rt]y2 vôifi ovshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4659/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · 37 xmwsfi2...

23
33 VôIFIvZ \ ¯RGFv;\;F¯ 5|:TFJGF o EF¯TLI VFtDF J VF:YF S[ 5|C¯L zL VD°T,F, GFU¯ SF jIlÉTtJ pGS[ CL XaNM\ D[\ lGB¯ p9TF C{v HG;FWF¯6 SM C¯ 5|SF¯ ;[ 5|A]â S¯GF D[¯F NFlItJ C{ P R[TF C]VF ¯FQ8= lS;L lJ5l¯T l:YlT IF X+] SM HLT ;STF C{ P WD2 SF lDyIF0dA¯ GQ8 S¯S[ 38v38 jIF5L ¯FD S[ NX2G S¯GF VF{¯ S¯FGF ;FlCtI SF WD2 C{4 NFlItJ C{ P EF¯T SF ;GFTG DFGJv WD2 CL lJxJ SF EFJL WD2 C{ P D{\ V5G[ N[XJFl;IM\ SM X¯L¯4 DG4 JRG VF{¯ SD2 ;[ ;];\Ul9T TYF XlÉTXF,L N[BGF RFCTF C}¥ P D{\ V5G[ N[X SM lJxJ S[ lS;L EL XlÉTXF,L ¯FHGLlTS4 VFlY2S U]8 SF l5K,U]JF GCL\ N[BGF RFCTF P V5GL .G VF:YFVM\ S[ 5|lT CL D[¯F ;A;[ A0+ F NFlItJ C{ P! , GFU¯ 5|[DR\NM¿¯ I]U S[ ;XÉT ¯RGFSF¯ C{ P J[ .DFGNF¯4 VFXFJFNL4 DFGJTFJFNL4 ;\J[NGXL,4 ,MSlCTJFNL R[TGF ;[ H]0 \ U|C6XL, :JEFJ S[ SF¯6 GFU¯ HL ;DFH S[ lJlJW :T¯M\ S[ jIlÉTIM\ S[ ;d5S2 D[\ + M\ D[\ A¶¥F8S¯ SEL GCL\ N[BF4 lSgT] p;SM ;DU| ~5 ;[ lRl+T S¯G[ SF VYFU 5|ItG lSIF C{ P pgCM\G[ VrKF.2 VF{¯ A]¯F.2 NMGM\ SM T8:Y ~5 ;[ V\lST lSIF C{ P J[ V5GL 5¯d5¯F ;[ HLJG ¯; SF ;\ \ ;[ ,0+ [ EL C\{ P ;FDFlHS lJS°lTIM\ SF pgCM\G[ lJ¯MW lSIF C{4 lSgT] VF:YFCLGTF SF pgCM\G[ SEL EL

Upload: others

Post on 25-Mar-2020

0 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: RT]Y2 VôIFI ovshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4659/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · 37 xmwsfi2 s¯g[ s[ afjh}n xf{lsif gf8ssdl2 j ¯\ud\r ;dl1fs c{ p gfu¯ hl sl a0+l a[8l vr,f gfu¯

33

VôIFIvZ

\

¯RGFv;\;F¯ 5|:TFJGF o

EF¯TLI VFtDF J VF:YF S[ 5|C¯L zL VD°T,F, GFU¯ SF jIlÉTtJ

pGS[ CL XaNM\ D[\ lGB¯ p9TF C{v “HG;FWF¯6 SM C¯ 5|SF¯ ;[ 5|A]â

S¯GF D[¯F NFlItJ C{ P R[TF C]VF ¯FQ8= lS;L lJ5l¯T l:YlT IF X+] SM HLT

;STF C{ P WD2 SF lDyIF0dA¯ GQ8 S¯S[ 38v38 jIF5L ¯FD S[ NX2G

S¯GF VF{¯ S¯FGF ;FlCtI SF WD2 C{4 NFlItJ C{ P EF¯T SF ;GFTG DFGJv

WD2 CL lJxJ SF EFJL WD2 C{ P D{\ V5G[ N[XJFl;IM\ SM X¯L¯4 DG4 JRG

VF{¯ SD2 ;[ ;];\Ul9T TYF XlÉTXF,L N[BGF RFCTF C}¥ P D{\ V5G[ N[X SM

lJxJ S[ lS;L EL XlÉTXF,L ¯FHGLlTS4 VFlY2S U]8 SF l5K,U]JF GCL\

N[BGF RFCTF P V5GL .G VF:YFVM\ S[ 5|lT CL D[̄ F ;A;[ A0 +F NFlItJ

C{ P”!

, GFU¯ 5|[DR\NM¿¯ I]U S[ ;XÉT ¯RGFSF¯

C{ P J[ .DFGNF¯4 VFXFJFNL4 DFGJTFJFNL4 ;\J[NGXL,4 ,MSlCTJFNL R[TGF

;[ H]0 \ U|C6XL,

:JEFJ S[ SF¯6 GFU¯ HL ;DFH S[ lJlJW :T¯M\ S[ jIlÉTIM\ S[ ;d5S2 D[\

+M\ D[\ A¶¥F8S¯ SEL GCL\ N[BF4 lSgT] p;SM

;DU| ~5 ;[ lRl+T S¯G[ SF VYFU 5|ItG lSIF C{ P pgCM\G[ VrKF.2 VF{¯

A]¯F.2 NMGM\ SM T8:Y ~5 ;[ V\lST lSIF C{ P J[ V5GL 5¯d5¯F ;[ HLJG

¯; SF ;\ \ ;[ ,0+[ EL C\{ P ;FDFlHS

lJS°lTIM\ SF pgCM\G[ lJ¯MW lSIF C{4 lSgT] VF:YFCLGTF SF pgCM\G[ SEL EL

Page 2: RT]Y2 VôIFI ovshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4659/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · 37 xmwsfi2 s¯g[ s[ afjh}n xf{lsif gf8ssdl2 j ¯\ud\r ;dl1fs c{ p gfu¯ hl sl a0+l a[8l vr,f gfu¯

