rvzxq wk¶vµg i cvv¨cy¯Ík †evw© kz…©k 2013 wk¶vel© † ‡k · 2018. 10. 14. · rvzxq...

RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© KZ…©K 2013 wk¶vel© †_‡Kbeg-`kg †kªwYi cvV¨cy¯ÍKi~‡c wba©vwiZ

evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zvbeg-`kg †kªwY

iPbvq

RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, evsjv‡`k

RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©69-70 gwZwSj evwYwR¨K GjvKv, XvKv-1000

KZ…©K cÖKvwkZ|

[cÖKvkK KZ…©K me©¯^Z¡ msiw¶Z]

cÖ_g cÖKvk : A‡±vei, 2012cybgy©`ªY : AvM÷, 2016

cvV¨cy¯ÍK cÖYq‡b mgš^qKˆmq` gvndzR Avjx

cÖ”Q`my`k©b evQvi

myRvDj Av‡e`xb

wWRvBbRvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©

cvidg© Kvjvi MÖvwd· (cÖvt) wjt

miKvi KZ…©K webvg~‡j¨ weZi‡Yi Rb¨|

gy`ª‡Y:

cÖm•M-K_v

wk¶v RvZxq Dbœq‡bi c~e©kZ©| Avi ªyZ cwieZ©bkxj we‡k¦i P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejv K‡i evsjv‡`k‡K Dbœqb I mg„w×i w`‡K wb‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb mywkw¶Z Rbkw³| fvlv Av‡›`vjb I gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvq †`k Movi Rb¨ wk¶v_©xi

cwi‡ekMZ cUf~wgi †cÖw¶‡Z `¶ I †hvM¨ bvMwiK K‡i †ZvjvI gva¨wgK wk¶vi Ab¨Zg we‡eP¨ welq|

evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv



GKwesk kZ‡Ki A½xKvi I cÖZ¨q‡K mvg‡b †i‡L cwigvwR©Z wk¶vµ‡gi Av‡jv‡K cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU iwPZ n‡q‡Q|

wk¶vµg Dbœqb GKwU avivevwnK cÖwµqv Ges Gi wfwË‡Z cvV¨cy¯ÍK iwPZ nq| m¤úªwZ †hŠw³K g~j¨vqb I UªvB AvDU Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g ms‡kvab I cwigvR©b K‡i cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU‡K Î“wUgy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q- hvi cÖwZdjb eBwUi eZ©gvb ms¯‹i‡Y cvIqv hv‡e|

cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU iPbv, m¤cv`bv, m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I Kg©-Abykxjb cÖYqb, cwigvR©b Ges cÖKvkbvi Kv‡R huviv AvšÍwiKfv‡e †gav I kªg w`‡q‡Qb, Zuv‡ì RvbvB abëv`| cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU wk¶v_©x‡ì Avbw›`Z cvV I cÖZ¨vwkZ `¶Zv AR©b wbwðZ Ki‡e e‡j Avkv Kwi|

cÖ‡dmi bvivqY P›`ª mvnv†Pqvig¨vb

RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯—K †evW©,evsjv‡`k

m~wPcÎ

Aa¨vq Aa¨v‡qi wk‡ivbvg c„ôv

cÖ_g BwZnvm cwiwPwZ 1-6

wØZxq wek¦mf¨Zv (wgki, wmÜz, wMÖK I †ivg) 7-21

Z…Zxq cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc` 22-26

PZz_© cÖvPxb evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm (wLªóc~e© 326-1204 wLªóvã ) 27-39

cÂg cÖvPxb evsjvi mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnvm 40-51

lô ga¨hy‡Mi evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm (1204 -1757 wLªóvã) 52-73

mßg ga¨hy‡Mi evsjvi mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnvm 74-86

Aóg evsjvq Bs‡iR kvm‡bi m~Pbvce© 87-98

beg Bs‡iR kvmb Avg‡j evsjvq cÖwZ‡iva, beRvMiY I ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb 99-110

`kg Bs‡iR kvmb Avg‡j evsjvi ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vjb 111-130

GKv`k fvlv Av‡›`vjb I cieZ©x ivR‰bwZK NUbvcÖevn 131-140

Øv`k mvgwiK kvmb I ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vjb (1958 - 1969 wLªóvã) 141-151

Î‡qv`k mË‡ii wbe©vPb Ges gyw³hy× 152-172

PZz`©k e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi kvmbKvj (1972-1975 wLªóvã) 173-182

cÂ`k mvgwiK kvmb I cieZ©x NUbvcÖevn (1975- 1990 wLªóvã) 183-196

cÖ_g Aa¨vqBwZnvm cwiwPwZ

1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k gnvb gyw³hy× msNwVZ nq| bq gvm cvwK¯Ívwb †mbvevwnbxi weiy‡× cÖvYcY jovB K‡i 16

GB Aa¨vq †k‡l Avgiv-

2 evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv

BwZnvm I HwZ‡nï aviYvÔBwZnvmÕ kãwUi DrcwË ÔBwZnÕ kã †_‡K hvi A_© ÔHwZn¨Õ| HwZn¨ n‡”Q AZx‡Zi Af¨vm, wk¶v, fvlv, wkí, mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ hv fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ msiw¶Z _v‡K| GB HwZn¨‡K GK cÖRb¥ †_‡K Av‡iK cÖR‡b¥i Kv‡Q †cŠu‡Q †`q BwZnvm| B.GBP.Kvi-Gi fvlvq ejv hvq †h, BwZnvm n‡jv eZ©gvb I AZx‡Zi g‡a¨ GK AšÍnxb msjvc|

eZ©gv‡bi mKj welqB AZx‡Zi µgweeZ©b I AZxZ HwZ‡nï Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q| Avi AZx‡Zi µgweeZ©b I HwZ‡nï e¯‘wbô weeiYB n‡jv BwZnvm| Z‡e GLb eZ©gvb mg‡qiI BwZnvm †jLv nq, hv‡K e‡j

BwZnvm kãwUi mwÜ we‡”Q` Ki‡j Giiƒc `vovq, BwZn + Avm| hvi A_© GgbB wQj ev Giƒc N‡UwQj|

Zv BwZnvm bq|

wMÖK kã Ôwn÷wiqvÕ (Historia) †_‡K Bs‡iwR Ôwnw÷ªÕ (History) kãwUi DrcwË, hvi evsjv cÖwZkã n‡”Q BwZnvm| Ôwn÷wiqvÕ kãwUi cÖ_g eënvi

ÔBwZnv‡mi RbKÕ wn‡m‡e L¨vZ| wZwbB me©cÖ_g Zuvi M‡elYvK‡g©i

M‡elYv| wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb, BwZnvm n‡jv hv mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© wQj ev

AbšÍ NUbvcÖevnB n‡jv BwZnvm| Avi GK BwZnvmwe` i¨vcmb e‡j‡Qb, BwZnvm n‡jv NUbvi êÁvwbK Ges avivevwnK eY©bv|

Kg©Kv‡Êi avivevwnK I mZ¨wbô weeiY| mwVK BwZnvm memgq mZ¨‡K wbf©i K‡i iwPZ|

BwZnv‡mi Dcv`vb

fvM Kiv hvq| h_v : wjwLZ Dcv`vb I AwjwLZ Dcv`vb|

1. wjwLZ Dcv`vb t BwZnvm iPbvi wjwLZ Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q mvwnZ¨, e‡`wkK weeiY, wjjcÎ BZ¨vw`|

BZ¨vw`|

†n‡iv‡WvUvm

wnD‡qb mvs

BwZnvm cwiwPwZ 3

we‡`wk ch©UK‡ì weeiY me mgqB BwZnv‡mi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡q‡Q| †hgbÑ cÂg †_‡K mßg kZ‡K evsjvq AvMZ ˆPwbK cwieªvRK h_vµ‡g dv-wn‡qb, wnD‡qb mvs I Brwms-Gi eY©bv| cieZ©x mg‡q

mvwnwZ¨K Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ AviI i‡q‡Q, iƒcK_v, wKse`wšÍ, MíKvwnwb| wZeŸZxq †jLK jvgv Zvibv‡_i eY©bvq cvj

eY©bv Av‡Q †mwU GK ai‡bi KíKvwnwb| Z‡e A‡bK Kvwnwbi Avov‡j A‡bK mZ¨ NUbv †_‡K hvq hv HwZnvwmKiv wePvi- we‡kølY-AbymÜvb K‡i Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| ZvQvov miKvwi bw_,

2. AwjwLZ ev cÖZœZvwË¡K Dcv`vb t †hme e¯‘ ev Dcv`vb

ai‡bi HwZnvwmK Z_¨ cvB †m e¯‘ ev Dcv`vbB

cix¶v-wbix¶v Ges we‡køl‡Yi d‡j †m mg‡qi Awaevmx‡ì ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v

Awaevmx‡ì mf¨Zv, ag©, RxebhvÎv, bMivqY, wbZëënvh© wRwbmcÎ, eëmv-evwY‡Rï Ae¯’v, K…wl

wb`k©‡b cÖgvY n‡q‡Q †h, evsjv‡`‡k AvovB nvRvi eQi c~‡e©I bMi mf¨Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj| GB Avwe®‹v‡ii

A‡bK aviYv| A`~i fwel¨‡Z bZzb fv‡e wjL‡Z n‡e evsjvi cÖvPxb BwZnvm|

GKK KvR t

BwZnv‡mi cÖKvi‡f`

BwZnv‡mi cwimi| BwZnvm weivgnxbfv‡e AZx‡Zi NUbv eZ©gvb cÖR‡b¥i Kv‡Q †cŠu‡Q †`q| †m‡¶‡Î BwZnvm‡K

ZviciI cVb-cvVb, Av‡jvPbv I M‡elYvK‡g©i myweav‡_© BwZnvm‡K cÖavbZ `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vbMZ I welqe¯‘MZ BwZnvm|

BwZnv‡mi Dcv`vb


1. †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vbMZ w`K ev †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vbMZ BwZnvm t †h welqwU BwZnv‡m ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q Zv †Kvb †cÖ¶vc‡U iwPZ ¯’vbxq, RvZxq bv AvšÍR©vwZK? Gfv‡e †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vbMZ w`K †_‡K ïay †evSvi myweav‡_© BwZnvm‡K Avev‡iv wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq h_vÑ ¯’vbxq ev AvÂwjK BwZnvm, RvZxq BwZnvm I AvšÍR©vwZK BwZnvm|

2. welqe¯‘MZ BwZnvm t †Kvb we‡kl wel‡qi Dci wfwË K‡i †h BwZnvm iwPZ nq Zv‡K welqe¯‘MZ BwZnvm ejv nq| BwZnv‡mi welqe¯‘i cwimi e¨vcK| Zey mvaviYfv‡e G‡K cuvP fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq, h_v- ivR‰bwZK

BwZnv‡mi welqe¯‘ gvbyl Zvi mgvR I mf¨Zvi avivevwnK cwieZ©‡bi cÖgvY I wjwLZ `wjj n‡jv BwZnvm| HwZnvwmK wf‡Kv (Vico) g‡b K‡ib †h, gvbe mgvR I gvbexq cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni DrcwË I weKvkB BwZnv‡mi welqe¯‘|

myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, gvby‡li ¸iyZ¡c~Y© AR©b hv gvbe mgvR-mf¨Zvi DbœwZ I AMÖMwZ‡Z Ae`vb ivL‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q Zv meB BwZnvmfy³ welq| †hgb- wkí, mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ, `k©b, ¯’vcZ¨, ivRbxwZ, hy×, ag©, AvBbÑcÖf…wZ welq, mvgwMÖKfv‡e hv wKQy mgvR-mf¨Zv weKv‡k cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q ZvB BwZnv‡mi welqe¯‘|

BwZnv‡mi ¯îƒcBwZnvm Ab¨vb¨ welq †_‡K Avjv`v| Ávb AR©‡bi Ab¨vb¨ kvLv †_‡K Gi iPbv I Dc¯’vcbv c×wZI ¯^Zš¿| BwZnv‡mi ewkó¨-cÖK…wZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j, aviYv cwi®‹vi n‡e|

cÖ_gZ t BwZnvm AZxZgyLx| AZx‡Zi NUbvcÖevnB G wel‡qi wePiY‡¶Î| mZ¨wbô Z‡_ï mvnv‡h¨ AZxZ‡K cybM©Vb KivB BwZnv‡mi ewkó¨|

wØZxqZ t BwZnv‡mi welqe¯‘ gvbyl Ges gvby‡li mgvR-mf¨Zv| gvbemgvR I mf¨Zvi µg AMÖMwZi avivevwnK Z_¨ wbf©i weeiYB n‡”Q BwZnv‡mi Av‡jvP¨ welq|

Z…ZxqZ t BwZnv‡m Av‡eM I AwZ K_‡bi evûj¨ †bB| N‡U hvIqv NUbvi mwVK weeiY cieZ©x cÖR‡b¥i Kv‡Q Zz‡j aivB BwZnv‡mi ewkó¨|

PZz_©Z t BwZnvm †_‡g _v‡K bv, GwU MwZkxj Ges engvb| †h Kvi‡Y Kvj wefvR‡b †Kvb mb-ZvwiL eënvi Kiv KwVb| Avevi cwieZ©‡bi aviv me †`‡k GK m‡½ N‡Uwb|

cÂgZ t e¯‘wbô I wbi‡c¶Zv BwZnv‡mi †gŠwjK wfwË| Z‡e cÖwZwU gvby‡li ch©‡e¶Y ¶gZv, `„wófw½ wfbœ wfbœ| †h Kvi‡Y GKB BwZnv‡mi eY©bv-e¨vL¨v GK GK HwZnvwmK wewfbœfv‡e w`‡q _v‡Kb| NUbvi wbi‡c¶ eY©bv bv n‡j †mUv mwVK BwZnvm nq bv|

GKK KvR t mZ¨wbô Z‡_ï mvnv‡h¨ AZxZ‡K cybM©Vb KivB BwZnv‡mi ewkó¨Ñe¨vL¨v Ki|

BwZnv‡mi cwimi

kvLv-cÖkvLvq we¯Í…Z, BwZnv‡mi mxgvI ZZ`~i ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z| Z‡e G we¯Í…wZi mxgv w¯’wZkxj bq| gvby‡li

cÖ_g c‡e©i gvby‡li Kg©KvÊ Lv`¨ msMÖ‡ni g‡a¨ mxgve× wQj| Drcv`b †KŠkj ZLbI Zv‡ì ARvbv wQj| d‡j †m mgq BwZnv‡mi cwimiI Lv`¨ msMÖng~jK Kg©KvÊ ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z wQj| mg‡qi weeZ©‡b, mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZi Kvi‡Y gvby‡li Kg©Kv‡Êi cwiwa †e‡o‡Q| m‡½ m‡½ BwZnvm PP©vq-M‡elYvq eÁvwbK c×wZI Abym„Z n‡”Q|

BwZnvm cwiwPwZ 5

d‡j BwZnv‡mi kvLv-cÖkvLvi msL¨vI e„w× †c‡q‡Q, we¯Í…Z n‡”Q BwZnv‡mi mxgvbvI| Ewbk kZ‡K ïay ivRbxwZ BwZnv‡mi welq n‡jI gvK©mev` cÖPv‡ii ci A_©bxwZ, mgvR, wkíKjvi BwZnvmI iwPZ n‡Z _v‡K| Gfv‡e

BwZnvm cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvgvbemgvR I mf¨Zvi weeZ©‡bi mZ¨ wbf©i weeiY n‡”Q BwZnvm| G Kvi‡Y ÁvbPP©vi kvLv wn‡m‡e BwZnv‡mi ¸iyZ¡ Amxg| BwZnvm cvV gvbyl‡K AZx‡Zi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z eZ©gvb Ae¯’v eyS‡Z, fwel¨r Abygvb Ki‡Z mvnvh¨

†`k I RvwZi ¯^v‡_© Ges e¨w³ cÖ‡qvR‡b BwZnvm cvV AZ¨šÍ Riywi|

Ávb I AvZ¥gh©v`v e„w× K‡i t AZx‡Zi mZ¨wbô eY©bv gvby‡li Áv‡bi cwiwa e„w× Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| Avi G weeiY hw` nq wbR †`k-RvwZi mdj msMÖvg I †MŠiegq HwZ‡n¨iÑ Zvn‡j Zv gvbyl‡K †`k‡cÖ‡g DØy× K‡i|

BwZnvm cv‡Vi weKí †bB|

m‡PZbv e„w× K‡i t BwZnvm Ávb gvbyl‡K m‡PZb K‡i †Zv‡j| DÌvb-cZb Ges mf¨Zvi weKvk I cZ‡bi

m‡PZb _v‡K|

`„óv‡šÍi mvnv‡h¨ wk¶v †`q : BwZnv‡mi e¨envwiK ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg| gvbyl BwZnvm cvV K‡i AZxZ NUbvewji `„óvšÍ †_‡K wk¶v wb‡Z cv‡i| BwZnv‡mi wk¶v eZ©gv‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b Kv‡R jvMv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| BwZnvm `„óv‡šÍi gva¨‡g wk¶v †`q e‡j BwZnvm‡K ejv nq wk¶Yxq `k©b|

`jxq KvR t †Zvgvi GjvKvi A_ev KvQvKvwQ †Kv‡bv HwZnvwmK ¯_vb/wb`k©b cwi`k©b K‡i Zvi HwZnvwmK Dcv`vb¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki|

Abykxjbg~jK cÖkœeûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ t1. Kv‡K AvaywbK BwZnv‡mi RbK ejv nq?

K. †n‡iv‡WvUvm L. wjI‡cvì db& i¨vs‡K

M. U‡qbwe N. B. GBP. Kvi

i. cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB evsjv‡`k g„rwk‡í mg„× wQj;

ii. eû cÖvPxb Avg‡j evsjv‡`‡k bMi-mf¨Zv M‡o I‡V;

iii


wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K. i L. i I ii

M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

3. wigv gqbvgwZ Rv`yN‡i BwZnv‡mi †h Dcv`b †`L‡Z cvq Zv n‡jv -

i. wjwLZ

ii. AwjwLZ

iii. cÖZœZvwË¡K


K. i I ii L. i I iii


4. wigv gqbvgwZ Rv`yNi cwi`k©b K‡i Rvb‡Z cvi‡e, cÖvPxb evsjvi-

i. mvgvwRK BwZnvm

ii. A_©‰bwZK BwZnvm

iii. mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnvm


K. i I ii L. ii I iii

M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ t 1. mRj Zvi gvgvi mv‡_ RvZxq MYMÖš’vMv‡i hvq| †mLv‡b †m wewfbœ eBcÎ c‡o| mRj weÁv‡bi QvÎ n‡jI

BwZnv‡mi eB Zvi fv‡jv jv‡M| †m wewfbœ Drm †_‡K BwZnv‡mi eBcÎ msMÖn K‡i c‡o| mR‡ji evev Zv‡K ej‡jb, ïay ïay Gme eB c‡o mgq bó Ki‡Qv †Kb?

K. wnD‡qb mvs †Kvb& †`‡ki cwieªvRK?

L. mg‡qi weeZ©‡b Kxfv‡e BwZnv‡mi cwimi we¯Í…Z n‡”Q?

M. mRj RvZxq MYMÖš’vMv‡i BwZnv‡mi †Kvb ai‡bi Dcv`vb †`L‡Z cvq? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Zzwg Kx mR‡ji evevi gvbwmKZvi mv‡_ GKgZ? hyw³ `vI|

wØZxq Aa¨vq

wek¦mf¨ZvAvw`g hy‡Mi gvbyl K…wlKvR RvbZ bv| e‡b e‡b Ny‡i Ny‡i djg~j msMÖn KiZ| Zv-B wQj Zv‡ì Lv`¨| Gici gvbyl cv_i †f‡O N‡m N‡m aviv‡jv A¯¿ ˆZwi Ki‡Z †k‡L| †m mgq cv_iB wQj Zv‡ì GKgvÎ nvwZqvi| †m Kvi‡Y G hyM‡K cv_‡ii hyM ejv n‡Zv| cv_i hy‡Mi cÖ_g ch©vq‡K ejv n‡Zv cyi‡bv cv_‡ii hyM ev cy‡ivcjxq hyM| G hy‡M gvbyl cv_‡ii A¯¿ w`‡q `je×fv‡e cï wkKvi KiZ| Giv Av¸‡bi eënviI RvbZ|

cyi‡bv cv_‡ii hyM †kl nq gvby‡li hvhvei Rxe‡bi Aemvb NwU‡q K…wlwfwËK mgvR cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g| G hyM‡K ejv nq bZzb cv_‡ii hyM ev b‡evcjxq hyM| K…wli cÖ‡qvR‡b Ghy‡M gvbyl b`xi Zx‡i emevm ïiy K‡i| Ni-evwo wbg©vY Ki‡Z †k‡L| Gfv‡eB gvbemf¨Zvi ïiy| GB Aa¨v‡q Kxfv‡e gvbyl av‡c av‡c mf¨Zv‡K GwM‡q wb‡q †M‡Q ZviB mZ¨ Kvwnwb, hv‡K Avgiv ewj BwZnvmÑ †m wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

GB Aa¨vq †k‡l Avgiv Ñ

cÖvPxb wgkixq mf¨Zvi µgweKv‡ki aviv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

bxj b‡ì Ae`vb D‡jøLc~e©K cÖvPxb wgk‡ii ivóª I mgv‡Ri eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

wek¦ mf¨Zv weKv‡k cÖvPxb wgkixq mf¨Zvi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vbmg~n g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvie;

wmÜz mf¨Zvi Avwe®‹v‡ii Kvwnwb I †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb Rvb‡Z cvie;

wmÜz mf¨Zvi ivR‰bwZK, Av_©-mvgvwRK I ag©xq Ae¯’v eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

mf¨Zvi weKv‡k wmÜz mf¨Zvi bMi cwiKíbv, wkíKjv I fv¯‹‡h©i eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb I mgqKv‡ji eY©bvc~e©K wMÖK mf¨Zvi D™¢‡ei cUf~wg eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

wek¦mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZ‡Z wMÖK mf¨Zvi wk¶v, ms¯‹…wZ, ag©, `k©b I weÁv‡bi Ae`vb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb I mgqKvj D‡jøLc~e©K cÖvPxb †ivgvb mf¨Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

wk¶v, mvwnZ¨ I wjLb c×wZi weKv‡k cÖvPxb †ivgvb mf¨Zvi Ae`vb we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvie;

mf¨Zvi weKv‡k cÖvPxb †ivgvb mf¨Zvi ¯’vcZ¨, fv¯‹h© I weÁv‡bi Ae`vb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

wek¦ mf¨Zvq cÖvPxb †ivgvb mf¨Zvi ag©, `k©b I AvB‡bi cÖfve Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvie;

gvbwPÎ : cÖvPxb wgkixq mf¨Zv


wgkixq mf¨ZvcUf~wg : Avwd«Kv gnv‡`‡ki DËi-c~e© As‡k eZ©gv‡b †h †`kwUi bvg BwRÞ, †mB †`‡kiB cÖvPxb bvg wgki| wLªóc~e© 4000 A‡ã wgk‡i cÖ_g mvgªv‡Rï D™¢e N‡U| hvi GKwU wQj DËi wgki (wbgœ wgki) AciwU wQj `w¶Y wgki (D”P wgki)| wLªóc~e© 5000 †_‡K 3200 Aã ch©šÍ bxj b‡ì AeevwnKvq GKwU iv‡óªi D™¢e nq| †m mg‡q cÖvPxb wgk‡ii BwZnvm‡K cÖvK-ivReskxq hyM e‡j| G mgq †_‡K wgki cÖvPxb mf¨Zvq wewfbœ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Z ïiy K‡i|

Gici wLóc~e© 3200 Aã †_‡K cÖ_g ivRes‡ki kvmb Avgj ïiy nq| H mgq †_‡K wgk‡ii HwZnvwmK hy‡Mi m~Pbv nq| GKB mg‡q wbgœ I D”P wgki‡K GKwÎZ K‡i bvigvi ev †g‡bm nb GKvav‡i wgk‡ii cÖ_g bicwZ Ges cy‡ivwnZ| wZwb cÖ_g dvivI-Gi gh©v`vI jvf K‡ib| Gici †_‡K dvivI‡ì Aax‡b wgki cÖvPxb wek¦mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZ‡Z G‡Ki ci GK D‡jø‡hvM¨ Ae`vb ivL‡Z m¶g nq|

†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb t wZbwU gnv‡`k Øviv wN‡i _vKv wgk‡ii †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb AZ¨šÍ iyZ¡c~Y©| †`kwU Gwkqv, Avwd«Kv I BD‡ivc gnv‡`k Øviv cwi‡ewóZ f~ga¨mvM‡ii DcK~‡j Aew¯’Z| Gi DË‡i f~ga¨mvMi, c~‡e© †jvwnZ mvMi, cwð‡g mvnviv giyf~wg, `w¶‡Y my`vb I Avwd«Kvi Ab¨vb¨ †`k| Gi †gvU AvqZb cÖvq Pvi j¶ eM©gvBj|

mgqKvj t wgkixq mf¨Zv 2500 eQ‡iiI †ewk mgqe¨vcx ¯’vqx n‡qwQj| cÖvPxb wgk‡ii wbiew”Qbœ I `xN© BwZnv‡mi m~Pbv nq wLªóc~e© 5000 A‡ã| we‡kl K‡i b‡evcjxq hy‡M|

Z‡e wgkixq mf¨Zvi †MvovcËb nq †g‡b‡mi †bZ…‡Z¡, hv cÖvq wZb nvRvi eQi a‡i ^gwngvq D¾¡j wQj| wLªóc~e© `kg kZ‡K wjweqvi GK ee©i RvwZ dvivI‡ì wmsnvmb Lj K‡i †bq| 670-662 wLªóc~e©v‡ã A¨vwmixqv wgk‡i AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi K‡i| 525 wLªóc~e©v‡ã cvim¨ wgki `Lj K‡i wb‡j cÖvPxb wgk‡ii mf¨Zvi m~h© A¯ÍwgZ nq|

ivóª I mgvR t cÖvK-ivReskxq hy‡M wgki KZ¸‡jv †QvU †QvU bMi iv‡óª wef³ wQj| G¸‡jv‡K Ô†bvgÕ ejv n‡Zv| wgk‡ii cÖ_g ivRv ev dvivI (†g‡bm ev bvigvi) mgMÖ wgki‡K wLóc~e© 3200 A‡ã HKë× K‡i GKwU ivóª M‡o †Zv‡j| hvi ivRavbx wQj `w¶Y wgk‡ii †gwç‡m| ZLb †_‡K wgk‡i HKë× ivóª I ivRes‡ki D™¢e| wgkixq Ô†ci-IÕ kã †_‡K dvivI k‡ãi Rb¥| dvivIiv wQj AZ¨šÍ ¶gZvkvjx| Zviv wb‡R‡ì‡K m~h© †èZvi eskai g‡b KiZ| dvivI c`wU wQj eskvbyµwgK| A_©vr dvivI‡qi †Q‡j n‡Zv DËivwaKvi m~‡Î dvivI|

GKK KvR t wgkixq mf¨Zvi DÌvb-cZ‡bi GKwU avivevwnK PvU© ˆZwi Ki|

†ckvi Dci wfwË K‡i wgkixq‡ì K‡qKwU †kªwY‡Z fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb- ivRcwievi, cy‡ivwnZ, AwfRvZ, wjwcKvi, eëmvqx, wkíx Ges K…lK I f~wg`vm †kªwY|

wgk‡ii A_©bxwZ g~jZ wQj K…wlwbf©i| Drcvw`Z dm‡ji ga¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wQj Mg, he, Zzjv, †cuqvR, wcP BZ¨vw`| eëmv-evwY‡RÏ wgki wQj AMÖMvgx| wgk‡i Drcvw`Z Mg, wj‡jb Kvco I gvwUi cvÎ wµU Øxc, wdwbwkqv, wdwjw¯Íb I wmwiqvq ißvwb n‡Zv| wewfbœ †`k †_‡K wgkixqiv ¯^Y©, †iŠc¨, nvwZi ùvZ, KvV BZ¨vw` Avg`vwb KiZ|

wek¦mf¨Zv 9

bxj b` t wgk‡ii bxj b‡ì DrcwË Avwd«Kvi †jK wf‡±vwiqv †_‡K| †mLvb †_‡K b`wU bvbv †`k n‡q wgk‡ii ga¨ w`‡q f~-ga¨mvM‡i G‡m c‡o‡Q| BwZnv‡mi RbK †n‡iv‡WvUvm h_v_©B e‡j‡QbÑ Ôwgki bxj b‡ì `vbÕ| bxj b` bv _vK‡j wgki giyf~wg‡Z cwiYZ n‡Zv| cÖvPxbKv‡j cÖwZeQi bxj b‡` eb¨v n‡Zv| eb¨vi ci cvwb m‡i †M‡j `yB Zx‡i cwjgvwU c‡o Rwg De©i nZ| R‡g _vKv cwjgvwU‡Z Rb¥v‡Zv bvbv ai‡bi dmj|

mf¨Zvq wgkixq‡ì Ae`vb t cÖvPxb mf¨Zvq wgkixq‡ì Ae`vb A¯^xKvi Kivi Dcvq †bB| ag©xq wPšÍv, wkí, fv¯‹h©, wjLb c×wZ KvM‡Ri Avwe®‹vi Ávb weÁvbPP©v-mewKQyB Zv‡ì Ae`v‡b mg„×| wgkixq‡ì Ab¨Zg êwkó¨ n‡”Q †h Zv‡ì Rxeb ag©xq wPšÍv I wek¦vm Øviv cÖfvweZ|

wgkixq‡ì ag©wek¦vm twbqg-Kvbyb Abykvmb Øviv cÖfvweZ wQj bv| †m Kvi‡Y gvbemf¨Zvi A‡bK a¨vbaviYv, ixwZ-bxwZ, AvPvi-Abyôv‡bi Rb¥ cÖvPxb wgk‡i| Zviv Roe¯‘i c~Rv KiZ, g~wZ© c~Rv KiZ, Avevi RxeRšÍyi c~RvI KiZ| wewfbœ mg‡q Zv‡ì ag©wek¦v‡mi cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q| wgkixq‡ì aviYv wQj, m~h©‡èZv Ô†iÕ ev ÔAvgb †iÕ Ges cÖvK…wZK kw³, km¨ I bxjb‡ì †èZv ÔIwmwimÕ wgwjZfv‡e mgMÖ c„w_ex cwiPvwjZ K‡ib| Z‡e, Zv‡ì Rxe‡b m~h©‡èZv Ô†iÕÑ Gi ¸iyZ¡ wQj A‡bK †ewk|

GKK KvR t wgk‡ii Drcvw`Z dmj I Avg`vwbK…Z c‡Yï QK ˆZwi Ki|

wgkixqiv g‡b KiZ g„Z e¨w³ Avevi GKw`b †eu‡P DV‡e| †m Kvi‡Y †`n‡K ZvRv ivLvi Rb¨ Zviv gwg

wcivwgW ˆZwi K‡iwQj| dvivIiv Ck¦‡ii cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e †`k kvmb KiZ| Zuviv wQj cÖavb cy‡ivwnZ Ges Ab¨vb¨ cy‡ivwnZ‡ìI Zuviv wb‡qvM KiZ|

wkí t

D‡VwQj ag©xq wek¦vm †_‡K| Zviv mgvwa Avi gw›`‡ii

is wQj mv`v-Kv‡jv| mgvwa, wcivwgW, gw›ì, cÖvmv`,

wgk‡ii ivR‰bwZK, ag©xq, mvgvwRK I cvwievwiK Rxe‡bi Kvwnwb dz‡U D‡V‡Q|

GKK KvR : wgkixq wkíxiv †hme ¯’vcbvi †`qv‡j Qwe Gu‡K‡Q welqe¯‘ D‡jøLmn Zvi GKwU PvU© ˆZwi Ki|

fv¯‹h© t fv¯‹h© wk‡í wgkixq‡ì g‡Zv cÖwZfvi Qvc Avi

fveavivq cÖfvweZ wekvj AvKv‡ii cv_‡ii g~wZ©¸‡jv

fv¯‹h© ag©xq fveaviv, AvPvi Abyôvb, gZv`k© Øviv cÖfvweZ

wcivwgW

wùsK&m


wQj| cÖwZwU wkíB wQj Avm‡j ag©xq wkíKjv| me©‡kªô fv¯‹h© n‡”Q wMRvi AZzjbxq wùsK&m| wùsK&m n‡”Q Ggb GKwU g~wZ©, hvi †`nUv wms‡ni g‡Zv, wKšÍy gyL gvby‡li| wgk‡ii me‡P‡q eo wcivwgWwU n‡”Q dvivI Lydzi wcivwgW| gw›ì¸‡jv‡Z wgkixq fv¯‹h© ¯’vc‡Zï Ac~e© wb`k©b cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q|

wjLbc×wZ I KvMR Avwe®‹vi t wgkixq mf¨Zvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb êwkó¨ wQj wjwc ev A¶i Avwe®‹vi| bMi mf¨Zv weKv‡ki m‡½ m‡½ wgkixq wjLbc×wZi D™¢e N‡U| cuvP nvRvi eQi c~‡e© Zviv me©cÖ_g 24wU e¨Äbe‡Y©i eY©gvjv Avwe®‹vi K‡i| cÖ_g w`‡K Qwe Gu‡K Zviv g‡bi fve cÖKvk KiZ| GB wjLb c×wZi bvg wQj wPÎwjwc|

GB wPÎwjwc‡K ejv nq Ônvqv‡iwMwdKÕ ev cweÎ A¶i| wgkixqiv bvj LvMov RvZxq Mv‡Qi LÊ †_‡K KvMR evbv‡Z †k‡L| †mB KvM‡Ri Dci Zviv wjLZ| wMÖKiv GB KvM‡Ri bvg †`q Ôc¨vwcivmÕ| GB kã †_‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z †ccvi k‡ãi DrcwË| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †b‡cvwjqvb †evbvcv‡U©i wgki R‡qi mgq GKwU cv_i Avwe®K…Z nq hv i‡mUv †÷vb bv‡g cwiwPZ| hv‡Z wMÖK Ges Ônvqv‡iwMwdKÕ fvlvq A‡bK †jLv wQj, hv †_‡K cÖvPxb wgk‡ii A‡bK Z_¨ Rvbv hvq|

weÁvb t wgkixq mf¨Zv wQj K…wlwbf©i| †m Kvi‡Y bxj b‡ì cøveb, bve¨Zv, cvwbcÖev‡ni gvc †RvqvifvUv BZ¨vw` QvovI Rwgi gvc Zv‡ì Kv‡Q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© welq wQj| Gm‡ei m‡½ †R¨vwZlkv¯¿ I A¼ kv‡¯¿i wQj Mfxi †hvMv‡hvM| d‡j G `yBwU we`¨v Zviv AvqË K‡iwQj cÖ‡qvR‡bi ZvwM‡`| Zviv AsK kv‡¯¿i `yBwU kvLv R¨vwgwZ Ges cvwUMwY‡ZiI cÖPjb K‡i| wgkixq mf¨Zvi gvbyl †hvM, we‡qvM I fv‡Mi eënvi RvbZ| wLªóc~e© 4200 A‡ã Zviv cÖ_g †mŠi cwÄKv Avwe®‹vi K‡i| 365 w`‡b eQi G wnmv‡ei Avwe®‹viKI Zviv| cÖvPxb wgk‡ii Awaevmxiv mgq wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ m~h© Nwo, QvqvNwo, RjNwo Avwe®‹vi K‡i|

a‡g©i Kvi‡Y wgkixqiv weÁvbPP©vq AvMÖnx wQj| Zviv ci‡jv‡K wek¦vm KiZ Ges dvivIiv cieZ©x R‡b¥I ivRv n‡eb GB wek¦vm Zv‡ì wQj| ZvB Zviv dvivI‡ì †`n ZvRv ivLvi c×wZ Avwe®‹vi K‡i| G Kvi‡YB gwg ˆZwi ïiy nq| wgkixq weÁvbxiv ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvq g„Z‡`n cPb †_‡K i¶v Ki‡Z m¶g nq|

wPwKrmvkv‡¯¿I cÖvPxb wgkixqiv we‡kl AMÖMwZ jvf K‡iwQj| Zviv †PvL, ùvZ, †c‡Ui †ivM wbY©q Ki‡Z RvbZ| A‡¯¿vcPv‡ii gva¨‡g wPwKrmv Kivi we`¨vI Zv‡ì Rvbv wQj| Zviv nvo †Rvov jvMv‡bv, ürwc‡Êi MwZ Ges bvwoi ¯ú›`b wbY©q Ki‡Z cviZ|

wgkixqiv `k©b I mvwnZ¨PP©v KiZ| Zv‡ì iPbvq `ytL- nZvkvi †Kv‡bv cÖKvk wQj bv| Zviv Avkvev`x wQj| Zv‡ì †jLvq me mgqB Avb‡›ì cÖKvk †`Lv †M‡Q|

GKK KvR t

wmÜz mf¨ZvcUf~wg t wmÜzb‡ì AeevwnKvq M‡o D‡VwQj e‡j GB mf¨Zvi bvg ivLv nq wmÜz mf¨Zv| wmÜy mf¨Zvi ms¯‹…wZ‡K A‡bK mg‡q niàv ms¯‹…wZ ev niàv mf¨Zv ejv n‡q _v‡K| GB mf¨Zvi Avwe®‹vi Kvwnwb AZ¨šÍ PgrKvi| cvwK¯Ív‡bi wmÜz cÖ‡`‡ki jviKvbv †Rjvq g‡n‡Äv`v‡iv kn‡i DuPz DuPz gvwUi wXwe wQj|

¯’vbxq †jv‡Kiv ejZ giv gvby‡li wXwe (g‡n‡Äv`v‡iv K_vwUi gv‡bI ZvB)| evOvwj cÖZœZË¡we` ivLvj`vm e‡›`¨vca¨v‡qi †bZ…‡Z¡ cyivZË¡ wefv‡Mi †jv‡Kiv H ’v‡b †eŠ×¯‘‡ci aesmve‡kl Av‡Q †f‡e gvwU Luyo‡Z _v‡Kb|

wjLb c×wZ

wek¦mf¨Zv 11

AcÖZ¨vwkZfv‡e †ewi‡q Av‡m Zvgª-†eªvÄ hy‡Mi wb`k©b| GKB mg‡q 1922-23 wLªóv‡ã `qvivg mvnvbxi cÖ‡Póvq cvÄv‡ei cwðg w`‡K g‡›Uv‡Mvgvwi †Rjvi niàv bvgK ¯’v‡bI cÖPxb mf¨Zvi wb`k©b Avwe®K…Z nq| Rb gvk©v‡ji †bZ„‡Z¡ cyivZË¡ wefvM AbymÜvb Pvwj‡q Av‡iv eû wb`k©b Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|

†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb t Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖvPxbZg wmÜz mf¨Zvi we¯Í…wZ wekvj GjvKv Ry‡o| g‡n‡Äv`v‡iv I niàv‡Z GB mf¨Zvi wb`k©b me‡P‡q †ewk Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q| Zv m‡Ë¡I H mf¨Zv ïay wmÜz AeevwnKv ev H `ywU kn‡ii g‡a¨ mxgve× wQj bv| cvwK¯Ív‡bi cvÄve, wm×z cÖ‡`k, fvi‡Zi cvÄve, ivR¯’vb, ¸Riv‡Ui wewfbœAs‡k GB mf¨Zvi wb`k©b cvIqv †M‡Q| HwZnvwmKiv g‡b K‡ib †h cvÄve †_‡K Avie mvMi ch©šÍ we¯ÍxY© †fŠ‡MvwjK GjvKv Ry‡o wmÜz mf¨Zv M‡o D‡VwQj|

GKK KvR t fviZ I cvwK¯Ív‡bi †Kvb †Kvb AÂ‡j wmÜz mf¨Zvi wb`©kb cvIqv †M‡Q? AÂj¸‡jvi Avjv`v Avjv`v ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|

mgqKvj twLªóc~e© 3500 Aã †_‡K 1500 Aã ch©šÍ G mf¨Zvi DÌvb-cZ‡bi Kvj| Avevi †Kvb †Kvb HwZnvwmK g‡b K‡ib, Avh© RvwZi Avµg‡Yi d‡j wLªóc~e© 1500 A_ev 1400 A‡ã wmÜz mf¨Zvi Aemvb N‡U| Z‡e, gwU©gvi ûBjvi g‡b K‡ib, GB mf¨Zvi mgqKvj n‡”Q wLªóc~e© 2500 †_‡K 1500 Aã ch©šÍ|

ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Ae¯’v tbv| g‡n‡Äv`v‡iv niàvi bMi web¨vm cÖvq GKB iKg wQj| G¸‡jvi aŸsmve‡kl †`‡L wbwðZfv‡e †evSv hvq †h c~e© cwiKíbv Abyhvqx DuPz wf‡Zi Dci kni¸‡jv wbg©vY Kiv n‡qwQj| kni¸‡jvi GK cv‡k DuPz wfwËi Dci GKwU K‡i bMi`yM© wbg©vY Kiv n‡Zv| Pviw`K _vKZ cÖvPxi Øviv myiw¶Z| bM‡ii kvmbKZ©viv bMi `y‡M© emevm Ki‡Zb| cÖkvmwbK evwoNiI `y‡M©i g‡a¨ wQj| bM‡ii wQj cÖ‡ekØvi| `yM© ev weivU AÆvwjKv †`‡L g‡b nq GKB ai‡bi †K›`ªxf~Z kvmbeë¯’v hyM hyM a‡i bMi `ywU‡Z cÖPwjZ wQj| GB cÖkvmb RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎv wbqš¿Y KiZ|

wmÜz mf¨Zvi hy‡M gvbyl mgvRe× cwi‡e‡k emevm KiZ| †mLv‡b GKK cwievi c×wZ Pvjy wQj| wmÜz mf¨Zvi hy‡M mgv‡R †kªwYwefvM wQj| me †jvK mgvb my‡hvM-myweav †cZ bv| mgvR abx I wi`ª yB †kªwY‡Z wef³ wQj| K…l‡Kiv MÖv‡g emevm KiZ| kn‡i abx Ges kªwgK‡ì Rb¨ Avjv`v-Avjv`v evm¯’v‡bi wb`k©b cvIqv †M‡Q|

†cvkvK-cwi”Q‡ì Rb¨ Zviv g~jZ myZv I ckg eënvi KiZ| wmÜz mf¨Zvi mgvReë¯’v wQj gvZ…Zvwš¿K| gwnjviv LyeB †kŠwLb wQj| Zv‡ì wcÖq AjsKv‡ii g‡a¨ wQj nvi, evjv, AvswU, `yj, weQv, evRyeÜ, Pzwo, evjv, cv‡qi gj BZ¨vw`| Zviv bKkv Kiv `xN© †cvkvK ciZ| cyiylivI AjsKvi eënvi KiZ|

A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v t wmÜz mf¨Zvi A_©bxwZ wQj g~jZ K…wl wbf©i| ZvQvovI A_©bxwZi Avi GKwU eo w`K wQj cïcvjb| K…wl I cïcvj‡bi cvkvcvwk g„rcvÎ wbg©vY avZzwkí, eqbwkí, AjsKvi wbg©vY, cv_‡ii KvR BZ¨vw`‡ZI Zviv h‡_ó DbœwZ jvf K‡iwQj| GB DbœZgv‡bi wkí cY¨ weµ‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ †mLvbKvi ewYKiv

gvbwPÎ : wmÜz mf¨Zv

wmÜz mf¨Zv


we‡`‡ki m‡½ evwYwR¨K †hvMv‡hvM i¶v K‡i PjZ| ewYK‡ì mv‡_ AvdMvwb¯Ívb, †ejywP¯Ívb, ga¨ Gwkqv, cvim¨, †g‡mvc‡Uwgqv, `w¶Y fviZ, ivRcyZbv, ¸RivU cÖf„wZ †`‡ki m‡½ evwYwR¨K †hvMv‡hvM wQj|

agx©q Ae¯’v t

bv _vK‡jI ¯’v‡b ¯’v‡b AmsL¨ †cvovgvwUi bvixg~wZ© cvIqv †M‡Q| aviYv Kiv nq, Zviv H ai‡bi †èxg~wZ©i c~Rv KiZ| wmÜzevmxi g‡a¨ gvZ…c~Rv Lye RbwcÖq wQj| ZvQvov Zviv †è-†èx g‡b K‡i e„¶, cv_i, mvc Ges

AjsKvi †i‡L w`Z|

GKK KvR t 1| wmÜz mf¨Zvi gwnjv‡ì wcÖq AjsKv‡ii GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|

wmÜz mf¨Zvi Ae`vb t c„w_exi cÖvPxbZg mf¨Zv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡”Q wmÜz mf¨Zv| wb‡gœ GB mf¨Zvi Ae`vb Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv |

bMi cwiKíbv t wmÜz mf¨Zvi GjvKvq †hme kni Avwe®K…Z n‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ niàv I g‡n‡Äv`v‡iv me‡P‡q eo kni| Nievwo meB †cvov gvwUi ev †iv‡` †cvov‡bv BU w`‡q ˆZwi| kni¸‡jvi evwoN‡ii bKkv †_‡K

g‡n‡Äv`v‡ivi bMi cwiKíbv GKB iKg wQj| bMixi †fZi w`‡q P‡j †M‡Q cvKv iv¯Ív| iv¯Ív¸‡jv wQj †mvRv| cÖ‡Z¨KwU evwo‡Z †Lvjv RvqMv, K~c I mœvbvMvi wQj| Rj wb®‹vk‡bi R‡b¨ †QvU †QvU b`©gv¸wj g~j b`©gvi mv‡_

cwigvc c×wZ t

AvK…wZi evULviv eënvi KiZ| `vM KvUv †¯‹j w`‡q ˆ`N©¨ gvcvi c×wZI Zv‡ì Rvbv wQj|

wkí t

wQj| AjsKv‡ii g‡a¨ AvswU, evjv, bvKdzj, Mjvi nvi,

hy‡Mi Awaevmxiv †jvnvi eënvi RvbZ bv| avZz Qvov vwg cv_‡ii mvnv‡h¨ AjsKvi ˆZwi Ki‡ZI Zviv cviZ| nvwZi ùvZmn Ab¨vb¨ n¯Íwk‡íiI `¶ KvwiMi wQj|

