t.oal hinh tiet hoc:

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Tal li~u tham khao:

rttJ.~ ~pNAM (- ~ ') R )UVr- \) ~

TS. Nguyen TrueAnhVi~n Kitm True, Ouy hoech fJo thi- Nong tnon

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Bai giang

Nh~n manh d~n vai tro cua thiet k~ do thi trong quy hoachdo th]

Giai thieu ve thiet k~ do thi & Vi$t Nam (Nghien CLrUdi~m& f)a tat) va kinh nghi$m & Australia va Nh~t Ban

Trinh bay

"URBAN DESIGN"- Trong Thiet Ke Quy Hoach D6 Thj Vi~t Nam

Thi~t k~ do thi (Urban design) 113v~n de dang dU'Q'csu' quan tam va chu 'I cuanhieu t~ng lap nhan dan, ca ngU'Critrong nghe va ngU'Cringoai nghe. BC>m~t do thl hi$nnay & nuoc ta dang bl nhCrngcon 16ccua nen kinh t~ thl trU'Crnglam mea mo v~o VQ,cC>ngthem vai Sl,l'thi~u vang mC>tbC>lu~t qui ho~ch hoan chinh va Sl,l'lung tung trongcong tac quan 1'1xay dl,l'ngclla cac nganh hCruquan cang lam cho bC>m~t do thi themlC>nxC>n.(J cac nU'ac phU'O'ngtay mai chi giCranhCrngnam SO, thi~t k~ do thi dU'Q'cxu~thi$n hoan chinh nhU' 113mC>tbC>mon mai, mC>tlinh Vl,l'Cchuyen mon mai, dao t~o rangU'Crilam nghe mai ben c~nh nhCrngngU'Crilam nghe truy€m th6ng trong qui ho~chthi~t k~ do thi nhU' qui ho~ch do thi (QHf)T-Urban planner), ki~n truc SU'canh quan(Landscape architect), ki~n truc SU'(Architect) W cLIngco chung nhi$m Vl,l113thi~t k~mC>tthanh ph6 d~p, hoan chinh ve cong nang SLrdl,lngtrong khong gian va thCrigian.

Bai vi~t nay nh~m giai thi$u ro khai niem va tinh ch~t cong viec thi~t k~ do thinoi chung, vi tri va qui trlnh cOngnhU'mQikhia c~nh khac clla thi~t k~ do thi trong quitrlnh qui ho~ch va thi~t k~ do thi & mC>ts6 nU'acnhU'Australia, My, Trung Qu6c, nhCrngnU'ac co gia tri tham khao t6t cho nU'ac taoTCrdo neu mC>ts6 phan tich va gQ'i'I chothi~t k~ do thi & Viet Nam.Thiet ke do thj- (TKfJT -urban design) la gi?

Tren thl,l'c t~, co r~t nhieu dinh nghia khong gi6ng nhau cho thi~t k~ do thi.NhU'ngdi~m hC>itl,l chung deu cho thi~t k~ do thi (urban design) cOngnhU'qui ho~ch dothi (urban planning) khong th~ dC>cI~p tOnt~i nhU'113Il,I'c1U'Q'ngchinh lam ra do thi. B&iv~y, t~t ca mQidinh nghia quan trQng deu dU'CrngnhU' noi ve chung nhU'ng I~i khongneu ro dU'Q'cchung.

Co ngU'Crivi~t: "Chung ta gQiSl,l'thay d6i X8 hC>ido thi 113Sl,l'xac dinh I~i cua 'Inghia do thi.

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Co ngU'ai lai dlnh nghia: "Chung ta gOi qui hoach do thi la Sl,l'thich ung thoahiep cua nhCrng chuc nang do thi nharn rnuc dich chia se nhCrng y nghia do thi.

Co tac gia I~i noi: "Chung ta 99i thiet ke do tb! (Urban design) la nhCmgcog{mg bieu tnmqisymbolic) de the hi~n nhCrngy nghTado thi(urban meaning) da dU'Q'cchfJp nh~n biing nhCrnghinh tiurc do thi(urban form) thich h9'P."(Castells, 1983, tr.304;). Dinh nghia nay Castells da c6 g~ng lien kllt tat ca nhCrng qui trinh TKDT trongmot b~ dien rong, tOng hop tat ca qua trinh san xuat khong gian do thi, ki! ca kinh tllchinh tri, xa hoi hoc trong vi$c qui dlnh hinh thuc khong gian do thi nhu la nhCrng quitrinh san pham dua VaGkinh tll: san xuat, tieu thu, trao dOi hang hoa, va nha nuoc.

Gi6ng nhu Castells, Ross King villt: "TKf)T la qui trinh san xuat c6 muc dichcua nhCrngy nghTado thi, qua vi~c tong h9'Pva lien ket tat ca nhCrngmoi lien h~ giCracac thanh phfJn khong gian. Trong van dfJ thi trU'&ngma, SI,J' san xuat "y nghTado thi"dang tan t~i de ung hi) cho SIJ' tich luy von, tai san xuat xa hi)i va lu~t phap tren nhCrngcach th(Fcd~c bi~t coi tr9ng den 19'iich chung."

Trai v&i cac suy nghi tren coi TKDT nhU' la Sl,l'tOng hQ'p qui trinh can b~ng xahoi tren nhi~u khia c~nh dU'Q'cthi! hi$n qua nhCrng hinh thuc khong gian do thi nhatdinh, nhi~u hoc gia va cac nha chuyen mon khac I~i co nhCrng dinh nghia khong gi6ngnhau vi! TKDT tren phU'O'ng di$n lien quan trl,l'c tillp dlln linh VI,I'Cchuyen mon cuaminh, t&i nhCrng chuc nang nOi troi cua do thi. Theo dong suy nghi nay, TKDT dU'Q'cquan ni$m ho~c la "kh~n truc theo chi~u rQng - architecture writ large" thien v~ killntruc tren di$n rong ho~c "kien true theo chi~u sau - urban planning writ small" -QHDTv&i di$n nho, ho~c la Sl,l'tOng hQ'p cua ca haL TKDT tren thl,l'c tll khong bao gia la motlinh VI,I'Cdoc l.;lp.

(y phU'O'ng Tay, TKDT chU'a bao gia dU'Q'c dU'Q'c coi nhU' la mot chuyennganh giang d~y a b.;lc d~i hoc ma chi dU'Q'cgiang d~y cho cac hoc vien cao hoc killntruc.

Trong linh VI,I'Cqui ho~ch (QH) cOng V.;ly, phU'O'ng Tay cOng rat it quan tamtrong viec nh.;ln billt thillt kll v~ m~t khong gian do thi killn truc mot cach hCru hinh(physical design) do hO dU'Q'cgiao dl,Jcva bi anh hU'ang bai cac mon khoa khoa hoc xahoi ma ho da coi do la n~n tang cua QHDT.

ae lap di nhCrng 10hOng ma ca hai nganh Killn truc va QHDT di!l~i, TKDT dara dai. Co rat nhi~u dinh nghia v~ TKDT theo dong suy nghi nay, vi dl,J:

TKDT la nghe thu.;lt cua thillt kll thanh ph6 theo khong gian ba chi~u a trenmot dien rong hO'n la tLPngngoi nha mot.

TKDT lien kllt qui ho~ch, killn truc va killn truc phong canh v&i nhau di!lapdi nhCmg 10hOng t6n t~i giCrachung

TKDT la mot ph~n cua qui ho~ch thanh ph6 (city planning), chung XLP Iy caid~p va nhCrng cai dinh ra tr.;lt tl,l' va hinh thuc cua do thi

TKDT chu yllu lien quan dlln chat 1U'Q'ngcua linh VI,I'Cdo thi cong cong(urban public realm) ca v~ m~t xa hOi cOng nhU' khong gian killn truc (socialand physical) va lam ra nhCrng khong gian do thi ma con ngU'ai co thi!hU'ang thl,Jva chiem ngU'&ng.

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oQuang truong Piazza San Marco (1 Venice (/talia)oKhu the thao VH Lam £)ong (Vi~t Nam)oKhu nh« (1Hong Kong

NgU&i thi~t k~ do thi (Urban designer) lam gi?Trong bai viet nay, tac gia muon nhan manh nhCrngIy luan v~ TK8T theo dong

suy nghi thLr hal, R6 rang TK8T la mC>t Sl,J'ke tuc va phat huy giCracac nqanh quihoach do thi (QH8T), kien true canh quan (KTCQ), kien true (KT), xa hC>ihoc, moitrU'cmghoc vv.

Tren thuc te tat ca cac cong trinh cua loai ngU'oi d~u dU'Q'cthuc hien dua trenmot tap quan hanh dC>ngva lu~t Ie nhat dinh. TK8T cGng khong n~m ngoai thong Ienay.

v~nguyen tac, mol t~ng lap nhan dan d~u tham gia vao xay dl,J'ngva kienthiet do thi; cac chinh tri gia, esc lu~t SU',cac ky SU'do thi, kien true SU',nhCrngdoanhnhan, va chinh ban than ngU'oi dan d~u d6ng g6p cong SLrCkhong nho cLlaminh d~kien t~o nen mC>t do thi khang trang va thinh vU'Q'ng.Trong qua trlnh xay dl,J'ng,thiet kedo thi, moi thanh ph~n tham gia d~u nhin nh~n g6c dC>TK8T dl,J'atren nhCrngquandi~m ChLlquan cLlaminh v~ cai dU'Q'ccai m~t (costs & benefits) va tat ca d~u dl,J'atrennguyen t~c lQ'iich va gia tri t6i U'U co th~. Xet ve phU'O'ngdien nay, TK8T n6i chungva ngU'oi lam TK8T n6i rieng phai thU'ong xuyen d~ c~p den v~n d~ ra quyet dinh ll,J'achon toi U'u b&i c6 cac xung dC>tgiCracac quy~n cLla cC>ngd6ng va ca nhan, Sl,J'raquyet dinh trong viec can nh~c n~ng nh~ giCracac lQ'iich va gia trioTK8T S9SLrdl,lnglu~t phap d~ quan Iy va dan d~t cac hanh dC>ngca IE~theo mC>t lQ'iich chung, tac dC>ngva di~u chinh nhCrngbien d6i cLlan~n kinh te thi trU'ong. NgU'oiTK8T c6 th~ tham gia,di d~u trong viec thiet I~p nhCrngchien IU'Q'Cphat tri~n do thi, dU'ara nhCrngdl,J'an va Iylu~n v~ thiet ke cong trinh phl,lcVl,lcon ngU'oi, can thiep trl,J'ctiep vao kinh te thi trU'ongva qua trinh lam lu~t b~ng cach cung c~p y kien d6ng g6p, dl,J'bao bC>m~t do thi trongtU'O'nglai, qua trinh lam chinh sach va quan Iy cLla Nha nU'ac. NhU' v~y, kha nangTK8T cLlangU'ai lam TK8T phl,l thuC>cr~t nhi~u vao Sl,J'hi~u biet, kinh nghiem v~ moitrU'ang song va qua trinh ra quyet dinh chinh sach. T6m I~i, ngU'ai lam TK8T (Urbandesigner) S9 phai lam viec theo hai xu hU'ang chinh. (1) Thiet I~p nhCrngchinh sach,

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th~ che cho cong vi$c thiet kE§,dU'a ra nhCPnghU'&ng dan cho mot cong cuoc phat tri~n,va khuyen khich toan dan tham gia vao cong cuoc phat tri~n chung trong khuon kh6nhCPngphap che, chinh sach, hU'&ng dan d6. (2) True tiE§p,di€!ukhien, quan Iy va thuchien toan bo qua trinh thiet ke va phat tri~n. Xu hU'&ngd~u tien S8 thien v~ QH8T(Urban planning) va xu hU'&ngsau S8nghieng v€!kiE§ntrue (Architecture).Gong cu X8 h{)i va cong CI) lu~t philp trong thi~t k~ ao thj

Gong cu X8 h{)i (social tool): B~t c(.rmot do thi nao cOngSLrdl,.mgnhCPngcongcu xa hOid~ tac dong true tiep den nhan thuc cua con ngU'ai, nhCPnggia trl v€!ni€!mtin,nE§pnghi va sa thich cua con ngU'ai. Thong tin xa hOi duoc truyen tai b~ng nhCPngcong Cl,lxa hOi,d6 chinh la nhCPngcO'quan t6 ch(.rc,cac vi~n d~i hoc, vi$n nghien c(ru,cac t6 ch(.rc phi lQ'inhu~n-NPO, cac t6 ch(.rcphi chinh phu-NGO, cac t6 ch(.rccongd6ng-GBO w. 8~ ra cac quyet dinh, con ngU'ai chu yE§udl,J'avao cac thong tin nay.NE§uTK8T dU'Q'cphat tri~n theo hU'&ng nay, chung S8 phat tri~n nen cai gOi la quiho~ch cong d6ng (community planning) va song song v&i cai nay la thiet ke cong d6ng(community design) r~t thinh hanh a cac nU'&cphU'O'ngTay ngay nay. Bai viet S8 d€!c~p v~n d€!nay a ph~n sau.

