkdifaMumif;? avESifh a& ESpfrsKd;pvkH; xnfhoGif;tokH;jyKab;tEÅ&m,fwcsKdUukd umuG,fEkdifaMumif;? avESifh a& ESpfrsKd;pvkH; xnfhoGif;tokH;jyKab;tEÅ&m,fwcsKdUukd umuG,fEkdifaMumif;? avESifh a& ESpfrsKd;pvkH; xnfhoGif;tokH;jyK
EkdifaomaMumifh vkyfief;rsm;wGif rsm;pGmtusKd;&SdaMumif;ESifh enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh tokH;jyKEkdifaomEkdifaomaMumifh vkyfief;rsm;wGif rsm;pGmtusKd;&SdaMumif;ESifh enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh tokH;jyKEkdifaomEkdifaomaMumifh vkyfief;rsm;wGif rsm;pGmtusKd;&SdaMumif;ESifh enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh tokH;jyKEkdifaomEkdifaomaMumifh vkyfief;rsm;wGif rsm;pGmtusKd;&SdaMumif;ESifh enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh tokH;jyKEkdifaomEkdifaomaMumifh vkyfief;rsm;wGif rsm;pGmtusKd;&SdaMumif;ESifh enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh tokH;jyKEkdifaom
xkda&mfbmwrH\ tm;om;csufrsm;taMumif;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/xkda&mfbmwrH\ tm;om;csufrsm;taMumif;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/xkda&mfbmwrH\ tm;om;csufrsm;taMumif;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/xkda&mfbmwrH\ tm;om;csufrsm;taMumif;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/xkda&mfbmwrH\ tm;om;csufrsm;taMumif;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/
107
xkda&mfbmwrHrsm;rSm avukdomru a&ukd
vnf; a&mfbmom;twGif; xkd;oGif;um wrH
tjzpf tokH;jyKEkdifonf/ okdYr[kwf ESpfrsKd;pvkH;ukd
a&mpyfívnf; tokH;jyKEkdifaMumif; od&onf/
a&mfbmom;ukd ykdrkdckdifcHhap&ef EkdifvGefa&mpyf
um tvTmtxyfxyf jyKvkyfxm;jcif;jzif h
tMurf;twrf;ESifh xdckdufrI'Pfukdomru a&pD;
ESifhtwl arsmygvmonfh 0w¬Kypönf;rsm;\
'Pfukdyg cHEkdifap&ef jyKvkyfxm;onf/
,if;tjyif a&mfbmwrHukd ykdrkdckdifcHhap&ef
pwD;qefcgESifh zefrQifom;rsm;ukd xnfhoGif;um
csKyfvkyfay;xm;onfvnf; &Sdonf/ ynm&Sif
rsm;u avoGif;tokH;jyK&onfh a&mfbmwrHrsm;ukd
Inflatable flexible membrane dams or rubberdams(IFMD) [k okH;EIef;Muonf/
xkdrQomruao; ajratmufa&ukd t0Dpd
wGif;rsm;jzifh tvGeftuRH xkwf,lokH;pGJrdaom
ae&mrsm;wGif ajratmufa& jyefvnfjznfhwif;
Ekdif&eftwGuf tokH;jyKonfhenf;wl yifv,f
a&ief0ifa&mufvmrIukd wm;qD;Ekdif&eftwGuf
vnf; tokH;jyKonfrsm; &Sdonf/ yifv,furf;ajc
ae&mrsm;wGif BuD;rm;onfh 'Da&vIdif;rsm;'PfrS
umuG,f&eftwGufvnf; a&mfbmwrHrsm;ukd
tokH;jyKMuonf/
tokH;0ifykHtokH;0ifykHtokH;0ifykHtokH;0ifykHtokH;0ifykH
a&mfbmwrHtrsKd;tpm;rsm;ukd 1950 jynfhESpf
tapmyk di f ;upwifí tok H; jyKc J h Muonf/
uGefu&pfom; atmufajcay:wGif a&mfbmwrH
rsm;ukd trmcHrsm;ESifh wGJpyfum a&wm;tjzpf
vnf;aumif;? a&vTJwrHtjzpfvnf;aumif;?
a&BuD;rIukd umuG,f&eftwGufvnf;aumif;?
a&okdavSmif&eftwGufvnf;aumif; enf;
trsKd;rsKd;jzifh tokH;jyKMuonf/
tcsKdUaomjrpfacsmif;rsm;wGif tcsdef&moDukd
vk dufí ig;rsm;Ocs&ef jrpftxufyk di f;ok d Y
qefwufonfh obm0taetxm;rsm; &Sdonf/
xkdtajctaersm;rSm vlvkyfwrHrsm;aMumifh
ig;wkdY\ a*[pepfrsm;ukd xdckduf&onfh tjzpf
rsK d;vnf; &S dwwfonf/ ,if;tajctaeukd
umuG,fEkdif&eftwGuf ig;rsm; jrpftxufykdif;
okdY tqifhqifhwufoGm;ap&ef a&mfbmwrHrsm;ukd
tokH;jyKMuonfvnf; &Sdonf/
twkdif;twmtwkdif;twmtwkdif;twmtwkdif;twmtwkdif;twm
a&mfbmwrHrsm;rSm a& okdYr[kwf avukd
jznfhoGif;um wnfaqmufEkdifojzifh tcsdefwkd
108
twGif; jrefqefpGm wnfaqmufEk difonf/
xkdUjyif p&dwfvnf; oufomonf/ a&mfbmwrH
trsm;pkrSm rDwm 100 okdYr[kwf ay 300 cefY
txd &Snfvsm;wwfonf/ txl;jyKvkyfxm;onfh
a&mfbmwrHrsm;rSm rDwm 200 txd &Snfonf/
wrHrsm;teuf tBuD;qkH;wrH jzpfonf/ tjrifh
rSm 10 rDwmtxd &Sdonf/
tar&duefEkdifiHwGif&S donfh tuf'rfwD