`jxq KvR t wmÜz mf¨Zvhy‡Mi Awaevmxiv †h †h wk‡í cvi`k©x wQj Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

¯’vcZ¨ I fv¯‹h© t

`yB K¶ †_‡K cuwPk K‡¶i evwoi mÜvbI cvIqv †M‡Q|

wek¦mf¨Zv 13

Avevi †Kv_vI `yB wZb Zjv N‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡ Avwe®‹vi n‡q‡Q| g‡n‡Äv`v‡ivi ¯’vc‡Zï D‡jøL‡hvM¨ D`vniY n‡jv Ôe„nr wgjbvqZbÕ †h wgjbvqZbwU 80 dzU RvqMv Ry‡o ˆZwi n‡qwQj| ZvQvov wekvj GK cÖvmv‡ì mÜvb cvIqv †M‡Q| niàv‡Z weivU AvKv‡ii km¨vMviI cvIqv †M‡Q| †g‡n‡Äv`v‡iv‡Z GKwU Ôe„nr mœvbvMviÕ-Gi wb`k©b cvIqv †M‡Q hvi gvSLv‡b wekvj †PŠev”PvwU wQj muvZvi KvUvi Dc‡hvMx|

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mf¨Zvq †iv‡gi Ae`vb t †ivg wkí, mvwnZ¨, `k©b, ¯’vcZ¨ me©‡¶‡Î wMÖK‡ì Øviv cÖfvweZ wQj| Zviv GB

we`¨vq Zviv wMÖK I Ab¨vb¨ RvwZi Dci †kªôZ¡ AR©b Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj| G †¶‡Î AvaywbK wek¦ †ivgvb‡ì Kv‡Q e¨vcK FYx|

wk¶v, mvwnZ¨ I wjLb c×wZ t G mg‡q wk¶v ej‡Z eySv‡Zv †Ljvayjv I exi‡ì ¯§„wZK_v eY©bv Kiv| hy×

wek¦mf¨Zv 19

†kªwYfy³ †ivgvb‡ì wMÖK fvlv wk¶v wQj GKwU d¨vkb| d‡j G‡ì A‡b‡KB wMÖK mvwnZ¨‡K jvwZb fvlvq Abyev` Kivi `¶Zv AR©b K‡i| †iv‡gi AwfRvZ hyeKiv wMÖ‡mi wewfbœ weL¨vZ we`¨vcx‡V wk¶vjvf Ki‡Z †hZ|

`jxq KvR t †iv‡gi Îqx kvmb Avg‡j †K †Kvb AÂ‡ji kvmK wQ‡jb Zv Q‡K D‡jøL Ki|

kvm‡Ki bvg kvwmZ AÂjmg~n

1|

2|

3|

†m hy‡M mvwn‡Z¨ Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ cøyUvm I †U‡iÝi we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Giv `yBRb wgjbvZ¥K bvUK iPbvi †¶‡Î K…wZZ¡ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb| mvwnZ¨ †¶‡Î me‡P‡q DbœwZ †`Lv hvq AMv÷vm wmRv‡ii mgq| G hy‡Mi Kwe †nvivm I fvwR©j h‡_ó L¨vwZ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb| fvwR©‡ji gnvKve¨ ÔBwbWÕ eû fvlvq Abyev` Kiv n‡q‡Q| Iwf` I wjwf G hy‡Mi L¨vZbvgv Kwe| wjwf BwZnvmwe` wn‡m‡eI weL¨vZ wQ‡jb| weL¨vZ HwZnvwmK U¨vwmUvmI G hy‡M Rb¥MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb|

¯’vcZ¨, fv¯‹h© I weÁvb t †ivgvb ¯’vc‡Zï Ab¨Zg êwkó¨ wQj Gi wekvjZv| mgªvU nvwW©qv‡bi ˆZwi ag©gw›ì c¨vbw_qb †ivgvb‡ì ¯’vc‡Zï GK AmvaviY wb`k©b| 80 wLªóv‡ã †ivgvb mgªvU wUUvm KZ©„K wbwg©Z K‡jvwmqvg bvU¨kvjv wbwg©Z nq, †hLv‡b GKm‡½ 5600 `k©K em‡Z cviZ| ¯’vcZ¨Kjvi cvkvcvwk †ivgxq fv¯‹‡h©iI DrKl© mvwaZ n‡qwQj| †ivgxq fv¯‹iMY †è-‡èx, mgªvU, ˆ`Z¨, cyiv‡Yi wewfbœ Pwi‡Îi g~wZ© ˆZwi Ki‡Zb gv‡e©j cv_‡ii|

weÁv‡b †ivgvbiv †Zgb †Kv‡bv Ae`vb ivL‡Z bv cvi‡jI weÁvbx‡ì g‡a¨ †KD †KD ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Z

†c‡q‡Q| ZvQvov wPwKrmv weÁv‡b †ivgxq‡ì Ae`vb wQj| weÁvbx †mjmvm wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi Dci eB †j‡Lb| GQvov wPwKrmvkv‡¯¿ M¨v‡jb iydv‡m Amvgvb¨ Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb|

ag©, `k©b I AvBb t †ivgvbiv ag©xq †¶‡ÎI wMÖK‡ì Øviv cÖfvweZ wQj| A‡bK wMÖK †è-†èxi bvg cwieZ©b n‡q †ivgvb‡ì †è-†èx n‡q‡Q| †ivgv‡ì Ab¨Zg cÖavb †èZvi bvg wQj RywcUvi| Ab¨vb¨ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© †è-†èx n‡”Q Ry‡bv, †bcPzb, gvi&m, fvjKvb, †fbvm, wgbvf©v, e¨vKvm BZ¨vw`| †ivgxq †ègw›`‡i cÖavb cy‡ivwnZ wQ‡jb

wmRv‡ii mgq †_‡K Ck¦i wn‡m‡e mgªvU‡K c~Rv Kivi ixwZ Pvjy nq| D‡jøL¨, G mgq wLªóvb a‡g©i cÖeZ©K whï wLª‡ói Rb¥ nq| cieZ©xKv‡j †ivgvb a‡g©i cvkvcvwk wLªóag© we¯Ívi jvf Ki‡Z _v‡K| A‡bK †ivgvb GB a‡g© x¶v MÖnY K‡i| G‡Z mgªvU ¶z× nb KviY wLªóa‡g©i Abykvmb †g‡b Pj‡Z †M‡j mgªvU‡K Avi Ck¦‡ii g‡Zv c~Rv Kiv hvq bv| d‡j †ivgvb mgªvUiv GB ag© cÖPvi eÜ K‡i †`b Ges wLªóag© MÖnYKvix †ivgvb‡ì Dci wbh©vZb ïiy K‡ib| wKšÍy mgªvU KÝUvbUvBb wLªóvb ag© MÖnY K‡ib Ges GB ag©‡K †ivgvb miKvwi a‡g© cwiYZ K‡ib|

K‡jvwmqvg


A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib †h †ivgxq k©b wMÖK k©‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o D‡VwQj| ZeyI †ivgxq k©‡b wm‡m‡iv, jy‡µwUqvm (wLªóc~e© 98-55 A‡ã) Zuv‡ì mywPwšÍZ `vk©wbK gZev` Øviv Ae`vb ivL‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb| †iv‡g †÷vBKev`x `k©b h‡_ó RbwcÖq wQj| wLªóc~e© 140 A‡ã †ivWm Øx‡ci c¨v‡bwUqvm GB gZev` cÖ_g †iv‡g cÖPvi K‡i|

wek¦mf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m †ivgvb‡ì me©‡kªô Ges iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb n‡”Q AvBb| wLªóc~e© cuvP kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mg‡q †ivgvbiv †dŠR`vwi I †Ìqvwb AvBb¸‡jv myôyfv‡e GKm‡½ mvRv‡Z m¶g nb| Rvw÷wbqvb wLªóc~e© 540 A‡ã 12wU †eªvÄ cv‡Z me©cÖ_g AvBb¸‡jv †Lv`vB K‡i wjwLZ nq Ges RbMY‡K †`Lvevi Rb¨ cÖKv‡k¨ Szwj‡q ivLv nq| †ivgxq AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mKj gvbyl mgvb| †ivgvb AvBb‡K wZbwU kvLvq fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb-

1. †emvgwiK AvBb t GB AvBb cvjb Kiv †ivgvb bvMwiK‡ì Rb¨ eva¨Zvg~jK wQj| GB AvBb wjwLZ AwjwLZ `yB iKg wQj|

2. RbM‡Yi AvBb t G AvBb mKj bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ wQj| ZvQvov e¨w³MZ AwaKvi i¶vi welqwU GB AvB‡b wQj| Z‡e Gi gva¨‡g `vm cÖ_vI ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i| wm‡m‡iv G AvB‡bi cÖ‡YZv|

3. cÖvK…wZK AvBb t G AvB‡b g~jZ bvMwiK‡ì †gŠwjK AwaKvi i¶vi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|

AvBb cÖYq‡bi †¶‡Î †ivgvb‡`wbf©ikxj| wLªóxq lô kZ‡K mgªvU RvmwUwbqb cÖ_g mg¯Í †ivgvb AvB‡bi msMÖn I msKjb cÖKvk K‡ib|

Abykxjbg~jK cÖkœeûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ t1. wgkixqiv me©cÖ_g KqwU e¨ÄbeY© Avwe®‹vi K‡i?

K. 23 wU L. 24 wU

M. 25 wU N. 26 wU

2. wgkixq‡ì Kv‡Q ag© GZ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wQj †Kb?

M. cy‡ivwnZiv †`k kvmb KiZ N. wgkixqiv a‡g© wek¦vmx wQj

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI t

mxgvi GKwU mf¨Zvi K_v g‡b coj Ges †m Zvi ¯‹z‡j GKwU mvs¯‹…wZK Abyôvb Ki‡e e‡j D‡Øvabx Abyôvb †_‡K aviYv †bq|

3. mxgvi †Kvb mf¨Zvi K_v g‡b c‡o?

K. †ivgvb L. wMÖK

M. ˆPwbK N. wmÜz

wek¦mf¨Zv 21

4. G ai‡bi Av‡qvR‡b wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i-

i. A_©‰bwZK HK¨

ii. mvs¯‹…wZK fve wewbgq

iii. ivR‰bwZK mg‡SvZv


K. i L. ii

M. i I ii N. i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ tevsjv‡`k GKwU b`xgvZ…K †`k| GLv‡b cÖvq cÖwZ eQiB eb¨vq b`xi ZxieZ©x GjvKv cøvweZ nq| eb¨vi cvwb †b‡g †M‡j ZxieZ©x GjvKvq cwj R‡g gvwUi De©iZv e„w× cvq| d‡j H AÂ‡j Pvlvev` K‡i K…lKiv cÖPzi dmj Drcv`b K‡i Ges mg„w× jvf K‡i|

K. †Kvb ivRv †ivg bMix cÖwZôv K‡ib?

L. †iv‡g wZbR‡bi kvmb wU‡Kwb †Kb? eY©bv Ki|

M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z Ae¯’vi mv‡_ †Kvb mf¨Zvi †Kvb AeevwnKvi wgj cvIqv hvq? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. mf¨Zvi weKv‡k DÏxc‡K ewY©Z Ae¯’vi Zvrch© we‡kølY Ki|

Z…Zxq Aa¨vq

cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc`BwZnvm welqK Av‡jvPbvq hy‡Mi wefvRb AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| Av_©-mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK ˆewkó¨ Gi weKvk I cÖfv‡ei Kvh©KvwiZv wb‡qB G hyM wefvRb wbY©q Kiv n‡q _v‡K| HwZnvwmKMY wLªóc~e© 5g kZK †_‡K wLªóxq 13 kZK ch©šÍ mgqKvj‡K evsjvi BwZnv‡mi cÖvPxb hyM e‡j g‡b K‡ib| Avevi †KD †KD wLªóc~e© 5g kZK †_‡K wLªóxq 6ôkZK ch©šÍ mgqKvj‡K Avw` HwZnvwmK hyM Ges wLªóxq 7g kZK †_‡K 13 kZK ch©šÍ mgqKvj‡K cÖvK ga¨hyM e‡jI hyM wefvRb K‡i _v‡Kb|

cÖvPxb hy‡M evsjv (eZ©gv‡bi evsjv‡`k I cwðge½) GLbKvi evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv †Kv‡bv GKK I ALÊ ivóª ev ivR¨ wQj bv| evsjvi wewfbœ Ask ZLb A‡bK †QvU †QvU AÂ‡j wef³ wQj| Avi cÖwZwU AÂ‡ji kvmK hvi hvi g‡Zv kvmb Ki‡Zb| evsjvi G AÂj¸‡jv‡K ZLb mgwóMZfv‡e bvg †`qv nq ÔRbc`Õ|

gvbwPÎ : cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc`


• gvbwP‡Î cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc`¸‡jvi eZ©gvb Ae¯’vb wPwýZ I eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

• cÖvPxb evsjvi Z_¨ AbymÜv‡b Rbc`¸‡jvi ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;

•

cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc` 23

Rbc`PZz_© kZK n‡Z ¸ß hyM, ¸ß cieZ©x hyM, cvj, †mb cÖf„wZ Avg‡ji DrKxY© wkjvwjwc I mvwnZ¨ MÖ‡š’ cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc`¸‡jvi bvg cvIqv hvq| Gme Rbc` wVK †Kv_vq KZLvwb RvqMv Ry‡o wQj Zv Abygvb Kiv hvq

†MŠo :

e½ t

cyÊª t


†gŠh© mgªvU A‡kv‡Ki ivRZ¡Kv‡j (wLªóc~e© 273-232 Aã) cÖvPxb cyÊª ivR¨ ¯^vaxb mËv nvivq| mg„w× evovi m‡½ m‡½ cÂg-lô kZ‡K Zv cyÊªea©‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q| †m mgqKvi cyÊªea©b AšÍZ e¸ov, w`bvRcyi I ivRkvnx †Rjv Ry‡o we¯Í…Z wQj| ivRgnj I

†gvUvgywU mg¯Í DËi e½B †evanq †m mgq cyÊªea©‡bi AšÍfy©³ wQj| †mb Avg‡j cyÊªea©‡bi `w¶Y mxgv cÙv †cwi‡q G‡Kev‡iLvwo welq (eZ©gvb PweŸk ciMbvi LvwociMbv) I XvKv-ewikv‡ji mgy`ª Zxi ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z wQj| e¸ov n‡Z mvZ gvBj `~‡i gnv¯’vbMo cÖvPxb cyÊªea©b bMixi aŸsmve‡kl e‡j cwÊ‡Ziv Abygvb K‡ib| cÖvPxb mf¨Zvi wb`©k‡bi w`K w`‡q cyÊªwkjvwjwc GLv‡b cvIqv †M‡Q|

nwi‡Kj t mßg kZ‡Ki †jL‡Kiv nwi‡Kj bv‡g Aci GK Rbc‡ì eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Pxbv ågYKvix Brwms e‡j‡Qb, nwi‡Kj wQj c~e© fvi‡Zi †kl mxgvq| Avevi Kv‡iv Kv‡iv wjwc‡Z nwi‡K‡ji †h cwiPq cvIqv hvq Zv‡Z eZ©gvb PÆMÖv‡giI Ask Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq| mg¯Í Z_¨ ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i a‡i †bIqv hvq †h, c~‡e© kªxnÆ (wm‡jU) †_‡K PÆMÖv‡gi Ask we‡kl ch©šÍ nwi‡Kj Rbc` we¯Í…Z wQj| e½, mgZU I nwi‡Kj- wZbwU c„_K Rbc` n‡jI Giv Lye wbKU cÖwZ‡ekx nIqvq KL‡bv KL‡bv †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv GjvKvq Ab¨ Rbc‡ì cÖfve weivR KiZ e‡j aviYv Kiv nq| cÖK…Zc‡¶, mßg I Aóg kZK n‡Z `kg I GKv`k kZK ch©šÍ nwi‡Kj GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ivR¨ wQj| wKšÍy c~e©-evsjvi P›`ª ivRes‡ki ivRv ˆÎ‡jvK¨P‡›`ªi P›`ªØxc AwaKv‡ii ci n‡Z nwi‡Kj‡K †gvUvgywU e‡½i Ask e‡j aiv nq| A‡b‡K Avevi ïay wm‡j‡Ui mv‡_ nwi‡Kj‡K Awfbœ e‡j g‡b K‡ib|

mgZU t c~e© I `w¶Y-c~e© evsjvq e‡½i cÖwZ‡ekx Rbc` wn‡m‡e wQj mgZ‡Ui Ae¯’vb| G AÂjwU wQj Av`©ª wbgœf~wg| †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib mgZU eZ©gvb Kzwgjøvi cÖvPxb bvg| Avevi †KD g‡b K‡ib, Kzwgjøv I †bvqvLvjx AÂj wb‡q mgZU MwVZ n‡qwQj| mßg kZK †_‡K Øv`k kZK ch©šÍ eZ©gvb wÎcyiv †Rjv wQj mgZ‡Ui Ab¨Zg Ask| GK mgq G Rbc‡ì cwðg mxgv PweŸk ciMbvi Lvwo ciMbv ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z wQj| M½v-fvMxi_xi c~e© Zxi

cwð‡g eo KvgZv bvgK ivRavbx wQj| Kzwgjøvi gqbvgwZ‡Z K‡qKwU cÖvPxb wb`k©‡bi mÜvb cvIqv †M‡Q| Ôkvjeb wenviÕ G‡ì Ab¨Zg|

e‡i›`ª t e‡i›`ªx, e‡i›`ª ev e‡i›`ª f~wg bv‡g cÖvPxb evsjvq Aci GKwU Rbc‡ì K_v Rvbv hvq| GwUI DËi e‡½i GKwU Rbc`| e‡i›`ª cyÊªea©b Rbc‡ì me©v‡c¶v ¸iyZ¡c~Y© GjvKv wQj| Rbc‡ì cÖavb kni, †gŠh© I ¸ß Avg‡j cÖv‡`wkK kvmbKZ©vi †K›`ª cyÊªbM‡ii Ae¯’vbI wQj GB e‡i›`ª GjvKvq| ZvB G‡K Rbc` ejv hvq bv| wKšÍy G bv‡g GK mgq mgMÖ GjvKv cwiwPZ n‡Zv| ZvB cÖvPxb evsjvi BwZnv‡m G‡K Rbc‡ì gh©v`v †Ìqv nq| GK_v wbtm‡›`‡n ejv hvq †h, M½v I Ki‡Zvqv b`xi gaëZ©x AÂ‡j wQj G Rbc‡ì Ae¯’vb| e¸ov, w`bvRcyi

gnv¯’vbMo, e¸ov

cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc` 25

Zvgªwjß t nwi‡K‡ji `wÿ‡Y Aew¯’Z wQj Zvgªwjß Rbc`| eZ©gvb †gw`bxcyi †Rjvi ZgjyKB wQj Zvgªwj‡ßi cÖvY‡K›`ª| mgy`ª DcK~jeZ©x G GjvKv wQj Lye wbPz I Av`ª©| †bŠ PjvP‡ji Rb¨ RvqMvwU wQj Lye DËg| cÖvPxbKv‡j Zvgªwjß ¸iyZ¡c~Y© †bŠ-evwY‡Rï †K›`ª wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQj| ûMjx I iƒcbvivqY b‡ì m½g¯’j n‡Z 12 gvBj `~‡i iƒcbvivq‡Yi Zx‡i G e›ìwU Aew¯’Z wQj| mßg kZK n‡Z GwU `Êfyw³ bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡Z _v‡K| Aóg kZ‡Ki ci n‡ZB Zvgªwjß e›`‡ii mg„w× bó n‡q hvq|

P›`ªØxc t Dchy©³ Rbc`¸‡jv Qvov AviI GKwU ¶z`ª Rbc‡ì bvg cÖvPxb evsjvq cvIqv hvq| GUv n‡jv P›`ªØxc| eZ©gvb ewikvj †RjvB wQj P›`ªØx‡ci g~j f~-LÊ I cÖvY‡K›`ª| G cÖvPxb Rbc`wU ev‡jk¦i I †gNbvi gaëZ©x ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z wQj|

GQvov e„nËi cÖvPxb evsjvq `Êfyw³, DËi ivp (eZ©gvb gywk©`vev` †Rjvi cwðgvsk, mgMÖ exif~g †Rjv Ges ea©gvb †Rjvi Kv‡Uvqv gnKzgv), `w¶Y ivp (eZg©vb ea©gv‡bi `w¶Yvsk, ûMjxi eûjvsk Ges nvIov †Rjv), evsjv ev evOjv (mvaviYZ Lyjbv, ewikvj I cUzqvLvjxi my›ì ebvÂj) BZ¨vw` bv‡gI kw³kvjx Rbc` wQj| Gfv‡e AwZ cÖvPxbKvj n‡Z lô-mßg kZK ch©šÍ cÖvPxb evsjvi wewfbœ Ask wfbœ wfbœ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| g~jZ: GwU wQj ivR‰bwZK I †fŠ‡MvwjK wefvM| mßg kZ‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K kkvsK †MŠ‡oi ivRv n‡q gywk©`vev` n‡Z DrKj (DËi Dwol¨v) ch©šÍ mgMÖ GjvKv‡K msNe× K‡ib| Zvici n‡Z evsjv wZbwU Rbc` bv‡g cwiwPZ nZ| G¸‡jv n‡jvÑcyÊªea©b, †MŠo I e½| Ab¨ Rbc`¸‡jv G wZbwUi g‡a¨ wejxb n‡q hvq| wef³ Rbc`¸‡jv‡K HKë× Kivi cÖ‡Póv cvj I †mb ivRv‡ì Avg‡jB A‡bKUv c~Y©Zv jvf K‡i| kkvsk Ges cvj ivRviv mgMÖ cwðg e‡½i ivRv n‡qI ÔivpvwacwZÕ ev Ô†MŠ‡ok¦iÕ e‡jB cwiPq w`‡Zb| d‡j Ô†MŠoÕ bvgwU cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i|

cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc` n‡Z Avgiv ZLbKvi evsjvi †fŠ‡MvwjK Aeqe, mxgv‡iLv, ivR‰bwZK êwkó¨ BZ¨vw`

kvmKMY Zv‡ì AvwacZ¨ we¯Ív‡ii gva¨‡g GKvwaK Rbc‡ì kvmb ¶gZv jvf Ki‡Zb| Gfv‡e Rbc`¸‡jv cÖvPxb evsjvq cÖ_g f~LÊMZ BDwbU ev cÖkvmwbK BDwbU wnmv‡e f~wgKv cvjb K‡i cieZ©x‡Z ivR‰bwZK HK¨ MV‡b mnvqZv K‡iwQj|

Abykxjbg~jK cÖkœeûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ1. †Kvb Rbc` †_‡K Ôev½vjÕ RvwZi DrcwË N‡UwQj?

K. e‡i›`ª L. cyÊª

M. e½ N. †MŠo

2. Zvgªwjß Rbc`wU wQj-

i. mgy`ª DcK~jeZx© Lye wbPz I Av`ª©

ii. ¯’j evwY‡Rï †K›`ª wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ

iii. †bŠ PjvP‡ji Rb¨ AwZ DËg





DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :wkjv kxZKvjxb QzwU‡Z gv-evevi mv‡_ ivRkvnxi e‡i›`ª Rv`yNi cwi`k©‡b hvq| †mLv‡b wM‡q †m cÖvPxb wb`k©‡bi mv‡_ cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ we‡kl K‡i wQj cv_‡ii PvKwZ‡Z †Lv`vB Kiv wjwc| †m Rvb‡Z cv‡i GwU wQj evsjv‡`‡k cvIqv cÖvPxb wkjvwjwc Ges mgªvU A‡kv‡Ki mgq G wjwc DrKxY© Kiv n‡qwQj|

3. wkjvi cwiwPZ nIqv wb`k©b¸‡jv cÖvPxb †Kvb Rbc‡`i Bw½Z enb K‡i?

K. †MŠo L. cyÊª

M. mgZU N. e‡i›`ª

4. D³ Rbc`wU cÖvPxb evsjvi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Rbc`, KviY GwU-

i. mf¨Zvi cÖvPxbZg wb`k©b

ii. mg„× bMix wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ

iii. L¨vwZc~Y© †bŠ-evwYwR¨K †K›`ª


K. i L. i I ii


m„Rbkxj cÖkœ t 1.

kvjeb wenvi

K. Rbc` ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

L. †MŠoivR kkvs‡Ki ivRavbx wQj †KvbwU?

M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ wb`k©bwU cÖvPxb †Kvb Rbc‡` Aew¯’Z? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Zzwg wK g‡b Ki D³ Rbc`wUB cÖvPxb evsjvi me‡P‡q DbœZ Rbc`? DË‡ii mc‡¶ hyw³ `vI|

PZz_© Aa¨vq

cÖvPxb evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm (wLªóc~e© 326 Aã †_‡K 1204 wLªóvã)


•

•

•

•

•

•

cÖvPxb evsjvi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ivResk I kvmb-e¨e¯’v

†gŠh© I ¸ß hy‡M evsjv


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cÖvPxb evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm (wLªócye© 326 Aã †_‡K 1204 wLªóvã) 29

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wewfbœ iK‡gi ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi Rb¨ wewfbœ †kªwYi Kg©Pvix wbhy³ wQj| ivR¯^ Avq-e¨‡qi wnmve I `wjj wefvM †`Lvïbv Kivi eë¯’v wQj| f~wg ivR‡¯î cwigvY wVK Kivi Rb¨ Rwg Rwi‡ci Dci we‡kl ¸iyZ¡ †Ìqv n‡Zv| gy`ªv Ges k‡mï AvKv‡i ivR¯^ Av`vq n‡Zv| cvj ivRv‡ì mg‡q kvwšÍ i¶vi Rb¨ my›ì wePvi I cywjk wefvM wQj| G mg‡q †Mvcb msev` msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ ¸ßPi evwnbx wQj| c`vwZK, Ak¦v‡ivnx, n¯Íx I iYZixÑ G PviwU wefv‡M mvgwiK evwnbx wef³ wQj|

¸ß‡ì g‡Zv cvj‡ì mg‡qI mvgšÍ ivRv‡ì D‡jøL cvIqv hvq| G‡ì bvbv Dcvwa wQj| †K›`ªxq kvm‡bi †kŠh© I exh© mvgšÍ‡ì AaxbZvq _vK‡Z eva¨ KiZ| Aek¨ A‡bK †¶‡Î †K›`ªxq kw³i `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡M Giv ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv KiZ| cvj kvmK‡ì kw³ A‡bKvs‡k Giƒc mvgšÍivR‡ì mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZvi Dci wbf©i KiZ|

cvj iv‡R¨ †h kvmb-c×wZ cÖPwjZ n‡qwQj Zv cieZ©x mg‡q ¶z`ª ¶z`ª ivResk I †mb ivRZ¡Kv‡j ivóª kvm‡bi Av`k© wn‡m‡e ¯^xKw…Z jvf K‡i| Aek¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wel‡q wKQy wKQy cwieZ©b N‡UwQj| †mb eskxq ivRviv cvj ivRv‡ì ivR-Dcvwa QvovI bvbvwea Dcvwa aviY KiZ| G mg‡q ivwb‡K ivRKxq gh©v`v †`qv n‡q‡Q| kvmbKv‡h© hyeivR‡ì h‡_ó cÖfve wQj| †R¨ô ivRKzgvi hyeivR nZ|

c~‡e©i g‡Zv †mb‡ì mg‡qI A‡bK mvgšÍ kvmK wQj| Zuv‡ì kw³ I cÖfve Lye cÖej wQj| G mKj mvgšÍiv cÖK…Zc‡¶ wbR wbR AÂ‡j ¯^vaxb ivRvi g‡ZvB PjZ|

†gvUvgywUfv‡e GB wQj cÖvPxb evsjvi kvmbÑc×wZ| G kvmb eë¯’vq we‡`wk‡ì cÖfve wK cwigvY wQj Zv ejv hvq bv| cwÊZ‡ì g‡Z, kvmb c×wZi e¨vcv‡i evsjv‡`k †m mg‡q fvi‡Zi Ab¨vb¨ As‡ki Zzjbvq †gv‡UB wcwQ‡q wQj bv|

`jxq KvR t cÖvPxb evsjvq miKv‡ii Av‡qi Drmmg~‡ni GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯ÍyZ Ki|


Abykxjbg~jK cÖkœeûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ t

K. 320 L. 321

M. 322 N. 323

2. kkv¼ -

i

ii. †gŠLwi‡`i `gb Ki‡Z

iii



DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI t

-

i

ii

iii

K. i L. ii I iii



m„Rbkxj cÖkœ t 1. ARq Zvi cwiev‡ii cyivZb wbevm Z¨vM K‡i bexbM‡i bZzbfv‡e emevm ïiy K‡ib| Kvjµ‡g wZwb

†jvKRb ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi n‡Zb|

h_v_©Zv g~j¨vqb Ki|

cÂg Aa¨vq

cÖvPxb evsjvi mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnvmgvbyl mvgvwRK Rxe| mgvRe× n‡q emevm KivB Zvi ¯^fve| Gfv‡e evm Ki‡Z n‡j PvB G‡K A‡bï mv‡_ mn‡hvwMZv| G Kvi‡YB gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb c‡o wewfbœ mvgvwRK A_©‡bwZK I ivR‰bwZK mn Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zvjv| Rxeb euvPv‡Z cÖavb wZbwU wRwb‡mi cÖ_g cÖ‡qvRbÑ Lv`¨, e¯¿ Ges evm¯’vb| GiciB gvbyl Rxeb‡K my›ìfv‡e GwM‡q wb‡q †h‡Z g‡bv‡hvM †`q wk¶v, weÁvb, wkíKjv, AvBb cÖf„wZi Dbœq‡b| mgvR Rxeb weKv‡k gvby‡li G mg¯Í KvRK‡g©i GKwÎZ iƒcB n‡”Q Zvi ms¯‹…wZ| Avh©‡ì AvMg‡bi c~‡e© evsjvi cÖvPxb gvbyl GKwU mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK Rxeb M‡o Zz‡jwQj| evsjvi mgvR-ms¯‹…wZi GUvB me‡P‡q cÖvPxb iƒc| cwÊZ‡ì g‡Z, G‡ì fvlvi bvg wQj ÔAwóªKÕ| RvwZ wn‡m‡e G‡ì ejv n‡Zv wblv`| Gici evsjvi ¶z`ª b„‡Mvôxi mv‡_ wg‡k hvq ÔAvjcvBbÕ bv‡g GK RvwZ| Avh©iv G‡`‡k Avmvi c~‡e© Giv wg‡jwg‡k evsjvi ms¯‹…wZ M‡o †Zv‡j| evOvwji Rb cÖK…wZ‡Z wewfbœ gvbe‡Mvôxi aviv G‡m wgwjZ n‡q‡Q| GwU Zv‡ì‡K ÔmsKi-RbÕ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ K‡i‡Q| eû eQi wewPÎ Av`vb-cÖ`vb I wgkª‡Yi d‡j evOvwji GKwU wbR¯^ ˆ`wnK êwkó¨ ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| d‡j AwaKvsk evOvwji gv_v †Mvj AvK…wZi, Pzj Kv‡jv, †Pv‡Li gwY cvZjv n‡Z Nb Kv‡jv, bv‡Ki AvK…wZ †gvUvgywU ga¨g, Mv‡qi

evOvwji êwkó¨|


• cÖvPxb evsjvi Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

• cÖvPxb evsjvi wkíKjv, ¯’vcZ¨, fv¯‹h© I wPÎKjvi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

• cÖvPxb evsjvi fvlv I mvwn‡Zï D™¢e I weKvk e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;

• cÖvPxb evsjvi ag©, AvPvi-Abyôvb, Drme I ixwZ-bxwZ‡Z RbM‡Yi cÖ`wk©Z g~j¨‡eva I wek¦vm e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;

• BwZevPK aviYv †cvlY Ki‡Z m¶g ne;

• AvMÖnx ne|

cÖvPxb evsjvi mgvR, A_©bxwZ I ms¯‹…wZ

cÖvPxb evsjvi mvgvwRK Rxeb†gŠh© kvm‡bi c~‡e© evsjvi Awaevmx‡ì g‡a¨ †Zgb †Kv‡bv ivR‰bwZK cwiPq M‡o I‡Vwb| G mg‡q mgvR wewfbœ †Mv‡Î wef³ wQj| G‡K ejv n‡Zv †KŠg mgvR| Avh©c~e© wKQy wKQy ag©wPšÍv ev `k©b cieZ©x‡Z G‡`‡ki wn›`y a‡g© Qwo‡q c‡o| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jvÑKg©dj, Rb¥všÍiev`, †hvM mvabv BZ¨vw`| G hy‡Mi A‡bK mvgvwRK cÖ_v I AvPvi-AvPi‡Yi cÖfve cieZ©x mg‡q wn›`y mgv‡R j¶ Kiv hvq| †hgb- AwZw_‡ì cvb-mycvwi †L‡Z †Ìqv, wk‡ei MxZ MvIqv, we‡q‡Z Mv‡q njy` †`qv, aywZ-kvwo civ Ges †g‡q‡ì Kcv‡j wmu`yi †`qv BZ¨vw`|

cÖvPxb evsjvi mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnvm 41

Avh© mgv‡R RvwZ‡f` cÖ_v AZ¨šÍ e¨vcK wQj| Zviv `xN©w`b G‡`‡k emevm Kivi d‡j evsjvqI G eë¯’v Pvjy nq| ZLb wn›`y‡ì g‡a¨ eªvþY, ÿwÎq, êk¨ I ï`ª G PviwU e‡Y©i wefvRb wQj| cieZ©x mg‡q AviI bvbv cÖKvi m¼i A_©vr wgkª RvwZi m„wó nq| mgv‡R cÖ‡Z¨K RvwZiB wbw`©ó †ckv wQj| Aa¨qb, Aa¨vcbv I c~Rv cve©Y KivÑ G¸‡jv wQj eªvþY‡ì wbw`©ó Kg©| Zviv mgv‡R me©‡kªô gh©v`v jvf KiZ| ¶wÎq‡ì †ckv wQj hy× Kiv| eëmv-evwYR¨ Kiv wQj êk¨‡ì KvR| me‡P‡q wbPz †kªwYi k~`ªiv mvaviYZ K…wlKvR, gvQ wkKvi I Ab¨vb¨ †QvULv‡Uv KvR KiZ| eªvþY Qvov evwK me e‡Y©i gvbyl G‡K A‡bï mv‡_ †gjv‡gkv KiZ| mvaviYZ GK RvwZi g‡a¨B weevn n‡Zv, Z‡e D”P †kªwYi ei I wbgœ †kªwYi Kb¨vi g‡a¨ weevnI Pvjy wQj| wKšÍy, cieZ©x mg‡q Gme e¨vcv‡i K‡Vvi wbqg Pvjy nq|

evOvwj †g‡q‡ì ¸Yvewji myL¨vwZ wQj| †g‡qiv †jLvcov wkLZ| †m hy‡M Ae‡iva ev c`©vcÖ_v wQj bv| Z‡e, evsjvi †g‡q‡ì †Kv‡bv cÖKvi ¯^vaxbZv wQjbv| GKwU weevn wQj mgv‡Ri wbqg| Z‡e cyiy‡liv eû ¯¿x ivL‡Z cviZ| weaev‡K wbivwgl Avnvi K‡i me ai‡bi wejvwmZv Z¨vM Ki‡Z n‡Zv| ¯^vgxi g„Zz¨ n‡j ¯¿x‡KI g„Z

AvBbMZ AwaKvi wQjbv| evsjvi cÖvPxb ag©kv‡¯¿ evOvwji DbœZ Pwi‡Îi K_v Rvbv hvq| wKšÍy ZvB e‡j evOvwji mvgvwRK Rxe‡b †Kvbiƒc `yb©xwZ I AkøxjZv wQjbv, Ggb K_v ejv hvq bv|

evOvwji cÖavb Lv`¨ eZ©gvb mg‡qi g‡Zv ZLbI wQj fvZ, gvQ, gvsm, kvK-mewR, `ya, `wa, N„Z, ¶xi BZ¨vw`| PvDj n‡Z cÖ¯‘Z bvbv cÖKvi wcVvI RbwcÖq gyL‡ivPK Lvevi wQj| evOvwj eªvþ‡Yiv Avwgl †LZ| ZLb mKj cÖKvi gvQ cvIqv †hZ| c~e©e‡½ Bwjk I ïuUwK gvQ Lye wcÖq Lvevi wQj| ZiKvwii g‡a¨ †e¸b, jvD, Kzgov, wSs‡M, KvKiyj, KPz Drcbœ n‡Zv| d‡ji g‡a¨ Avg, KuvVvj, Kjv, Zvj, †cu‡c, bvi‡Kj, B¶z cvIqv †hZ| Z‡e Wv‡ji K_v †Kv_vI ejv †bB| `ya, bvi‡K‡ji cvwb, B¶zim, Zvjim mn bvbv cÖKvi cvbxq Lvevi cÖPwjZ wQj| LvIqv-`vIqv †k‡l gmjvhy³ cvb LvIqvi ixwZ wQj|

bi-bvixiv h_vµ‡g aywZ I kvwo cwiavb KiZ| gv‡S gv‡S cyiy‡liv Mv‡q Pvì, Avi †g‡qiv ciZ Iobv| Drme-Abyôv‡b we‡kl †cvkv‡Ki eë¯’v wQj| cyiyl-bvix Df‡qi g‡a¨B AjsKvi eënv‡ii ixwZ cÖPwjZ wQj|

evjv ciZ Ges A‡bK Pzwo ci‡Z fv‡jvevmZ| gwY-gy³v I `vwg †mvbv-iƒcvi AjsKvi abxiv eënvi KiZ| †g‡qiv bvbvcÖKvi †Lvcv euvaZ| cyiyl‡ì evewi Pzj Kuv‡ai Dci Sz‡j _vKZ| Kcy©i, P›`b cÖf„wZ cÖmvab mvgMÖxi m‡½ wewfbœ myMwÜi eënv‡ii cÖPjb wQj| †g‡q‡ì mvRm¾vq AvjZv, wmu`yi I KzgKz‡gi eënviI ZLb cÖPwjZ wQj| cyiy‡liv gv‡S g‡a¨ Kv‡Vi Log ev Pvgovi PwURyZv eënvi KiZ| ZLb QvZviI cÖPjb wQj| ZLbKviw`‡b bvbv iKg †Ljvayjv I Av‡gv`-cÖ‡gv‡ì eë¯’v wQj| cvkv I `vev †Ljvi cÖPjb wQj| Z‡e bvP-Mvb I Awfb‡qi cÖPjb wQj Lye †ewk| exYv, euvwk, g„`½, XvK, †Xvj, †Lvj, KiZvj BZ¨vw` †Zv wQjB, GgbwK gvwUi cvÎ‡KI ev`¨hš¿i~‡c eënvi Kiv n‡Zv| Kzw¯Í, wkKvi, e¨vqvg, †bŠKvevBP I evwRK‡ii †Ljv cyiyl‡ì Lye cQ›` wQj| bvix‡ì g‡a¨ D`¨vb iPbv, Rjµxov BZ¨vw` Av‡gv`-cÖ‡gv‡ì cÖPjb wQj|

AbœcÖvkb, we‡q, kªv× BZ¨vw` mvgvwRK AvPvi-AvPiY Abyôvb †m hy‡MI cÖPwjZ wQj| ev‡iv gv‡m †Z‡iv cve©Y AbywôZ n‡Zv| G Dcj‡¶ bvbv cÖKvi Av‡gv`ÑDrm‡ei eë¯’v wQj| cÖvPxbKv‡j evsjvq eZ©gvbKv‡ji b¨vq åvZ…wØZxqv (fvB‡duvUv), bevbœ, i_hvÎv, Aógx mœvb, †nvwj, Rb¥vógx, `kniv, A¶q Z…Zxqv, M½vmœvb cÖf„wZ mycwiwPZ Abyôvb †mKv‡jI cÖPwjZ wQj| GmKj Av‡gv`-Drme QvovI ZLb wn›`ya‡g© A‡bK †jŠwKK AbyôvbI †`Lv hvq| wkïi R‡b¥i c~‡e© Zvi g½‡ji Rb¨ Mf©vavb, mxg‡šÍvbœqb BZ¨vw` AbywôZ n‡Zv| R‡b¥i ci bvgKiY,


AbœcÖvkb BZ¨vw` DcvPvi cvjb Kiv n‡Zv| cÖvPxbKv‡j evsjvi RbM‡Yi ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b ag©kv‡¯¿i cÖej cÖfve wQj| †Kvb wZw_‡Z Kx Lv`¨ wbwl×, †Kvb wZw_‡Z Dcevm Ki‡Z n‡e Ges weevn, wkï eq‡m covïbv ïiy Kiv, we‡`k hvÎv, Zx_©hvÎv cÖf„wZi Rb¨ †Kvb †Kvb mgq ïf ev Aïf BZ¨vw` wel‡q wbqg K‡Vvifv‡e cvwjZ n‡Zv|

cÖPxb evsjvi gvby‡li hvZvqv‡Zi cÖavb evnb wQj Miyi Mvwo I †bŠKv| Lvj-we‡j PjvP‡ji Rb¨ †fjv I †Wv½v eënvi Kiv nZ| gvbyl †QvU †QvU Lvj cvi n‡Zv muv‡Kv w`‡q| abx †jv‡Kiv nvwZ, †Nvov, †Nvovi Mvwo cÖf„wZ hvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨ eënvi KiZ| Zv‡ì ¯¿x-cwiR‡biv †bŠKv I cvjwK‡Z GK¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨ ¯’v‡b Avmv-hvIqv KiZ| we‡qi ci beea~‡K Miyi Mvwo‡Z ev cvjwK‡Z K‡i k¦ïi evwo Avbv nZ| m‡e©vcwi g‡b nq †h, AvaywbK Kv‡ji MÖvgxY RxebhvÎv Ges †mKv‡ji RxebhvÎvi g‡a¨ Lye †ewk cv_©K¨ wQj bv|

K…wlcÖavb †`k wn‡m‡e evsjvi AwaKvsk gvbyl MÖv‡g evm KiZ| gvby‡li Rxeb †gvUvgywU my‡Li wQj| Z‡e cÖvPxb evsjvi Mwie `ytLx gvby‡li K_vI Rvbv hvq| mgv‡Ri DuPz †kªwY A_©vr eªvþY‡ì nv‡Z wQj g~j ¶gZv| G mgq ïay eªvþYivB kv¯¿Ávb PP©v Ki‡Z cviZ| eªvþY‡ì AZ¨vPvi mvaviY gvby‡li Rxeb‡K AwZó K‡i

AZ¨šÍ AmšÍyó n‡q D‡V| †mb es‡ki kvmbvg‡j †eŠ× mgvR I ms¯‹…wZ‡Z †b‡g Av‡m `y`©kv| eªvþY‡ì cÖfv‡e †mb‡ì mg‡q mvavigymjgvb mgv‡Ri wfZ M‡o IVvi cÖwµqv ïiy nq| gymjgvb mgvR cÖwZôvi ga¨w`‡q evsjvq ga¨hy‡Mi m~Pbv nq| Avi G hy‡M evsjvi mgvR-ms¯‹…wZi iƒcI cv‡ë hvq|

GKK KvR t cÖvPxb evsjvi gvby‡li †cvkvK-cwi”Q`, AjsKvi, ev`¨hš¿ I †Ljvayjvi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|

cÖvPxb evsjvi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v Ges wkíKjv I ¯’vcZ¨-fv¯‹h©

cÖvPxb evsjvi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vevsjv wPiKvjB K…wl cÖavb †`k| cÖvPxbKv‡j AwaKvsk gvbylB MÖv‡g evm KiZ Avi MÖv‡gi Avkcv‡ki f~wg Pvl K‡i msmvi Pvjv‡Zv| hviv Pvl KiZ ev Ab¨ †Kvb cÖKv‡i Rwg †fvM KiZ, wewbg‡q Zv‡ì wbw`©ó KZ¸‡jv Ki w`‡Z n‡Zv|

cÖavbZ wZb cÖKv‡ii f~wg wQj| Ni-evwo ˆZwi K‡i _vKvi Rb¨ Dchy³ Rwg‡K Ôev¯‘Õ, Pvl Kiv hvq Ggb De©i Rwg‡K Ô†¶ÎÕ Ges De©i A_P cwZZ Rwg‡K ejv n‡Zv ÔwLjÕ| G wZb cÖKv‡ii f~wg QvovI Ab¨vb¨ cÖKv‡ii f~wg wQj| †m¸‡jv n‡jvÑ PviY f~wg, nvU-evRvi, ebR½j Ges hvbevnb PjvP‡ji c_| g‡b Kiv nq G mgq f~wgi gvwjK wQ‡jb ivRv wb‡R| ZLbKvi w`‡b ÔbjÕ w`‡j Rwg gvcv n‡Zv| wewfbœ GjvKvq b‡ji ˆ`N©¨ wewfbœ iKg wQj|

cÖvPxbKvj n‡ZB e½‡`k K…wli Rb¨ cÖwm× wQj| ZvB G‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ M‡o D‡V‡Q K…wli Dci wbf©i K‡i| avb wQj evsjvi cÖavb dmj| GQvov, cvU, B¶z, Zyjv, bxj, mwilv I cvb Pv‡li Rb¨ evsjvi L¨vwZ wQj| djevb e„‡¶i g‡a¨ wQj Avg, KuvVvj, bvi‡Kj, mycvwi, Wvwjg, Kjv, †jey, Wygyi, †LRyi BZ¨vw`| GjvwP, je½ cÖf„wZ gmjvI e‡½ Drcbœ n‡Zv| M„ncvwjZ cïi g‡a¨ Miy, QvMj, †gl, nuvm-gyiwM, KzKzi BZ¨vw` wQj cÖavb| jeY I ïUwK †`‡ki †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv As‡k Drcbœ n‡Zv|