34

;DY2G GCL\ lSIF P

GFU¯ HL G[ 5|[DRgN4 ¯FDlJ,F; XDF24 G¯M¿DGFU¯4 ;]lD+FGgNG 5\T4

HIX\S¯ 5|;FN4 ;}I2SFgT l+5F9L —lG¯F,Fˆ H{;[ S.2 ;DFGSDL2 ;FlCtISF¯M\

;[ AC]T S]K VlH2T lSIF P pGSF 5|X\;GLI U]6 IC YF lS pgC\[ HC¥F SCL\

;[ HM S]K lD,[4 J[ XL3| CL U|C6 S¯ ,[T[ Y[ P KM8[vA0 +[4 CDpD| HM SM.2

EL pGS[ E,

lJX[QFTF G[ pgC[\ \ 5|lTlQ9T lSIF P J[

lJJFN VF{¯ lJ¯MW 5¯ GCL\4 Al<S ;CDlT VF{¯ ;FD\H:I 5¯ HM¯ N[G[JF,[

,[BS C{ P

GFU¯ HL T],;LNF; ;[ AC]T 5|EFlJT Y[ P J[ T],;LNF; SL T¯C

V5G[ 5F9SM\ SM V5G[ ;FY ,[S¯ R,GF RFCT[ Y[ P GFU¯ HL G[ SEL EL

5F9SM\ ;[ V,U lS;L Sl<5T é¥RF.2 5¯ B0 +[ CMS¯ 5|IMUXL,TF SF N\E

GCL\ \ ;[ I]ÉT C{ VF{¯

;FY D[\ ,MSl5|I EL P GFU¯ HL EF¯TLI ;\:S°lT S[ VGgI RFCS4 lHgC[\

EF¯TLI C

CDF¯F lCgNL ;FlCtI ¯;v;¯MAF¯ C{ P J[ S[J, SYFSF¯ S[ GFT[ CL 5|l;â

GCL\ C{4 pgCM\G[ ;FlCtI SL VG[S lJWFVM\ SL zL J°lâ SL C{ P SlJTF SM

KM0+ \ C{ HM GFU¯ HL ;[ VK}TL ¯CL CM P

GFU¯ HL G[ VFD VFNDL SL W0 +SG SM ;]GF C{ P VTo p5gIF;M\ D[\

EL pgCM\G[ IYFY2 lR+6 S¯S[ GI[ HLJG NX2G SM 5|S8 lSIF C{ P pgCM\G[

;FDFlHS p5gIF;M\ D[\

p5gIF;M\ D[\ I]U lJX[QF SM 5CRFGG[ SF 5|IF; lSIF C{ VF{¯ HLJG5¯S

p5gIF;M\ D[\ Rl¯+ SL DC¿F SM DF{l,STF 5|NFG SL C{ P J{;[ N[B[ TM pGSL

\ \{ P

Page 3: RT]Y2 VôIFI ovshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4659/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · 37 xmwsfi2 s¯g[ s[ afjh}n xf{lsif gf8ssdl2 j ¯\ud\r ;dl1fs c{ p gfu¯ hl sl a0+l a[8l vr,f gfu¯

35

HgD o

VFU¯F S[ UMS],5¯F D[\ \³VD°T,F,

GFU¯ pG jIlÉTIM\ D[\ Y[4 HM p; ;DI lCgNL S[ XLQF2:Y ,[BS CL GCL\ Y[4

Al<S pGSF CDF¯[ N[X S[ HFG[ DFG[ ,[BSM\ D[\ ;gDFG YF P lCgNL S[ TM J[

\

;DI D[\ CL GCL\4 DFGM VTLT D[\ EL 5|F6 O}\S N[TL YL P

“5F{# \ :O}T2 jIlÉTtJ ;[ I]ÉT

HLJG ;\U|FD D[\ \ HLJ\T IMâF4 pNF¯4 DFGJTFJFNL4 ~l-+D]ÉT4

X{J4 VFl:TS4 3]DÉS0 + 4 HFU~S

\ 5]¯F65|[DL4 5]JF2U|C ;[ D]ÉT4 5|UlTXL, :JEFJXF,L

\ \ VG]~5 VG]JFNS4 z \ ;]WL

;\5FNS4 5|JL6 CF:IvjI\uISF¯4 S]X, VlEG[TF4 ;O, ¯\UD\R lGN[2XS4

\ \bI ,[BM\4

lGA\WM\4 ;\:D¯6M\4 ¯[l0+ \ SCFlGIM\ S[ ¯RlITF VFlN SM lD,FS¯

jIlÉTtJ AGTF C{4 pGSF GFD C{v VD°T,F, GFU¯ P”Z

5Fl¯JFl¯S 5l¯RI o

GFU¯ HL SM l5TFDC 5\³lXJ¯FDHL4 l5TF 5\³¼FHF¯FD TYF DFTF ;]³zL³

lJnFJTL SF ;\ \ :G[C lD,F P lHGSL lXT, KFIF D[\ A0+[ CMS¯

\

GFU¯ HL D},~5 ;[ U]H¯FTL C{\4 lSgT] .GS[ 5}J2H ,UEU -F.2 ;M JQF2

5}J2 U]H¯FT KM0+S¯ p¿¯ 5|N[X S[ lGJF;L CM UI[ Y[ P GFU¯ HL S[ VG];F¯

—O~B2l;I¯ S[ HDFG[ D[\ GFU¯M\

Y[ P”#

TYF VFH EL .GS[ ;HFTLI p¿¯ 5|N[X S[ 5|FIo ;EL GU¯M\ D[\ lD,T[

C{\ P lHGD[\ VG[S .GS[ ;U[v;dAgWL C{ P

Page 4: RT]Y2 VôIFI ovshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4659/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · 37 xmwsfi2 s¯g[ s[ afjh}n xf{lsif gf8ssdl2 j ¯\ud\r ;dl1fs c{ p gfu¯ hl sl a0+l a[8l vr,f gfu¯

36

GFU¯ HL S[ l5TFDC :J³ zL lXJ¯FD .,FCFAFN A{\ \[8 Y[ P

lHgCM\G[ V5GL lJJ[S A]lâ ;[ p¿¯ 5|N[X S[ S.2 VgI GU¯M\ TYF D]¯FAFN4

;LTF5]¯4 ,BGé VFlN D[\ EL A{\ \S SF D{\G[H¯

5N 5|FÃT lSIF P lXJ¯FD HL SL RF{NC ;\TFG[\ C].24 ,[lSG N[JJX p;D[\ ;[

NM CL ;\ \

CL lJJFC CM HFG[ ;[ lXJ¯FD HL SF 5]+ CL pGSL V¥FBM\ SF TF¯F AG

UIF P pGS[ .;L VlTl¯ÉT DMC G[ CL 5\³¯FHF¯FD SL 5|UlT SF DFU2 VJ~â

S¯ lNIF TYF J[ lRlSt;S AGG[ SL TLJ| .rKF CMG[ 5¯ EL 5M:8 V¶FlO;

D[\

V5G[ l5TF 5\

l,BT[ C{\ lS “É,S2 AG[ ;M AG[ P C¥F4 pGSF ØMW AC]T A-+ UIF4 ,[lSG

3¯ D[\ CL P D¥FvAF5 5¯ TM ØMW S¯ GCL\ ;ST[ Y[4 ,[lSG GF{S¯M\ 5¯4 D[¯L D¥F

IF D]h 5¯ HM¯ ;[ ØMlWT CMS¯ 3¯ E¯ SM Y¯F2 N[T[ Y[ P”$

lO¯ EL GFU¯ HL

S[ l5TFHL VtIgT ,MSl5|I4 D°N]EFQFL4 C¥;D]B4 CFlH¯ HJFAL TYF AC]D]BL

5|lTEF ;\5gG Y[ P J[ ,BGé S[ “XF{lSIFˆ ¯\UD\R S[ VgGFISM\ VF{¯ V5G[

;DI S[ z[Q9 VlEG[TFVM\ D[\ ;]DW]¯ S\9 UFIS z[Q9

l;TF¯JFNS EL Y[ P ;DU|To pGSF jIlÉTtJ SFOL ¯MRS YF P ¯FD lJ,F;

XDF2 G[ pGS[ 3¯ S[ JFTFJ¯6 —5\RFITLˆ SCF C{ VF{¯ zLDTL GFU¯ G[

—HLJG SL Vl0+U lX,F ;DFG AT,FIF C{ Pˆ

“GFU¯ HL SF ;\5}62 5l¯JF¯ S,F5|[lDIM\ SF 5l¯JF¯ C{4 HC¥F pGS[ NM

EF.2IM\ D[\ ;[ D\H,[ VG]H :J³ ¯TG,F, GFU¯ lO<DM\ ;[ ;dAgW ¯BT[ Y[4 J

SlGQ9 VG]H DNG,F, GFU¯ 5|bIFT lR+SF¯ 5]¯:SF¯ lJH[TF C{ P JC¥F

pGSF A0+F A[8F S]D]N GFU¯ VFSFXJF6L lN<,L D[\ \USDL24

\ AF, ;FlCtI S[ ,[BS C{ P KM8F A[8F X¯N GFU¯ ¯;FIG D[\

Page 5: RT]Y2 VôIFI ovshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4659/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · 37 xmwsfi2 s¯g[ s[ afjh}n xf{lsif gf8ssdl2 j ¯\ud\r ;dl1fs c{ p gfu¯ hl sl a0+l a[8l vr,f gfu¯

