1

nawili pirveli

winasityvaoba

adamianTa Sexedulebani imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda awarmoos

saxelmwifom finansuri operaciebi, Rrma politikuri filosofiis nayofia.

erTni uzenaes prioritetad piris Tavisuflebas, meoreni ki _ mTlianad

sazogadoebis keTildReobis sxvadasxva aspeqtebs miiCneven. gansxvavebuli

filosofia ki saxelmwifos yvelaze gonivruli ekonomikuri saqmianobis

Taobaze gansxvavebul mosazrebebs badebs.

Tumca politikis Sesaxeb racionaluri mosazrebis Camosayalibeblad

mxolod politikuri filosofia ar kmara. aRniSnuli procesi moiTxovs

saxelmwifos praqtikuli saqmianobis codnas. vin aris uflebamosili,

warmarTos ekonomikuri politika? raze xarjavs saxelmwifo fuls da saidan

qmnis Semosavals? am wignis pirvel TavSi SevityobT, Tu ramdenad zemoqmedebs

politikuri azri sajaro finansebisadmi damokidebulebis formirebaze da ra

qmedebebia damaxasiaTebeli amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sajaro finansebis

sistemisaTvis. pirveli Tavi aris erTgvari wyaro sajaro finansebis sistemis im

detalebis gasaazreblad, romlebic momdevno TavebSia ganxiluli.

me-2 da me-3 TavebSi aRwerilia ekonomistebis mier gamoyenebuli sajaro

finansebis analitikuri berketebi; me-2 Tavi Seexeba pozitiur analizs,

romelic mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierTobis koncefciasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

sainteresoa, rogor afaseben ekonomistebi sxvadasxva politikis zegavlenis

xarisxs. Tumca Cveni mizani ar Semoifargleba saxelmwifo politikis Sedegis

wignis dedanSi, iseve rogorc zogadad inglisurenovan literaturaSi, gamoyenebulia termini ''Government", romelic pirdapir iTargmneba, rogorc `mTavroba~, magram, Cveni azriT, mizanSewonili iqneba mTavrobis ekonomikuri funqciebis saxelmwifoze gavrceleba, radgan xelisuflebis danawilebis klasikuri principis Tanaxmad Zalian bevr qveyanaSi (maT Soris, aSS-Si da saqarTveloSi) mTavroba mxolod aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaa da mTlianad ver gansazRvravs ekonomikur politikas. cxadia, SeiZ-leboda gvexmara termini `xelisufleba~, romelic aerTianebs aRmasrulebel, sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebebs rogorc centralur (federalur), ise adgilobriv doneebze, magram tradiciisadmi pativiscemis niSnad da imis xazgasasmelad, rom xelisufleba mxolod saxelmwifos nawilia, romelsac saxelmwifos ufro didi nawilis _ mosaxleobis winaSe valdebulebebi da pasuxismgebloba akisria da rom msoflios Zalian bevr qveyanaSi arapirdapiri gziT (arCevnebi, referendumebi da a.S.) mosaxleobac monawileobs politikis, maT Soris, ekonomikuri politikis formirebaSi, Cven gamoviyenebT termins `saxelmwifo~ (red.).

2

gansazRvriT. gvsurs, gavaanalizoT, moaqvs Tu ara mas dadebiTi Sedegi (da ra

SemTxvevaSi). es normatiuli analizis funqcia, romelic moiTxovs zust da

mkafio eTikur SexedulebaTa sistemas, romlis gareSe `kargis~ aRmoCena

SeuZlebelia. aRniSnuli eTikuri Sexedulebebis sistema me-3 TavSia ganxiluli.

3

Tavi pirveli

Sesavali

sajaro finansebi sxva araferia, Tu ara rTuli kamaTi individisa da

saxelmwifos urTierTobis Sesaxeb. sajaro finansebi kvalifikaciis amaRlebis

saukeTeso skolaa.

vaclav klausi, CexeTis yofili premier-ministri

1030 weli qristeSobamde. aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi ebraeli tomebi

centraluri xelisuflebis gareSe cxovrobdnen. biblia mogviTxrobs, Tu

rogor evedreboda xalxi winaswarmetyvel samuels: `dagvidgine axla mefe, rom

sxva xalxebis wesisamebr gangvsjides~ (I mefeTa 8, 5). samueli Seecada,

ebraelTaTvis azri Seecvlevinebina. man aRuwera, Tu rogori iqneboda maTi

cxovreba monarqiis farglebSi:

`ai, ra uflebebi eqneba mefes, romelic imefebs Tqvenze: waiyvans Tqvens Svilebs

da Tavis etlebTan da cxenebTan daiyenebs da irbenen misi etlis win. . . aiyvans Tqvens

asulebs menelsacxebleebad, mzareulebad da puris mcxobelebad. wagarTmevT saukeTeso

yanebs, venaxebsa da zeTisxilis baRebs da Tavis morCilebs daurigebs. . .waiRebs

meaTeds Tqveni faridan da Tqvenc misi ymebi gaxdebiT. maSin mohyvebiT wuwuns Tqvens

arCeul mefeze. . .~ (I mefeTa 8, 11 18).

Tumca ebraelebs warbic ar SeuxriaT dramatuli scenaris gamo: `ar

daujera xalxma samuels. Tqves: ara da ara, mefe unda gvesvas, Cvenc iseTebi

unda viyoT, rogoric sxva xalxebi arian. Cveni mefe gangvsjis Cven, win

wagviZRveba da Cveni gulisTvis ibrZolebs~ (I mefeTa 8, 19 20).

es bibliuri epizodi zustad aRwers saukuneebis winandel e. w.

ambivalenturobas (ormag gancdas) saxelmwifos mimarT. saxelmwifo sistema

aucileblobaa _ yvela ers aqvs igi, Tumca imavdroulad mas arasasurveli

Sedegebis motanac SeuZlia. aseTi Sereuli Sexedulebani saxelmwifos mimarT

kompleqsurad saxelmwifos sagadasaxado da saxarjo politikasTanaa

dakavSirebuli. mefe mosaxleobas uzrunvelyofs maTTvis saWiro zogierTi

4

saSualebiT (am SemTxvevaSi, jariT), magram mxolod garkveuli safasuris

gadaxdis Semdeg. saxelmwifo danaxarjebis wyaro sabolood mainc kerZo

seqtoria. samuelis daxvewili ganmartebis Tanaxmad, gadasaxadebi sakmaod

seriozul tvirTad SeiZleba iqces.

mas Semdeg saukuneebma ganvlo, saxelmwifos mimarT msgavsi damokidebuleba

ki kvlav aqtualuria. gansakuTrebuli winaaRmdegoba arsebobs saxelmwifos

finansur operaciebTan dakavSirebiT. es wigni mogviTxrobs saxelmwifos

sagadasaxado da saxarjo politikis Sesaxeb, romelsac, Cveulebriv,

saxelmwifo finansebsac uwodeben. aRniSnuli termini garkveulwilad

arazustia, radgan finansuri xasiaTis (anu fulTan dakavSirebuli) sakiTxebi

sulac ar aris arsebiTi. ZiriTadi problemebi ufro metad realuri resursis

gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba. swored amitom zogierTi avtori upiratesobas aniWebs

termins saxelmwifo seqtoris ekonomika an ubralod saxelmwifo ekonomika.

yuradRebis centrSia saxelmwifos mikroekonomikuri funqcia da

resursebis gamoyofasa da Semosavlis ganawilebaze misi zemoqmedebis xasiaTi.

rac Seexeba saxelmwifos makroekonomikur funqcias (sagadasaxado, saxarjo da

fulad-sakredito politikis saSualebiT umuSevrobisa da fasebis saerTo

doneze zemoqmedeba), is calke kursSi Seiswavleba.

sajaro finansebis moqmedebis sfero zogjer bundovania. saxelmwifos

maregulirebeli strategia mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens resursebis

ganawilebaze, romlis mizani zogjer saxelmwifos sagadasaxado da saxarjo

politikis ganxorcielebiT miiRweva. ase, magaliTad, Tu saxelmwifos surs,

Seamciros korporaciis sidide, mas SeuZlia, msxvil korporaciebze maRali

gadasaxadi daawesos. garda amisa, saxelmwifo reglamentirebis ufleba aqvs,

romlis mixedviTac, gansazRvrul moculobaze ufro didi firma

aralegalurad CaiTvleba. sajaro finansebi korporaciebis dabegvris sakiTxs

intensiurad swavlobs, xolo antimonopoliuri sakiTxebi misi mxolod

arapirdapiri Seswavlis sagania (romlebic sawarmoo organizaciis Sesaxeb

masalebSia ganxiluli). es wigni ki tradiciulad saxelmwifos mier

danaxarjebis gawevasa da Semosavlis miRebasTan dakavSirebuli operaciebis

ganxilvas gaagrZelebs.

dedanSi gamoyenebulia termini "Public finance", romelic SeiZleba iTargmnos, rogorc `sazogadoebrivi finansebi~, `saxelmwifo finansebi~, magram Cven upiratesoba `sajaro finansebs~ mivaniWeT, radgan ekonomikis es sfero, garda wminda saxelmwifo finansebisa, moicavs iseT sferoebs, rogoricaa dazRveva, romelic ar aris saxelmwifo finansebis nawili (red.).

5

sajaro finansebi da ideologia

ekonomistebi, romlebic sajaro finansebs swavloben, ikvleven

saxelmwifos mier faqtobrivad gatarebul sagadasaxado da saxarjo

politikas. garda amisa, isini imasac aanalizeben, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo es

politika. Sexedulebani ekonomikur sferoSi saxelmwifos saqmianobis Sesaxeb

im ideologiuri mosazrebebis nayofia, romlebic individisa da saxelmwifos

urTierTobas Seexeba. politikuri filosofosebi or ZiriTad midgomas

ganasxvaveben:

organuli Teoria saxelmwifos Sesaxeb

saxelmwifo bunebrivi organizmia. TiToeuli individi aris aRniSnuli

organizmis nawili, Tavad saxelmwifo ki _ organizmis guli. iang Cang-Ci, mao

Ze dunis eTikis maswavlebeli pekinSi, amtkicebda, rom `qveyana mTliani

organizmia. igi adamianis sxeuls hgavs. qveyana ar aris manqana, romelic

SesaZloa daiSalos da kvlav aiwyos~ (Johnson, 1983, gv. 197). individi

mniSvnelovania, rogorc mxolod sazogadoebis wevri, da misi sikeTe

sazogadoebis mTliani sikeTis WrilSi ganisazRvreba. amdenad, sazogadoeba

zemoqmedebs individze. ase, magaliTad, platonis `respublikaSi~ moqalaqis

qmedeba gamarTlebulia, Tu igi sazogadoebis keTildReobazea orientirebuli.

saxelmwifos Sesaxeb organuli Teoriis yvelaze samarcxvino magaliTs

nacistebi gvTavazoben: `nacionalisturi socializmi ar aRiarebs calke

individs, romelic arsebobs sazogadoebisagan damoukideblad da saimedodaa

daculi saxelmwifo Carevisagan... individis yoveldRiuri moqmedeba mTlianobas

unda emsaxurebodes. mxolod am gziT iqneba igi Rirebuli~1.

1 Stuckart and Globke (1968, gv. 330). (uiliam stukarti da hans globke _ nacisturi germaniis Sinagan saqmeTa saministros uxucesi warmomadgenlebi).

6

sazogadoebis miznebis avtori saxelmwifoa; igi sazogadoebas maTi

Sesrulebis unars aniWebs. cxadia, miznebis arCevani mniSvnelovnad

gansxvavebulia. platoni Tvlida, rom saxelmwifos mizani aris oqros

Sualedis miRweva, romlis farglebSic adamianis qmedeba ganpirobebuli iqneba

srulyofili keTilgonierebiT. meore mxriv, adolf hitleri (1971/1925, gv. 393)

miiCnevda, rom saxelmwifos mizania rasobrivi siwmindis miRweva: `saxelmwifo

srulyofilebis miRwevis saSualebaa. srulyofileba ki fizikurad da

fsiqikurad homogenur qmnilebaTagan Semdgari sazogadoebis dacva da

ganviTarebaa~. leninis sityvebis Tanaxmad (1968/1917, gv. 198), proletaruli

saxelmwifos mizani `muSa da eqspluatirebul xalxTa maswavlebloba,

winamZRoloba da lideroba da am gziT maTi socializmSi Seyvanaa~.

sazogadoebrivi miznebi metad gansxvavebulia; amdenad, Zalian

mniSvnelovania, gavigoT, Tu rogor unda moxdes maTi SerCeva. organuli

Teoriis mimdevarni amtkiceben, rom garkveul miznebs sazogadoeba bunebrivad

asrulebs. bunebrivi miznis erT-erTi magaliTi geografiul arealSi

suverenitetisaTvis brZolaa (gavixsenoT nacistebis ltolva evropaSi

dominanturi adgilis mosapoveblad). filosofosebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi

cdilobdnen, aexsnaT termin `bunebrivis~ mniSvneloba, Tumca misi gansazRvreba

dRemde bundovania.

meqanikuri Teoria saxelmwifos Sesaxeb

meqanikuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo ar aris sazogadoebis

organuli nawili. igi TiTqos adamianebma Tavisi miznebis misaRwevad

gamoigones. amerikeli politikuri moRvawis, henri kleis, azriT (1829 weli),

`saxelmwifos endobian. saxelmwifo moxeleebi ki rwmunebulebi arian. rogorc

ndobis sagani, ise rwmunebulebi adamianTaTvis sargeblobis uzrunvelsayofad

arian Seqmnilni~. centralur rgolSi upiratesad dgas individi (da ara jgufi).