KzwUi wk‡í cÖvPxb evsjv AZ¨šÍ mg„× wQj| MÖv‡gi †jvK‡ì ìKvwi me wKQy MÖv‡gB ˆZwi n‡Zv| gvwUi ˆZwi wRwbmc‡Îi g‡a¨ wQj Kjm, NwU-evwU, nuvwo-cvwZj, evmbcÎ BZ¨vw`| †jvnvi ˆZwi wRwbmc‡Îi g‡a¨ wQj `v,


Kzovj, †Kv`vj, LšÍv, Lyiwc, jv½j BZ¨vw`| GQvov R‡ji cvÎ, Zxi, ek©v, Z‡jvqvi cÖf„wZ hy‡×i A¯¿k¯¿ ˆZwi n‡Zv| wejvwmZvi bvbv iKg wRwb‡mi Rb¨ ¯^Y©-wkí I gwY-gvwYK¨ wkí A‡bK DbœwZ jvf K‡iwQj| Kv‡Vi wkíI †m mg‡q AZ¨šÍ DbœZ wQj| msmv‡ii AvmevecÎ, Ni-evwo, gw›ì, cvwé, Miyi Mvwo, †Nvovi Mvwo, i_ cÖf„wZ Kv‡Vi ØvivB ˆZwi n‡Zv| GQvov b`xc‡_ PjvP‡ji Rb¨ bvbv cÖKvi †bŠKv I mgy‡`ª PjvP‡ji Rb¨ Kv‡Vi eo eo †bŠKv ev RvnvR ˆZwi n‡Zv|

evsjv‡`k K…wl cÖavb n‡jI AwZ cÖvPxbKvj n‡Z GLv‡b bvbv cÖKvi wkíRvZ `ªe¨ ˆZwi n‡Zv| e¯¿ wk‡íi Rb¨ evsjv cÖvPxbKv‡jB weL¨vZ n‡q D‡VwQj| wek¦L¨vZ gmwjb Kvco cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB evsjvq ˆZwi n‡Zv| G e¯¿ GZ m~² wQj †h, 20 MR gmwjb GKwU b‡mï †KŠUvq fiv †hZ| Kvc©vm Zyjv I †ik‡gi ˆZwi DbœZgv‡bi m~² e‡¯¿i RbÏ e½ cÖwm× wQj| k‡bi ˆZwi †gvUv KvcoI ZLb cÖ¯‘Z n‡Zv| Rvbv hvq †h, e½‡`‡k †m mgq wUb cvIqv †hZ|

e‡½ K…wl I wkí `ª‡eï cÖvPzh© wQj| Avevi G¸‡jvi Lye Pvwn`vI wQj fvi‡Zi wewfbœ AÂ‡j Ges c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡k| ZvB e‡½i m‡½ cÖvPxbKv‡j c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡ki eëmv-evwYR¨ PjZ| e‡½i ißvwb c‡Yï g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wQj m~wZ I †ikwg Kvco, wPwb, ¸o, jeY, †ZRcvZv I Ab¨vb¨ gmjv, PvDj, bvi‡Kj, mycvwi, Jla ˆZwii MvQcvjv, bvbv cÖKvi wniv, gy³v, cvbœv BZ¨vw`|

wk‡íi DbœwZi m‡½ m‡½ evsjvi evwYRÏ h‡_ó cÖmvi jvf K‡iwQj| ¯’j I Rj Dfq c‡_B evwY‡Rï Av`vb-cÖ`vb PjZ| †`‡ki †fZ‡i evwYR¨ QvovI †m mg‡q evsjv ê‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ we‡kl DbœZ wQj| ¯’j I Rjc‡_ fvi‡Zi Ab¨vb¨ AÂ‡ji m‡½ evsjvi cY¨ wewbgq PjZ| G Kvi‡Y evsjvi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b eo eo bMi I evwYR¨ e›ì M‡o D‡VwQj| G¸‡jv n‡jvÑ be¨vewkKv, †KvUxel©, cyÊª ea©b, Zvgªwjß, KY©myeY©, mßMÖvg BZ¨vw`| Aek¨ kni Qvov MÖv‡gi nvUevRv‡iI wKQy wKQy eëmv-evwYR¨ PjZ| Gme MÖv‡gi nv‡U MÖv‡g Drcbœ I

mygvÎv, Pxb cÖf„wZ †`‡ki m‡½ evsjvi cY¨ wewbgq PjZ| ¯’jc‡_ Pxb, †bcvj, fyUvb, wZeŸZ I ga¨ Gwkqv cÖf„wZ †`‡ki m‡½ evwYR¨ PjZ|

w

‡k wewfbœ cÖKvi gy`ªv Pvjy _vK‡jI GLv‡b Kwo me‡P‡q Kg gvb wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡Zv|

GKK KvR t cÖvPxb evsjvi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

`jxq KvR t cÖvPxb evsjvq mgy`ª I ¯’jc‡_ †Kvb †Kvb†`LvI|

wkíKjv I ¯’vcZ¨-fv¯‹h©evsjv‡`‡ki bvbv¯’v‡b cÖvPxb evsjvi ¯’vcZ¨, fv¯‹h© I wPÎwk‡íi eû wb`©kb cvIqv †M‡Q| bvbv Kvi‡Y Gme wkíKjv aŸsm n‡q †M‡Q| ZeyI wbtm‡›`‡n ejv hvq, cÖvPxb hy‡M evsjvi wkíKjv LyeB DbœZ wQj|

¯’vcZ¨ : cÖvPxb evsjvi ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi wb`k©b AwZ mvgvb¨B Avwe®‹„Z n‡q‡Q| Pxb †`‡ki ågYKvix dv-wn‡qb I wnD‡qb-mvs-Gi weeiYx Ges wkjvwjwc †_‡K cÖvPxb hy‡M evsjvi KviyKvh©gq eûng©¨, (P~ov, wkLv) gw›ì, ¯‘c I wenv‡ii wKQy cwiPq cvIqv hvq|


fviZ Dc-gnv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q cÖvPxb ¯’vc‡Zï wb`©kb n‡jv ¯‘c| êw`K hy‡M †`nve‡kl cuy‡Z ivLvi Rb¨ k¥kv‡bi Dci gvwUi ¯‘c i¶v Kivi Rb¨ G ¯’vcZ¨ c×wZ MÖnY Kiv nq| †eŠ×ag© †hLv‡bB cÖmvi jvf K‡i‡Q, †mLv‡bB †QvU-eo AmsL¨ ¯‘cwbwg©Z n‡q‡Q| cÖvPxb evsjvq wKQy †eŠ× I ˆRb ¯‘c wbwg©Z n‡qwQj| XvKv †Rjvi Avkivdcyi MÖv‡g ivRv †è Lo‡Mi †eªvÄ ev AóavZz wbwg©Z GKwU ¯‘c cvIqv †M‡Q|

¯‘‡ciwb`©kb| ivRkvnxi cvnvocyi Ges PÆMÖv‡gi †SIqvwi‡Z AviI `ywU †eªv‡Äi ˆZwi ¯‘ccvIqv †M‡Q| GQvov ivRkvnxi cvnvocyi Ges euvKzovi eûjvovq eû ¶z`ª ¶z`ª B‡Ui ˆZwi ¯‘c cvIqv †M‡Q|

AwZ cÖvPxbKvj n‡Z evsjvq †eŠ× I ˆRb wf¶ziv wenvi I msNivg ˆZwi K‡i ¯^ ¯^ ag© cÖPvi Ki‡Zb| wKšÍy, G‡K ¯’vcZ¨ Kg© ejv P‡j bv| KviY, BU-cv_‡ii KvVv‡gvi Dci euvk I KvV w`‡q G¸‡jv ˆZwi n‡Zv| Kvjµ‡g †eŠ× I ˆRb ms‡N hLb cÖPvi‡Ki msL¨v evo‡Z jvMj ZLb n‡ZB B‡Ui ˆZwi wenvi cÖ¯‘Z ïiy n‡jv| cvj hy‡M G‡mB wenv‡ii iƒ‡ci cwieZ©b n‡jv| Gme wenv‡ii †Kv‡bv †KvbwU †ek eo Ges KviyKvh©gq wQj| ¯‘‡ci g‡Zv G¸‡jvI aŸsm n‡q †M‡Q| ivRkvnxi cvnvocy‡i †h wekvj †eŠ× wenvi Avwe®‹„Z n‡q‡Q Zv cÖvPxb evsjvi ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi †kªô wb`k©b| G ch©šÍ fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡k hZ wenvi Avwe®‹„Z n‡q‡Q Zvig‡a¨ G wenviwU me‡P‡q eo| Rvbv hvq, Aóg kZ‡K ag©cvj GLv‡b cÖKvÊ wenviwU wbg©vY K‡ib| Ô†mvgcyi wenviÕ bv‡g GwU mgMÖ fviZe‡l© I fviZe‡l©i evB‡i L¨vwZ AR©b K‡i| †mvgcyi wenvi e¨ZxZ ag©cvj weµgkxj wenvi I I`šÍcyi wenvi bv‡g AviI `ywU wenvi wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb| GQvov cvj Avg‡j ˆZwi †QvU-eo AviI K‡qKwU wenv‡ii bvg cvIqv hvq| †hgbÑgvj`‡ni ÔRM`yj wenviÕ, Ô†èx‡KvU wenviÕ, PÆMÖv‡gi ÔcwÊZ wenviÕ, wÎcyivi ÔKbK¯‘c wenviÕ cÖf„wZ| K‡qK eQi c~‡e© Kzwgjøvi gqbvgwZ‡Z K‡qKwU wenv‡ii mÜvb cvIqv †M‡Q| GwU Ôkvjej wenviÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib †h, cvnvocy‡ii wenvi I gw›ì A‡c¶vI eo gw›ì I wenvi GLv‡b wQj|

fviZxq ’vcZ¨ wk‡íi BwZnv‡m cÖvPxb evsjvi gw›ì GK we‡kl ’vb Lj K‡i Av‡Q| KviY cÖvPxbKv‡j AmsL¨ gw›ì wbg©vY Kiv n‡qwQj| G mKj gw›ì AvR mKjB aŸsmcÖvß n‡q‡Q| †Kej Aóg kZK n‡Z K‡qKwU fv½v I Aa©-fv½v gw›`‡ii wb`k©b cvIqv hvq| G mKj †eŠ× gw›ì cyÊªea©b, mgZU, ivp, e‡i›`ª cÖf„wZ AÂ‡j Aew¯’Z wQj| ea©gvb †Rjvi eivK‡ii gw›ìwU cÖvPxb evsjvi me‡P‡q cÖvPxb gw›ì e‡j aviYv Kiv nq| cvnvocy‡ii gw›ì GK Abb¨ m„wó| †Kbbv Dcgnv‡`‡ki Aewkó AÂ‡ji ¯’vcZ¨ wkí‡K Mfxifv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q| w`bvRcyi †Rjvi evYM‡o cÖ¯Íi wbwg©Z Ges PÆMÖv‡gi †KIqvwi‡Z †eªv‡Äi ˆZwi gw›`‡ii mÜvb cvIqv †M‡Q|

GK bMi mf¨Zvi aŸsmve‡kl cvIqv †M‡Q| biwms`x †Rjvi †ejve, wkecyi I ivqcyiv Dc‡Rjvi 50wU ¯’vb †_‡K Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q cÖv‰MwZnvwmK hy‡Mi cv_i I cÖ¯ÍixfyZ Rxevk¥-Kv‡Vi nvwZqvi,

cÖvPxbZg bMix| GLvb †_‡K Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q gvwUi `yM©-cÖvPxi, cwiLv, cvKv iv¯Ív, cvk¦©-iv¯Ívmn BUwbwg©Z ¯’vcZ¨ KxwZ©| cyivZb

kvjeb wenvi, gqbvgwZ, Kzwgjv

Dqvix-e‡Uk¦‡i Avwe¯‹…Z aŸsmve‡kl


eªþcyÎ b` AeevwnKvq Aew¯’Z Dqvix-e‡Uk¦i wQj GKwU b`xe›ì I AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨‡K›`ª| fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki Avw`-HwZnvwmKKv‡ji A‡bK bMi Ges `wÿY-c~e© Gwkqv I f~ga¨mvMi AÂ‡ji m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM wQj Dqvix-e‡Uk¦‡ii| Dqvix-e‡Uk¦‡i weKwkZ n‡qwQj ¯^í-g~jëvb cv_‡ii bqbvwfivg cyuwZ ˆZwii KviLvbv| GLv‡b Avwe®‹…Z Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖvPxbZg Qvcvw¼Z †iŠc¨gy`ªv I gy`ªvfvÊvi, Abb¨ ’vcZ¨KxwZ©, n‡iK iK‡gi cyuwZ, my`k©b j‡KU I gš¿c~Z KeP, evULviv, †cvovgvwUi I avZe wkíe¯‘, g„rcvÎ, wPÎwkí BZ¨vw` wkíxi ÿZv, DbœZ wkí‡eva I `k©‡bi cwiPq enb K‡i|

wek¦weL¨vZ evOvwj †eŠ×ag© cÖPviK I cwÊZ AZxk `xcsKi kÖxÁvbi Rb¥¯’vb weµgcy‡ii cÖvPxb eRª‡hvwMbx MÖv‡g

cÖvK-ga¨hy‡Mi mg„× mf¨Zvi cwiPq enb K‡i| weµgcyi (eZ©gvb gywÝMÄ I kwiqZcyi †Rjv) wQj cÖvK-ga¨hy‡M mgZU I e‡½i ivRavbx| weµgcy‡ii cvj, P›`ª, eg© I †mb Avg‡ji bvbv cÖZœwb`k©b, myjZvwb Avg‡ji mywd mvaK evev Av`g kwn‡ì gvRvi I gmwR` Ges gyMj Avg‡ji B`ªvKcyi `yM© I †mZz GL‡bv wU‡K

fv¯‹h© tcÖvPxb evsjvq eû gw›ì wQj| ZvB, fv¯‹h© wkíKjvI †h DbœZ wQj Zv‡Z m‡›`n †bB| A‡bK ¯’v‡b gw›ì aŸsm n‡jI Zvi g‡aï †èg~wZ© iw¶Z n‡q‡Q| †Kej cy®‹iY, ZgjyK, gnv¯’vb cÖf„wZ AÂ‡j ¸ß-c~e© hy‡Mi K‡qKwU †cvovgvwUi g~wZ© Avwe®‹„Z n‡q‡Q|

cvnvocy‡ii gw›ì Mv‡Î †Lvw`Z cv_i I †cvovgvwUi djK †_‡K

fv¯‹‡h© ivgvqY-gnvfvi‡Zi A‡bK Kvwnwb Ges K…òjxjvi A‡bK

K_vI G fv¯‹‡h© iƒc †`qv n‡q‡Q| †Lvw`Z fv¯‹h© QvovI cÖvPxb evsjvq †cvovgvwUi wkí LyeB DbœZ wQj| Kzwgjøvi gqbvgwZ I

¯‘‡cI A‡bK

K‡i‡Qb| †MŠ‡oi ivRavb

wPÎwkí t cvj hy‡Mi c~‡e©Kvi †Kv‡bv wPÎ AvR ch©šÍ cvIqv hvqwb| wKš‘ cÖvPxbKv‡jB †h evsjvq wPÎ A¼‡bi PP©v wQj Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB| mvaviYZ: †eŠ× wenvi I gw›`‡ii †`qvj †mŠ›`h©gq Kivi Rb¨ wPÎv¼b Kivi ixwZ cÖPwjZ wQj|

ZLbKvi w`‡b †eŠ× †jL‡Kiv ZvjcvZv A_ev KvM‡R Zv‡ì cy¯Í‡Ki cvÊwzjwc ˆZwi Ki‡Zb| G mKj cyuw_ wPÎvwqZ Kivi Rb¨ †jLK I wkíxiv †QvU †QvU Qwe AvuK‡Zb|

cvj hy‡Mi wkíKjv e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| KviY G hy‡Mi wkíbxwZB cieZ©x †mb hy‡MI Ae¨vnZ wQj| cÖ¯Íi

cvnvocy‡ii gw›ì Mv‡Î †Lvw`Z †cvovgvwUi djK


I avZz wbwg©Z †è-†èxi g~wZ© G hy‡Mi wkíKjvi †kªô wb`k©b e‡j we‡ewPZ nq| G‡Z ag©fv‡ei cÖfveB wQj †ewk| kv¯¿xq Abykvmb Abymv‡i †è-†èxi g~wZ©¸‡jv wbwg©Z n‡qwQj| Z_vwc wkíxi wkí‡KŠkj I †mŠ›`h©‡ev‡ai cwiPq G‡Z j¶¨ Kiv hvq| g~wZ© wbg©v‡Y mvaviYZ AóavZz I Kv‡jv Kwócv_i eënvi Kiv n‡Zv| G Qvov, †mvbv I iƒcvi eënviI jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|

evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ t D™¢e I weKvkcÖvPxb fvi‡Z Avh©‡ì AvMg‡bi c~‡e© GLv‡b bvbv RvwZ I ¶z`ª b„‡Mvôxi †jvK emevm KiZ| Zviv Avh©fvlx wn›`y wQj bv| wKšÍy Zviv †h †Kvb fvlvq K_v ejZ Zv mwVKfv‡e AvRI wbY©q Kiv hvqwb| G‡Z Abygvb Kiv hvq †h, cÖvPxb fvi‡Z bvbv fvlv-fvlx †jvK wQj|

Ôwblv`Õ wKsev ÔbvMÕ; Avi cieZ

K‡i Avh© fvlv MÖnY K‡i| ZvB cÖvPxb hy‡M Avh©MY †h fvlv eënvi KiZ Ges †h fvlvq ew`K MÖš’ iwPZ n‡qwQj ¯’vb‡f‡` Ges mg‡qi cwieZ

Ph©vc`

fvlvi Giƒc cÖvPxbZg wb`k©b cvIqv hvq nicÖmv` kv¯¿x KZ©„K †bcvj n‡Z msM„nxZ Ph©vc‡`| G Ph©vc`¸‡jvi

Øv`k kZK ch©šÍ G cuvPkZ eQiB n‡jv evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Zï cÖvPxb hyM|


cÖvPxb evsjvi mvs¯‹…wZK Rxeb, g~j¨‡eva I wek¦vm

cÖvPxb evsjvi ag©xq Ae¯’v


¸ßhy‡M ˆke ag©I cÖPwjZ wQj| lô kZ‡Ki †Mvovq gnvivR ˆeb¨¸‡ßi mnvqZvq c~e© evsjvq ˆkeag© Qwo‡q c‡owQj| mßg kZ‡K †MŠoivR kkvsK I Kvgiƒc ivRv fv¯‹ieg©v - `yR‡bB wQ‡jb cig ˆke| j¶Y †mb I

m‡½

a‡g©i cÖfve K‡g G‡mwQj|

wejyß n‡q hvq|


cÖvPxb evsjvq eû

GKK KvR t

cÖvPxb evsjvi AvPvi-Abyôvb, Drme I ixwZ-bxwZ



1. cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K wek¦L¨vZ †Kvb Kvco evsjvq ˆZwi n‡Zv?

K. †iqb L. †ikwg

M. gmwjb N. ckwg

2. cÖvPxb evsjvi A_©bxwZ‡K K…wl wbf©i ejv nq, †Kbbv G mg‡q -

i. evsjvi cÖavb dmj wQj avb;

ii. B¶z, Zzjv I cvb Pv‡li Rb¨ evsjvi L¨vwZ wQj;

iii. cÖavb A_©Kix dmj wQj cvU;


K. i L. ii

M. ii I iii N. i I ii

DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :KweZv MÖx‡®§i QzwU‡Z gv-evevi mv‡_ Kzwgjøvi gqbvgwZ‡Z kvjeb wenvi cwi`k©‡b hvq| †mLv‡b wM‡q jÿ K‡i †h wenv‡ii gvSLv‡b DuPz wXwei Dci †K›`ªxq gw›ì, Pvicv‡k †eŠ× wf¶z‡ì Rb¨ AmsL¨ K¶, †Ìqv‡j †UivKvUv AsKb| mewKQz wgwj‡q Ac~e© cÖvPxb wb`k©b|

3. KweZvi †`Lv cÖvPxb wb`k©‡bi êwk‡óï mv‡_ cÖvPxb evsjvi †Kvb wb`k©‡bi wgj Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq?

K. XvKvi Avkivdcy‡ii L. PÆMÖv‡gi †SIqvwii

M. bIMuvi cvnvocy‡ii N. euvKzovi eûjvovi

4. D³ cÖvPxb wb`k©‡b †h êwkó¨ cwijwÿZ nq, Zv n‡jv-

i. †eŠ×‡ì wbwg©Z

ii. Ávb mvabvi ¯’vb

iii. †`‡k we‡`‡k h‡_ó L¨vwZ i‡q‡Q





m„Rbkxj cÖkœ t

†QvU Mv‡bi Rjmvi Av‡qvRb wQj|

lô Aa¨vq

ga¨hy‡Mi evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm

(1204-1757 wLªóvã)gymjgvb kvm‡bi m~PbvKvj‡K evsjvq ga¨hy‡Mi ïiy ejv nq| BwZnv‡m GK hyM †_‡K Ab¨ hy‡M cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z n‡j we‡kl KZ¸‡jv hyMvšÍKvix cwieZ©b ìKvi| gymjgvb‡ì e½ weR‡qi d‡j e‡½i ivR‰bwZK †¶‡ÎB ïay cwieZ©b Av‡mwb| Gi d‡j e‡½i mgvR, ag©, A_©bxwZ, fvlv I mvwnZ¨, wkíKjvmn wewfbœ †¶‡Î êwcøweK cwieZ©b Av‡m|

G Aa¨vq †k‡l AvgivÑ• ga¨hy‡Mi evsjvi gymjgvb kvmb cÖwZôv c‡e©i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`Kmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

• ga¨hy‡M myjZvwb Avg‡j evsjvi eskvbyµwgK kvmb Ges Zuv‡ì ivR‰bwZK K…wZZ¡mg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;

• evsjvq AvdMvb kvmbvgj I kvmKM‡Yi K…wZZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

• evsjvq evi f~uBqv‡ì BwZnvm I cwiPq eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

• gyNj kvmbvg‡j evsjvq my‡e`vi I beve‡ì kvmbKv‡ji ivR‰bwZK w`Kmg~n we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvie;

• avivevwnKfv‡e ga¨hy‡M evsjvi gymjgvb kvmKM‡Yi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm Rvb‡Z cvie|

evsjvq gymjgvb kvm‡bi m~Pbv

†mb kvm‡bi Aemvb NwU‡q gymjgvb kvm‡bi m~Pbv K‡ib| wZwb AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi Migwki ev AvaywbK

ZzwK©‡ì wbKU Ag½j e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡Zv| MRwb‡Z e¨_© n‡q eLwZqvi w`wjø‡Z myjZvb KzZzeDwÏb AvB‡e‡Ki ìev‡i Dcw¯_Z nb| GeviI wZwb PvKwi †c‡Z e¨_© nb| Gici wZwb e`vD‡b hvb| †mLvbKvi kvmbKZ©v

ûmvgDwÏb Zv‡K eZ©gvb wgR©vcyi †Rjvi

ga¨hy‡Mi evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm (1204-1757 wLªóvã) 53

eLwZqv‡ii ˆmb¨msL¨v e„w× cvq| Gfv‡e cvk¦©eZ©x AÂ‡j AvµgY Pvwj‡q wZwb `w¶Y wenv‡i GK cÖvPxi †Niv `y‡M©i g‡Zv ¯’v‡b Av‡mb Ges AvµgY K‡ib| cÖwZc¶ †Kv‡bv euvavB w`j bv| `yM© R‡qi ci wZwb †`L‡jb †h `y‡M©i Awaevmxiv mK‡jB gywÊZ g¯ÍK Ges `yM©wU eBc‡Î fiv| wRÁvmv K‡i wZwb Rvb‡Z cvi‡jb †h, wZwb GK †eŠ× wenvi Rq K‡i‡Qb| GwU wQj I`›` wenvi ev I`šÍcyix wenvi| G mgq n‡ZB gymjgv‡biv G ¯’v‡bi bvg w`j wenvi| AvR ch©šÍ Zv wenvi bv‡g cwiwPZ|

wenvi weR‡qi ci eLwZqvi A‡bK abiZœmn w`wjøi myjZvb KzZzeDwÏb AvBe‡Ki m‡½ mv¶vr K‡ib| myjZvb

K‡ib| G mgq evsjvi ivRv j¶Y †mb b`xqvq Ae¯’vb KiwQ‡jb| †MŠo wQj Zvui ivRavbx, Avi b`xqv wQj Zuvi

eªvþYMY ivRv j¶Y †mb‡K ivRavbx Z¨vM Ki‡Z civgk© †`b| Zv‡ì kv‡¯¿ ZzwK© †mbv KZ©„K e½ R‡qi my¯úó Bw½Z Av‡Q| GQvov weRqxi †h eY©bv kv‡¯¿ Av‡Q Zvi m‡½ eLwZqv‡ii †`‡ni eY©bv G‡Kev‡i wg‡j hvq| wKšÍy ZeyI ivRv j¶Y †mb b`xqv Z¨vM K‡ibwb|

wenvi n‡Z evsjvq cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z n‡j †ZwjqvMo I wkKwoMo -GB `yB wMwic_ w`‡q Avm‡Z nZ| G wMwic_ `y‡Uv wQj myiw¶Z| wZwb cÖPwjZ c‡_ AMÖmi n‡jb bv| wKšÍy AiY¨gq AÂ‡ji ga¨ w`‡q AMÖmi nIqv‡Z eLwZqv‡ii ˆmb¨`j LÊ LÊfv‡e AMÖmi nq| kÎyc‡¶i `„wó Gwo‡q eLwZqvi

ZLb Zuvi m‡½ wQj gvÎ 17 wKsev 18 Rb Ak¦v‡ivnx ˆmwbK| GZ AímsL¨K ˆmb¨ wb‡q eLwZqvi LjwRi c‡¶ e½ weRq Kx

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bvwmi Lvb‡K nZ¨v K‡i|


bvwmi Lvb wbnZ nIqvi ci †MŠ‡oi wmsnvmb wKQy mg‡qi Rb¨ k~b¨ Ae¯’vq c‡o iBj| Avng` kv‡ni †Kv‡bv cyÎ mšÍvb wQj bv| AZci AwfRvZeM© gvngy` bv‡g Bwjqvm kv‡ni GK eskai‡K 1452 wLóv‡ã †MŠ‡oi wmsnvm‡b emvq| BwZnv‡m wZwb bvwmiDwÏb gvngy` kvn bv‡g cwiwPZ| Bwjqvm kv‡ni eskaiMY Gfv‡e cybivq ¯^vaxb ivRZ¡ ïiy K‡i| ZvB, G hyM‡K ejv nq ÔcieZ©x Bwjqvm kvwn hyMÕ| bvwmiDwÏb GKRb `¶ †mbvcwZ I b¨vqcivqY kvmK wQ‡jb| h‡kvi I Lyjbv AÂj bvwmiDwÏb gvngy` kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡j gymjgvb mvgªvR¨fy³ n‡qwQj| cwðg e½, c~e©e½, DËie½ I wenv‡ii KZKvsk Zuvi mvgªvR¨fy³ wQj| wZwb wbR bv‡g gy`ªvI cÖPjb K‡iwQ‡jb|

1459 wLªóv‡ã bvwmiDwÏb gvngy` kvn g„ZzëiY K‡ib| Gici Zuvi cyÎ iyKbDwÏb eieK kvn evsjvi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| wcZvi ivRZ¡Kvj †_‡KB eieK kvn kvmK wn‡m‡e `¶Zvi cwiPq w`‡qwQ‡jb| ZLb wZwb wQ‡jb mvZMuvI‡qi kvmbKZ©v| Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j evsjvi ivR¨mxgv A‡bK e„w× cvq| M½v b`xi DËivsk Zuvi mvgªvR¨fy³ wQj| fvMjcyi Zuvi kvmbKv‡j gymjgvb mvgªv‡Rï Aax‡b Av‡m| PÆMÖv‡gi KZ©„Z¡ wb‡q †Mvj‡hvM wQj| eieK kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡ji cÖ_g w`‡K GwU AvivKvb mvgªv‡Rï Aax‡b wQj| wKš‘ †kl w`‡K eieK kvn Zv cybiy×vi K‡ib| h‡kvni I Lyjbv Zuvi AwaKv‡i wQj| wZwb `w¶Y w`‡KI Zuvi ivR¨ we¯Í…Z K‡iwQ‡jb|

eieK kvnB cÖ_g AmsL¨ Avwewmbxq µxZ`vm (nvewm µxZ`vm) msMÖn K‡i †mbvevwnbx I ivRcÖvmv‡ì wewfbœ

wbR¯^ `j MV‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ G mKj nvewm‡ì wb‡q evwnbx MVb K‡iwQ‡jb| wKšÍy Zuvi G eë¯’v fwel¨‡Z mvgªv‡Rï Rb¨ wec` †W‡K wb‡q Av‡m|

myjZvb iyKbDwÏb eieK kvn GKRb gnvcwÊZ wQ‡jb| wewfbœ wkjvwjwc‡Z Zuvi bv‡gi cv‡k wbR bv‡g Ges wewfbœ ivRKxq ÔAvj-dvwRjÕ I ÔAvj-KvwgjÕ G `yBwU Dcvwai D‡jøL †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| G n‡Z cÖgvwYZ nq †h, eieK kvn wk¶v †¶‡Î m‡e©v”P Dcvwa jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb ïay cwÊZB wQ‡jb bv, mvwn‡Zï c„ô‡cvlKI wQ‡jb| wn›`y I gymjgvb Dfq a‡g©iB weØvb I cwÊZ e¨w³ Zuvi c„ô‡cvlKZv jvf K‡iwQj| e„n¯úwZ wgkª wQ‡jb

iPwqZv gvjvai emy G mg‡qi GKRb †kªô cwÊZ wQ‡jb| evsjv ivgvq‡Yi iPwqZv K…wËevm eieK kv‡ni AbyMÖn jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| G mg‡qi gymjgvb Kwe-mvwnwZ¨K‡ì g‡a¨ Beªvwng KvBqyg dviywK, Avwgi R‡qbDwÏb nvivwf, Avwgi wknveDwÏb wKigvwb I gbmyi wmivwRi bvg we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| wZwb †h GKRb D`vi I

eySv hvq| Gw`K w`‡q eieK kv‡ni b¨vq D`vi g‡bvfvevcbœ kvmK ïay evsjvi BwZnv‡m bq, fviZe‡l©i BwZnv‡mI `yj©f|

eieK kvn GKRb cÖK…Z †mŠ›`h©iwmK wQ‡jb| †MŠ‡oi Ô`vwLj ìIqvRvÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ weivU I my›ì †ZviYwU eieK kvn&B wbg©vY Kwi‡qwQ‡jb| G Avg‡j PÆMÖv‡g Ges cUzqvLvjx †Rjvi wgR©vM‡Ä `yBwU gmwR` wbwg©Z n‡qwQj| G mg¯Í Kvh©vµg we‡ePbv Ki‡j e‡½i myjZvb‡ì g‡a¨ eieK kvn&‡K Ab¨Zg ejv hvq|

1474 wLªóv‡ã eieK kvn ci‡jvK Mgb K‡ib| c‡i Zuvi cyÎ mvgmywÏb Avey gyRvddi BDmyd kvn (1474-1481 wLªóvã) evsjvi myjZvb nb| wcZv I wcZvg‡ni Mov wekvj mvgªvR¨ Zuvi mgq A¶zYœ wQj| Zuvi ivR¨ cwð‡g Dwol¨v Ges c~‡e© wm‡jU ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z wQj|

BDmyd kv‡ni g„Zzï ci Zuvi cyÎ wmKv›`vi kvn wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| wKš‘ wZwb Amy¯’ n‡q co‡j Zuv‡K AcmviY

(1481-1487 wLªóvã)| wZwb wbR bv‡g gy`ªv cÖeZ©b K‡ib| wKšÍy, G mgq ivRìev‡i `y‡h©vM †`Lv †`q| nvewm µxZ`vmiv G mgq Lye ¶gZvkvjx n‡q D‡V| G‡ì cÖZvc Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ RvjvjDwÏb d‡Zn kvn †Póv K‡ib|


G‡Z mg¯Í nvewm µxZ`vm GK‡RvU n‡q myjZv‡bi weiy‡× lohš¿ ïiy K‡i| myjZvb kvnRv`v wQ‡jb cÖvmv` i¶x`‡ji cÖavb| µxZ`vmMY cÖ‡jvfb Øviv myjZvb kvnRv`v I Zvi Aaxb¯’ cvBK‡ì wbR `jfy³ K‡i| kvnRv`v ivRcÖvmv‡ì Af¨šÍ‡i d‡Zn kvn&‡K nZ¨v K‡i| d‡Zn kvn wbnZ n‡j evsjvi wmsnvm‡b Bwjqvm kvwn es‡ki kvmbKv‡ji cwimgvwß N‡U| evsjvq nvewm‡ì ivR‡Z¡i m~Pbv nq|

GKK KvR t myjZvb iyKbDwÏb eieK kv‡ni †Kvb c`‡¶c iv‡Rï Rb¨ wnZKi wQj Zv AbymÜvb Ki|

nvewm kvmbevsjvi nvewm kvmb gvÎ Qq eQi (1487-1493 wLªóvã ) ’vqx wQj| G mgq G‡`‡ki BwZnvm wQj Ab¨vq, AwePvi, we‡`ªvn, lohš¿ Avi nZvkvq cwic~Y©| G mg‡q PviRb nvewm myjZv‡bi g‡a¨ wZbRb‡KB nZ¨v Kiv nq|

nvewm †bZv myjZvb kvnRv`v ÔeieK kvnÕ Dcvwa wb‡q cÖ_g evsjvi ¶gZvq e‡mb| wKš‘ K‡qK gv‡mi g‡a¨B wZwb nvewm †mbvcwZ gvwjK Avw›`‡ji nv‡Z wbnZ nb| gvwjK Avw›`j ÔmvBdzwÏb wdiyR kvnÕ Dcvwa wb‡q wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| GKgvÎ Zuvi wZb eQ‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡ji (1487-1490 wLªóvã) BwZnvmB wKQyUv †MŠiegq wQj| Zuvi g„Zzï ci ¶gZvq Av‡mb wØZxq bvwmiDwÏb kvngy` kvn| wKšÍy wKQyKvj (1490-1491 wLªóvã) ivRZ¡ Kivi ciB wZwb wbnZ nb| GK nvewm m`©vi Zuv‡K nZ¨v K‡i ÔkvgmywÏb gyRvddi kvnÕ bvg wb‡q wmsnvm‡b e‡mb

kv‡ni weiy‡× we‡`ªvn K‡i| we‡`ªvnx‡ì mv‡_ †hvM †`b gyRvddi kv‡ni DwRi ˆmq` †nv‡mb| Ae‡k‡l gyRvddi kvn wbnZ nb| Zuvi g„Zzï m‡½ m‡½B evsjvq nvewm kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U|

†nv‡mb kvwn esknvewm kvmb D‡”Q` K‡i evsjvi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb ˆmq` †nv‡mb| myjZvb n‡q wZwb ÔAvjvDwÏb û‡mb kvnÕ Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib| Gfv‡eB evsjvq Ôû‡mb kvwn eskÕ bv‡g GK bZzb es‡ki kvmbce© ïiy nq| evsjvi ¯^vaxb myjZvb‡ì g‡a¨ û‡mbkvwn Avgj (1493-1538 wLªóvã) wQj me‡P‡q †MŠiegq|

myjZvb AvjvDwÏb û‡mb kvn wQ‡jb û‡mb kvwn hy‡Mi †kªô myjZvb| wZwb Avie †`kxq ˆmq` es‡ki †jvK wQ‡jb| wcZv ˆmq` Avkivd-Avj-ûmvBwb I fvB BDmy‡di mv‡_ wZwb g°v n‡Z evsjvq Av‡mb Ges iv‡pi Puv`cvov MÖv‡g cÖ_‡g emevm ïiy K‡ib| û‡mb kvn c‡i ivRavbx †MŠ‡o hvb Ges gyRvddi kv‡ni Aax‡b PvKwi jvf K‡ib| c‡i wZwb DwRi nb| Gfv‡eB wZwb evsjvi ¶gZvq Av‡mb|

†`‡k AivRKZvi m„wó n‡qwQj| cÖwZwU myjZv‡bi nZ¨vi †cQ‡b Zviv cÖavb f~wgKv cvjb KiZ| wmsnvmb jv‡fi ci û‡mb kvn nvewm‡ì Giƒc Kvh©Kjvc eÜ Ki‡Z wb‡`©k †`b| wKš‘ Zviv Zuvi Av‡`k Agvb¨ Ki‡j wZwb Zv‡ì nZ¨vi Av‡`k †`b| û‡mb kv‡ni G K‡Vvi eë¯’v MÖn‡Yi d‡j cÖvq evi nvRvi nvewm cÖvY nvivq| evwK nvewmiv ivR¨ n‡Z weZvwoZ nq|

AvjvDwÏb û‡mb kv‡ni cieZ©x c`‡¶c wQj †`ni¶x cvBK evwnbxi ¶gZvi webvk| G cvBK evwnbx

I gymjgvb‡ì wb‡q GKwU bZzb i¶x`j MVb K‡ib|

AvjvDwÏb û‡mb kvn iv‡Rï Kj¨v‡Yi j‡¶ e‡½i ivRbxwZ I mgvR eë¯’v‡K nvewm‡ì cÖfvegy³ Ki‡Z †hgb m‡Pó wQ‡jb, †Zwgb ivRavbx cwieZ©b K‡i kvmb eë¯’v `„p K‡ib| †MŠo iv‡Rï wbKUeZ©x GK RvqMvq wZwb ivRavbx ¯’vbvšÍi K‡iwQ‡jb| e‡½i myjZvb‡ì g‡a¨ GKgvÎ wZwbB cvÊyqv ev †MŠo e¨ZxZ Ab¨Î ivRavbx ¯’vcb


K‡ib| nvewm kvmbKv‡j †Mvj‡hvM m„wóKvix Avwgi-Igivn‡ì K‡Vvi kvw¯Íi weavb Kiv nq| wbP eskRvZ AZ¨vPvix mKj Kg©Pvix‡K eiLv¯Í Kiv nq| Zvi cwie‡Z© wZwb kvmb eë¯’vi wewfbœ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© I D”P c‡` ˆmq`,

wd‡i Av‡m|

AvjvDwÏb û‡mb kv‡ni mgq evsjvi ivR¨mxgv me‡P‡q †ewk e„w× cvq| wZwb Kvgiƒc I KvgZv Rq K‡ib| Ewol¨v I wÎcyiv iv‡Rï wKQy AskI Zvui KivqË nq| DËi I `w¶Y wenv‡ii wKQy AskI Zuvi AwaKv‡i Av‡m|

wZwb AvivKvwb‡ì PÆMÖvg †_‡K weZvob K‡ib| G mg‡q w`wjøi myjZvb wmKv›`vi †jvw` evsjv AvµgY Ki‡j wZwb Zv cÖwZnZ K‡ib| GKgvÎ Avmvg Awfhv‡b wZwb mdj n‡Z cv‡ib wb| wekvj iv‡R¨ me iKg wbivcËv weav‡b û‡mb kvn mdj n‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb `xN© QvweŸk eQi (1493-1519 wLªóv‡ã ) ivRZ¡ K‡ib| G my`xN© mgq mvd‡jï mv‡_ ivR¨ cwiPvjbv K‡i G gnvb myjZvb 1519 wLªóv‡ã g„ZyëiY K‡ib|

AvjvDwÏb û‡mb kvn& mykvmK I `~i`k©x ivRbxwZwe` wQ‡jb| kvmb eë¯’vi cybM©Vb Ges RbKj¨vY mva‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ wZwb h‡_ó D`¨g, wbôv I weP¶YZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| ivRvi Rb¨ ivR¨ RqB †kl K_v bq hy‡Mvc‡hvMx I b¨vqwfwËK kvmbeë¯’vI †h Acwinvh©, Zv wZwb Dcjwä K‡iwQ‡jb| kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbvq I cÖRvcvj‡bi †¶‡Î wZwb RvwZ I a‡g©i †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ m„wó K‡ib wb| wn›`y I

¯’vc‡bi Øviv GKwU myôz, my›ì I Kj¨vYgyLx kvmbeë¯’vi cÖwZôv wQj Zuvi j¶¨| GRb¨ GKRb †Muvov mywbœ gymjgvb nIqv m‡Ë¡I wZwb wewfbœ a‡g©i gvbyl‡K †hvM¨Zv Abymv‡i kvmbKv‡h© wb‡qvM K‡iwQ‡jb| wn›`yw`M‡K DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ wZwb Zv‡ì‡K wewfbœ DcvwaI cÖ`vb Ki‡Zb| wn›`y‡ì cÖwZ ûmvBb kv‡ni G D`viZv myôzfv‡e kvmbKvh© wbe©v‡ni †¶‡Î djcÖm~ n‡qwQj Ges evOvwj‡ì wbR¯^ HwZn¨ m„wó‡Z mnvqZv K‡iwQj| GwU Zuvi ivR‰bwZK `~i`wk©ZviI cwiPq enb K‡i| û‡mb kv‡ni G ag©xqD`viZv Zuvi DËivwaKvix‡ìI DrmvwnZ K‡iwQj| Zuvi kvwšÍc~Y© ivRZ¡Kv‡j cÖRviv my‡L-kvwšÍ‡Z evm KiZ|

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GKwU D¾¡j cÖ‡Póv|

evsjv mvwn‡Zï DbœwZ I weKvk û‡mb kv‡ni kvmbKvj‡K BwZnv‡m Agi K‡i †i‡L‡Q| Zuvi D`vi c„ô‡cvlKZv wbtm‡›`‡n evsjv mvwn‡Zï kªxe„w× mvab K‡i‡Q| û‡mb kvn †hvM¨ Kwe I mvwnwZ¨KMY‡K DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ cyi¯‹vi cÖ`vb Ki‡Zb| G hy‡Mi cÖL¨vZ Kwe I †jLK‡ì g‡a¨ iƒc †Mv¯^vgx, mbvZb †Mv¯^vgx, gvjvai emy, weRq¸ß, wecÖ`vm, civMj Lvb I h‡kvivR Lvb D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wQ‡jb| û‡mb kv‡ni c„ô‡cvlKZvq Zuviv AmsL¨ MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| Zuv‡ì wbijm mvwnZ¨-KxwZ© evsjvi BwZnvm‡K mg„× K‡i‡Q| G mg‡q gvjvai emy Ôkªxg™¢vMerÕ

kªx‰PZb¨


I ÔcyivYÕ Ges ci‡gk¦i ÔgnvfviZÕ evsjv fvlvq Abyev` K‡ib| AvjvDwÏb û‡mb kvn Aviwe I dvwm© fvlviI D`vi c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb|

û‡mb kvn GKRb wbôvevb gymjgvb wQ‡jb| wbR ag© I mywd mvaK‡ì cÖwZ Zuvi Acwimxg wbôv I fw³ wQj| Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b AmsL¨ gmwR` wbwg©Z n‡qwQj| G mg¯Í gmwR‡ì g‡a¨ †MŠ‡oi Ô†QvU †mvbv gmwR`Õ me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨| iv‡R¨ Bmjvwg ms¯‹…wZi weKv‡ki Rb¨ A‡bK LvbKvn& I gv`ªvmv wbwg©Z n‡qwQj| cvÊyqvi gymjgvb mvaK KzZze-Dj-Avj‡gi mgvwa i¶Yv‡e¶‡Yi Rb¨ û‡mb kvn cÖPzi A_© e¨q K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb †MŠ‡o GKwU `yM© I †ZviY, gvj`‡n GKwU we`¨vjq I GKwU †mZz wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb| G mKj gmwR`, gv`ªvmv, `yM©, †ZviY û‡mb kv‡ni ¯’vcZ¨ cÖxwZi cwiPq enb K‡i| Zuvi 26 eQ‡ii kvmbKv‡j e‡½ Ávb-weÁvb I wkíKjvi AfvweZ DbœwZ mvwaZ n‡qwQj| GRb¨ Zuvi kvmbKvj‡K e‡½i gymjgvb kvm‡bi BwZnv‡m Ô¯^Y©hyMÕ ejv nq|

AvjvDwÏb û‡mb kv‡ni g„Zzï ci Zuvi †R¨ô cyÎ bymiZ kvn ÔbvwmiDwÏb Aveyj gyRvddi byimZ kvnÕ (1519-1532 wLªóvã) Dcvwa wb‡q evsjvi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| Zuvi `¶Zv †`‡L û‡mb kvn Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡jB kvmbKv‡h©i wKQy wKQy ¶gZv bymiZ kvn‡K †Q‡o w`‡qwQ‡jb| wmsnvm‡b e‡mI wZwb wcZvi g‡Zv `¶Zv †`Lv‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| G mgq mgMÖ wenvi Zuvi Aax‡b Av‡m| Zuvi mg‡q fvi‡Z gyNj mvgªvR¨ cÖwZwôZ nq| cÖ_g gyNj mgªvU evei evsjv Awfhv‡bi Rb¨ ˆmb¨ cvVvb| bymiZ kvn cÖ_‡g eve‡ii mv‡_ wgÎZv ¯’vcb K‡ib| c‡i hy× ïiy n‡j mwÜ K‡i evsjvi wmsnvmb‡K wbivc` iv‡Lb| 1531 wLªóv‡ã bymiZ kvn AvZZvwqi nv‡Z wbnZ nb|

myjZvb bymiZ kvn& Zuvi mg‡qi GKRb D‡jøL‡hvM¨ kvmK wQ‡jb| RbM‡Yi cÖwZ wZwb wQ‡jb mnbkxj Ges mü`q| cÖRv‡ì cvwbKó wbevi‡Yi Rb¨ wZwb iv‡Rï eû ¯’v‡b K~c I cyKzi Lbb K‡iwQ‡jb| ev‡Minv‡Ui ÔwgVv cyKziÕ AvRI Zuvi KxwZ© enb Ki‡Q| bymiZ kv‡ni gvbweK ¸Yvewj Zuv‡K cÖRv‡ì wbKU RbwcÖq K‡i Zz‡jwQj|

bymiZ kv‡ni kvmbKv‡ji eû ¯’vcZ¨-KxwZ© wkí I ms¯‹…wZi †¶‡Î Zuvi Drmvn I c„ô‡cvlKZvi cwiPq enb