bkd0grifrkd&D;,,f a&mfbmwrHrSm urÇmwGif
t&SnfqkH;a&mfbmwrHtrsKd;tpm; jzpfonf/
yifq,faA;eD;,m;jynfe,f? qefbm&Dt&yfteD;
wGifwnf&Sdonf/ wrH\t&SnfrSm ay 2ç100
okdYr[kwf 640 rDwm &Sdonf/
pydefEk difiH? rk dvDEk d'DpDqk da'oteD;wGif
a&mfbmom;jzifh wpfqufwnf; jyKvkyfxm;
aomwrHonf rDwm 190 txd &Snfonf/
a&mfbmwrHrsm;ukd tar&duefESif h Oa&my
ukrÜPDrsm;uom wnfaqmufxkwfvkyfMuonf
r[kwfyg/ w½kwfukrÜPDrsm;uvnf; wnfaqmuf
xkwfvkyfMuonf/ uGifa'gif;[Gmcsef; odyÜHESifh
enf;ynmukrÜPDrSm a&mfbmwrHukd xkwfvkyf
aomvkyfief;wpfck jzpfonf/ t&SnfqkH; rDwm
1ç100 ESifh tjrihf 3 'or 7 rDwm &Sdaom
a&mfbmwrHrsm;ukd xkwfvkyfzl;onf/
rsm;aomtm;jzifh ig; rDwm okdYr[kwf 15
ayrS 10 rDwm okdYr[kwf ay 30 txd jrifhonfh
a&mfbmwrHtrsK d;tpm;rsm;ukd 'DZk dif;xkwf
okH;pGJMuonf/
,aeYtcgwGif qnfajrmif;qkdif&m pm&if;
tif;rsm;t& urÇmwpf0ef;wGif a&mfbmwrHaygif;
2ç000 ausmfrQukd tokH;jyKvsuf&Sdonf/ xkdwrH
trsKd;tpm;ukd ,m,Doabm okH;pGJEkdif½kHomru
ESpf 30 ausmftxd xm;&S dok H;pG JE k di fonf/
om"utm;jzifh uae'gEkdifiH? tGefwm&D,k d
ta&SUbuft&yfwGifwnf&Sdaom a&mfbmwrHrSm
oufwrf; 35 ESpf&SdNyDjzpfaomaMumifh topf
jyefvnf wyfqifaeNyD jzpfonf/
Oa&mywdkuf? e,fomvefEkdifiH&Sd &rfpyl;t&yf
teD;wGif&S daom a&mfbmwrHrSm xkda'o&Sd
aus;&Gmrsm;ukd a&BuD;rI'PfrS tumtuG,fay;
&ef wnfaqmufxm;onfh wrHjzpfonf/ ,if;
wrHonf Oa&mywGiftokH;jyKaeaom a&mfbm
,aeYtcgwGif a&mfbmwrHrsm;ukd zGHUNzdK;NyD;
EkdifiHrsm;uom wnfaqmuf tokH;jyKMuonf
omru zGHUNzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;yg tokH;jyKvmMu
onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ygupöwefEkdifiHwGifvnf;
a&mfbmwrHukd yef*sufjynfe,fwGif wnfaqmuf
109
tokH;jyK&ef pDpOfvsuf&SdaMumif; 2017 ckESpf?
ZGef 19 &uf? a'oxkwf a'gif; (Dawn)
owif;pmu azmfjyxm;onf/
ae&mwkdYukd wkdif;wmavhvmrIrsm; jyKvkyfae
onf/
a&mfbmwrHrsm; tokH;jyKonfh enf;ynmukd
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tDwvD? pydefESifh ½k½Sm;EkdifiHwkdYuJhokdUaom EkdifiH
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111
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Ref: Inflatable rubber dams- pakstanDawn, Wikipedia, Rubberdam,Voa (dawn. com)
112
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113
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114
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115
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aq;odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;xHodkY a&mufvmcJhonf/
"mwkaq;0g;ynm&Sifrsm;u a&m*gtrsKd;rsKd;
twGuf aq;0g;rsm; wDxGifvmMuonf/
aq;ynmA[kokwrsm;ukd jynfolvlxkxH jzefYa0
ay;aom usef;rma&;qkdif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;
ay:aygufvmMuonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh wefckd;
tmPm tvSnfhtajymif;umvokdY a&mufvm
cJhjcif; jzpfonf/
vwfwavmjzpfysufrIrsm;ukd Munfhygu
Oa&myEkdifiHrsm;ESifh tar&duefEkdifiHtwGif;
tawG;tac: cH,lcsufqkdif&mrsm;ESifh 0d0g'
uGJjym;rIaMumifh rnfonfh,kHMunfcsuf? cH,lcsuf
aemufukd vkduf&rnfrSef;rod jzpfvmMuonf/
,cktcg wefckd;tiftm; tvSnfhtajymif;onf
vnf; taemufrSta&SUokd Y ? awmifbufodk Y
a&muf&SdvmcJhonf/
awmfzvm\tqkdt& pufrIacwfjzpfaom
'kwd,vIdif;\ ½kdufcwfrIaMumifh pkdufysKd;a&;
acwfwGif aexkdifusifvnfaysmfykdufcJholrsm;
onf rdrdwkdYb0ukd tvGeftxdwfwvefY jzpfcJh
Muonf/ ESpfaygif;&SnfMumpGm tajymif;tvJ
r&SdbJ tdrfaxmifpktBuD;BuD; (tzkd;? tzGm;? rdb?
om;orD;? ajr; twlaexkdif) jzifhaexkdifcJhMuonf/
tdrfaxmifpkBuD;avav ajr{ursm;rsm;ukd
116
vkyfukdifpkdufysKd;Ekdifavav jzpfonf/ ajrBuD;
onfom olwkdYb0jzpfvmonf/ ,Ofaus;rI?