davuSvaT, saxelmwifos mizani marTlac xalxisaTvis keTildReobis

motanaa. Cven jer ar gangvisazRvria keTildReobis arsi, arc is, Tu rogor

unda uzrunvelyos saxelmwifom ,,keTildReoba~. yvela adamiani eTanxmeba im

azrs, rom saxelmwifo mosaxleobas Zaladobisagan icavs. amisaTvis ki

saxelmwifos iZulebis uflebis monopolia esaWiroeba. sxva SemTxvevaSi anarqia

gaZlierdeba da situacia daemsgavseba XVII saukunis filosofosis, Tomas

7

hobesis (1963/1651, gv. 143), sityvebSi aRwerils: `adamianis cxovreba (gaxda)

martosuli, sabralo, sazizRari, sastiki da xanmokle~. bolo periodSi

somaliSi momxdari movlenebi, sadac arc efeqtiani erovnuli mTavroba

funqcionirebs da danaSaulic Cveulebrivi movlenaa, kidev erTxel adasturebs

hobesis dakvirvebis WeSmaritebas. analogiurad, `xalxTa simdidreSi~ ("The Wealth

of Nations") adam smiTi amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifom unda daicvas `Tavisi

sazogadoeba danaSaulisa da sxva, damoukidebeli sazogadoebis agresiisagan~,

`xolo sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevri _ sxvaTa Cagvrisa da usamarTlobisagan~

(1977/1976, wigni V, gv. 182, 198).

yvelaze SezRuduli Zalauflebis mqone saxelmwifosac ki fizikuri

iZulebisagan moqalaqeebis dacva evaleba. garda amisa, smiTi amtkicebda, rom

saxelmwifom unda ikisros `gansazRvruli saxelmwifo saqmisa da saxelmwifo

institutebis Camoyalibeba-SenarCunebis pasuxismgebloba, romlebic arasodes

ar moemsaxureba individis an individTa mcire jgufis interesebis

stimulirebasa da Sesrulebas~ (1977/1976, wigni V, gv. 210-211). aq SesaZloa

gagvaxsendes gzebi, xidebi, sakanalizacio sistema _ infrastruqtura

sazogadoebis sakeTildReod unda funqcionirebdes2.

am TvalsazrisiT, meqanikuri Teoriis WrilSi gamefebuli mosazrebani

sakmaod gansxvavebulia. Tavisufali nebis doqtrinis mimdevarni, romlebic

Tvlidnen, rom SezRuduli Zalauflebis mqone saxelmwifo yvelaze

racionaluria, misTvis ekonomikuri rolis miniWebis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen.

smiTis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `nebismieri adamiani, sanam ar arRvevs

samarTlianobis kanons, absoluturad Tavisufalia sakuTari interesis

dakmayofilebaSi~ (1977/1776, wigni V, gv. 180). Tavisufali nebis doqtrinis

mimdevarni metad skeptikurad uyurebdnen saxelmwifos unars socialuri

keTildReobis gazrdisa. rogorc tomas jefersonma sakmaod zustad SeniSna:

`zogjer amboben, rom adamians ar unda vendoT, rodesac is mmarTvelia.

SeiZleba ki mas vendoT, rodesac mmarTveloba sxvis xelSia? vipoveT ki ukve

is angelozi, romelic misi mefe gaxdeba? modiT, istorias mivandoT am

kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema~.

amis sapirispirod, isini, visac social-demokratebs vuwodebT, miiCneven,

rom mosaxleobis keTildReobis uzrunvelsayofad saWiroa mniSvnelovani

saxelmwifo intervencia, romelic sxvadasxva formiT xorcieldeba: specialuri

2 erTni imasac amtkiceben, rom aRniSnuli sakiTxebis mogvareba kerZo mewarmis prerogativa unda iyos. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebuli problemebi me-4 TavSia ganxiluli.

8

reglamenti, romelic samuSao adgilis usafrTxoebas uzrunvelyofs, kanoni,

romelic krZalavs rasobriv da sqesobriv diskriminacias binaTmSeneblobis

dros, gaWirvebulisaTvis saxelmwifo daxmareba. rodesac social-demokratebis

sawinaaRmdegod amboben, rom aRniSnuli Carevebi adamianis Tavisuflebas

arRvevs, maSin isini mzad arian, upasuxon, rom Tavisufleba ufro metia, vidre

fizikuri iZulebis ararseboba. gaRatakebuli adamiani SesaZloa Tavisufali

iyos Semosavlis gamoyenebaSi, magram es Tavisufleba xom sakmaod SezRudulia.

Tumca cxadia, Tavisufali nebis doqtrinis mimdevarTa da social-demokratTa

poziciebs Soris mTavrobis intervenciis racionaluri donis Sesaxeb

gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi arsebobs.

wignis TvalTaxedva

SedarebiT axalia idea imis Taobaze, rom individi sazogadoebaze maRla

dgas. istorikosi lorens stouni (1977, gv. 4-5) aRniSnavs, rom Tanamedrove

periodamde

`sayovelTaod miRebuli iyo koncefcia imis Sesaxeb, rom jgufi (iyo es

sagvareulo, sofeli, mogvianebiT ki saxelmwifo) upiratesobiT sargeblobda

individis survilTan da mis konkretul miRwevebTan SedarebiT. `sicocxle,

Tavisufleba da bednierebis survili~ piradi idealebi iyo. maT XVII saukunis

Cveulebrivi, ganaTlebuli adamiani arasodes miakuTvnebda jansaRi

sazogadoebis upirveles miznebs~.

am xnis ganmavlobaSi anglo-amerikul politikur msoflmxedvelobaSi

saxelmwifos Sesaxeb meqanikuri Teoria gabatonda, Tumca ara totalurad.

adamiani, romelic amtkicebs, rom raime unda gakeTdes `erovnuli interesis~

WrilSi, da Tanac individis an individTa jgufis keTildReobis ignorirebas

axdens, farulad iziarebs organul Teorias. ufro zogadad, TviT yvelaze

maRalindividualistur sazogadoebaSi adamiani eris saxeliT gamodis da

samSoblos msxverpladac ki ewireba. rogorc keneT erou [1974] aRniSnavs,

`individsa da sazogadoebas Soris daZabulobis arseboba gardauvalia. maTi

moTxovnebi individis sindisisa da socialuri konfliqtis mixedviT meryeobs~.

gasakviri ar aris, rom anglo-amerikulma ekonomikurma msoflmxedvelobam

individualisturi mimarTulebebi ganaviTara. individi da misi survili

mogebaze orientirebuli ekonomikisaTvis (igi ganxilulia am wignSi) mTavari

9

obieqtivia. Tumca, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, individualisturi tradiciis

mimdevarnic ki ver Tanxmdebian imaze, Tu ramdenad aqtiuri unda iyos

saxelmwifo. amdenad, meqanikuri Teoriis damkvidreba TavisTavad iseTi

ideologiis Camoyalibebas ar uzrunvelyofs, romelic zustad migviTiTebda,

unda ganxorcieldes Tu ara konkretuli ekonomikuri intervencia3.

aRniSnuli sakiTxi metad mniSvnelovania, radgan ekonomikuri politika

mxolod ekonomikur analizs ar efuZneba. saxelmwifos survili,

ganaxorcielos an ar ganaxorcielos moqmedeba, nawilobriv eTikur da

politikur gadawyvetilebebzea damokidebuli. rogorc sajaro finansebis

Sesaxeb qveyanaSi mimdinare debatebi cxadyofs, am sakiTxebs uamravi gonieri

adamiani ewinaaRmdegeba. SevecadeT, bevri maTganis azri SeZlebisdagvarad

samarTlianad agvesaxa.

saxelmwifo erTi SexedviT

ukve giCveneT, Tu ra zegavlenis moxdena SeuZlia ideologias saxelmwifos

samoqmedo racionaluri arealis Sesaxeb piris Sexedulebaze. Tumca imisaTvis,

rom saxelmwifo politikis Taobaze jansaRi da gaazrebuli Sexeduleba

Camoyalibdes, mxolod ideologia ar kmara. adamians SesaZloa saxelmwifos

faqtobrivi funqcionirebis Sesaxeb informacia esaWiroebodes. ra

samarTlebrivi SezRudvebia dawesebuli saxelmwifo seqtorze? raze xarjavs

saxelmwifo fuls da saidan finansdeba es danaxarjebi? sanam aSS-is sajaro

finansebis sistemas CavuRrmavdebiT, aRniSnuli sakiTxebis mokle mimoxilvas

gTavazobT.

3 aRniSnuli SekiTxva saxelmwifos Sesaxeb arsebuli meqanikuri Teoriis konteqstSi, romlis mixedviTac, saxelmwifo xalxTan SedarebiT uzenaesia da man unda marTos cxovrebis yvela aspeqti, marTlac safuZvelsaa moklebuli.

10

samarTlebrivi CarCoebi

aSS-is konstituciis `Semoqmed mamaTa~ Sexedulebani saxelmwifos

intervenciis Sesaxeb konstituciaSia asaxuli. upirvelesad ganvixilavT im

debulebebs, romlebic ukavSirdeba federaluri saxelmwifos saxarjo da

sagadasaxado saqmianobas, da Semdeg davubrundebiT saxelmwifos.

federaluri saxelmwifo. konstituciis pirveli muxlis me-8 nawili

kongress amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi `valebis gadaxdis, sayovelTao

Tavdacvisa da sruli keTildReobis uzrunvelyofis~ oficialur uflebas

aniWebs. wlebis Semdeg `sruli keTildReobis~ idea kongresisa da

sasamarTloebis mier farTod iqna interpretirebuli; amdenad, aRniSnuli

muxli efeqtianad iTvleba da saxelmwifo danaxarjebze SezRudvebs aRar

awesebs 4 . konstitucia federaluri danaxarjebis odenobas arc absoluturad

da arc ekonomikis moculobasTan SedarebiT ar zRudavs. saTanado

danaxarjebis Sesaxeb kanonproeqtebi (faqtobrivad yvela sxva kanonis msgavsad)

SesaZloa swored kongresSi iyos momzadebuli. finansur kanonproeqts

(kanonproeqti sabiujeto asignebebis Sesaxeb) kanonis Zala mxolod mas Semdeg

eniWeba, rac igi orive palataSi xmaTa umravlesobas miiRebs da mas prezidenti

moawers xels. prezidentis mier finansur kanonproeqtze vetos dadebis

SemTxvevaSi am kanonproeqts mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiReben, Tu man xmaTa ori

mesamedi miiRo orive palataSi.

rogor afinansebs kongresi aRniSnul danaxarjebs? pirveli muxlis me-8

nawilis mixedviT, federaluri sagadasaxado Zalaufleba qmediTi xdeba:

`kongress eqneba ufleba, daawesos da Seagrovos gadasaxadebi, mosakreblebi,

sabaJo gadasaxdelebi da aqcizi~. sabiujeto asignebebis Sesaxeb

kanonproeqtebisagan gansxvavebiT, `kanonproeqtebi gadasaxadis dawesebis Sesaxeb

warmomadgenlobiT palataSi unda momzaddes~ (muxli 1, nawili 7).

koloniur periodSi britanuli sagadasaxado politikis gamo Seqmnili

udidesi ukmayofilebis fonze gasakviri ar aris, rom saxelmwifo sagadasaxado

Zalauflebis SezRudva gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ganxorcielda:

4 pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad, gaweuli unda iqnes garkveuli saxis danaxarjebi. ase, magaliTad, kongresma saTanadod unda daafinansos jari da sasamarTlo sistema.

11

1. `yvela gadasaxdeli, sabaJo mosakrebeli da aqcizi erTnairi iqneba aSS-

is mTel teritoriaze~ (muxli 1, nawili 8). gadasaxadebis ganakveTebis

dawesebisas kongress ara aqvs romelime Statis diskriminaciis ufleba. Tu

federaluri mTavroba benzinze gadasaxads daawesebs, maSin misi ganakveTi yvela

StatSi Tanabari unda iyos. es ar gulisxmobs imas, rom Segrovebuli

gadasaxadebis moculoba erT sul mosaxleze yvela StatSi Tanabari unda iyos.

savaraudod, im StatebSi, sadac saSualoze ufro xSirad marTaven manqanas,

sagadasaxado valdebulebani ufro maRali iqneba, Tumca sxva pirobebi

erTnairi darCeba. amdenad, SesaZlebelia (da ufro realuric), rom zogierT

gadasaxadTan dakavSirebuli mdgomareoba romelime StatSi sxvebTan SedarebiT

ufro mZime iyos5.

2. `pirdapiri gadasaxadi mxolod mosaxleobis aRweris, an maTi

ricxovnobis safuZvelze unda dawesdes~ (muxli 1, nawili 9). pirdapiri

gadasaxadi aris pirisTvis dakisrebuli gadasaxadi sazogadoebis mimarT.

arsebiTad es debuleba swored imaze miuTiTebs, rom Tu `A~ StatSi ,,B~

StatTan SedarebiT orjer meti mosaxleobaa, maSin kongresis mier dawesebuli

nebismieri pirdapiri gadasaxadis Segrovebis Sedegad `A~ Stati ,,B~ StatTan

SedarebiT orjer met Semosavals moutans saxelmwifos.