Ôevi`yqvwi gmwR`Õ Zuvi Avg‡ji KxwZ©| ea©gvb †Rjvi g½j‡KvU bMi Ges ivRkvnx †Rjvi evNv bvgK ¯’v‡b wZwb `yBwU gmwR` wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi Kvh©mg~‡ni Avi GKwU wb`k©b n‡jv mv`yjøvcy‡i gnvb AvDwjqv gL`yg AvwL wmivRDwÏ‡bi †MŠiegq gvRv‡ii wfwË|

bymiZ kv‡ni Av‡`‡k Kex›`ª ci‡gk¦i gnvfvi‡Zi wKq`sk evsjvq Abyev` K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi kvmbKv‡jB kªxKi b›`x gnvfvi‡Zi Ak¦‡gac‡e©i e½vbyev` K‡ib| kªxaiI gnvfvi‡Zi e½vbyev` K‡iwQ‡jb| Ávb I wk¶vi cÖmv‡ii Rb¨ bymiZ kvn& †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b jvB‡eªwiI ¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb|

evsjvi cieZ©x myjZvb wQ‡jb bymiZ kv‡ni cyÎ AvjvDwÏb wd‡ivR kvn| wZwb cÖvq GK eQi ¶gZvq wQ‡jb| bymiZ kv‡ni mgq †_‡KB A‡nvg iv‡Rï mv‡_ evsjvi msNl© PjwQj| wd‡ivR kv‡ni mgqI Zv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| bymiZ kv‡ni mgqKvj †_‡KB ïiy nq evsjvi ¯^vaxb myjZvwb hy‡Mi cZb ce©| bymiZ kv‡ni DËivwaMY wQ‡jb `ye©j| Zuvi †QvU fvB wMqvmDwÏb gvngy` kvn 1533 wLªóv‡ã wd‡ivR kvn‡K nZ¨v K‡i wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| wKš‘, Zv‡Z Ae¯’vi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq wb| eis bymiZ kv‡ni kvmbKv‡j iv‡R¨ †h fvO‡bi m~Pbv n‡qwQj, gvngy`

mv‡_ msNl©| Ae‡k‡l 1538 wLªóv‡ã †ki kvn †MŠo `Lj Ki‡j evsjvi `yBkZ eQ‡ii ¯^vaxb myjZvwb hy‡Mi Aemvb N‡U|


GKK KvR t kvmb-bxwZi †¶‡Î AvjvDwÏb û‡mb kv‡ni D`viZv †`‡ki Rb¨ g½j e‡q G‡bwQj G K_vi h_v_©Zv wbiycY Ki|

`jxq KvR t myjZvb bmir kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡ji RbwnZKi Kvh©vewj I ¯’vcZ¨ KxwZ©mg~‡ni GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|

AvdMvb kvmb I evifu~Bqv (1538 - 1576 wLªóvã)1538 wLªóv‡ã evsjvi ¯^vaxb myjZvwb hy‡Mi Aemvb n‡j G‡K G‡K we‡`wk kw³mg~n MÖvm Ki‡Z _v‡K evsjv‡K| gyNj mgªvU ûgvqyb Aí wKQyKvj evsjvi ivRavbxi Ici AwaKvi cÖwZôv K‡ib| wKš‘ †kl ch©šÍ Zuv‡K AvdMvb †bZv †ki kv‡ni Kv‡Q civRq gvb‡Z nq| evsjv I wenvi mivmwi P‡j Av‡m AvdMvb‡ì nv‡Z| AvdMvb‡ì `yB kvLv-k~i AvdMvb I Kiivwb AvdMvbiv †ek wKQyKvj evsjv kvmb K‡i| †kl ch©šÍ gyNj mgªvU AvKei AvdMvb‡ì nvZ †_‡K evsjvi ¶gZv †K‡o †bb| ivRavbx `Lj Ki‡jI gyNjiv evsjvi Af¨šÍ‡i A‡bK w`b ch©šÍ cÖK…Z ¶gZv cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z cv‡i wb| G mgq evsjvq A‡bK eo eo ^vaxb Rwg`vi wQj| Ôevi f~uBqvÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ G mKj Rwg`vi gyNj‡ì AwaKvi †g‡b †bbwb| mgªvU AvKe‡ii mgq gyNj myev`viMY Ôevi fu~Bqv‡ìÕ `gb Kivi †Póv K‡iI mdj n‡Z cv‡ib wb| Ôevi f~uBqv‡ìÕ `gb Kiv nq mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii mg‡q|

AvdMvb kvmb gyNj mgªvU evei I Zuvi cyÎ ûgvqyb û‡mbkvwn hy‡Mi †klw`K †_‡KB †Póv K‡iwQ‡jb evsjv‡K gyNj AwaKv‡i wb‡q Avm‡Z| wKš‘, AvdMvb‡ì Kvi‡Y gyNj‡ì G D‡Ïk¨ cÖ_g w`‡K mdj nqwb| AvdMvb †bZv †ki Lvb k~‡ii mv‡_ hy‡× Rwo‡q c‡ob mgªvU ûgvqyb| †ki Lv‡bi wcZv nvmvb Lvb k~i wenv‡i Aew¯’Z mvmvivg AÂ‡ji RvqwMi`vi wQ‡jb| wcZvi g„Zzï ci wZwb RvqwMi`vi wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM jvf K‡ib| G mgq wenv‡ii RvqwMi`vi Rvjvj Lvb bvevjK e‡j Zuvi Awffve‡Ki `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib †ki Lvb|

mgMÖ fvi‡Zi AwacwZ nIqvi ¯^cœ wQj †ki Lv‡bi| ZvB †Mvc‡b wZwb wb‡Ri kw³ e„w× Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| G j‡¶¨ Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ †ki Lvb kw³kvjx Pzbvi `yM© I wenvi AwaKvi K‡ib| wZwb 1537 wLóv‡ã `yBevi evsjvi ivRavbx †MŠo AvµgY K‡ib| Gevi mZK© nb w`wjøi gyNj mgªvU ûgvqyb| wZwb †ki Lv‡bi wcQy avIqv K‡i evsjvi ivRavbx †MŠo AwaKvi K‡i †bb| †MŠ‡oi PgrKvi cÖvmv` I cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`‡h© gy» n‡q ûgvqyb Gi bvgKiY K‡ib ÔRvbœvZev`Õ| mgªvU †MŠ‡o 6 gvm Av‡gv` d~wZ©‡Z Mv fvwm‡q †`b| G my‡hv‡M wb‡Ri kw³ evov‡Z _v‡Kb †ki Lvb| w`wjø †_‡K Lei Av‡m ûgvqy‡bi mrfvB wn›`vj wmsnvmb `Lj Kivi lohš¿ Ki‡Qb| G Lei †c‡q ûgvqyb w`wjøi w`‡K hvÎv K‡ib| G my‡hvM Kv‡R jvMvb †ki Lvb| wZwb IuZ †c‡Z _v‡Kb e·v‡ii wbKU †PŠmv bvg ¯’v‡b| M½v b`xi Zx‡i G ¯’v‡b ûgvqyb †cuŠQv‡j †ki Lvb Zuvi Ici Suvwc‡q c‡ob| AcÖ¯‘Z ûgvqyb civwRZ nb (1539 wLªóvã)|

gyNj mgªvU ûgvqyb‡K civwRZ K‡i †ki Lvb Ô†ki kvnÕ Dcvwa †bb| wZwb wb‡R‡K wenv‡ii ¯^vaxb myjZvb wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡ib| Gevi evsjvi w`‡K `„wó †`b wZwb| 1540 wLªóv‡ã gyNj kvmbKZ©v Avjx Kzwj‡K civwRZ K‡i wZwb evsjv `Lj K‡ib| G eQiB wZwb ûgvqyb‡K K‡bŠ‡Ri wbKU wejMÖv‡gi hy‡× P~ovšÍfv‡e civwRZ K‡i w`wjøi wmsnvmb AwaKvi K‡ib| Gfv‡e `xN©w`b ci evsjv Avevi w`wjøi kvm‡b P‡j Av‡m| PÆMÖvg I wm‡jU ch©šÍ mgMÖ evsjv‡`k †ki kv‡ni mvgªvR¨fy³ wQj| †ki kvn k~i -es‡ki e‡j G mg‡qi evsjvi kvmb wQj k~i AvdMvb es‡ki kvmb|

†ki kv‡ni g„Zzï ci Zuvi cyÎ Rvjvj Lvb ÔBmjvg LvbÕ bvg aviY K‡i w`wjøi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wZwb AvU eQi (1545-1553 wLªóvã) ivRZ¡ K‡ib| wKš‘, Bmjvg Lv‡bi g„Zzï ci Zuvi bvevjK cyÎ wd‡ivR Lv‡bi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivn‡Yi m‡½ m‡½ m~i es‡ki g‡a¨ `jv`wj ïiy nq| †ki Lv‡bi fv‡Mœ gyevwiR Lvb wd‡ivR Lvb‡K


fviZe‡l©i ivR‰bwZK NUbvewj n‡Z G mgq evsjv wew”Qbœ wQj bv| ZvB Bmjvg Lv‡bi g„Zz¨i m‡½ m‡½B evsjvi


Zuvi AwaKvi cÖwZwôZ nq| †mvjvqgvb Kiivwbi weÁ DwRi †jvw` Lv‡bi civg‡k© wZwb gyNj mgªvU AvKe‡ii

GKK KvR t

evi f~uBqv‡`i BwZnvm


GQvovI, e½‡`‡k AviI A‡bK †QvULvU Rwg`vi wQ‡jb| ZuvivI gyNj‡ì weiy‡× gv_v Zz‡j ùvovb| wKšÍy c‡i Guiv gyNj‡ì ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi K‡i †bb| evi f~uBqv‡ì g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jb:

evi f~uBqv‡ì bvg GjvKvi bvgCmv Lvb, gymv Lvb XvKv †Rjvi Aa©vsk, cÖvq mgMÖ gqgbwmsn †Rjv

Ges cvebv, e¸ov I iscyi †Rjvi wKQy Ask|

Puv` ivq I †K`vi ivq kªxcyi (weµgcyi, gyÝxMÄ)

evnv`yi MvwR fvIqvj

†mvbv MvwR mivBj (wÎcyivi DËi mxgvq)

Imgvb Lvb †evKvBbMi (wm‡jU)

exi nvwgi weòzcyi (evKzov)

j¶Y gvwYK¨ fyjyqv (†bvqvLvjx)

cigvb›` ivq P›`ªØxc (ewikvj)

we‡bv` ivq, gay ivq Pv›`cÖZvc (gvwbKMÄ)

gyKz›ìvg, mZ¨wRr f~lYv (dwi`cyi)

ivRv K›`c©bvivqY, ivgP›`ª ewikvj †Rjvi Ask we‡kl

cÖ_g w`‡K evi f~uBqv‡ì †bZv wQ‡jb Cmv Lvb| û‡mb kvwn es‡ki Aemvb n‡j Cmv Lv‡bi wcZv †mvjvqgvb Lvb †mvbviMuvI AÂ‡j Rwg`vwi cÖwZôv K‡ib| wLwRicyi `yM© wQj Zuvi kw³i cÖavb †K›`ª| †mvbviMuvI I wLwRicy‡ii wbKUeZ©x KvZ&ivey Zuvi ivRavbx wQj| `vD` Kiivwbi cZ‡bi ci wZwb †mvbviMuvI-G ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib|

evi f~uBqv‡ì `gb Kivi Rb¨ mgªvU AvKei we‡kl g‡bv‡hvM †`b| GRb¨ wZwb 1583 wLªóv‡ã kvnevR Lvb, 1585 wLªóv‡ã mvw`K Lvb, 1586 wLªóv‡ã DwRi Lvb I 1594 wLªóv‡ã ivRv gvbwmsn‡K evsjvi myev`vi K‡i

Ab¨w`‡K wZwb gyNj‡ì weiy‡× ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡i Ôgmb`-B-AvjvÕ Dcvwa MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb|

1599 wLªóv‡ã Ckv Lv‡bi g„Zz¨ n‡j evi f~uBqv‡ì †bZv nb Zuvi cyÎ gymv Lvb| Gw`‡K 1601 wLóv‡ã gvbwmsn‡K wØZxqev‡ii g‡Zv evsjvq cvVv‡bv nq| Gevi gvbwmsn wKQyUv mdj nb| 1603 wLªóv‡ã gymv Lvb GK †bŠ-hy‡× gvbwms‡ni nv‡Z civwRZ nb| wKšÍy, P~ovšÍ mvdj¨ AR©b Kivi Av‡M mgªvU AvKe‡ii Amy¯’Zvi Lei Av‡m| mgªv‡Ui Wv‡K gvbwmsn AvMÖvq wd‡i hvb|

mgªvU AvKe‡ii g„Zzï ci Zuvi cyÎ †mwjg ÔRvnv½xiÕ bvg aviY K‡i 1605 wLª÷v‡ã w`wjøi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wZwb gvbwmsn‡K Avevi evsjvq †cÖiY K‡ib| GK eQi ci 1606 wLªóv‡ã KzZze DwÏb †KvKv‡K evsjvi myev`vi wb‡qvM Kiv nq| KzZze DwÏb †ki AvdKz‡bi nv‡Z cÖvY nvivb| Zuvi cieZ©x myev`vi Rvnv½xi Kzwj Lvb GK eQi ci gviv hvb| Gi ci Bmjvg Lvb 1608 wLªóv‡ã e‡½i myev`vi wbhy³ nb|

evsjvi evi f~uBqv‡ì `gb K‡i G‡`‡k gyNj kvmb cÖwZôv mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡ji K…wZZ¡c~Y© KvR| Avi G K…wZ‡Z¡i `vwe`vi myevì Bmjvg Lvb (1608-1613 wLª:)| kvmbfvi MÖnY K‡iB wZwb eyS‡Z cv‡ib †h, evi fu~Bqv‡ì †bZv gymv Lvb‡K gb Ki‡Z cvi‡jB Zuvi c‡¶ Ab¨vb¨ Rwg`vi‡ì‡K ekxf~Z Kiv mnR n‡e| †mRb¨


wZwb ivRgnj n‡Z XvKvq ivRavbx ¯’vbvšÍi Kivi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib| KviY gymv Lv‡bi NuvwU †mvbviMuvI XvKvi A`~‡i wQj| evsjvi ivRavbx ivRgnj †_‡K XvKvq Avmvi c‡_ Bmjvg Lvb K‡qKRb Rwg`v‡ii AvbyMZ¨ jvf K‡iwQ‡jb|

evi f~uBqv‡ì †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ Bmjvg Lvb kw³kvjx †bŠ-eni M‡o †Zv‡jb| gymv Lv‡bi mv‡_ cÖ_g msNl© euv‡a 1609 wLªóv‡ã Ki‡Zvqv b`xi c~e©Zx‡i hvÎvcy‡i| GLv‡b gymv Lv‡bi `yM© wQj| hy‡× gymv Lvb I Ab¨vb¨ Rwg`vi †kl ch©šÍ wcQy n‡Ub| Bmjvg Lvb 1610 wLªóv‡ã XvKvq cÖ‡ek K‡ib| G mgq †_‡K XvKv nq evsjvi ivRavbx| mgªv‡Ui bvg Abymv‡i XvKvi bvg ivLv nq ÔRvnv½xi bMiÕ|

Gici cybivq gymv Lv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ gyNj‡ì euvav †Ìqvi Rb¨ Rwg`vi‡ì †bŠ-eni GKwÎZ nq kxZj¶¨v b`x‡Z| Bmjvg Lvb Gi cwðg Zx‡ii wewfbœ ¯’v‡b ˆmb¨ I †bŠ-eni †cÖiY K‡ib| 1611 wLªóv‡ã Bmjvg Lv‡bi m‡½ Rwg`vi‡ì hy× ïiy nq| b`xi c~e© cv‡o Aew¯’Z gymv Lv‡bi K`g imyj `yM©mn Ab¨vb¨ `yM© gyNj‡ì AwaKv‡i Av‡m| Ae¯’vi wech©‡q gymv Lvb †mvbviMuvI P‡j Av‡mb| ivRavbx wbivc` bq g‡b K‡i wZwb †gNbv b`x‡Z Aew¯’Z Beªvwngcyi Øx‡c Avkªq †bb| gyNj ˆmbïv †mvbviMuvI AwaKvi K‡i †bb| Gi d‡j Rwg`viMY eva¨ nb AvZ¥mgc©Y Ki‡Z| †Kvb Dcvq bv †`‡L gymv LvbI †kl ch©šÍ gyNj‡ì wbKU AvZ¥mgc©‡Y eva¨ nb| Bmjvg Lvb gymv Lvb‡K Ab¨vb¨ Rwg`vi‡ì g‡Zv gyNj‡ì Aaxb¯’ RvqwM‡ii `vwqZ¡ w`‡jb| Gici gymv Lvb mgªv‡Ui AbyMZ RvqwMi`vi wn‡m‡e evwK Rxeb AwZevwnZ K‡ib| gymv Lv‡bi AvZ¥mgc©‡Y Ab¨vb¨ Rvwg`viMY wbivk n‡q gyNj mgªv‡Ui ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi K‡ib| Gfv‡e, evsjvi evi f~uBqv‡ì kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U|

†Rvovq KvR t2. XvKvi bvg Kxfv‡e ÔRvnv½xi bMiÕ n‡qwQj-AbymÜvb Ki|

3. ivRgnj †_‡K myev`vi Bmjvg Lv‡bi XvKvq ivRavbx ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii KviY AbymÜvb Ki|

µwgK bs evi f~uBqv‡ì bvg

1

gyNj kvmb (1576-1757 wLªóvã)myev`vwi I bevweÑ G yB c‡e© evsjvq gyNj kvmb AwZevwnZ nq| evi f~uBqv‡ì g‡bi ci mgMÖ evsjvq myev`vwi cÖwZwôZ nq| gyNj cÖ‡`k¸‡jv ÔmyevÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| evsjv wQj gyNj‡ì Ab¨Zg myev| m‡Zi kZ‡Ki cÖ_g

DËivwaKvix‡ì mg‡q gyNj kvmb kw³nxb n‡q c‡o| G my‡hv‡M evsjvi myev`viMY cÖvq ¯^vaxbfv‡e evsjv kvmb Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| gyNj Avg‡ji GB hyM Ôbevwe AvgjÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ|

my‡e`vwi I bevwe Avgjmyev`vi Bmjvg Lvb 1610 wLªóv‡ã evi f~uBqv‡ì `gb K‡i mgMÖ evsjvq myev`vwi kvmb cÖwZôv K‡ib| 1613 wLªóv‡ã Zuvi g„Zzï ci †ek K‡qKRb myev`vi evsjvi ¶gZv MÖnY K‡ib| Z‡e 1660 wLªóv‡ã myev`vi wgi Rygjv ¶gZv MÖnY Kivi c~e© ch©šÍ †Kvb myev`viB †Zgb ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡ib wb| Gu‡ì g‡a¨ Bmjvg Lvb

evsjvi myev`vi wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| AZtci Lye Aí mg‡qi Rb¨ myev`vi wbhy³ nb `vivi Lvb, gneŸZ Lvb, gyKviig Lvb Ges wdZvB Lvb|


mgªvU kvnRvnvb ¶gZv MÖnY Kivi ci evsjvi myev`vi wn‡m‡e Kvwmg Lvb Rywqbx‡K wb‡qvM K‡ib 1628 wLªóv‡ã| û‡mb kvwn hyM n‡ZB evsjvq cZz©wMRiv evwYR¨ KiZ| G mgq cZz©wMR ewYK‡ì cÖwZcwË A‡bK †e‡o hvq| µ‡g Zv evsjvi Rb¨ ûgwK n‡q ùvovq| Kvwmg Lvb Rywqbx k³ nv‡Z cZz©wMR‡ì `gb K‡ib|

Kvwmg Lv‡bi ci myev`vi Bmjvg Lvb gvmnvw` (1635-1639 wLªóvã) Pvi eQi kvmb K‡ib| AZtci kvnRvnvb Zuvi wØZxq cyÎ kvn myRv‡K evsjvi myev`vi K‡i cvVvb| myRv Kzwo eQi `vwq‡Z¡ wQ‡jb| †gvUvgywU kvwšÍc~Y© wQj myRvi kvmbKvj| we‡`wk ewYK †Mvôxi g‡a¨ Bs‡iRiv G mgq myev`v‡ii KvQ †_‡K wKQy evowZ myweav jvf KiwQj| G‡Z evwY‡Rï cvkvcvwk Bs‡iR‡ì ¶gZvI e„w× cvq| 1657 wLªóv‡ã mgªvU kvnRvnvb Amy¯’ n‡q co‡j Zuvi Pvi cy‡Îi cÖ‡Z¨‡KB mgªvU nIqvi Rb¨ we‡`ªvn K‡i| G mgq AvIi½‡R‡ei mv‡_ kvn myRvi Ø›Ø ïiy nq| `yB fvB‡qi hy‡× 1659 wLóv‡ã kvn myRv civwRZ nb| civwRZ n‡q wZwb AvivKvb Mgb K‡ib| †mLv‡b c‡i wZwb mcwiev‡i wbnZ nb|

AvIi½‡R‡ei †mbvcwZ wgi Rygjv myRv‡K `gb Kivi Rb¨ evsjvi ivRavbx Rvnv½xibMi ch©šÍ G‡mwQ‡jb| ZvB mgªvU AvIi½‡Re gxi Rygjv‡K (1660-1663 wLªóvã) evsjvi myev`v‡ii `vwqZ¡ †`b| KzPwenvi Ges Avmvg

wgi Rygjvi g„Zzï ci cÖ_‡g w`wji Lvb I c‡i `vD` Lvb A¯’vqx myev`vi wn‡m‡e evsjv kvmb K‡ib| AZtci AvIi½‡R‡ei gvgv kv‡q¯Ív Lvb‡K (1664-1688 wLªóvã) evsjvi myev`vi wb‡qvM †Ìqv nq|

kv‡q¯Ív Lvb wQ‡jb GKRb my`¶ †mbvcwZ I `~i`k©x kvmK| wZwb gM‡ì DrcvZ n‡Z evsjvi RbM‡Yi Rvbgvj i¶v K‡ib| wZwb

wbivcËviI eë¯’v Kiv nq|

myev`vwii †kl w`‡K kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi mv‡_ Bs‡iR B÷ BwÛqv

ci kv‡q¯Ív Lvb evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iR‡ì weZvwoZ K‡ib| kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi ci G‡K G‡K Lvb-B-Rvnvb evnv`yi,

kv‡q¯Ív Lvb Zuvi kvmb Avg‡ji wewfbœ RbwnZKi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ ¯§iYxq n‡q i‡q‡Qb| Zuvi mg‡q mvgªv‡Rï me©Î AmsL¨ mivBLvbv, iv¯Ív I †mZz wbwg©Z n‡qwQj| †`‡ki A_©bxwZ I K…wl †¶‡Î wZwb AfvweZ mg„w× Avbqb K‡iwQ‡jb| RbKj¨vYKi kvmbKv‡h©i Rb¨ ïay evsjvq bq, mgMÖ fviZe‡l©I wZwb L¨vwZ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi mg‡q `ªe¨ g~j¨ GZ m¯Ív wQj †h, UvKvq AvU gY PvDj cvIqv †hZ|

kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi Avg‡j evsjvi A_©‰bwZK mg„w×i g~‡j wQj wkí I eëmv-evwY‡Rï cÖmvi| G Avg‡j K…wl Kv‡Ri m‡½ wkí I eëmv-evwY‡RïI h‡_ó DbœwZ nq| kv‡q¯Ív Lvb eëmv-evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î we‡`wk ewYK‡ì DrmvwnZ Ki‡Zb|

kv‡q¯Ív Lvb


kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi kvmbKvj evsjvi ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi Rb¨ mwe‡kl D‡jøL‡hvM¨| wewPÎ †mŠagvjv, g‡bvig mv‡R mw¾Z ZrKvjxb XvKv bMix ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi cÖwZ Zuvi Mfxi Abyiv‡Mi mv¶¨ enb K‡i| ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi weKv‡ki Rb¨ G hyM‡K evsjvq gyNj‡ì Ô¯^Y©hyMÕ wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv hvq| Zuvi Avg‡j wbwg©Z ¯’vcZ¨ K‡g©i g‡a¨ †QvU KvUiv, jvjevM †Kjøv, wewe cwii mgvwa-†mŠa, †nv‡mwb `vjvb, mwd Lv‡bi gmwR`, eywoM½vi gmwR`, PK gmwR` cÖf„wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨| †gvUK_v, Ab¨ †Kv‡bv myev`vi ev kvmbKZ©v XvKvq kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi b¨vq wb‡Ri §„wZ‡K GZ †ewk R¡jšÍ †i‡L †h‡Z cv‡ibwb| e¯‘Z XvKv wQj kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi bMix|

`¶ myev`vi wnmv‡e Gevi evsjvi ¶gZvq Av‡mb gywk©` Kzwj Lvb (1700-1727 wLªóvã)| cÖ_‡g Zuv‡K evsjvi †Ìqvb wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM †Ìqv nq| †Ìqv‡bi KvR wQj myevi ivR¯^ Av`vq I A_©‰bwZK eë¯’v wbqš¿Y Kiv| mgªvU dLiyL wkqv‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡j gywk©` Kzwj Lvb evsjvi myev`vi wbhy³ nb| gywk©` Kzwj Lvb hLb evsjvq AvMgb K‡ib ZLb evsjvi ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v †kvPbxq n‡q c‡owQj| G cwiw¯’wZi gy‡L wZwb AZ¨šÍ mvnwmKZvi mwnZ evsjvq gyNj kvmb cybiy×v‡i m‡Pó nb| ^xq e¨w³Z¡, weP¶YZv I eyw×gËv Øviv wZwb evsjvi BwZnv‡mi MwZ‡K cwieZ©b K‡iwQ‡jb|

mgªvU AvI½‡R‡ei g„Zzï ci ye©j gyNj mgªvUMY ~ieZ©x myev¸‡jvi w`‡K †Zgb „wó w`‡Z cv‡ib wb| d‡j, Gme AÂ‡ji myev`viMY A‡bKUv ¯^vaxbfv‡e wb‡R‡ì AÂj kvmb Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| gywk©` Kzwj LvbI A‡bKUv ¯^vaxb n‡q c‡ob| wZwb mgªv‡Ui bvggvÎ AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk Ki‡Zb Ges evwl©K 1 †KvwU 3 j¶ UvKv ivR¯^ cvVv‡Zb| gywk©` Kzwj Lv‡bi ci Zuvi RvgvZv myRv DwÏb Lvb evsjvi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| Gfv‡e, evsjvi my‡e`vwi eskMZ n‡q c‡o| Avi GiB c_ a‡i cybivq cÖwZwôZ nq evsjvi ¯^vaxb kvmb|

beve gywk©` Kzwj Lv‡bi mgq †_‡KB evsjv myev cÖvq ¯^vaxb n‡q c‡o| G mgq myev‡K ejv n‡Zv ÔwbRvgZÕ Avi myev`v‡ii e`‡j c`we nq ÔbvwRgÕ| bvwRg c`wU n‡q c‡o eskMZ| myev`vi ev bvwRgMY evsjvi wmsnvm‡b e‡m gyNj mgªv‡Ui KvQ †_‡K ïay GKwU Aby‡gv`b wb‡q wb‡Zb| ZvB, AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki evsjvq gyNj kvm‡bi BwZnvm wbRvgZ ev bevwe Avgjiƒ‡c cwiwPZ| Avi cÖvq ¯^vaxb kvmKMY cwiwPZ nb ÔbeveÕ wn‡m‡e|

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gywk©` Kzwj Lvb †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK mg„w×i Rb¨ eëmv-evwY‡R¨ cÖmv‡ii ¸iyZ¡ we‡klfv‡e Dcjwä K‡iwQ‡jb| RvwZ-ag© wbwe©‡k‡l Bs‡iR, divwm I cviwmK eëmvqx‡ì‡K wZwb Drmvn cÖ`vb Ki‡Zb| eëmvqxiv hv‡Z wbw`©ó nv‡i cÖPwjZ Ki cÖ`vb K‡i Ges Zv‡ì cÖwZ hv‡Z †Kv‡bv AwePvi Kiv bv nq †mw`‡K `„wó ivLvi Rb¨ mswkøó

KjKvZv, PzuPzov I P›`bbMi wewfbœ we‡`wk ewYK‡ì eëmvi †K›`ª wn‡m‡e M‡o D‡V|

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gywk©` Kzwj Lvb


gh©v`v wb‡q wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| wZwb wQ‡jb GKRb `¶ kvmK| evsjv, wenvi, Dwol¨vÑ wZb cÖ‡`‡kiB beve n‡qwQ‡jb wZwb| wZwb Zuvi AvZ¥xq¯^Rb I wek¦vmfvRb‡`i D”Pc` `vb K‡ib| Rwg`vi‡`i mv‡_I GKwU

Aby‡gv`‡b bq, evûe‡j evsjvi ¶gZv `Lj K‡ib Avwjew`© Lvb| Avwjew`©i kvmbKv‡j (1740-1756 wLªóvã)

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Abykxjbg~jK cÖkœeûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ t 1. †MŠ‡oi bvg ÔRvbœvZvev`Õ †K iv‡Lb?

K. †kikvn L. ûgvqyb

M. Rvnv½xi N. AvKei

2. evi f~uBqv‡`i `g‡b myev`vi Bmjvg Lv‡bi we‡kl †KŠk‡ji g‡a¨ wQj-

i. kw³kvjx †bŠ-eni M‡o †Zvjv

ii. ivRgnj †_‡K XvKvq ivRavbx ¯’vbvšÍi

iii. Ak¦v‡ivnx evwnbx MVb




DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI t

evm K‡i| wZwb wb‡R gymjgvb n‡jI †hvM¨Zv Abymv‡i wn›`y‡`i‡KI wewfbœ Kv‡Ri `vwqZ¡ w`‡Zb| Zvi G agx©q

3. ga¨hy‡Mi †Kvb myjZv‡bi wk¶v †bvgvb mv‡ne‡K Aby‡cÖiYv hywM‡q‡Q?

K. AvjvDwÏb û‡mb kvn L. wmKv›`vi kvn

M. wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn N. AvjvDwÏb wd‡ivR kvn

4. D³ myjZv‡bi Kg©Kv‡Êi d‡j-

i. evsjv mvwnZ¨ PP©v bZzb MwZ cvq

i. A`~i`k©x ivRbxwZi cwiPq †g‡j

iii. ¶Zvi mv‡_ kvmb Kvh© cwiPvwjZ nq


K. i L. i I ii



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K. ivRv M‡Yk w`bvRcy‡ii †Kvb AÂ‡ji ivRv wQ‡jb?

L. Bwjqvm kvn‡K BwZnv‡m cÖ_g evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡ì cÖe³v ejv nq †Kb?

M. DÏxc‡K weRqx †mbvcwZi hy× †KŠk‡ji cÖwZdjb cvV¨ eB Gi †Kvb e¨w³i K‡g© cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Zzwg wK g‡b Ki D³ e¨w³ cÖ_gRxe‡b wewfbœ †¶‡Î e¨_© n‡jI fvM¨ I Kg©kw³i mswgkÖY Zv‡K mdjZv G‡b †`q? hyw³ `vI|

2. cvnvwo AÂ‡ji cÖZ¨šÍ GjvKv nvBQwo| †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v mnRmva¨ bv nIqvq †mLvbKvi Drcvw`Z cY¨ mgqgZ evRviRvZ Kiv Kômva¨| cvnv‡oi Xvjy Rwg‡Z cÖPzi Kjv Drcbœ nIqvq †m¸‡jv mgqgZ

ejj G †Zv †`wL BwZnv‡mi cybive„wË|

K. evsjvq gymjgvb kvmK‡ì g‡a¨ †K †bŠ evwnbxi †MvovcËb K‡ib?

L. evsjv‡K ÔeyjMvKcyiÕ ejv n‡qwQj †Kb?

M. evsjvi †Kvb kvm‡Ki K_v `yR©‡qi g‡b c‡o hvq? e¨vL¨v Ki|

mßg Aa¨vq

ga¨hy‡Mi evsjvi mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnvm


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mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK Rxeb

gymjgvb mgvR

ga¨hy‡Mi evsjvi mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnvm 75

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D‡jgvMY Bmjvwg wk¶vq AwfÁ nZ| Zuv‡ì ga¨ n‡Z KvwR, Bgvg, gyqv‡¾g Ges Ab¨vb¨ ag© welqK Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM Kiv n‡Zv| †kLMY ag©xq I Ava¨vwZ¥K wel‡q RbMY‡K wk¶v w`Z| ga¨hy‡M evsjvq gymjgvb mgv‡Ri AMÖMwZi †¶‡Î Zuv‡ì D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f~wgKv wQj|

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K…lK‡ì AwaKvskB wQj wn›`y| KZ¸‡jv †ckv gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ GK‡PwUqv wQj|

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hvq| wLPzwi ZLbKvi mgv‡R GKwU wcÖq Lv`¨ wQj|

AwfRvZ gwnjviv KvwgR I mv‡jvqvi eënvi KiZ| Zviv cÖmvabx eënv‡i Af¨¯Í wQj bv| Zviv evû I Kwâ‡Z


G hy‡Mi cÖ_g w`‡K PvwiwÎK ¸Yvewj I mZZvi Rb¨ gymjgvbMY we‡kl L¨vwZ AR©b K‡iwQj| cieZ©x mg‡q Zviv ag©xq AvPi‡Yi †¶‡Î K‡Vvi I ˆbwZK gvb eRvq ivL‡Z e¨_© nq| Gi d‡j gymjgvb mgv‡R `yb©xwZ I A‰bmjvwgK Kvh©vewji AbycÖ‡ek N‡U| mvgvwRK Rxe‡b gymjgvb‡ì ˆbwZK AatcZb kvmb eë¯’v‡KI cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj| evsjvi bevwe kvm‡bi Aemv‡bi †cQ‡b kvmKe‡M©i ˆbwZK AebwZ h‡_ó cwigv‡Y `vwq wQj|

GKK KvR t1. ga¨hy‡M evsjvi gymjgvb‡ì mvgvwRK Drme I ixwZbxwZi D‡jøL Ki|

2. ga¨hy‡M evsjvi gymjgvb‡ì †cvkvK-cwi”Q` Kxiƒc wQj?

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Kb¨v gvZv-wcZvi Dci, ¯¿x ¯^vgxi Dci, weaeviv mšÍvb‡ì Dci wbf©ikxj wQj| M„nKZ©vi AbygwZ Qvov †g‡qiv

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ga¨hy‡Mi evsjvi wn›`y mgv‡Ri Lv‡`ï mwnZ eZ©gvb wn›`y mgv‡Ri Lv‡`ï †Zgb †Kv‡bv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cv_©K¨ †bB| fvZ wQj cÖavb Lv`¨| GQvov Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq wQj gvQ, gvsm, kvK-mewR, `ya, `wa, N„Z, ¶xi BZ¨vw`| PvDj n‡Z cÖ¯‘Z bvbv cÖKvi wcVvI RbwcÖq gyL‡ivPK Lvevi wQj| evOvwj eªvþ‡Yiv Avwgl †LZ| ZLb mKj cÖKvi gvQ cvIqv †hZ| c~e©e‡½ Bwjk I ïuUwK gvQ Lye wcÖq Lvevi wQj| ZiKvwii g‡a¨ †e¸b, jvD, Kzgov, wSs‡M, KvKiyj, KPz Drcbœ n‡Zv| d‡ji g‡a¨ Avg, KuvVvj, Kjv, Zvj, †cu‡c, bvi‡Kj, B¶z cvIqv †hZ| D‡jøL¨ ZLbKvi mg‡q wn›`y-gymjgvb‡ì Lv`¨ ZvwjKvi g‡a¨ †Zgb †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ wQj bv| Z‡e †Mv-gvsm f¶Y wn›`y‡ì wbKU Pig Aag© wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Zv|

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GKK KvR t ga¨hy‡M wn›`yiv Kx ai‡bi mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ I AvPvi-Abyôvb cvjb Ki‡Zv D‡jøL Ki|

A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v I eëmv-evwYR¨b`xgvZ…K evsjvi f~wg wPiw`bB cÖK…wZi AK…cY Avkxe©v‡` cwicyó| GLvbKvi K…wlf~wg A¯^vfvweK De©i| ga¨hy‡M GLvbKvi Drcbœ dm‡ji g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wQj avb, Mg, Zyjv, B¶z, cvU, Av`v, †Rvqvi, wZj, mxg, mwilv I Wvj| K…wlRvZ `ª‡eï g‡a¨ wcuqvR, imyb, njy`, kkv cÖf„wZ wQj D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Avg, KuvVvj, Kjv, †gvmveŸi, †LRyi BZ¨vw` djg~‡ji djbI wQj cÖPzi| cvb, mycvwi, bvi‡KjI cÖPzi cwigv‡Y Drcbœ n‡Zv| Mvjv ev `ªv¶vI Drcbœ n‡Zv cÖPzi| gymjgvb kvm‡bi mgq n‡ZB evsjvq cvU I †ik‡gi Pvl ïiy nq|

evsjvi A_©‰bwZK mg„w×i g~j Drm wQj K…wl| K…wl dj‡bi cÖvPzh© _vK‡jI G mg‡qi Pvlvev` c×wZ wQj AbybœZ| AvaywbK mg‡qi g‡Zv cvwb †mP eë¯’v †m hy‡M wQjbv| K…lK‡K AwaKvsk mg‡qB †m‡Pi Rb¨ e„wói Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z n‡Zv| Livi weiy‡× Zv‡ì Kivi wKQyB wQjbv|

K…wl cÖavb †`k e‡j evsjvi Awaevmxi e„nËi Ask wQj K…lK| evsjvi gvwU‡Z K…wlRvZ `ª‡eï cÖvPzh© wQj| d‡j DØ„Ë wewfbœ cY¨ we‡`‡k ißvbx Kiv n‡Zv| G eëmvwqK ZrciZv Kvjµ‡g wk‡íi †¶‡ÎI cÖmvwiZ nq| gymjgvb kvmbKv‡j e‡½ e¯¿ wkí, wPwb wkí, †bŠKv wbg©vY KviLvbv BZ¨vw` M‡o D‡VwQj|

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M. cÖkvmwbK KvR Ki‡Z N. ivR‰bwZK D‡Ï‡k¨


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i. mgy`ª e›ì

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K. i L. ii

M. i I ii N. i, ii I iii

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Aóg Aa¨vq

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Ij›`vR ev WvP

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w`‡bgvi

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evsjvq Bs‡iR kvm‡bi m~Pbvce© 89

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†kl ch©šÍ evsjvi msMÖvgx K…lK‡ì Rq nq| 1861 wLªóv‡ã weªwUk miKvi BwÛ‡Mv Kwgkb ev bxj Kwgkb MVb K‡i| GB Kwgk‡bi mycvwi‡ki Dci wfwË K‡i bxj Pvl‡K K…lK‡ì ÔB”QvaxbÕ e‡j †NvlYv Kiv nq| ZvQvov BwÛ‡Mv K›Uªv± evwZj nq| Gi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z bxj we‡`ªv‡ni Aemvb nq| cieZ©xKv‡j bx‡ji weKí K…wÎg bxj Avwe®‹„Z nIqvq 1892 wLªóv‡ã G‡`‡k bxjPvl wPiZ‡i eÜ n‡q hvq|

GKK KvR t

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K‡i AMva cvwÊZ¨ AR©b K‡ib|

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GKK KvR t nvwR kwiqZDjøvn †h di‡Ri Dci ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡ib Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

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wb‡q `xN©Kvje¨vcx Rwg`vi, bxjKi miKv‡ii weiy‡× GB msMÖvg Pvwj‡q hvb| †`kxq Rwg`viiv we‡`wk Bs‡iR miKvi I bxjKi mv‡ne‡ì m‡½ nvZ wgwj‡q Zuvi weiy‡× G‡Ki ci GK †dŠR`vwi gvgjv `v‡qi Ki‡Z _v‡K| wKšÍy, `y`y wgqvi weiy‡× mvw¶ bv †c‡q evievi Zuv‡K gyw³ w`‡Z nq| †kl ch©šÍ 1857 wLªóv‡ã fvi‡Zi cÖ_g ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i Av¸b R¡‡j DV‡j Bs‡iR miKvi fxZ-mš¿¯Í n‡q D‡V| fxZ Bs‡iR miKvi `y`y wgqv‡K ivR‰bwZK e›`x wn‡m‡e KjKvZvi KvivMv‡i AvU‡K iv‡L| 1860 wLªóv‡ã wZwb gyw³ cvb Ges 1862 wLªóv‡ã

GKK KvR t 1857 wLªóv‡ã fvi‡Zi ^vaxbZv hy‡×i mgq Bs‡iR miKvi fxZ n‡q y`y wgqv‡K Kviviy× K‡i| Gi †cQ‡bi KviY¸‡jv avivevwnKfv‡e mvRvI|

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AvaywbK fvi‡Zi iƒcKvi ivRv ivg‡gvnb ZrKvjxb mgv‡Ri mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK MwZaviv Mfxifv‡e ch©‡e¶Y K‡ib| wb‡Ri wPšÍvavivi Av‡jv‡K bZzb mgvR MV‡b cÖqvmx nb| wZwb wn›`y mgv‡Ri mZx`vn, evj¨weevn, †KŠwjb¨ cÖ_v I Ab¨vb¨ Kzms¯‹vi ~i Ki‡Z cÖ‡Póv Pvjvb| ZvQvov wZwb me Kyms¯‹vi ~i K‡i Avw` G‡Kk¦iev‡ì wfwË‡Z wn›`yag© cybtcÖwZôv Ki‡Z m‡Pó nb| wn›`ya‡g©i ms¯‹vi Z_v wbR ag©xq gZev` cÖPv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ AvZ¥xq mfv bv‡g GKwU mwgwZ MVb K‡ib| 1828 wLªóv‡ã 20G AvMó wZwb eªvþmgvR cÖwZôv K‡ib| Gi c‡i eªvþYmgv‡Ri Dcvmbvjq ¯’vcb K‡ib| Zuvi eªvþmgvR cÖwZôv Dcgnv‡`‡ki ag©xq BwZnv‡m GK behy‡Mi m~Pbv K‡i| ïay mvgvwRK Avi ag©xq welq bq, wk¶v we¯Ív‡iI Zuvi Ae`vb wQj| wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb, †`‡ki gvby‡li Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Bs‡iwR wk¶vi| G Kvi‡Y wZwb wb‡R ms¯‹…Z cwÊZ nIqv m‡Ë¡I 1923 wLªóv‡ã cÖ¯ÍvweZ miKvwi ms¯‹…Z K‡j‡Ri cÖwZôvi we‡ivwaZv K‡ib| ivRv ivg‡gvnb 1822 wLªóv‡ã KjKvZvq ÔA¨vs‡jv wn›`y ¯‹zjÕ cÖwZôv K‡ib, †hLv‡b Bs‡iwR, `k©b, AvaywbK weÁvb cov‡bvi eë¯’v wQj| G †`‡ki gvbyl‡K ms¯‹…Z wk¶vi e`‡j AvaywbK Ávb, weÁvb, `k©b wk¶vi ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v K‡i Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij jW© Avgnv÷©‡K wPwV †j‡Lb| ZvQvov fviZxq‡ì wk¶vi Rb¨ Bs‡iR miKvi KZ©„K wba©vwiZ 1 j¶ UvKv wZwb ms¯‹…Z I gv`ªvmv wk¶vi e¨q bv K‡i AvaywbK wk¶vq e¨q Kivi RbÏ Av‡e`b K‡ib|

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KvR t ivRv ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi wjwLZ MÖš’ Ges cÖKvwkZ cwÎKv¸‡jvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

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AmvaviY †gav Avi Aaëmv‡qi ¸‡Y wZwb gvÎ GKzk eQi eq‡m ms¯‹…Z mvwnZ¨, e¨vKiY, b¨vq, †e`všÍ, ¯§„wZ, Aj¼vi BZ¨vw` wel‡q AMva cvwÊZ¨ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb| H e‡q‡m wZwb †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri cwÊ‡Zi `vwqZ¡ jvf K‡ib| GKBm‡½ wZwb we`¨vjq cwi`k©‡Ki `vwqZ¡I cvjb K‡ib|

Kg©Rxe‡b cÖ‡e‡ki m‡½ m‡½ wZwb mvwnZ¨ PP©vqI g‡bv‡hvMx nb| evsjv fvlvq DbœZgv‡bi cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Afve †`‡L wZwb M`¨mvwnZ¨ iPbv ïiy K‡ib| wZwb evsjv M`¨mvwnZ¨‡K beRxeb `vb K‡ib| G Rb¨ Zuv‡K evsjv M‡`ï RbK ejv nq| wkï‡ì †jLvcov mnR Kivi Rb¨ wZwb iPbv K‡ib eY© cwiP‡qi cÖ_g I wØZxq fvM| ms¯‹…Z fvlv wk¶v‡K mnR Kivi Rb¨ wZwb e¨vKi‡Yi DcµgwYKv iPbv K‡ib| ZvQvov wZwb A‡bK MÖ‡š’i AbyevÌ K‡i‡Qb|