rdom;pkzGJUpnf;ykHESifh EkdifiHa&;\tajccHonf
vnf; ajrBuD;? ajr{ursm;om jzpfaecJhonf/
xkdtajctaerS pufrIvIdif;\½kdufcwfrI
aMumif h v,fuGif;rsm;rS puf½k Hrsm;&S d&mokd Y
a&TUajymif;aexkdifvm&onf/ rdom;pkrsm;rSm
vnf; vlOD;a&uefYowfvm&onf/ NrdKUBuD;
rsm;wGif puf½kHBuD;rsm; ay:aygufvmonf/
v,fajr? v,fuGufrsm;okdY xGefpufrsm;a&muf&Sd
oGm;cJ honf/ ½k H;rsm;wGif vufES dyfpufrsm;
ay:vmNyD; rD;zkdacsmifwGif a&cJowåmrsm; ae&m
,lvmonf/ aeYpOf owif;pmrsm; ay:xGuf
vmonf/ ½kyf½Sif½kH? ajratmuf&xm;? *suf
av,mOfrsm;onf vlwkdYtwGuf jzpfvmonf/
pufrIacwfonf yxrvI di f; jzpfaom
pk dufys K d ;a&;acwf\ yk HoP²meftm;vk H ;uk d
ajymif;vJypfNyD; qef;opfaom vlUb0ykHpHtopf
ukd azmfxkwfay;cJhonf/ xkdokdY pufrIacwfwGif
aeom;wusjzpfvmcJh&m tDvufxa&mepfESifh
enf;ynmvIdif;\ jyif;xefaom ½kdwfcwfrI
aMumifh tajymif;tvJrsm;vnf; jyif;jyif;xefxef
jzpfay:vmcJhonf/
uGefysLwm? tifwmeufrsm;u ae&mwum
wGif r&Sdrjzpft&mrsm;tjzpf ae&m,lxm;Mu
onf/ rkdbkdif;zkef;rsm;u vlwkdif;vufxJwGif
vufrvTwfEkdifaomypönf;rsm;tjzpf a&muf&Sd
aeonf/ vlUtokH;taqmifypönf; armf',f
topfrsm;u ESpfpOfxGuf&S daeonf/ plyg
rm;uufBuD;rsm;u NrdKUjyvlaerI\ jy½kyfozG,f
jzpfaeonf/ olwk d Yr& S dvQi fyif acwfrrD
awmhay/ aw;*Dwtopf? tEkynmzefwD;rI
topfrsm;uvnf; azsmfajza&;ae&mwGif
tNydKiftqkdif ae&m,lvmMuonf/
EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHESifh wpfEkdifiH ,Ofaus;rIrsm;
ul;vl;a&m,SufvmMuonf/ ,kHMunfcsufrsm;
uvnf; acwfaESmif;vlom;rsm;ukd awGa0rIrsm;
jzpfay:vmaponf/ 21 &mpk\ avmu
urÇmBuD;onf t&Sdeft[kefjzifh ajymif;vJae
onf/ xkdajymif;vJrIt&Sdefonf jrefrmEkdifiHqD
okdYvnf; a&muf&Sdvmaeonf/
tajymif;tvJukd vspfvsL½Iír&Ekdifawmhyg/
vlom;onf ajymif;vJrIESifhtwl vkdufavsmnDaxG
aeEkdifpGrf;&Sdonf/ odkU&mwGif rnfonfhtwkdif;
twmtxd vk dufavsmnDaxG aeEk di fpGrf;
&Sdrnfenf;/
vlUavmu qkdonfrSmvlUavmu qkdonfrSmvlUavmu qkdonfrSmvlUavmu qkdonfrSmvlUavmu qkdonfrSm
tpOfajymif;vJaeaomtpOfajymif;vJaeaomtpOfajymif;vJaeaomtpOfajymif;vJaeaomtpOfajymif;vJaeaom
oabm&Sdonf/oabm&Sdonf/oabm&Sdonf/oabm&Sdonf/oabm&Sdonf/
xkdYtwlxkdYtwlxkdYtwlxkdYtwlxkdYtwl
vlUb0onfvnf;vlUb0onfvnf;vlUb0onfvnf;vlUb0onfvnf;vlUb0onfvnf;
ajymif;vJjcif;ed,mrajymif;vJjcif;ed,mrajymif;vJjcif;ed,mrajymif;vJjcif;ed,mrajymif;vJjcif;ed,mr
oabmatmufwGifoabmatmufwGifoabmatmufwGifoabmatmufwGifoabmatmufwGif
vkdufygajymif;vJae&onf/vkdufygajymif;vJae&onf/vkdufygajymif;vJae&onf/vkdufygajymif;vJae&onf/vkdufygajymif;vJae&onf/
117
ajymif;vJrIudk &ifqkdifEkdif&ef BudKwifjyifqif
rIrsm; &Sd&ayrnf/ tajymif;tvJukd rodouJhokdY?
r&SdouJhokdYaeí r&Ekdifyg/ EkdifiH\ tem*wf
onf 21 &mpk vlom;rsm;vufxJokdU a&muf&Sd
vmaeNyD jzpfonf/ vlBuD;rsm;\ tepfemcH
BudK;yrf;cJhrIrsm;? olwkdY\wefzkd;&Sdaom tawGU
tBuHKrsm;ukd vspfvsL½Iír&yg/ vlBuD;rsm;
xrf;cJhaom EkdifiHh0efudk wwd,vIdif;\ enf;ynm
acwfxJwGif tajymif;tvJrsm;ESifhtwl qDavsmf
nDnGwfpGm xrf;aqmif&efyif jzpfonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHonf 'Drk dua&pDEd kifiHtjzpf
&yfwnfEkdif&ef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfvsuf &Sdonf/
pDrHcefYcGJrI? tkyfcsKyfrIykHpHukdvnf; xda&mufrI&Sd&ef
ajymif;vJvkyfaqmifaeonf/ xkdYjyif EkdifiH\
jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;ukdvnf; tifwkduftm;wkduf
aqmif&Gufaeonf/
21 &mpk enf;ynmacwf\ tajymif;tvJ
onf tvGefjrefqefvsuf&Sdonf/ xkdtxJwGif
vkdufygajymif;vJEkdif&ef rpOf;pm;? rBudK;pm;ygu
wwd,vIdif;\ wkdufpm;0g;rsK drIatmufwGif
epfjrKyfarsmygoGm;ayvdrf hrnf/ vlUavmu
qkdonfrSm tpOfajymif;vJaeaom oabm&Sd
onf/ xkdYtwl vlUb0onfvnf; ajymif;vJjcif;
ed,mr oabmatmufwGif vkdufygajymif;vJae
&onf/ xkdYaMumifh ajymif;vJaeaomjzpfpOfxJ
wGif qDavsmfaom nDnGwfrIESifhtwl ajymif;vJ
wwfzkdYvkdonf/
ukdrsKd; (jynf)ukdrsKd; (jynf)ukdrsKd; (jynf)ukdrsKd; (jynf)ukdrsKd; (jynf)
Ref: (1) Alvin Toffler, The Third Wave,(NY, Bantam Books, 1980)
(2) Alvin Toffler, Power Shift,(NY, Bantam Books, 1991)
118