NgU'ai dan va cac t6 ch(.rcla nhCPngngU'ai be cong s(.rcva ti€!nb~c cua minhvao cong cuoc xay dl,J'ngdo thi, hOS8c6 qUYt~mdU'a ra nhCPngquyet dinh vi hOla motph~n cua dl,J'an. Cac quyet dinh dl,J'atheo nhCPngthong tin ma hOnh~n dU'Q'Cva ngU'Q'cI~i hOS8 phat tan thong tin ra ngoai xa hOiv&i nhCPngml,lCdich nh~t dinh. Thong quanhCPngcong Cl,lxa hOinay cac ml,lCdich va nhi$m Vl,ld~ c~u t~o nen do thi d6ng thaicOngdU'Q'chinh thanh. NgU'aiTK8T phai n~m b~t nhCPngml,lCdich va nhi$m Vl,lnay d~tim cach thl,J'chi$n va hU'&ngchung t~o nen bOm~t khong gian do thi.

Gong CI) lu~t philp (legislative tool): Trong cO'che thi trU'ang, khong gian do thithU'cmgbi di€!uchfnh theo hU'&nglQ'inhu~n, tuan thu theo nhCPngqui lu~t cua n€!nkinhte thi trU'ang cho nen de tra thanh tl,J'phat. Do d6 lu~t phap phai c6 nhi$m Vl,ldi€!ukhi~n va dan d~t Sl,J'phat trien cua do thi theo nhCPngphU'O'nghU'&ngda dinh. a cacnU'&cphU'O'ngTay, Sl,J'hinh thanh va phat tri~n cac bo lu~t la ca mot qua trinh d~utranh giCPacac lQ'iich cua cac nh6m, t~ng I&p dan CU',doi khi be qua ca nhCPnglQ'iichxa hOi.a cac nU'&cnhU'My va Uc, cac lu~t chinh tac dong trl,J'ctiE§pden Sl,J'hinh thanhphat tri~n do thi la: Lu~t cong trinh xay dl,J'ng(Building code), Lu~t SLrdl,lng d~t ( Landuse planning law, Zoning law), Lu~t moi trU'ang do thi (Urban environmental law) vangoai ra con c6 nhCPnglu~t lien quan khac nhU'Lu~t thuE§d~t (Land taxation law), Lu~tphan b6 tai chinh (Income redistribution law) w.

a My cOng nhU'mot sO nU'&ctU' ban, lu~t phan vung-zoning dU'Q'cSLrdl,lngrong rai bai chinh quy€!nc~p dia phU'O'ng,thong thU'ang la cac chinh quy€!nc~p thanhphO.Nhi$m Vl,lchinh cua lu~t phan vung la gi&i h~n I~i cac ch(.rcnang SLrdl,lng d~t atlJ'ng 10d~t Cl,lth~ cua thanh phO, xac dinh Cl,lth~ m~t do xay dl,J'ng,yeu c~u Cl,lth~tlJ'ngth~ lo~i thiet bi va cong trinh cong cong kem theo nhU'bai do xe, cay xanh, quangtrU'ang. BO lu~t nay d6ng thai cOngdU'Q'cSLrdl,lng d~ bao v$ nhCPnggia tri xa hoi vad~t lQ'iich chung len tren lQ'iich ca th~. Ngoai ra con r~t nhi€!uh$ thOng lu~t v€!quan Iyd~t va SLrdl,lngd~t ma ta S8d€!c~p a ph~n sau.Nhfmg quan aiem va xu hU'&ngn6i tr{)i trong TKf)T

TrU'&ctien chung ta cfin lU'u'1den hai trU'ang phai tieu bi~u trong TK8T la chunghia duy 1'1(Rationalism) va chu nghia thl,J'cn~hi$m (Empiricism) truy€!nthOngva cacbien d~ng cua chung trong quan diem TK8T. a My, Uc va cac nU'&ctU' ban, Sl,J'c~nhtranh gay g~t cua n€!nkinh te thi trU'ang dan t&i cac cong trinh thiet ke n6i chung d~tn~ng v~n d€!tai chinh trong quan di~m TK8T. NhU'v~y, a day, nhCPnglQ'iich cua xahoi S8 bi be qua ho~c bi coi nh~. Tuy nhien a nhCPngxa hoi khac doi khi cai d~p vanhCPnggia tri khac I~i dU'Q'ccoi trong. Tl,J'uchung I~i c6 bOn lu6ng tU' tU'ang chinh chiphOicong vi$c TK8T trong thai gian gfin day:

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1- TK£>T theo chu nghia thuc dl,mgva kinh t~: Lu6ng tu tU'ang nay r~t n6i troi nhC'Yngnam g~n day do nhC'Yng19do kinh t~ thuc d~y, d~c bi$t la a cac ruroc dang phattrien. a cac nuoc phuonq Tay di~u nay con r6 hon, cac TK£>Tla san pham cuanhu cau kinh t~ thi trU'CYng.Cac thiet k~ phai dap Crngnhu cau lQ'inhuan cua cacnha d~u tu va phat tri~n. £>OitU'Q'ngphuc vu cua cac TK£>Tloai nay chu y~u lanhC'YngngU'CYilam kinh t~, mua va ban va chi dLmg lai a rnuc don thuan cua vanhoa tieu thu.

2- TK£>Tnhu la ngh$ thuat vi cai dep: TKBT chi don gian la phuc vu cai dep (arts) vala "bC'Yatiec" cua cac ki~n truc SU'.Ml,lcdich chinh cua TK£>Tc6 th~ se khong mangnhi~u tinh xa hoi ho~c kinh t~ chinh trioTrong h~u h~t thi~t k~ cua TK£>Tit nhi~ud~u c6 mang hO'ihU'ang cua cai d~p, trong TKBT cua nhC'YngngU'CYitheo trU'cyngphai h~u duy 19(Neo-rationalism) ho~c phi c~u truc (Deconstructionism), cai d~p l<;iidU'Q'cbi~u hi$n qua nhC'Ynghinh hoc ky ha va Sl,!'cach gian trong khong gian d~nd~n ngU'CYiSLPdl,lng doi khi khong danh gia h~t cai d~p rna nhU'cyngcho l<;iichonhC'Yngchuyen gia trong ngh~ ho~c nhC'YngngU'CYidU'Q'chU'ang thl,l n~n giao dl,lccao hO'nchiem nghi$m.

3- TK£>TnhU' la qua trinh giai quy~t cac v~n d~ cua do thi: £>ayla quan di~m dangchi~m U'u th~ a Vi$t Nam hi$n nay (va a cac nU'ac phU'O'ngTay th~p ky 60-70).£>ayla qua trinh dl,!'avao kinh nghi$m da tich lay la chu y~u. a phU'O'ngTay traiqua nhi~u giai dO<;inlich SLPda c6 nhC'Yngghi chep va cong trinh nghien cCrud~y duv~ cac cong trinh TK£>Tdo d6 hOc6 r~t nhi~u nhC'Yngd~n chCrngCl,lth~ d~ rut kinhnghi$m cho cac cong trinh thi~t k~ sau nay. Moi v~n d~ cua do thi dU'cyngnhU'd~uit hay nhi~u da c6 nhC'Yngti~n 1$trU'ac d6, nghien cCruhoc hoi, rut kinh nghi$m lav~n d~ then ch6t cua dong tU'tU'ang nay. a Vi$t Nam thi moi thCrdU'cyngnhU'd~umai m~c dLl cac v~n d~ nay da dien ra a cac nU'ac khac cach day vai chl,lc nam.£>ayla di~u rna giai chuyen mon thU'cyngtruy~n mi$ng cau mieu ta r~t chinh xaccong vi$c cua nhC'YngngU'CYithl,!'cnghi$m chu nghia a Vi$t Nam la "thLP,sai, sLPa".

4- TK£>TnhU' la thi~t k~ cong d6ng (Community design): la mot v~n d~ con mai ngayca dOi vai cac nU'ac phU'O'ngTay. NhU'da phan tich a tren, v~n d~ xa hoi la motph~n khong th~ thi~u dU'Q'ctrong TK£>Tva cong Cl,lxa hoi ben c<;inhcong Cl,llu~tphap la hai cong Cl,llam vi$c chu y~u cua TK£>T.Trong xa hoi cac thanh ph~n xahoi phai dU'Q'ctham gia d~y du trong qua trinh lam TK£>T.Vai tro cua cong d6ng laquan trong trong qua trinh lam chinh sach va dU'ara quy~t dinh. £>6la 19do vi saoc6 trao lU'umai nay. Tuy nhien, trao lU'uthi~t k~ nay n~u khong c~n th~n thi se rO'ivao Sl,!'thoa hi$p giC'Yacac phe phai ho~c tra thanh cai rna ngU'CYiSLPdl,lngn6i muOnhO'nla cai ho muOnn~u ho bi~t nhC'Yngkha nang thay th~ tOthO'nkhac dang t6n t<;ii.

Phan lo~i cong vi?c cua TKf)TTren thl,!'c t~ TK£>TdU'Q'clam vi$c trong cac trU'cynghQ'pnhU': (1) NO'ingU'CYi

thi~t k~ ho~c nh6m thi~t k~ thl,!'chi$n toan bo cong vi$c thi~t k~ tCrA d~n Z. (2) TrU'cynghQ'pthi~t k~ dU'Q'clam chu y~u a mot giai dO<;in,dU'ai Sl,!'chu tri cua mot TK£>Tgia vangU'CYid6 se chiu trach nhi$m cho toan bo qua trinh thi~t k~ con l<;ii,vai nhi~u thi~t k~gia ho~c nhi~u nh6m thi~t k~ va cac nha phat tri~n cLIng tham gia. (3) TrU'cynghQ'pngU'CYithi~t k~ do thi nhU' la ngU'CYithi~t k~ cO'sa h<;it~ng. (4) TK£>Tchi phl,l trach v~nd~ thi~t k~ cac 9 cO' ban ban d~u va dU'a ra nhC'YnghU'ang d~n d~ thl,!'c hi$n dU'Q'cnhC'Yngnhi$m Vl,lthi~t k~ ban d~u, doi khi cOngdU'ara ca nhC'YnghU'angd~n mang tinhchi ti~t Cl,lth~ cho tCrngtoa nha. Theo Giao sU'Jon Lang mot trong nhC'YngngU'CYitienphong trong linh VI,!'CTK£>Tthi cho trU'cynghQ'pd~u tjen gQi la t6ng thj~t k~ gia (Totaldesigner), trU'cynghQ'pthCrhai la thi~t k~ do thi t6 hQ'p(AII-of-a-Piece Urban design),trU'cynghQ'pthCrba la ngU'cyjTKBT nhU' la ngU'cyjthi~t k~ cua cO'sa h<;it~ng (Urbandesigner as designer of infrustructure), va trU'cynghQ'pcuOicLIngla ngU'CYithi~t k~ do thinhU' la ngU'cyjthi~t k~ nhC'YnghU'ang d~n thi~t k~ (Urban designer as designer ofguidelines for design)

5

(1) TKf)T gia niur la ngU'&i thi(Jt k(J teen b¢ (Total designer): d6 la khi ngU'ai thiet k~hoac nh6m thi~t k~ phai thi~t k~ toan b¢ cong trlnh, dU'a ra nhCrng quyet dinh cua toanb¢ qua trlnh thuc hien dl)' an. C6 th~ n6i ngU'ai thiet k~ va nh6m thiet k~ S8 thiet k~ t~tca tCr lon d~n nho tCr "thanh ph6 d~n cal g~t tan". Trong thuc t~ hien nay chunq ta c6r~t It nhCrng cong trlnh thiet k~ qui hoach theo ki~u nay. Ngay ca tren th~ gi&i cOng r~thiem va chi xay ra each day vai ba chuc narn, Radburn, New Jersey va "Green belttown" tCr nhCrng narn 30 la nhCrng VI du di~n hlnh cho toai nay. (y nuoc ta, do co ch~chinh sach, viec thu t6m toan b¢ thi~t k~ do thi & cac cong trlnh I&n vao m¢t ca nhanhay nh6m thi~t k~ la r~t kh6 c6 th~ dien ra. Thong thU'ang cac cong trlnh S8 la Sl)' t6hQ'p cua nhi~u cong ty va nh6m thi~t k~, nghia la chi rO'ivao trU'ang hQ'p th(f hai va ba.m nhien, hi$n nay chung ta c6 nhCrng th~ lo~i thi~t k~ do thi I&n ma ngU'ai chu d~u tU'va xay dl)'ng la m¢t va vo hlnh chung nhCrng cong ty nay SLrdl,mg luon cac dO'n vi thi~tk~ cua hQ nhU' HUD, Vinaconex vv. Tuy nhien th~ lo~i thi~t k~ nay hay dan d~n Sl)' dO'ndi$u, gi6ng nhau trong thi~t k~. 8i~u nay th~ hi$n r~t ro trong cac cong trlnh thi~t k~ dothi g~n day ma chu d~u tU', xay dl)'ng va thi~t k~ la m¢t.