ïay mvwnZ¨ bq, wk¶v we¯Ív‡i Zuvi K…wZZ¡ AmvaviY| ms¯‹…Z wk¶vi ms¯‹vi, evsjv wk¶vi wfwË¯’vcb Ges bvixwk¶v cÖmv‡i AMÖYx f~wgKv Zuvi A¶q KxwZ©| ZvQvov ¯‹zj cwi`k©K _vKvKv‡j MÖv‡g-M‡Ä 20wU g‡Wj ¯‹zj, 35wU evwjKv we`¨vjq ¯’vcb K‡ib| Zuvi cÖwZwôZ we`¨vjq¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv †g‡UªvcwjUb Bbw÷wUDkb| GLb GwU we`¨vmvMi K‡jR bv‡g L¨vZ|

wZwb GKRb mdj mgvR-ms¯‹viKI wQ‡jb| †`‡k cÖPwjZ bvbv ai‡bi Kzms¯‹v‡ii weiy‡× wZwb iy‡L ùvovb| wZwb Kb¨vwkï nZ¨v, eûweevn cÖ_vi weiy‡× msMÖvg K‡ib| wZwb wn›`y mgv‡R weaev weev‡ni c‡¶ K‡Vvi Ae¯’vb

we`¨vmvMi `vb-`vw¶‡Yï Rb¨ L¨vZ wQ‡jb| G Kvi‡Y Zuv‡K `qvi mvMiI ejv n‡Zv| h‡_ó ¯^”Qj bv n‡jI eû Abv_ QvÎ Zuvi evmvq †_‡K †jLvcov Ki‡Zv| Kwe gvB‡Kj gaym~`b ‡Ëi Pig A_©K‡ói mg‡q we`¨vmvMi Zuv‡K cÖPzi A_© mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Qb| Kwe bexbP›`ª †mb ZiyY eq‡m we`¨vmvM‡ii A‡_© †jLvcov K‡i‡Qb|

Zuvi gvZ…fw³ wQj AmvaviY| gv‡qi B”Qvq wZwb MÖv‡g `vZe¨ wPwKrmvjq I we`¨vjq cÖwZôv K‡ib| gv‡qi Wv‡K mvov w`‡q Zvi Kv‡Q hvIqvi Rb¨ wZwb GKevi fiv el©vq Mfxi iv‡Z `v‡gv‡ì b` cvi n‡q evwo hvb|

GB mgvR †meK gnvÁvbx 1891 wLªóv‡ã 71 eQi eq‡m ci‡jvK Mgb K‡ib|

GKK KvR t we`¨vmvMi‡K evsjv M‡`ï RbK ejvi KviY AbymÜvb Ki|

fvM¨ A‡š^l‡Y ûMjx kn‡i G‡m emevm ïiy K‡ib|

gnwm‡bi wk¶vRxeb ïiy ûMjx‡Z| Zuvi M„nwk¶K AvMv wmivwR wQ‡jb GKRb cwÊZ e¨w³| wZwb Zvui Kv‡Q Aviwe-dviwm fvlv wk¶v jvf K‡ib| †fvjvbv_ I¯Ív` bv‡g GKRb m½xZwe‡ì Kv‡Q m½xZ I †mZvi evRv‡bv †k‡Lb| Zuvi D”Pwk¶v ïiy nq gywk©`vev‡`| wcZvi g„Zzï ci wZwb ûMjx wd‡i Av‡mb Ges 1762 wLªóv‡ã †`k åg‡Y †ei nb| wZwb g°v, gw`bv Mgb K‡ib Ges cweÎ nR cvjb K‡ib| Avie,


wgki, cvim¨ ågY K‡i wZwb mvZvk eQi ci †`‡k wd‡i Av‡mb| Aviwe, dviwm, D`y© I Bs‡iwR Ges BwZnvm I exRMwY‡Z Zuvi AMva cvwÊZ¨ wQj|

mvaviY Rxebhvcb Ki‡Zb| ZLb evsjvi gymjgvb‡ì wQj Pig `yw`©b| A_© e¨q K‡i †jLvcovi ¶gZv Zv‡ì wQj bv| wZwb Zuvi mgy`q A_© wk¶v we¯Ívi wPwKrmv Ges `wi`ª gvby‡li Rb¨ e¨q K‡ib|

wZwb ûMjx‡Z GKwU we`¨vjq cÖwZôv K‡ib| XvKv, PÆMÖvg, h‡kvi cÖf„wZ ¯’v‡bi gv`ªvmvi DbœwZ mva‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨

`vb K‡ib| gnwmb dv‡Ûi A‡_© Zuvi g„Zzï ci 1836 wLªóv‡ã ûMjx gnwmb dvÛ, ûMjx `vZe¨ wPwKrmvjq Ges 1848 wLªóv‡ã ûMjx‡Z Bgvgevov cÖwZwôZ nq| G Qvov ûMjx, XvKv, PÆMÖvg, ivRkvnx‡Z gv`ªvmv I QvÎvevm

evsjvi gymjgvb mgvR‡K huviv cvðvZ¨ wk¶vi c_ †`wL‡qwQ‡jb, Zuv‡ì AMÖ`~Z ˆmq` Avwgi AvjxI wQ‡jb| Gfv‡e wZwb Zuvi g„Zzï ciI evOvwj gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ wk¶vi c_ myMg K‡i hvb| GB `vbkxj we`¨vbyivMx

KvR t

bIqve Ave`yj jwZdAve`yj jwZd 1828 wLªóv‡ã dwi`cyi †Rjvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb KjKvZv gv`ªvmvq Bs‡iwR wk¶v jvf K‡ib| wk¶vRxeb †kl K‡i wZwb cÖ_‡g XvKv K‡jwR‡qU ¯‹zj Ges c‡i KjKvZv gv`ªvmvq Aa¨vcbv K‡ib| 1849 wLªóv‡ã wZwb †WcywU g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui c‡` †hvM`vb K‡ib| 1877 wLªóv‡ã Zv‡K KjKvZv †cÖwm‡WwÝi g¨vwR‡÷ªU c‡` DbœxZ Kiv nq| 1884 wLªóv‡ã wZwb miKvwi PvKzwi †_‡K Aemi MÖnY K‡ib| Kg©Rxe‡b Zuvi K…wZ‡Z¡i Rb¨ miKvi Zuv‡K cÖ_‡g Lvb evnv`yi I c‡i bIqve Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ K‡i|

wZwb evOvwj gymjgvb‡ì g‡a¨ Bs‡iwR wk¶vi we¯Ív‡ii cÖ‡qvRb Ges Zv‡ì Bs‡iwR wk¶vi ¸iyZ¡ eyS‡Z cv‡ib| ZvB wZwb gymjgvb‡ì AvaywbK wk¶vq wkw¶Z K‡i Zv‡ì Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡Póv Pvjvb| GB D‡Ï‡k¨ RbgZ MV‡bi Rb¨ wZwb 1853 wLªóv‡ã Ôgymjgvb QvÎ‡ì c‡¶ Bs‡iwR wk¶vi mydjÕ kxl©K GK iPbv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi

wn›`y K‡jR †cÖwm‡WwÝ K‡j‡R iƒcvšÍi Kiv n‡j gymjgvb QvÎiv †mLv‡b cov‡jLv Kivi my‡hvM cvq| wZwb XvKv, ivRkvnx, PÆMÖvg cÖf„wZ ¯’v‡b gv`ªvmv ¯’vcb K‡ib| Ave`yj jwZ‡di cÖ‡Póvi Kvi‡Y 1873 wLªóv‡ã gnmxb dv‡Ûi UvKv ïay evsjvi gymjgvb‡ì wk¶vq e¨q n‡e GB wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq| Zuvi cÖwZwôZ gv`ªvmv¸‡jv‡Z ag©xq

bIqve Ave`yj jwZ‡di mviv Rxe‡bi K‡g©i g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj wZbwU :

1.

2.

3.

GKK KvR t bIqve Ave`yj jwZ‡di K‡g©i D‡Ïk¨ wZbwU ms‡¶‡c e¨vL¨v Ki|


ˆmq` Avwgi AvwjDwbk kZ‡Ki †klv‡a© evsjvi gymjgvb mgv‡Ri beRvMi‡Y whwb me‡P‡q iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡LwQ‡jb wZwb n‡jb ˆmq` Avwgi Avwj| wZwb cvðvZ¨ wk¶vi gva¨‡g evOvwj gymjgvb‡ì mvgvwRK I êlwqK DbœwZ Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| cvkvcvwk wZwb Zv‡ì ivR‰bwZKfv‡eI m‡PZb Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|

†d‡ib| Kg©Rxe‡b wZwb wewfbœ `vwqZ¡c~Y© c‡` AwawôZ wQ‡jb| wZwb 1890 wLªóv‡ã KjKvZv nvB‡Kv‡U©i

†gvnv‡gWvb A¨v‡mvwm‡qkbÕ bv‡g GKwU mwgwZ MVb K‡ib|

‘The Spirit of Islam’ Ges ‘A Short History of the Saracens’

AwaKv‡ii wel‡qI m‡PZb wQ‡jb|

GKK KvR t

†eMg †iv‡Kqv wek kZ‡Ki ïiy‡Z hLb N‡i N‡i wk¶vi Av‡jv R¡j‡Q, evOvwj gymjgvb †g‡qiv ZLbI wcwQ‡q wQj| gymjgvb mgv‡Ri †g‡qiv me AwaKvi †_‡K

mv‡ei|

AR©b K‡ib| wK‡kvi eqm †_‡KB wZwb mvwnZ¨PP©vq g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib|

†eMg †iv‡Kqv


mvwnZ¨PP©vi welqe¯‘I wQj bvix mgvR‡K wb‡q| wZwb mgv‡Ri Kzms¯‹vi, bvix mgv‡Ri Ae‡njv-eÂbvi KiyY wPÎ wbR †Pv‡L †`‡L‡Qb| hv Dcjwä K‡i‡Qb, Zv-B wZwb Zuvi †jLvi g‡a¨ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| mgvR‡K †Pv‡L Av½yj w`‡q †`Lv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb bvix‡ì KiyY `kv, Zv‡ì cÖwZ êlg¨g~jK AvPi‡Yi bgybv| Zuvi ÔAe‡iva evwmbxÕ, ÔcÙivMÕ, ÔgwZPziÕ, ÔmyjZvbvi ¯^cœÕ cÖf„wZ MÖ‡š’ †m wPÎ dz‡U D‡V‡Q|

weevwnZ Rxe‡b wZwb Zuvi ^vgxi KvQ †_‡K ÁvbPP©vi Drmvn jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| ^vgxi g„Zzï ci wZwb Zuvi Rxe‡bi evwK mgqwU bvix wk¶v Avi mgvR‡mevq e¨q K‡ib| wZwb ¯^vgxi bv‡g fvMjcy‡i GKwU cÖv_wgK evwjKv we`¨vjq ¯’vcb K‡ib| 1911 wLªóv‡ã wZwb KjKvZvq mvLvIqvZ †g‡gvwiqvj D`y© cÖvBgvwi ¯‹zj ¯’vcb K‡ib| 1931 mv‡j GwU D”P Bs‡iwR Mvjm© ¯‹z‡j DbœxZ nq| g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ wZwb GB ¯‹z‡ji cÖavb wkw¶Kv Ges mycvwib‡Ub‡W‡›Ui `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i‡Qb|

bvixi AwaKvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ 1916 wLªóv‡ã KjKvZvq AvÄygvb LvIqvwZ‡b Bmjvg (gymwjg gwnjv mwgwZ) cÖwZôv K‡ib| bvixi wk¶v, Kg©ms¯’vb I AvBbMZ AwaKvi cÖwZôvq Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡ mwgwZ ewjô f~wgKv ivL‡Z m¶g nq|

bvixgyw³ Av‡›`vj‡bi cw_K…r †eMg †iv‡Kqvi g‡b bvixi cÖwZ AZ¨vPvi I AmwnòzZvi weiy‡× wQj Zxeª †ÿvf I we‡`ªv‡ni myi| wZwb K‡g©i g‡a¨ Zvi cÖKvk NwU‡q‡Qb| 1932 wLªóv‡ã GB gnxqmx bvix KjKvZvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|

GKK KvR t mgv‡R bvix‡ì KiyY`kv D‡jøL K‡i †eMg †iv‡Kqv †h eB¸‡jv wj‡LwQ‡jb Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

`jxq KvR: Dcw¯’Z e³…Zv :gva¨‡g wbe©vPb)|


K. gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë L. Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi

M. ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq N. nvwR kwiqZDjøvn

2. dwKi mbœ¨vmxiv Bs‡iR‡ì weiy‡× `xN© Av‡›`vj‡b AeZxY© nq, KviY Bs‡iRiv-

i. Zv‡ì‡K WvKvZ- `my¨ g‡b KiZ

ii. Zx_©¯’vb `k©‡bi Dci Kiv‡ivc KiZ

iii. Zv‡ì Pjv‡divq euvavi m„wó KiZ




DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :m‡PZb I agx©q mywkw¶Z †jv‡Ki Afv‡e imyjcyi MÖv‡gi †jvKRb bvbviKg Kzms¯‹vi I A‰bmjvwgK ixwZbxwZ‡Z Af¨¯Í n‡q c‡o| Kzms¯‹vi”Qbœ G AÂ‡ji gvbyl‡ì mwVK c‡_i mÜvb w`‡Z GwM‡q Av‡mb Avãyjøvn bvgK GKRb m‡PZb e¨w³|

3. †Kvb e¨w³i Rxe‡bi wk¶v Kv‡R jvwM‡q Avãyjøvn Kzms¯‹vigy³ mgvR MV‡b GwM‡q Av‡mb?

K. nvwR kwiqZDjøvn L. `y`y wgqv

M. wZZzwgi N. †Mvjvg gvmyg

4. D³ e¨w³i Av‡›`vj‡bi aiY wQj-

i. mvgvwRK

ii. agx©q

iii. ivR‰bwZK




m„Rbkxj cÖkœ t

A¯^”Qj Rxebavivi my‡hvM wb‡q Zv‡ì‡K Pov my‡` A_© cÖ`vb K‡i Amg Pzw³i gva¨‡g ZvgvK Pv‡l AvMÖnx

†ei n‡Z bv †c‡i cÖwZev`x n‡q I‡V| DcišÍy †Uwjwfk‡b Zvgv‡Ki ¯^v¯’¨ SuzwKi K_v †R‡b H AÂ‡ji

K. fvi‡Zi cÖ_g AvaywbK cyiyl ejv nq Kv‡K?

L. div‡qwR Av‡›`vj‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨ Kx wQj?

M. DÏxcK mswkøó Z_¨¸‡jv †Zvgvi cvV¨cy¯Í‡K cwVZ †Kvb NUbvi K_v ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`q? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. D³ NUbvwU K…lK‡ì ¯^v_©i¶vq KZUzKz hyw³hy³ wQj e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki? gZvgZ `vI|

2. myjZvbcyi cÖZ¨šÍ MÖvgvÂj| †mLv‡b GL‡bv bvbv ai‡bi mvgvwRK Kzms¯‹vi weivRgvb| G MÖv‡gi †g‡q‡ì evwoi evB‡i hvIqv wbwl× wQj| MÖv‡gi e‡qv‡R¨ô Rvwgjv †eMg †g‡q‡ì cov‡jLv Ki‡Z euvav †`b| †g‡q‡ì evwoi evB‡i †ei nIqv‡K wZwb agx©q Abykvm‡bi cwicš’x Ges Mwn©Z KvR g‡b Ki‡Zb|

K. 'The Spirit of Islam' eBwUi †jLK †K?

L. Ô†m›Uªvj b¨vkbvj †gvnv‡gWvb G‡mvwm‡qkbÕ MV‡bi D‡Ïk¨ Kx wQj?

M. DÏxc‡K Rvwgjv †eM‡gi Pwi‡Îi wecixZ wPÎ cvV¨cy¯Í‡K cwVZ †Kvb gnxqmxi Rxe‡b cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Zzwg wK g‡b Ki eZ©gvb bvix-wk¶vi AMÖMwZ‡Z D³ gnxqmxi Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©? hyw³ `vI|

`kg Aa¨vqBs‡iR kvmb Avg‡j evsjvi ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vjb

evOvwjiv KLbB we‡`wk Bs‡iR kvmK‡ì †g‡b †bqwb| d‡j, cjvwk hy‡×i ci ciB G‡`‡ki K…lKiv we‡`ªvnx n‡q I‡V| civaxbZvi GKk eQi ci ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡i G‡`‡ki ˆmwbKiv I †`kxq ivRivRviv| cieZ©x ch©v‡q ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g Suvwc‡q c‡o cvðvZ¨ wk¶vq wkw¶Z ZiyY mgvR| evOvwj ZiyY mgvR mk¯¿ msMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g ‡j ‡j AvZ¥vûwZ w`‡q Kuvwc‡q †Zv‡j Bs‡iR kvm‡bi wfZ| Dcgnv‡`‡ki ^vwaKvi Av‡›`vj‡b me‡P‡q †MŠiegq f~wgKv wQj evOvwj‡ì| GB Aa¨v‡q 1857 wLªóv‡ã cÖ_g ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvgmn cieZ©x Av‡›`vjbmg~‡n evOvwj Z_v ZrKvjxb fviZevmxi †MŠi‡ei I AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi BwZnvm msw¶ßfv‡e eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q|


Bs‡iR kvmb Avg‡j evsjvi ¯^vwaKvi I ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vjb Ges Gi djvdj g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvie;

1857 mv‡ji ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvgcjvwk hy‡×i GKk eQi ci fvi‡Zi DËi I c~e©vÂ‡j cÖavbZ wmcvwn‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡ †h mk¯¿ we‡`ªvn msNwUZ nq,

†kvlY, mvgvwRKfv‡e †nq Kiv, ag©xq Abyf~wZ‡Z AvNvZ Kiv m‡e©vcwi fviZxq ˆmwbK‡ì cÖwZ êlg¨g~jK AvPiYÑGmeB GB msMÖv‡gi †cÖ¶vcU ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| wb‡gœ cÖ_g ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi KviYmg~n D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv|

ivR‰bwZK :

A_©‰bwZK :ivR‰bwZK ¶gZv `L‡ji Av‡MB G‡`‡ki wkí aŸsm K‡iwQj| ¶gZv `L‡ji ci f~wg ivR¯^ bxwZi bv‡g aŸsm Kiv nq `wi`ª K…l‡Ki A_©‰bwZK †giy`Ê| AvBb cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j A‡bK e‡bw` Rwg`vi mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK

mvgvwRK I ag©xq t

evnv`yi kvn cvK©


mvgwiK t mvgwiK evwnbx‡Z Bs‡iR I fviZxq ˆmb¨‡ì ga¨Kvi êlg¨ we‡`ªv‡ni Ab¨Zg KviY| Bs‡iR ˆmb¨ I fviZxq wmcvwn‡ì g‡a¨ c`we Ges †eZb-fvZvi g‡a¨ weivU êlg¨ wQj| fviZxq‡ì my‡hvM-myweavI Kg wQj| ZvQvov c‡`vbœwZi my‡hvM †_‡KI Zviv ewÂZ wQj| Zvi Dci weªwUk Awdmvi‡ì c¶cvwZZ¡, J×Z¨c~Y© AvPiY wmcvwn‡ì g‡a¨ we‡`ªv‡ni Av¸b R¡vwj‡q †`q|

†h GB †UvUvq Miy I k~K‡ii Pwe© wgwkªZ Av‡Q| d‡j DfqB ag©bv‡ki K_v †f‡e we‡`ªvnx n‡q DVj|

¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg t

cvebv, iscyi, w`bvRcyi, ivRkvnx GB we‡`ªv‡n kvwgj nq|

KvR t†`LvI|

K‡ib bvbv mv‡ne, Suvwmi ivwb j²xevC, A‡hv×vi †eMg

ivRbëM©| wewfbœ ¯’v‡b fviZxq wmcvwn I hy×iZ we‡`ªvnx

nZ¨v Kiv nq|

wbe©vwmZ Kiv nq| ivwb j²xevC hy‡× wbnZ nb| bvbv mv‡ne civwRZ n‡q AšÍa©vb K‡ib| mvaviY ˆmwbK we‡`ªvnx‡ì

cÖ_g ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi iyZ¡ t

GKK KvR t

Bs‡iR kvmb Avg‡j evsjvi ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vjb 113

e½f½ (1905 -1911 wLªóvã)evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡m e½f‡½i cÖfve wQj my`~icÖmvix| 1905 wLªóv‡ã e½f½‡K †K›`ª K‡i wn›`y-gymwjg

e½f½ cUf~wg t

e½f‡½i KviY tcÖkvmwbK KviY :

g‡b K‡ib wb| ZvB 1903 mv‡j mv‡j

Av_©-mvgvwRK KviY t

ivR‰bwZK KviY t

e½f‡½i cÖwZwµqv t


GKK KvR t

¯^‡`wk Av‡›`vjb


e½f½ we‡ivax I ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vj‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L| G‡ÿ‡Î †e½wj, mÄxebx, hyMvšÍi, Ag„ZevRvi, mÜ¨v wnZev`xmn evsjv-Bs‡iwR cwÎKv ¯^‡`k †cÖg I evOvwj RvZxq †PZbvq mg„× †jLv Qvc‡Z _v‡K| evsjvi bvixmgvR ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g ivRbxwZ‡Z cÖZ¨ÿ Ask wb‡Z ïiæ K‡i|

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ALÊ evsjv cÖ¯Ív‡ei e¨_©ZvALÊ evsjv cÖ¯Íve wb‡q Ks‡MÖm-gymwjg jxM Dfq `‡ji †bZv‡`i g‡a¨ Zxeª cÖwZwµqvi m„wó K‡i| cÖ_g w`‡K gymwjg jx‡Mi †Muvovcš’x i¶Ykxj †bZviv e„nËi ¯^vaxb evsjv iv‡óªi c‡¶ wQ‡jb| cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q gnvZ¥v MvÜx

ALÊ evsjv‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ask Kivi `vwe Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| we‡kl K‡i LvRv bvwRgywÏb, AvKig Luv cÖgyL|

K‡ib| Ryb gv‡mi 20 Zvwi‡L weavb mfvi msL¨vMwiô m`m¨ evsjv fv‡Mi c‡¶ ivq w`‡j evsjv wefvM Awbevh©

GKK KvR t

e„wUk kvmb Aemvb fviZ I cvwK¯Ív‡bi Afz¨`q

GKK KvR t

Indian

National Army (INA)

Øx‡c MVb K‡ib AvRv` wn›` miKvi ev ¯^vaxb fviZ miKvi| 1945 mvj ch©šÍ GB miKv‡ii †mbvevwnbx wewfbœ iYv½‡b Bs‡iR‡ì weiy‡× exi‡Z¡i m‡½ jovB K‡i| M‡o †Zv‡jb AvRv` wn›`y †dŠR Ges myfvl emy ZLb wQ‡jb Bs‡iR‡ì Kv‡Q AvZ¼| myfvl emy KZ…©K mk¯¿ msMÖvg fvi‡Z Bs‡iR miKv‡ii wfZ Kuvwc‡q †`q| GB `ytmvnmx evOvwji †bZ…‡Z¡ AvRv` wn›` †dŠR 1944 mv‡j evg©v n‡q fviZ f~wg‡Z c`vc©Y K‡i| †Kvwngv-Bç‡ji iYv½‡b exiZ¡ I mvd‡jï m‡½ jovB K‡i AvRv` wn›`y †dŠR Gme AÂj `Lj K‡i †bq| `yf©vM¨µ‡g GB iYv½‡b Rvcvwb evwnbx Bs‡iR evwnbxi Zxeª AvµgY †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q wcQy nU‡j AvRv` wn›` †dŠR‡KI wcQy nU‡Z nq| 1945 mv‡j Rvcv‡bi †i½yb Z¨v‡Mi Kvi‡Y AvRv` wn›` †dŠ‡Ri AMÖhvÎv e¨vnZ nq| e¨_© nq GK `ytmvnmx evOvwj †`k‡cÖwg‡Ki jovB K‡i gvZ…f~wgi ¯^vaxbZv D×v‡ii cÖ‡Póv| †bZvwR myfvl emy mdj n‡j wfbœfv‡e wjL‡Z n‡Zv fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi BwZnvm| ZLwb iwPZ n‡Zv evOvwji †`k‡cÖg Avi exi‡Z¡i Av‡iK †MŠi‡ei BwZnvm|

†PZbvmg„× cÖMwZkxj evOvwj †bZv †bZvwR myfvl emy wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci wbiy‡Ïk n‡q hvb| Zuvi AšÍa©vb

¯^vaxbZvKvgx RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ AvZ¥wek¦vm I mvn‡mi mÂvi K‡iwQj| wZwb weªwUk-fvi‡Z †`kxq †mbvm`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ AvbyM‡Zï dvUj aiv‡Z †hgb m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb, †Zgwb Zv‡ì we‡`wk kvm‡bi weiy‡× we‡`ªv‡n †cÖiYv hywM‡qwQ‡jb|

`jxq KvR t †`k ¯^vax‡bi Rb¨ †bZvwR‡K †Kvb †Kvb †`‡k †h‡Z nq avivevwnKfv‡e Zvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

miKvi G‡Ki ci GK D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡Z _v‡K| B‡Zvc~‡e© hy× PjvKvjxb mgm¨v mgvav‡bi cÖ‡Póv †bqv

cwiKíbv †ck K‡ib, hv ÔIqv‡fj cwiKíbvÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| Ks‡MÖm-gymwjg jx‡Mi g‡a¨ AšÍe©Z©x miKv‡ii

wØZxq wek¦hy× Aemv‡bi ci Bsj¨v‡Ûi mvaviY wbe©vP‡b kªwgK `j Rqjvf K‡i| GB cwieZ©‡bi aviv fvi‡Zi ivRbxwZ‡ZI cÖfve †d‡j| kªwgK `j fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZv `v‡bi Ges fviZxq‡ì AvZ¥wbqš¿Y AwaKv‡ii cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZkxj wQj| G D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L Bsj¨v‡Ûi bZzb cÖavbgš¿x A¨vUwj 1946 mv‡j fvi‡Z mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi K_v †NvlYv K‡ib| mvaviY wbe©vPb mvg‡b †i‡L †bZ…‡Z¡ Ø‡›Øi d‡j cÖv‡`wkK gymwjg jxM `yBwU Dc`‡j wef³ n‡q hvq| LvRv bvwRgywÏb wQ‡jb AevOvwj eëmvqx I i¶Ykxj‡ì †bZv| Aciw`‡K Aveyj nvwkg Ges †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`x© wQ‡jb cÖMwZkxj evOvwj‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡| †kl ch©šÍ †mvnivIqv`x©B evsjvi gymwjg jx‡Mi †bZv wbe©vwPZ nb| GB wbe©vP‡b gymjgvb ZiyY QvÎmgvR gymwjg jxM‡K mg_©b †`q| cvwK¯Ívb cÖwZôvi `vwe‡K cÖavb wbe©vPbx Kg©m~wP K‡i gymwjg jxM cÖv‡`wkK AvBb mfvq AfyZc~e© weRq AR©b K‡i| GB wbe©vPb G‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡m AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| KviY G wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g evsjvi gymjgvb‡ì cvwK¯Ívb

wn‡m‡e cÖgvY Ki‡Z m¶g nq| D‡jøL¨ GB wbe©vP‡b cwðg cvwK¯Ívb gymwjg jxM Mwiô †fvU cvqwb| A_©vr evOvwj gymjgv‡bi †fv‡U cvwK¯Ívb cÖ¯Íve Rqx n‡qwQj| GB R‡qi †cQ‡b cÖavb f~wgKv †i‡LwQ‡jb †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`x© I e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb|


K.

L.

M.

`jxq KvR t



1. 1905 wLªóv‡ã evsjv fvM K‡ib †K?

K. jW© KY©Iqvwjm L. jW© KvR©b

M. jW© †Pgm‡dvW© N. jW© ixwWs

2. gv÷vi`v m~h© †mb Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ MwVZ wecøex msMV‡bi Kg©Kv‡Êi g‡a¨ wQj-

i. PÆMÖvg wecøex evwnbx MVb

ii. ¯^vaxb wPUvMvO miKvi Gi †NvlYv

iii. wPUvMvO wicvewjKvb Avwg© MVb




DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI twbkvcyi Pv evMv‡b Pv-kÖwgKiv Zv‡ì Kg gRywii cÖwZev` Ki‡Z iv¯Ívq †b‡g we‡¶vf KiwQj| Ae‡iva fvOPzi Pvjv‡Z _vK‡j kÖwgK †bZv wKiY Zv‡ì mwnsm Av‡›`vjb cwiZ¨vM K‡i wbqgZvwš¿K Av‡›`vj‡bi Rb¨ AvnŸvb Rvbvb|

3. kÖwgK †bZv wKiY †Kvb e¨w³i bxwZ Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q‡Qb?

K. ¶zwìvg L. gv÷vi`v m~h©‡mb

M. gnvZ¥v MvÜx N. cywjb wenvix `vm

4. D³ †bZvi Kg©Kv‡Êi g‡a¨ wQj-

i. wn›`y-gymjgv‡bi HK¨ `„pKiY

ii. wbh©vZbg~jK AvB‡bi weiy‡× cÖwZev`

iii. mZ¨vMÖn e›`x‡ì gyw³`v‡bi `vwe





m„Rbkxj cÖkœ t 1. mv‡jncyi BDwbqbwU b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z| MZ eQi eb¨vq dmj I iv¯ÍvNv‡Ui e¨vcK ¶q¶wZ nq| AvqZ‡b

eo nIqvq ÎvY ZrciZvmn wewfbœ Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Ê mgm¨v m„wó nw”Qj| D³ mgm¨v mgvavbK‡í GB BDwbqb‡K `yBwU Avjv`v BDwb‡U fvM Kiv nq|

GKv`k Aa¨vq

fvlv Av‡›`vjb I cieZ©x ivR‰bwZK NUbvcÖevnfvlv Av‡›`vjb wQj evOvwj ms¯‹…wZi ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vjb| cieZ©xKv‡j GB Av‡›`vjb A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vj‡bi Rb¥ †`q| evOvwj RvZxqZvev`x †PZbv weKv‡ki cÖ_g c`‡¶c GB Av‡›`vjb| 1947 mv‡ji AvM÷ gv‡m cvwK¯Ívb cÖwZôvi ci †_‡KB cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôx msL¨vMwiô evOvwji AwaKvi ni‡Yi †Póvq wjß nq| cy‡iv cvwK¯Ív‡bi †gvU Rb‡Mvôxi 56 kZvs‡ki gy‡Li fvlv evsjv nIqv m‡Ë¡I msL¨vjwNô gvÎ 3.27% Rb‡Mvôxi fvlv D`y©‡K Zviv ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e Pvwc‡q w`‡Z Pvq| kvmK‡Mvôx 1948 mv‡j msL¨vMwiô gvby‡li gZvgZ D‡c¶v K‡i D`y© fvlv‡KB ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡i| evOvwj eyw×Rxex mgvR cÖ_‡gB cÖwZev` gyLi nq| Zviv Ab¨vq êlg¨g~jK wm×v‡šÍi cÖwZev` Rvbvq| Gfv‡eB fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi m~ÎcvZ| 1952 mv‡j GB Av‡›`vjb P‚ovšÍ iƒc jvf K‡i| †`ke¨vcx Av‡›`vjb M‡o D‡V| c„w_ex‡Z fvlvi Rb¨ cÖ_g kwn` nb mvjvg, eiKZ, iwdK, ReŸvi Ges A‡b‡K| fvlv Av‡›`vjb evOvwj RvwZ‡K ¯^vaxbZvi g‡š¿ `x¶v †`q| hvi †cÖiYvq `xN© msMÖv‡gi ci Rb¥ †bq Avgv‡ì wcÖq gvZ…f~wg-evsjv‡`k|


fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi Zvrch© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;

GKz‡k †deªyqvwi‡K AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlvi ¯^xK…wZi †cÖ¶vcU Ges Gi gh©v`v eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

bZzb ivR‰bwZK msMV‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

hy³d«›U MVb Ges cieZ©x NUbvcÖevn g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvie;

fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf~wg1947 mv‡ji 14B AvM÷ fviZ Dcgnv‡`k wef³ n‡q cvwK¯Ívb m„wó nq| ZrKvjxb c~e©e½ cvwK¯Ív‡bi GKwU As‡k cwiYZ nq| cvwK¯Ív‡bi `yB As‡ki g‡a¨ BwZnvm, HwZn¨, fvlv, ms¯‹…wZ †Kv‡bv wKQziB wgj †bB| cÖvq GK nvRvi gvBj eëav‡bi cwðg cvwK¯Ívb I c~e© cvwK¯Ívb (evsjv‡`k) `yBwU f~LÊ‡K GK Kiv nq ïay a‡g©i wfwË‡Z| d‡j cvwK¯Ívb bvgK GB bZzb iv‡óªi kvmK‡Mvôx cÖ_‡gB evOvwj‡K †kvlY Kivi †KŠkj wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvi Ici AvNvZ nv‡b| bZzb ivóª cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªfvlv Kx n‡e? G cÖkœ †`Lv w`‡qwQj 1947 mv‡j cvwK¯Ívb ivóª m„wói c~‡e©B| †m mgq gymwjg jx‡Mi cÖfvekvjx †bZviv D`y©‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªfvlv Kivi c‡ÿ gZvgZ

ci ciB XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi c`v_©weÁvb wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK Aveyj Kv‡k‡gi †bZ…‡Z¡ ZgÏyb gRwjk MwVZ nq| GwUB wQj fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ_g msMVb| G msMV‡bi D‡`¨v‡M 1947 mv‡jcÖ_g cyw¯ÍKv ÔcvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªfvlv evsjv bv D`y©Õ cÖKvwkZ nq| cyw¯ÍKvwU‡Z ivóªfvlv evsjv `vwei c‡¶ hyw³ Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|

Ôivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil`Õ, hvi AvnŸvqK g‡bvbxZ nb XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK b~iyj nK f‚Tv| ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil‡ì cvkvcvwk cvwK¯Ívb MYZvwš¿K hyejxM, c~e©e½ eyw×Rxex mgvR, mvsevw`K msN wewfbœ


1948 mv‡ji cÖ_g †_‡KB wkw¶Z evOvwj mgvR evsjv fvlvi `vwe wb‡q †mv”Pvi n‡q I‡V| G mgq ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil‡ì GK mfvq wbgœ‡kªwY †_‡K D”Pgva¨wgK ch©šÍ wk¶vi gva¨g wn‡m‡e evsjv‡K MÖn‡Yi cÖ¯Íve †Ìqv nq| 23G †deªyqvwi 1948 cvwK¯Ívb MYcwil‡ì cÖ_g Awa‡ek‡b Bs‡iwRi cvkvcvwk D`©y‡Z Kvh©µg ïiy n‡j c~e© evsjv Ks‡MÖm cvwU©i m`m¨ Kzwgjøvi ax‡i›`ªbv_ `Ë Gi cÖwZev` K‡ib Ges evsjv‡KI Awa‡ek‡bi Ab¨Zg fvlv wn‡m‡e AšÍf©y³ Kivi `vwe Rvbvb| wKšÍy, gymwjg jx‡Mi mKj m`m¨ G `vwe cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i| G NUbvq c~e© evsjvi QvÎmgvR e¨vcKfv‡e cÖwZev` Ki‡Z _v‡K| 26 I 29G †deªyqvwi 1948 mv‡j XvKvi mKj wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b ag©NU cvwjZ nq| 2iv gvP© †`‡ki QvÎmgvR eyw×Rxex‡ì Dcw¯’wZ‡Z wØZxq ev‡ii g‡Zv Ôivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil`Õ MVb K‡i| Gevi AvnŸvqK g‡bvbxZ nb kvgmyj Avjg|

ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil‡ì bZzb KwgwUi AvnŸv‡b 11B gvP© ag©NU cvwjZ nq| Av‡›`vjbKvix‡ì `vwe wQj evsjv‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv Ges c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi miKvwi fvlv wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv| ag©N‡Ui c‡¶ Ôivóªfvlv evsjv PvBÕ †¯øvMvbmn wgwQj Kivi mgq cywj‡ki jvwVPv‡R© A‡b‡K AvnZ nq| e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb, kvgmyj nK, Awj Avnv`, KvRx †Mvjvg gvneyemn A‡b‡KB †MÖdZvi nb| GB NUbvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z 13-15B gvP© Avevi ag©NU cvwjZ nq| Gevi ïay XvKv bq, †`‡ki me©Î ag©NU cvwjZ nq| Zxeª Av‡›`vj‡bi gy‡L 15B gvP© gyL¨gš¿x LvRv bvwRgywÏb Av‡›`vjbKvix‡ì mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvq e‡m GKwU Pzw³ ¯^v¶i K‡ib| G Pzw³‡Z †MÖdZviK…Z‡ì gyw³, Z`šÍ KwgwU MVb, wk¶vi gva¨g evsjv, evsjv‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi cÖ¯Íve AvBb cwil‡` DÌvcb cÖf„wZ AšÍf©y³ wQj|

1948 mv‡jZrKvjxb †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b (eZ©gvb †mvnivIqv`©x D`¨vb) Ges 24G gvP© XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi mgveZ©b Abyôv‡b wZwb e³e¨ †`b| `ywU e³‡e¨B wZwb evsjv fvlvi `vwe AMÖvn¨ K‡i D`y©‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e †NvlYv †`b| mgveZ©b Abyôv‡b wZwb e‡jb, ÔD`©y Ges GKgvÎ D`y©B n‡e cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªfvlvÕ| Dcw¯’Z QvÎiv Zxeª cÖwZev‡` Ôbv bvÕ aŸwb w`‡q I‡V| G mgq mviv c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bB fvlv Av‡›`vjb Qwo‡q c‡o| 1948 wLªóv‡ãi 18B

Ôbv bvÕ e‡j cÖwZev` K‡i D‡V|

1948 mv‡j

bv‡g 1949 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m Ôc~e© evsjv fvlv KwgwUÕ MVb Kiv nq| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq Gi cÖwZev` Rvbvq| 1950 mv‡ji 11B gvP© Ave`yj gwZb‡K AvnŸvqK K‡i XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil` MwVZ nq| G eQ‡ii

†`kRy‡o cÖwZev` mfv-mgv‡ek Pj‡Z _v‡K| cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖavbgš¿x wjqvKZ Avjx Lvb AvZZvqxi nv‡Z wbnZ n‡j cÖavbgš¿x nb LvRv bvwRgywÏb| 1952 mv‡j XvKvq LvRv bvwRgywÏ‡bi e³‡e¨ wRbœvn&i K_vi cÖwZaŸwb n‡j fvlv Av‡›`vjb bZzb gvÎv I me©vZ¥K iƒc jvf K‡i| Gfv‡e P~ovšÍ ch©v‡qi m~Pbv nq|

fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi P~ovšÍ ch©vqbZzb cÖavbgš¿x LvRv bvwRgywÏb 1952 mv‡ji 26G Rvbyqvwi cëb gq`v‡b †NvlYv †`b, cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªfvlv n‡e D`y©| Gi cÖwZev‡` fvlv Av‡›`vjb bZzb K‡i ïiy n‡q hvq| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil` 30G Rvbyqvwi mfv I QvÎ ag©N‡Ui AvnŸvb K‡i| 31G Rvbyqvwi AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM mfvcwZ gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbxi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji me©`jxq mfvq Ôme©`jxq †K›`ªxq ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil`Õ MwVZ nq| Gi AvnŸvqK wQ‡jb KvRx †Mvjvg gvneye| G mfvq GKz‡k †deªæqvwi †`ke¨vcx niZvj, Rbmfv I we‡¶vf wgwQj Kivi wm×všÍ †bIqv nq| Gmgq nVvr K‡i c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi gyL¨gš¿x b~iyj Avwgb XvKv kn‡i 144 aviv Rvwi K‡i me ai‡bi mfv-mgv‡ek, we‡¶vf wgwQj wbwl× K‡ib| miKvwi G †NvlYv cvIqv gvÎB XvKvq D‡ËRbv Qwo‡q c‡o| QvÎiv wKQz‡ZB 144 aviv †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡iwb|

fvlv Av‡›`vjb I cieZ©x ivR‰bwZK NUbvcÖevn 133

20G †deªyqvwi mÜ¨vq AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi †K›`ªxq Kvh©vj‡q me©`jxq ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil‡ì êVK e‡m| Aveyj nvwk‡gi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ G mfvq 144 aviv Agvb¨ Kivi wm×v‡šÍ wØgZ †`Lv †`q| AwaKvsk m`m¨ cÖ_‡g 144 aviv Agvb¨ Kivi c‡¶ wQ‡jb bv| wKšÍy, Ave`yj gwZb, Iwj Avnv`, †Mvjvg gvneye cÖgyL †bZv 144 aviv Agvb¨ Kivi wm×v‡šÍ AUzU _v‡Kb| Ae‡k‡l 144 aviv fvOvi wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq|

GKz‡k †deªyqvwi mKvj 11 Uvq XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AvgZjvq (eZ©gv‡b XvKv †gwWK¨vj K‡j‡Ri PZ¡‡i) QvÎ‡ì mfv Rbmgy‡`ª cwiYZ nq| XvKv kn‡ii ¯‹zj-K‡j‡Ri nvRvi nvRvi QvÎ-QvÎx mgv‡e‡k †hvM †`q| KwZcq †bZv 144 aviv f½ bv Kivi Rb¨ QvÎ‡ì Aby‡iva K‡i| Z‡e QvÎ †bZ…e„›` wm×v‡šÍ AUj _v‡K| mfvq †QvU †QvU `‡j QvÎiv wgwQj K‡i 144 aviv fvOvi wm×všÍ †bq| QvÎ-QvÎxiv Ôivóªfvlv evsjv PvBÕ †køvMvb w`‡q wgwQj Ki‡Z _vK‡j cywjk Zv‡ì Ici jvwVPvR© K‡i Ges Kuv`v‡b M¨vm wb‡ÿc K‡i|

QvÎ-QvÎxivI cywj‡ki Ici BU-cvU‡Kj wb‡¶c K‡i| we¶zä QvÎiv XvKv †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡Ri mvg‡b mg‡eZ n‡q MYcwil‡ì w`‡K AMÖmi n‡Z _vK‡j wgwQ‡j cywjk ¸wj Pvjvq| cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z Aveyj eiKZ, iwdK DwÏb Avng`, Ave`yj ReŸvi NUbv¯’‡j kwn` nb| Avãym mvjvg Hw`b ¸wjwe× n‡q 7 GwcÖj kwn` nb| †m mgq MYcwil‡ì Awa‡ekb PjwQj| ¸wji Lei †c‡q Ave`yi ikx` ZK©evMxkmn AvBb cwil‡ì K‡qKRb m`m¨ Awa‡ekb Z¨vM K‡i NUbv¯’‡j Dcw¯’Z nb|

ee©‡ivwPZ nZ¨vKv‡Êi cÖwZev‡` ciw`b 22G †deªyqvwi MYwe‡¶vf ïiy nq| RbZv kwn`‡ì Rb¨ †kvK wgwQj †ei K‡i| AveviI wgwQ‡ji Ici cywjk I wgwjUvwi jvwV, ¸wj I †e‡qv‡bU eënvi K‡i| G‡Z kwdDi ingvbmn AviI K‡qKRb kwn` nb Ges A‡b‡K †MÖdZvi nb| †h¯’v‡b cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z kwn` nq †mLv‡b QvÎiv

kwn`wgbvi wbg©vY K‡i| c‡i cywjk kwn` wgbviwU †f‡O †`q| 1963 wLªóv‡ã A¯’vqx kwn` wgbv‡ii ¯’‡j wkíx nvwg`yi ingv‡bi bKkv I cwiKíbvq kwn` wgbvi wbg©vY Kiv nq| 1971 mv‡jgyw³hy‡×i mgq cvwK¯Ívwb nvbv`vi evwnbx kwn` wgbviwU †f‡O w`‡j 1972 mv‡j †m bKkv Abyhvqx eZ©gvb kwn` wgbvi wbg©vY Kiv nq|

Zvic‡iI fvlv Av‡›`vjb Ae¨vnZ wQj| cÖej Av‡›`vj‡bi gy‡L cvwK¯Ív‡bi RvZxq cwil` evsjv‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`q| RvZxq cwil‡` evsjv fvlv welqwU wb‡q weZ‡K©i GKch©v‡q Gi m`m¨ Av‡`jDwÏb Avng‡ì †Ìqv ms‡kvabx cÖ¯Íve Abyhvqx D`y©i cvkvcvwk evsjv‡KI Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q wej cvm Kiv nq| 1956 wLªóv‡ãi msweav‡b evsjv‡K ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e gh©v`v †Ìqv nq|

fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b bvixAvUPwjøk I evqvbœ mv‡ji fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b ZrKvjxb G‡`‡ki bvix mgv‡Ri cÖZ¨ÿ Ges mwµq AskMÖnY wQj| wgwQ‡j, †køvMv‡b, mfvmwgwZ‡Z ZvivI cyiæ‡li cvkvcvwk msMÖvg K‡i‡Qb|

XvKvi wewfbœ ¯‹zj-K‡jR, we‡kl K‡i Kvgiæ‡bœmv ¯‹zj Ges B‡Wb K‡jR QvÎx‡ì f~wgKv wQj msMÖvgx| wgwQj wgwUs-G Dcw¯’Z †_‡K bvwìv †PŠayixmn AviI A‡b‡K †cv÷vi, †d÷zb wjLbmn Ges bvbv Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g evsjv fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi c‡ÿ mwµq f~wgKv iv‡Lb|

