role and relevance of endosulfan in agriculture
DESCRIPTION
The presentation describes the role and relevance of endosulfan in agriculture. It is the only insecticide which is soft on Pollinators such as honeybees and beneficial such as ladybird beetle. It is widely recommended for use during pollination and in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. Farmers in Andhra Pradesh are the largest users of Endosulfan in the country and will stand to lose the most if there is a move to ban the use of Endosulfan in the country…http://www.whybanendosulfan.orgTRANSCRIPT
Broad AcreLarge land holdings typically 2000 to 10,000 hectares. USA, Brazil, Argentina, South Africa, Australia is largely broad acre. Aerial spraying of pesticides is widely prevalent. Agriculture is intensive and yields high
Small AcreSmall land holdings typically 1 to 10 hectares. Agriculture in India, China, Pakistan, large parts of Africa and Asia is small acre. Use and application of pesticides are manual with backpack sprayers and minimal mechanisation. Agriculture is sustainable with varying yields.
InsecticidesWeedicides (Herbicides)FungicidesPlant Growth Regulators
Crop Protection Chemicals are the last input in the agriculture chainFarmers spend on Tillage, Irrigation, Fertilizers, Farm labour etc. at last Agro chemicalsIf not used, entire lossCrop Protection Chemicals protect all investments farmers make in their crops
Widely used by the farmer to protect crops from insect attacks and infestationscontact or systemicbroad spectrum or selectivesoft on beneficial, pollinators and predators
SHARE OF LOSSES CAUSED BY DIFFERENT PESTS
33%15%
26%
26%
Insects
Rodents & OthersWeeds
On an average 18% of the crop yield is lost due to pests
Diseases
(Annual monetary loss: Rs.60,000 CroresSource:Working Subgroup on Plant Protection, Planning Commission, 2001)
NCIPM
Components of I.P.M.
Integration of all the methods of Pest Management is essential as any single method will not be effective
Insects◦ Harmful : Vegetarian “Pests”◦ Beneficials : Non Vegetarian
Endosulfan‐‐ Controls pests and spares beneficialsHarmful insects are of two types◦ Sucking◦ ChewingEndosulfan controls both types
Beneficial Insects
NaturalEnemies, Beneficials,, Parasites, Predators (Defenders)Pests and Defenders appear at the same time“Manage Pests” rather than “control”Use Selective Insecticides‐e.g. EndosulfanManage pests and save Parasites Predators
We have small farmsMixed CroppingDifferent stages of CropHot and humid climate Mixed pest population‐sucking chewingOur farmers need products that are versatileEndosulfan is recommended by Agricultural Universities as its best suited in these situations
Pest and Pollinator appear at the same timeChallenge is to manage the pest and allow bee visitsUse bee friendly insecticidesEndosulfan is soft on Honey bees
Multi PestMulti CropSafe to BeneficialsSafe to PollinatorsAvoids ResistanceBreaks ResistanceEconomical
Has been in use as a broad spectrum insecticide since the 70’s largely in cotton and other field cropsWas imported into India until 1980India begins manufacturing Endosulfan from the early 80’s. There are three Indian manufacturer’s of Endosulfan active including Hindustan Insecticides Ltd, a Govt. of India enterpriseEndosulfan is today the most widely used generic insecticide in India with usage in cotton, pulses, Tea, Mango, Vegetables and oilseedsThe only insecticide which is soft on Pollinators such as honeybees and beneficial such as ladybird beetle, chrysoperla etcWidely recommended for use during pollination Widely recommended for use in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Insect Resistance Management (IRM) programsFarmers in Andhra Pradesh are the largest users of Endosulfan in the country and will stand to lose the most if there is a move to ban the use of Endosulfan in the country
Insecticides
Insect Pests Natural enemie
s
Remarks
J W PBW/SBW
ABW TC
Young Grown up
A. Organochlorinate
GoodEndosulfan Good Good Good Poor Very good
Safe Safer to the natural enemies, low resistance to ABW early in the
season
B. Synthetic pyrethroids
Poor Poor Very good
Poor Poor Poor Toxic Excessive use can cause resurgence of whitefly and
ABW, high level of resistance to ABW
Performance of various insecticides against insect pests and safety to natural enemies of cotto
J= Jassid; W= Whitefly; SBW= Spotted bollworm; PBW= Pink bollworm; ABW= American bollworm; TC= Tobacco caterpillar