37

XMWSFI2 S¯G[ S[ AFJH}N XF{lSIF GF8SSDL2 J ¯\UD\R ;DL1FS C{ P GFU¯

HL SL A0+L A[8L VR,F GFU¯ DY]¯F D[\ ¯[l0+IM GF8S ,[lBSF J S,FSF¯ C{

\UD\ \ ¯[l0+IM GF8SSDL2

C{ P

:5Q8To GFU¯ HL SF 5l¯JF¯ E¯F5]¯ \ S,F S[ 5|lT lGQ9F ¯BG[

JF,F Y[ P”%

\ lX1FFvNL1FF o

DG]QI SM V5G[ AR5G SL X¯F¯T[\4 S.2 S8]vDW]¯ AFT[\ V5G[ O]¯;N

S[ 1F6M\ D[\ IFN VFTL C{ P DG]QI SEL EL V5G[ AR5G S[ lNG VF{¯ pGSL

IFN[\ E},F GCL\ 5FTF P GFU¯ HL l,BT[ C{\v “ ;]BvE [̄

CM IF N]oB E¯[4 IFN A0 +[ ;]B ;[ CL VFT[ C{\ P D[¯[ AR5G S[ lNG TM ;RD]R

A0+ \ SL IFN[\

T¯C ;[ TFHUL N[ HFTL C{ P”&

IC¥F GFU¯ HL G[ V5G[ AR5G SL AFTM\ SF[ lRl+T lSIF C{ P GFU¯ HL

G[ S.2 AF¯ V5G[ 3¯ S[ 5F; SAFl0 +IM\ SM VF5; D[\ ,0+T[vh30 +T[4 UFl,I¥F

N[T[ N[B[v;]G[ Y[ P GFU¯ HL EL VS[,[ A{9[vA{9[ S.2 AF¯ .G UFl,IM\ SM

NMC¯FIF S¯T[ P pG SAFl0 +IM\ SL T¯C GFU¯ HL EL é¥RL VFJFH D[\ UFl,I¥F

AM,T[ P JF:TJ D[\ GFU¯ HL S[ AF, DG SM .; AFT SF 5TF EL GCL\ YF

lS J[ HM NMC¯F ¯C[ C{\

l,IF P pGS[ DHA]T CFYM\ S[ RF¯v5¥FR TDFR[ AF,S GFU¯ S[ UF,M\ 5¯

W0+FW0+ 50 +[ P GFU¯ HL S[ l5TF ØMWL :JEFJ S[ Y[ I[ AFT TM CD 5C,[ CL

N[B R]S[ C{\ P AF,S GFU¯ SL CF,T ÉIF C].2 CMUL4 CD VG]DFG S¯ ;ST[

C{\ P

GFU¯ HL SM 5-+G[ SF VtIgT XMB YF P p; ;DI pGS[ 3¯ D[\

Page 6: RT]Y2 VôIFI ovshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4659/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · 37 xmwsfi2 s¯g[ s[ afjh}n xf{lsif gf8ssdl2 j ¯\ud\r ;dl1fs c{ p gfu¯ hl sl a0+l a[8l vr,f gfu¯

38

;¯:JTL4 VFG\

p;S[ 5-+G[ SL VFNT SM lGSdDL DFGT[ Y[ P p;[ S.2 AF¯ l5TF S[ 5|lT

3°6F EL CMG[ ,UTL YL P GFU¯ HL V5GL 5-+F.2 S[ XMB S[ SF¯6 CMDJS2

GCL\ S¯ 5FT[ Y[4 ÉIM\lS CMDJS2 S[ ;DI pGSF DG lGSdDL 5-+F.2 SL VM¯

ßIFNF VFSlQF2T ¯CTF YF P J[ Ul^FT SM KM0 +S¯ VgI lJQFI TM VF;FGL ;[

T{IF¯ S¯ ,[T[ Y[ P Ul6T p;[ SEL EL VrKF G ,UF P J[ pGD[\ SrR[ CL

¯C[ P GFU¯ HL S[ l5TF S[ 0¶FÉ8¯ AGG[ S[ ;5G[\ VW}¯[ ¯C UI[ Y[4 .;l,I[

JC AF,S VD°T SM 0¶FÉ8¯ IF .HG[¯ AGFGF RFCT[ Y[ P

pgCM\G[ .^8¯ TS CL :S}, S¶F,[H SF VôIIG lSIF YF lS pGD[\ l5TFHL

SF VFSl:DS :JU2JF; CM UIF P pGSL VFSl:DS D°tI] ;[ GFU¯ HL SM

V5G[ HLJG S[ ;]GC,[ ;DI D[\ S.2 VFlY2S Sl9GF.2IM\ SF ;FDGF S¯GF

50+F P VTo pgC[\ V5GL 5-+F.2 KM0+GL 50+L VF{¯ p;SF VeIF; VW}¯F CL K}8

UIF P

5¯gT] :JFôIFI ;[ pgCM\

DGMlJ7FG VFlN lJQFIM\ SF U\EL¯ VôIIG lSIF YF P .;S[ ;FY CL lCgNL4

U]H¯FTL4 D¯F9L4 A\U,F VF{¯ V\U|[HL EFQFFVM\ 5¯ EL pgCM\G[ VlWSF¯ 5|FÃT

lSIF P

\ SL VF{¯ pGSL 5C,L

l,BL U.2 YL P

J{;[ N[BF HFI TM GFU¯ HL G[ E,[ CL .^8¯ TS SL lX1FF CL 5|FÃT

\

Y[ P 0¶F³¯FDlJ,F; XDF2 SF SYG plRT C{ lS “CF.2:S}, 5F; 5\l0T

VD°T,F, GFU¯ SM lHgNUL S[ lJxJlJnF,I ;[ ;A l0lU|I¥F lD, R]SL

Page 7: RT]Y2 VôIFI ovshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4659/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · 37 xmwsfi2 s¯g[ s[ afjh}n xf{lsif gf8ssdl2 j ¯\ud\r ;dl1fs c{ p gfu¯ hl sl a0+l a[8l vr,f gfu¯