2- Thi(Jt-k(J(fa thi t6 hQ'p (AII-of-a-piece urban design): thU'ang dU'Q'clam b&i m¢t dO'n vithi~t k~. HQ thi~t k~ & giai do~n d~u va so~n ra nhCrng yeu c~u va hU'&ng dan cho cacki~n truc SU',cac nha phat tri~n, cac dO'n vi thi~t k~ khac tham gia trong qua trlnh thi~tk~ v~ sau. TrU'ang hQ'p nay la ph6 bi~n va cho phep Sl)' da d~ng trong thi~t k~ do thi.Tuy nhien, cac TK8T theo ki~u nay thU'ang c6 Sl)' ch6ng cheo v&i trU'ang hQ'p th(f 3 vath(f 4. SI)' khac bi$t chu y~u hi$n nay cho trU'ang hQ'p d~u tien la: ngU'ai TK8T ho~cnh6m thi~t k~ do thi S8 lam vi$c nhU' ngU'ai ki~m tra t6 hQ'p I~i t~t ca cac d6 an thi~t k~khac nh~m d6ng b¢ va phu hQ'p v&i thi~t k~ cua nh6m ban d~u d~ ra. C6 18cong trlnhthi~t k~ I&n va n6i ti~ng & d~ng nay dU'Q'cthl)'c hi$n g~n day la cong vien Parc de laVillette & Pari dU'Q'cbi~t d~n nhU' la cong trlnh tieu bi~u theo trU'ang phai phi c~u truc(Deconstructionist) , ngU'ai thi~t k~ chlnh cho cong trlnh nay la Bernard Tschumi. Thi~tk~ cua cong vien Parc de la Villette dl)'a vao r~t nhi~u cac thi~t k~ cua tCrng ki~n trucSU'n6i ti~ng nhU'ng t~t ca d~u theo nhCrng nguyen t~c thi~t k~ cO' ban dU'Q'cdU'a ra baiBernard Tschumi.

3-NgU'&i thi(Jt k(J (fa thi nhU' la ngU'&i thi(Jt k(J cO' sa h? tang ki(Jn tr(tc(The urbandesigner as designer of infrustructure): CO' so h~ t~ng ki~n truc nhU' khong gian congc¢ng, cong vien, dU'ang xa, trl,l so cO' quan, b$nh vi$n trU'ang hQc vv la nhCrng co soh~ t~ng quan trQng hlnh thanh b¢ m~t do thi. Co so h~ t~ng hlnh thanh qui ho~ch d~tSLrdl,lng, d6ng thai k~t hQ'pv&i cac cong trlnh c6 tren d6 t~o ra khong gian do thi va dov~y la m¢t ph~n cong vi$c cua ngU'ai thi~t k~ do thi. (y My hay Uc thl vi$c thi~t k~ giaothong dU'Q'cTK8T nghien c(fu va coi trQng nhi~u nh~t do nhCrng thanh tl)'U hQd~t dU'Q'ctrong cong ngh$ giao thong. 8a c6 nhCrng thi~t k~ thanh ph6 chu trQng vao m~ng 1U'&igiao thong va phU'O'ngti$n SLrdl,lng nhCrng nam 70-80 nhU' thanh ph6 0 to (Car city). (ynU'&c ta do nhCrng h~n ch~ v~ kinh t~ cOng nhU' trlnh d¢ ky thu~t, thi~t k~ cO' so h~t~ng bi coi nh~ va chi con dO'n gian nhU' v~ch dU'ang, V8 c~u tren khla c~nh thi~t k~cong trlnh dO'n thu~n ma quen di y nghia khong gian do thi tren b~ di$n r¢ng hO'n.

4-NgU'&i thi(Jt k(J (fa thi nhU' la ngU'&i thi(Jt k(JhU'&ng dan thi(Jt k(J (The urban designer asdesigner of guidelines for designer): la cong vi$c g~n v&i ngU'ai lam qui ho~ch va lac~u n6i giCra chlnh sach va thi~t k~ ki~n truc cua m¢t khu VI)'C.Trong th~ lo~i thi~t k~hU'&ng dan, ngU'ai thi~t k~ do thi phai dU'a ra dU'Q'c nhCrng dinh hU'&ng ho~t d¢ng r5rang cho TK8T trong tCrng giai do~n phai lam gl, chi ti~t hU'&ng dan, phan lo~i va quidinh thi~t k~ cho tCrng th~ lo~i nha, hay cong trlnh. (y Vi$t Nam nhCrng hU'&ng dan thi~tk~ qui ho~ch chi ti~t c6 nhi~u nhU'ng ph~n I&n la chung chung khong Cl,l th~ dan d~nngU'ai thl)'c hi$n mu6n hi~u nhU' th~ nao cOng dU'Q'c.

C6 hai lo~i TK8T theo hU'&ng dan d6 la hU'&ng dan theo qui t~c, chi thi(Prescriptive) va hU'&ng dan theo trlnh dien, bi~u hi$n (Performance).

6

1- TK£)T theo qui tac va chi thi (Prescriptive) dU'Q'chillu nhu la qui dinh gioihan hoac la cac khung c(.rng rna khi thuc hien cac cong trlnh thl ngU'Crithuc hi~n batbuoc phai tuan thu. Thi~t k~ hU'ongdan nay chu y~u lam bang nhCrngvan ban hU'ongdan, dung chCrdll dan giai la chinh. Ph~n nay g~n gi6ng voi cac cong viec cua QH£)T.

2- TK£)T theo trlnh dien va billu hi~n (Performance) la TK£)T theo killu dua ranhCrnghlnh anh, hay nhCrngdl,J'an 'I tU'ang dll hU'ong cac thanh phan tham gia khacco khai nlern cal se thiet k~. Vi du nhu 'I tU'ang thi~t k~ v~ moi trU'Crngb~n vCrngvoicac bieu hien ban ve qui dinh hU'onggio, bong do, tia chieu sang vao nhCrngnoi dU'Q'cxac dinh vv. (y day, TK£)T se lam vi~c chu y~u dl,J'avao cac hlnh ve ho~c bieu d6mang tinh gQ'i'I, sau do trong qua trlnh thl,J'Chi~n se thong qua Sl,J'tU'v~n cua cac dO'nvi thi~t k~, r6i moi co the thl,J'Chi~n dU'Q'c.

Killu th(.r hai co lQ'ia cho chung khong doi hoi nhCrngkillu dang ki~n trucchu~n, Cl,lthll. NhU'ngchung l<;iico nhCrngh<;inch~ nhU'c~n r~t nhi~u Sl,J'trQ'giup, thamgia cua cac thanh ph~n lien quan dll chuylln tai hU'ongdan nay thanh chi ti~t va co theap dl,lngdU'Q'C.

Cac cong vi~c Thi~t k~ do thi t<;iiVi~t Nam• Thh~t k~ cac khu do thj mai: £)a ph~n cac khu do thi moi dl,J'O'cthi~t k~ d~n

tlPng d6 an thi~t k~ nho nh~t dll t<;iOhlnh anh mong mu6n cua cac nha thi~t k~do thi, cac nha quy hO<;ichhay cho chinh ban than chinh quy~n do thi do.Thi~t k~ cac do an Ian:- Khu v'="cnh6 trong Khu f>TM: cac khu nay co the la khu trung tam, khu Vl,J'C

nha a hay mot khu rieng bi~t nao do trong khu £)TM. Co hai cach thi~t k~: thi~t k~ toanbo va xay dl,J'ngtheo dung nhCrnggl da ve ho~c thi~t k~ va xay dl,J'ngh~ thong h<;it~ngva dung cac hang dan.

- Cai t~o nang cap do thj: cac cong trlnh bi pha huy do chi~n tranh, khongcon phu hQ'pvoi cuoc s6ng hi~n d<;iinen c~n cal t<;iOchlnh trang theo nhCrngd<;ingd6an TK£)T

- Phat tri~n khu v'="c ngo~i 0: Trong qua trlnh do thi hoa cac do thi Ian vaCl,J'Clan, nhu c~u v~ di chuylln cac nha may, KCN hay bung no dan s6 trong khu Vl,J'Cnoi do se doi hoi vi~c rna rong ra ngo<;ii0 cac khu Vl,J'Cxay dl,J'ngmoi nh: cac KCN t~ptrung, cac Khu do thi moi, cac khu nghl cu6i tu~n hay cac khu cong vien ngo<;ii0 (ho~cchuyen d~).

Ngoai ra con co mot d<;ingd6 an d~c bi~t khac TK£)T - cac khu cong vien ch(.rcnang d~c bi~t/chuyen d~. Cac khu Vl,J'Cnay se dQ'ct<;iOra bang cac dl,J'an tong hQ'pbaogbm tLr qui hO<;ichSLrdl,lng d~t, to ch(.rc khong gian, dl,J'an d~u tU', va thU'CrngdU'Q'Cthi~t k~ chi ti~t cho d~n tLrngcong trlnh nho

7

Khu do th! m(ji My Dlnh, Ha N9i­Viet Nam la mot VI du ve loai do anc6'th~ ap dl;JngphLtdngthLic TK£>T.

Vi trl cua TKf)T trong h~ th6ng qui ho~ch phat tritJnTK£>Ttrong qui hoach do thi a mOinuoc e6 vi tri khac nhau. (J day chung ta

se nghien cou he thOngqui hoach cua mot 50 nuoc d~ tham khao xem TK£>Tse thamgia vao cap do nao trong he thOng do thi, ue va My la nhCrngnU'Qocphat tri~n e6 hethOng quan Iy qui hoach kha hoan ehinh trong khi d6 Vi~t Nam va Trung QuOedangtrong giai dean thuc hien va hoan ehinh quan Iy he thOngqui hoach,

Vi tri cua TK£>Ttrong he thOngqui hoach cua Trung QuOe:

District PI1Ini.ng:Slilitlliii

Detailed PIlRling far OntrclmI~iiiii

Detailed p~ focOnstncttmlJimimiiiii

'-- __ y ArchitecWre l ~ &s~

~t

UP = Lord llse Pi","", UP == 1.lrhvl Hierarchical Pl~

C::J ~ SystanC:J 00jUse Plaming Systan

8

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BAN QUI HOACH KUALA LUMPUR (Ol1 KIENPHAT TRn~N£lEN NAM 2020 - QUI HO~CH CO CAU)

.n.~

AMIII··Uma...... ·.. 'IIIdIPUfI.:21

::"¥l"'.wAUII'USIJlKftIIIIILM_

Trung Qu6c da co nhCrngbuoc san~ tao khi van dl,mgTK£>Tvao trong cac quitrinh qui hoach, Trong so d6 tren, ta co the thay la TK£>TdU'Q'cnghien CLPUngay &nhCrngbuoc d~u tien & tl I~ Ion, trong qui hoach vung va thanh ph6 voi tl I~ 1/10000,tai qui hoach chung nay gi6ng nhu qui hoach tOngth~-master plan cua chunq taoTK£>Tchu y~u dCrnglai & nhCrnghinh anh mang tinh dinh hU'ang tU'O'nglai cac do thi hoacnhCrngqui dinh mang tinh chien 1U'Q'c.Xu6ng cac cap dQ qui hoach nho han TK£>Tcling tr& nen chi ti~t va cu th~ han. Trung Qu6c cling co nhCrngphan dinh cac bQcacnqanh quan Iy g~n gi6ng nhu cua taoNhCrngSo' d6 trong mau xanh la cay thuec v~ SI,J'quan Iy cua bQxay dl,J'ng,con nhCrngSo' d6 trong mau tim nh~t I~i thuQcv~ mQtbQrnachLPCnang va nhi~m VI) g~n gi6ng nhU'bQtai nguyen moi trU'cmgnU'ac taoTrong doph~n Ian trach nhi~m v~ quan Iy va phan quy~n 51) dl)ng dat thuQcv~ bQnay.