XIX saukunis bolos federaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadis dawesebis

mcdeloba uzenaesma sasamarTlom arakonstituciurad miiCnia im motiviT, rom

Semosavlis dabegvra mosaxleobis araproporciul, saxelmwifo sagadasaxado

tvirTad iqceva xolme. aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis Semdeg saSemosavlo

gadasaxadis dawesebis erTaderTi gza konstituciaSi cvlilebis Setana iyo. me-

16 damatebis Tanaxmad, romelic 1913 welsaa ratificirebuli, `kongress,

Semosavlis wyaros miuxedavad, zogierT Statze proporciulad ganawilebisa

da mosaxleobis ricxovnobis gauTvaliswineblad Semosavalze gadasaxadis

dawesebisa da misi Segrovebis ufleba eqneba~. dRes piris pirdapiri gadasaxadi

federaluri sagadasaxado sistemis erT-erTi mTavari dasayrdenia.

1. `ar SeiZleba pirisaTvis sicocxlis, Tavisuflebis, qonebis ukanonod

warTmeva; ar SeiZleba kompensaciis gareSe piradi qonebis sajaro gamoyeneba~

(me-5 Sesworeba). sagadasaxado politikis TvalsazrisiT, aRniSnuli debuleba

5 istorias ar axsovs, rom romelime sagadasaxado kanonSi raime muxlis darRvevis gamo dafiqsirebuliyo winaaRmdegoba. Tumca gamonaklisi daiSva gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi: kongresma daawesa sagadasaxado ganakveTi zeTze, romlis mixedviTac, zeTi alaskis CrdiloeT ferdobze Tavisufldeboda gadasaxadisagan. federaluri raionuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, es iyo konstituciis darRveva. raionuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba sabolood uzenaesma sasamarTlom baTilad cno.

12

sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis mier Camoyalibebuli nebismieri gansxvavebis

marTlzomierebis aucileblobas usvams xazs. Tumca arc ise martivia imis

gansazRvra, kanonieria Tu ara gansxvaveba da aris Tu ara igi sakanonmdeblo da

sasamarTlo procesebis nawili.

2. `nebismieri Statidan Semotanili nawarmi Tavisufalia gadasaxadisa da

mosakreblisagan~ (muxli 1, nawili 9). aRniSnuli debuleba Setanili iqna

samxreTi Statebis swored imaSi dasarwmuneblad, rom maTi Tambaqosa da sxva

saqonlis gatanas centraluri mmarTveloba safrTxes ar Seuqmnida. es

saxelmwifo finansebis sistemis ganviTarebaze umniSvnelod moqmedebs.

federaluri mTavroba yvela danaxarjs gadasaxadebidan ar afinansebs. Tu

danaxarji Semosavalze metia, igi uflebamosilia, `SeerTebuli Statebis

kreditis saxiT isesxos fuli~ (muxli 1, nawili 8). bolo periodSi garkveuli

mxardaWera moipova konstituciurma cvlilebam dabalansebuli federaluri

biujetis Sesaxeb, Tumca jerjerobiT igi miRebuli ar aris.

Stati da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba. me-10 Sesworebis Tanaxmad,

`Zalaufleba, romelic, konstituciis Tanaxmad, Statebze ar delegirdeba,

xolo misiT sargebloba ar ikrZaleba calkeuli Statebis mier, Sesabamisad

Statebs an xalxs ekuTvnis~. amdenad, xarjvisa da dabegvris aSkara

uflebamosilebis miniWeba StatebisaTvis aucilebeli arc aris. Tumca

saxelmwifo Tavis ekonomikur saqmianobas zRudavs. pirveli muxlis me-10 nawili

awesebs: `arc erT Stats kongresis Tanxmobis gareSe ara aqvs importsa da

eqsportze sabaJo gadasaxadis an mosakreblis dawesebis ufleba~. amdenad,

federaluri mTavroba saerTaSoriso ekonomikur politikas akontrolebs.

garda amisa, araerTi konstituciuri debuleba isea interpretirebuli, rom

moiTxovs, saxelmwifom TviTneburad ar daawesos gadasaxadebi, ar

ganaxorcielos ucxoeli rezidenti pirebis diskriminacia, ar dabegros sxva

Statebidan saqonlis Semotana. ase, magaliTad, 1986 wels uzenaesma

sasamarTlom arakonstituciurad cno alaskis kanoni, romlis mixedviTac,

sajaro proeqtebze momuSave pirTa 95 % alaskeli unda yofiliyo.

Statebi uflebamosilni arian, sakuTari konstituciiT da mxolod am

Statis farglebSi gaswion xarjebi da daaweson sagadasaxado SezRudvebi.

Statebis konstituciebi maT mier regulirebadi ekonomikuri sakiTxebis

TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTisagan arsebiTad gansxvavdeba. bolo periodSi sajaro

finansebis erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso miRweva iyo Statebis survili, sajaro

13

seqtoris danaxarjebis Semcirebis mizniT Sesworeba SeetanaT sakuTar

konstituciaSi.

kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, adgilobriv mmarTvelobas Statis mier

sagadasaxado da saxarjo prerogativa aqvs miniWebuli. rogorc XIX saukunis

mosamarTlem aRniSna:

`municipalitetis uflebebisa da Zalauflebis wyaroa sakanonmdeblo

organo, romelic municipalitets sasicocxlod aucilebel Zalas STaberavs.

mas SeuZlia aaSenos da daangrios. Tu mas ngreva SeuZlia, mas aseve SeeZleba

SezRudva da kontroli~ (City of Clinton v, Cedar Rapids, 1868).

Secdoma iqneboda, gvefiqra, rom adgilobrivi mmarTveloba fiskaluri

avtonomiis deficits ganicdis. uamrav patara Tu did qalaqs mniSvnelovani

politikuri Zalaufleba da Statisa da federaluri saxelmwifos survilze

aqtiuri reaqcia aqvs. sakmaod saintereso miRwevad unda CaiTvalos ukanasknel

wlebSi federaluri fondebisaTvis Statebsa da qalaqebs Soris dafiqsirebuli

konkurencia. aRniSnuli qalaqebi xSirad ufro warmatebulad lobireben Tavis

saqmianobas, vidre Statebi!

mTavrobis zoma

bil klintonma SeerTebuli Statebisadmi cnobil mimarTvaSi ganacxada:

`veeberTela mmarTvelobis epoqa dasrulda~. aRniSnuli gancxadeba gulisxmobs,

rom arsebobs meTodi, romliTac dadgindeba, aris Tu ara mmarTveloba

`veeberTela~. magram rogor unda ganisazRvros mTavrobis sidide?

politikosebi da Jurnalistebi swored sajaro seqtorSi dasaqmebuli

adamianebis raodenobis mixedviT gansazRvraven mTavrobis sidides _ zomas.

Tumca mTavrobis zomis koeficientma, romelic masSi dasaqmebulTa raodenobis

mixedviTaa gamoangariSebuli, SesaZloa SecdomaSi Segviyvanos. warmoidgineT

qveyana, sadac ramdenime sajaro moxele amuSavebs mZlavr kompiuters, romelic

iRebs yvela ekonomikur gadawyvetilebas. aseT qveyanaSi, mTavrobis moxeleTa

raodenobis safuZvelze, mTavrobis mniSvneloba saTanadod ver fasdeba.

analogiurad, Zalian martivia, Seiqmnas scenari, romelSic bevri sajaro

moxele SedarebiT sust sajaro ZalauflebasTan iqneba dakavSirebuli. Tumca

xSirad sajaro seqtoris moxeleTa raodenoba sasargeblo informaciaa.

14

miuxedavad amisa, igi naTels ar hfens mTavar sakiTxs _ ra masStabiT

akontrolebs mTavroba sazogadoebis resursebs?

arsebobs ufro keTilgonivruli da miRebuli midgoma, mTavrobis zoma

ganisazRvros mis mier wlis ganmavlobaSi gaweuli danaxarjebis moculobis

mixedviT, romlebic ZiriTadad sami saxisaa:

1. saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sesyidva. saxelmwifo SeiZens aRniSnuli

kategoriis did odenobas, raketidan metyevis momsaxurebamde.

2. Semosavlis xalxisaTvis, biznes-erTeulebisa da sxva mTavrobebisaTvis

gadacema. saxelmwifo zogierTi pirisa da organizaciisagan iRebs Semosavals

da mas sxvebs gadascems. amis magaliTad gamodgeba keTildReobis amaRlebis

iseTi programebi, rogoricaa sasursaTo talonebi da fermerTaTvis garkveuli

saqonlis warmoebisaTvis (an warmoebis SeCerebisaTvis) gadaxdili subsidiebi.

3. procentebis gadaxda. mTavroba xSirad sesxulobs fuls sakuTari

saqmianobis dasafinanseblad da, rogorc msesxebeli, valdebulia amgvari

privilegiiT sargeblobisaTvis procenti gadaixados.

federaluri mTavroba danaxarjebis klasifikacias axorcielebs

dokumentSi, romelsac naerTi (konsolidirebuli) biujeti6 ewodeba. 2001 wels

federaluri danaxarjebi (Statebisa da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobebisaTvis

gadacemuli grantebis garda) Seadgenda daaxloebiT 1659 miliard aSS dolars.

Tu amas davamatebT Statebisa da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier am wels

gaweul danaxarjebs, mTlianad miviRebT 2952 miliard aSS dolars (Economic

Report of the President, 2003, gv. 373) 7 . saxelmwifo danaxarjebTan dakavSirebuli

cifrebi advilad xelmisawvdomi da farTod gavrcelebulia. rogorc wesi,

danaxarjebis gazrdasTan erTad mosaxleoba gadawyvets, rom mTavrobis zoma

gaizarda, da piriqiT. Tumca saxelmwifos zogierTi qmedeba resursebis

ganawilebaze mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs, Tundac igi minimalurad zust

danaxarjs warmoSobdes. ase, magaliTad, reglamentireba TavisTavad ar aris

Zviri, magram garkveul wesTan erTad SeiZleba sakmaod Zviri aRmoCndes. sahaero

baliSis arsebobis moTxovnam gazarda avtomanqanis fasi. sxvadasxva saxis

nebarTvisa da Semowmebis gadasaxadi zrdis binaTmowyobis Rirebulebas. Sromis

6 konstituciiT nebadarTulia sabiujeto dokumentis romelime tipis publikacia: `regularuli angariSgeba da amonagebisa da danaxarjis Sesaxeb angariSi, romelic ukavSirdeba saxelmwifo fuls, gansazRvruli intervalis gasvlis Semdeg gamoqveyndeba (muxli 1, nawili 9). 7 Statebisa da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobebisaTvis 2001 wels gadacemulma grantebma 277 mlrd dolari Seadgina.

15

bazarze moqmedi iseTi reglamentebi, rogoricaa minimaluri saxelfaso

ganakveTi, SesaZloa saTaves udebdes umuSevrobas, xolo narkotikebis biznesis

SezRudvam SeiZleba daagvianos mecnieruli ganviTareba.

arsebobs azri, rom informacia saxelmwifo reglamentirebiT gamowveuli

ekonomikis danaxarjebis Sesaxeb wliur maregulirebel biujetSi unda

gamoqveyndes. swored am gziT gaxdeba SesaZlebeli aseTi danaxarjebis zusti

aRricxva. samwuxarod, maTi gamoTvla Zalian rTulia. ase, magaliTad, eqsperti

farmacevtebi ver Tanxmdebian imaze, preparatebze kontrolis arsebobis gareSe

Tu ra saxis axali medikamenti unda iqnes warmoebuli. analogiurad,

TviTRirebulebis gamoangariSebisas rTulia Sefasdes mTavrobis mier

daSvebuli usafrTxoebis procedurebis Sedegi. aRniSnuli problemebis fonze

ar arsebobs oficialuri maregulirebeli biujetis 8 Camoyalibebis albaToba.

araoficialuri monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom federaluri reglamentirebiT

gamowveuli wliuri danaxarji sakmaod didia da daaxloebiT 700 miliard aSS

dolars Seadgens (Nivola. 1998, gv. 8).

zogierTi cifri. Cveni survilis sawinaaRmdegod, vaskvniT, rom ekonomikaze

saxelmwifos zegavlenis masStabis erT cifrSi moqceva SeuZlebelia. kvlav

praqtikuli problemis winaSe vdgavarT da gvsurs vipovoT mTavrobis zomis

samarTliani indikatori, romelic misi zrdis tendenciebis SefasebaSic

dagvexmareboda. ekonomistTa didi nawili momxrea, pirobiTad gansazRvruli

saxelmwifo danaxarjebis meTodi Tumca uxeS, magram mainc sasargeblo meTodad

CaiTvalos. sxva xarveziani meTodebis msgavsad, igi jansaR mosazrebebs

uzrunvelyofs.

saTanado gafrTxilebebis fonze gTavazobT 1.1 cxrils. masSi

warmodgenilia monacemebi aSS-is mTavrobis yvela donis mier gaweuli

danaxarjebis Sesaxeb. pirveli sveti uCvenebs, rom wliuri danaxarji 1929 wlis

Semdeg 290-ze meti erTeuliT gaizarda. am cifrma mTavrobis zomis zrdis

xarisxis Sefasebisas SesaZloa SecdomaSi Segviyvanos ramdenime mizeziT:

8 reglamentireba mxolod imitom ar aris cudi, rom danaxarjebs warmoSobs. mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebuli sxva qmedebis msgavsad, misi Sefaseba mxolod mas Semdegaa SesaZlebeli, rac moxdeba Sedegisa da danaxarjis gamoTvla (danaxarjisa da Sedegis analizTan dakavSirebuli problemebi me-11 TavSia ganxiluli).