39

C{ P lS\Ul,I¯ SL T¼C 5l¼l:YlTIM\ G[ pGSF GBvlXB N]¼:T S¼ lNIF

\ VF{¼ lCgNL

”*

CD N[B ;ST[ C{\ lS ;F.g; ;[ GH¯[ R]¯FG[ JF,F4 Ul6T SF SrRF

lJnFYL24 lCgNL p5gIF; ;FlCtI D[\ V5GF VU|LD :YFG AGFG[ D[\ SFDIFA CM

;SF P .; SFDIFAL S[ 5LK[ pGSF 5]:TS 5-+

¯BTF C{ P

J{JFlCS HLJG o

GFU¯ HL SF lJJFC AR5G D[\ \ VFU¯F D[\

5|lTEF HL S[ ;FY TI CM HFTF C{4 ÉIM\lS p; HDFG[ D[\ KM8L pD| D[\

,0+SFv,0+SL SF lJJFC CM HFGF ;FWF¯6 AFT YL P XFIN AF,vlJJFC

5¯ p; HDFG[ D[\ SM.2 SFG}GL SFI2JFCL GCL\ SL HFTL CMUL P

lJJFC S[ AFN 5|lTEF HL GFU¯ HL S[ 5l¯JF¯ D[\ 3},vlD, HFTL C{ P

GFU¯ HL SL T¯C 5|lTEF HL EL N°-+ DGMA, JF,L :+L YL P l;O2 Ko S1FF

TS 5-+F.2 S¯G[JF,L ,0 +SL lJJFC S[ AFN V5G[ VF5 SM 5l¯J[X S[

VG]S}, -F,G[ D[\ ;O, CMTL C{ P GFU¯ HL S[ 5l¯JF¯ D[\ JC B]lXI¥F O{,F

N[TL C{ P DU¯ GFU¯ HL S[ l5TF SL VFSl:DS D°tI] CM HFTL C{ VF{¯ pGS[

5l¯JF¯ 5¯ N]oBM\ SF 5CF0+ 8}8 50+TF C{ P GFU¯ HL 5¯ 3¯ SL ;F¯L lHdD[v

NF¯L VF 50 + +TF C{ P

GFU¯ HL VF{¯ 5|lTEF HLvNMGM\ CL lJ¼C D[\ V5G[ HLJG S[ lNG SF8T[ ¯C[ P

AFN D[\ GFU¯ HL SM 0¯ YF lS 5|lTEF SM AdA.2 SF DFCM, VG]S}, GCL\

VFI[UF4 DU¯ 5|lTEF HL TM V5G[ VF5 SM 5l¯l:YlTIM\ S[ VG]~5 -+F, N[TL

C{ P

5l¯JF¯ D[\

C{ P GFU¯ HL SM 5|lTEF SF ÃIF¯ VF{¯ tIFU CL VFU[ A-+FG[ D[\ ;CFIS C]VF

Page 8: RT]Y2 VôIFI ovshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4659/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · 37 xmwsfi2 s¯g[ s[ afjh}n xf{lsif gf8ssdl2 j ¯\ud\r ;dl1fs c{ p gfu¯ hl sl a0+l a[8l vr,f gfu¯

40

C{ P 5|lTEF HL G[ HLJG D[\ SNDvSND 5¯ GFU¯ HL SF CM\;,F A-+FIF

YF P JC GFU¯ HL SL ;CL VYM\2 D[\ —VWF2\lUGLˆ YL P

GFU¯ HL S[ XaNM\ D[\ pGSL 5tGL *% 5|lTXT VD°T,F, GFU¯ C{ P

pgCM\G[ V5GL 5tGL SF 5l¯RI —B¯L HLJG ;\lUGLˆ(

S[ ~5 D[\ S¯JFIF C{ P

5|lTEF HL G[ V5G[ 5lT GFU¯ HL D[\ JCL\ l,BG[ S[ 5|lT #lR N[BL TM

pgC[\ EL l,BG[ S[ 5|lT XF{S 5{NF CM UIF4 ,[lSG S]K ;DI AFN pgC[\ ,UF

lS :JI\ l,BG[ SL V5[1FF 5lT S[ SFI2 D[\ ;CIMU N[GF VlWS p5I]ÉT C{ P

SCF HFTF C{ lS lS;L EL ;O, 5 ]#QF S[ 5LK[ p;SL 5tGL SF CFY CMTF C{

J{;[ CL GFU¯ HL SL ;O,TF VF{¯ 5|l;lâ D[\

IMUNFG ¯CF C{ P zLDTL GFU¯ HL SL

VF\

\ P 5|lTEF

HL ;CR¼L4 VFNX2 EF¯TLIGF¯L4 ;CIMlUGL4 ;rRL HLJG ;\lUGL4 VWF2\lUGL

\ ;rR[ 5Y 5|NX2S S[ ~5 D[\ GFU¯ HL SF 5Y 5|NlX2T

S¯TL ¯CL P

DC;}; S¯G[ ,UT[ C{\ P J[ l,BT[ C\{v “A0+[ DFGv;dDFG S[ ;FY D[¯L HLJG

;\lUGL G[ V5GL lH\NUL 5}¯L SL P 5|lTEF U.24 VrKF C]VF4 5¯ D{\ VS[,F CM

UIF P VS[,[ D[\ SlJ G¯[gN| SL 5\lÉT DG CL DG U]GU]GF ¯CF C¥}4 —VFH S[

lAK]0[ G HFG[ SA lD,[\U[ Pˆ G.2 N[CM\ D[\ SA lD,[\

;[ G D[¯F CL HL E¯F C{4 G 5|lTEF SF P”)

\;GLI

AGF ¯CF P

Page 9: RT]Y2 VôIFI ovshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4659/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · 37 xmwsfi2 s¯g[ s[ afjh}n xf{lsif gf8ssdl2 j ¯\ud\r ;dl1fs c{ p gfu¯ hl sl a0+l a[8l vr,f gfu¯

41

:JEFJ4 VlE#lRI¥F VF{¯ J°l¿I¥F o

5|tI[S DG]QI SF :JEFJ V,UvV,U CMTF C{ P SM.2 ;¯, :JEFJ S[

CMT[ C{\4 TM SM.2 S9M¯ :JEFJ S[ VF{¯ SM.2 ;¯,vS9M¯ lDz :JEFJ S[ CMT[

C{\ P DG]QI S[ :JEFJ S[ VG];F¯ CL pGSL VlE#lRI¥F VF{¯ J°l¿I¥F CMTL

C{\ P

GFU¯HL I}¥ TM B]XlDHFHL :JEFJ S[ C{\4 ;FY CL pGS[ :JEFJ D[\

U\EL¯TF EL lNBF.2 N[TL C{ P GFU¯ \ VlE#lRIM\ S[

AF¯[ D[\ lAGF lS;L lCRlSRF8 l,BT[ C{\v “;A lD,FS¯ IM\ TM D{\ B]X \̄U

C}¥4 5¯ V5G[ AN¯\U EL GH¯ VFT[ C{\ P D{\

HM SCL\vSCL\ VG5-+ \ IC ;]\N¯ D}lT2

VW}¯L ¯C U.24 ÉIM\ 5}¯L GCL\ C].2 m .;SL h]\h,FC8 D[¯[ lGS8 VFG[JF,F C¯

jIlÉT VG]EJ S¯TF C{ P D[¯[ A0 +[ 5|[lDIM\ VF{¯ V\T¯\UM\ SM EL VS;¯ h8SF

EL ,U HFTF C{ P D]hD[\ SCL\ \R SL S;¯ ¯C UIL C{ P V5G[ ELT¯

JF,L JC —SCL\ˆ D{\ VA HFGG[ ,UF C¥} VF{¯ JCL\ H}h EL ¯CF C¥} P .;SL

T:JL¯ TM HLJG 5}¯F CMG[ 5¯ CL 5}¯F CM ;STL C{ P l,CFHF CF¯vHLT S[

5l¯6FD SL AFT GCL\ HFGTF P VA 5xRFTF5 JF,F 5|F¯\lES JQFM\2 SF :JEFJ

EL AN, R]SF C{ P JC CF¯ SL lGXFGL YL P D{\ p; RL\8L SL T¯C C¥}4 HM

AF¯vAF¯ lU¯G[ S[ AFJH}N R-+TL C{ P CF¯vHLT SL AFHL 5|F6M\ SM pD\U

N[S¯ ,0+FTL TM C{4 5¯ CF¯ VA pTGF lG¯FX GCL\ S¯TL P”!_

.; T¯C GFU¯ HL V5G[ :JEFJ S[ AF¯[ D[\ S]K lK5FGF GCL\ RFCT[ P

J[ lN, BM,S¯ ;F¯L AFT[ 5F9SM\ S[ ;D1F ¯B N[T[ C{\ P

GFU¯ HL SF :JEFJ lJGMNL YF P CF:I VF{¯ jI\uI pGS[ ;FlCtI SL

¯;LvA;L WF¯F YL P UÃ5M\ VF{¯ lS:;M\ S[ J[ XC\XFC C{ VF{¯ lN, BM,S¯

C¥;G[vC¥;FG[ SL .GSL VFNT C{ P J[ 3]DÉS0 + 5|S°lT S[ jIlÉT Y[4 lSgT]