Qui trlnh I~p thiet ke do thj (mang tinh tham khao)

XAY DV'NG CHINH SACH CAC QUY TRINH KI~M SOAT VA PHEDUYET

£>U'ara ml)C ttu chung va xay dl,J'ngt~m Tha~ var ChUy~nmon (sam)nhin

Khao sat dia diem£>anhgia va khao sat dia di~r

Tham vat ~U'Utien cQngd6ng)Tham van c¢nf dOng

Nhi~m v~ thi~t k~...

9

Xac dinh cac rnuc tieu cu thll va nguyerl-l Itac ~ Quy hoach Ra soat l'tJibao cao xin trlnh duy~t

Xay dl,fng cac qhinh sachd Ra soat~lc;Ji hO s<?, trlnh duy~U... qua/bao faol cac dieu kien di kern

B6 sung hU'&n~ dan thi~t k~ ..

Thl,fC hi~n voi !aC nghi dinh

Theo d6i va phan hOi

Cac k~t

---I Theo d6i k~t qua

Bang tren cho th~y m6i lien h~ giCra viec ra cac chinh sach va hU'&ng dan thiet k~ vaqua trlnh ki~m soat phat trilln. N6 cho th~y su lien h~ mat thiet giCraqua trinh xet duyetben tay phai va qua trlnh lam thiet k~ do thi ben tay trai. Cac qui trlnh nay qua lai va coban cCmgtren mot chu trlnh tLl' xac dinh t~m nhln phan tich qua trlnh phan bi~n X8 hoiI~p cac d~ xu~t Cl,lthllia chinh sach va hU'&ng dan thi~t k~ dung cac cong Cl,lkillm soatdll thl,fC hi~n danh gia lc;Jiqua trlnh thl,fC hi~n.

MUC TIEU CHUNGTu'yen b6 chung ve tU'O'ng lai mong mu6n cLla dja phU'O'ngKhu vl!c rqng Ian va/ho~c khu vl!c Clr'the

cAc MUC TIEU CU THE ~Tuyen b6 chinh x~c hO'n ve mlr'c tieu cLla thi~t k~Co the do lU'ong dU'Q'c hay khong51! tU'O'ng tac giCPamlr'c tieu chung, cac hinh th(l'c, ap Il!c cLla Nha nU'ac, cac giatrj dja phU'O'ng

cAc NGUYEN TAcK~t n6i giCPacac mlr'c tieu Clr'the va hinh th(l'c trong tU'O'ng lai

cAc HU'ONG DAN ~Cu the hoa qua trinh dat dU'O'c muc tieu

~ -----Hinh th(l'c .- Thl!c hien ---.Hinh th(l'c san pham cu6i cung, kich Chat 1U'Q'ngsan pham va cac ho~t dqngthU'ac, cach trinh bay (d~ dang cho (kho danh gia hO'n)viec danh gia)

TU'vANHU'ang dan Clr' the hO'n ve qua trinh d~t 11r'C tieu/giai thich cac tieu chi

cAc QUY TRiNHT~am djnh, tham van, dU'a ra nhi~m vir' thl~t k~, tU'van, minh hQa, danh gia

CONG CU THU'C HIENCac kho~n tai 'trQ', klem soat, hi~p djnh, lu~t, phan vung ...

10

, ?

cac h~ thong chuan mang tinh mieu tavan bane prescritive standard)

,• Vi du cua h~ thong mieu ta van ban

,• chien eao eve dai 9,5m• mat dQ xay dung .65: 1

,? ,• khoang lui toi thieu m~t pho 6 m

, ?

• khoang lui toi thieu so voi dirong ehu vi 1,5

Trong thi~t k~ do thi viec xac dinh dU'Q'ccac tam nhin va cac rnuc dich cu th~ la quantronq nhat vi tl,l' nhCrngrnuc dich tarn nhin nay thl chunq ta m&i bi~t nhiem vu cuachung ta can lam gi va tLr cac nhiern vu cu th~ chunq ta phai dU'a ra esc nguyen t~cthi~t k~ co ban d~ hoan thanh cac nhiem vu nay. TLrcac nguyen t~c thiet k~ chung tac6 th~ dU'a ra esc hU'&ngd~n thi~t k~ co ban mot ben r~t cu th~ de hinh dung nhU'ngIc;lidoi khi cLrngnh~c va d~ Ic;liit khong gian cho sang tc;lO(prescriptive) mot ben thi r~tlinh dong kh6 tham nh~p hO'nva danh nhi~u khoang tr6ng cho sang tc;lO(performance).

, ""',hinh thuc mieu ta bang bieu dien chat

lUQl1g( performance standard)

• Vi dv cua hinh thuc chu~n nay( vi dv vS anh sang 4r nhien• Nhi~rn V\l d~t ra: cac khu V\l'Ca va khu khong gian rna canhfin nen nh~n duQ'canh sang 4r nhien hQ'Ply

• Hinh thuc chu~n rnieu til biSu diSn chftt luQ'llg:• Cac nha a nen duQ'cthiSt kS nh~rn rnvc dich cac phong a va

50% cac khong gian rna ca nhfin nh~n duQ'C3 tiSng chiSusang rn~t trai tir 9 giO'sang dSn 3 gia chiSu gifra mila dong

11

National design conceptualizationToward an By design, Urban Urban design Better Places toUrban design in Compendium Live, By Designrenaissance System(2001 ) (2000) (2001 )(1999)

Sustainable Building to last Adaptability( su' Manage the Adaptabilityurban Sustainable thich lfng) investment Maintenancedesign( thiilt kil buildings Design for Sustainability( Sl,l'b~n vCrng) Environmental change( su quan thich lfng, va Sl,l'

Responsibility( B Iy dau tu cho Sl,l' b~n vCrng)~n vCrng} thay d6i)

Townscape( Can Context scale Character( tinh Work with the Structureh quan d~c and character( each) landscape( lam Detail ( chi tiilttrunq) b6i canh ty Ie, va viec vcYicanh cau true)

tinh each) quan)Urban form( cau Optimizing land Continuity and Mix forms( Sl,l' Space ( khongtrue va hinh truro use and density( enclosure ( tinh pha tron da nang) gian)do thi) hop Iy hoa SLr lien tuc dong rno)

dunq d~t va matdo)

Public Public realm ( Quality of public Places for people Parkingrealm( khong khong gian cong realm ( noi ch6n cho Safety ( bai dogian cong cQng) cong) Legibility ( ch~t con ngU'cYi) xe va su' an

1U'Q'ngkhong gian toan)cong cQng va sud~ nhan biet)

Mixed use and Mixing activities Diversity ( Sl,l' Mix uses (da MixTenure( da nang, Mixing tenures ( phong phu) chuc nang) Amenityda danq) Sl,l'pha tron hoat Community (su'

dong va ngU'cYi da danq cac tienSLrdl,lng) ich cong cQng)

Connection and Access and Ease of Make MovementMovement( kilt permeability ( Sl,l' movement( Sl,l'd~ connections( tc;lo Layout ( cac m~tn6i va chuylm tham nh~p va dang trong di ra Sl,l'kilt n6i) b;j)ng v~ didong) tham th~u) chuy~n) chuy~n)Application to Site and setting ( Application to 8 Enrich the Place( nhCrngcontext( hien v~ thU'c dia va aspects of urban existing ( lam yilu t6 v~ khutrc;lngva b6i cac b6i c~nh form ( nhCrng yilu giau v~ thl,l'c Vl,l'c)canh) thl,l'c trc;lng) t6 lien quan diln trc;lng)

8 thanh t6 v~ c~utruc do thO

.A . .... ... AMI:ICtleu chung cua thlet ke do th!

Trong bang so sanh cac ml,lCtieu chung cua thiilt kil do thi phia dU'cYi:chung ta co th~hi~u dU'Q'cr;j)ng Thiilt kil do thi chu yilu giai quyilt cac v~n d~ v~ v~n d~ b~n vCrng, v~nd~ ban s~c va canh quan d~c trU'ng, c~u truc va hinh thlfC do thi, khong gian ma, Sl,l'da dc;lng,kilt n6i va chuy~n dong, ton tr<;>nghien trc;lngva b6i canh.

12

Lam tang ClJong nhiJng d~c tfnh trong canh quan va khong11----+1 gian do thj qua Sl,Idap (tng va nangcao ki~umau/hinh d~ng1 cua van hoa, canh quan va phat tri~n mang tinh dja phl10ngI Character - Elac tinhLanol mang nhieu djnh d~ng lieng

Continuity and enclosure - Tinh lientl:lCva ranh gidiLanol rna khong gian - ranh gioi giltakhonggian cong cl;'>ngdl1c;lCphan bi$t mot, h - ,

Lamtang cl10ngtfnh lien tuc cua mat d(tng cac dl10ngphova Sl,Iphan chia cua cac khonggian phat tri~n dl1c;lCxac djnh

I----~ moteach ra rang khvuc cong cl;'>ngva tl1nhan

cac ro rangLamtang cl10ngnang cao chat 111gn,9khong gian cong cl;'>ng

Qpality of the p'ublic realm - Chat lU'qng vacac tuyen dl10ngla nol th~t Sl,Ihap dan, an toan, khOngchia cat, va hoat dl;'>ngml;'>teach hieu qua doi vOitat cacua khu VU'Cdit cong manh phan trong X8hl;'>ibao gam ca nhiJngngl10ikhuyet~t,

Lanol vOirihieu khu Vl,lCmang Sl,Ihap danva ngl10icao tu6i.

va thanh cona

Lamnang cao kha nang tiep ~n de dang va mangd~m tfnhEase of movement - De dang clla dich dja phl10ngbbi vi$c lam khu vl,lCd6 ket noi gilta chung vOichuyin: La noi de dang den va chuy~n di nhauva de dang djch chuy~n qua, d~t con ngl10itrlloc van

de giao thong va sa dl,lngdat hgp nhat

Legibility - Ra rang, minh b,ch Lamtang ClJongtfnh ra rang qua vi$c cung cap Sl,Inh~n di$nLanoi c6 hinh anh ra rang va de hi~u. ml;'>tcach ra rang dl1ong,giao cat, di~m nhan khOnggian

nhamgiup ngl10idan tim dl1gch110ngde dang.AdaptabilityKha nang chap nh~n Lamtang kha nang chap nh~n qua vi$c phat tri~n dap (tngLanoi c6 th~ thay d6i ml;'>tcach de dang dl1c;lCSl,Ithay d6i dieu ki$n kinh te, ki thu~t va X8hl;'>i.

Diversity - da d,ngLamtang cl10ngtfnh da d~ng va sl,I Il,IachQnqua vi$c hanLanOic6 nhieu cach Il,IachQnkhac nhau

vada d~ng hgpnhiJngphat tri~n va sa dl,lngtl10ngthfch doi vOivi$c ~ora nhiJngnoi dap (tng dl1c;lCSl,Ican thh3tcua dja ph110ng.