ESvHk;tppfvdk ckefEdkifwhJ qDvDuGef ESvHk;wk prf;oyfESvHk;tppfvdk ckefEdkifwhJ qDvDuGef ESvHk;wk prf;oyfESvHk;tppfvdk ckefEdkifwhJ qDvDuGef ESvHk;wk prf;oyfESvHk;tppfvdk ckefEdkifwhJ qDvDuGef ESvHk;wk prf;oyfESvHk;tppfvdk ckefEdkifwhJ qDvDuGef ESvHk;wk prf;oyf
ESvHk;a&m*ga0'emonftcsKdUu cE¨mudk,frSm wyfqif&wJh taxmuftulypönf;awGukd
toHk;jyK ukoxm;Mu&w,f/ tajctaeqdk;olawGqkd&if aq;½HkwufNyD;rS ukovdkY&wJh puf
ESvkH;a&m*gonfrsm;twGuf tokH;wnfhaponfh qDvDuGefESvkH;wkpufudk prf;oyfwDxGifESvkH;a&m*gonfrsm;twGuf tokH;wnfhaponfh qDvDuGefESvkH;wkpufudk prf;oyfwDxGifESvkH;a&m*gonfrsm;twGuf tokH;wnfhaponfh qDvDuGefESvkH;wkpufudk prf;oyfwDxGifESvkH;a&m*gonfrsm;twGuf tokH;wnfhaponfh qDvDuGefESvkH;wkpufudk prf;oyfwDxGifESvkH;a&m*gonfrsm;twGuf tokH;wnfhaponfh qDvDuGefESvkH;wkpufudk prf;oyfwDxGif
aeaMumif;? oMum;tpm;xkd; "mwfypönf;rsm;ukd okH;pGJjcif;onf vlukd 0apwwfaMumif;ESifhaeaMumif;? oMum;tpm;xkd; "mwfypönf;rsm;ukd okH;pGJjcif;onf vlukd 0apwwfaMumif;ESifhaeaMumif;? oMum;tpm;xkd; "mwfypönf;rsm;ukd okH;pGJjcif;onf vlukd 0apwwfaMumif;ESifhaeaMumif;? oMum;tpm;xkd; "mwfypönf;rsm;ukd okH;pGJjcif;onf vlukd 0apwwfaMumif;ESifhaeaMumif;? oMum;tpm;xkd; "mwfypönf;rsm;ukd okH;pGJjcif;onf vlukd 0apwwfaMumif;ESifh
aq;xkd;tyfaMumufolrsm;twGuf remusifapaq;xkd;tyfaMumufolrsm;twGuf remusifapaq;xkd;tyfaMumufolrsm;twGuf remusifapaq;xkd;tyfaMumufolrsm;twGuf remusifapaq;xkd;tyfaMumufolrsm;twGuf remusifaponfh wkonfh wkonfh wkonfh wkonfh wky fy fy fy fy fauG;umuG,faq;xkd;enf;udkauG;umuG,faq;xkd;enf;udkauG;umuG,faq;xkd;enf;udkauG;umuG,faq;xkd;enf;udkauG;umuG,faq;xkd;enf;udk
prf;oyfaeaMumif; aq;ynm\ xl;&Sm;qef;opfrIrsm;ukdprf;oyfaeaMumif; aq;ynm\ xl;&Sm;qef;opfrIrsm;ukdprf;oyfaeaMumif; aq;ynm\ xl;&Sm;qef;opfrIrsm;ukdprf;oyfaeaMumif; aq;ynm\ xl;&Sm;qef;opfrIrsm;ukdprf;oyfaeaMumif; aq;ynm\ xl;&Sm;qef;opfrIrsm;ukd a&;om;xm;onf/ a&;om;xm;onf/ a&;om;xm;onf/ a&;om;xm;onf/ a&;om;xm;onf/
119
ud&d,mawGeYJ aoG;vSnfhywfrIudk xdef;n§day;
Mu&w,f/
ESvHk;a&m*gonfawGrSm toHk;jyKaeMuwJh
ESvHk;twkeJY tpdwftydkif;twkawG[m ysufpD;
aewJh ESvHk;tpdwftydkif;udk tpm;xdk;zdkY yHkpHxkwf
xm;Muwm jzpfygw,f/ tqdkyg tpm;xdk;
ud&d,mawGudk ESvHk;tvSL&Sifr&Sdao;cif a0'em
oufomNyD; touf&Sifoefapzdk Y 'grSr[kwf
vlemhESvkH; jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmapzdkY toHk;jyK
aeMuwmyg/ ydktqifajywJhypönf;awG wDxGifzdkY
trsm;BuD; vkdtyfaeygao;w,f/ ,cktcg
tar&duef wpfEkdifiHwnf;rSmyif ESvHk;tpm;xdk;
ukorIcH,lzd k Y apmif hqd kif;aeol 3ç000cef Y
&Sdaeygw,f/
tvkyfrvkyfEkdifawmhwJh ESvHk;tpm; cEmudk,f
tESHU aoG;vnfywfapzdkY wGef;ydk Y&wJh vuf&Sd
ud&d,mawGrSm tqifrajyrI tenf;eJYtrsm;
&S daeMuw,f/ 'gaMumif h okawoDawG[m
qef;opfwDxGifrIawGudk &SmazGzefwD;aeMu
&w,f/ vuf&SdoHk;pGJaewJh ud&d,mawG wdk;wuf
aumif;rGefapzdk Y BudK;pm;rGrf;rHaeMu&w,f/
cE¨mukd,ftwGif; ouf&Sd0ef;usifeJY o[Zmw
ydkjzpfr,fh ukefMurf;ypönf;opfawG &SmazGMu
&w,f/
&v'ftaeeJY qGpfZmvefEdkifiH? Zl;&pfNrdKU&Sd
odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;u qDvDuGefeJY jyKvkyfxm;wJh
ESvHk;wkudk zefwD;prf;oyfaeMuygNyD/ qDvDuGef
udk trsKd;orD;&ifom;wk xnfhoGif;&mrSm toHk;
jyKaeMuwm awGUjrifzl;MurSmyg/ 'DvdkygyJ tck
jyKvkyfxm;wJh ESvHk;wk[m aysmhaysmif;NyD; yHkrSef
ESvHk;eD;yg; ckefEkdifvdk Y aoG;wGef;ydk Y&mrSm ydkrd k
oufaomifhoufom&dSNyD; ydkvnf;pdwfcs&w,f
vdkY qdkw,f/ yHkoP²mefuvnf; ouf&SdESvHk;eJY
wlEkdiforQwlap&ef yHkpHxkwfxm;w,fvdkY qkdw,f/
t&G,ftpm;uvnf; vlYESvHk;eJY t&G,fwlygyJ/
tav;csdeftm;jzifh wpfaygif&JU ig;yHk av;yHk
omom (0.85lb) &Sdw,f/
vlta,mufvlta,mufvlta,mufvlta,mufvlta,muf
av;odef;ausmfudkav;odef;ausmfudkav;odef;ausmfudkav;odef;ausmfudkav;odef;ausmfudk
apmifhMunfhavhvmrIt&apmifhMunfhavhvmrIt&apmifhMunfhavhvmrIt&apmifhMunfhavhvmrIt&apmifhMunfhavhvmrIt&
oMum;tpm;xdk;oMum;tpm;xdk;oMum;tpm;xdk;oMum;tpm;xdk;oMum;tpm;xdk;
"mwfypönf;awG[m"mwfypönf;awG[m"mwfypönf;awG[m"mwfypönf;awG[m"mwfypönf;awG[m
t0vGefa&m*g?t0vGefa&m*g?t0vGefa&m*g?t0vGefa&m*g?t0vGefa&m*g?
aoG;wdk;a&m*g?aoG;wdk;a&m*g?aoG;wdk;a&m*g?aoG;wdk;a&m*g?aoG;wdk;a&m*g?
qD;csKda&m*g?qD;csKda&m*g?qD;csKda&m*g?qD;csKda&m*g?qD;csKda&m*g?