16

1. inflaciis Sedegad dolaris Rirebuleba droTa ganmavlobaSi mcirdeba.

meore svetSi danaxarjis maCvenebeli 2001 wels arsebuli kursis mixedviT

dolariTaa gamoxatuli. faqtobrivad am wels gaweuli saxelmwifo danaxarji

25-jer metia 1929 wlis Sesabamis maCvenebelze.

cxrili 1.1. Statebis, adgilobrivi da federaluri xelisuflebis

danaxarjebi (SerCeuli wlebis mixedviT)

(1)

mTliani

danaxarji

(miliardi)

(2)

2001 weli,

dolari

(miliardi)*

(3)

2001 weli,

dolari

1 sulze

(4)

mSp-is procenti

1929 10 118 970 9,9

1940 19 237 1794 18,8

1950 61 428 2812 20,7

1960 120 591 3272 22,7

1970 286 1080 5268 27,6

1980 812 1557 6839 29,0

1990 1778 2249 8991 30,6

2000 2776 2842 10061 28,3

2001 2951 2951 10335 29,3

* 2001 wels dolaris konversia ganxorcielda mSp-is deflatoris

gamoyenebis Sedegad.

2. TandaTan mosaxleobis raodenobac gaizarda. mzardi mosaxleoba, Tavis

mxriv, gazrdil moTxovnebs uyenebs sajaro seqtors (ase, magaliTad, gazrdili

mosaxleobis keTilmowyobisaTvis saWiroa meti gza da ufro farTo

sakanalizacio qseli). mesame svetSi mocemulia saxelmwifos mier erT sul

mosaxleze gaweuli faqtobrivi danaxarji, romelic 1929 wlidan 2001 wlamde

daaxloebiT 10-jer gaizarda.

3. xSirad sasargebloa, saxelmwifos mier gaweuli danaxarji ekonomikis

masStabTan SedarebiT gavaanalizoT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mTavrobis zoma orjer,

gadaangariSeba (red.).

17

xolo ekonomika samjer izrdeba, iTvleba, rom mTavrobis zoma Semcirebulia.

meoTxe svetSi mocemulia saxelmwifo danaxarjis procentuli Tanafardoba

mTlian Sida produqtTan (mSp), wlis ganmavlobaSi warmoebuli saqonlisa da

gaweuli momsaxurebis sabazro RirebulebasTan. 1929 wels aRniSnuli

maCvenebeli 9.6 %-s, xolo 2001 wels _ 29.3 %-s Seadgenda.

wina diskusiis fonze, 1.1 cxrilSi mocemuli cifrebi sizustis yalb

SegrZnebas iwvevs. kvlav udavoa is faqti, rom didi xnis ganmavlobaSi

saxelmwifos ekonomikuri roli mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. mSp-is mesamedi sajaro

seqtoridan modis, rac imaze miuTiTiTebs, rom mTavroba udides ekonomikur

Zalas flobs.

zogierTi saxis saerTaSoriso Sedareba dagvexmareba, aSS-is Sesaxeb

arsebuli monacemebi perspeqtivaSi davinaxoT. 1.2 cxrilSi mocemulia

saxelmwifo danaxarjebis maCveneblebi, romlebic zogierTi ganviTarebuli

qveynis mSp-Tanaa dakavSirebuli. es monacemebi cxadyofs, rom ara mxolod aSS-s

aqvs Zlieri sajaro seqtori. marTlac, SvedeTsa da safrangeTTan SedarebiT,

aSS-is sajaro seqtori sakmaod mcirea. im dros, rodesac sxvadasxva mizeziT

sajaro seqtoris masStabebi qveynebis mixedviT gansxvavebulia, am TavSi

ganxiluli ideologiuri azrovneba albaT mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. erTi

ganmartebis Tanaxmad, SvedeTSi imitomaa msxvili sajaro seqtori, rom

saxelmwifo afinansebs janmrTelobis dacvis TiTqmis mTel sistemas, romelic

sazogadoebriv pasuxismgeblobad iTvleba. meore mxriv, aSS-Si, janmrTelobis

dacva ufro piris piradi prerogativaa, amdenad, janmrTelobis dacvaze

danaxarjebis udides nawils kerZo seqtori gaswevs.

cxrili 1.2. saxelmwifo danaxarjebis procentuli wili mTlian Sida

produqtTan (SerCeuli qveynebis mixedviT)

avstralia 31,0 % iaponia 38,3%

kanada 37,4 SvedeTi 53,1

safrangeTi 49,4 gaerTianebuli

samefo 38,8

germania 44,5

18

wyaro: US Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2002, gv. 838. mocemulia

2001 wels dafiqsirebuli cifrebi.

danaxarjebi

saxelmwifo danaxarjebis mTliani masStabebidan maT Semadgenlobaze

gadavinacvloT. SeuZlebelia, saxelmwifos saxarjo saqmianobis udidesi

moculobis erT, mokle cxrilSi asaxva. 2004 fiskaluri wlis federalur

biujetSi programebis nusxas da maT aRwerilobas daaxloebiT 1100 gv. ekava!

(dawvrilebiTi informaciisaTvis ixileT veb-gv.:

http://w3.access.gpo.gov/usbudget/index.html).

1965 wels da dReisaTvis gaweuli federaluri saxelmwifo danaxarjebi 1.1

grafikzea asaxuli. Statebisa da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis mier gaweuli

danaxarjebi 1.2 grafikzea mocemuli. am monacemebidan aRsaniSnavia Semdegi:

erovnuli Tavdacva saxelmwifo danaxarjebis mniSvnelovani

komponentia, Tumca misi SedarebiTi mniSvneloba TandaTan iklebs. 1965

wels igi federaluri biujetis 47% iyo, dRes ki 17,3%-ia.

socialuri uzrunvelyofis masStabi Zalian gaizarda. sxva

faqtorebTan erTad, is pensiaze myofi adamianebisaTvis transfers

iTvaliswinebs. dRes socialuri uzrunvelyofa federaluri biujetis

erT-erTi udidesi xarjviTi muxlia.

samedicino momsaxureba, janmrTelobis dazRvevis sistema

xandazmulTaTvis 1965 wels jer kidev ar arsebobda, dRes ki igi

federaluri biujetis 11,5%-s moixmars.

sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis amaRlebisken mimarTuli RonisZiebebis

ricxvi gaizarda. rogorc 1.2 grafikSia naCvenebi, 1965 wlidan 1999

wlamde maTi wili Statebisa da adgilobriv biujetebSi TiTqmis

gaormagda (8%-dan 15,7%-mde). amave dros, Statebisa da adgilobrivi

mmarTvelobebis mier gzebis mowyobaze gaweuli danaxarji

mniSvnelovnad Semcirda.

sesxze procentis gadaxdis koeficienti, federalur danaxarjebTan

proporciis mixedviT, TiTqmis ucvlelia 1965 wlidan. masze

federaluri biujetis daaxloebiT 8,5% modis.

19

gTxovT, yuradReba miaqcieT imas, rom iseTi swrafad mzardi sferoebi,

rogoricaa sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis amaRleba da procentis gadaxda,

SedarebiT myari faqtorebia, vinaidan isini winaswari gadawyvetilebebis

safuZvelzea gansazRvruli.

1.1 da 1.2 cxrilebi

marTlac, saxelmwifo biujetis didi nawili e.w. `uflebrivi

programebisagan~ Sedgeba. esaa programebi, romelTa danaxarji fiqsirebuli

dolariT ki ara, aramed masSi monawileobis uflebis mqone adamianTa

raodenobiT ganisazRvreba. kanonebi, romlebic aregulirebs iseT sferoebs,

rogoricaa socialuri uzrunvelyofa, sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis

amaRlebisken mimarTuli programebi, sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis fasebis

mxardaWera da a.S., beneficiarTa odenobisa da masStabis gansazRvras moiTxovs.

amdenad, uflebrivi programebis danaxarjebs moqmedi mTavroba ar

gaiangariSebs, Tu ar Seicvleba kanoni. analogiurad, sesxis momsaxurebis

Tanxis odenoba saprocento ganakveTisa da wina deficitis mixedviT

ganisazRvreba. amdenad, igi TiTqmis ar Sedis amJamad gadawyvetilebaTa mimRebi

pirebis sakontrolo sferoSi. araerTi Sefasebis Tanaxmad, federaluri

biujetis sami meoTxedi SedarebiT ukontroloa. me-8 TavSi vimsjelebT imis

Taobaze, aris Tu ara saxelmwifos mier gaweuli danaxarjebi ukontrolo, da

Tu marTlac asea, risi gakeTeba SeiZleba am mimarTulebiT.

sasargeblo iqneboda, mTliani danaxarjebi mTavrobis doneTa mixedviT

gagvenawilebina. federalur mTavrobaze mTliani pirdapiri danaxarjebis 51%,

Statebze _ 21%, xolo adgilobriv mmarTvelobaze _ 28% modis. Statebi da

adgilobrivi mmarTvelobebi aqtiuri moTamaSeebi arian. maTi danaxarjebis didi

wili modis policiaze, saxanZro samsaxurze, ganaTlebasa da transportirebaze.

sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis amaRlebasTan dakavSirebul danaxarjebs Statebi

gasweven. me-20 TavSi ganxilulia is sirTuleebi, romlebic warmoiSoba

mTavrobis sxvadasxva donis fiskaluri RonisZiebebis koordinirebisas.

20

1.3 da 1.4 cxrilebi

amonagebi

federaluri sagadasaxado sistemis ZiriTadi komponentebi asaxulia 1.3

grafikze, xolo Statebisa da adgilobrivi gadasaxadebis Sesaxeb arsebuli

informacia _ 1.4 grafikze. federalur doneze piradi Semosavlis dabegvra

dRes amonagebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa, romelzedac mobilizebuli

gadasaxadebis 46% modis. gTxovT, 1.3 grafikSi yuradReba miaqcioT `socialur

dazRvevas~. esaa xelfasze gadasaxadi, romliTac socialuri dazRvevisa da

samedicino momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa xdeba. maTze dRes federaluri

amonagebis mesamedze meti modis. garkveulwilad sainteresoa korporaciebis

Semosavalze dawesebuli federaluri gadasaxadis mniSvnelobis Semcireba. 1965

wels masze federaluri Semosavlebis daaxloebiT 22% modioda, dRes ki

aRniSnuli maCvenebeli mxolod 8%-ia. Statebisa da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis

seqtorSi ori yvelaze saocari cvlileba iyo qonebis gadasaxadis mniSvnelobis

Semcireba da fizikuri piris saSemosavlo gadasaxadis masStabis zrda.

cvlilebebi sesxis realur RirebulebaSi. kamaTis dros xSirad moismenT

azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom gadasaxadebi saxelmwifos Semosavlis erTaderTi

wyaroa. Tumca im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saxelmwifo debitoria da fasebis done

izrdeba, sesxis realur RirebulebaSi mimdinare nebismieri cvlileba SesaZloa

Semosavlis mniSvnelovan wyarod iqces. ukeT gasarkvevad, warmoidgineT, rom

wlis dasawyisSi kreditorisagan isesxeT 1000 aSS dolari, romlis dabruneba

wlis bolomde ar mogiwevT. davuSvaT, wlis ganmavlobaSi fasebi 10%-iT

gaizarda. amdenad, fulis Rirebuleba, romelsac kreditors daubrunebT, 10%-iT

naklebi iqneba fulis im RirebulebasTan SedarebiT, romelic misgan isesxeT.

saqme isaa, rom inflaciam Tqveni sesxis realuri Rirebuleba 100 aSS dolariT

(1000 aSS dolaris 10%) Seamcira. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tqveni realuri

21

Semosavali inflaciis Sedegad 100 aSS dolariT gaizarda. cxadia, Tqveni

kreditoris faqtobrivi Semosavali 100 aSS dolariT Semcirda9.

2002 fiskaluri wlis dasawyisSi federaluri mTavrobis gadauxdeli vali

daaxloebiT 3,5 trilion aSS dolars Seadgenda. 2002 wlis ganmavlobaSi

inflacia 1,4 % iyo. zemoT moyvanili logikis Sesabamisad, inflaciis Sedegad

federaluri sesxis faqtobrivi Rirebuleba 49 miliardi aSS dolariT (3,5

trilioni aSS dolari X 0,014) Semcirda, rac faqtobrivad igive Semosavalia,

rac 1.3 grafikSi miTiTebuli nebismieri gadasaxadi. Tumca saxelmwifo

buRaltruli aRricxvis procedurebis mixedviT, inflaciis gamo sesxis

Rirebulebis SemcirebiT miRebuli mogeba SemosavalSi ar Sedis. me-18 TavSi

ganvixilavT im sakiTxebs, romlebic sesxisa da misi ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis

Sefasebas ukavSirdeba.