Page 10: RT]Y2 VôIFI ovshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4659/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · 37 xmwsfi2 s¯g[ s[ afjh}n xf{lsif gf8ssdl2 j ¯\ud\r ;dl1fs c{ p gfu¯ hl sl a0+l a[8l vr,f gfu¯

42

pGSF 3}DGF lG#N[xI GCL\ YF P pgCM\G[ C¯ 5,4 C¯ S6 SM lHIF C{ VF{¯

VG]EJ ;\lRT lSIF C{ P

GFU¯ HL SM 5FG4 E¥FU VF{¯ lD9F.2 SF A[CN XMB YF P 5FG SF

l0aAF J[ V5G[ ;FY CL ¯BT[ Y[ VF{¯ E¥FU BFS¯ CL pgC[\ l,BG[ SF D}0 +

VFTF YF P IC¥F TS lS ~; HFG[ 5¯ GFU¯ HL E¥FU SF 5Fp0¯ AGFS¯ ;FY

VF[¯ pGS[ ØMlWT :JEFJ S[ SF¯6 ;F¯F 3¯ Y¯Y¯F p9TF YF P :JI\ GFU¯

HL V5G[ ØMW S[ AF¯[ D[\ —8]S0+[v8]S0+[ NF:TFGˆ D[\ l,BT[ C{\v “D[¯L T:JL¯

SM AN¯\U AGFG[JF,F VF,:I SF D8D{,F ¯\U C{ P S]\9FVM\ SL SFl,DF EL

TS l8S GCL\ 5FT[ P ØMWv,F, l;\ \ VF{¯ ,58M\ H{;F ;J2U|FCL P AC]T

T[H VFTF C{ VF{¯ AC]T T[HL ;[ HFTF C{ P GFU¯ HL S[ ØMlWT :JEFJ SF

VG]EJ 5l¯JF¯HGM\ S[ ;FYv;FY pGS[ lGS8 S[ ;U[v;dAgWL VF{¯ lD+M\

SM EL S.2 AF¯ CMTF ¯CF C{ Pˆ!!

GFU¯ HL SM .lTCF; S[ 5|lT lJX[QF DMC ¯CF C{ P 5]¯F6 .lTCF;4

\:S°lT S[ 5|lT pGSF UC¯F ,UFJ ¯CF P EF¯TLI VFlN ;eITF

G[ GFU¯ HL SM V5GL VF[¯ VFSlQF2T lSIF P .; VFSQF26 S[ SF¯6 C¯

5]¯FGL J:T] ;[ ,UFJ CM UIF P GFU¯ HL SM GÉBF; 3}DG[ SF EL XMB YF

VF{¯ J[ GÉBF; E|D6 S[ NF{¯FG V,UvV,U RLH[ -¥}-+T[ ¯CT[ P

GFU¯ HL SL #lRI¥F lUGF.2 GCL\ HF ;STL P V5GL #lRIM\ S[ 5|lT

lGQ9FJFG GFU¯ HL SM ;\ULT VF{¯ ¯\UD\R ;[ EL VlWS ,UFJ ¯CF P pgCM\G[

,BGé D[\ VG[S GF8SM\ SF ;O, lGN[2XG lSIF P .;;[ :5Q8 CMTF C{ lS

p;SL # 1FLI GCL\

HFT[ TM N};¯[ SFD D[\ N]U]GL XlÉT ;[ H]0 + HFT[ Y[ P T¯CvT¯C S[ ,MUM\ S[

Page 11: RT]Y2 VôIFI ovshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4659/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · 37 xmwsfi2 s¯g[ s[ afjh}n xf{lsif gf8ssdl2 j ¯\ud\r ;dl1fs c{ p gfu¯ hl sl a0+l a[8l vr,f gfu¯

43

\

pGSF XMB ¯CF C{ P

GFU¯ HL SL #lR lO<D1F[+ D[\ \ lO<D

l;G[l¯IM ,[BS S[ ~5 D[\ AdA.2 UI[ P GFU¯ HL SM 5|l;â lSXM¯ ;FC} VF{¯

DC[X SF{, H{;[ lGDF2TF lGN[2XSM\ SF 5}¯F ;CSF¯ lD,F P GFU¯ HL G[

,UEU Z_vZ! lO<DM\ SF SYF ;\JFN SFI2 lSIF P ;FY CL GFU¯ HL G[

5C,L AF¯ lO<DM\ D[\ 0lA\ P

GFU¯ HL VrK[ ¯\USD2 EL Y[ P J[ ¯\USDL2 S[ ~5 D[\ A0+[ CL D[CGTv

SX VFNDL Y[ P

GFU¯ HL ¯[l0IM\ SDL2 S[ ~5 D[\ EL ;¯FCGLI C{ P GFU¯ HL * lN;dA¯

\ lGI]ÉT

\G[ .;L XT2 5¯ ¯[l0IM\ S[ GF8S l,B[

Y[ lS pGSF ;\JFN lGN[2XG B]N CL S¯[\U[4 ÉIM\lS pGSF DFGGF YF lS JC¥F

\ AC]T U,lTI¥F S¯T[ C{\ P

.; T¯C GFU¯ HL SL 5|tI[S 1F[+ D[\ #lR ¯CL C{ P J[

;d5gG ;FlCtISF¯ Y[ P

GF{S¯L S[ VG]EJ o

GFU¯HL 5l¯JF¯ S[ ßI[Q9 5]+ Y[ P .;L SF¯6 l5TF SL VFSl:DS

D°tI] CM HFG[ ;[ 3¯ SL ;F¯L lHdD[NF¯L GFU¯ HL 5¯ VF 50 +L P I]JFG

\ P 5-+G[ SL pD| D[\ p;[ GF{S¯L SL

T,FX D[\ 3]DGF 50+TF C{ P pGS[ l5TF S[ 5F; SM.2 HDLGvHFINFN GCL\

YL P

GFU¯ HL S[ 5l¯JF¯ SL CF,T NIGLI YL P A{\ \ GFU¯ HL

S[ NFNFHL SL HM ¯SD HDF YL4 JCL VFWF¯ YL P pGS[ l5TFHL SL

TGbJFC ;[ 3¯ R,TF YF4 JC ¯CL GCL\ P l5TFHL SF S]K 5{;F .W¼vpW¯

Page 12: RT]Y2 VôIFI ovshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4659/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · 37 xmwsfi2 s¯g[ s[ afjh}n xf{lsif gf8ssdl2 j ¯\ud\r ;dl1fs c{ p gfu¯ hl sl a0+l a[8l vr,f gfu¯