ESvHk;a&m*geJYESvHk;a&m*geJYESvHk;a&m*geJYESvHk;a&m*geJYESvHk;a&m*geJY
qufpyfaewmqufpyfaewmqufpyfaewmqufpyfaewmqufpyfaewm
awGUcJhMuw,f/awGUcJhMuw,f/awGUcJhMuw,f/awGUcJhMuw,f/awGUcJhMuw,f/
½kyfvHk;<uyHkESdyfenf;ynmeJY zefwD;xm;wm
jzpfNyD; yHkrSefvlYESvHk;vdkyJ b,fnmaoG;vTwfcef;
ESpfcef; yg&Sdw,f/ tcef;ESpfckMum; tuefY
(vl YESvH k;rSm <uufom;tuefYyg) ae&mrSm
120
avtm;eJY azmif;Edkif ydefEkdifwJh tcef;yg&Sdw,f/
ynm&SifawG[m wDxGifxm;wJh ESvkH;udk aoG;vdk
ap;yspfwJht&nfeJY prf;oyfcJhMuw,f/ yHkrSef vlY
ESvHk;vdkyJ tvkyfvkyfaMumif; awGUcJhMuw,f/
'gayrJh ta&;ygwJh tuefYtowfwpfck&Sdaewm
owdxm;rdcJhMuw,f/ ynm&SifawG oHk;pGJxm;wJh
ESvHk;wktxnfukefMurf;[m ESvkH;ckefEIef; tBudrf
3ç000 0ef;usifyJ tckefcHEd kif&nf&S daewm
jzpfygw,f/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh rdepf 30 uae
45 rdepfyJ ckefEkdifwJhoabmyg/ BudK;pm;aeMuqJ
jzpfygw,f/
wDxGifaeol ynm&SifawGuawmh olwdkY
&nf&G,fwmu ydkrdkaumif;rGefwJh ESvHk;wk wDxGif
zefwD;a&;vrf;aMumif;opf jzpfay:vmapzdkYyg
vdkY ajymMum;oGm;ygw,f/
oMum;tpm;xdk; "mwfypönf;rsm;aMumifhoMum;tpm;xdk; "mwfypönf;rsm;aMumifhoMum;tpm;xdk; "mwfypönf;rsm;aMumifhoMum;tpm;xdk; "mwfypönf;rsm;aMumifhoMum;tpm;xdk; "mwfypönf;rsm;aMumifh
0apwwf0apwwf0apwwf0apwwf0apwwf
tpm; olYxuftqrsm;pGm tcsKdt&omay;Ekdif
wJh aq;oMum;udk tpm;xdk; oHk;pGJvmMuw,f/
oMum;tpm;xdk; "mwfypönf; tajrmuftjrm;
ay:xGufvmaevkd Y tpm;tpmtrsm;pk[m
olwdkYeJY ruif;EkdifMuawmhygbl;/
oMum;tpm;xdk; tcsKd"mwfypönf;awGu
tm[m&wefzdk; oMum;avmufr&SdwJhtwGuf
0rSm rylyif&bl;vdkY trsm;u,lq ,HkMunfaeMu
ygw,f/ oMum;eJYrwnfhol qD;csKda0'emonf
awGtwGufvnf; tqifajyapvdrfhr,fvdkY ,lq
olawGvnf; &Sdygw,f/ 'gayrJh tckaemufydkif;
awGU&S d&wJ h taxmuftxm;rsm;t& xif
oavmuf taxmuftulrjzpfaMumif; odvm
&ygNyD/
oMum;udk tpm;tpmrsm;wGif csKdap&ef
vnf;aumif;? oMum;udk uRrf;apvsuf ta&mif
wif&mwGi fvnf;aumif ; oH k ;p G J Muw,f/
aemufydkif;rSm pD;yGm;a&;wGufajcudkufapzdk Y?
t&if;tESD; tukeftusoufomapzdkY oMum;
vlta,muf 1ç000 ausm fyg0ifwJ h
avhvmprf;oyfrI ckepfckt& aq;oMum;tyg
t0if oMum;tpm;xdk;"mwfypönf;awG (Aspar-
tame, Saccharin, Sucralose and Others) [m
ododomom udk,ftav;csdefavsmhusrI rjzpf
apaMumif; uae'gEkdifiH Winnipeg &Sd Manitoba
wuúodkvfrS okawoDtzGJUacgif;aqmif uav;
aq;ynmqd ki f&m vufaxmufygarmu©
Meghan Azad u qdkygw,f/
121
wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyJ vlta,mufav;odef;
ausmfudk apmifhMunfhavhvmrIt& oMum;
tpm;xdk;"mwfypönf;awG[m t0vGefa&m*g?
aoG;wdk;a&m*g? qD;csKda&m*g? ESvHk;a&m*geJY qufpyf
aewm awGUcJhMuw,f/ 'gayrJh apmifhMunfh
avhvmrIjzpfwJhtwGuf aMumif;usKd; qufpyfrI
udk oufaorjyEkdifcJhMuygbl;/ tqdkyg "mwfypönf;
awG[m oMum;avmuf u,fvkd&D (Calories)
rrsm;wJhtwGuf tav;csdefwdk;um 0NzdK;vmap
wmukd oufomvdrfhr,fqdkwJh t,ltqtwGuf
pOf;pm;p&mar;cGef; jzpfvmcJhygw,f/
tpm;xdk; tcsKd"mwfypönf;awG oHk;pGJwJhtwGuf
pm;oHk;olawG&JU cE¨mudk,f ñTef;udef; (Body
Mass Index) tay: xda&mufrIr&Sdwm awGUcJh
Muw,f/ cEmudk,fñTef;udef; qdkwmu vlwpfOD;
&JUt&yfeJ Y ud k,ftav;csdeftay: tajccH
wGufcsufxm;wJ h twdkif;twm wpfckyg/
wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyJ q,fESpfausmfMum apmifhMunfh
avhvmrIrsm;t&vnf; oMum;tpm;xd k ;
tcsKd"mwfypönf; yHkrSefpm;oHk;rI[m t0vGefrIeJY
qufpyfwJh usef;rma&;jyóemawG jzpfyGm;
EkdifaMumif; jyoaeygw,f/
vwfwavmrSm oMum;pm;oHk;rI[m qD;csKd
a&m*g&apEdkif? t0vGefapEdkifw,fvdkY rD;armif;
xdk;jyaeMuNyD; oMum; rpm;oHk;zdkY wGef;tm;ay;
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Ref: (1) New Atlas, 13, July,2017(2) Medicina Net, 17, July, 2017(3) New Atlas, 28, June, 2017
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oHk;EkdifonfhoHk;EkdifonfhoHk;EkdifonfhoHk;EkdifonfhoHk;Ekdifonfh
EkdifiHrsm;wGifEkdifiHrsm;wGifEkdifiHrsm;wGifEkdifiHrsm;wGifEkdifiHrsm;wGif
'pf*spfw,f'pf*spfw,f'pf*spfw,f'pf*spfw,f'pf*spfw,f
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EkdifiHrsm;wGifEkdifiHrsm;wGifEkdifiHrsm;wGifEkdifiHrsm;wGifEkdifiHrsm;wGif
'pf*spfw,f'pf*spfw,f'pf*spfw,f'pf*spfw,f'pf*spfw,f
uGm[csufrsm;rnf[k ...uGm[csufrsm;rnf[k ...uGm[csufrsm;rnf[k ...uGm[csufrsm;rnf[k ...uGm[csufrsm;rnf[k ...
