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Research Topic

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Usual ways of knowing

Tenacity

Intuition

Authority andtradition

Scientific method

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Techniques for narrowing a topic

into a research question

Examine the literature

Talk over ideas with others Apply to a specific context

Define the aim or the desired

outcome of the study

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Problem

A situation that is considered unclear orundesirable after conducting initialinvestigation and describing the

situation

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Questions to ask yourself

Is this problem really important

Will this make a difference to whom?Why?

Will the research result beinteresting?

Will it be relevant to an idea that haswidespread implications?

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Questions to ask yourself

Will it challenge common sensetruisms or reverse the inadequaciesof accepted views?

Will the research be immediatelyuseful?

Will it help guide or change socialpolicy or practice?

Will it provide needed information ornew insights into a social issue?

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Research Problem

An interrogative statement that askswhat relations exist between oramong variables/concepts

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Characteristics of a good RP

Concrete and specific

Observable

States therelationship betweentwo or more variables

Linked to a theory

Geared to a practical

problem Relevant to the times

Relates to a significantnumber of people or to anumber of significantpeople

Fills a research gap

Permits generalization

Sharpens the definition ofan important concept orrelationship

Creates or improves aninstrument for gatheringand analyzing data

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Review of Related

Literature

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Definition

An examination of previous studiesthat have related topics, methods,and theories to a research project,

the literature review helps identifywhat is known and unknown in thebody of knowledge about a topic and

assists in conceptualizing newresearch problems and objectives.

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Searching for the materials

For the introduction

Quotations frompopular media

Tabular, graphicand visual materialfrom non-academicpublications

Baseline andhistorical data

For the relatedliterature

Edited books, book

chapters Academic journals

Papers in peer-

reviewedconferences

Researchanthologies

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Searching and citing

www.elib.gov.ph

http://www.mainlib.upd.edu.ph/webopac/

www.findarticles.com

http://scholar.google.com

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

http://www.elib.gov.ph/http://www.mainlib.upd.edu.ph/webopac/http://www.mainlib.upd.edu.ph/webopac/http://www.findarticles.com/http://scholar.google.com/http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/http://scholar.google.com/http://scholar.google.com/http://www.findarticles.com/http://www.findarticles.com/http://www.mainlib.upd.edu.ph/webopac/http://www.mainlib.upd.edu.ph/webopac/http://www.mainlib.upd.edu.ph/webopac/http://www.elib.gov.ph/http://www.elib.gov.ph/

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Note-taking for the review

Search for all possible related studies thematically,methodologically, and theoretically

Do a quick read of the studies, noting patterns in topics,methods, and theories

Create a working outline of the patterns from your quick

read Filter studies to those that are most pertinent to your

research Put flesh to your outline by taking verbatim notes from the

filtered studies. Remember to put always the author, year,and page numbers for each note.

Use key words to identify possible links across literature Create a separate file where you can enter the bibliographic

citation for each source article

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4. Assess the literature being studied by

looking at the following:

Clarity

Verifiability

Accuracy

Recency

Relevance

Sufficiency

Internal consistency

External consistency

Comparative quality

Contextuality

Statistical validity

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5. Structure the review of literature according to

any of the following patterns:

Topical

Chronological

Specific to general

General to specific Known to unknown

Problem-cause & solution

Comparison & contrast

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6. After reviewing the body ofliterature, summarize what has beendone, what has not been done, and

what needs to be done

7. Explain how your own research linksto previous studies thematically,

methodologically, and theoretically.

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Bad review

Smith (1980) conducted an experiment on fear andself-esteem with 150 undergraduates. In the study, hetested subject self-esteem and then exposed subjects oneat a time to fear-inducing situations. He found out thatthose with lower self-esteem felt greater fear. Jones andJones (1982) surveyed elderly residents. The respondents

who had the greatest independence, self-esteem andphysical health had the lowest degree of fear of being thevictim of crime.

In a study of college women, Rosenburg (1989) foundout that the greater independence one felt, the less the fear

of being left alone in a darkened room. De Sallos study(1984) of 45 college males found that those who had thegreatest self-esteem felt the less degree of failure. Yu(1988) found the same for college females. Hong (1980)conducted a telephone survey of 200 welfare recipients andfound no relationships between feelings of independenceand fear of crime.

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Good review

People with greater self-esteem appeared to be lessfearful. Laboratory studies with college students (Yu, 1988;De Sallo, 1984; Smith, 1980) found a strong negativerelationship between self-esteem and fear, similar to therelationship that was determined from a survey of elderlypeople (Jones & Jones, 1982). Only one study contradicted

this finding (Johnson, 1985), presumably because prisoninmates comprised its population. In general, self-esteemand fear were negatively related.

Self-esteem was strongly related to feelings ofindependence (see Zarnoth, 1985; Gomez, 1977), and

independence was found to decrease feelings of fear ofcrime (Jones, 1982; Rosenberg, 1979). Hong (1980) didnot find a significant relation between independence andthe fear. It was the only literature that studied welfarerecipients.