44

,UF C]VF YF4 ,[lSG HFGSF¯L G CMG[ S[ SF¯6 JC l5TFHL SL VFSl:DS

D°tI] S[ SF¯6 0}A UIF P S]D]N GFU¯ l,BT[ C{\v “V\WL NLNL4 lJWJF D¥F4

ALAL VF{¯ NM KM8[ EF.2IM\ SF EF¯ VDl¯T 5¯ VF 50 +F P NM:TM\4 l¯xT[NF¯M\ G[

GF{S¯L S¯G[ SL ;,FC NL4 S]K ,MUM\ G[ S.2 GF{Sl¯IF ATF.2 EL P VFlB¯v

\; S\5GL D[\ l0:5{R¯ SL GF{S¯L

lD,L YL P :JrK\N 5|S°lT S[ VF{¯ :JI\ SM ,[BS 3MlQFT S¯ N[G[JF,[

TM H{;[ T{;[ lGS, UI[ P pgGL;J[\ lNG A¶F; S[ H¯F ;F lh0 +S N[G[ ;[ GFU¯

HL SF A|ïT[H E0 +SF VF{¯ .:TLOF p;S[ D¥}C 5¯ 58SS¯ 3¯ R,[ VFI[ P

VCN S¯ l,IF lS VA GF{S¯L GCL\

SF DCFEF¯T ;DFÃT CM UIF P”!Z

IC GF{S¯L KM0 +G[ S[ AFN GFU¯ HL G[

lG�I S¯ l,IF YF lS RFC[ HM S]K EL CM J[ GF{S¯L GCL\ S¯[\

5Fl¯JFl¯S lHdD[NFl¯I¥F EL A-+TL R,L YL P 5l¯JF¯ D[\ ;eI ;\bIF A-+TL

\ 5C,F 5]+ S]D]N SF HgD C]VF4 AFN D[\

!)#* .2³ D[\ \ 5]+L VR,F SF HgD C]VF P

GFU¯ HL SM :JT\+ ,[BG S[ 5|lT VT}8 VF:YF YL4 ,[lSG ;FDFlHS4

5Fl¯JFl¯S lHdD[NF¯L SM lGEFG[ C[T] pgC[\ GF{S¯L S¯GL 50+L P GFU¯ HL S[

\WG S[ ;DFG YL P lHGSF :JEFJ CL :JT\+ ~5 ;[ HLG[

SF CM4 JM E,F GF{S¯L S{;[ S¯ ;ST[ m GFU¯ HL SM ;FlCtI S[ 5|lT 5|A,

VF:YF YL VF{¯ .;L SF¯6 :JT\ \ GF{S¯L KM0 +GL 50+L P

5\³VD°T,F, GFU¯ SL HLJG ØDl6SF o

!³ \ HgD P

Z³ \ RF{Y[ NH[2 D[\ 5|J[X P

Page 13: RT]Y2 VôIFI ovshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4659/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · 37 xmwsfi2 s¯g[ s[ afjh}n xf{lsif gf8ssdl2 j ¯\ud\r ;dl1fs c{ p gfu¯ hl sl a0+l a[8l vr,f gfu¯

45

#³ \³ lXJ¯FD GFU¯ SF N[CFgT P

$³ —lG¯F,Fˆ ;[ 5l¯RI P

&³ \ \5GL D[\

l0:5[R¯ SL GF{S¯L4 p;;[ !( lNG AFN .:TLOF P

*³ _ lN;dA¯f —T:,LD ,BGJLˆ S[ p5GFD ;[ —V<,FC N[̂

SF ;\5FNG AFN D[\ p;L S[ 5l¯JlT2T ~5 —RS<,;ˆ SF

;\5FNG P

(³ ; \l^0IF ¯[l0IM\ ;[ 5C,F 5|;F¯6 P

58SYF S[ ,[BS S[ ~5 D[\ SFD lSIF P

!_³ —DCFSF,ˆ SF ,[BG 5}¯F lSIF P

!!³ —GIF ;FlCtIˆ SF ;\5FNG P

!Z³ —EF¯TL E^0F¯ˆ .,FCAFN ;[ —DCFSF,ˆ 5|SFlXT P

\3 S[ VôI1F P

!#³ ANF4 AdA.2 ;[ JF5;L P

!$³ \

lGI]ÉT P

!%³ —A}¥N VF{¯ ;D]N|ˆ 5}¯F lSIF P

!&³ \+ ,[BG SF

5]G¯¯FdE P

!*³ ØFlgT S[ ;dAgW D[\

—UN¯ S[ O},ˆ SL ¯RGF VF{¯ 5|SFXG P

!(³ —A}¥N VF[¯ ;D]N|ˆ 5¯ —GFU¯L 5|RFl¯6Lˆ ;EF SF 5]¯:SF¯ P

Page 14: RT]Y2 VôIFI ovshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4659/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · 37 xmwsfi2 s¯g[ s[ afjh}n xf{lsif gf8ssdl2 j ¯\ud\r ;dl1fs c{ p gfu¯ hl sl a0+l a[8l vr,f gfu¯

46

!)³ —.^0M ;MlJIT ;F\:S°lTS ;\3ˆ SL ¯FQ8=LI ;lDlT S[

;N:I ;MlJIT ;\3 SF ;F\:S°lTS E|D6 P

Z_³

Z!³ —VD°T VF{¯ lJQFˆ SF

5|SFXG P

ZZ³ —VD°T VF[¯ lJQFˆ 5¯ ;FlCtI VSFNDL 5]¯:SF¯ P

Z#³ —VD°T VF{¯ lJQFˆ 5¯ ;MlJIT ,{^0 G[C~ 5]¯:SF¯ P

Z$³ — ˆ SF 5|SFXG P

Z%³ —DFG; SF C\;ˆ SF 5|SFXG P

Z&³

Z*³ —p¿¯ 5|N[X ;\ULT GF8S VSFNDLˆ S[

SFI2JFCL p5FôI1F 5Y 5¯ lGI]lÉT P

Z(³ \

SL IF+F P

Z)³ —GFrIF{ AC]T UM5F,ˆ SF 5|SFXG P

#_³ —p¿¯ 5|N[X lCgNL ;\:YFGˆ ,BGé S[ lJlXQ8 ;dDFG ;[

;dDFlGT P

#!³ \S¯6 ;[ ;dDFlGT P

#Z³ \T P

##³

#$³ —¯FQ8=EFQFF 5l¯QFNˆ lACF¯ XF;G £F¯F lJlXQ8 ;FlCltIS

S ,FB #5I[\ 5]¯:SF¯ S[ ;FY 0¶F³

¯FH[gN| 5|;FN lXB¯ ;dDFG P

Page 15: RT]Y2 VôIFI ovshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4659/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · 37 xmwsfi2 s¯g[ s[ afjh}n xf{lsif gf8ssdl2 j ¯\ud\r ;dl1fs c{ p gfu¯ hl sl a0+l a[8l vr,f gfu¯

47

#%³ —p¿¯ 5|N[X lCgNL ;\:YFGˆ \ SF EF¯T

EF¯TL 5]¯:SF¯4 V\lTD p5gIF; —5Ll-I¥Fˆ 5}¯F lSIF P

#&³

GFU¯ HL SF ¯RGF ;\;F¯ o

lS;L EL ¯RGFSF¯ HA SM.2 ¯RGF S¯TF C{4 TM V\

CMS¯ CL S¯TF C{ P J{;[ TM ;°HGFtDS XlÉT ;A D[\ CMTL C{4 lSgT] TLJ|

;\J[NGXL,TF VlEjIÉT CMS¯ jIlÉT SM ;°HGXL, AGF N[TL C{ P GFU¯ HL

SL ;\J[NGXL,TF G[ S¯LAG !# JQF2 SL VFI] D[\ 5C,L AF¯ D]B¯ VlEjIlÉT

SL P GFU¯ HL X]~VFT ;[ CL ;FlCltIS lJ£FGM\ S[ ;\5S2 D[\ \G[

V5GL ;\ \N lSIF P

5|lTEF GFU¯ SF SYG C{v “;\J[NGXL, I[ VJxI C{4 lSgT] J{;L EFJ]S

5|J°l¿ .G D[\ GCL\ C{4 HM VS;¯ SlJIM\ D[\ 5F.