†K›`ªxq kwn` wgbvi


XvKvi evB‡iI bvix mgv‡Ri f~wgKv wQj mwµq Ges cÖwZev`x| h‡kv‡i fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b †bZ…Z¡`vbKvix‡ì g‡a¨ GKRb wQ‡jb nvwg`v ingvb| e¸ovi we‡kl f~wgKvq wQ‡jb iwngv LvZzb, mv‡jnv LvZzb mn A‡b‡K| fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b wm‡j‡Ui bvix‡ì I e¨vcK f~wgKv wQj| G Av‡›`vj‡b msMÖvgx f~wgKv iv‡Lb nv‡Riv gvngy`, †hv‡e`v LvZzb †PŠayix, kv‡niv evby, ˆmq`v jyrdz‡bœQv LvZzb, ˆmq`v bvwRiæ‡bœQv LvZzb, iv‡eqv LvZzbmn A‡b‡K| †cv÷vi I cÖPvic‡Îi gva¨‡g Av‡›`vjb mPj ivLvi ZrciZv Pvjv‡bvi mgq 1949 mv‡ji 13B AvM÷ †MÖdZvi nb wjwj PµeZ©x| Gme msMÖvgx f~wgKvi cvkvcvwk H mgq wewfbœ ¯’v‡b bvixiv fvlv Av‡›`vjbKvix‡ì mn‡hvwMZv K‡ib| Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ wb‡ew`Zv bvM, mviv ˆZdzi gvngy`, mv‡niv evby D‡jøL‡hvM¨|

1952 mv‡ji GKz‡k †deªæqvwi huviv c~e©evsjv eë¯’vcK cwil‡ì Awa‡ekb eR©b K‡ib Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Av‡bvqviv LvZzb wQ‡jb Ab¨Zg| wZwb eë¯’vcK mfvq evsjv fvlvi c‡ÿ `„p Ae¯’vb MÖnY K‡ib| evqvbœi fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ‡ì mv‡_ QvÎxivI `ytmvnmx f~wgKv iv‡Lb| GKz‡k †deªæqvwi 144 aviv fv½vq huviv mvnmx f~wgKv †i‡LwQ‡jb Zviv n‡jb kvgmybœvnvi, iIkb Aviv, mywdqv Beªvwngmn A‡b‡K| ZvQvov bvivqYM‡Ä fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi †bÎx ggZvR †eMg †MÖdZvi n‡j cywjk-RbZvi g‡a¨ cÖPÊ msNl© n‡qwQj|

fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi Zvrch©1952 mv‡ji fvlv Av‡›`vjb evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m GK Abb¨mvaviY NUbv| cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óªi êlg¨g~jK AvPi‡Yi weiy‡× GwU wQj evOvwj RvwZi cÖ_g cÖwZev` I we‡`ªvn, evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡ì cÖ_g †cÖiYv| 1947 mv‡j cvwK¯Ívb m„wói ci †_‡KB evOvwj RvwZ cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb miKv‡ii Ae‡njv, eÂbv, †kvl‡Yi RuvZvK‡j wcó nw”Qj| gvZ…fvlv evsjvi cÖwZ Aegvbbv evOvwji gb‡K cÖej bvov w`‡qwQj| Zviv eyS‡Z †c‡iwQj cvwK¯Ívwb‡ì nv‡Z Zv‡ì fvlv, ms¯‹…wZ, A_©bxwZ wKQzB wbivc` bq| Gfv‡eB evOvwji gv‡S evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡ì exR ewcZ nq|

kwn` wèm I AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv wè‡mi ¸iyZ¡1952 mv‡ji fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi c‡ii eQi †_‡K cÖwZeQi GKz‡k w`bwU evOvwji kwn` wèm wn‡m‡e D`&hvwcZ n‡q Avm‡Q| evsjv‡`k m„wói ci †_‡K GKz‡k †deªyqvwi ivZ 12Uv GK wgwb‡U ivóªcwZ, cÖavbgš¿xmn me©¯Í‡ii RbMY †K›`ªxq kwn` wgbv‡i fvlv kwn`‡ì cÖwZ cy®úvN©¨ wb‡e`b K‡ib| GKz‡ki cÖfvZ‡dwi I cÖfvZ‡dwii Mvb evOvwj ms¯‹…wZi Awe‡”Q`¨ A‡½ cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb nIqvi ci GKz‡k †deªyqvwi miKvwi QzwUi w`b †NvlYv Kiv nq| Gw`b kwn` wè‡mi Zvrch© Zz‡j a‡i wewfbœ Abyôvb Av‡qvR‡bi ga¨ w`‡q evOvwj †PZbv‡K jvjb Kivi cÖwµqv Ae¨vnZ ivLv nq|

1952 mv‡ji GKz‡k †deªyqvwi evOvwj RvwZ i‡³i wewbg‡q gvZ…fvlvi gh©v`v i¶v K‡i| we‡k¦i BwZnv‡m Abb¨

mv‡j†NvlYv Kiv nq| 2000 mv‡ji GKz‡k †deªyqvwi †_‡K GB w`bwU mvivwe‡k¦ AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv wèm wn‡m‡e cvwjZ n‡”Q|

GKK KvR t 1| fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ivR‰bwZK ¸iyZ¡ wPwýZ Ki|2| kwn` wèm‡K AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv wèm ejvi KviYmg~n wPwýZ Ki|

ivR‰bwZK ZrciZv

1947 mv‡j evsjvi we`¨gvb ivR‰bwZK fvev`k©1947 mv‡j cvwK¯Ívb m„wói mgq c~e© evsjvq cÖavbZ wZbwU ivR‰bwZK `j ev aviv we`¨gvb wQj| 1. ag©xq

RvZxq Ks‡MÖm, 3. wecøex mvgëv`x avivi KwgDwb÷ cvwU©|


gymwjg jxM I Zvi AMYZvwš¿K Kg©KvÊ1947 mv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi R‡b¥i ci wbwLj fviZ gymwjg jx‡Mi bZzb bvgKiY nq cvwK¯Ívb gymwjg jxM| bZzb ivóª cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmK j wn‡m‡e gymwjg jx‡Mi hvÎv ïiy| ïiy †_‡KB D`y©fvlx cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb †bZ…e‡M©i c‡KU `‡j cwiYZ nq gymwjg jxM| cvwK¯Ívb m„wói Av‡›`vj‡b evOvwj †bZ…e„‡›ì cÖ‡Póv, D‡`¨vM I AvZ¥Z¨vM fy‡j wM‡q cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb gymwjg jxM †bZviv evOvwji weiy‡× êlg¨g~jK bxwZ MÖnY K‡i, evOvwji cÖwZ Pvjvq `gbbxwZ| †k‡ievsjv G †K dRjyj nK, †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqvw`©, Aveyj nvwkg‡ì g‡Zv gymwjg jx‡Mi Z¨vMx evOvwj †bZviv D‡cw¶Z nb| kvmK`j wn‡m‡e gymwjg jxM ïiy †_‡KB AMYZvwš¿K I AmvsweavwbKfv‡e †`k cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z _v‡K| ax‡i ax‡i gymwjg jxM Rbwew”Qbœ n‡Z ïiy K‡i|

1947 mvj cieZx© c~e© evsjvq ïiy †_‡KB gymwjg jxM Af¨šÍixY †Kv›`‡j Rwo‡q c‡o| wØgyLx avivq wef³ n‡q c‡o Gmgq `jwU| GKwU aviv wQj †mvnivIqvw`©-nvwkgcš’x, Ab¨wU wQj LvRv bvwRgyÏxb-AvKivg Luvcš’x| cÖ_g avivwU wQj D`vi, MYZvwš¿K, ms¯‹vicš’x Ges wØZxq avivwU wQj i¶Ykxj cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb‡ì AvÁven †`vmi| d‡j G AvšÍ‡Kv›`j `jwU‡K mvsMVwbKfv‡e `ye©j K‡i †`q| GQvov cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôx ms¯‹vicš’x avivi †bZv‡ì memgq †KvYVvmv Ges `gb Kivi †Póv KiZ|

gymwjg jx‡Mi GB åvšÍbxwZi Kvi‡Y †`‡k gvivZ¥K msKU m„wó nq| gymwjg jxM miKvi c~e© evsjvi DbœwZi w`‡K mvgvb¨Zg `„wócvZ KiZ bv| c~e© evsjvi cÖwZ Zv‡ì êlg¨g~jK AvPiY µ‡gB cÖKU n‡Z _v‡K| A_©bxwZ, ivRbxwZ, ms¯‹…wZ- cÖwZwU †¶‡Î G êlg¨ wQj j¶Yxq| 1948 mvj †_‡K c~e© evsjvq gymwjg jx‡Mi Rbmg_©b `ªyZ Kg‡Z _v‡K|

bZzb bZzb ivR‰bwZK `jcvwK¯Ívb m„wói ci †_‡KB gymwjg jxM miKv‡ii AMYZvwš¿K AvPiY, `gbbxwZ, mxgvnxb êlg¨, evsjv fvlvi Aegvbbv BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y gymwjg jx‡MiB A‡bK †bZv gg©vnZ nb| gymwjg jx‡Mi we‡ivax c¶iv ivR‰bwZK `j MV‡b GwM‡q Av‡mb| Gmgq c~‡e©i Ks‡MÖm I KwgDwb÷ cvwU© QvovI wccjm wd«Wg jxM, MY AvRv`x jxM, cvwK¯Ívb MYZvwš¿K hyejxM, †bRv‡g Bmjvg, wLjvdZ-B-iveŸvwb cvwU©, K…lK-kªwgK cvwU© BZ¨vw` msMVb M‡o D‡V| Z‡e me‡P‡q eo cUcwieZ©b wQj †Lv` gymwjg jx‡Mi g‡a¨ fvOb| evsjvi gymwjg jx‡Mi ms¯‹vicš’x †bZviv gymwjg jxM Z¨vM K‡i M‡o †Zv‡jb AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM| G iKg GKwU †cÖ¶vc‡U c~e© cvwK¯Ívb Z_v evsjvq gymwjg jxMwe‡ivax GK ev GKvwaK ivR‰bwZK msMVb M‡o D‡V|

AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM †_‡K AvIqvgx jxM `xN©w`b a‡i gymwjg jx‡Mi hviv MYZ‡š¿ wek¦vmx I ms¯‹vicš’x wQj Zv‡ì cÖwZ cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb g``cyó cÖwZwµqvkxj Aci Ask bvbvfv‡e `gb wbcxob Pvjv‡Z _v‡K| †`k kvm‡b Pig e¨_©Zvi cwiPq w`‡q GB cÖwZwµqvkxj Ask RbMY †_‡K µ‡gB `~‡i m‡i †h‡Z _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K gymwjg jx‡Mi ewÂZ †bZv‡ì cÖwZ Rbmg_©b evo‡Z _v‡K| RvZxq †bZ…e„‡›ì g‡a¨ †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqvw`©, Aveyj nvwkg, gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbxmn A‡b‡K gymwjg jx‡Mi cÖPwjZ bxwZi weiy‡× cÖwZev` Ki‡Z _v‡Kb Ges bZzb GKwU ivR‰bwZK `j MV‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjwä K‡ib| 1948 mv‡ji †g gv‡m XvKvq †mvnivIqvw`© GKwU we‡ivax `j MV‡bi Rb¨ Av‡jvPbvq e‡mb| GiB avivevwnKZvq cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi gymwjg jxM we‡ivax †bZ…e„‡›ì mv‡_I bZzb `j MVb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Pj‡Z _v‡K| bZzb `j MV‡bi ZrciZv I cÖ¯‘wZi ci 1949 mv‡ji 23-24G Ryb XvKvi

cvwK¯Ívb AvIqvgx gymwjg jxMÕ bv‡g GKwU ivR‰bwZK `j MV‡bi wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq| gIjvbv fvmvbx‡K

MVb Kiv nq| XvKvi Avigvwb‡Uvjvq 24G Ryb m`¨ MwVZ AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi cÖ_g Rbmfv AbywôZ nq|


Rb¥jMœ †_‡KB AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM `jwU cÖv‡`wkK ¯^vqËkvm‡bi Ici we‡kl ¸iyZ¡ w`‡q 42 `dv Kg©m~wP MÖnY K‡i| G mg‡q Zv‡ì cÖavb `vwei g‡a¨ wQj ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e evsjvi ¯^xK…wZ, GKR‡bi GK †fvU, MYZš¿, GKwU msweavb cÖYqb, msm`xq c×wZi miKvi, AvÂwjK ¯^vqËkvmb Ges c~e© I cwð‡gi g‡a¨ êlg¨ `~ixKiY| evsjvi BwZnv‡m AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM cÖ_g mdj we‡ivax `j| G `jwU MV‡bi gva¨‡g we‡ivax ivRbxwZ‡Z †h k~b¨Zv wQj Zv c~iY nq| gymwjg jxM I cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡ì Kzkvm‡bi weiy‡× ewjô KÉ¯î wn‡m‡e AwP‡iB `jwU RbM‡Yi Av¯’v AR©‡b mg_© nq| 1954 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b hy³d«›U MVb K‡i gymwjg jx‡Mi weiy‡× Rqjv‡f e¨vcK f~wgKv iv‡L| Gici gymwjg jxM GKwU bvgme©¯^ `‡j cwiYZ nq|

mv‡j

Gi Øvi Ly‡j †Ìqv nq| 1966 mv‡j ÔQq `dvÕ `vwe DÌvc‡bi gva¨‡g AvIqvgx jxM cÖK…ZB AvIqvgx ev

1970 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡b RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡` `jwU GKK msL¨vMwiô Avmb jvf K‡i| AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †bZ…‡Z¡B 1971 mv‡j gnvb gyw³hy‡× Rq jvf K‡i evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i|

hy³d«›U Ges cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vPb (1954 wLªóvã)1954 mv‡jcwðg cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK I Zvi †`vmi‡ì †kvl‡Yi weiy‡× GK Ôe¨vjU wecøeÕ| cvwK¯Ívb m„wói K‡qK eQ‡ii

kvm‡bi Pig e¨_©Zvi d‡j AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM, K…lK-kªwgK cvwU©, c~e© cvwK¯Ívb KwgDwb÷ cvwU©, mv‡j c~e©

cvwK¯Ívb cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì wbe©vPb AbywôZ nIqvi K_v _vK‡jI gymwjg jxM miKvi civR‡qi Avk¼vq bvbv Uvjevnvbv K‡i wbe©vP‡bi ZvwiL evievi wcwQ‡q †`q| Ae‡k‡l miKvi c~e© evsjvq cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì wbe©vP‡bi ZvwiL avh© K‡i 1954 mv‡ji 8B gvP©|

hy³d«›U MV‡bi cUfywg Ges 21 `dv Kg©m~wP1954 mv‡jevsjvi cÖv‡`wkK miKvi cwiPvjbv KiZ gymwjg jxM| d‡j 1954 mv‡j

1953 mv‡j

jx‡Mi wbe©vPbx Kg©m~wPi 42 `dvi cÖavb cÖavb `vwe wb‡q hy³d«‡›Ui 21 `dv wbe©vPbx Bk‡Znvi †NvlYv Kiv nq|


5. je‡Yi KviLvbv ¯’vcb Kiv|

6. †gvnv‡Ri-wkíx-KvwiMi †kªwYi Kg©ms¯’vb Kiv|

7. Lvj Lbb I †m‡Pi eë¯’v K‡i eb¨v I `ywf©‡¶i Aemvb Kiv|

9. A‰eZwbK I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v cÖeZ©b Kiv|

10. gvZ…fvlvi gva¨‡g wk¶v`vb, miKvwi I †emiKvwi we`¨vj‡qi g‡a¨ †f`v‡f` `~i Kiv Ges mKj we`¨vjq‡K miKvwi mvnvh¨ Kiv|

11. XvKv I ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq‡K ¯^vqËkvwmZ cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ Kiv|

12. kvmb e¨q n«vm Kiv|

13. Nyl, `ybx©wZ I ¯^RbcÖxwZ eÜ Kivi Kvh©Ki eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv|

14. RbwbivcËv AvBb I AwW©b¨vÝ cÖf„wZ KvjvKvbyb evwZj Kiv|

15. wePvi wefvM‡K kvmb wefvM †_‡K c„_K Kiv|

16. gyL¨gš¿xi evmfeb Ôea©gvb nvDm‡KÕ evsjv fvlv M‡elYvMv‡i cwiYZ Kiv|

17. Ô52Õ-Gi fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi exi kwn`‡ì ¯§i‡Y kwn` wgbvi wbg©vY|

18. GKz‡k †deªyqvwi‡K kwn` wèm wn‡m‡e miKvwi QzwUi w`b †NvlYv Kiv|

19. 1940 -Gi jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve Abyhvqx c~e© evsjv‡K c~Y© ¯^vqËkvmb cÖ`vb|

20. AvBb cwil‡ì †gqv` †Kv‡bvfv‡eB e„w× bv Kiv|

21. AvBb cwil‡ì Avmb k~b¨ n‡j wZb gv‡mi g‡a¨ Dc wbe©vPb w`‡q Zv c~iY Kiv|

wbe©vP‡bi djvdj1954 mv‡ji 8B gv‡P©i wbe©vPb wQj c~e© evsjvq cÖ_g Aeva I me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii gva¨‡g mvaviY wbe©vPb| wbe©vP‡b kZKiv 37.19 fvM †fvUvi †fvU †`q| 2iv GwcÖj miKvwifv‡e wbe©vP‡bi djvdj cÖKvwkZ nq| †gvU 309wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ hy³d«›U 223wU Avmb jvf K‡i| ¶gZvmxb gymwjg jxM cvq gvÎ 9wU Avmb|

wbe©vP‡bi Zvrch©1954 mv‡ji wbe©vPb wQj gymwjg jx‡Mi Ab¨vq, êlg¨g~jK, e¨_© kvm‡bi weiy‡× evOvwji HKë× cÖwZev`| evOvwj RvwZ G wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g gymwjg jxM‡K eywS‡q †`q †h Zviv c~e© evsjvq gymwjg jxM‡K Avi Pvq bv| hy³d«›U †bZ…e„‡›ì RbwcÖqZv, we‡kl K‡i ZiyY †bZ…‡Z¡i RbwcÖqZv c~e© evsjvi fwel¨Z †bZ„Z¡ ˆZwii c_ myMg K‡i| KviY A‡bK ZiyY †bZvi Kv‡Q gymwjg jx‡Mi eo eo †bZ…‡Z¡i civRq N‡U| GQvov hy³d«‡›Ui g‡a¨ AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi m‡e©v”P Avmb jvf fwel¨‡Z Zv‡ì c~e© evsjvq ewjô †bZ…Z¡ cÖwZôvi Bw½Z enb K‡i| G wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g c~e© evsjvi ivRbxwZ‡Z ag©wbi‡c¶ avivi m„wó nq| m‡e©vcwi G wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g gymwjg jxM I AevOvwj †bZ…‡Z¡i cÖwZ evOvwji g‡b e¨vcK Abv¯’v Rb¥vq| Zuviv eyS‡Z cv‡i cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb I Zv‡ì

evsjvevmx ¯^vqËkvm‡bi cÖwZ Zv‡ì c~Y© mg_©b e¨³ K‡i|


wbe©vPb cieZ©x NUbvcÖevnhy³d«‡›Ui gwš¿mfv MVb†k‡ievsjv G.†K. dRjyj n‡Ki †bZ…‡Z¡ hy³d«›U 14 m`m¨wewkó gwš¿mfv MVb K‡i| gyL¨gš¿x QvovI wZwb A_©, ivR¯^ I ¯îvóª wefv‡Mi `vwqZ¡ †bb| Ab¨vb¨ m`‡mï g‡a¨ Avey †nv‡mb miKvi wePvi, ¯^v¯’¨ I ¯’vbxq miKvi, ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK wk¶v, e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb K…wl, mgevq I cwjø Dbœqb wefv‡Mi `vwqZ¡ jvf K‡ib|

hy³d«‡›Ui gwš¿mfv evwZj I c~e© evsjvq †K›`ªxq kvmb

G mgq †k‡i evsjv G, †K, dRjyj nK KjKvZv md‡i `yB evsjv wb‡q Av‡eMcÖeY e³e¨ w`‡q †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii weivMfvRb nb| wbe©vPbx cÖwZkÖywZ Abyhvqx GKz‡k †deªyqvwi‡K miKvwi QzwU I ea©gvb nvDm‡K evsjv fvlvi M‡elYv cÖwZôvb †NvlYv w`‡j †K›`ªxq miKvi ¶zä n‡q I‡V| †K›`ªxq miKvi my‡hvM LyuR‡Z _v‡K †h †Kv‡bv ARynv‡Z hy³d«›U gwš¿mfv evwZj Ki‡Z| GgZve¯’vq †g gv‡m †K›`ªxq KvivMv‡ii mvg‡b Kviv KZ…©c¶ I ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi i³¶qx msNl© Ges Av`gwR RyU wg‡j evOvwj I wenvwi kªwgK‡ì g‡a¨ e¨vcK †Mvj‡hvM nq| d‡j †K›`ªxq miKvi

n‡Ki GK mv¶vrKvi weK…Z K‡i cÖKvwkZ nq †h wZwb c~e© evsjvi ¯^vaxbZv Pvb| G‡Z gymwjg jxM miKvi Zuv‡K iv‡óªv‡`ªvnx e‡j †NvlYv †`q| Ae‡k‡l †K›`ªxq gymwjg jxM miKvi 1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvB‡bi 92 (K) aviv e‡j 1954 mv‡ji 30G †g hy³d«›U miKvi evwZj K‡i c~e© evsjvq Mfb©‡ii kvmb Rvwi K‡i| G kvmb 1955 wLªóv‡ãi 2iv Ryb ch©šÍ envj _v‡K| gvÎ 56 w`‡bi kvm‡bi ci hy³d«›U gwš¿mfvi Aemvb nq| g~jZ gymjxg jxM I cvwK¯Ívb †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii loh‡š¿ Ges hy³d«‡›Ui kwiK `‡ji g‡a¨ †Kv›`‡ji Kvi‡Y Nb Nb miKvi e`j n‡Z _v‡K| gvÎ Pvi eQ‡i mvZ gwš¿mfvi cZb nq| †K›`ªxq miKvi wZbevi Mfb©‡ii kvmb Rvwi K‡i| hy³d«‡›Ui g‡a¨ ¶gZvi Ø›Ø I †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Pµv‡šÍi d‡j MYZvwš¿K eë¯’v M‡o DV‡Z cv‡iwb|

GKK KvR t 1954 mv‡ji hy³d«›U wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jx‡Mi f~wgKv wPwýZ Ki|

1956 mv‡ji msweavbmsweavb GKwU iv‡óªi m‡e©v”P AvBb| msweav‡bi gva¨‡g GKwU iv‡óªi kvmbKvh© cwiPvwjZ nq| 1947 mv‡jcvwK¯Ívb iv‡óªi Rb¥ †bIqvi ci †_‡KB wewfbœ ch©v‡q `ªyZ msweavb iPbvi `vwe D‡V| c~e© evsjv †_‡K G `vwe wQj AviI †Rviv‡jv| c~e© evsjvi Rb`vweB wQj bZzb msweav‡bi gva¨‡g c~e© evsjvi cÖv‡`wkK ¯^vqËkvmb †hb AwR©Z nq| wKšÍy cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb ¶gZvmxb gymwjg jxM miKvi c~e© evsjv‡K Dcwb‡e‡k cwiYZ Ki‡Z PvBj| cÖ_g Ae¯’vq bZzb ivóª cvwK¯Ívb 1947 mv‡ji fviZ ¯^vaxbZv AvBb Øviv cwiPvwjZ n‡Z _v‡K| 1946 mv‡jiwbe©vwPZ MYcÖwZwbwa‡ì mgš^‡q cvwK¯Ívb MYcwil` MVb Kiv nq| GB MYcwil‡ì `vwqZ¡ wQj †K›`ªxq AvBbmfv wn‡m‡e KvR Kiv Ges bZzb msweavb cÖYqb Kiv| wKšÍy kvmK‡Mvôxi Abxnvq MYcwil‡ì KvR e¨vnZ n‡Z _v‡K| Ae‡k‡l 1949 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m msweavb iPbvi Rb¨ MYcwil` KZ…©K GKwU g~jbxwZ KwgwU MVb Kiv nq| G g~jbxwZ KwgwU‡Z c~e© evsjvi cÖwZwbwa wQj bMY¨| mgq‡¶cY K‡i g~jbxwZ KwgwU 18 gvm c‡i Zvi mycvwik I cÖwZ‡e`b †ck K‡i| G KwgwUi mycvwi‡k c~e© evsjvi RbMY‡K mew`K †_‡K ewÂZ Kiv nq| d‡j 1950 mv‡jmycvwik‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i| Gici g~jbxwZ KwgwU 1952 mv‡j wØZxq Ges 1953 mv‡j Z…Zxq cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKvk K‡i| wKšÍy msweavb cÖYq‡bi welqwU AgxgvswmZ i‡q hvq| Ae‡k‡l 1955 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij cvwK¯Ív‡bi msweavb cÖYq‡bi D‡`¨vM †bb| cwðg I c~e© As‡ki †bZviv GKwU mg‡SvZvq Avm‡Z m¶g nb| ZviB wfwË‡Z 1956 mv‡ji msweavb iwPZ nq| Ges GwU `yB eQi ch©šÍ Kvh©KixwQj| 1958 mv‡j AvBqye Lvb mvgwiK kvmb Rvwi Ki‡j msweavb ¯’wMZ Kiv nq Ges †mB m‡½ cvwK¯Ív‡b mvsweavwbK kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U|



1. Kvi †bZ…‡Z¡ fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ_g msMVb ÔZgÏyb gRwjkÕ MwVZ nq?

K. W. KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb L. Aa¨vcK Aveyj Kv‡kg

2. 1948 mv‡j wØZxqev‡ii g‡Zv ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil` MwVZ nq-

i. fvlv Av‡›`vjb‡K ivR‰bwZK iƒc`v‡bi Rb¨

ii. cvwK¯Ívb MYcwil‡`i Awa‡ek‡b evsjv‡K AšÍfz©w³i Rb¨

iii. Aviwe ni‡d evsjv †jLvi cÖwZev` Rvbv‡Z


K. i L. ii

M. i I iii N. ii I iii

DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :†Uwjwfk‡b †jvKR Mv‡bi Abyôvb nw”Qj| wgw_jv †ek AvMÖn wb‡q AbyôvbwU †`LwQj| wKšÍy, Zvi †QvU fvB wgVzb †KejB P¨v‡bj cwieZ©b K‡i Bs‡iwR KvUz©b †`L‡Z †Póv KiwQj| wgVz‡bi g‡Z Hme Mv‡bi †kÖvZv n‡”Q MÖv‡gi †jvK| Zvi †ev‡bi Gme MvbcÖxwZ †egvbvb jv‡M|

K. Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb L. wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb

M. fvlv Av‡›`vjb N. ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vjb

4. D³ †PZbvq AbycÖvwYZ n‡q wgw_jv n‡Z cv‡ib-

i. †`k‡cÖwgK

ii. RvZxqZvev`x

iii. cÖwZev`x


K. i L. i I ii



m„Rbkxj cÖkœ t1. meyRbMi AÂ‡ji wbe©vP‡b ¶gZvmxb cÖfvekvjx ‡ji †bZv‡K †gvKv‡ejv I civwRZ Kivi Rb¨ †QvU †QvU

wbe©vP‡b †Rv‡Ui †bZ…e„›` wecyj †fv‡U Rqx nb Ges ¶gZvmxb `‡ji †bZv Pigfv‡e civwRZ nb|

Ki|

SHUVO JONMODIN

Rb¥w`‡bi cÖPwjZ †g‡m‡R HAPPY BIRTHDAY Avkv K‡iwQj|

K. 1948 mv‡j

mv‡j

Øv`k Aa¨vq

mvgwiK kvmb I ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vjb (1958 - 1969 wLªóvã)cvwK¯Ívb m„wói ci †_‡KB kvmbeë¯’vq GKai‡bi ˆ¯îZvwš¿K I AvgjvZvwš¿K cÖeYZv j¶ Kiv hvq| GQvov Gi mv‡_ hy³ nq †mbvevwnbxi cÖfve| cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivRbxwZ‡Z †mbvevwnbxi n¯Í‡¶c µ‡gB evo‡Z _v‡K| †mbvevwnbx kvmb ¶gZv `Lj Kivi my‡hvM LyuR‡Z _v‡K| 1956 mv‡ji 23G gvP© †Rbv‡ij B¯‹v›`vi wgR©v cvwK¯Ívb Bmjvwg cÖRvZ‡š¿i cÖ_g †cÖwm‡W›U g‡bvbxZ nb| Zvi mgqKv‡j mvgwiK evwnbx ivRbxwZ‡Z e¨vcK cÖfve ivL‡Z ïiy K‡i| B¯‹v›`vi wgR©v bvbvfv‡e MYZvwš¿K cÖwµqvq euvav m„wó K‡ib| Zvi loh‡š¿ K‡qKevi †K›`ªxq gwš¿mfvi cZb nq| Gw`‡K c~e© evsjvq AvIqvgx jxM I K…lK-kªwgK cvwU©i Ø›Ø Pi‡g D‡V| GKch©v‡q c~e© evsjv AvBb cwil‡` we‡ivax `j K…lK-kªwgK cvwU©i Avµg‡Y †WcywU w¯úKvi kv‡n` Avjx gv_vq AvNvZ †c‡q wbnZ nb| Zuvi g„Zzï d‡j m„ó †Mvj‡hvM B¯‹v›`vi wgR©vi c‡¶ †mbv kvmb cÖwZôv Kivi my‡hvM ˆZwi K‡i †`q|


cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivRbxwZ‡Z mvgwiK evwnbxi n¯Í‡¶‡c m„ó cwiw¯’wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;

1965 wLªóv‡ãi fviZ-cvwK¯Ívb hy‡×i †cÖ¶vcU Ges Gi djvdj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

ZrKvjxb c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi ga¨Kvi êlg¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;

evOvwji ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vj‡b 6 `dvi ¸iyZ¡ we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvie;

HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjvi ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;

1969 wLªóv‡ãi MY-Afy¨Ìv‡bi †cÖw¶Z I djvdj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

†`‡ki ¯^v_© I AwaKvi Av`v‡q m‡PZb ne|

1958 mv‡ji mvgwiK kvmb 1958 mv‡ji 7B A‡±vei †cÖwm‡W›U B¯‹v›`vi wgR©v gvwjK wd‡ivR Lv‡bi msm`xq miKvi DrLvZ K‡i †`‡k mvgwiK kvmb Rvwi K‡ib| wZwb †`‡ki msweavb evwZj K‡ib, †K›`ªxq I cÖv‡`wkK AvBb cwil` †f‡O †`b Ges gwš¿mfv evwZj K‡ib| ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv‡K wbwl× †NvlYv Kiv nq| cÖavb mvgwiK AvBb cÖkvmK wb‡qvM Kiv nq †mbvcÖavb †Rbv‡ij AvBqye Lvb‡K| †gRi †Rbv‡ij IgivI Lvb c~e© evsjvi mvgwiK cÖkvmK wbhy³ nb| Gi wKQzw`‡bi g‡a¨ 27G A‡±vei †Rbv‡ij AvBqye Lvb B¯‹v›`vi wgR©v‡K AcmviY K‡i wb‡R‡K †cÖwm‡W›U wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡ib|

AvBqye Lv‡bi †gŠwjK MYZš¿†Rbv‡ij AvBqye Lvb 1958 mv‡j ¶gZv Kzw¶MZ Kivi ci cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmb I ivR‰bwZK KvVv‡gvi Avg~j cwieZ©b Kivi D‡`¨vM †bb| wZwb cÖPwjZ MYZvwš¿K c×wZ cwiZ¨vM K‡i GK A™¢yZ I bZzb wbe©vPb KvVv‡gv cÖeZ©b K‡ib|

Zvui GB wbe©vP‡bi g~jwfwË wQj Ô†gŠwjK MYZš¿Õ| †gŠwjK MYZš¿ n‡”Q GKai‡bi mxwgZ MYZš¿, hv‡Z †Kej wbw`©ómsL¨K †jv‡Ki †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vP‡bi AwaKvi wQj| 1959 mv‡j †gŠwjK MYZš¿ cÖeZ©‡bi Av‡`k Rvwi Kiv nq| cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq †gŠwjK MYZš¿ wQj GKwU Pvi ¯Íiwewkó eë¯’v| wbgœ †_‡K D”P ch©šÍ ¯Íi¸‡jv wQj: (1) BDwbqb cwil` (MÖv‡g) Ges UvDb I BDwbqb KwgwU (kn‡i), (2) _vbv cwil` (c~e© evsjvq), Znwkj cwil` (cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b), (3) †Rjv cwil`, (4) wefvMxq cwil`| GB cwil`¸‡jv‡Z wbe©vwPZ I g‡bvbxZ Dfq ai‡bi m`m¨ _vKZ|


†gŠwjK MYZ‡š¿i AvIZvq cvwK¯Ív‡bi Dfq As‡k 40000 K‡i †gvU 80000 †gŠwjK MYZš¿x wb‡q †`‡ki

cwil‡`i m`m¨ wbe©vPb Ki‡Zb| GB †gŠwjK MYZš¿x‡`i Av¯’v †fv‡U AvBqye Lvb 1960 mv‡j cieZx© cvuP mv‡ji 1jv gvP©

GKK KvR t

mvgwiK kvmbwe‡ivax Av‡›`vjb1962 mv‡j

Ici K‡Vvi `gb bxwZ Pvjvq|

1962 mv‡j

1962 mv‡j

mv‡j

1963 mv‡j mv‡j

mv‡j

COP (Combined Opposition Party)

mvgwiK kvmb I ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vjb (1958 - 1969 wLªóvã) 143

1965 mv‡ji fviZ-cvwK¯Ívb hy×1947 mv‡j fviZ I cvwK¯Ívb Rb¥ wb‡j Kvk¥xi‡K †K›`ª K‡i Zv‡ì gv‡S êwiZvi m~ÎcvZ nq| fviZ I cvwK¯Ívb- DfqB Kvk¥xi‡K Zv‡ì Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask e‡j g‡b KiZ| 1947 mv‡jB Zv‡ì gv‡S Kvk¥xi wb‡q cÖ_g hy× ev‡a| wKšÍy RvwZms‡Ni n¯Í‡¶‡c Zvi Aemvb nq| Kvk¥xi‡K wb‡q wØZxqev‡ii g‡Zv fviZ-cvwK¯Ív‡bi g‡a¨ hy× euv‡a 1965 mv‡j| AvBqye Lv‡bi `xN©w`‡bi B”Qv wQj fviZ AvµgY K‡i Kvk¥xi `Lj Kiv| 1965 mv‡jKvk¥xix †bZv †kL Ave`yjøvn‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv n‡j fvi‡Zi Kvk¥x‡i D‡ËRbv Qwo‡q c‡o| AvBqye G my‡hvM MÖnY K‡ib| cÖ_‡g mk¯¿ †Mwijv‡ì Kvk¥x‡i AbycÖ‡ek Kwi‡q †Mvj‡hvM m„wói †Póv K‡ib| Ae‡k‡l 6 AvM÷ cvwK¯Ívb evwnbx fviZ AvµgY Ki‡j fviZ-cvwK¯Ívb hy× ïiy nq| hy‡×i ïiy †_‡KB fviZxq evwnbx cÖvavb¨ †`wL‡q jv‡nv‡ii w`‡K GwM‡q hvq| cvwK¯Ívwb‡ì GB Pig `yw`©‡b evOvwj †mbviv Amxg mvn‡mi mv‡_ hy× K‡i jv‡nvi i¶v K‡i| cvwK¯Ív‡bi †kvPbxq Ae¯’vi gy‡L cvðvZ¨ kw³ I †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi n¯Í‡¶‡c 17 w`‡bi gv_vq hy× eÜ nq| 1966 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡m †mvwf‡qZ cÖavbgš¿x †KvwmwM‡bi ga¨¯’Zvq ZvmL›` kn‡i fviZ I cvwK¯Ív‡bi gv‡S hy× weiwZ Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ nq| Gi ga¨ w`‡q fviZ-cvwK¯Ívb hy‡×i Aemvb nq|

G hy‡×i d‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b AvBqyewe‡ivax †PZbv cÖej fv‡e RvMÖZ nq| KviY hy‡× GUv ¯úó n‡q hvq †h c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi †Kv‡bv cÖwZi¶v eë¯’v wQj bv| Aiw¶Z G AÂj †h‡Kv‡bv mgq fvi‡Zi Avµg‡Yi wkKvi n‡Z cviZ| GgbwK G mgq cÖkvmwbK w`K †_‡K cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi mv‡_ c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi †hvM‡hvM G‡Kev‡i wew”Qbœ n‡q c‡o| evOvwj †mbviv Rxeb evwR †i‡L jv‡nvi i¶v Ki‡jI AvBqye Lvb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi wbivcËv wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| GQvov gyw³hy‡×i mgq †MvUv c„w_ex †_‡K wew”Qbœ c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b Lv`¨msKU †`Lv †`q| wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbmc‡Îi `vg AZ¨waK †e‡o hvq| d‡j mvgwiK I A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î wbf©ikxjZvmn c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi `ye©jZv cÖKU n‡q †`Lv †`q, hvi cÖwZdjb †`Lv hvq Qq `dv Av‡›`vj‡b|

c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖwZ êlg¨1940 mv‡ji jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve Abymv‡i cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óªi Rb¥ nq| wKšÍy, jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei g~jbxwZ Abyhvqx c~e© evsjv c„_K iv‡óªi gh©v`v cvqwb| `xN© 24 eQi c~e© evsjv‡K ¯^vqËkvm‡bi Rb¨ Av‡›`vjb-msMÖvg Pvwj‡q †h‡Z nq|

Gmgq cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb kvmKiv ivR‰bwZK, cÖkvmwbK, mvgwiK, A_©‰bwZK, wk¶v I mvs¯‹…wZK †¶‡Î c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖwZ êlg¨ I wbcxobg~jK bxwZ AbymiY K‡i| GiB cÖwZev‡` c~e© cvwK¯Ívb A_©vr c~e© evsjvq ¯^vwaKvi I ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡bi m~ÎcvZ N‡U|

ivR‰bwZK êlg¨1947 mv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi R‡b¥i ci †_‡KB msL¨vMwiô c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K ivR‰bwZKfv‡e c½y K‡i cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi gyLv‡c¶x K‡i ivLv nq| jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡e c~Y© cÖv‡`wkK ¯^vqËkvm‡bi K_v ejv n‡jI cvwK¯Ívwb kvmKiv cÖ_g †_‡KB G wel‡q Abxnv cÖKvk K‡i| MYZš¿‡K D‡c¶v K‡i ˆ¯îZš¿, GKbvqKZš¿ I mvgwiKZ‡š¿i gva¨‡g Zviv †`k kvmb Ki‡Z _v‡K| Zviv c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ici Dcwb‡ewkK kvmb cÖwZôv K‡i mgvR, ivRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ cÖwZwU †¶‡Î m‡e©v”P †kvlY Pvwj‡q cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi mg„w× NUvq| evOvwj ivR‰bwZK †bZ…e„‡›ì Dci `gb, wbcxob Pvwj‡q c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek APj K‡i iv‡L| evievi e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvbmn evsjvi RvZxq †bZv‡ì Ab¨vqfv‡e †R‡j e›`x K‡i iv‡L| msL¨vMwiô RbMY evOvwj nIqv m‡Ë¡I cvwK¯Ív‡bi gwš¿mfvq evOvwj cÖwZwbwai msL¨v wQj LyeB Kg| MYZvwš¿K cÖwµqv evavMÖ¯Í Kivi Rb¨ cvwK¯Ívwb kvmKiv RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì wbe©vPb w`‡Z Abxnv cÖKvk K‡i| 1954 mv‡j hy³d«‡›Ui wbe©vwPZ miKvi‡K Ab¨vqfv‡e D‡”Q` K‡i| cieZx© gwš¿mfv¸‡jv‡K evievi †f‡O w`‡q c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmbKvh© APj K‡i iv‡L| Ae‡k‡l cvwK¯Ívb miKvi 1958 mv‡j mvgwiK kvmb Rvwi K‡i RbM‡Yi MYZvwš¿K AwaKvi †K‡o †bq|


cÖkvmwbK êlg¨cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖkvmwbK †¶‡Î g~j PvwjKvkw³ wQj wmwfj mvwf©m Kg©KZv©MY| 1962 mv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi gš¿Yvjq¸‡jv‡Z kxl©¯’vbxq Kg©KZ©vi 954 R‡bi g‡a¨ evOvwj wQj gvÎ 119 Rb| 1956 mv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii 42000 Kg©KZ©vi g‡a¨ evOvwji msL¨v wQj gvÎ 2900| 1947 mv‡j KivwP‡Z ivRavbx nIqvq miKvwi Awdm-Av`vj‡Z cwðg cvwK¯Ívwbiv e¨vcK nv‡i PvKwi jvf K‡i| ejvi A‡c¶v iv‡L bv cvwK¯Ívb †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii cÖvq mKj D”Pc‡` cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb‡ì GK‡PwUqv AvwacZ¨ wQj| miKv‡ii me `ß‡ii mì

1956 mv‡j ch©šÍ evsjv fvlv‡K ivóªfvlvi gh©v`v bv †Ìqvq cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cix¶vq evOvwj QvÎ‡ì mvdj¨ mnR wQj bv|

mvgwiK êlg¨c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ici cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb‡ì êlg¨g~jK kvm‡bi Av‡iKwU †¶Î wQj mvgwiK êlg¨| mvgwiK evwnbx‡Z evOvwj‡ì cÖwZwbwaZ¡ wQj AwZ bMY¨| cÖ_g †_‡KB mvgwiK evwnbxi kxl© c` cvÄvweiv `Lj K‡i †i‡LwQj| Zviv evOvwj‡ì mvgwiK evwnbx †_‡K `~‡i ivLvi bxwZ MÖnY K‡i| mvgwiK evwnbxi wb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î †h †KvUv c×wZ AbymiY Kiv nq Zv‡Z 60% cvÄvwe, 35% cvVvb Ges gvÎ 5% cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ab¨vb¨ Ask I c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨ wba©viY Kiv nq| evOvwji `vwei gy‡L msL¨v wKQzUv evo‡jI Zv wQj bMY¨| 1955 mv‡ji GK wnmv‡e †`Lv hvq, mvgvwiK evwnbxi †gvU 2211 Rb Kg©KZ©vi g‡a¨ evOvwj wQj gvÎ 82 Rb| 1966 mv‡j mvgwiK evwnbxi 17 Rb kxl© ch©v‡qi Kg©KZv©i g‡a¨ gvÎ 1 Rb wQj evOvwj| AvBqye Lv‡bi kvmbvg‡j †gvU ev‡R‡Ui 60% mvgwiK ev‡RU wQj| Gi wmsnfvM `vqfvi enb Ki‡Z n‡Zv c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K, A_P c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖwZi¶vi cÖwZ Ae‡njv †`Lv‡bv n‡Zv|

A_©‰bwZK êlg¨c~e© cvwK¯Ívb cwðg cvwK¯Ívb KZ©„K fqven êl‡gï wkKvi nq A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î| G Kvi‡Y c~e© cvwK¯Ívb KLbI

bv| †K‡›`ªi mivmwi wbqš¿‡Y c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi mKj Avq cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b P‡j †hZ| †K›`ªxq e¨vsKmn mKj e¨vsK, wegv, evwYwR¨K cÖwZôv‡bi mì ßi wQj cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b| d‡j mn‡RB mKj A_© cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b P‡j †hZ| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© eivÏ wQj cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ici wbf©ikxj| DØ„Ë Avw_©K mÂq cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b Rgv _vKZ weavq c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b KLbI g~jab M‡o I‡Vwb|

cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óªi mKj cwiKíbv cÖYxZ n‡Zv †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii mì `ßi cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b| †mLv‡b c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖwZwbwa bv _vKvq cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmKiv c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K b¨vh¨ AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ KiZ| Rb¥jMœ †_‡K cvwK¯Ív‡b wZbwU cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv M„nxZ nq| cÖ_gwU‡Z c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨ eivÏ wQj h_vµ‡g 113 †KvwU I 500 †KvwU iywc, wØZxqwU‡Z eivÏ wQj 950 †KvwU iywc Ges 1350 †KvwU iywc| Z…ZxqwU‡Z c~e© I cwð‡gi Rb¨ eivÏ h_vµ‡g 36% I 63%| ivRavbx Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ eivÏ †ewkifvM wQj cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨| 1956 mv‡j KivwPi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ e¨q Kiv nq 570 †KvwU UvKv, hv wQj miKvwi †gvU e¨‡qi 56.4%| †m mgq c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi †gvU miKvwi e¨‡qi nvi wQj 5.10%| 1967 mvj ch©šÍ Bmjvgvev` wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ e¨q Kiv nq 300 †KvwU UvKv, Avi XvKv kn‡ii Rb¨ e¨q Kiv nq 25 †KvwU UvKv| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi KuvPvgvj m¯Ív n‡jI wkí-KviLvbv †ewkifvM M‡o D‡VwQj cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b wKQz wkí M‡o DV‡jI Zvi AwaKvs‡ki gvwjK wQj cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb| d‡j wkí †¶‡Î c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K wbf©ikxj _vK‡Z n‡Zv cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi Dci| c~e© cvwK¯Ívb †_‡K ¯^Y© Ges UvKv-cqmv wb‡q cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b †h‡Z †Kv‡bv euvav wQj bv| wKšÍy cwðg cvwK¯Ívb †_‡K ¯^Y© I UvKv-cqmv c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b Avbvi Dci miKv‡ii wewawb‡la wQj|


wk¶v †¶‡Î êlg¨wk¶v †¶‡ÎI evOvwjiv êl‡gi wkKvi n‡qwQj| cwðg cvwK¯Ívwbiv g‡b-cÖv‡Y †P‡qwQj, c~e© cvwK¯Ívwb evOvwj †hb wkÿv-`xÿvq wcwQ‡q _v‡K| A_P Zviv cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b wk¶v we¯Ív‡i e¨vcK cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡i| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b wk¶vi Dbœq‡bi †Kvb †PóvB Zviv K‡iwb| GQvov evsjvi cwie‡Z© D`y©‡K wk¶vi gva¨g Kiv ev Aviwe fvlvq evsjv †jLvi loh‡š¿i gva¨‡g c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi wk¶veë¯’vq AvNvZ nvb‡Z †P‡qwQj| wk¶v Lv‡Z eiv‡Ïi †¶‡Î c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖwZ Pig êlg¨ †`Lv‡bv nq| 1955 †_‡K 1967 wLªóv‡ãi g‡a¨ wk¶v Lv‡Z cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨ eivÏ wQj 2084 wgwjqb iywc Ges c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨ 797 wgwjqb iywc| cvwK¯Ív‡bi me©‡gvU 35wU e„wËi 30wU †c‡qwQj cwðg cvwK¯Ívb Ges gvÎ 5wU eivÏ wQj c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨|

mvgvwRK êlgïv¯ÍvNvU, ¯‹zj-K‡jR, Awdm-Av`vjZ, nvmcvZvj, WvKNi, †Uwj‡dvb, †UwjMÖvd, we`y¨r cÖf„wZ †¶‡Î evOvwj‡ì Zzjbvq cwðg cvwK¯Ívwbiv †ewk myweav †fvM KiZ| mgvRKj¨vY I †mevg~jK myweav †ewkifvM cwðg cvwK¯Ívwbiv †cZ| d‡j mvgwMÖKfv‡e cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb‡ì RxebhvÎvi gvb A‡bK DbœZ wQj|

mvs¯‹…wZK êlg¨

56%| evsjv fvlv I ms¯‹…wZ wQj nvRvi eQ‡ii cyi‡bv| Aciw`‡K 44% RbmsL¨vi cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b wewfbœ fvlv, RvwZ I ms¯‹…wZ we`¨gvb wQj| D`y©fvlx wQj gvÎ 3.27%| A_P msL¨vMwiô evsjv fvlv I mymg„× evOvwj ms¯‹…wZ‡K gy‡Q †djvi Pµv‡šÍ wjß nq cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb kvmKiv| cÖ_‡gB Zviv evsjv fvlv‡K D‡”Q` Kivi †Póv K‡i Ges evsjv fvlv‡K Aviwe e‡Y© †jLv‡bvi lohš¿ ïiy K‡i| evOvwj ms¯‹…wZ‡K mg„× K‡i‡Q iex›`ªbv‡_i m½xZ, bvUK, mvwnZ¨| evOvwj ms¯‹…wZ‡Z AvNvZ nvbvi Rb¨ iex›`ª m½xZ I iPbvewj wbwl× Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| c‡njv êkvL evsjv beel© D`hvcb‡K wn›`y cÖfve e‡j D‡jøL K‡i †mLv‡bI evav `v‡bi †Póv Kiv nq|