Bang nQi dung phin tich va ban va cAn di phl;l VI;I ml;lc ti9U chung ella thiet ke dothi

TINHf)AOme.I.i~G --'-- ......... !FH· ,CAc flAC TINH TV'NHIEN1-Cac canh quan tl,l' NO'i nghil~n ClfU co cac kieu canh quan gi?nhien va ki~u dang2-Kieu dang dja hinh NO'i nghien ClfU co dja hinh gi? cho nao cao cho nao thap?3-Ve nU'&c NU'&c co a dau? Chung chay th~ nao? (Ke ca song, suoi, h6 ao,

dam, va cac giai phan 104-dat va nen dat flat, da nema khu Vl,l'Cnghien ClfU la gi?5-H~ sinh thai h~ sinh thai cua khu Vl,J'Cla gi? Chung t6n t~i va phat trien nhU'

th~ nao6-Cay va cac hang rao Cay coi va cac hang rao cay dU'Q'ctim thay t~i khu Vl,J'Cla gi?cay dja di~m? Giong loai? diE§uki~n nao? Kich co? Cac thlf tl,J'bao

v~?7-Khi h~u Khi h~u cua khu Vl,J'Cnghien ClfU thuQc 10<;likhi h~u gi? Gio chu

d~o cac mua la gi?a-Vi khi h~u Cac vi khi h~u t<;licac khu Vl,J'Cnghien ClfU Cl,Jthe la gi? Vi dl,J

nhU' gio thai ti~t, cac khu Vl,J'Ct~o gio hinh pheu, cac hU'&ng giol<;Inh,cackhu Vl,J'Cl<;Inhgia nho, nhCrng_vOn_gam U'&t?

9- Sl,J'djnh hU'&ng HU'&ng nao khu Vl,J'Cnghien ClfU doc ve? hay hU'&ng nao khuVl,J'Cnghi€m ClfU quay vE§hU'&n_g_m~t trai?

CAC fll~U KIl;N DOCON NGU'OI

13

t-Cac vung bien, pharn dau la pharn vi ranh gioi cua khu vue nghien CLYu?vi, ranh gioi2-Khu vue Dau la khu vue can dU'Q'cquan tam(Ha)3-0 nhiem d~!t D~t khu vue nao bi 0 nhiem? Cai gi lien quan d~ lam chunq

sach lai?4-Ham mo, Due khoet Khu vue nghien CLYUco cho nao b] dao ngamngam5- 0 nhiem khong khi va Cho nao bi 0 nhiem khong khi va nguOn nuoc? Cal gi lien quannguOn nuoc d~ lam giam 0 nhiem hay lam khu vue trong sach tr6' lai?6-Ch~t 1U'Q'ngth~m my Khu vue nao va dia diem nao co cac di~m h~p dan?7-Tieng On Khu vue va dla di~m nao chiu 0 nhiem on, Cai gi lien quan lam

giam ti~ng On?8-Lich SLrphat trien Lich SLrphat trien khu vue la gi?9-Cac hinh thLYC6' Cac hinh thLYCkhu ph6 la gi? mat bang nhu the nao?10-Khao co hQc Co khu Vl,l'Cnao can dieu tra khao co11-Cac d~c di~m van Cai gi la d~c trU'ng v~ cach ngU'CYidan s6ng hi~n tc;tiva qua khLYhoa va di tfch12-lich SLrdia phU'O'ng Khia cc;tnhIjch SLrdia phU'O'nggi co kha nang lien quan d~n

tU'O'nglai phat tri~n13-Cac Sl,I'ki~n va Ie hoi NhCrng hoc;ttdong va Ie hoi gi nen chu y cho tU'O'nglai phat triem14-Ten cac khu Vl,l'C Ten cac khu Vl,l'Cdang chu y lien quan den tU'O'ng lai phat trien15-Nien giam thong ke NhCrng th6ng ke nao dang chu y lien quan d~n khu Vl,l'Cdang

nghien CLYUCO~G TRINH KIENTRUC1-Mau sac va cac hoc;t NhCrng gi la cac mau sac hoc;tti~t kien truc dien hinh trong khuti~t trang tri Vl,l'Cnghien CLYU2-M~t dLYng Cac kieu dang m~t trU'oc toa nha dien hinh cua khu Vl,l'Cla gi?3-Cac cau thanh cua toa Cach SLrdl,lng d~c trU'ng cac c~u thanh cua toa nha vi dl,l nhU'nha, cua s6 cua s6, cua ra vao, mai dua,4-Nhip di~u va cac mau Cac qui lu~t va tr~t tl,l' tOn tc;titren ph65-Cac chi ti~t Cac chi ti~t va v~t li~u SLrdl,lng thU'cyngdU'Q'CngU'CYidan SLr

dl,lng trong khu Vl,l'Cthich thu6-V~t li~u dia phU'O'ngva Cac v~t Ii~u truy~n thong 6' dia phU'O'ngva trong khu Vl,l'Cla gi?khu Vl,l'C7-Tinh ban dia Cac nha thau lam vi~c ho~c da xay dl,l'ng theo cach truyen

th6ng rieng nhU' th~ nao?8-DO tuoi cac cong trinh Cac tu6i cong trinh trong khu Vl,l'Ccan nghien CLYU9-Cac khu Vl,l'Cbao ton Khu Vl,l'Cnao bao tOn? d~c diem va tfch d~c trU'ng?10- Cac cong trinh kien Trong khu Vl,l'Cco toa nha hay cong trinh ki~n truc nao co giatruc tri?SV' UE:N TVC VA TINHD6NG MO'1-Tinh lien tl,lC Cac day hay hang cac cong trinh kien truc co lien tl,lc? Co cac

khoang tr6ng va khoang lui b~t binh thU'cyngnao lam m~t tfnhlien tl,lc?

2-Sl,I' dong m6' NhCrng chi tiet, cong trinh hay d~c diem gay cam giac bao Ic;tihay dong Ic;ticua mot khong gian?

3-Diem nhin phia sau Co cac cong trinh nao di~n phia sau doi di~n voi khong giancong Cong bao gOm ca dU'cyng?

4-M~t ti~n Cac m~t tien cac day nha hay cong trinh hoc;ttdong hay khongco hoc;ttdong?

CHAT LU'Q'NG CUAcAc KHCNG GIAN

14

.€ONG €O~~}i "<

1-8i be roi Co khong gian cong cong nao hay cac dU'ong giao thong bi beroi hay khong chu y t&i trong khu VI,l'Cnqhien cuu?

2-Cac canh quan cLl'ng Ch~t 1U'Q'ngcua I~ dU'ong, via he, tU'ong, b~c thang, bo dOc?3-Cay tr6ng Cac khu VI,l'Ctr6ng cay, ce nhu the nao?4-Cac trang thiet b] Cac bien bao, ghe ng6i, thunq rae, CQCbuoc tau thuyen, cacdU'ong phO nap hOga, cac 1U'&isat gOc cay, hang rae5-cac cong trlnh kien Ch6 dQ'i xe buyt, cac cua hang kiot, qu~y ban hang, cac diemtrue nhe hU'O'ngdan du lich, cac cau di bo, cac den hieu, va cac loai cong

trinh hien co trong khu VI,l'Cnqhien cuu?6-An ninh va tfnh an Cac trang thiet bi tang tfnh an toan va dam bao an ninh khu VI,l'Ctoan7-bao dU'cYngOUY TU Lam the nao de co nhCrng khu VI,l'Cde dang dl lai de duy tu bao

quan$V' DE [)~~G rHO 01CHUY~N1-Giao thong cong cong Cac tuyen giao thong cong cong va cac diem d6?2-H~ thOng dU'ong Cac h~ thOng dU'ong lien ket nhU' the nao?3-Kha nang xam nh~p Kha nang ho~c tiem nang xam nh~p cho cac phU'O'ngti~n giao

thong, bao g6m ca xe d~p xe may va tuyen di bO?4-Cac diem d6 xe H~ thOng d6 xe?5-Cac tuyen di bO NgU'oi dan khu VI,l'CthU'ong di bo & dau? NO'i nao hQthich di

t' .?0'1.6-Xe d~p NhCrng ti~n ich cho xe d~p & dau?7-Cac dl,l' an giao thong NhCrng dl,l' an nao da va dang trien khai tren khu VI,l'Cnghien

CLl'U8-8anh gia giao thong cO cac danh gia giao thong khong?9-Cac ke ho~ch qui CO hay khong va nhU' the nao?ho~ch cho cac tuyen dulich xanh1O-Ch~t 1U'Q'ngkhong Cac ch~t 1U'Q'ngkhong khi anh hU'&ng the nao den cac tuyenkhi giao thong dU'~ll,l'a chQn?§Y'.OEHli~t..J/VA ••RORANG1-Cac hinh tU'Q'ngva Sl,l' Cac hinh anh, hinh tU'Q'ngdU'Q'cnhan biet qua ngU'oi khach dunh~n biet khu VI,l'C lich va ban than ngU'oi sOng & khu VI,l'Cnghien CLl'Ula gi?2-Cac diem nhin Cac diem nhin tLl' cac diem CI,Jthe va xung quanh khu VI,l'C

nghien CLl'U3-Cac diem nhin chien Cac diem nhin tLl'mot khoang cach xac dinhva khoang cach do1U'Q'c la bao nhieu?4-Vistas( Cac hanh lang Co cac hanh lang nhin xuyen qua cac diem nhan do thi?nhin)5-8iem nh~n Cong trinh ho~c toa nha nao la diem nh~n noi b~t trong khu VI,l'C

nghien cLl'u?6-8U'ong chan troi NhCrng toa nha nao co the nhin thay noi b~t tren dU'ong chan

troi7-Canh quan mai nha cO nhCrng diem nhin mai nha tLl' khu VI,l'Cnghien CLl'Uva d~c

trU'ng tinh ch~t clla mai nha trong khu VI,l'C8-Cac c&a ngo Co cac khu VI,l'Clam c&a ngo dU'Q'ckhong?9-Cac ngU'cYngc&a Cac khu VI,l'Ct~i khu ranh gi&i co the la cac diem ho~c ranh gi&i

clla Sl,l'thay dbi10-Cac dU'ong bien Cac dU'ong bien va la chan co trong khu VI,l'Cla gi?11-Cac diem nut giao NO'i nao la cac diem nut giao thong hay cac tuyen giao thongthong t~p trung?

15

TINH SfS.HICHNGftll NhCrng mat hay khla canh nao cua khu Vl,J'Choac nhCrng congtrinh ki~n true mang tinh thich nghi cao?

TiNH f>A DANG NhCrngm~t hay khia canh nao cua khu Vl,J'Choac nhCrng congtrinh ki~n true mang tinh da d~ng va da chLPCnang

SV' TAP. TRUNG\/A NhCrngmat hay khla canh nao cua khu Vl,J'Choac nhCrng congTINHHIJ;U QUA trinh ki~n true dong gop vao viec SLrdl,mg nang 1U'Q'ngtich kiern

va hieu qua1-Nang 1U'Q'ngmat trai Cac co hoi SLrdunq anh sang tl,J'nhien, tap trung anh sang mat

trai, cac pin mat troi, hoac nang 1U'Q'ngdia nhiet b~ng cac mayborn

2- NU'&c Cac co hoi giam thi~u do rl nuoc, giam thieu rui ro v~ 10lut, andtang cU'angtai SLrdunq nuoc thai, SLrdl,lngcac h$ th6ng nuoctuan hoan lam mat nha

3-Gio Lam th~ nao de SLrdl,lngnang 1U'Q'nggio nhU'la mot nguennang 1U'Q'ng?

4-Rac thai Tang cU'angSLrdl,lngcac v~t li$u co the tai SLrdl,lngva h~n ch~v~t lieu kho tai ch~?

CACHA TANG K'y' Co nhCrngcO'hoi nao co the t~p trung SLrdl,lngd~t v&i giaoTHUATVA TIENIcH thong va cac moi trU'ang tl,J'nhien?f>U'ang Cac dU'angnao g~n ho~c ngay c~nh khu Vl,J'Cc~n nghien CLPUf>iadi~m Co cac ti$n ich va dich VI,Inao 0' khu Vl,J'Cdang nghien CLPu?Kha nang phl,lcVI,I KHa nang phl,lcVI,Icua cac lo~i hinh dich vl,I?Baogem ca di$n,

nU'&c,gas, cap ti vi, internet...