Cveni gegma

am nawilSi SemogTavazeT ZiriTadi `faqtebis~ erToblioba _ faqtebisa,

romlebic Seexeba saxelmwifos fiskalur institutebs, saxelmwifo

danaxarjebis moculobasa da areals, agreTve meTods, romelsac mTavroba

TviTdafinansebisaTvis iyenebs. am wignis darCenili nawili ufro met faqts

eZRvneba; igi fiskaluri sistemis funqcionirebis sqematur suraTs gTavazobT.

aRniSnuli faqtebis mniSvnelobas vaanalizebT da vcdilobT, vipovoT pasuxi

SekiTxvaze, migviyvana Tu ara `status-kvom~ sasurvel Sedegamde, da Tu ase ar

aris, maSin rogor SeiZleba mdgomareobis gamosworeba.

daskvna

sajaro finansebi, romlebic agreTve saxelmwifo seqtoris ekonomikis an

saxelmwifos ekonomikis saxeliTaa cnobili, saxelmwifos sagadasaxado

9 Tu msesxebelic da kreditoric elian inflacias, erT-erTi moelis, rom inflaciis sakompensaciod unda gaizardos saprocento ganakveTi. aRniSnuli fenomeni ganxilulia me-15 TavSi (`dabegvra da inflacia~).

22

da saxarjo qmedebebze, resursebis ganTavsebisa da Semosavlis

ganawilebisas saxelmwifos zemoqmedebis xarisxzea fokusirebuli.

sajaro finansebis ekonomistebi aqtualur politikas aanalizeben da

saxelmwifo qmedebebisaTvis instruqciebs SeimuSaveben. bolo periodSi

ekonomistebi saxelmwifos rolis mimarT sazogadoebaSi arsebuli

damokidebulebis zegavlenas ganicdian.

saxelmwifos Sesaxeb organuli Teoriis mixedviT, piri mxolod

sazogadoebis miznebis misaRwevad Setanili wvliliT fasdeba. miznebs ki

swored saxelmwifo gansazRvravs.

saxelmwifos Sesaxeb meqanikuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, mTavroba

individualuri miznebis misaRwevad iqna gamogonebuli. bundovania, Tu

rogor axerxebs mTavroba konfliqturi individualuri miznebis

harmonizebas.

individualur gadawyvetilebaTa miReba ekonomistebis fokusirebis sagani

ufroa da saxelmwifos Sesaxeb wignSi aRweril meqanikur midgomas

Seesabameba. es sulac ar SezRudavs diskusiebs ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos

keTilgonivruli rolis Sesaxeb.

kostitucia federaluri da Statebis saxelmwifo ekonomikur qmedebebze

SezRudvebs awesebs.

federaluri mTavroba uflebamosilia, survilisamebr da efeqtianad

gaswios nebismieri danaxarji da maT dasafinanseblad sesxebi da

gadasaxadebi gamoiyenos. gadasaxadis ganakveTebis dawesebisas federalur

mTavrobas ekrZaleba Statis diskriminacia, agreTve saxelmwifo

eqsportze mosakreblis daweseba. me-16 damateba federalur mTavrobas

fizikuri piris Semosavlis dabegvris uflebas aniWebs.

Statebis mmarTvelobebs ekrZaleba importze sabaJo tarifis daweseba,

ucxoeli rezidentebis diskriminacia an sxva Statebis produqciis

dabegvra. Statebis umetesoba sabiujeto moTxovnilebebs abalansebs.

mTavrobis zomis yvela Cveulebrivi maxasiaTebeli _ dasaqmebulebi,

danaxarji, amonagebi da a.S. _ mainc garkveuli naklovanebiT xasiaTdeba.

ufro konkretulad ki, aRniSnuli monacemebi maregulirebel danaxarjebs

ar asaxavs. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs sakmaod naTeli mtkicebuleba

imisa, rom saxelmwifos zemoqmedebis xarisxi erovnuli resursebis

ganTavsebaze droTa ganmavlobaSi gaizarda.

saxelmwifo danaxarjebis moculoba gaizarda rogorc nominaluri, ise

realuri TvalsazrisiT, erT sul mosaxleze gaangariSebiT, agreTve

mTliani Sida produqtis mimarT.

23

Tavdacvaze gaweuli danaxarjebis wili federalur danaxarjebSi droTa

ganmavlobaSi Semcirda, xolo socialur uzrunvelyofaze,

sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis amaRlebasa da gadauxdeli davalianebis

procentze gaweuli danaxarjebi gaizarda. uflebrivi programebisa da

procentis gadaxdis kombinacia amcirebs wlis ganmavlobaSi danaxarjebis

moculobaze kontrolis xarisxs.

pirad Semosavalsa da xelfasze daricxuli gadasaxadebi dRes

saxelmwifos Semosavlis didi nawilia.

Asadiskusio SekiTxvebi

1. qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan romeli Seesabameba saxelmwifos Sesaxeb

arsebul organul Teorias da romeli _ meqanikur Teorias?

a) `Zlieri saxelmwifo rusebisaTvis anomalia ar aris, arc is, ris

winaaRmdegac saWiroa brZola, aramed, piriqiT ... igi gaxlavT yvela cvlilebis

iniciatori da mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala~ (ruseTis prezidenti, vladimer

putini);

b) `saxelmwifos momsaxurebis maqsimumi gulisxmobs misi momsaxurebis

usasrulobas. igi aris imis saSualeba, rom individma gaiazros Tavisi

saWiroeba~ (uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTle, uiliam renkvisti, stenfordis

universitetisaTvis dawerili samagistro naSromi).

2. safrangeTis kanonis Tanaxmad, kinoTeatrebi valdebulni arian,

weliwadSi 20 kviris ganmavlobaSi safrangeTSi gadaRebuli mxatvruli filmebi

gauSvan, risi formaluri mizanic aris safrangeTSi aSS-is filmebis Cvenebis

SezRudva da am gziT amerikuli kulturuli zemoqmedebis Semcireba. vin iqneba

aRniSnuli kanonis momxre?

a) saxelmwifos Sesaxeb organuli Teoriis momxre;

b) Tavisufali nebis doqtrinis momxre;

g) social-demokrati.

24

3. Warbi wona aSS-Si janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli saxelmwifo

problemaa. aRniSnuli problemis mogvarebis erT-erTi gza aris `cximis

dabegvra~. sursaTi, romelic saxelmwifos mier dawesebul, dRiurad misaReb,

minimalur cximze mets Seicavs, daibegreba. Seesabameba Tu ara aseTi gadasaxadi

saxelmwifos Sesaxeb meqanikur Teorias?

4. aRniSnul viTarebaSi, gadawyviteT, saxelmwifos zemoqmedeba ekonomikaze

mcirdeba Tu izrdeba da ratom. yvela SemTxvevaSi, rogor Seesabameba Tqveni

pasuxi mTavrobis zomis standartul maCveneblebs?

a) Cveulebriv, rodesac damqiravebeli daqiravebuls janmrTelobis

dazRveviT uzrunvelyofs, iTvleba, rom aRniSnuli dazRveva moqmedebs

daqiravebulis meuRlisTvisac. ramdenime wlis win san-franciskoSi miRebul

iqna kanoni, romelic biznesSi monawile firmebs avaldebulebda, janmrTelobis

dazRveviTa da sxva saxis sargebliT rogorc erTi da imave, ise sxvadasxva

sqesis dauqorwinebeli partniorebi uzrunveleyoT;

b) saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saxelmwifos mier Sesyidvis Sefardeba

mTlian Sida produqtTan Semcirda;

g) federaluri biujeti dabalansda Statebisa da adgilobrivi

mmarTvelobebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli subsidiis Semcirebis xarjze.

5. 2002 wels did britaneTSi inflaciis ganakveTi daaxloebiT 2,1%-s

udrida. wlis dasawyisSi britaneTis saSinao vali daaxloebiT 311 miliard

evros utoldeboda. ramdenad dagvexmareba aRniSnuli faqtebi saxelmwifos

Semosavlebis gamosaTvlelad 2002 wels?

6. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, bil klintonma ganacxada, rom didi

mmarTvelobis era dasrulda. Semcirda Tu ara misi prezidentobis periodSi

mTavrobis zoma? upasuxeT Semdeg monacemze dayrdnobiT: 1993 wels federaluri

mTavrobis danaxarji Seadgenda 1,41 trilion aSS dolars, xolo mTliani Sida

produqti _ 6,64 trilion aSS dolars. 2001 wels federaluri danaxarji iyo

1,86 trilioni aSS dolari, xolo mSp _ 10,2 trilioni aSS dolari. aRniSnul

periodSi fasebi daaxloebiT 16%-iT gaizarda.

ra damatebiTi monacemebi gWirdebaT imisaTvis, rom ufro srulyofilad

upasuxoT am SekiTxvas?

25

26

gamoyenebuli literatura:

Congressional Budget Office. The Economic and Budget Outlook: Fiscal Years 2004 2013.

Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, January 2003.

Smith, Adam. The Wealth of Nations. London: J.M. Dent and Sons, 1997 (1776) (book V, Chapter

1.).

_____________________________________________________________________________

danarTi

sajaro finansebSi kvlevis Catareba

am wignSi xSirad vixseniebT bevr wignsa da statias. aRniSnuli

literatura swored garkveuli sakiTxis Zirfesvianad gamokvlevis

msurvelTaTvis aris saWiro. studentebma, romlebsac surT, daweron naSromi an

moamzadon Tezisi saxelmwifo finansebis saganSi, unda gadaxedon iseT

specifikur Jurnalebs, rogoricaa:

International Tax and Public Finance

Journal of Public Economics

National Tax Journal

Public Finance

Public Finance Quarterly.

garda amisa, ZiriTad zogad-ekonomikur JurnalebSi xSirad qveyndeba

statiebi sajaro finansebis sferoSi mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli

moicavs Semdeg gamocemebs, Tumca ar Semoifargleba maTiT:

American Economic Review

Journal of Economic Perspectives

27

Journal of Political Economy

Quarterly Journal of Economics

Review of Economics and Statistics.

sajaro finansebis Sesaxeb statiebi, romlebic gamoqveynebulia aRniSnul

da bevr sxva gamocemaSi, indeqsirebulia Journal of Economic Literature-Si da

xelmisawvdomia internetSi.

garda amisa, studentebma unda gaaanalizon brokingis institutis seriis

Studies of Government Finance-is tomebi. aRniSnul wignebSi Sedis sakmaod

skrupulozuri da Tanamedrove diskusiebi sajaro finansebis mniSvnelovan

sakiTxebze. kongresis sabiujeto ofisi uzrunvelyofs sasargeblo angariSebs

mimdinare politikuri azrTa sxvadasxvaobis Sesaxeb. dokumentebis sia

mocemulia veb-gverdze: www.cbo.gov.

ekonomikuri kvlevis erovnuli biuros mecnieruli naSromebi, romelTa

mopoveba SesaZlebelia bevri universitetis biblioTekaSi, sajaro finansebis

uaxlesi kvlevis kargi, alternatiuli wyaroa. Tumca mainc aRsaniSnavia

zogierTi am naSromis teqnikuri sirTule. maTi naxva SesaZlebelia veb-gverdze:

www.nber.org.

saxelmwifos saxarjo da sagadasaxado saqmianobis Sesaxeb bevri monacemi

arsebobs. qvemoT CamoTvlilia informaciis is sasargeblo wyaroebi, romlebic

gamoqveynebulia aSS-is saxelmwifo beWdviTi ofisis mier da xelmisawvdomia

Semdeg misamarTebze:

Statistical Abstract of the United States

(www.census.gov/prod/www/statistical-abstract-us.html)

Economic Report of the President

(http: //w3.access.gpo.gov/eop)

Budget of the United States

((http: //w3.access.gpo.gov/eopusbudget/index.html)

U.S. Sensus of Governments

(www.census.gov/govs/www/cog.html).

28

aRniSnuli gamocemebi yovelwliuria (garda U.S. Sensus of Governments-isa,

romelic xuT weliwadSi erTxel ibeWdeba). Facts and Figures on Government Finance,

romelic yovelwliurad ibeWdeba sagadasaxado fondis mier, aris saxelmwifos

saxarjo da sagadasaxado qmedebebis Sesaxeb monacemTa sxva krebuli. Tu

gWirdebaT monacemi, romelic XVIII saukunidan iwyeba da xangrZliv

perspeqtivazea gaTvlili, ixileT: Historical Statistics of the United States from Colonial

Times to 1970 (aSS-is saxelmwifo beWdviTi organo). mkiTxveli, romelic

gansakuTrebuladaa dainteresebuli Statebisa da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobebis

sajaro finansebiT, waikiTxavs aSS-is mTavrobaTaSorisi urTierTobebis

mrCeveli komisiis (US Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations) angariSebs.

sajaro finansebis Sesaxeb arsebuli udidesi informaciaa ganTavsebuli

internetSi. gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa Resources for Economists on the Internet-is gv.

(http://rfe.org), sadac CamoTvlili da aRwerilia 900-ze meti internet-wyaro. aseve

Zalian sasargebloa US Census Bureau-s mTavari gv. (http://www.census.gov/econ/www/).

da bolos, uaxlesi informacia sagadasaxado politikis Sesaxeb ganTavsebulia

miCiganis universitetis sagadasaxado politikis kvlevis ofisis veb-gverdze

(http://otpr.org), agreTve urban-brukingis sagadasaxado politikis centris veb-

gverdze (http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/).