.gCM\G[ SEL GCL\ l,BL P”!#

GFU¯ HL G[ ,[BG S[ 1F[+ D[\ -[¯ ;F¯L Sl9GF.2IM\

\ P pGS[ 5l¯zD VF{¯

pgCM\G[ SCFGL4 p5gIF;4 CF:IvjI\

;\ \ lGA\W4 AF,;FlCtI4 HLJGRl¯+4 ;CIMUL p5gIF;

VFlN lJWFVM\ 5¯ V5GL ,[BGL R,F.2 C{4 pGSL ;}RL lGdGl,lBT C{v

SCFGL ;\U|C o

GFU¯ HL G[ V5G[ ,[BSLI HLJG SF VF¯\E CL SCFGL lJWF ;[ lSIF

C{ P pGS[ VYFU 5l¯zD VF{¯ HMX S[ SF¯6 CL lCgNL ;FlCtI HUT SM

S¯LAG !$ SCFGL ;\U|C lD,[ C{\ P

Page 16: RT]Y2 VôIFI ovshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4659/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · 37 xmwsfi2 s¯g[ s[ afjh}n xf{lsif gf8ssdl2 j ¯\ud\r ;dl1fs c{ p gfu¯ hl sl a0+l a[8l vr,f gfu¯

48

$³ VFNDL GCL\ ¦ GCL\

&³ .2³

!_³

!!³

!Z³ EF¯T5]+ GF{¯\

!#³ ($ .2³

!$³

l8Ã56L v GFU¯ HL G[ SL ,UEU ;\5}62 SCFlGIM\ SF ;\S,G —

lN, CHF¯ VO;FG[ˆ SCFGL ;\U|C D[\ C{ P

p5gIF; o

GFU¯ HL G[ S.2 5|SF¯ S[ p5gIF; l,B[ C{\ P H{;[ ;FDFlHS4

¯ HL S[ ,UEU !%

!³ DCFSF, v

$³ XT¯\

*³ ;FT 3}¥38JF,F D]B0 +

Page 17: RT]Y2 VôIFI ovshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4659/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · 37 xmwsfi2 s¯g[ s[ afjh}n xf{lsif gf8ssdl2 j ¯\ud\r ;dl1fs c{ p gfu¯ hl sl a0+l a[8l vr,f gfu¯

49

)³ DFG; SF C\

!_³

!!³ B\

!Z³

!#³ VluG UEF2 v ;G

!$³

!%³ 5Ll-I¥F

l8Ã56Lv GFU¯ HL SF —DCFSF,ˆ \ —E}Bˆ

XLQF2S ;[ 5]Go 5|SFlXT C]VF P

CF:IvjI\uI o

GFU¯ HL SF :JEFJ B]XlDHFH TM C{ CL4 ;FY D[\ p;[ DHFS EL

5;\N C{ P pGSL CF:IvjI\ \v

) .2³

$³ D[¯L z[Q9 jI\

l8Ã56Lv GFU¯ HL SL ,UEU CF:IvjI\uI ¯RGFVM\ SF ;\S,G

—RS<,;ˆ D[\ C{\ P

GFU¯ HL D[\ VlEGI 1FDTF YL P J[ ¯[l0IM VF{¯ lO<D HUT ;[ H]0 +[

CMG[ S[ SF¯6 GF8S S[ D},E}T l;âF\TM\ SM VrKL T¯C ;[ ;DhT[ Y[ P

Page 18: RT]Y2 VôIFI ovshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4659/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · 37 xmwsfi2 s¯g[ s[ afjh}n xf{lsif gf8ssdl2 j ¯\ud\r ;dl1fs c{ p gfu¯ hl sl a0+l a[8l vr,f gfu¯

50

#³ G]ÉS0+

$³ !)*$ .2³

&³ RÉS¯NF¯ ;Ll-+I¥F VF{¯ V¥W[¯F s¯[

*³ pTF¯vR-+

(³ R-+T G N}HM ¯\

;J[21F6 ;°HG o

;J[21F6 ;°HG S[ V\ \{ P

;\ \ lGA\W o

GFU¯ HL S[ ;\ \ lGA\

!³ lHGS[ ;FY lHIF s;\

#³ ;FlCltIS VF{¯ ;\:S°lT slGA\W ;\

$³ 8]S0+[v8]S0 +[ NF:TFG s;\

AF, ;FlCtI o

GFU¯HL SF AF, ;FlCtI .; 5|SF¯ C{ v

Z³ lG\

#³ AH¯\

$³ AH¯\

Page 19: RT]Y2 VôIFI ovshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4659/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · 37 xmwsfi2 s¯g[ s[ afjh}n xf{lsif gf8ssdl2 j ¯\ud\r ;dl1fs c{ p gfu¯ hl sl a0+l a[8l vr,f gfu¯

51

%³ .lTCF; S[ h¯MB

*³ AH¯\UL :DU,¯M\ S[ OgN[ D[\

(³ VS, A0 +L IF E[\

)³ VFVM ArRM\ GF8S S¯[\

!_³ ;TB\0+

!!³ l+,MS lJHI

!Z³ ;MD} SF HgDlNG

!#³ ;F\hF

!$³ XF\lT lGS[TG S[ ;\T SF AR5G

!%³ .S,F{TF ,F,

!&³ HA T],;LNF; G[ CG]DFG RF,L;F ¯RL

HLJG Rl¯+ o

GFU¯ HL G[ HLJG Rl¯+ 5¯ 5¯ l,BF C{4 JC .; 5|SF¯ C{ v

!³ ;eITF S[ lGDF2TF

Z³ Ko I]U 5]~QF

#³ DCFG lJRF¯S

$³ DCFG I]U lGDF2TF

;CIMUL p5gIF; o

!³ uIF¯C ;5GM\ SF N[X

GFU¯ HL SF VgI ;FlCtI o

!³ DCFEF¯T SYF

Z³ RØTLY2

#³ VFH S[ ,MSl5|I lCgNL SlJ EUJTLR¯6 JDF2

Page 20: RT]Y2 VôIFI ovshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4659/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · 37 xmwsfi2 s¯g[ s[ afjh}n xf{lsif gf8ssdl2 j ¯\ud\r ;dl1fs c{ p gfu¯ hl sl a0+l a[8l vr,f gfu¯