Ml,lc tieu cua thi~t k~ do thi tl,J'Uchung I~i co th~ theo bang tren. Ml,lc dich d~u tien latinh d~c trU'ng.Trong tinh d~c trU'ngthi luon co hai ph~n: ph~n di~u ki$n tl,J'nhien vanhan t~o. Tinh lien tl,lCva Sl,J'dong ma luon dU'Q'ccoi trQngtrong TKf>T. Trong khonggian do thi cac khu d~c trU'ng , m~t ti~n , m~t sau. , nhip di$u cong trinh .. t~t ca c~ndU'Q'cnghien CLPUky lU'angtrong thi~t k~ do thi.Mot trong nhCrngml,lCtieu quan trQng cua TKf>T la t~o ra mot khong gian ma haykhong gian cong cong ch~t 1U'Q'ng-chu y d~n cac thanh t6 t~o dl,J'ngmot khong giancong cong nhU'cac via he tU'Q'ngdai, cac trang thi~t bi dU'ang ph6..vv.Sl,J'd~ hi~u va ra rang lien quan t&i chuy~n dong va chu y~u t~p trung nghien CLPUcact~m nhin, hanh lang nhin cac y~u t6 canh quan thi giac dl,J'atren cac thuy~t v~ thi~t k~do thi cua Kevin Lynch.Tinh thich nghi, tinh da d~ng va Sl,J't~p trung va hi$u qua luon dU'Q'ctinh d~n trongTKf>T. SLr dl,lng nang 1U'Q'ngva hi$u qua nhU'n~ng giO nU'&cva h$ th6ng vi khi h~uluon t~o dl,J'ngmot khong gian do thi b~n vCrng.Cac h~ t~ng ky thu~t va ti$n ich do thi cOng luon dU'Q'cnh~c t&i nhU' la mot phU'O'ngcham luon c~n dU'Q'cquan tam trong thi~t k~ do thi.

NQidung thi~t k~do thj

Phantich thi~t k~do thj.

Mot khau quan trQng nCratrong qui trinh lam thi~t k~ do thi la phan tich thi~t k~ do thid~ tim ra cac v~n d~ khong gian canh quan rbi tLPdo xac dinh dU'Q'ct~m nhin va ml,lCdich. V~ cO'ban trong thi~t k~ do thi co 4 ph~n c~n quan tam- moi trU'ang, chuy~ndong, cac hinh dang ki~n truc du truc do thi, va ho~t dong xa hOi.T~t ca S9dU'Q'cxemxet dl,J'atren khia c~nh khong gian giCracac toa nha va chu y nhi~u d~n linh Vl,J'Ccongcong (public realm).

16

cac d~c diem Chi tiet

hlnh thLPCdo tb] va kiin true cong trlnh cac vi d",

1 chieu cao cong trinh Cao do hien tranq, bao g6m cao do1nen

2 phat trien cac dja di~m - phe duyet cac dja nhCrngdja diem dU'O'cxac dinh va

di~m dl,J'ki€ln phan tich

3 cac cong trlnh va khu VI,J'Cco gia trj v~ mat Cac cong trlnh dU'O'ccong nhan la

lich slf di san va cac cong trlnh co gia tri

khac

4 so li~u hi~n tranq, mat do slf dunq d~t va so li~u trong quy hoach - slf dl,lng

cac mo hinh chia 10 khong anh

5 cac tam nhin va vi~n canh chinh Xac dinh cac cong trinh tronq di~m

va cac vi~n canh chinh vO'i anh

minh hoa

6 nhCrngkhu VI,J'Cco SI,J'thay doi nhCrngkhu VI,J'CdU'O'cxac dinh trong

nhi~m Vl,lthiet k€lva da dU'O'Cphan

tich

Moi trU'ong

7 cac m~ng IU'O'ixanh - cac cong vien, khong Cac cong vi~n hi~n t~i va dl,J'kien,gian rna quang trU'ang va cac 16idi

8 cay xanh dU'ang pho Cay coi hi~n co va cac khu VI,J'Ccay

xanh dm cai t~o

9 dU'ang thuy va cac y€luto m~t nU'O'c hi~n tr~ng va nguyen tr~ng

10 cac h~ th6ng sinh thai va moi trU'ang - gio, ph~m vi anh hU'ang

nang,...

11 thay doi khi h~u Cac khu VI,J'Cbj anh hU'ang khi ml,J'C

nU'O'csong dang len cao hO'n1m

12 quan Iy ngu6n nU'O'cva thoat nU'O'c

Chuyen dQng

13 h~ thong dU'ang ph6 Cac pho chinh hi~n t~i, cac ph6 lienket va dU'ang noi bO

14 bai de xe hien tr~ng va de xuat

17

15 bai do xe va dU'ong pho noi kh6ng duoc do hien trc;mg va d~ xuat bao gbm cac~ h~xe tuyen p 0

16 cuoc song dU'ong pho va cac hoat dong cac diem m~t do cao va cac diem

(ngay va dem) han ch~ hoat dong

17 m~ng lU'oi dU'ong danh cho ngU'oi di bO Hai ben dU'ong va xuyen qua cac

kh6ng gian - cac rao can

Xa h';;i va van h6a18 cac bieu tU'Q'ngvan h6a Nha hat, bao tang

19 cac dich vu va tien Ich trU'ong hoc, benh vien

20 cac khu vue ban Ie Nha clra hang, khu vue bu6n ban,

cac cho trung tam, quan cafe

21 cac khu vue Slr dunq dat va d~c diem

22 gia tr] van h6a

23 khac

18

\

i I,It i

?

Cac qui chuan, ,thiet ke do thiGSTC(urban

designprinciples,Master Plan)

Khu vue trung tiim(Public domain)

Master plan

? ,

Qui chuan thiet,ke va hinh dang,cong trinh kientruc( built form)

?

• kieu loai ,,chieu cao, .va qUI

dinh gi~t,"cap

.....e.... ".-u~n~1lO.u:~.... ... .... ".VtM.... \ ~

Dl,I'atren cac phan tieh theo 4 phan ehinh thl luon co mot 51,1' lien he nhat dinh giCracac rnuc tieu cua thi~t k~ do th] v&i b6n ph~n ehinh cua noi dung thi~t k~ do thi. Tat ea

19

tao ra mot h~ th5ng lien hoan va phuc VI,I cho mot khong gian do thl 3 chieu phuc VI,Icho con ngU'CYi.

N9i dung ban va thh!t k~ do th]:A- Hinh thai ki~n true va eAutrue do th]

Qui chuan thi~t k~ va hinh dang cong trinh kien tnict' builtform)

• kieu loai , chieu cao va qui dinh gi~t c~p• Nghien ciru bong d6

? " ,

Qui chuan thiet ke va hinh dang cong trinh kien truc(built form)

20

? " ,

Qui chuan thiet ke va hinh dang cong trinh kien trucfbuilt form)

Qui chuan thiet k~ va hinh dang cong trinh kien truc( builtform)

M~tc~t mroc1t~t

Mat c~t b~c namft~

M~tc~t bac nam khachsan va thuong mai

Mau d~ng ki~n true, diu true chi~n 1U'Q'ccua mot do thi, cac hU'&ngdan Cl,J the ve mat

do t~ng cao hinh d~ng va the loai cong trinh.

1- Ban va phan tich hi$n tranq cac cong trinh ki~n true d~c trU'ngcac cong trinh bao

M~tc~t shop nho M~tc~t shop nhc>

tbn

2- Ban va cac 0 phOva mau d~ng phOd~c trU'ng

3- Ban va phan tich t~ng cao, mat do

21

4- Ban ve cac 0 phOm~t dung m~t c~t di~n hinh- mau5- Ban ve phan tich tang cao va bong dO8- Giao thong ( Movement)

-------

, ,l'hiet ke do thi voi

giao thong (Movement)

22

, ,Thiet ke do thivoi giao thong(movement)

Nghien CLPU giao thong tang bac, cac nut quan tronq, di~m nhan do thi, cac di~n tuyen

va hanh lang nhin cac giao thong dOinoi va ngoai, giao thong dia phuoO'ngva giao

thong lien khu.

6. San ve lien h~ vung

7. San ve lien h~ khu VI!C

8. San ve phan tlch dOinoi dOinqoai

9. San ve cac giao thong tang b~c

10. San ve cac tuy~n giao thong cong cong, cac toal hinh giao thong chfnh khu VI!C

11. San ve cac di~m nut giao thong, cCrango giao thong quan tronq

12. San ve huocYngtuy~n va cac di~m nhan do thi

13. San do ha tang do thi cac m~t c~t di~n hinh

23

--- _..--- _.\

\

\\\

*- ..._tC'W1WW__ ......~...--:=,- , ,

Thiet ke do thi voigiao thongfmovement)

\

I

,,II

, II I~-~---------------~----JI

c- Khong gian ma va moi trU'C1ng( Environment)

Cac h$ cay xanh, mat nuoc khong gian rno, h$ d¢ng thuc vat, cac dja hinh va dja ch~t

thuy van tl,l'nhien, cac true khong gian k~t nf>i,t~t ca tao thanh mot quan th~ khong

gian ma vi con ngU'cYi.

14. Ban ve phan tfch h$ d¢ng thuc vat

15. Ban ve phan tfch di~u kien tl,l'nhien dja hinh dja tranq- d¢ df>c,d¢ cao, d~c di~m

cau tao n~n dja chat

16. Ban d6 phan tfch thuy van mat nuoc- mat nuoc ng~m va ruroc m~t17. Ban d6 phan tfch cac khong gian cong c¢ng, khong gian ma chfnh trong thj xa

18. Ban d6 phan tfch n~ng gio

19. Ban d6 h~ t~ng do thj

24

v

\H~ thong khong gian

Environment\

I

--..-- \ .. 4 .. ••

0- chue nang SLPdl:lng va cac hoat d9n9

,\

\

\

/

,,f •{

\~-

Cong vien

3 toa nha cong cong

Toa nha giao thong

Toa nha cong cong

Toa nha cong d6ng

, ...,Sir dung dat hon

hQ'P(Socialcui tural acti vities

sir dung chokhuCY

sir dung chonguoi lamviec

Khu buonban le

Khu h6n hQ'Pgifra CYva lamviec

Khu sir dungcho van hoa

25

Trong do hoan toan xet d~n cac ha tang ky thuat va cac dl,l' an chien 1U'Q'canh hU'ong

d~n cac b¢ m~t cua toan thanh ph6, cac hoat d¢ng va chuc nang, theo m~t b~ng cGngnhu true th~ng d(rng.