128
owif;tcsuftvufudk &,lydkifcGifhESifhvnf;
oufqdkifonf/ OECD (The Organization for
Economic Co-operation) u EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHwGif
'pf*spfw,f uGm[csuf (Digital Divide) rsm;&
jcif;udk vlwpfOD;csif;tvdkuf? tdrfaxmifpk
tvdkuf? vkyfief;tvdkuf? a'otvdkuf -
(u) tdkifpDwDudk &,loHk;pGJEkdifonfh tcGifh
ta&;?
(c) tifwmeufudk &,loHk;pG JEk difonfh
tcGifhta&;wdkYjzifh wdkif;wmEkdifonf[k
qdkygonf/
1/ w,fvDzke f; oH k;p G JE d ki fonf h OD;a&
(teledensity)
2/ uGefysLwm xda&mufpGm oHk;pGJEdkifonfh
OD;a&?
3/ tifwmeuf oHk;pGJonfhOD;a&wdkYonf
t"duusonfh pHrsm; jzpfonf/
EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHwGif BudK;vdkif;jzifh w,fvD
zkef;oHk;pGJEkdifonfh yrmP? BudK;rJhw,fvDzkef;
oHk;pGJEkdifonfh yrmPwdkYudk vlOD;a&tcsKd;jzifh
wGufavh&S d Muonf/ zG H U Nzd K;qJEk difiHrsm;wGif
BudK;vdkif;jzifh w,fvDzkef; oHk;jcif;xuf BudK;rJh
(q,fvlvm^ rdkbdkif;zkef;) oHk;pGJrIEIef;u ydkrsm;
onf/
vlwdkY\ aexdkifrIb0wGif uGefysLwmonf
r&Sdrjzpf toGifaqmifvmonf/ uGefysLwm&SdrS
tifwmeufoHk;Ekdifrnfqdkaom qufpyfrIawGu
vnf; &Sdaejyefonf/ aemufydkif; uGefysLwm\
vkyfaqmifEkdifpGrf;awGudk vlwdkY o,faqmif
ajymqdkaeMuonfh rdkbdkif;zkef;rsm;wGif xnfhoGif;
vmonf/ zkef;jzifh tifwmeuf oHk;vmEkdifonf/
uGefysLwmxuf zkef;rsm;u r&SdrjzpftoGif
ydkaqmifvmonf/
ICT [kac:onfh owif;tcsuftvufESifh
enf;ynmudk vHkavmufaygrsm;pGm oHk;Ekdifonfh
EkdifiHrsm;wGif 'pf*spfw,f uGm[csufenf;NyD;
tdkifpDwDcsKdUwJhonfh EkdifiHrsm;wGif 'pf*spfw,f
uGm[csufrsm;rnf[kk kk k qdkvdkygonf/
'pf*spfw,f uGm[csufudk EkdifiHolEkdifiHom;
ESifh vlOD;a& tcsKd;tpm;tvdkuf tdkifpDwD oHk;pGJ
EkdifrIESifh wdkif;wmonf/ xdkodkY wdkif;wm&mwGif-
uGefysLwmESif h tifwmeuf oHk;pG JEk difrI
rsm;avav 'pf*spfw,f uGm[csuf enf;avav
jzpfonf/ pm&if;Z,m;rsm;t& urÇmhvlOD;a&\
10 &mckdifEIef;onf tGefvdkif;ac: tifwmeuf
ay:wGif tNrJ&SdaeMuonf/ txl;ojzihf zGHUNzdK;
wkd;wufonfh taemufEkdifiHrsm;? tar&duef?
uae'gESifh Oa&myEkdifiHrsm;rS jynfolrsm;\
tGefvdkif;ay: tNrJa&mufaeonfh &mckdifEIef;u
urÇmhtifwmeuf oHk;pGJolrsm;\ 63 &mckdifEIef;
jzpfonf/ tm&S-ypdzdwfa'o&Sd jynfolrsm;
tifwmeufoHk;pGJrIu 30 &mckdifEIef;? tmz&du
ESifh ta&SUtv,fydkif; ESpfckaygif;onf urÇmh
tifwmeuf oHk;pGJolrsm;\ 2 &mckdifEIef;cefYom
&SdonfudkMunfhvQif EdkifiHzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIESifh
tdkifpDwDqufpyfrIrsm;udk oabmaygufvdrfhrnf
xifonf/
'pf*spfw,f uGm[csufMum;wGif aygif;ul;
wHwm; xdk;ay;EkdifolrSm enf;ynmom jzpfonf/
tifwmeuf[k yHkao rajymEdkifay/ xdkYjyif EkdifiH
wkdif;wdkY\ uav;oli,frsm;tay: enf;ynm
vspfvsL½Icsufrsm;uvnf; 'pf*spfw,f uGm[
csufudk oufa&mufapEkdifaMumif; owdjyKrdol
enf;onf/ tifwmeufESifh enf;ynmudk oHk;pGJ
EkdifrI enf;yg;&jcif;onf -
1/ EkdifiHESifh a'otwGif; owif;tcsuf
tvuf &,loHk;pGJEkdifrItm; twm;tqD;
t[efYtwm;rsm;jcif;?
2/ ynmwwf enf;yg;jcif;? ynm roif
Ekdifatmif taESmifht,Sufrsm;jcif;?