52

$³ VD°T D\YG s0¶F³X¯N GFU¯ VF{¯ 0¶F³VFG\N5|SFX l+5F9L SF ;\5FNGf

%³ VD°T,F, GFU¯ ¯RGFJ,L sB^0 ! ;[ !Z4 0¶F³X¯N GFU¯ SF ;\5FNGf

VG]lNT ;FlCtI o

GFU¯ HL SF VG]lNT ;FlCtI .; 5|SF¯ C{v

!³ lA;FTL sDM5F;F SL SCFlGIM\

Z³ 5|[D SL ÃIF; sÉ,FJ[I¯ SL —DFNFD AFJ¯Lˆ

#³ SF,F 5]¯MlCT v sQF[BMJ SL SCFlGIM\

$³ V¥FBM\ N[BF UN¯ v slJQ6] EÎ UM0 ;[ S°T —DFhF 5|JF;ˆ SF VG]JFNf v

%³ NM OÉS0 + sSgC{IF,F, D]\XL S[ TLG U]H¯FTL GF8SM\ SF VG]JFNf v

IF+F o GFU¯ HL G[ V5G[ HLJG SF, D[\ ~; SL IF+F SL YL P

D°tI] o

Z# O¯J¯L4 !))_ lXJ¯F+L S[ lNG GFU¯ HL SL HLJG ,L,F ;DFÃT

CM U.2 P J{;[ EL GFU¯ HL V5G[ VF5 SM lXJ SF U6 DFGT[ Y[ P .2xJ¯ SL

C]VF P

GFU¯ HL SL D°tI] 5¯ l5|IHGM\ G[4 l¯xT[NF¯M\ G[4 G[TFVM\ G[ XMS 5|S8

S¯S[ pgC[\ zâF\Hl, Vl52T SL P lCgNL SYFv;FlCtI S[ 1F[+ D[\ V5GL

V;LD p5,laWIM\ SM lJ¯F;T D[\ N[S¯ DFG; SF C\; p0+ UIF P

CD VG]DFG ,UF ;ST[ C{\ lS D]ÉT DGF GFU¯ HL SL D°tI] CM HFG[ ;[

lCgNL ;FlCtI HUT D[\ lSTGF BF,L5G VF UIF CMUF P

“A0+[ XF{S ;[ ;]G ¯CF YF HDFGF4 T]dCL\ ”

Page 21: RT]Y2 VôIFI ovshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4659/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · 37 xmwsfi2 s¯g[ s[ afjh}n xf{lsif gf8ssdl2 j ¯\ud\r ;dl1fs c{ p gfu¯ hl sl a0+l a[8l vr,f gfu¯

53

\ 5]¯:SF¯ o

HC¥F TS GFU¯ HL SM lD,G[JF,[ 5]¯:SF¯M\ VF{¯ ;dDFGM\ SL AFT C{4

J[ pGSL ,[BSLI Ul¯DF S[ 5}62To VG]S}, Y[ P J{;[ VlWSF\X A0+[ 5]¯:SF¯

VF{¯ ;dDFG pgC[\ V5G[ V\lTD JQFM\2 D[\ 5|FÃT C]VF P —A}¥N VF{¯ ;D]N|ˆ SFXL

GFU¯L 5|RFl¯6L ;EF pgC[\ !)&! .2³ D[\ 5]̄ :S°T S¯ R]SL YL P —DFG; SF

C\;ˆ 5¯ pgC[\ p¿¯ 5|N[X XF;G G[ !)*( D[\ 5|:T]T lSIF VF{¯ !)*( .2³ D[\

IC S°lT —¯FDS°Q6 C¯HLD, 5]¯:SF¯ˆ ;[ ;dDFlGT C].2 P

—;]CFU S[ G}5]¯ˆ 5¯ pgC[\ !)&Zv&# SF —5|[DRgN 5]¯:SF¯ˆ4 p¿¯ 5|N[X

XF;G £F¯F lNIF UIF P —VD°T VF{¯ lJQFˆ SM !)&! .2³ SF ;FlCtI VSFNDL

5]¯:SF¯ lD,F P .; p5gIF; SM !)*_ .2³ SF —;MlJI[T ,{\0 G[C~ˆ 5]¯:SF¯

EL lD,F P —B\HG GIGˆ 5¯ EF¯TLI EFQFF 5l¯QFN S,S¿F G[ pgC[\ V5GF

!)($ .2³ SF lJlXQ8 5]¯:SF¯ lNIF P

p¿¯ 5|N[X lCgNL ;\:YFG SF lJlXQ8 ;FlCltIS 5]¯:SF¯ pgC[\ !)(_

D[\ 5|FÃT C]VF P AFN D[\ pgC[\ lCgNL ;\:YFG S[ CL ;JM2rR —EF¯T EF¯TLˆ

,FB #5I[\ C{ P .; ¯FlX SF —0¶F³¯FH[gN| 5|;FN lXB¯ ;dDFGˆ V5GL lJlXQ8

;FlCltIS ;[JFVM\ \ —¯FQ8= EFQFF 5l¯QFNˆ lACF¯ XF;G SL

VM¯ ;[ lD,F P

.;S[ VlTl¯ÉT —lCgNL ;FlCtI ;\D[,G4 5|IFUˆ4 VFSFXJF6L4 lO<D

\A.24 lCgN

;\:YFVM\ \ pgC[\ —;FlCtI

VSFNDLˆ G.2 lN<,L G[ V5GF DFGN ;N:I R]GF P

!)(! .2³ D[\ GFU¯ HL EF¯T S[ ¯FQ8=5lT £F¯F — ˆ ;[ V,\S°T

Page 22: RT]Y2 VôIFI ovshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4659/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · 37 xmwsfi2 s¯g[ s[ afjh}n xf{lsif gf8ssdl2 j ¯\ud\r ;dl1fs c{ p gfu¯ hl sl a0+l a[8l vr,f gfu¯

54

lSI[ UI[ P

lGQSQF2 o

;F¯F\XTo CD SC ;ST[ C{\ \

p;SF HLJG prRSMl8 S[ ;FlCtISF¯M\ D[\ ;dDFG 5FG[ IMuI C{ P GFU¯ HL

G[ V5G[ ;FlCtI S[ DFôID ;[ lCgNL ;FlCtI SL pgGTL D[\

IMUNFG lNIF C{ P GFU¯ HL SM —EF¯TLI VFtDFˆ4 —VF:YF S[ 5|C¯Lˆ4 —5|lTEF

S[ X]E| 5 ]#QFˆ4 —J8J°1Fˆ VFlN VY25}62 lJX[QF6M\ ;[ GJFHF UIF C{4 JC

plRT CL C{ P CD pGS[ zLR¯6M\ D[\ A0+[ VFN¯ VF{¯ ;dDFG S[ ;FY

zâF;]DG Vl52T S¯T[ C{\ P

Page 23: RT]Y2 VôIFI ovshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4659/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · 37 xmwsfi2 s¯g[ s[ afjh}n xf{lsif gf8ssdl2 j ¯\ud\r ;dl1fs c{ p gfu¯ hl sl a0+l a[8l vr,f gfu¯

55

;\NE2 ;}RL

!³ 0¶F³AL³H[³ 58[, —lA|H[Xˆ o VD°T,F, GFU¯ S[ p5gIF;

EF¯TLITF SL 5CRFG ;[ pâ'T 5°³&

Z³ 0¶F³;tI5F, R]W o VF:YF S[ 5|C¯L

#³ 0¶F³5|SFXRgN| lDz o VD°T,F, GFU¯ SF p5gIF; ;FlCtI 5°³#%

$³ JCL4 5°³#&

%³ \ l;âF\T 5°³&

&³ X¯N GFU¯ o VD°T,F, GFU¯ ¯RGFJ,L B^0v!_

s8]S0[v8]S0[ NF:TFGf 5°³!%

*³ X¯N GFU¯ o pHF; SL W¯MC¯ 5'³!(

(³ \ l;âF\T 5°³&

)³ X¯N GFU¯ o pHF; SL W¯MC¯ 5°³!)(

!_³ X¯N GFU¯ o VD°T,F, GFU¯ ¯RGFJ,L B^0v!_

s8]S0[v8]S0[ NF:TFGf 5°³!Z

!!³ JCL4 5°³!#

!Z³ S]D]N GFU¯ o J8J°1F SL KFIF D[\ 5°³!_

!#³ 0¶F³S];]D JFQ62[I o WD2I]U4 Z_ VU:T4 !)*Z4 5°³%#