29

Tavi 2

pozitiuri analizis saSualebani

erTni cxovroben. meoreni ki sicocxlisunarianebi Tavadve xdebian.

jesi jeksoni

am Tavs mSvenivrad moergeboda aseTi saxelwodeba: `ratomaa ase rTuli

imis Tqma, Tu ra xdeba garSemo?~. mudmivad vismenT ekonomistebisa da

politikosebis cxare kamaTs saxelmwifoTa operaciebis Sedegad miRebuli

msgavsi Sedegebis Sesaxeb. ase, magaliTad, rodesac jorj u. buSma 2003 wels

sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Semcireba ganizraxa, konservatorebma gamoTqves azri,

rom dabali sagadasaxado ganakveTi mosaxleobas ufro bejiTad muSaobis

stimuls Seuqmnida. liberalebi skeptikurad ganewyvnen da amtkicebdnen, rom

gadasaxadebs mxolod umniSvnelo efeqti aqvs. TiToeuli mxaris

warmomadgeneli ekonomistebi miiCnevdnen, rom swored maTi mosazreba iyo

WeSmariti. aris Tu ara karikaturaze gamoxatuli cinizmi moulodneli?

gansazRvruli pasuxebis deficitis arsebiTi mizezia is, rom ekonomistebs

ZiriTadad ar SeuZliaT qveynis ekonomikaze skurpulozuri da kontrolirebadi

eqsperimentebis Catareba. kombostos zrdaze sasuqis zemoqmedebis xarisxis

Sesafaseblad botanikosma nakveTis erT nawilze kombosto sasuqiT unda

daamuSaos, xolo meore nawilze identuri kombosto unda gazardos, oRond

sasuqis gareSe, da Seadaros Sedegebi. usasuqo nakveTi sakontrolo jgufia.

ekonomists amgvari cdis Catarebis saSualeba ara aqvs. miuxedavad imisa, rom

mTavrobas SeuZlia, Secvalos ekonomikuri garemo, mainc ar arsebobs iseTi

sakontrolo jgufi, romelTan Sedarebac SesaZlebeli iqneba. amdenad,

verasodes viwinaswarmetyvelebT sxvadasxva politikuri cvlilebebiT

gamowveul konkretul Sedegs.

30

vinaidan ekonomistebi sakontrolo cdebis deficits ganicdian, isini

ekonomikur sistemaze sxvadasxva saxelmwifo qmedebebis zegavlenis

Sesafaseblad sxva meTodebs iyeneben. ukanasknel aTwleulebSi sajaro

finansebSi yvelaze SesaniSnavi miRwevaa saxelmwifo politikis sakiTxebis

Sesaswavlad Tanamedrove statistikuri saSualebebis farTod gamoyeneba.

SromiTi resursebis miwodebaze gadasaxadebis zegavlenis Sesaxeb

mimdinare debatebi kargad gviCvenebs, Tu ra saxis pozitiuri analizia

Catarebuli sajaro finansebis sferoSi.

karikatura:

`es gaxlavT mTavari, rac mindoda meTqva. axla momeciT statistika,

romelsac daveyrdnobi~.

Teoriis roli

xSirad gaigonebT mtkicebas imis Sesaxeb, rom `cifrebi Tavad saubroben~.

ras gvetyvian cifrebi saSemosavalo gadasaxadis ganakveTsa da Sromis

miwodebaze? 2.1 cxrili gvTavazobs informacias, Tu rogor meryeobs 1955

wlidan 2001 wlamde mobilizebuli gadasaxadebis ukanaskneli dolaris

proporcia, anu zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi. cxrili aseve gviCvenebs, Tu

rogor Seicvala erTi momuSavis samuSao saaTebis saSualo raodenoba. cifrebi

miuTiTebs, rom sagadasaxado ganakveTebi zogadad (Tumca ara ganuxrelad)

gaizarda, xolo samuSao saaTebi Semcirda. gadasaxadebi amcirebs Sromis

miwodebas.

marTebulia Tu ara aRniSnuli daskvna? sagadasaxado ganakveTebis

cvlilebasTan erTad icvleboda sxva faqtorebic, romlebsac SeeZlo

zegavlena moexdina Sromis miwodebaze. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu arasaxelfaso

Semosavali _ dividendebidan, procentebidan da a.S. miRebuli Semosavali

gaizrdeboda, maSin adamians SeeZleboda naklebi emuSava, radgan igi ufro

31

gamdidrdeboda. amasTanave, protestantuli eTikis Sesusteba SesaZloa Sromis

miwodebas amcirebdes. aRniSnulTagan arc erTi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli

mocemul cifrebSi. cxadia, gvinda vicodeT, Tu ra damoukidebel zegavlenas

axdens gadasaxadi Sromis miwodebaze. aRniSnuli efeqtis Seswavla mxolod

ori cvladis tendenciis gamokvlevis Sedegad SeuZlebelia. situacia amjeradac

tipuria _ rodesac monacemebisagan veliT pasuxebs, cifrebi yovelTvis duman.

saqme isaa, rom aseTi dakvirvebis Catarebis Sedegad `pandoras yuTs~

vxsniT. sxvadasxva cvladebis didi nawili icvleba. romeli maTgani

dagvexmareba gadasaxadis efeqtis gansazRvraSi? ekonomikuri Teoriis erT-erTi

ZiriTadi mizania cvladebis im nawilis izolireba, romlebic ekonomikaze

mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens. gadasaxadebisa da Sromis miwodebis magaliTi

gviCvenebs, Tu rogor asrulebs aRniSnul rols ZiriTadi ekonomikuri Teoria.

32

cxrili 2.1 saSemosavalo gadasaxadis ganakveTi da gaweuli Sroma

weli

zRvruli federaluri

sagadasaxado ganakveTi*

(procentulad)

samuSao saaTebi saSualod

kviraSi**

1955 20,00 39,6

1960 20,00 38,6

1965 17,00 38,8

1970 19,48 37,1

1975 22,00 36,1

1980 30,13 35,3

1985 29,05 34,9

1990 22,65 34,5

1995 22,65 34,5

2001 22,65 34,5

* sagadasaxado politikis centri, "Historical Combined Income and Employee Tax

Rates for a Family of Four", URL: http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxfacts/overview/-

combined_family.cfm, 2003 wlis 15 ianvari.

** Economic Report of the President, 2002 weli (Washington, DC: US Government Printing

Office, 2002), gv. 376.

Sromis miwodebis Teoriis postulatis mixedviT, samuSao gadawyvetileba

drois racionalur ganawilebas emyareba1. davuSvaT, batoni rojersis

gankargulebaSi dReSi ramdenime saaTia. ramdeni saaTi unda dauTmos man

muSaobas, xolo ramdeni _ uqmad yofnas? rojersi siamovnebas (`sargebels~)

dasvenebisagan iRebs, magram Semosavlis misaRebad mas muSaoba uwevs, amdenad,

misi Tavisufali droc izRudeba. rojersis problemaa Semosavlisa da

Tavisufali drois saukeTeso kombinaciis povna, romelic mis sargebels

gazrdis.

1 Sromis resursebis Teoria am TavSi mxolod zedapiruladaa Camoyalibebuli. me-16 TavSi ixileT grafikuli eqspozicia saTauriT: `Sromis miwodeba~.

33

davuSvaT, rojersis saaTobrivi anazRaurebis ganakveTi 10 dolaria.

aRniSnuli xelfasi rojersis drois Rirebulebaa. Tavisufali drois yovel

saaTSi rojersi 10 dolars kargavs _ dro fulia. Tumca keTilgonieri

individi yoveli SesaZlo saaTis ganmavlobaSi ar muSaobs, Tundac uqmad yofna

mas Zalian Zviri ujdebodes. adamiani uqmad atarebs dros manam, sanam misgan

miRebuli sargebeli aWarbebs danaxarjs.

es modeli absurdulad martivad SeiZleba miviCnioT. igi imis

SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs, rom piris mier Sromis miwodeba ojaxis sxva

wevrTa mier miRebul Sromis gadawyvetilebaze iyos damokidebuli. modeli ar

gveubneba, sad SeuZlia individs imdeni saaTis ganmavlobaSi muSaoba, ramdenic

moesurveba. marTlac, mTeli Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, rom adamiani

gadawyvetilebas mxolod mas Semdeg iRebs, rac racionalurad Seafasebs

sargebelsa da danaxarjs, SesaZloa ararealisturad mogveCvenos.

miuxedavad amisa, modelirebis mTeli mizani scenaris maqsimaluri

gamartivebaa; amdenad, SeiZleba problema mxolod mis ZiriTad nawilebamde

iqnes dayvanili. literator-kritikosi, liton streCi, ambobda: `dasawyisSi

Cadenili Secdoma yoveli xelovnebis dasabamia~ (Lipton, 1977, gv. 3). Secdoma

yoveli kargi ekonomikuri analizis sawindaric aris. modeli imis mixedviT ki

ar unda Sefasdes, zustia Tu ara, aramed imis mixedviT, waagavs Tu ara igi

WeSmaritebas da aris Tu ara informaciis wyaro. ekonomikis Sesaxeb

Tanamedrove naSromTa umetesoba emyareba imis daSvebas, rom sargeblis

maqsimizacia aris kargi samuSao hipoTeza. aRniSnuli mosazreba gamoyenebulia

am wignSic.

warmovidginoT, rom batonma rojersma miagno Semosavlisa da Tavisufali

drois sargeblis maqsimizaciis kombinacias, romelic efuZneba mis saxelfaso

ganakveTs, romelic 10 dolaria. mTavroba iRebs gadawyvetilebas, romlis

mixedviT, xelfasi 20%-iT daibegreba. rojersis wminda xelfasi, anu misi

xelfasi gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg, 8 dolari iqneba. rogor moiqceva am

dros keTilgonieri adamiani? imuSavebs bevrs, cotas Tu ar Secvlis muSaobis

moculobas? sajaro debatebis ganmavlobaSi samive SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb

erTob Tavdajerebuli argumentebi gaismis. realurad ki SeuZlebelia,

TeoriiT viwinaswarmetyveloT, Tu ra zegavlenas moaxdens saSemosavlo

gadasaxadi samuSao saaTebis raodenobaze.

imisaTvis, rom davinaxoT, ratom xdeba ase, gTxovT, yuradReba miaqcioT

imas, rom saSemosavlo gadasaxadi amcirebs Tavisufali drois mimdinare fass.

34

gadasaxadis dawesebamde rojerss Tavisufali drois erTi saaTi 10 dolari

ujdeboda. saSemosavlo gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg ki rojersis wminda

xelfasi Semcirda da mas uqmad yofnis erTi saaTi ukve 8 dolari ujdeba.

vinaidan uqmad yofna gaiafda, arsebobs misi zrdisa da muSaobis Semcirebis

tendencia. es Senacvlebis efeqtis saxeliTaa cnobili.

gadasaxadis dawesebis paralelurad sruliad sxva saxis efeqti Cndeba.

davuSvaT, rom rojersi imuSavebs saaTebis gansazRvruli odenobis

ganmavlobaSi, miuxedavad mis wminda xelfasSi nebismieri dasaSvebi cvlilebisa.

gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdeg rojersi saaTSi mxolod 8 dolars miiRebs

(gaixseneT, rom erT saaTSi igi adre 10 dolars iRebda). faqtobrivad rojersma

Semosavali dakarga. radgan Tavisufali dro, Cveulebriv, kargia, misi

gamoyenebis koeficienti Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad yovelTvis izrdeba, da

piriqiT, _ rodesac Semosavali iklebs, yovelTvis mcirdeba. Tavisufali drois

gamoyenebis naklebi koeficienti ki TavisTavad muSaobis masStabis zrdas

gulisxmobs. imdenad, ramdenadac saSemosavlo gadasaxadma rojersis

Semosavali Seamcira, igi iZulebulia, meti imuSaos. es Semosavlis efeqtis

saxeliTaa cnobili.

amrigad, gadasaxads erTdroulad ori Sedegis motana SeuZlia: igi ufro

iafi saqmianobis (Tavisufali drois gamoyenebis) Senacvlebis tendencias

waaxalisebs da realur Semosavals amcirebs. raki Senacvlebisa da Semosavlis

efeqtebi sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebebia, saSemosavlo gadasaxadis efeqtis

Sefaseba mxolod Teoriulad SeuZlebelia. gaiazreT qvemoT mocemuli ori

Sexeduleba:

1. `amgvari maRali gadasaxadebis gamo marTlac ar Rirs imdeni muSaoba,

ramdensac vmuSaobdi~.

2. `amgvari maRali gadasaxadebis gamo iZulebuli var, vimuSao ufro meti,

raTa SevinarCuno cxovrebis pirobebi~.

im adamianisaTvis, romelic pirvel mosazrebas warmoTqvams, dominirebs

Senacvlebis efeqti, xolo meore winadadebis avtorze Semosavlis efeqti.

orive Tvalsazrisi srulyofilad asaxavs keTilgonivrul qcevas.

SeuZlebelia, Semosavlisa da Senacvlebis efeqtebis konfliqtiT

gamowveul ganusazRvrelobas metismetad mkveTrad gavusvaT xazi. pasuxs

SekiTxvaze, ra zegavlenas axdens sagadasaxado sistemaSi gatarebuli

35

cvlilebebi Sromis miwodebaze, mxolod empiriuli muSaoba (analizi, romelic,

Teoriisagan gansxvavebiT, dakvirvebasa da gamocdilebas efuZneba) gagvcems.

Tundac yvelaze maRali Tanamdebobis pirTa mosazrebebs am sakiTxze

mniSvnelovani skepticizmiT unda mivudgeT.

Sromis miwodebis magaliTze dayrdnobiT Cven argumenti CamovayalibeT.