3/ bmompum; tcuftcJ twm;tqD;
rsm;jcif;?
4/ bmoma&;ESif h ,Ofaus;rIqd ki f&m
t[efYtwm;rsm;jcif;wdk YaMumifh jzpfaMumif;
awGU&ygonf/
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rsm;tMum; aygif;ul;wHwm; txdk;ay;EkdifqHk;
olrsm;rSm tpdk;&om jzpfonf/ wHwm;udk
wpf0ufxdk;ay;rvm;? tjynfh xdk;ay;rvm;? 0g;
wHwm; xdk;ay;rSmvm;? uGefu&pfwHwm; xdk;ay;
rSmvm;? wHwm;udk tcrJh jzwfoef;cGifhjyKrSmvm;?
tcaMu;aiG rsm;rsm;aumufcHNyD;rS jzwfoef;
aprSmvm;/ EkdifiHESifh tpdk;&wdkY\ apwemtay:
wGi f r lwnfNy D ; 'pf*sp fw,f uGm[csuf
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wifñGefYwifñGefYwifñGefYwifñGefYwifñGefY
'pf*spfw,f uGm[csufonf EkdifiHvlOD;a&
tjyif touft&G,f? usm;? rwdkYwGifvnf;
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rsm;u ydkrsm;onf/ tcsKd;csMunhfvQif 60 tcsKd;
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wdkYwGifrl usm;? r tcsKd; tifwmeufoHk;pGJrI
uGm[csuf odyfr&Sday/
129
130
qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI&JU aemufydkif;rSm taMumif;&if;cH trsKd;rsKd;&Sdw,f/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIacgif;pOf
eJY usrf;jyKxm;wJh bGJUvGefausmif;om;udk EIwfajzpmar;yGJrSm ygarmu©wpfOD;u ar;w,f/
urÇmhvlOD;a&\ okH;ykHESpfykHonf qif;&J EGrf;yg;aeMuaMumif;? ynma&;csKdUwJhurÇmhvlOD;a&\ okH;ykHESpfykHonf qif;&J EGrf;yg;aeMuaMumif;? ynma&;csKdUwJhurÇmhvlOD;a&\ okH;ykHESpfykHonf qif;&J EGrf;yg;aeMuaMumif;? ynma&;csKdUwJhurÇmhvlOD;a&\ okH;ykHESpfykHonf qif;&J EGrf;yg;aeMuaMumif;? ynma&;csKdUwJhurÇmhvlOD;a&\ okH;ykHESpfykHonf qif;&J EGrf;yg;aeMuaMumif;? ynma&;csKdUwJh
jcif;onf qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI\ t"dutcsuf wpfcsufjzpfaMumif;ESifh qif;&Jjcif;onf qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI\ t"dutcsuf wpfcsufjzpfaMumif;ESifh qif;&Jjcif;onf qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI\ t"dutcsuf wpfcsufjzpfaMumif;ESifh qif;&Jjcif;onf qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI\ t"dutcsuf wpfcsufjzpfaMumif;ESifh qif;&Jjcif;onf qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI\ t"dutcsuf wpfcsufjzpfaMumif;ESifh qif;&J
EGrf;yg;rI avQmhcsa&;twGuf tifwkduftm;wkduf BudK;yrf;Mu&rnfjzpfaMumif;EGrf;yg;rI avQmhcsa&;twGuf tifwkduftm;wkduf BudK;yrf;Mu&rnfjzpfaMumif;EGrf;yg;rI avQmhcsa&;twGuf tifwkduftm;wkduf BudK;yrf;Mu&rnfjzpfaMumif;EGrf;yg;rI avQmhcsa&;twGuf tifwkduftm;wkduf BudK;yrf;Mu&rnfjzpfaMumif;EGrf;yg;rI avQmhcsa&;twGuf tifwkduftm;wkduf BudK;yrf;Mu&rnfjzpfaMumif;
a&;om;xm;onf/a&;om;xm;onf/a&;om;xm;onf/a&;om;xm;onf/a&;om;xm;onf/
131
]]rif;&JUpmtkyfrSm qif;&JEGrf;yg;rItaMumif;
&if;awGudk OyrmawGeJY pHkpHkvifvif jyxm;wm
aumif;ygw,f/ vlawGqif;&Jwm tvkyfeJ Y
ywfoufNyD; uRrf;usifrIr&Sdvdk Y? usef;rma&;
raumif;vdkY? Culture qdkwJh ,Ofaus;rI"avh
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awG? trsKd;rsKd; yJ? uJ- 'DtaMumif;&if;awGxJu
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rvJ}}
ausmif;om;u tcsdefawmfawmfMumav;
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jzpfygr,f/ Lack of Education u vlawG
qif;&JEGrf;yg;rItwGuf ta&;BuD;qHk;tcsufyg}}
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vJ}}
]]'guawmh &Sif;ygw,f? ygarmu©BuD;
cifAsm; ]]Education u p&dwfBuD;ygw,f/
qif;&Jom;awGu yk*¾vduausmif;awGrSm
rwufEdkifMuygbl;/ tpdk;&ausmif;awmifrSyJ
rdom;pk0ifaiG &SmzdkYta&; ausmif;NyD;qHk;atmif
rae&bJ Drop-out tjzpfeJY pD;yGm;&SmMu&wm
awG trsm;BuD;&Sdygw,f}}
]]q&modNyD? 'gqdk&if vlawG Uneducated
jzpfwmaMumifh qif;&Jw,f/ Education &atmif
ydkufqHr&Sdvdk Y Uneducated jzpfw,f/ 'gqdk
"Poverty causes poverty aygh}}
'gav;u qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIoHo&m (Vicious
Cycle of Poverty) qdkwmudk o½kyfazmfcsufav;
wpfckygyJ/ rdom;pkqif;&JvdkY uav;b0rSpNyD;
tm[m&jynfhwJh tpm;tpmawG rpm;&bl;/
aumif;rGefwJh usef;rma&; apmifha&SmufrIawGeJY
uif;a0;w,f/ vlYoufwrf;aph usef;usef;rmrm
raeEkdif? ynmoifzdkY tcGifhtvrf;awG qHk;½HI;?