`jxq KvR t mvgwiK, A_©‰bwZK I wk¶v‡¶‡Î c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖwZ cvwK¯Ív‡bi †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii êl‡gï †jLwP‡Î cÖKvk Ki|

Qq `dv I evOvwj RvZxqZvev` cvwK¯Ívwb Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb I †kvlY †_‡K gy³ nIqvi Rb¨ e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb 1966 mv‡j Qq `dv Kg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡ib| e½eÜzi D‡Ïk¨ wQj, Qq `dv `vwe Av`v‡qi gva¨‡g c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K êl‡gï nvZ †_‡K i¶v Kiv| g~jZ fviZ-cvwK¯Ívb hy× Aemv‡bi ci c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi wbivcËvi cÖwZ cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb miKv‡ii Pig Ae‡njv I mxgvnxb el‡gï weiy‡× e½eÜz †mv”Pvi nb| 1966 mv‡ji 5-6B †deªyqvwi jv‡nv‡i we‡ivax`jxq

K‡ib Ges Qq `dv mvsevw`K‡ì mvg‡b cÖKvk K‡i XvKvq wd‡i Av‡mb| GKz‡k †deªyqvwi e½eÜzi bv‡g

1. jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei wfwË‡Z msweavb iPbv K‡i cvwK¯Ívb‡K GKwU †dWv‡ij ivóª wn‡m‡e MVb Ki‡Z n‡e| GwU n‡e msm`xq c×wZi hy³ivóª eë¯’v| cÖvßeq¯‹‡ì me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii gva¨‡g wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡ì

2. †dWv‡ij miKv‡ii nv‡Z _vK‡e cÖwZi¶v I ciivóª welq| Ab¨vb¨ welq _vK‡e cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii nv‡Z|

3. K. †`‡ki `yB AÂ‡ji Rb¨ mn‡R wewbgq †hvM¨ `ywU gy`ªv Pvjy _vK‡e| gy`ªv †jb‡`‡bi wnmve ivLvi Rb¨ `yB AÂ‡ji Rb¨ `yBwU ¯^Zš¿ †÷U e¨vsK _vK‡e| gy`ªv I e¨vsK cwiPvjbvi ¶gZv _vK‡e cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii nv‡Z|


A_ev

L. yB AÂ‡ji Rb¨ GKB gy`ªv _vK‡e, Z‡e msweav‡b Ggb eë¯’v ivL‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z GK AÂj †_‡K Ab¨ AÂ‡j gy`ªv I g~jab cvPvi n‡Z bv cv‡i| GKwU †dWv‡ij wiRvf© e¨vsK _vK‡e Ges `yBwU AvÂwjK wiRvf© e¨vsK _vK‡e|

4. mKj cÖKvi Ki I ïé avh© I Av`v‡qi ¶gZv _vK‡e cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii nv‡Z| Av`vqK…Z A‡_©i GKwU wbw`©ó Ask †dWv‡ij Znwe‡j Rgv n‡e| G Øviv †dWv‡ij miKvi e¨q wbe©vn Ki‡e|

5. ê‡`wkK gy`ªv I ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î cÖ‡`k¸‡jvi nv‡Z c~Y© wbqš¿Y _vK‡e| ê‡`wkK evwYR¨ I mvnv‡hï e¨vcv‡i cÖ‡`k¸‡jv hyw³hy³ nv‡i †dWv‡ij miKv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ê‡`wkK gy`ªvi Pvwn`v wgUv‡e|

6. AvÂwjK msnwZ I RvZxq wbivcËv i¶vi Rb¨ cÖ‡`k¸‡jv wbR¯^ wgwjwkqv ev Avav mvgwiK evwnbx MVb I cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

13B gvP©, 1966 wLªóv‡ã AvIqvgx jx‡Mi IqvwK©s KwgwU‡Z Qq `dv M„nxZ nIqvi ci e½eÜz Qq `dvi c‡¶ RbgZ M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ wewfbœ ¯’v‡b e³e¨ †`b| wZwb Qq `dv‡K ÔAvgv‡ì euvPvi `vweÕ AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib| d‡j Qq `dvi c‡¶ `ªyZ e¨vcK RbgZ M‡o D‡V| AvBqye miKvi Zv‡Z AvZw¼Z n‡q AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †bZv-Kgx©‡ì aicvKo ïiy K‡i| AvBqye Lvb G mgq c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b G‡m wewfbœ Rbmfvq Qq `dv‡K ivóª‡`ªvnx I cvwK¯Ív‡bi ALÊZvi cÖwZ ûgwK e‡j AvL¨v †`b| w`‡b w`‡b Qq `dvi RbwcÖqZv e„w× †c‡j AvBqye miKvi e½eÜz‡K 1966 m‡bi 9B †g †MÖdZvi K‡i| e½eÜz‡K †MÖdZv‡ii cÖwZev‡` 7B Ryb †`ke¨vcx niZvj cvwjZ nq| niZv‡ji mgq wgwQ‡j cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z A‡bK †jvK cÖvY nvivq| G NUbvi cÖwZev‡` 8B Ryb cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡` we‡ivax `j IqvKAvDU K‡i| 1968 mv‡j e½eÜz‡K HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjvq Awfhy³ K‡i UªvBey¨bv‡j wePvi ïiy K‡i| wKšÍy Gi weiy‡× 1969 mv‡ji MY-Afy¨Ìv‡bi gy‡L miKvi e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K gyw³ w`‡Z eva¨ nq| 1970 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡b Qq `dv Kg©m~wP wQj wbe©vP‡bi g~j B‡¯Ínvi| G wbe©vP‡b Qq `dvi c‡¶ wbi¼zk

XvKvi ivRc‡_ Qq`dvi c‡¶ wgwQj


mv‡ji cuwP‡k gvP© cvwK¯Ívwb nvbv`vi evwnbx nZ¨vhÁ ïiy Ki‡j e½eÜzi wb‡`©‡k gnvb gyw³hy× ïiæ nq| `xN© bq gvm gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡g evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i|

HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv (ivóª ebvg †kL gywReyi ingvb Ges Ab¨vb¨), 1968cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óªi R‡b¥i ci †_‡KB c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖwZ cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb‡ì êlg¨ µ‡gB evowQj| Rbgvby‡li

ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÊ iy× Kivi Rb¨ cwðg cvwK¯Ívb miKvi evievi Zuv‡K †MÖdZvi K‡i †R‡j cvwV‡q‡Q| ZviciI e½eÜz‡K G f~LÊ ¯^vaxb Kivi cÖ‡Póv †_‡K wieZ ivLv hvqwb| wewfbœ mgq e½eÜzi mv‡_ bvbv †ckvi, we‡kl K‡i

mv‡j cvwK¯Ívb †bŠevwnbxi †jd‡Ub¨v›U KgvÛvi †gvqv‡¾g †nv‡mb GK`j †mbvm`m¨ wb‡q e½eÜzi mv‡_ †`Lv mv‡j e½eÜz †Mvc‡b wÎcyiv Mgb K‡ib|

mv‡j e½eÜzi Qq `dv Kg©m~wP c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b e¨vcK RbwcÖqZv

`v‡qi Kiv nq 1968 mv‡jwÎcyiv iv‡Rï ivRavbx AvMiZjv‡Z fviZxq miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡ì †Mvcb êVK nq| †mLv‡b fvi‡Zi mnvqZvq

1966 mv‡ji 9B †g e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K gyw³ w`‡q mvgwiK AvB‡b †Rj‡MU †_‡K Avevi †MÖdZvi K‡i

Ave`yi iv¾vK, nvwej`vi gywReyi ingvb, d¬vBU mv‡R©›U Ave`yi iv¾vK, mv‡R©›U Rûiyj nK, G.we.Gg. Lyiwk`, Lvb kvgmyi ingvb wmGmwc, wimvj`vi G.†K.Gg. kvmmyj nK, nvwej`vi AvwRRyj nK, gvndzRyj evwi, mv‡R©›U mvgmyj nK, †gRi Wv. kvgmyj Avjg, K¨v‡Þb †gv. Ave`yj †gvZv‡je, K¨v‡Þb kIKZ Avjx, K¨v‡Þb L›`Kvi bvRgyj û`v, K¨v‡Þb G.Gm.Gg. byiy¾vgvb, d¬vBU mv‡R©›U Ave`yj Rwjj, gvneye DwÏb †PŠayix, †jd‡Ub¨v›U

†jd‡Ub¨v›U Ave`yi iDd|

AvMiZjv gvgjvi wePviKvh© cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ we‡kl UªvBey¨bvj MVb Kiv nq| 1968 mv‡ji 19G Ryb †ejv GMv‡ivUvq Kzwg©‡Uvjv K¨v›Ub‡g‡›Ui GKwU we‡kl K‡¶ gvgjvi ïbvwb ïiy nq| mvw¶i msL¨v wQj miKvi c‡¶


wQ‡jb Gm G ingvb| Aci `yB wePvicwZ wQ‡jb Gg Avi Lvb I gyKmygyj nvwKg| 29G RyjvB 1968 mv‡jgvgjvi ïbvwb cybivq ïiy nq| m¨vi Ugvm DBwjqvg 5B AvM÷ e½eÜzi c‡¶ we‡kl UªvBey¨bv‡ji êaZv P¨v‡jÄ K‡i nvB‡Kv‡U© wiU Av‡e`b `vwLj K‡ib|

wePviKvh© Pjvi mgq cvwK¯Ív‡bi Dfq As‡k AvBqyewe‡ivax Av‡›`vjb `vbv euva‡Z _v‡K| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi gyw³ I AvMiZjv gvgjv cÖZ¨vnv‡ii `vwe †Rvi`vi nq| ax‡i ax‡i c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi MY-we‡¶vf 1969 wLªóv‡ã G‡m MY-Afy¨Ìv‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| AvIqvgx jxM, b¨vkbvj AvIqvgx cvwU©mn K‡qKwU ivR‰bwZK `j wb‡q †W‡gv‡µwUK A¨vKkb KwgwU (DAC) MVb Kiv nq| GiB g‡a¨ 1969 mv‡ji 15B †deªyqvwi AvMiZjv gvgjvi Ab¨Zg Awfhy³ mv‡R©›U Rûiyj nK‡K ¸wj K‡i nZ¨v Kiv nq| Zuvi g„Zzï Lei cÖKvk n‡q co‡j 16B †deªyqvwi 1969 mv‡j XvKvevmx cÖPÛ †µv‡a M‡R© D‡V| Zuvi g„Z‡`n wb‡q RbZv ivRc_ cÖ`w¶Y K‡i| 69-Gi MY-Afy¨Ìv‡b mgMÖ c~e© cvwK¯Ívb DËvj n‡q D‡V| cwiw¯’wZ kvšÍ Ki‡Z †cÖwm‡W›U AvBqye Lvb 19G †deªyqvwi 1969 mv‡j ivIqvjwcwÊ‡Z GKwU †Mvj‡Uwej êV‡Ki AvnŸvb K‡ib| †mLv‡b gIjvbv fvmvbx I e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb eV‡K †hvM`v‡bi Rb¨ Avgwš¿Z wQ‡jb| AvBqye miKvi e½eÜzi †hvM`v‡bi Rb¨ Zuv‡K c¨vi‡j gyw³`v‡bi cÖ¯Íve †`q| wKšÍy gvIjvbv fvmvbxmn c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbMY miKvwi cÖ¯Íve cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i AvMiZjv gvgjv cÖZ¨vnvi Kivi `vwe Rvbvq| Ae‡k‡l AvBqye miKvi c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q bwZ¯^xKvi K‡i AvMiZjv gvgjv cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i †bq| e½eÜzmn gvgjvi mKj Awfhy³ 22G †deªyqvwi 1969 mv‡j gyw³ jvf K‡ib| e½eÜzi gyw³ Dcj‡¶ ciw`b 23G †deªyqvwi †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b GKwU msea©bvi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| †mB wekvj Rbmfvq †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K Ôe½eÜzÕ Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ Kiv nq|

AvMiZjv gvgjvi ¸iyZ¡ evOvwj‡ì g‡a¨ RvZxqZvev`x †PZbvi ù~i‡Y GB gvgjv ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡iwQj| †h D‡Ï‡k¨ AvBqye miKvi AvMiZjv gvgjv `v‡qi K‡iwQj Zv Av‡`Š mdj nqwb, eis GwU AvBqye miKv‡ii Rb¨ ey‡givs n‡q †`Lv †`q| G mg‡q ivR‰bwZK †bZ…‡Z¡ gRjyg Rb‡bZv gvIjvbv fvmvbx GwM‡q Av‡mb Ges evOvwj ¯^v‡_©i gyLcvÎ I AvZ¥ AwaKvi cÖwZôvi AMÖbvqK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb Awemsevw`Z †bZv wnmv‡e ¯^xK…Z nb|

11 `dv Av‡›`vjb1968-69 mv‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b AvBqyewe‡ivax MY-Av‡›`vjb P~ovšÍ ch©v‡q DcbxZ nq| G mg‡q AvIqvgx jxM †bZ…e„›` Kviviy× n‡j Av‡›`vj‡bi MwZ wKQzUv w¯ÍwgZ n‡q c‡o| G Ae¯’vq QvÎiv Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…Z¡ MÖnY K‡i, hv MY-Afy¨Ìv‡b iƒc †bq| 1969 mv‡ji 5B Rvbyqvwi WvKmy (XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †K›`ªxq QvÎ-msm`) Kvh©vj‡q evsjv‡`k QvÎjxM I evsjv‡`k QvÎ BDwbqb (gwZqv I †gbb MÖyc) Ges WvKmyi †hŠ_ D‡`¨v‡M WvKmyi ZrKvjxb mnmfvcwZ †Zvdv‡qj Avn‡g‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡ Ôme©`jxq QvÎ msMÖvg cwil`Õ MVb Ki nq|

G QvÎ msMÖvg cwil` 11 `dv `vwe wb‡q MY-Afy¨Ìv‡bi WvK †`q| G Kg©m~wP ïay QvÎ‡ì bq, Avcvgi RbM‡Yi Av‡›`vj‡b Aby‡cÖiYv m„wó K‡i| 11 `dv `vwei g‡a¨ e½eÜzi Qq `dv AšÍf©y³ wQj| Gi Ab¨vb¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ `vwei g‡a¨ wQj, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq KzL¨vZ AwW©b¨vÝ evwZjmn wk¶vi my‡hvM-myweav e„w×, evK-¯^vaxbZv, e¨w³-¯^vaxbZv I msev`c‡Îi ¯^vaxbZv, e„nr wk‡íi RvZxqKiY, kªwgK‡ì b¨vh¨ gRywi cÖ`vb, †UªW BDwbqb

1969 wLªóv‡ãi MY-Afy¨Ìvb1968 mv‡jI MÖv‡gi kªwgK-K…lK I mvaviY gvby‡li gv‡S| cvwK¯Ív‡bi †cÖwm‡W›U AvBqye Lv‡bi ˆ¯îkvm‡bi weiy‡× M‡o


D‡V GK `ye©vi Av‡›`vjb, hv EbmË‡ii MY Afz¨Ìvb wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| AvBqye Lv‡bi cZb‡K †K›`ª K‡i cvwK¯Ív‡bi `yB As‡ki gvbyl cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv GKmv‡_ Av‡›`vj‡b bv‡g| cvwK¯Ívb R‡b¥i ci †_‡KB c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖwZ RvwZMZ wbcxob, eÂbv I êl‡gï weiy‡× RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vjb M‡o D‡V| EbmË‡ii MY-Afy¨Ìvb m„wó‡Z †m¸‡jv cÖZ¨¶ cÖfve †i‡LwQj| EbmË‡ii MY-Afy¨Ìvb wQj cvwK¯Ívb cÖwZôvi cieZx©Kv‡ji me‡P‡q eo Av‡›`vjb|

1968 mv‡j

mwgwZ †hŠ_ Kg©m~wP wnmv‡e cëb gq`v‡b GKwU Rbmfvi Av‡qvRb K‡i| Rbmfvi ci GKwU weivU wgwQj Mfb©i nvDm †NivI K‡i| †mLv‡b wgwQjKvix‡ì mv‡_ cywj‡ki e¨vcK msNl© n‡j gIjvbv fvmvbx XvKv kn‡i

mv‡j

K‡qKwU `vwe wb‡q 11 `dv `vwe †ck K‡i| AwP‡iB 11 `dv `vwe‡K Avcvgi evOvwj mg_©b cÖ`vb K‡i|

AvnŸv‡b 14B Rvbyqvwi mgMÖ cvwK¯Ív‡b niZvj cvwjZ nq|

cwil` ag©NU cvjb K‡i| ag©NU PjvKvjxb cywj‡ki mv‡_

Avmv`y¾vgvb cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z wbnZ nb| Avmv‡ì nZ¨vi

gvby‡li e¨vcK Xj bv‡g| gvby‡li AskMÖn‡Y Av‡›`vjb †hb MY-Afy¨Ìv‡b iƒc †bq|

wbnZ I AvnZ nq|

RbZv AvMiZjv gvgjvi wePvicwZi evmfe‡b Av¸b awi‡q †`q| we‡K‡j GK Rbmfvq gIjvbv fvmvbx †NvlYv


†`b, Ô`ygv‡mi g‡a¨ 11 `dv ev¯Íevqb I ivRe›`x‡ì gyw³ w`‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvRb n‡j divwm wecø‡ei g‡Zv †Rj †f‡O gywRe‡K gy³ K‡i Avbe|Õ Ae¯’v †eMwZK †`‡L miKvi XvKvq KviwdD Rvwi K‡i| 18B †deªyqvwi †mbvevwnbx ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖ±i W. kvgmy‡¾vnv‡K †e‡qv‡bU PvR© K‡i nZ¨v K‡i|

18B †deªyqvwii ci †_‡K Av‡›`vjb AviI †eMevb n‡j †`‡ki mvwe©K cwiw¯’wZi e¨vcK AebwZ N‡U| Ae‡k‡l AvBqye Lvb we‡ivax `‡ji †bZv‡ì wb‡q †Mvj‡Uwej êVK AvnŸvb Ki‡j †bZviv Zv cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ib| AvBqye Lvb eyS‡Z cv‡ib, AvMiZjv gvgjv cÖZ¨vnvi I Awfhy³‡ì gyw³ bv w`‡j cwiw¯’wZ wbqš¿‡Yi evB‡i P‡j hv‡e| MY- Afy¨Ìv‡bi Pv‡c wZwb GKz‡k †deªyqvwi †NvlYv †`b, cieZx© †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vP‡b wZwb Avi cÖv_x© n‡eb bv|

HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv †_‡K e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi gyw³i ci EbmË‡ii MY-Av‡›`vjb bZzb iƒc jvf K‡i| 23G †deªyqvwii msea©bv mfvq e½eÜz 11 `dv `vwei cÖwZ mg_©b e¨³ K‡ib Ges 6 `dv I 11 `dv ev¯Íevq‡b cÖwZkÖywZ †`b| 26G †deyqvwi AvBqye Lv‡bi mv‡_ †Mvj‡Uwej êV‡K 6 `dv I 11 `dvi cÖ‡kœ AUj _v‡Kb| Gw`‡K cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bI AvBqyewe‡ivax Av‡›`vjb e¨vcK AvKvi aviY K‡i| †Mvj‡Uwej êV‡Ki

Mywj‡Z 90 Rb wbnZ nq| Ae‡k‡l 10B gv‡P©i êV‡K AvBqye Lvb msm`xq c×wZ cÖeZ©b I cÖvßeq‡¯‹i †fvUvwaKv‡ii wfwË‡Z wbe©vP‡bi K_v †NvlYv K‡ib| 22G gvP© AvBqye Lvb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Mfb©i †gvbv‡qg Lvb‡K AcmviY K‡ib| Zv‡ZI MY-Av‡›`vjb _vgv‡bv hvq wb| 25G gvP© AvBqye Lvb †mbvcÖavb †Rbv‡ij Bqvwnqv Lv‡bi wbKU ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍi K‡ib| Gfv‡e c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b AvBqyewe‡ivax MYAfy¨Ìvb mdjZv AR©b K‡i| EbmË‡ii MY-Afy¨Ìv‡b MÖvg I kn‡ii K…lK I kªwgK‡ì gv‡S †kªwY †PZbvi D‡b¥l N‡U| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi

msMÖv‡g Svuwc‡q c‡o|

Abykxjbg~jK cÖkœeûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ t1. †K cvwK¯Ívb Bmjvwg cÖRvZ‡š¿i cÖ_g †cÖwm‡W›U g‡bvbxZ nb?

M. AvBqye Lvb N. gvwjK wd‡ivR Lvb

2. AvBqye we‡ivax QvÎ Av‡›`vj‡bi Ab¨Zg KviY-

i. †`kwe‡ivax loh‡š¿i Awf‡hv‡M †mvnivIqvw`©‡K †cÖßvi

ii. QvÎ‡ì Dci cywjwk wbh©vZb

iii. AvBqye Lvb KZ…©K bZzb msweavb †NvlYv


K. i L. i I ii


DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :AMÖYx K¬v‡ei mfvcwZi GK‡ivLv g‡bvfve I Amn‡hvwMZvg~jK Kvh©µ‡g Am‡šÍvl cÖKvk K‡ib K¬v‡ei m`m¨MY| gviyd mv‡n‡ei †bZ…‡Z¡ m`m¨MY Zuv‡ì `vwe-`vIqv mfvcwZi wbKU †ck K‡ib| mfvcwZ I Zuvi c‡¶i †jvKRb welqwU‡K A‡hŠw³K g‡b K‡i cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ib| b¨vh¨Zv cÖwZôvi j‡¶¨ gviyd mv‡ne I Zvi Abymvix m`më„›` †mv”Pvi nb|


3. gviyd mv‡n‡ei M„nxZ c`‡ÿ‡c †Kvb& HwZnvwmK NUbvi cÖwZdjb j¶ Kiv hvq?

K. Qq `dv `vwe DÌvcb L. b¨vkbvj †W‡gv‡µwUK d«›U MVb

M. AvBqye we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb N. †W‡gv‡µwUK A¨vKkb KwgwU MVb

4. D³ HwZnvwmK NUbvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡ZB-

i. AvBqye miKvi AvZw¼Z n‡q c‡o

ii. e½eÜz‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv nq

iii. evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi c‡_ avweZ nq




m„Rbkxj cÖkœ: 1.

welq c~e© cvwKÍvb cwðg cvwKÍvbgš¿Yvj‡qi Kg©KZ©v 119 Rb 954 Rb

†K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Kg©KZ©v 2900 Rb 42000 Rb

†M‡R‡UW Kg©KZ©v 1338 Rb 3708 Rb

bb †M‡R‡UW Kg©KZ©v 26310 Rb 82944 Rb

K. 1965 wLªóv‡ã Kv‡K COP Gi c‡¶ †cÖwm‡W›U cÖv_x© Kiv nq?

L. †gŠwjK MYZ‡š¿i KvVv‡gv Kxiƒc wQj?

M. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ Q‡K cvwK¯Ívwb Avg‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖwZ †Kvb& ai‡bi êlg¨ cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡q‡Q e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Zzwg wK g‡b Ki D³ êlg¨B evOvwji ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vj‡bi GKgvÎ KviY? †Zvgvi DË‡ii mc‡¶ hyw³ `vI|

2. iwdK GKwU PjwPÎ †`LwQj| Qwe‡Z GKwU AÂ‡ji RbM‡Yi msMÖv‡gi NUbv †`Lvw”Qj| H AÂ‡ji

†bB| Zviv PvKwi, wk¶v I A_©bxwZ wewfbœ †¶‡Î ewÂZ| Zv‡ì eÂbv I †kvl‡Yi nvZ †_‡K i¶vi Rb¨ GwM‡q Av‡mb GK Av‡cvlnxb †bZv| wZwb RYM‡Yi ¯^v_© i¶vi j‡¶¨ eëmv-evwYR¨, e¨vsK, cwiPvjbvi

MVb, ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi ¶gZvÑ BZ¨vw` D³ AÂ‡ji nv‡Z †Ìqvi `vwe Rvbvb|

K. Kvi ga¨¯’Zvq ZvmL›` kn‡i fviZ cvwK¯Ívb hy×-weiwZ mv¶wiZ nq?

L. gwZDi nZ¨vi †cÖ¶vcU Kx wQj?

M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z †bZvi `vwebvgvq e½eÜzi †Kvb Kg©m~wPi cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q- e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Zzwg Kx g‡b Ki D³ `vwebvgv evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vj‡bi †¶Î cÖ¯‘Z K‡iwQj? hyw³ `vI|

Î‡qv`k Aa¨vq

mË‡ii wbe©vPb Ges gyw³hy×evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡bi BwZnv‡m 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vPb AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| cvwK¯Ív‡bi mvgwiK kvmK hLb e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvbmn c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi †bZ…e„‡›ì Dci G‡Ki ci GK wbcxobg~jK AvPiY K‡i ZLbB G‡`‡ki RbMY Zv‡ì weiy‡× Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡j| hvi cwiYwZ wQj 1969 mv‡ji MY-Afy¨Ìvb| G Afy¨Ìv‡b 25G gvP© AvBqye Lvb c`Z¨vM Ki‡j Zuvi DËim~ix †Rbv‡ij Bqvwnqv Lvb cvwK¯Ív‡b MYZš¿ wdwi‡q Avbvi Avk¦vm †`b| wZwb †NvlYv K‡ib RbM‡Yi wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwai nv‡Z mvgwiK miKvi ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡e| hvi †cÖw¶‡Z 1970 mv‡j wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq| D³ wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM wecyj weRq AR©b Ki‡jI cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmK‡Mvôx wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡ì nv‡Z ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z Mwogwm K‡i| GKch©v‡q Zviv ¶gZv a‡i ivL‡Z

ingv‡bi wb‡`©‡k c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi gvbyl gyw³ msMÖv‡g Suvwc‡q c‡o| d‡j 1971 mv‡jkÎyi `Ljgy³ nq|


1970 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi cÖfve we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvie;

gyw³hy× cwiPvjbvq A¯’vqx miKv‡ii f~wgKv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

gyw³‡hv×v‡ì f~wgKv g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvie;

¯^vaxbZv I wek¦ gvbwP‡Î evsjv‡`kÑ welqwU we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvie;

RvZxq cZvKv ˆZwi Ges Gi eënvi †KŠkj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq m½xZ wba©vi‡Yi BwZnvm eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

gyw³hy‡×i ¸iyZ¡ Abyaveb K‡i †`k‡cÖ‡g DØy× ne;

RvZxq cZvKvi gh©v`v i¶vq m‡PZb ne;

evsjv‡`k Afy¨`‡qi NUbvi avivevwnKZv eRvq †i‡L †cv÷vi A¼b Ki‡Z cvie;

¯^vaxbZv wè‡m Qwe A¼b K‡i cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cvie|

1970 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vPb Ges cieZ©x NUbvcÖevnBqvwnqv Lvb ¶gZvq G‡m 1970 mv‡ji QvweŸ‡k gvP© GK †eZvi fvl‡Y cieZ©x wbe©vPb I wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡ì nv‡Z ¶gZv †Q‡o †`qvi cÖwZkÖywZ †`b| GiB avivevwnKZvq 1970 mv‡ji 1jv Rvbyqvwi †_‡K me©cÖKvi wewawb‡la cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i cybivq ivR‰bwZK ZrciZvi AbygwZ †Ìqv nq| cvkvcvwk 5B A‡±vei RvZxq cwil`

mv‡ji 17B Rvbyqvwi wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq|

mË‡ii wbe©vPb Ges gyw³hy× 153

AvBbMZ KvVv‡gv Av‡`kBqvwnqv Lvb 1970 mv‡ji 28G gvP© RvwZi D‡Ï‡k GK fvl‡Y wbe©vPb-msµvšÍ AvBbMZ KvVv‡gv Av‡`k †NvlYv K‡ib| †mLv‡b wZwb g~jZ RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì m`m¨msL¨v KZ n‡e, †fvU`v‡bi cÖwµqv Kx n‡e, KZ w`‡bi ga¨ wbe©vwPZ cwil` msweavb iPbv Ki‡e Ges cvwK¯Ív‡bi `yB As‡ki g‡a¨ mgš^q mva‡bi Rb¨ we‡kl wKQz w`K Zz‡j a‡ib| Zuvi †NvlYvi we‡kl w`K¸‡jv wQj:

1. cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b GK BDwbU †f‡O w`‡q mv‡eK cÖ‡`k¸‡jv cybtcÖwZôv Kiv n‡e| G¸‡jv 1jv RyjvB 1970 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ n‡e|

2. 13 Rb gwnjv cÖwZwbwa wb‡q 313 Avm‡bi RvZxq cwil` n‡e, Avi 621 Rb m`m¨ wb‡q n‡e cuvPwU cÖv‡`wkK cwil`|

RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì Avmb eÈb

AÂj RvZxq cwil` cÖv‡`wkK cwil`

mvaviY gwnjv †gvU mvaviY gwnjv †gvU

c~e© cvwK¯Ívb 162 7 169 300 10 310

cwðg cvwK¯Ívb 138 6 144 300 11 311

3. wbe©vP‡b GK e¨w³ GK †fvU bxwZ MÖnY Kiv nq| cvwK¯Ív‡bi `yB As‡ki AvBb I A_©bxwZwelqK `vwqZ¡ Ges ¶gZv wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwaiv wba©viY Ki‡eb|

4. †fvUvi ZvwjKv 1970 mv‡ji Ry‡bi g‡a¨ ˆZwi n‡e|

5. msweavb iPbvi Rb¨ cwil‡ì cÖ_g Awa‡ekb †_‡K 120 w`‡bi mgq avh© K‡i †`b| G mg‡qi g‡a¨ KvR mgvav Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡j cwil` †f‡½ bZzb wbe©vP‡bi K_v D‡jøL Kiv nq| GKB m‡½ ejv nq, msweavb iPbv Ges msweavb‡K mZ¨vwqZKiY ch©šÍ mvgwiK kvmb envj _vK‡e| wbe©vP‡bi wb‡`©kbvewji cvkvcvwk

QqwU bxwZ †eu‡a †`qv nq| h_v t

K. †dWv‡ij c×wZi miKvi;

L. Bmjvwg Av`k© n‡e iv‡óªi wfwË;

M. cÖvßeq¯‹‡ì †fv‡U cÖZ¨¶ wbe©vP‡b RbmsL¨vi Abycv‡Z cÖwZwbwaiv wbe©vwPZ n‡eb;

N. †gŠwjK AwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e;

O. wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ wewfbœ GjvKvi A_©‰bwZK I Ab¨vb¨ êlg¨ `~i Ki‡Z n‡e;

P. wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

Bqvwnqv Lv‡bi AvBbMZ KvVv‡gv Av‡`‡k g~jZ mve©‡fŠg cvj©v‡g‡›Ui e`‡j GKwU `ye©j cvj©v‡g‡›Ui iƒc‡iLv †Ìqv nq| d‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv Gi mgv‡jvPbv K‡i| Zviv G Av‡`‡ki AMYZvwš¿K avivmg~n ev` †Ìqvi `vwe Rvbvq|

wbe©vPb eë¯’vcbv1969 mv‡ji 2iv RyjvB Bqvwnqv Lv‡bi †NvlYv Abyhvqx cvwK¯Ív‡bi mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i wePviK wePvicwZ Avãym mvËv‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ GKwU wbe©vPb Kwgkb MVb Kiv nq| G wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi cÖv_wgK KvR wQj GKwU me©Rbxb †fvUvi ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv| G ZvwjKvi g‡a¨ c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi †fvUv‡ii msL¨v wQj 3,12,14,935 Rb Ges cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi 2,52,06,263 Rb| G †fvUvi ZvwjKvq ¶z`ª b„‡Mvôx Awaevmx‡ì AšÍf©y³ Kiv nq|


wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnYKvix ivR‰bwZK `j1970 mv‡j wbe©vP‡b mggbv j¸‡jv AvIqvgx jx‡Mi m‡½ †RvUe× n‡q wbe©vPb Ki‡Z B”Qv cÖKvk Ki‡jI jxq †bZv e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb GKKfv‡e wbe©vP‡bi K_v †NvlYv K‡ib| d‡j 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv c„_K c„_Kfv‡e cÖv_©x g‡bvbxZ K‡i| †gvU 781 Rb cÖv_©x wbe©vP‡b Ask †bb| RvZxq cwil‡` AvIqvgx jx‡Mi wQj 162 Rb cÖv_©x Ges Zv‡ì wbe©vPbx cÖZxK wQj †bŠKv| wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnYKvix Ab¨vb¨ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji g‡a¨ wQj wbwLj cvwK¯Ívb †K›`ªxq RwgqvZzj D‡jgv I †bRv‡g Bmjvwg (45), Bmjvwg MYZš¿x `j (5), RvgvqvZ-B-Bmjvwg cvwK¯Ívb (69), cvwK¯Ívb †W‡gv‡µwUK cvwU© (81), cvwK¯Ívb gymwjg jxM (Kb‡fbkb- 93), cvwK¯Ívb gymwjg jxM (KvDwÝj- 50), cvwK¯Ívb gymwjg jxM (KvBqyg- 65) cÖf„wZ|

wbe©vP‡bi djvdj1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM RvZxq cwil‡` 162wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ 160wU Avmb jvf K‡i| msiw¶Z gwnjv Avmbmn AvIqvgx jxM †gvU 167wU Avmb jvf K‡i RvZxq cwil‡` GKK msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b K‡i| Avevi c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì msiwÿZ gwnjv Avmbmn 310wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ AvIqvgx jxM †gvU 298wU Avmb †c‡q wbi¼zk msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b K‡i| †m mgq RvZxq cwil‡ì m`m¨‡ì GgGbG Ges cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì m`m¨‡ì

GgwcG ejv n‡Zv| †fv‡Ui djvdj g~j¨vq‡b †`Lv hvq, †gvU cÖ`Ë †fv‡Ui g‡a¨ AvIqvgx jxM c~e© cvwK¯Ívb RvZxq cwil‡` 75.10% Ges cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡` 70.48% †fvU cvq| wbe©vP‡bi Ggb djvdj c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K GKwU c„_K AÂj Ges evOvwj RvwZ‡K GKwU ¯^Zš¿ RvwZ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i|

RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡` AvIqvgx jxM wbi¼zk msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b Kivq G `‡ji †bZ…‡Z¡ miKvi MVb nIqv wQj b¨vqm½Z| wKšÍy, cvwK¯Ív‡bi mvgwiK kvmK Bqvwnqv Lvb AvIqvgx jx‡Mi nv‡Z ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍ‡i

RvZxq cwil‡ì Awa‡ekb RyjwdKvi Avjx fy‡Ævi cÖ‡ivPbvq 1jv gvP© ¯’wMZ †NvlYv K‡ib| G †NvlYvi cÖwZev‡` c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi QvÎ, kªwgK, miKvwi-†emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix Z_v mvaviY gvbyl we‡¶v‡f †d‡U c‡o| wewfbœ ¯’v‡b RbZv cvwK¯Ívwb †mbv‡ì AvµgY K‡i| msN‡l© eû‡jvK wbnZ I AvnZ nq| Hw`b QvÎjx‡Mi †bZviv Ô¯^vaxb evsjv QvÎ msMÖvg cwil`Õ MVb K‡ib| G msMV‡bi D‡`¨v‡M 2iv gvP© †`ke¨vcx ag©NU AvnŸvb Kiv nq| Gw`bB XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q Av‡qvwRZ GK QvÎ mgv‡e‡k evsjv‡`‡ki cZvKv D‡Ëvjb Kiv nq| 3iv gvP© QvÎjxM cëb gq`v‡b we‡¶vf mgv‡ek K‡i| †mLv‡b cÖavb AwZw_i fvlY †`b e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb| mgv‡e‡k QvÎjxM 5 `dv cÖ¯Íve MÖnY K‡i hv ¯^vaxbZvi Bk‡Znvi bv‡g wPwýZ Kiv nq| G‡Z ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`k †NvlYv Kiv nq| GQvov, 4Vv I 6B gvP© ch©šÍ cÖwZw`b Aa©‡ejv niZvj cvj‡bi †NvlYv †`qv nq|

QvÎ‡ì G Bk‡Znv‡ii cÖwZ mg_©b Rvwb‡q kªwgK, Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix Z_v Avcvgi RbmvaviY mwµqfv‡e niZvj cvjb K‡i| XvKv †eZvi I †Uwjwfkb wkíxiv Abyôvb eR©b K‡i| QvÎ-wk¶K, AvBbRxexMY Zv‡ì Kg©¯’j Z¨vM K‡i Av‡›`vj‡b GKvZ¥Zv †NvlYv K‡ib| G wZb w`‡bi niZv‡j XvKvmn mgMÖ †`‡k Av‡›`vjb Zz‡½ D‡V| wewfbœ ¯’v‡b cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z eû †jvK AvnZ I wbnZ nq| Bqvwnqv Lvb G cwiw¯’wZ‡Z fxZ- mš¿¯Í n‡q AMZ¨v 6B gvP© †eZvi fvl‡Y 25G gvP© cybivq RvZxq cwil‡ì Awa‡ekb AvnŸvb K‡ib| Z‡e, Zvi †NvlYv evsjv‡`‡ki we¶zä

Õ 70 Gi wbe©vP‡bi mvd‡j¨ mnKg©x cwi‡ewóZ e½eÜy


gvbyl‡K Avk¦¯Í Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| evOvwji Awemsevw`Z †bZv e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvbI †m †NvlYvq Av¯’v ivL‡Z cv‡ib wb| d‡j AvIqvgx jx‡Mi c¶ †_‡K 7B gvP© †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b (eZ©gvb †mvnivIqvw`© D`¨vb) mvgwiK kvmbwe‡ivax e„nËi Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zvjvi j‡¶¨ Rbmfvi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq|

wbe©vP‡bi ¸iyZ¡evOvwj RvZxqZvev` I ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`‡ki Afy¨`‡qi †cQ‡b 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi ¸iyZ¡ A‡bK| 1954 mv‡ji cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vP‡bi ci GwUB wQj me‡P‡q Aeva I wbi‡c¶ GKgvÎ RvZxq wbe©vPb| 1947 mv‡jici †_‡K evOvwj RvwZ fvlv, mvwnZ¨, ms¯‹…wZ me©‡¶‡Î †h ¯^vZš¿¨ `vwe K‡i AvmwQj, 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b Zvi weRq AwR©Z nq| GQvov c~e©vÂ‡ji RbMY ¯^vqËkvm‡bi †h `vwe K‡i AvmwQj Zv cwðgvÂ‡ji miKvi A‰ea e‡j †NvlYv K‡i| G wbe©vP‡bi djvd‡j Qq `dvwfwËK ¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vwei êaZv cÖgvwYZ nq| m‡e©vcwi Bqvwnqv Lv‡bi †NvlYv Abyhvqx wbe©vwPZ miKv‡ii nv‡Z ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii mgq Avm‡j wZwb Zv bv K‡i wbixn evOvwji Dci †mbvevwnbx‡K †jwj‡q †`b| ïiy nq evsjvi gvby‡li gyw³i mk¯¿ msMÖvg, hvi cwiYwZ‡Z 1971 mv‡j

weZK© Abyôvb t ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`‡ki Afy¨`‡q 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vPb me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y©|

e½eÜzi 7B gv‡P©i fvlY1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b mvgwiK miKvi wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡ì nv‡Z ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍi bv Kivq, cvwK¯Ív‡bi

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1. Pjgvb mvgwiK AvBb cÖZ¨vnvi;

2. ˆmb¨‡ì e¨viv‡K wdwi‡q †bIqv ;

3. MYnZ¨vi Z`šÍ Kiv Ges;

4. wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡ì nv‡Z ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv|

Gi evB‡i AviI †ek wKQz `vwe e½eÜzi fvl‡Y DÌvcb Kiv nq| wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki mKj Awdm-Av`vjZ I wk¶vcÖwZôvb

G mgv‡e‡k mvgwiK miKv‡ii Kov bRi wQj| e½eÜz ^vaxbZv †NvlYv Ki‡j e¨vcK aŸsmhÁ Pvjv‡bv n‡e| ZvB †KŠkjMZ Kvi‡Y cÖZ¨¶fv‡e †NvlYv bv w`‡q c‡iv¶fv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv †`qv nq| †NvlYvq wZwb e‡jb, ÔAvgvi Aby‡iva, cÖ‡Z¨K gnjøvq, BDwbq‡b AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †bZ…‡Z¡ msMÖvg KwgwU M‡o Zzjyb| nv‡Z hv Av‡Q ZvB wb‡q cÖ¯‘Z _vKzb| g‡b ivL‡eb, i³ hLb w`‡qwQ, i³ Av‡iv †`‡ev, G †`‡ki gvbyl‡K gy³ K‡i Qvo‡ev Bbkvjøvn&| Gev‡ii msMÖvg Avgv‡ì gyw³i msMÖvg| Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg|Õ wZwb gyw³ msMÖv‡gi Rb¨ mKj‡K cÖ¯‘Z nIqvi Av‡`kI †`b Ges †`k‡K kÎægy³ Ki‡Z m‡e©v”P Z¨vM ¯^xKv‡ii AvnŸvb

AbycÖvwYZ K‡i|

e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi HwZnvwmK 7B gv‡P©i fvlY


e½eÜzi 7B gv‡P©i fvl‡Yi ciw`b †_‡K mviv †`‡k e¨vcK Av‡›`vjb ïiy n‡q hvq| Zuvi wb‡`©k Abymv‡i †`‡ki ¯‹zj-K‡jR, Awdm-Av`vjZ, Kj-KviLvbv me eÜ n‡q hvq| we¶zä RbZv cvwK¯Ívbevwnbxi m`m¨‡ì wewfbœ ¯’v‡b cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z _v‡K| LvRbv-U¨v· Av`vq eÜ n‡q hvq| Ggb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Bqvwnqv Lvb wU°v Lvb‡K c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Mfb©i wb‡qvM K‡ib| 10B gvP© miKvi GK mvgwiK Av‡`k Rvwi K‡i mKj Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix‡K Kg©¯’‡j †hvM †`qvi wb‡`©k †`b| wKšÍy Gi ciI c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi me©¯Í‡ii RbMY Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb Ae¨vnZ iv‡L| 13B gvP© miKvi cybivq mvgwiK AvBb Rvwi K‡i| 14B gvP© cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi †bZv RyjwdKvi Avjx fy‡Æv GKwU Aev¯Íe cÖ¯Ív‡ei gva¨‡g c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi msL¨vMwiô `‡ji nv‡Z ¶gZv †Q‡o †`qvi dg©yjv †`b| Z‡e e½eÜz Gme K_vq ¸iyZ¡ bv w`‡q H w`bB 35 `dvwfwËK `vwebvgv Rvwi K‡ib| †mLv‡b Av‡›`vjb Pvwj‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ RbmvaviY‡K wewfbœ w`K wb‡`©kbv †`qv nq|

e½eÜzi Av‡`k Rvwii ci †_‡K ïay †mbvevwnbx Qvov me©Î AvIqvgx jx‡Mi wbqš¿Y cÖwZwôZ nq| Ae¯’vi MfxiZv Dcjwä K‡i Bqvwnqv Lvb 15B gvP© XvKv md‡i Av‡mb| GLv‡b wZwb e½eÜzi mv‡_ ivR‰bwZK mgm¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi cÖ¯Íve †`b| e½eÜz Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ ivwR n‡jI Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb cÖZ¨vnvi K‡ibwb| 16B gvP© †_‡K Bqvwnqv-gywRe Av‡jvPbv ïiy nq| Gici 22G gvP© nVvr RyjwdKvi Avjx fy‡Æv XvKv Av‡mb Ges Av‡jvPbvq Ask †bb| Gig‡a¨ 19G gvP© cvwK¯Ívwb ˆmbïv Rq‡ècy‡i wbixn gvby‡li Ici nvgjv Pvjv‡j Gi cÖfve gywRe-Bqvwnqv Av‡jvPbv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| g~jZ Gmgq Av‡jvPbv e¨_© n‡q hvq| 23G gvP© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖRvZš¿ wè‡m G‡`‡ki N‡i N‡i cvwK¯Ív‡bi cZvKvi e`‡j ¯^vaxb evsjvi cZvKv D‡Ëvjb Kiv nq| 24G gvP© AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †bZ…e„›` msKU mgvav‡bi †kl †Póv K‡ib| wKšÍy Av‡jvPbv Amgvß †i‡L 25G gvP© Bqvwnqv Lvb †Mvc‡b XvKv Z¨vM K‡ib| Zvi Av‡M wZwb mvgwiK evwnbx‡K wbi¯¿ evOvwji Ici AvµgY Pvjv‡bvi wb‡`©k w`‡q hvb| d‡j 25G gvP© gaïv‡Z evOvwji Ici †b‡g Av‡m Pig AvNvZ| †mw`b iv‡Z cvwK¯Ívwb †mbviv eû evOvwj‡K wbwe©Pv‡i nZ¨v K‡i|