Tumca iTvleba, rom aRniSnuli sakiTxi ufro zogadia, Teoriis erT-erTi

ZiriTadi mizani ki is aris, rom Cveni yuradReba Cvens mierve ignorirebul

sferoebze gaamaxvilos.

empiriuli analizis meTodebi

Teoria imis saSualebas gvaZlevs, rom Cvensave mosazrebas organizaciuli

forma mivaniWoT, rodesac igi ekonomikur samyaroSi mimdinare cvlilebaze

adamianTa reaqciis Sefasebas Seexeba. Tumca igi, Cveulebriv, aRniSnuli

reaqciis masStabebze ar migvaniSnebs. marTlac, axlaxans ganxiluli Sromis

miwodebis sakiTxis TvalsazrisiT, mxolod Teoria uZluria, mosalodneli

cvlilebis mimarTuleba iwinaswarmetyvelos. amisaTvis empiriuli muSaobaa

aucilebeli. moqmedebs empiriuli strategiis sami saxe: piradi interviu,

eqsperimenti da ekonometrikuli Sefaseba. TiToeuli maTganisaTvis TeoriasTan

koordinacia sasicocxlod aucilebelia. Teoria Sesaswavli sakiTxis

organizaciul struqturaze, dasmul SekiTxvebsa da Sedegebis interpretaciaze

zemoqmedebs.

interviuebi

yvelaze uSualo da pirdapiri gza imis gasarkvevad, Tu rogor zemoqmedebs

mTavroba adamianis qcevaze, Tavad am adamianisaTvis martivi SekiTxvis dasmaa. es

aris empiriuli `kvlevis~ tipi, romelic reportiorebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli

(`gviTxariT, gadaavadebT Tu ara pensiaze gasvlas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

36

saxelmwifo socialuri uzrunvelyofis sargebels Seamcirebs?~). Sromis

miwodebaze gadasaxadis efeqtis Sesafaseblad araerTi rTuli interviu

Catarda. britanel iuristTa da buRalterTa jgufs dausves frTxili SekiTxva,

Tu rogor gansazRvraven Tavisi samuSao saaTebis raodenobas, ician Tu ara im

sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Sesaxeb, romlebic maT mimarT gamoiyeneba,

sagadasaxado ganakveTi maT muSaobas stimuls uqmnis Tu bariers. pasuxebis

mixedviT dadginda, rom gadasaxadebi SedarebiT cota adamianze zemoqmedebs

(Break, 1957, gv. 549). mdidari amerikelebis jgufis Sesaxeb ufro gviani

gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, `mxolod maTi erTi meeqvsedi... amtkicebs, rom maT

TandaTanobiT mzardi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gamo faqtobrivad Seamcires

muSaobis masStabi... isini, vinc maqsimalur zRvrul sagadasaxado ganakveTs

eqvemdebarebodnen, samuSao barieris arsebobis Sesaxeb odnav ufro xSirad

acxadebdnen, vidre isini, vinc ufro dabali ganakveTiT ibegrebodnen~ (Barlow,

Brazer & Morgan, 1966, gv. 3).

interviusaTvis damaxasiaTebeli naklovaneba

interviuTa interpretireba did yuradRebasa da sifrTxiles moiTxovs.

yovelives Semdeg, Tu individi xmamaRla ar acxadebs Tavisi sagadasaxado

ganakveTis Sesaxeb, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom igi ver aRiqvams gadasaxadis

gadaxdamde periodsa da gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdgom periods Soris

gansxvavebas.

Zveli Cinuri andaza gvaswavlis: `usmine, ras ambobs, da Semdeg uyure, ras

akeTebs~. faqti, rom individi raimes ambobs Tavisi qcevis Sesaxeb, sulac ar

adasturebs naTqvamis WeSmaritebas. zogierT adamians uWirs imis aRiareba, rom

finansuri gadawyvetileba zemoqmedebs mis SromiT gadawyvetilebaze (`mirCevnia,

ar visaubro fulis Sesaxeb. es samarcxvinoa~, _ Tqva msaxiobma barbara

streizandma). sxvebi mTavrobas sruli funqciis qonis gamo sayveduroben, Tumca

maT qcevaze gadasaxadebi faqtobrivad ar zemoqmedebs. davuSvaT, gsurT gaigoT,

TuUromel radiosadgurs usmens ojaxi. ras moimoqmedebT: SeekiTxebiT maT Tu

mixvalT maTTan saxlSi da naxavT, romel talRazea dayenebuli radiomimRebi?

eqsperimentebi

37

ukve aRvniSneT, rom ekonomikaSi empiriuli muSaobis ZiriTadi problema

kontrolirebadi eqsperimentebis Catarebis SeuZleblobaa. Tumca mTavrobam

daafinansa ramdenime cda, romelTa mizani ekonomikuri qcevis Sesaswavlad

eqsperimentuli meTodologiis gamoyeneba iyo. idea, romelic aRniSnul

socialur eqsperimentebs usvams xazs, im samuSaoebSia ilustrirebuli,

romlebic 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saxelmwifo da kerZo skolebis

SedarebiT efeqtianobaze Catarda.

dRes sakmaod mwvave debatebi mimdinareobs imis Sesaxeb, sajaro finansebi

bavSvebis kerZo skolebSi gasagzavnad unda gamoiyenebodes Tu ara. aRniSnuli

debatebis mTavari sakiTxia, aris Tu ara kerZo skolebi saxelmwifo skolebze

ufro efeqtiani, gansakuTrebiT, _ roca saqme exeba ganaTlebul bavSvebs

centraluri qalaqebidan. am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis bunebrivi gza

analogiuri donis im studentTa moswrebis Sefasebaa, romlebic erTi tipis

skolebSi swavloben. aRniSnulma gamokvlevam uCvena, rom kerZo skolebi ufro

kargad muSaoben. Tumca aseTi Sedegi SeiZleba imitom miviReT, rom maRali

miRwevebis mqone studentebi, pirvel rigSi, kerZo skolebSi swavlas arCeven.

1990 wels, uiskonsinSi daigegma socialuri cda, romelic am problemisken

iqneboda mimarTuli2. qalaq miluokis Rarib ojaxebs neba darTes, ganacxadi

SeetanaT im programaze, romelic daafinansebda maT swavlas arareligiur

kerZo skolaSi. ganmcxadeblebisgan programaSi monawileni SemTxveviTobis

principiT SeirCa. ganmcxadeblebi, romelTa SerCeva ar moxda, sakontrolo

jgufis funqcias asrulebdnen. nebismieri gansxvaveba, romelic ori jgufis

Semdgom saskolo miRwevaSi dafiqsirdeboda, unda ganxiluliyo, rogorc ori

sxvadasxva tipis skolis SedarebiTi efeqtianoba.

socialuri eqsperimentisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli naklovaneba. eqsperimenti

ekonomikuri qcevis Sesaswavlad saimedo meTodia, Tumca mas garkveuli

SezRudvebic axasiaTebs. amis erT-erTi mizezi swored is aris, rom klasikuri

eqsperimentis meTodologia aucilebel winapirobad arCevanis SemTxveviTobas

miiCnevs _ SerCeuli pirebi im sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi unda iyvnen,

romlis qcevac amJamad kvlevis sagania. socialuri eqsperimentis SemTxvevaSi

arCevanis gakeTeba SemTxveviTobis principis ganuxreli dacviT (Tavdapirvelad

am principis dacva Tundac SesaZlebeli iyos) faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia. ase,

magaliTad, miluokis eqsperimentSi aRmoCnda, rom zogierTi studenti, romelic

2 dawvrilebiTi informaciisaTvis ixileT Rouse [1998].

38

kerZo skolaSi gaigzavna, leqciebs sulac ar eswreboda, an mxolod mcire xnis

ganmavlobaSi eswreboda. vinaidan studentebma Tavad airCies kerZo skola,

studentTa maxasiaTeblebi dabalSemosavliani mosaxleobis warmomadgenelTa

jgufs ukve aRar ekuTvnoda.

garda amisa, mcenareebisa da laboratoriuli cxovelebisagan gansxvavebiT,

adamianebma ician, rom isini eqsperimentSi monawileoben. Segneba ki qcevaze

yovelTvis axdens zegavlenas. mcirericxovani da universaluri programis

monawileTa reaqcia programis mimarT metad gansxvavebulia. eqsperimentma,

romelic mxolod ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba, SeiZleba sruliad

gansxvavebuli Sedegi moitanos im SedegTan SedarebiT, romelic SesaZloa

mudmivmoqmed programas hqondes.

cxadia, socialuri eqsperimentebi Zvirad Rirebulia. ase, magaliTad,

eqsperimenti Catarda Raribi mosaxleobis sayofacxovrebo gadawyvetilebebze

saijaro subsidiebis zegavlenis Sesafaseblad da is 163,3 milioni aSS dolari

dajda (ix. Ingram [1985]). bartlesis mixedviT [1995], socialur eqsperimentze

mTlianma danaxarjma 1970 wlis Semdeg miliard dolars gadaaWarba. Tumca

aRniSnuli danaxarji garkveuli saxis samomavlo investiciaa. SesaZloa, Rirdes

kidec ramdenime milioni dolaris daxarjva im programis efeqtianobis

gansazRvrisaTvis, romelic ramdenime miliardi dolaris daxarjvasTan iqneba

dakavSirebuli.

laboratoriuli eqsperimentebi. ekonomikuri qcevis garkveuli saxiT

Seswavla laboratoriul pirobebSicaa SesaZlebeli. es aris midgoma, romelsac

xSirad fsiqologebi iyeneben. gamomcdeli daiqiravebs adamianTa (subieqtTa)

jgufs, romlebic sxvadasxva funqciebs asruleben. Sromis miwodebis

Sesaswavlad gamomcdelma SeiZleba Sromis miwodebis Teoriidan aRniSnos, rom

mTavari cvladi wminda xelfasis ganakveTia. SesaZlo eqsperimentuli strategia

ki aseTia: subieqtebs sxvadasxva samuSaoebis SesrulebisaTvis garkveul

jildoebs hpirdebian da iniSnaven, Tu rogor icvleba samuSaos Sesrulebis

xarisxi jildos xarisxis Sesabamisad.

laboratoriuli eqsperimentis dros gamoaSkaravdeba socialuri

eqsperimentisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli naklovaneba. mTavari problema isaa, rom

garemo, romelSic qcevaze dakvirveba xdeba, xelovnuria. ufro metic,

subieqtebi, romlebic kolejis studentebs warmoadgenen, mTeli sazogadoebis

warmomadgenlebi ver iqnebian. Tumca laboratoriuli eqsperimenti bevrad ufro

39

iafi da moqnilia, vidre socialuri eqsperimenti. misi popularoba erTob

gaizarda ukanasknel wlebSi, da rogorc Semdgom TavebSi davinaxavT,

saintereso da mniSvnelovani Sedegi mogvca.

ekonometrikuli mecnierebebi

ekonometrika aris ekonomikuri monacemebis statistikuri analizi,

romelic adamianTa azris gamokiTxvisa da maTze Catarebuli cdis Sedegebs ar

efuZneba. ufro metic, am mecnierebis mixedviT, sxvadasxva politikis zegavlenis

Sesaxeb daskvna swored Seswavlili qcevis mixedviT keTdeba3. maSin, rodesac

ekonomistebi ver akontroleben istoriul movlenebs, ekonometrika momxdari

movlenis mniSvnelobis Sefasebis saSualebas iZleva.

SromiTi qcevis martivi modelis mixedviT, wliuri samuSao saaTebi (L

Labor supply) damokidebulia wminda xelfasis ganakveTze (net wage rate - wn).

amasTanave, iseTi arasaxelfaso Semosavali, rogoricaa dividendi da procenti

(A), asaki (X1) da Svilebis raodenoba (X2), SesaZloa samuSao saaTebis

raodenobaze zemoqmedebdes. ekonometrikosi samuSao saaTebisa da am

ganmartebiTi cvladebis urTierTobis gamosaTvlelad specifikur algebrul

formas irCevs. gansakuTrebiT martivi forma aseTia:

L = 0 + 1wn + 2A + 3X1 + 4X2 + (2.1)

gantolebis parametrebia, xolo _ SemTxveviTi (arasistematuri)

Secdoma. parametrebi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor zemoqmedebs marjvena cvladi

samuSao saaTebis raodenobaze. Tu 1 = 0, maSin wminda xelfasi samuSao

saaTebis raodenobaze ar zemoqmedebs. Tu 1 0-ze metia, maSin wminda xelfasis

zrda pirs aiZulebs, ufro meti imuSaos dominirebs Senacvlebis efeqti. Tu

1 0-ze naklebia, maSin wminda xelfasis zrda pirs aiZulebs, ufro naklebi

imuSaos _ dominirebs Semosavlis efeqti.

3 yuradReba miaqcieT imas, rom ekonometrikuli meTodebi gamoiyeneba gamokvlevebisa da eqsperimentebis Sedegad mopovebuli monacemebis mimarTac.

40

SemTxveviTi Secdoma () Sromis miwodebaze mkvlevrisaTvis SeumCnevel

zemoqmedebas asaxavs. miuxedavad kvlevaSi CarTuli cvladebis odenobisa,

yovelTvis arsebobs qcevis modelis mier auxsneli tipi.