20- Ban ve phan tlch cac vung van hoa, hoat d¢ng van hoa I~ h¢i d~c trU'ng

21- Ban ve phan tlch cac hoat d¢ng dU'angph6 va hoat d¢ng hang ngay cua th] xa

22- Ban ve cac vung khong gian tam linh

23- Ban ve phan tich m~t cat va m~t d(rng di~n hinh

\\

,~-

,Phan dot dau•

tu( stageddevelopment)

26

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..-~

Cac quan Iy?

phat trien(developmentcontrol) cho,cac khu pho" "cong cong ,

quan ly thu hoi,nuO'c

Cac qui?

chuan quipham sirdung ehorung khu(preeintA)

27

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Cae qui?

ehuan.qUI

pham sird\lngehotlmgkhu(

preeintA)

28

Cae qui?

chuan quipham sirdung ehotirng khufpreeintA)

building typologles_"'rforated building

CaCvi dl;l v~ cac ban ve thi~t k~ do th]:

TK£)T trong h~ thong qui hoach do th] Vi~t nam:

Qua SI)' nghien CLPU vi tri thi~t k~ do thi trong h$ thong do thl cua Uc va Trung Quocchunq ta co thl! thliy dU'Q'cxu hU'&ngchung trong TK va QH do thi. (y ue ro rang laTK£)T chi xuat hi$n nhieu & clip do dia phU'O'ngv&i di$n qui rno vira phai. My cGnggiong nhu Uc ve phU'O'ngdien nay. Ta co thl! hil!u clip do dia phU'O'ng& day chfnh latLr thanh pho tr& xuong, va can~ & clip do nho thi rmrc do chi ti~t trong TK£)T cangcao. Tuy nhien ca Trung Quoc, Uc hay My deu co bO luat hoan chfnh vl! qui hoach vamoi trU'cmg,trong do ghi ro qua trinh lam van ban, chuan bi van ban, SI)' tham gia tuvlin cua cac ben va qui trinh bi~n cac nghien CLPU qui ho~ch thanh lu~t. (y Vi$t Nam,chung ta hien chf co cac van ban cLiaBo xay dl)'ng ve cac qui dinh qui ph~m trong quiho~ch do thi ma dil!n hinh la Nghi dinh 08 va thong tU' 15, Nghi dinh 29 va thong tU'07/2008 va thong tU'08/2007.Cac van bim phap Iy:Hi$n nay trong h$ thong van ban phap Iy cLiaVi$t Nam co thl! h$ thong nhU'sau:Lu~t xay dl)'ngNghi dinh 08/2005 ve quy ho~ch xay dl)'ngNghi dinh 29/2007 ve quan Iy ki~n truc do thiThong tU'0812007 ve HU'&ngd~n I~p, th~m dinh phe duy$t va quan Iy ki~n truc do thiThong tU' 071 2008 ve HU'&ngd~n I~p, th~m dinh phe duyet va quan Iy QHXD( thaythong tU' 15/2005)

Theo de tai nghien CLPU clip bOve thi~t k~ do thi( eN Ths. Ngo Trung Hai) , TK£)T cohai lo~i t~p trung trong h$ thong dOan QHXD & Vi$t Nam

29

NhU' v~y theo d~ tai nghien CLYU nay thl dOan TKflT co th~ lOngghep vcYiquy hoachchung va quy hoach chi tiet, dOngthai la mot dOan rieng biet.

Cac d6 an TKDT: do cac nha TKflT, cac KTS canh quan, cac nha QHflT, cac KTScong trlnh thiet ke. San pham nay co ban co 3 loai khac nhau:- TKDT dU'9'c 16ngghep vao qua trlnh nghien c(J'uQui hoach chung hoac tachrieng trong TKflT t6ng th~. San pharn chu yeu la nhCrngdi~m nhan cua ca Vung do thl.- TKDT dU'9'c 16ng ghep vao cac QHCT dang lam hoac narn rieng trong TKflT khuvue, San pham la nhCrngban ve rflt Cl,J th~ cac khong gian kien true canh quan voi cacyeu to tao thanh,- San pham d6i vai cac d6 an TKDT rieng bi~t cho cac khu vue thuc su' doc thiet kequi hoach theo dl,.l'an doc I~p.Me)hinh la mot san ph~m quan trQngtrong TKflT. flay la mot san ph~m khong th~thieu dQ'ckh thl,.l'chien cac dOan TKflT. Ngoai ra con co nhi~u IQaisan ph~m khac nhVideo, hien thl,.l'cao (Virtual Reality), phim, cong nghe trlnh di~n khac ho~c cac finph~m d~ tuyen truy~n, Ifly y kien cong dOng,trong cac tri~n lam, sach bao,v.v...Cac lo~i san pham khac: San ph~m cua cac lot;iihlnh tren chu yeu lam cO'sa cho cacIQaisan ph~m tiep theo cua TKflT, bao gOm:HU'ang dan, Chinh sach, Ke ho~chth,!c hi~n, Van ban quan Iy nhel nU'ac, ChU'O'ngtrinh dAu tU', d,! an CI;I the.

30

Mot loai san p~m - ban vecua d6 an TKDT cua conq tytu van cua Australia

31

A" "A ? ..2MO HINH LA MOT SAN PHAM QUAN TRONG TRONG

. THIET KE DO THI .

HIl~NTHUC Ao DVIRTUAL REALITY LA MOT CONGcu HI~ND~I £lAC LVC CHO VII~CTHIET'KEVA

PHE DUY~T

Quan di~m hien nay da xac dinhTKDT co th~ ap dl,mgchu y~u trong quy trinhhien hanh v~ Quy hoach Xay dl,J'ngdo thi theo hU'ang16nggheptrong Giai deanQuy hoach chung xay dl,J'ngdo thl (tarn thai)

Thi~t ke do thi trong QHC- Xac c1jnhyeu t6 cho cec khong gian kien true, canh quan ntur cac tam nhinchii yeu trong c10thj, c~u truemf)ng lai giao thong, khu V(.I'C xay dl)'ng nosekhong xay dl)'ng, khu V(.I'C bao ton va cai teo, tinh ch~t esc vung cay xanh, m~tnoc tl)' nhien va nhan teo.- Gc;YiY t6 cturc khong gian cac khong gian mo denh phl)c VI) cong c(jng nturcong vien, QuangtrU'&ngtrung tam, vuon hoa, hinh anh cue m(jt s6 tuyen ph6chinh kern theo cec ban ve minh hoe.

• - Xac c1jnhcac thong s6 ky thu~t nh tang cao trung binh tang cao nh~t, m~t c1(jxay dl)'ng cho cac khu ch(PCnang, ti I~ cay xanh va khoang tr6ng t6i thieu, congtrinh c1iemnh~n quan trQng

• - Phan vung quan IY xay dl)'ng ve kien truc, canh quan.• - f)6i vai cac cong trinh hf) tang can co nhl)ng yeu cau, quy c1jnhCl) the ve vj tri

thich hc;Ypkhong anh hang c1lmcanh quan va moi trang, hinh df)ng kien truc caccong trinh c1aum6i hf) tang ky thu~t n6; va ngam nh ben bai c10xe, nha ga hangkhong, tau h6a, tau c1i~nngam, tau c1jennhf), oto cong c(jng, trf)m xang dau,trf)m xl} IY nac thai, trf)m bam nU'&c,trf)m c1i~nhf) the, trf)m c1jenthQaicongc(jng, c(jt angten thu phat song va cac cong trinh ky thl)at khac. Kh; thiet ke caccong trinh ky thu~t can c1U'Q'Cnghien CLfUket hc;YpgiiFayeu t6 ky thl)at va mythu~t. f)6i va; cac khu V(.I'C san I~p can gil) c1U'Q'chinh dang tl)' nhien ciia khuV(.I'C, tranh san I~p c10inui, rimg cayanh hang c1enmoi trang canh quan va sinhthai

32

• Quan di~m hi~m nay da xac dinhTK£)T co th~ ap dunq chu y~u trong quy trinhhi~m hanh v~ Quy hoach Xay dl,J'ngdo thi thea hU'&ng lOng ghep trang Giaidoan Quy hoach chi ti~t xay dl,J'ngdo thi (tarn thai)

M9t loai hUdngdan trong mot do an Qui hoach d My, da cho thay cacqui dlnh kha ng~t nqheo ve kh6ng gian chieu cao tal cac nut nga tu de

tao ra mot kh6ng gian di b9 cho nguC1idan diroc thuan tien

..

~

2. bamplesnCOcAgn Guiddines

DOC·' 00l00c.....ooc.a 00i00c....2OR(; -c-OMe _~

DMA-IIlIoIm- --­I)H..t~1IJH.2 _2

HUaNG DAN SU PHAT TRIEN KHU TRUNG TAM CUATHANH PHO SEATlE (MY), 1998

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SAl ..~~...,~, ....._,~-.........-~...t.-~~..~~~.1IfIO«~~

.. '*fattluwH_~ .......... ~_,,,-~,

- Thi~t k~ do thi trang QHCT+ Xac c1jnht~m nhin chu y~u trong kh6ng gian khu V(J'C quy hOf)chthea cactuy~n ph{J,t~m cao theo cac hong khac nhau.

33

• + To cturc khong gian kien true cenn quan khu V(J'C tren co sa khai thee cent:quan, dja hinh dja meo va d~c tinh khu V(J'C nh~m xac djnh hinh thai do thj chuyeu;

• + Xac djnh dLPQ'cnhCmghinh khoi, meu scic, hinh d~ng va phong cech kien truechu d~o cue cec cong trinh kien true; khoang cect: toi da, toi thieu giiJ'aceccong trtnh, khoang lui cue cong trinh va tCPtang 3doi voi cac cong trinh caotang, v~t qoc t~i esc nga pho; chi~u cao cong trinh va cec tang va bong do cuacong trinh+ Xac djnh vi tri, gQ'iy hinh d~ng kien true cec ti~n ich do th! (ben xe bu')tt,loi dicho ngU'&iitan t~t, ghe va ban hoa cong c{)ng,met che dQcvia he, c{)t di~n,banv chi dan va cac ti~n ich khac) .+ To chCrckhong gian cho nhOngkhong gian ma (cay xanh cong vien, loi di d~o,tuyen di b{),m~t nac tv nhien va nhan t~o ke ca cac vai phun nac, quang tr&ngva cac cong trinh xung quanh)+ To chCrch~ thong cay xanh tren trtflCpho, trong cac khu chCrcnang, khu congvien nhU'cac chung IQaicay, vj tri trang va ket hQ'pcac v~t trang tri, chieu sangva ket hQ'pvai cac khu cay xanh tv nhien s~n co.

•A:" If "" A. '"KHOI TICH VA HINH DANG CONG TRINH•

86 la: Chieu cao,kholmg lui, d(> chephu, mau sac, h~ soSll' dl:Jng dat hay h~so ve di~n Uch san

Building MassingConcept - City SanFrancisco, My

34

~ A ",.",suCHUYEN DONG VA TINH. .

• + £)a cec giai phap beo tan va phat huy gia tri di tich kien true, di san quoc giava the giai doi voi cec cong trinh kien true, khu V(.I'C cenn quan c6 gia trioMQivi~c xay dl,mgcec cong trinh xung quanh khu V(.I'C beo tan can ton trQngva tuenthl] cac nguyen tcic ve cec khu V(.I'C can beo tan trong Lu~t Di san van h6a.

• + T6 chirc cac tU'Q'ngdai, v~t trang tri ki~n true va tranh anh trang tri va c6 d(>ngtren dU'cmgph6, cong vien.

• + Nguyen tac b6 tri, kich co va rnau sac, anh sang cho cac bi~n quang cao.+ Chi~u sang tl)' nhien va cong cong tren cac tuyen ph6, cay xanh, cong trinhcong c(>ngva k~t hop v&i cac cong trinh thU'O'ngmal, nha a khac,+ Xac dinh cac cong trinh di~m nhan cua khu VI)'Cd~ c6 cac gQ'iy v~ hinh dangphong cach ki~n truc, cac yeu c~u ve do cao, hinh kh6i, mau sac, chat li~u xaydl)'ng va cac khoang cach v&i cac cong trinh xung quanh.+ Nghien ClfUm~t dLrngcac tuy~n ph6, khong gian cac Cl,lmcong trinh tCPtrencao.

35

A ?

KHONG GIAN MO Quang tntong aRorna -Italia,nol khach dulich va nglloi

dan Italia tu taphllangthl,l

kh6ng gian rna

Khong gian rndtrong do thlthlfong d6ngvai tro la khueong vien,Quang trlfong,bai d~u xe, nutgiao thong kethgp Quangtrlfong va canhquan, san th~thao, matruroc,... Day lanoi dien ranhieu hoatd(mg eong

A ?conq eua elfdan do th]b) v~quy hoach ha tang ky thu~t do thi:- Ng6ai nhCrngyeu cau ky thuat cua mot d6 an quy hoach chi ti~t xay dl,l'ngdothi, d6i vai cac cong trinh ha tang ky thuat thi~t k~ do thi se yeu cau cac congtrinh ha tang ngam cOngnhu nOican d~t yeu cau v~ dong gop canh quanchung.- NhCrngcong trinh dau m6i ha tang nh tram dOxe, b~n tau di~n nOiva ngam,nha ga, chOban ve, di~m giao thong khac c6t, bai dOxe, nha dOxe, trt;imthuphi, c(>tthu phi dOxe, trt;imdi~n, c(>tdi~u ap nac, c(>tdi~n, h~ th6ng cap di~n,dcmg c~p

36

LOIDIe6•

Tuyenph6danh chonguoidib(>

Loi di b¢ la m¢t b¢ phan quan tronq cua TK£>Tvi chfnh khong gian danh cho ngl10i di b¢ ganlien vOi nhieu du an phat trien va cai tao cacTrung tam th110ngmal, khon ggian ma hay cothe noi loi di b¢ tham gia vao cong cuoc phuchoi lai cac khu trung tam thanh pho. Vi~c giamsl! can thi~p cua cac phironq ti~n co d¢ng covao cuoc song do th] se lam tang chat 111c;lngmol trl10ng song va trong do vai tro cua loi dib¢ dong vai tro dang ke

HOTRO HOAT aaNG. . .