ynmr&Sdvdk Y toufarG;0rf;ausmif; tvkyf
tudkifaumif; r&? 0ifaiGenf;vdkY qif;&JqdkNyD;
qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI oHo&mpuf0ef;u ½kef;rxGuf
EkdifMuolrsm;u urÇmtESHUEkdifiHrsm;rSm&Sdw,f/
rdom;pktm;vHk; qif;&JrI&JU qdk;usKd;awGudk
cHpm;&w,fqdkayr,fh rdom;pkxJu uav;i,f
awGeJY oufBuD;&G,ftdkawGu cHpm;&wm trsm;qHk;
vdkYqdkMuw,f/ txl;ojzifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;wJh
rdom;pkawGrS uav;i,fawGu t&G,fav;
&jyefawmhvnf; ywf0ef;usifrSm &Sifoef
usifvnf&if;eJY tvG,fvrf;udk vdkufrdMuNyD;
rl;,pfaq;0g;om;aumifawGjzpfMuwm? &mZ0wf
rIawGusL;vGef&if;eJY tjypf'PfcH&if; wefzdk;&SdwJh
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qif;&Jaew,f/ txl;ojzifh tm&S? tmz&du?
vufwiftar&du EkdifiHrsm;jzpfw,f/ Thrid
World vdkY &nfñTef;ajymavh&Sdw,f/ zGHUNzdK;NyD;
pufrIEkdifiHBuD;awG trsm;pku urÇmhajrmufbuf
tjcrf;? qif;&JwJhEkdifiHtrsm;pku awmifbuf
tjcrf;? pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI (Development)
132
qdkif&m aqG;aEG;rIrsm; (North-South Dialogue)
tpOftquf&SdcJhw,f/ IT enf;ynmydkif;rSm
t&Sdeft[kefeJY wdk;wufcJhwmaMumifh (Global-
ization) jzpfvmw,f/ urÇmhEkdifiHtrsm;twGuf
tusKd;jzpfxGef;wmawG &Sdvmw,f/ 'gayrJhvnf;
ynm&SiftcsK dU tqdkt& Globalization u
zGHUNzdK;NyD;Ek difiHawGudk yd kNyD;tusKd;aus;Zl;awG
oufa&mufapayr,fh zGHUNzdK;qJEkdifiHi,fav;
trsm;pku 'Hk&if;twkdif;yJvdkYqdkwm zwf&w,f/
urÇmhtqifhrSma&m? EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHcsif;rSma&m
"The rich gets richer" csrf;om<u,f0olawG
ydkcsrf;omNyD;? "The gap between the rich and
the poor" csrf;omolawGeJ Y qif;&JEGrf;yg;
olawGtMum; uGm[csufuydkNyD; BuD;rm;vm
w,fqdkwmudkawmh trsm;vufcHvmMuygw,f/
zGHUNzdK;NyD; EkdifiHBuD;awGu zGHUNzdK;qJEkdifiHawGtwGuf
tultnDaxmufyHhrIawG ay;MuzdkYvnf; oabm
wlNyD;om;yg/ olwdk YEd kifiH&JU Gross National
Income &JU 0 'or 7 &mcdkifEIef;udk zGHUNzdK;rItul
tnDtaeeJY xnfh0ifay;MuzdkYjzpfw,f/
zGHUNzdK;NyD;EkdifiHBuD;awGrSmomru zGHUNzdK;qJ
EkdifiHrsm;twGif;rSmvnf; ydkNyD;wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;rI
&MuwJh China, Brazil pwJhEkdifiHrsm;rS rdrdwdkYxuf
yd kí tultnDvdkaewJh qif;&JwJhEk difiHrsm;
twGuf Mutual Cooperation, Equal Partner-
ship oabmw&m;awGtay: tajccHNyD; ulnD
axmufyHhrIawGay;aewm jzpfygw,f/
zGHUNzdK;qJEkdifiHawG qif;&J&wJhtaMumif;u
abm*aA'pmtkyftcsKdUrSm EkdifiHwGif; enf;ynm?
aiG&if;? uRrf;usifvkyfom;awG r&Sdjcif; (Lack
of Technology, Capital, Skilled Labor)? EkdifiH&JU
vlOD;a&rsm;jym;jcif;eJY ,cifESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
Ek difiHBuD;rsm;&JU udkvdkeDvufatmufcHb0eJY
aecJh&jcif;pwJh taMumif;t&if;awGudk azmfjy
w,f/ enf;ynm? aiG&if;? uRrf;usifvkyfom;
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tzGJUtpnf;awG zGHUNzdK;&SifoefrI r&SdEkdifovdk EkdifiH
wGif; vlOD;a& vdkwmxuf ydkrsm;ae&ifvnf;
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ud kvd ke DE k di fi H jzpf jyefawmh Ek di fi H BuD;awG&J U
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tjzpf ydkYr,f/ olwdkYqDuxkwfvkyfNyD; ukefacsm
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jzpfcJhzl;wJhEkdifiHwdkif; 'DtawGUtBuHKudk odMuNyD;
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ajympum;t& 21 &mpkudk pwifcsdef urÇmh
vlOD;a&xuf0ufavmufu wpf&uf ESpfa':vm
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bDvD,Havmufuawmh iwfrGwfacgif;yg;rIeJY
&ifqdkifae&w,fqdkwm od&ygw,f/ Poverty
Alleviation qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmhcsa&;twGuf
133
qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIqdkwmqif;&JEGrf;yg;rIqdkwmqif;&JEGrf;yg;rIqdkwmqif;&JEGrf;yg;rIqdkwmqif;&JEGrf;yg;rIqdkwm
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a&GUrSm trSef/a&GUrSm trSef/a&GUrSm trSef/a&GUrSm trSef/a&GUrSm trSef/
urÇmay:rS Failed States rsm;qdkNyD; zGHUNzdK;
wdk;wufa&;vrf;aMumif;rSm usqHk;oGm;cJhwJh tJ'D
EdkifiHrsm;taMumif; pmtkyfzwfMunhf&ifvnf;
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rSmyg/ EkdifiHwGif; y#dyu© ppfrufawGjzpfyGm;NyD;
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vnf; aemufqufwGJtusKd;quf EkdifiHom;awG
qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI'Pf cHMu&ygw,f/
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tjynfjynfqdkif&m tzGJUtpnf;rsm;u uRefrwdkY
jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf tultnD axmufyHhrIawG
enf;rsKd;pH keJ Y ay;aeMuw,f/ Donors rsm;rS
Development Partners awGtaeeJY teD;uyf
jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf 'Drdkua&pDvrf;aMumif;rSm
trSefwu,ftultnD&apr,fh axmufyhHrI
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pwJh aemufcHordkif;&SdMuwmrdkY zGHUNzdK;rItpDtpOf?
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qH k;vrf;pOfrsm; a&G;cs,ftaumiftxnf
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taMumif;tcsufawGeJY vlrsKd;? ,Ofaus;rI? "avh
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Ref: One Breath AwayBy Helen SignyR.D, August, 2017
144
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146
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147
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Ref: The Art of Crisis From The Art of LivingBy W. Peterson,American essayist.
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149
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158
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159
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160