Tu gvecodineba , cxadia, Sromis miwodebaze gadasaxadebis zemoqmedebis

Sesaxeb yvela debati gadawyvetili iqneba. ekonometrikis praqtikuli mxare

sxvadasxva teqnikis gamoyenebiT -s Sefasebaa. yvelaze popularuli meTodi

mravaljeradi regresiuli analizis saxeliTaa cnobili. cxare debatebi

Sromis miwodebis Sesaxeb migvaniSnebs, rom aRniSnuli teqnika yovelTvis ar

iZleva saboloo Sedegs. imisaTvis, rom gavigoT, ratom xdeba ase, vnaxoT, Tu

rogor gamoiyeneba igi Sromis miwodebis magaliTisaTvis.

am mizniT ramdenime wuTiT daiviwyeT 2.1 gantolebaSi miTiTebuli yvela

cvladi, garda wminda xelfasisa. amdenad, samuSao saaTebis formula sakmaod

martivia:

L = 0 + 1wn + (2.2)

2.2 gantoleba wrfivia, radgan misi RerZi gadmocemulia L-iTa da wn-iT,

xolo Sedegi _ sworxazovani.

2.1 grafiki

davuSvaT, rom arsebobs informacia gansazRvruli jgufis adamianTa

samuSao saaTebis odenobisa da gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg xelfasis

moculobis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli dakvirvebis grafikulad gamosaxvisas wertilebi

41

ganbneulia iseve, rogorc 2.1 A grafikSi. cxadia, erTi swori xazi yvela am

wertils ver moergeba. mravaljeradi regresiuli analizis mizani im xazis

parametrebis aRmoCenaa, romelic saukeTesod moergeba wertilebs4. aseTi

regresiuli xazi gamoxatulia 2.1 B grafikSi. regresiuli xazi geometriulad

2.2 gantolebaa, xolo misi daxriloba 1-s gamoiTvlis (A parametris

kalkulacias ki regresiis koeficienti ewodeba).

1-s gamoTvlis Semdeg ganxiluli unda iqnes misi saimedooba. dgas ki igi

1-s `WeSmarit~ sididesTan axlos? imisaTvis, rom gavigoT, ratomaa es sakiTxi

mniSvnelovani, warmoidgineT, rom wertilebi isea ganbneuli, rogorc 2.1 C

grafikSi. regresiuli xazi 2.1 B grafikSi gamoxatulis identuria, Tumca

wertilebi ufro metadaa ganbneuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1 iseTivea, rogorc

2.1 B grafikSi, SesaZloa maT saimedoobaSi eWvi SevitanoT. ekonometrikosebi

standartul Secdomas gamoiTvlian, romelic mianiSnebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba

gansxvavdebodes gamoTvlili parametri WeSmariti sididisgan. rodesac

standartuli Secdoma Sefasebuli parametris moculobasTan SedarebiT

umniSvneloa, maSin koeficienti statistikurad mniSvnelovnad CaiTvleba.

aRniSnul magaliTSi mxolod erTi ganmartebiTi cvladi gvxvdeba wminda

xelfasi. davuSvaT, mis nacvlad gantolebis ori cvladi arsebobda: wminda

xelfasi da arasaxelfaso Semosavali. organzomilebian sivrceze regresiuli

xazis morgebis msgavsad, regresiuli sibrtye SesaZloa samganzomilebian

sivrceSi ganbneul wertilebs moergos. orze meti cvladis SemTxvevaSi

Sesaferisi geometriuli asaxvis forma ar arsebobs. miuxedavad amisa,

analogiuri maTematikuri principebi nebismieri raodenobis ganmartebiTi

cvladebis parametrebis gamosaTvlelad gamoiyeneba (im pirobiT, rom cvladebis

raodenoba dakvirvebaTa raodenobaze naklebia). faqtobrivi kalkulaciebi

kompiuteris saSualebiT xdeba.

moqmedi -s gamoTvlisas SesaZlebelia daskvnis gakeTeba L-is cvlilebis

Sesaxeb, romelic wminda xelfasis SecvliTaa gamowveuli. davuSvaT, 1 = 100-s.

Tu gadasaxadebis zrda wminda xelfass 50 centiT amcirebs, maSin individi

wliurad 50 saaTis (100 X 50 dolarze) ganmavlobaSi imuSavebs.

4 saukeTeso xazi kvadratSi ayvanil vertikalur manZils, romelic xazis wertilebsa da ganbneul wertilebs Soris arsebobs, minimumamde amcirebs. ixileT Wooldridge [2003].

42

ekonometrikuli analizisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli naklovanebebi

ekonometrikuli analizis dros warmoiSoba sirTuleebi, romlebic xsnis

imas, Tu ratom iReben sxvadasxva mkvlevrebi sxvadasxva daskvnebs. ase,

magaliTad, 2.1 gantolebaSi nagulisxmebia daSveba, rom TiToeuli adamianis

qcevas erTi da igive gantoleba aRwers. Tumca sxvadasxva tipis adamianebi

sxvadasxvagvari Sromis miwodebiT xasiaTdebian. daojaxebul qals

daojaxebuli mamakacisagan gansxvavebuli reaqcia eqneba wminda xelfasis

cvlilebaze. analogiurad, axalgazrdas xandazmulisagan gansxvavebuli Sromis

miwodeba axasiaTebs. aseT adamianTa erT jgufSi gaerTianeba parametrebis

araswor gamoTvlas iwvevs. mkvlevrebma ZiriTadad winaswar ar ician, Tu rogor

daiyofa maT mier SerCeuli nimuSebi. aq saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebis msgavsi

gadawyvetilebebis miRebaa saWiro, ramac SesaZloa mkvlevrebi gansxvavebul

Sedegebamde miiyvanos.

erT-erTi problema isaa, rom parametrebi icvleba. qalTa Sromis miwodebis

gantoleba, romelic 1975 wlis maCveneblebs eyrdnoba, 2004 wlis maCveneblebis

safuZvelze damyarebuli imave gantolebis Sedegisgan metad gansxvavebul

Sedegebs mogvcems. garkveulwilad es qalTa muSaobisadmi damokidebulebis

Secvlis Sedegia da, amdenad, damokidebulia sidideze. zogadad, is realoba,

romlis gamokvlevis survilic ekonometrikosebs amoZravebT, mudmivad icvleba.

sxvadasxva maCveneblebze dayrdnobiT gakeTebuli Sefasebani gansxvavebulia,

Tundac maT gamosaTvlelad analogiuri meTodebi gamoiyenebodes.

garda amisa, imisaTvis, rom saimedod iyos gamoTvlili, regresiuli

gantoleba yvela Sesabamis cvlads unda moicavdes. sxva SemTxvevaSi zogierTi

efeqti, romelic gamotovebuli cvladis Sedegia, SesaZloa miekuTvnos wminda

xelfasis faqtors. mniSvnelovani cvladebi xandaxan gantolebaSi

gamotovebulia, radgan maT Sesaxeb informacia ubralod ar arsebobs. ase,

magaliTad, rTulia movipovoT informacia mosaxleobis arasaxelfaso

Semosavlebis wyaroTa Sesaxeb. davuSvaT, rom: (1) arasaxelfaso Semosavlebis

zrdasTan erTad (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi) adamianis muSaobis masStabi iklebs,

da (2) arsebobs tendencia, rom maRalanazRaurebad adamians aseve maRali

arasaxelfaso Semosavali hqondes. Tu Cvens gantolebaSi ar mivuTiTebT

arasaxelfaso Semosavals, misi efeqtis nawili xelfass miewereba, xolo 1-s

gaangariSebuli sidide Tavis WeSmarit sidideze ufro naklebi iqneba.

zogadad, 1-s gaangariSebuli sidide yovelTvis araobieqturia, garda im

SemTxvevisa, rodesac gantolebaSi yvela is cvladia CarTuli, romelic

43

samuSao saaTebis raodenobaze zemoqmedebs da sistematuradaa dakavSirebuli

xelfasTan.

problema ufro garTuldeba maSin, rodesac potenciurad mniSvnelovani

cvladi gamoTvlas ar eqvemdebareba. iseTi damokidebuleba, rogoricaa

agresiuloba (iniciativis maRali xarisxi), SesaZloa samuSao gadawyvetilebebze

zemoqmedebdes, Tumca misi gamoTvla SeuZlebelia.

mkvlevrebi xSirad kamaToben imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli cvladi unda iqnes

CarTuli gantolebaSi. magaliTad, unda moicavdes Tu ara gantoleba iseT

cvlads, rogoricaa individis ganaTlebis done? erTni amtkiceben, rom

ganaTleba Sromis miwodebaze zemoqmedebs da, amdenad, CarTuli unda iqnes

gantolebaSi, rogorc ganmartebiTi cvladi. meoreni darwmunebulni arian, rom

ganaTleba samuSao gadawyvetilebebze mxolod xelfasis cvlilebis kuTxiT

zemoqmedebs da, amdenad, misi gantolebaSi CarTva araracionaluria.

ekonomikuri Teoria ganmartebiTi cvladebis saZieblad garkveuli struqturis

CamoyalibebaSi gvexmareba. Tumca igi iSviaTadaa gansazRvruli _ sxvadasxva

mkvlevrebi sxvadasxva daskvnebs akeTeben.

cvladebis gansazRvris procesSi arsebuli siZneleebi saimedo Sefasebis

mopovebas arTulebs. ganvixiloT samuSao drois gamoTvlisas wamoWrili

problemebi. erTi SexedviT, yvelaferi martivia _ TiTqos mxolod samsaxurSi

gatarebuli drois gamoTvlaa saWiro. Tumca ukeTesia, gamovTvaloT mokle

Sesveneba da `gacdenili~ dro. maTi gamoTvla aSkarad ufro rTulia. xelfasis

ganakveTis gamoTvlac arsebiT problemebs ukavSirdeba. yvelaze kargi meTodi

aris gamoTvla ara mxolod im Tanxisa, romelsac daqiravebuli yoveli kviris

bolos iRebs, aramed sxva sargeblis Rirebulebisac (pensiis ufleba,

janmrTelobis dazRveva, kompaniis avtomanqaniT sargeblobis ufleba da a.S.)

erTi mniSvnelovani daSveba: gantolebis marjvena mxares ganlagebuli

cvladebi marcxniv ganlagebul cvladebze zemoqmedebs, magram ara piriqiT. Tu

es ase ar aris, maSin marTlac seriozuli problemebi iCens Tavs. davuSvaT, 2.1

gantolebis 1 dadebiTia. erT-erTi interpretaciis mixedviT, wminda xelfasis

zrdasTan erTad adamiani ufro mets muSaobs. meore, sakmaod damajerebeli

interpretaciis mixedviT, damqiravebeli met xelfass uxdis adamians, romelic

ufro didxans muSaobs. marTlac, xelfasis ganakveTi SesaZloa namuSevar

droze zemoqmedebdes, namuSevari dro ki _ xelfasis ganakveTze. Tu marTlac

asea, maSin mravaljeradi regresiuli analizis Sedegad 1-is gamoTvlili

44

sidide Sromis miwodebaze wminda xelfasis cvlilebis efeqts arasworad

afasebs.

gamoiyeneba ramdenime statistikuri meTodi aRniSnuli erTdrouli mizez-

Sedegobrivi urTierTobis problemis gadasaWrelad. isini rTulia da

sxvadasxva meTodebma SesaZloa sxvadasxva Sedegebamde migviyvanos. es aris

ekonometrikuli mecnierebebis Sedegebis sxvadasxvaobis kidev erTi mizezi.

daskvniTi komentarebi

Teoria empiriuli mkvlevrebis mniSvnelovani iaraRia, romelic maT im

cvladebis izolirebaSi exmareba, romlebmac SesaZloa qcevis garkveul saxeze

zegavlena moaxdinos. empiriuli muSaoba amowmebs, Seesabameba Tu ara Teoria

msoflio gamocdilebas. imis gamo, rom ekonomistebisaTvis is Sedegia yvelaze

sasurveli, romlis safuZvelic mopovebuli realuri monacemebia, empiriuli

muSaobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodi ekonomikaSi ekonometrikuli analizi

gaxlavT. Tumca yvelaze patiosani ekonometrikosebic ki sxvadasxva

daskvnebamde midian, radgan arc monacemebi da arc statistikuri teqnika ar

aris srulyofili. keTilgonieri adamiani `faqtebis~ definiciis

gansakuTrebuli nakrebis swor interpretacias ar daeTanxmeba:

faqti martivia

da faqti pirdapiria.

faqti zarmacia

da faqti igvianebs.

yvela faqts axlavs mosazreba,

faqtebi arasodes akeTeben imas, rac me msurs5.

gadaviwuroT imedi, rom odesme SeviswavliT im faqtorebs, romlebic

zemoqmedebs ekonomikaze? ra Tqma unda, ara. ekonomisti, romelic ikvlevs

empiriul SekiTxvas, aucileblad Seejaxeba mecnierebebs, romelTagan

5 ''Gross-Eyed and Painless''-idan 1980 Bleu Music Co., Index Music, Inc., and E.G Music. Ltd. deivid birnisa da braian enos nebarTviT.

45

TiToeuli sxvadasxva daSvebas akeTebs, problemis sxvadasxva aspeqtze

amaxvilebs yuradRebas da, amdenad, sruliad gansxvavebul daskvnebs gvTavazobs.

xSirad ramdenime gamokvlevis harmonizacia xdeba da ganxilvis fenomenis

naTeli suraTi iqmneba. feldStainma (1982A, gv. 830) aseTi qmedebebis

ganmaxorcielebeli