Thi~t k~ m¢t khOnggian di IX> ven song aMelbourne, Australia.

D Cac caa hang, noi an uong,diem nqhl, tu'~ng dai, diemhen ho, hay tham chl cho v~sinh deu la nhCtngti~n Ich canthiet cho ngu'oisa dl;Jngkhonggian cong ce?ng.

D Vi~c bo trf sap d~t cac ti~nfch nay cOng nhu' ket h~p vdituyen di be? la nhling congvi~c can thiet doi vdi TK8T.

D Khong gian trong va ngoainha can c6 nhCtngmoi li€mh~vdi nhau de nang cao h!euqua ket noi doi vdi ngu'oi sadl;Jng.

nU'cYc,may nU'cYccong cong k~t hQ'p v6i phun, hong CLrUhoa, di~m thu gom rac,hlnh thLrc cac thung rac cong cong, cac trc;lmbU'u di$n cong cong, cac hlnhthLrc c~u, c6ng ngang dU'cYng,ranh thoat nU'cYcva cac y~u t6 ky thu~t co lienquan d~n hinh anh do thi c~n dU'Q'cthi~t k~ cho phu hQ'pvcYikhu VI,I'CnghienCLrUnh~m tang tinh th~m my cua khu VI,I'C.

• + Thu th~p, di~u tra va I~y 'I ki~n, nguy$n vong cua ngU'cYidan va cac ho SLrdl,mg chinh trong khu VI,I'Cthi~t k~ qua cac hlnh thLrc thich hQ'p nh~m n~m vCrngtam 1'1,sa thich va nguyen vong v~ hinh thai do thL ki~n truc canh quan chokhu VI,I'Cquy hOc;lCh.

- - -- -- - -------

37

Kf HIEU•

Cac bi~n bao kf hiE}uve giao thong, cacchi dan cong c(>ngnhu thong tin lien lac,don canh sat, nha ga, bi~n chi dl1CJng,cacbi~n quang cao cua cac hang kinh doanh,clta hang buon ban dong vai tro quantronq viE}ccung cap thong tin mua sam,kinh doanh nhl1ngdong thCJicung cap cacdi~m gay hjeu qua th] qiac. Vi v~y, nhleunl1C1cda co nhG'ngqui dinh, lu~t chat checho viE}cslt dunq cac bi~n quang cao, chidan cho tltng loai do th! khac nhau. Nhieunoi da nang tam viE}cslt dunq cac bi~nbao, kl hiE}uthanh bi~u tl1<Jnghay trang tritren dl1CJngphD lam tang tfnh tham mytrong khong gian cong c(>ng.

Bi~n baoky hi~u dTokyo­Nh~tBan

38

? ~

BAOTON

Trong TKDT vi~c bao tan cac di tfch, quanq tnJdng llch sa haycua hang c6 dau an [ch sa deu d6ng vai tro cua mot Noi chon -places, do thl hay c6 th~ d6 la nhiing di~m lich sa quan tronq ghidau an rieng cho tU'ng khonq gian do thi, tao ra cal han do th],NhLrngnci nay thltong thu hut ngu'di dan tai tharn quan, dao choiva la noi ngu'di ta tim ve c(>i nguan, di yang, nhLrngcai con hrugilt du'<;jcnr lau,

•

Bao t6n mong nn« c6 tc;'linhago (J Rotterdam, Ha Lan

Thi~t k~ do thi tOngth~

Baa tonmot khu den dai co dRoma sau khi da khai qu~t

Nharn thi~t k~ to ChLfCkhong gian ki~n true canh quan cho tOngth~ do thi hoac khu vue cua do thi,£>U'Q'cI~p sau khi da I~pd6 an quy hoach chung xay dl,l'ngdo thi.La mot trong nhC'rngco sa d~ I~pd6 an quy hoach chi ti~t, TK£>Tkhu vue va quan Iy xay dl,l'ngv~ khong gian ki~n truc canh quancho toan do thi.Thi~t k~ do thi 'tOngth~ dQ'cI~p tren ban d6 dia hinh ty 1$1/5.000- 1/10.000 (TU'O'ngLfngvcYity 1$ban d6 cua quy ho~ch chung)

Thi~t k~ do thi khu VU'C. Nh~m'Cl,lth~ hoa TK£>TtOngth~, thi~t k~ khong gian ki~n truccanh quan chi ti~t cho mot khu Vl,l'C,mot khu ch(J'cnang cua dothi nhU'trung tam cong cong, quang trU'ang, trl,lc ph6, khu nha ahay cong vien v.v..Thi~t k~ do thi khu Vl,l'CnhU'qu~n, khu do thi ho~c tU'O'ngdU'O'ngdU'Q'cI~p tren ban d6 dia hinh ty 1$1/2.000 - 1/5.000Thi~t k~ do thi mot khu ChLfCnang; Trung tam cong cQng,khuquang trang, trl,lc ph6 v.v.. I~p tren ban d6 dia hinh ty 1$1/500-1/2.000

• Tuy di~u kien Cl,lth~ vi$c thi~t k~ do thi co dU'Q'cI~p thanh tLrngd6 an doc I~p ho~c gan toan bo ho~c 1 phan noi dung thi~t k~ dothi tU'O'ngLfngVaGd6 an quy ho~ch chung xay dl,l'ngva quyho~ch chi ti~t do thi

39

Ban vi! va nQidung thiit ki do th] t~i Vi~t Nam ( co tinh tham khao)

Mot dieu can luu y la sau khi de tai nqhien CLrUcap bOdU'Q'cnhiern thu, mot loat cacvan ban phap Iy va hU'cYngd~n thong tu da dU'Q'cra deri. trong do phai k~ d€ln cac noidung cua cac van ban sau:

• Lu~t xay dl,mg• Nghi dinh 08/2005 ve quy hoach xay dl,l'ng• Nghi dinh 29/2007 ve quan Iy ki€ln true do thi• Thong tu 0812007 ve HU'cYngd~n I~p, tham dinh phe duy~t va quan Iy ki€ln true

do thi• Thong tu 071 2008 ve HU'cYngd~n lap, tharn dinh phe duyet va quan Iy

QHXD( thay thong tu 15/2005)Trong do dang dien ra hai chieu hU'cYngr~t tral ngU'Q'cnhau:1 TK£)T lOng ghep vao dO an QHC va QHCT va b6 tro cho dO an quy hoach2 TK£)T la dO an d~p dU'Q'cnghien CLrUtrU'cYckhi co dO an QHC va QHCT dieu nayli~u co th~ xay ra? Khi ma trong h~ th6ng van ban £)ieu I~ quan Iy ki€ln truc da cohU'cYngd~n va mot Nghi dinh rieng cho v~n de nay.N€lu nghien CLrUcac dO an cua nU'cYcngoai va noi dung th~ hi~n trong cac dO an naychung ta hoan toan co th~ lam dO an Thi€lt k€l do thi (J mLrc do thanh ph6 va khu VI,I'CtU'O'ngdU'O'ngVcYiquy hO<;lchchung va quy hO<;lchchi ti€lt va SLr dl,mg cac nghien CLrUnay d~ vi€lt dieu I~ quan Iy ki€ln truc do thi va cac dO an quy hO<;lchchung va chi ti€lt seSLr dl,mg cac hU'cYngd~n nay d~ tri~n khai quy hO<;lchsau nay. £)ieu nay TK£)T se g~ngi6ng vcYiquy hO<;lchc~u truc hay chi€ln 1U'Q'ccua Chau Au.

Trong v~n de nay chung ta co th~ nghien CLrUhai vi dl,l di~n hlnh la quy hO<;lchkhu dibO£)a L<;Itva cuoc thi thi€lt k€l Y tU'(Jng khu trung tam hi~n hCrucua Thanh ph6 HeM.

NQidung ban vi!:

A- Hinh thai kiin truc va c~u truc do thi ( Urban form)

B- Giao thong va chuyen dQng(movement}

C- Moi trU'ang( environment)

D- Xa hQiva van hoa, lich Slr ( Activities)

Thl,l'c t€l, 4 noi dung tren da dU'a ra d~y du cac noi dung nghien CLrU(J tren va cOng baoham ca cac noi dl,lng TK£)T ma trong cac van ban nghi dinh nha nU'cYcban hanh.

TrU'erng hQ'pdi~n hlnh: Thi€lt k€l do thi khu di bO£)a L<;It:

40

HIEN TRANG cAclO~1HiNH KIEN TRUC

THANH PH6 "A IAT (DAIAT ((TY)THlh d DO 'rt'l icHU TRUN(.TAM '" -0 (UR~'" DESIGN FOR W",LKING CENTER)u••,u. TtCB BI$. " ..... cAl; L.... BI•• ". "aue( 1X1ST1lt1l~1lT 'OJtNS fllIIILnlS I

41

THANH PH6 sA L~T • TINH LAMS6NGQUYHO~CHCHI Tlh KHUTRUNGTAM

BAN a6 QUY HO~CH Sa DUNG aAT

•--

.._.N._....._­_ ..._ ...BN._­a""._............

.""'-- e-..-...._- Cl---...._-_ ..,....._-­_ ..,--II1II-­Iii---

42

St)D\lNGDAT vA cAe HO~TD9NG HINHTHAI KIENTRUe vA cANH QUAN

Vi~c xay maiva cai tao miiltdUngcaccongtrinh theo huang th6ng nhatcaccaod(i cac tang. cao d(i cua. diemmaioEl~lam tang tinh th6ng nhat. dexuat lam tMm cac mal hien (verandah)c6 cLIngcaod(i. ki~udang.

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GUY HO~eH KHUNG SU D\JNGDAT - HiNH THAI KIEN TRue

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MQT SO CHI TIET KIEN TRUC TREN £lUaNG PHO

M9t so 19a mai hien gqi y cho pho di b9

1 1 "M~ts6 gqlykliu latduangdlbQ

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K~t lu~nTac gia vi~t bai nay c6 mong mu6n la TK£>Tse sam di vao dai s6ng qui hoach

d6 thi nuoc taoTh6ng qua bai vi~t nay, tac gia cLmgmong muon ban doc la nhCrngngU'ai trong va nqoai nqanh se hi€!uro han TK£>Tla gi, va vi trl cua TK£>Ttrong dais6ng qui hoach d6 thl & mot s6 nuoc nhu Uc, My va Trung Qu6c vv. TCrd6 rut ra k~tluan TK£>Tnen dU'Q'chinh thanh phat tri€!nnhu th~ nao trong dai s6ng d6 thi Vil\'!tNamhi~n nay.

Tai lil\'!utham khao:1- Ed Cuthber, A. (2003), Designing Cities, Australia: Blackwell Publishing,2- Lang, Jon. (1994), Urban Design: The American Experience, New York: Van

Nostrand Reinhold,3- Barnett, L. (1982), An Introduction to Urban Design, New York: Harper and Row4- Castells, M. (1983), The City And The Grassroots. Across-Cultural Theory Of Urban

Social Movements. Berkely: University of California Press.5- Wu, F. (1998), Urban Planning System In China, Progress in Planning Vol.51 pp.

165-252, 19986- BOXay Dl,J'ng(1995), cec Van Ban Phap Lu~t V~ Quan Ly £)6 Thi, Ha Noi, Nha

Xuat Ban Xay Dl,J'ng,7- Jon Punter. 2002, Design guidelines in American cities, London8- Nguy~n True Anh, Tap chi quy hoach, vai tro cua thi~t k~ d6 thi 2004, Vol 7,"URBAN DESIGN"- Trong Thiet K~ Qui Hoach £>6Thl Vi$t Nam

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