25 gv‡P©i MYnZ¨v1971 mv‡ji 25G gvP© gaïv‡Z evOvwji Z_v c„w_exi BwZnv‡m GKwU Kj¼RbK Aa¨v‡qi m~Pbv nq, hv KvjivwÎ bv‡g cwiwPZ| †m mgq cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi wbi¯¿, wbixn, ¯^vaxbZvKvgx mvaviY RbM‡Yi Dci nvgjv K‡i Ges wbe©vPv‡i nZ¨vhÁ Pvjvq| cvwK¯Ívb Zv‡ì G Awfhv‡bi bvg †`q ÔAcv‡ikb mvP© jvBUÕ| 25G gv‡P© G nvgjv n‡jI g~jZ gv‡P©i cÖ_g †_‡KB Gi cwiKíbv Kiv nq| GKw`‡K 16B gvP© †_‡K e½eÜzi mv‡_ mg‡SvZv êVK ïiy nq, Avi Ab¨w`‡K Bqvwnqv †Mvc‡b

Av‡jvPbvi bv‡g Kvj‡ÿcY, cwðg cvwK¯Ívb †_‡K ˆmb¨, †Mvjveviæ` G‡b c~e© evsjvq mvgwiK cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY K‡i| 17B gvP© wU°v Lvb, ivI digvb Avjx ÔAcv‡ikb mvP©jvBUÕ ev evOvwji Ici b„ksm nZ¨KvÊ cwiPvjbvi bxjbKkv ˆZwi K‡i| 19G gvP© †_‡K c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b B÷ †e½j †iwR‡g‡›Ui evOvwj ˆmb¨‡ì wbi¯¿xKiY ïiy nq| G Kvi‡Y

1971 mv‡ji 25 G gv‡P©i MYnZ¨v


Rq‡ècy‡i msNl© ev‡a| 20G gvP© miKvi A¯¿ Rgv †`qvi wb‡`©k Rvwi K‡i| H w`b †Rbv‡ij Bqvwnqv Lvb Zvi mvgwiK Dc‡`óv nvwg` Lvb, †Rbv‡ij wU°v Lvb, †Rbv‡ij wciRv`v, †Rbv‡ij Igi cÖgyL‡K wb‡q XvKv K¨v›Ub‡g‡›U mvgwiK cÖ¯‘wZ‡K c~Y©v½ iƒc †`b| G mgq cÖwZw`b 6wU †_‡K 17wU ch©šÍ wc.AvB.G d¬vBU †evwqs 707 wegvb ˆmb¨ I im` wb‡q XvKv Av‡m Ges AmsL¨ ˆmb¨ I A¯¿k¯¿ †evSvB n‡q Avmv RvnvR PÆMÖvg e›`‡i A‡c¶v K‡i| 24G gvP© PÆMÖvg e›`‡i Gg.wf †mvqvZ †_‡K A¯¿ I im` Lvjvm ïiy nq| me cÖ¯‘wZ †k‡l 25G gvP© MYnZ¨vi Rb¨ †e‡Q †bqv nq| †gRi †Rbv‡ij ivI digvb Avjx‡K XvKv kn‡ii g~j `vwqZ¡ †`qv nq|

†m w`b XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi nj¸‡jv‡Z AvµgY ïiy nq Mfxi iv‡Z| Rûiyj nK nj, RMbœv_ nj, †iv‡Kqv n‡j Pvjvq nZ¨v I cvkweK wbh©vZb| GKBfv‡e MYnZ¨v P‡jwQj cyi‡bv XvKvq, KPz‡¶Z, †ZRMuvI, Bw›ìv †ivW,

cÖf„wZ ¯’v‡b| †`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ RvqMvqI cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbx MYnZ¨v ïiy K‡i|

gyw³hy× I ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv†MÖdZvi nIqvi c~e©gyn‚‡Z© QvweŸ‡k gvP© cÖ_g cÖn‡i e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv †`b| GRb¨B QvweŸ‡k gvP© Avgv‡ì gnvb ¯^vaxbZv wèm| e½eÜzi †NvlYvevYx †kvbvgvÎB PÆMÖvgmn †`‡ki wewfbœ †Rjvq cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zvjv nq| ïiy nq cvwK¯Ívwb †mbv‡ì m‡½ evOvwj cywjk, Avbmvi I mvaviY gvby‡li GK Amg jovB hv evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m gnvb gyw³hy× bv‡g cwiwPZ| †NvlYvwU wQj Bs‡iwR‡Z, hv‡Z wek¦evmx †NvlYvwU eyS‡Z cv‡ib| ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYvi evsjv Abyev`:

ÒBnvB nqZ Avgvi †kl evZ©v, AvR nB‡Z evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb| Avwg evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY‡K AvnŸvb RvbvB‡ZwQ †h, †h †hLv‡b AvQ, hvnvi hvnv wKQz Av‡Q, ZvB wb‡q iy‡L ùvovI, me©kw³ w`‡q nvbv`vi evwnbx‡K cÖwZ‡iva K‡iv| cvwK¯Ívwb `Lj`vi evwnbxi †kl ˆmb¨wU‡K evsjvi gvwU nB‡Z weZvwoZ bv Kiv ch©šÍ Ges P~ovšÍ weRq AR©b bv Kiv ch©šÍ jovB Pvwj‡q hvI|Ó

(MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb, AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvjq, A‡±vei 2011 c„: 153)|

¯^vaxbZvi G †NvlYv evsjv‡`‡ki mKj ¯’v‡b Z`vbxšÍb BwcAvi Gi UªvÝwgUvi, †UwjMÖvg I †UwjwcÖ›Uv‡ii gva¨‡g cÖPvi Kiv nq| e½eÜzi ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv QvweŸ‡k gvP© `ycy‡i PÆMÖv‡gi AvIqvgx jxM †bZv Gg. G. nvbœvb PÆMÖv‡gi †eZvi †K›`ª †_‡K GKevi Ges mÜ¨vq KvjyiNvU †eZvi †K›`ª †_‡K wØZxqevi cÖPvi K‡ib| e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv Ges Gi cÖwZ evOvwj mvgwiK, AvavmvgwiK I †emvgwiK evwnbxi mg_©b I AskMÖn‡Yi Le‡i ¯^vaxbZvKvgx RbMY D¾xweZ nq| 27G gvP© D³ †eZvi †K›`ª †_‡K †gRi wRqvDi ingvb

`jxq KvR t1| ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYvi welqe¯Íy ˆZwi K‡iv|

2| evOvwjiv †Kb ¯^vaxbZv hy× ïiy K‡i, Zvi KviY AbymÜvb K‡i GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b cÖ¯‘Z Ki|

evsjv‡`k miKvi (gywRebMi miKvi) MVb1971 mv‡jZrciZv QvovB c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi gvbyl Zv‡ì weiy‡× cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zv‡j| gyw³hy× myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ 10B

ê`¨bv_ Zjvq| kc_ Abyôv‡b wecyjmsL¨K †`wk-we‡`wk mvsevw`K I MY¨gvb¨ e¨w³ Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| miKv‡ii


cÖavb wQ‡jb e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb| Zuvi bvg Abymv‡i ê`¨bv_Zjvi bvgKiY Kiv nq gywRebMi Ges A¯’vqx miKviI cwiwPZ nq gywRebMi miKvi bv‡g| G miKvi MV‡bi gvÎ `yB NÈv ci cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbxi wegvb gywRebM‡i †evgvel©Y K‡i Ges †g‡nicyi `Lj K‡i †bq| ZLb gywRebMi miKv‡ii mì ßi KjKvZvi 8 bs w_‡qUvi †iv‡W ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq|

evsjv‡`k miKvi (gywRebMi miKvi)

ivóªcwZ e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb

Dc-ivóªcwZ ˆmq` bRiæj Bmjvg (e½eÜzi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z A¯’vqx ivóªcwZ

Ges c`vwaKvie‡j mk¯¿ evwnbx I gyw³evwnbxi me©vwabvq‡Ki

`vwqZ¡ MÖnY)

cÖavbgš¿x ZvRDwÏb Avng`

A_©gš¿x Gg. gbmyi Avjx

¯îvóª, ÎvY I cybe©vmb, K…wl gš¿x G.GBP.Gg Kvgiæ¾vgvb

ciivóª, AvBb I msm` welqK gš¿x L›`Kvi †gvkZvK Avng`

cÖavb †mbvcwZ K‡Y©j (Ae.) Gg.G.wR Imgvbx

wPd Ae ÷vd †j. K‡Y©j (Ae.) Ave`yi ie

†WcywU wPd Ae ÷vd MÖæc K¨v‡Þb G.†K L›`Kvi

evsjv‡`‡ki A¯’vqx miKv‡ii 12wU gš¿Yvjq ev wefvM wQj| Gme wefv‡Mi gva¨‡gB hy×Kv‡j mvgwiK I †emvgwiK hveZxq cÖkvmb cwiPvwjZ nq|

gywRebMi miKv‡ii Aax‡b cÖkvmb I hy× : 1970-71 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b weRqx RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì m`m¨ Øviv gywRebMi miKvi MVb Kiv nq| gyw³hy× cwiPvjbv Ges evsjv‡`‡ki c‡¶ wek¦ RbgZ m„wó Kiv wQj G miKv‡ii cÖavb D‡Ïk¨|

evOvwj Kg©KZ©v‡ì wb‡q miKvi cÖkvmwbK KvR cwiPvjbv K‡ib| G‡Z †gvU 12wU gš¿Yvjq ev wefvM wQj| G¸‡jv n‡”Q cÖwZi¶v, ciivóª, A_©-wkí I evwYR¨ gš¿Yvjq, gwš¿cwil` mwPevjq, mvaviY cÖkvmb, ¯^v¯’¨ I Kj¨vY wefvM, ÎvY I cybe©vmb wefvM, cÖ‡KŠkj wefvM, cwiKíbv Kwgkb, hye I Af¨_©bv wkwe‡ii wbqš¿Y †evW© BZ¨vw`| gywRebMi miKvi we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡ki ¸iyZ¡c~Y© kn‡i (KjKvZv, w`wjø, jÛb, IqvwksUb, wbDBqK©, ÷K‡nvg) evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii wgkb ¯’vcb K‡i| Gme wgkb evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii c‡¶ cÖPviYv I mg_©b Av`v‡qi †Póv K‡i| miKvi wePvicwZ Avey mvC` †PŠayix‡K we‡kl `~Z wb‡qvM †`q| wZwb gyw³hy‡×i c‡¶

wPÎ : evsjv‡`k miKvi (gywRebMi miKvi)


RbgZm„wó I wek¦ †bZ…e„‡›ì mg_©b Av`v‡qi Rb¨ KvR K‡ib| 10B GwcÖj gywRebMi miKvi MwVZ nIqvi ci gyw³hy× cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ mvgwiK, †emvgwiK RbMY‡K wb‡q GKwU gyw³‡hv×v evwnbx M‡o †Zvjvi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv nq| 10B GwcÖj miKvi 4wU mvgwiK †Rv‡b evsjv‡`k‡K fvM K‡i 4 Rb †m±i KgvÛvi wbhy³ K‡i| 11B GwcÖj Zv cybM©wVZ K‡i 11wU †m±‡i wef³ Kiv nq| G Qvov †ek wKQz mve-†m±i Ges wZbwU weª‡MW †dvm© MwVZ nq| Gme †m±‡i cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx‡Z Kg©iZ evOvwj †mbv Kg©KZ©v, †mbvm`m¨, cywjk, BwcAvi, †bŠ I wegvbevwnbxi m`m¨MY †hvM`vb K‡ib| cÖwZwU †m±‡iB wbqwgZ †mbv, †Mwijv I mvaviY †hv×v wQj| Giv gyw³‡hv×v ev gyw³‡dŠR bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| Gme evwnbx‡Z †`‡ki QvÎ, hyeK, bvix, K…lK, ivR‰bwZK ‡ji Kgx©

†`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i cvwK¯Ívwb mvgwiK QvDwb ev Av¯Ívbvq nvgjv Pvjvq| gyw³hy‡× miKv‡ii Aaxb wewfbœ evwnbx QvovI †ek K‡qKwU evwnbx †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e M‡o D‡VwQj| G me msMVb ¯’vbxqfv‡e cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbx Ges ivRvKvi evwnbxi weiy‡× hy‡× ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡LwQj| †hgb: Uv½vB‡j Kv‡`wiqv evwnbxi K_v ¯§iYxq n‡q Av‡Q| 1971 mv‡j gyw³‡hv×viv gywRebMi miKv‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ †`k‡K cvwK¯Ívwb‡ì `Ljgy³ Kivi Rb¨ iY‡¶‡Î hy× K‡i‡Qb, A‡b‡K AvnZ n‡q‡Qb, A‡b‡K †`‡ki R‡b¨ cÖvY w`‡q‡Qb|

`jxq KvR t gywRebMi A¯’vqx miKv‡ii Kvh©µg wPwýZ K‡i GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Ki|

Aeiy× evsjv‡`k

†g‡Z D‡VwQj| ÔAcv‡ikb mvP© jvBUÕ bv‡g XvKvq †h MYnZ¨v ïiy K‡i, Gi cÖavb j¶ wQj XvKv wek¦we`¨vjqmn

KviY, cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôx wek¦vm KiZ, c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b Av‡›`vjb-msMÖv‡gi †cQ‡b wn›`y‡ì nvZ i‡q‡Q, Avi G‡ì BÜb †hvMvq fviZ|

hwÌ 25G gvP© ÔwR‡iv AvIqv‡iÕ cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbxi Awfhvb ïiy Kivi K_v, Z_vwc ivZ mv‡o GMviUvi w`‡K †mbvevwnbx K¨v›Ub‡g›U †_‡K †ewi‡q hvq c~e© wba©vwiZ MšÍ‡e¨| XvKvmn mviv †`‡k `Lj`vi cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbx e¨vcK Awfhvb ïiy K‡i| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Rûiyj nK nj, mwjgyjøvn gymwjg nj, RMbœv_ nj, †iv‡Kqv nj Ges eû wk¶‡Ki AvevwmK fe‡b AvµgY K‡i Ges A‡bK‡K nZ¨v K‡i| ivRvievM cywjk jvBb, wcjLvbvi BwcAvi †nW †KvqvU©vimn ivRavbx XvKvi wewfbœ GjvKvq U¨vsK, Kvgvb, †gwkbMvb w`‡q nvgjv K‡i| ïiy nq BwZnv‡mi wbK…óZg MYnZ¨vi| e½eÜzi 7B gv‡P©i fvl‡Y DØy× n‡q mvaviY RbZv XvKvi ivRc‡_ e¨vwi‡KW †Ìqvi †Póv K‡i| Amxg mvnm wb‡q BwcAvi I cywjk evwnbx cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zv‡j| wKšÍy AvaywbK A‡¯¿ mw¾Z cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbx Abvqv‡m †f‡O †d‡j GB cÖwZ‡iva|

cyi‡bv XvKvi bIqvecyi, ZuvwZ evRvi, kvLvwi evRvi GjvKvq emevmKvix wn›`y Rb‡Mvôxi Ici cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbxi †¶vf †h †ewk wQj Zv GLvbKvi wbôzi MYnZ¨v, wbh©vZb Avi aesmhÁ †_‡K †evSv hvq| cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôxi `„wó‡Z wn›`ygvÎB AvIqvgx jx‡Mi mg_©K Ges wn›`yiv n‡”Q ÔcweÎÕ cvwK¯Ív‡bi ALÊZvi cÖwZ ûgwK¯îƒc| Avi G‡ì †cQ‡b i‡q‡Q fvi‡Zi AvbyK~j¨ I mg_©b| Ggwb AÜwek¦vm †_‡K MYnZ¨v Avi bvix

Avµg‡Y wbixn, Amnvq bMievmx AvZ¥i¶vi †Kv‡bv my‡hvMB cvqwb|

miKviwe‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi Kvi‡Y cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbxi †ivlvb‡j c‡o XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq| Aa¨vcK W. †Mvwe›` P›`ª †è, W. gybxiy¾vgvbmn kZ kZ QvÎ‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq| ¸wjwe× Ae¯’vq W. †R¨vwZg©q ¸n VvKziZv `yBw`b ci XvKv †gwWK¨vj K‡j‡R gviv hvb| cyi‡bv XvKvq we‡kl K‡i kvLvwievRvi, ZuvwZ evRv‡ii wn›`y Aay¨wlZ GjvKvi Ae¯’v wQj fqven| XvKvevmx `yt¯^‡cœI fve‡Z cv‡iwb Zv‡ì Rb¨ Kx ee©i, b„ksm, ˆckvwPK AvµgY A‡c¶v Ki‡Q| XvKv kni cwiYZ nq g„Zz¨cyix‡Z| Pviw`‡K †Kej AvZ©bv`, Amnvq gvby‡li nvnvKvi|


†Kej ivRavbx XvKv kni bq, evsjv‡`‡ki cÖZ¨šÍ MÖv‡g †cuŠ‡Q hvq cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbx| gyw³hy‡×i bq gv‡m `Lj`vi cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbx I Zv‡ì G‡`kxq †`vmiiv 30 jvL evOvwj‡K nZ¨v K‡iwQj| AvovB jv‡Li AwaK gv-†evb cvwK¯Ívwb‡ì cvkweK wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi n‡qwQj| cwiKwíZfv‡e G‡`k‡K †gavk~b¨ Kivi Rb¨ Zviv e‡iY¨ mvwnwZ¨K, wkíx, Kwe, wk¶K, mvsevw`K, wPwKrmK, cÖ‡KŠkjx‡K wbgg©fv‡e nZ¨v K‡i|

wbh©vZb, nZ¨v, AwMœms‡hvM, jyÉb BZ¨vw` Aciva K‡g© cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx‡K mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Q ivRvKvi, Avjeì, Avjkvgm I Kw_Z kvwšÍ KwgwU| cvwK¯Ívwb mvgwiK RvšÍvi mn‡hvMx G‡`kxq e¨w³eM© GKK_vq ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax kw³ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| cÖavbZ, Rvgv‡Z Bmjvwg, gymwjg jxM, †bRv‡g Bmjvwg, c~e© cvwK¯Ívb KvDwÝj gymwjg jxM cÖf„wZ `‡ji mg_©Kiv gyw³hy‡×i cÖZ¨ÿ we‡ivwaZv K‡i| GB `j¸‡jv gvbeZvwe‡ivax Aciv‡aI AskMÖnY Ges mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Q|

¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡ì AcZrciZv ivRvKvi (†iRvKvi) evwnbx M‡o Zz‡jwQj cvwK¯Ívb miKvi| 1971 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m †j: †Rbv‡ij wU°v Lvb Ôc~e© cvwK¯Ívb ivRvKvi AwW©b¨vÝÕ Rvwi K‡ib| ïiy‡Z Avbmvi, gyRvwn`‡ì wb‡q GB evwnbx MwVZ nq| c‡i cvwK¯Ívbcš’x A‡b‡K GB evwnbx‡Z †hvM †`q| GB evwnbx MV‡b †Rbv‡ij wbqvwRi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv wQj|

ivRvKvi‡ì cÖwk¶‡Yi †gqv` wQj GK mßvn| ivRvKvi‡ì †Uªwbs w`Z cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx| `Lj`vi evwnbxi †`vmi wn‡m‡e Zviv gyw³‡hv×v‡ì weiy‡× hy× K‡i‡Q| ivRvKvi evwnbx QvovI Avjeì bv‡g AviI GKwU fq¼i

nq| Ab¨vb¨ Bmjvwg QvÎmsMV‡bi †bZv-Kg©x‡ì wb‡q Avj-kvgm evwnbx MwVZ nq| evOvwj eyw×Rxex nZ¨vi cÖavb vwqZ¡ wQj Avj-eì evwnbxi Ici| ZvB GB evwnbx wQj AZ¨šÍ wbôzi I wnsmª cÖK…wZi| Avj-eì evwnbxi cÖavb wQj eZ©gvb RvgvqvZ Bmjvwgi Avwgi gwZDi ingvb wbRvwg| gyw³hy‡×i we‡ivwaZvq cÖ_g †h msMV‡bi Rb¥ nq Zv n‡jv ÔkvwšÍ KwgwUÕ| ivRavbx XvKvmn mviv †`‡k kvwšÍ KwgwU MVb Kiv nq| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij wU°v Lv‡bi c„ô‡cvlKZvq Ges RvgvqvZ Bmjvwg, KvDwÝj gymwjg jxM, RvgvqvZ Ijvgv‡q Bmjvg, gymwjg jxM cÖf„wZ `‡ji Drmvn I AskMÖn‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q kvwšÍ KwgwU we¯Ívi jvf K‡i| AZ¨vPvi, wbh©vZb I MYnZ¨vq GB msMVb `Lj`vi evwnbxi wek¦¯Í mnPi wQj| KvDwÝj gymwjg jx‡Mi mfvcwZ LvRv L‡qiywÏb‡K AvnŸvqK K‡i ÔXvKv bvMwiK kvwšÍ KwgwUÕ MwVZ nq| GB KwgwU‡Z Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvwgi †bZv †Mvjvg Avhg,

cvq wb| Zv‡ì j¶¨ wQj GB f~L‡Êi gvbyl‡ì nZ¨v K‡i †Kej f~wgi `Lj †bIqv| cvK evwnbx‡K G mg¯Í gvbeZvwe‡ivax AcK‡g© mnvqZv K‡i‡Q G‡`kxq wKQy `vjvj Pµ|

GKK KvR t cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbxi †`vmi wQj Kviv? Zviv cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbxi mv‡_ msMwVZ n‡q MYnZ¨v I wbh©vZ‡b Kx f~wgKv †i‡LwQj Gi Ici GKwU AbymÜvbx cÖwZ‡e`b cÖ¯‘Z Ki|

gyw³hy× I wewfbœ msMVb

gyw³hy‡×i we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Q ZvB bq, Zviv cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx‡K AZ¨vPvi, wbh©vZb I MYnZ¨vq mn‡hvwMZv

AvIqvgx jxM| e½eÜz‡K ivóªcwZ I ZvRDwÏb‡K cÖavbgš¿x K‡i MwVZ cÖ_g evsjv‡`k miKvi h‡_ó †hvM¨Zv,


QvÎ-QvÎx

K…lK


bvixgyw³hy‡× bvix‡ì f~wgKv wQj †MŠi‡ev¾¡j| 1971 mv‡ji gv‡P©i cÖ_g †_‡KB †`‡ki cÖwZwU AÂ‡j †h msMÖvg cwil` MwVZ nq, Zv‡Z bvix‡ì we‡kl K‡i QvÎx‡ì AskMÖnY wQj ¯^Ztù‚Z©| †`k‡K ¯^vaxb Ki‡Z cyiy‡li cvkvcvwk bvixiI ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb wQj| bvixiv gyw³hy‡×i c‡ÿ wgwQj, wgwUs I MYmgv‡ek K‡i cvwK¯Ívbevwnbxi AZ¨vPvi Avi wbh©vZ‡bi weiæ‡× Zxeª Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡jb|

¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g bvixiv

hy‡×i bq gv‡m K‡qK j¶ gv-†evb cvK evwnbxi AZ¨vPv‡ii wkKvi nq| Zuv‡ì‡K e½eÜz Kb¨vi b¨vq ggZvq

†gvKv‡ejv K‡i‡Qb|

MYgva¨g

f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| QvweŸ‡k gvP© PÆMÖvg †eZv‡ii wkíx I ms¯‹…wZKgx©iv ¯^vaxbevsjv †eZvi †K›`ª Pvjy K‡ib|

cÖevmx evOvwj

wkíx-mvwnwZ¨K-eyw×Rxex


gyw³‡hv×v‡ì AbycÖvwYZ K‡i‡Qb| cÎcwÎKvq †jLv, ¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi †K‡›`ª Lei cvV, †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mvb, gyw³hy×wfwËK Mvb, KweZv cvV, bvUK, Kw_Kv, Gg Avi AvKZvi gyKz‡ji AZ¨šÍ RbwcÖq ÔPigcÎÕ Ges ÔRjøv‡ì ìeviÕ BZ¨vw` Abyôvb gyw³hy×‡K GMw‡q wb‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| Gme Abyôvb iY‡¶‡Î gyw³‡hv×v‡ì gvbwmK I ˆbwZK ej a‡i ivL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i‡Q, mvnm RywM‡q‡Q, RbMY‡K kÎyi weiy‡× `y`©gbxq K‡i‡Q| myiKvi AvjZvd gvngy`, mvsevw`K wmivRywÏb †nv‡mb, †mwjbv cvifxb, wPwKrmK Wv. dR‡j ivweŸ, XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wk¶K wMqvm DwÏb Avng`mn AMwYZ ¸YxRb‡K nZ¨v K‡i‡Q cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbx| Zuv‡ì Ag~j¨ Rxe‡bi wewbg‡q G‡`k kÎægy³ n‡q‡Q, n‡q‡Q ¯^vaxb|

RbmvaviY

†Kv‡bvfv‡e gyw³hy‡× AskMÖnY K‡i| mvaviY gvbyl gyw³‡hv×v‡ì Avkªq w`‡q‡Q, kÎyi Ae¯’vb I PjvP‡ji Z_¨ w`‡q‡Q, Lvevi I Ilya mieivn K‡i‡Q, †mev w`‡q‡Q I LeivLei mieivn K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡× mvaviY RbM‡Yi cvkvcvwk ¶z`ª b„‡Mvôxi RbMYI AskMÖnY K‡ib| A‡b‡K gyw³hy‡× kwn` nb| Avgv‡ì gyw³hy‡×i wÎk jvL kwn‡ì g‡a¨ mvaviY gvby‡li msL¨v wQj AwaK| G‡ì i‡³i wewbg‡q Avgv‡ì GB ¯^vaxb gvbwPÎ, jvj-meyR cZvKv|

¯vaxbZv AR©‡b ivR‰bwZK ew³‡Z¡i Ae`vbevsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡b ivR‰bwZK e¨w³‡Z¡i Ae`vb Acwimxg| wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji †bZ…eM© evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡b A‡bK Z¨vM ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| bvbv AZ¨vPvi-wbcxob mn¨ K‡i‡Qb| ivRbxwZwe`MY ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi ïiy †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ RxebevwR †i‡L ivR‰bwZK ZrciZv Pvwj‡q †M‡Qb|

e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi g~j †bZ…‡Z¡ wQ‡jb e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb| Zuvi mviv Rxe‡bi Kg©KvÊ,

mv‡j QvÎjxM Ges

wZwb wQ‡jb fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ_g Kvivew›`‡ì g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| Kx msm`, Kx ivRc_, evsjv fvlv I ms¯‹…wZi

mv‡jimv‡ji msweav‡b evsjv fvlv‡K

mv‡j †Rbv‡ij

mv‡j ÔAvgv‡ì euvPvi `vwe Qq `dvÕ Kg©m~wP †ck I Qq

mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jx‡Mi wbi¼zk weRq, mv‡ji Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb †_‡K ¯^vaxbZvi

†NvlYv I ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡b GK”QÎ f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib RvwZi wcZv e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb|

mv‡jmv‡j

e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb


gyw³hy‡×i WvK w`‡q‡Qb| Zuvi bv‡gB Avgv‡`i gyw³hy× cwiPvwjZ nq| wZwb wQ‡jb gyw³hy‡×i me©vwabvqK I gywRebMi miKv‡ii ivóªcwZ| Zuvi ewjô I Av‡cvlnxb †bZ…‡Z¡ Avgiv ¯^vaxbZv †c‡qwQ| e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb n‡jb ¯^vaxbZvi gnvbvqK I ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’cwZ|

ZvRDwÏb Avng`

wQ‡jb| wZwb wQ‡jb e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi wek¦¯Í I Nwbô mnPi| gyw³hy× cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ MwVZ gywRebMi miKv‡ii (10B GwcÖj, 1971 mvj) cÖavbgš¿xi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib GB gnvb †bZv| 1971 mv‡ji 11B GwcÖj wZwb †eZvi fvl‡Y gywRebMi miKvi MV‡bi K_v cÖPvi K‡ib| e½eÜzi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z gyw³hy× cwiPvjbvq wZwb mdjfv‡e †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib| gyw³hy× cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ MwVZ Dc‡`óv KwgwUi wZwb AvnŸvqK wQ‡jb| evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i BwZnv‡mi m‡½ Zuvi bvg A½v½xfv‡e hy³|

ˆmq` bRiyj Bmjvgˆmq` bRiyj Bmjvg wQ‡jb AvIqvgx jx‡Mi Ab¨Zg kxl© †bZv| wZwb gyw³hy× PjvKvjxb gywRebMi miKv‡ii DcivóªcwZ wQ‡jb| e½eÜzi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z ˆmq` bRiyj Bmjvg fvicÖvß ivóªcwZi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| 1971 mv‡j gyw³hy×‡K †eMevb I mdj Kivi Rb¨ wZwb mK‡ji cÖwZ AvnŸvb Rvbvb| ˆmq` bRiyj Bmjvg wQ‡jb gyw³hy‡×i GKRb Ab¨Zg msMVK I cwiPvjK|

K¨v‡Þb Gg. gbmyi AvjxK¨v‡Þb Gg. gbmyi Avjx AvIqvgx jx‡Mi GKRb kxl© †bZv Ges e½eÜzi LyeB Nwbô wQ‡jb| wZwb gyw³hy‡×i mgq gywRebMi miKv‡ii A_©gš¿x wQ‡jb| gyw³hy×Kvjxb Lv`¨, e¯¿, A¯¿ cÖwk¶‡Yi A‡_©i ms¯’vb cÖf…wZ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡ Zuvi Ici b¨¯Í wQj| wZwb mdjfv‡e G `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|

K¨v‡Þb Gg. gbmyi Avjx

ˆmq` bRiyj Bmjvg

ZvRDwÏb Avng`


G.GBP. Gg. Kvgiy¾vgvbG.GBP.Gg. Kvgiy¾vgvb AvIqvgx jx‡Mi Avi GKRb kxl© †bZv| gyw³hy‡×i mgq wZwb miKv‡ii îvóª, ÎvY I cybe©vmbgš¿x wQ‡jb| †m mg‡q wZwb fvi‡Z Avkªq †bqv j¶ j¶ kiYv_x©i Rb¨ ÎvY msMÖn, ÎvYwkwe‡i ÎvY weZiY Ges cieZx© mg‡q kiYv_x©‡ì cybe©vmb BZ¨vw` ¸iyZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡ AZ¨šÍ mdjZvi m‡½ cvjb K‡ib| evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy× Ges ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡b Zuvi Ae`vb Acwimxg|

Ab¨vb¨ †bZ…e„›Àb¨vb¨ †bZ…e„‡›ì g‡a¨ ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡b gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbxi f~wgKv wQj D‡jøL‡hvM¨| wZwb HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv (1968-69wLªóvã) †_‡K e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi gyw³i e¨vcv‡i M‡o IVv Av‡›`vjb I Õ69-Gi MY-Afy¨Ìv‡b ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| gyw³hy‡×i mgq fvi‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i wewfbœ †`‡ki cÖwZ evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i mg_©b Av`vq I cv‡k ùvov‡bvi AvnŸvb Rvbvb| GQvov Aa¨vcK †gvRvddvi Avn‡g` (b¨vc-†gvRvddvi) I KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i Kg‡iW gwb wmsn gyw³hy‡× ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| gyw³hy× mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ MwVZ ÔDc‡`óv KwgwU‡ZÕ G wZb †bZv m`m¨ wQ‡jb|

gyw³hy‡× wek¦RbgZ I wewfbœ †`‡ki f~wgKv1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡× cvwK¯Ívwb nvbv`vi evwnbxi bviKxq ZvÊe wek¦ we‡eK‡K bvov †`q| cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbx I ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax G‡`kxq †`vmi‡ì Øviv msNwUZ jyUZivR, AwMœms‡hvM, al©Y, nZ¨vh‡Ái weiy‡× wek¦ we‡eK RvMÖZ nq| wewfbœ †`k wb›`v I cÖwZev` Rvbvq Ges gyw³hy‡×i cÖwZ mg_©b e¨³ K‡i| 25G gv‡P©i

I c‡iv¶fv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy×‡K mg_©b Rvbvq|

fvi‡Zi f~wgKv t evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× mivmwi mg_©b Rvbvq cÖwZ‡ekx ivóª fviZ| 1971 mv‡ji 25G gv‡P©i Kvjiv‡Zi exfrm nZ¨vKvÊ I cieZx© bq gvm a‡i cvwK¯Ívwb `Lj`vi evwnbx †h bviKxq MYnZ¨v, jyÉb I aŸsmhÁ Pvjvq fviZ Zv wek¦evmxi wbKU mv_©Kfv‡e Zz‡j a‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi BwZnv‡mi m‡½ fvi‡Zi ZrKvjxb cÖavbgš¿x Bw›ìvMvÜxi bvg IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| wZwbB cÖ_g evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy×‡K AvšÍR©vwZK cwim‡i cwiwPwZ K‡i †Zv‡jb Zuvi wbijm Kg© ZrciZvi †fZi w`‡q|

fvi‡Zi RbMY I miKvi cÖvq GK †KvwU kiYv_x©‡K Avkªq, Lv`¨, e¯¿, wPwKrmv, gyw³‡hv×v‡ì A¯¿k¯¿ Ges cÖwk¶Y w`‡q mvnvh¨ K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i †kl ch©v‡q 1971 mv‡jnvgjv Pvjvq| cvwK¯Ív‡bi Avµg‡Yi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z evsjv‡`k Ges fviZ miKvi gyw³evwnbx I fviZxq

cÖ`vb K‡i| fvi‡Zi eû ˆmb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡× cÖvY nvivq|

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gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx

G.GBP. Gg. Kvgiy¾vgvb


bvix-wbh©vZb eÜ Kivi Rb¨ †mvwf‡qZ ivóªcÖavb cvwK¯Ív‡bi †cÖwm‡W›U Bqvwnqv Lvb‡K AvnŸvb Rvbvb| wZwb Bqvwnqv‡K evsjv‡`‡ki RbcÖwZwbwa‡ì nv‡Z ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii RbÏ e‡jb| †mvwf‡qZ cÎcwÎKv, cÖPvigva¨g¸‡jv evsjv‡`‡k cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbxi wbh©vZ‡bi Kvwnwb I gyw³hy‡×i AMÖMwZ cÖPvi K‡i wek¦ RbgZ m„wó‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| RvwZms‡N gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi cvwK¯Ív‡bi c‡¶ hy×e‡Üi cÖ¯Íve †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb Ô†f‡UvÕ (we‡ivwaZv Kiv) cÖ`vb K‡i evwZj K‡i †`q| †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ wKDev, hy‡Mvkøvwfqv, †cvj¨vÛ, nv‡½wi, eyj‡Mwiqv, †P‡Kv‡køvfvwKqv, c~e©-Rvg©vwbmn ZrKvjxb mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª¸‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³msMÖvg‡K mg_©b Rvbvq|

†MÖU weª‡U‡bi f~wgKv t 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi ci †_‡K ïiy K‡i 1971 mv‡ji gyw³hy‡×i w`b¸‡jv‡Z weª‡U‡bi cÖPvi gva¨g we‡kl K‡i wewewm Ges jÛb †_‡K cÖKvwkZ cÎ-cwÎKv evOvwj‡ì Dci cvwK¯Ívb nvbv`vi evwnbxi wbg©g wbh©vZb, cÖwZ‡iva, evOvwj‡ì msMÖvg, fvi‡Z Avkªq †bIqv kiYv_x©‡ì KiyY Ae¯’v, cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbxi

e¨vcv‡i LyeB mnvbyf~wZkxj wQj| D‡jøL¨ jÛb wQj ewnwe©‡k¦ gyw³hy‡×i c‡¶ cÖPv‡ii cÖavb‡K›`ª| ZvQvov jÛ‡b Rb¥MÖnYKvix weL¨vZ msMxZwkíx RR© n¨vwimb gyw³hy‡×i mg_©‡b wek¦RbgZ m„wó I `vbmnvqZv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi j‡¶¨ hy³iv‡óªi wbDBqK© kn‡i 40,000 †jv‡Ki mgvM‡g evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡× gvbeZvwe‡ivax Kg©KvÊwfwËK m½xZ cwi‡ekb K‡ib| weª‡Ub QvovI A‡÷ªwjqv, cwðg Rvg©vwb, d«vÝ, BZvwj, Rvcvb I KvbvWvi cÖPvi gva¨g¸‡jv cvwK¯Ívwb nvbv`vi evwnbxi weiy‡× wek¦RbgZ m„wó‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|| BivK evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i c‡¶ mg_©b Rvbvq| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi RbMY, cÖPvigva¨g, Ks‡MÖ‡mi A‡bK m`m¨ G †`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i c‡¶ †mv”Pvi wQj| Z‡e we‡k¦i †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †`k evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i wec‡¶ Ae¯’vb wb‡qwQj|

RvwZms‡Ni f~wgKv t wek¦kvwšÍ I wbivcËv i¶v Kiv RvwZms‡Ni g~j j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨| evsjv‡`‡ki wbe©vwPZ MYcÖwZwbwa‡ì nv‡Z ¶gZv bv w`‡q mvgwiK kvmK Bqvwnqv Lvb hLb evOvwj wba‡b Zrci, ZLb RvwZmsN

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¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki Afy¨`q tgyw³hy‡×i ïiy †_‡KB fviZ Avgv‡ì bvbvfv‡e

mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Q| we‡klfv‡e 1971 mv‡ji

Ô†hŠ_ KgvÛÕ MVb wQj AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© NUbv|

fvi‡Zi †mbv, †bŠ, wegvbevwnbxI cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbxi

weiy‡× hy‡× †hvM †`q|

†hŠ_ evwnbxi mycwiKwíZ Avµg‡Y AvbyôvwbK AvZ¥mgc©‡Yi c~‡e©B nvbv`vi cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbxi ˆbwZK civRq N‡U| Ae‡k‡l 1971 mv‡jD`¨vb) cvwK¯Ív‡bi B÷vb© Kgv‡Ûi AwabvqK †jt †Rbv‡ij Avwgi Ave`yjøvn Lvb wbqvwR cÖvq 93 nvRvi ˆmb¨mn evsjv‡`k I fvi‡Zi †hŠ_ evwnbxi c~e©vÂjxq cÖavb †j: †Rbv‡ij RMwRr wms A‡ivivi Kv‡Q wbtkZ© AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡i| evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡ib MÖyc K¨v‡Þb G.†K. L›`Kvi| wÎk j¶ kwn`, K‡qK j¶ gv-†ev‡bi

cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbxi AvZ¥mgc©Y


wek¦ BwZnv‡m evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy× LyeB Zvrch©c~Y© NUbv| evsjv‡`k n‡”Q Z…Zxq we‡k¦i g‡a¨ cÖ_g †`k, †h †`k mk¯¿ gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡g ¯^vaxbZv AR©b K‡i‡Q| 1947 mvj †_‡KB cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôx Øviv c~e© evsjvi RbMY me©cÖKvi AZ¨vPvi, †kvlY, elg¨, wbcxo‡bi wkKvi n‡q‡Q| wKšÍy, G f~L‡Êi msMÖvgx gvbyl Ab¨v‡qi weiy‡× iy‡L ùvovq| 1971 mv‡j mv‡ji 7B gvP© HwZnvwmK fvl‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi cÖavb †bZv e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb ¯^vaxbZvi †h WvK †`b

gyw³hy‡×i bq gvm evsjv‡`‡ki mvaviY gvbyl gyw³‡hv×v‡ì me©cÖKvi mn‡hvwMZv K‡i| d‡j gyw³hy× n‡q ùvovq evOvwji kw³kvjx RvZxqZvev`x †PZbvi ewntcÖKvk| gyw³hy× cieZx© G AÂ‡ji evOvwj Ges G f~L‡Ê emevmKvix Ab¨vb¨ b„‡Mvôxi RbMY weaŸ¯Í †`k cybM©Vb Ges mg„× evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡i| gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡g evOvwji nvRvi eQ‡ii ¯^cœc~iY n‡jv| evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy× we‡k¦i wbcxwoZ, ¯^vaxbZvKvgx RbMY‡K AbycÖvwYZ K‡i|

evsjv‡`k bv‡gi BwZnvmAvgiv Rvwb, Avgv‡ì †`‡ki bvg evsjv‡`k| Z‡e, msweavb Abyhvqx bvg n‡jv MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k| GB

¸iyZ¡c~Y©| Avi bvbv mg‡q Gi mxgvbvi I e`j n‡q‡Q|

cÖvPxbKv‡j Avgv‡ì evsjv‡`k bvbv Rbc‡` wef³ wQj| Zv GB MÖ‡š’i ïiyi w`‡K Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| gnvfvi‡Z Ges wMÖK HwZnvwmK U‡jwgi †jLvq ÔevsjvÕ bv‡gi D‡jøL cvIqv hvq| Zvi A‡bK c‡i 1342 wLªóv‡ãkvgmDwÏb Bwjqvm kvn me©cÖ_g evsjvi wZbwU cÖavb †K›`ª jL‡bŠwZ ev j¶YveZx© (†MŠo), mvZMuvI (ivp) I †mvbviMuvI (e½)-†K GKÎ K‡i ¯^vaxb evsjv cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb| Gi ¯^vaxbZv 200 eQi ¯’vqx n‡qwQj| Bwjqvm kv‡ni Dcvwa wQj Ôkvn-B-ev½vjvÕ, Ôkvn-B-ev½vwjqvbÕ, ÔmyjZvb-B-ev½vjvÕ| Avi ZLb †_‡K mgMÖ evsjv AÂj Ôev½vjvnÕ bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| ivRavbx n‡jv †mvbviMuvI| gyNj Avg‡j mgªvU AvKe‡ii mgq †_‡K evsjvi cwiPq nq Ômyevn evsjvÕ bv‡g| Z‡e, BD‡ivcxqiv we‡klfv‡e cZz©wMRiv Ô†e½vjvÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡i‡Q GB AÂj‡K Ges Bs‡iRiv ejZ Ô†e½jÕ|

Ges †QvUbvMcyi| cieZ©x‡Z 1905 wLªóv‡ã eZ©gvb evsjv‡`k I fvi‡Zi Avmvg wb‡q Ôc~e©e½ I AvmvgÕ bv‡g bZzb cÖ‡`k MVb Kiv nq| Av‡›`vj‡bi gy‡L 6 eQi c‡i e½f½ evwZj K‡i Bs‡iR miKvi| 1947 wLªóv‡ãBs‡iR kvm‡bi Aemvb n‡j cwðg e½ fvi‡Z Avi c~e© e½ cvwK¯Ív‡bi AšÍfy©³ nq| cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡jI AvR‡Ki evsjv‡`k Ôc~e© e½Õ bv‡gB cwiwPZ wQj| cvwK¯Ívb miKvi c~e© e½ cwieZ©b K‡i c~e© cvwK¯Ívb bvgKiY Ki‡j e½eÜz Gi we‡ivwaZv K‡ib| e½eÜz e‡jb, evsjv bv‡gi `xN© BwZnvm-HwZn¨ Av‡Q| ZvB evsjvi bvg cwieZ©‡bi c~‡e© MY‡fv‡Ui gva¨‡g GB AÂ‡ji gvby‡li gZvgZ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| 1971 wLªóv‡ã i³¶qx gnvb gyw³hy‡×i ga¨ w`‡q we‡k¦i gvbwP‡Î m‡MŠi‡e cÖwZwôZ nq evsjv‡`k|

RvZxq cZvKvi BwZnvmevsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKv Avgv‡ì AnsKvi Avi †MŠi‡ei cÖZxK| A‡bK i³ Avi Z¨v‡Mi wewbg‡q jvj-mey‡Ri GB cZvKv G‡`‡ki RbMY AR©b K‡i‡Q| RvZxq cZvKvi meyR AvqZ‡¶Î evsjv‡`‡ki meyR cÖK…wZi cÖZxK, Avi e„‡Ëi jvj is gyw³hy‡× Rxeb DrmM©Kvix kwn`‡ì i‡³i cÖZxK|

gyw³hy‡×i mgq RvZxq cZvKv


wKšÍy 1971 mv‡j gyw³hy‡×i mgq eëüZ cZvKvq jvj e„‡Ë evsjv‡`‡ki gvbwPÎ Aw¼Z wQj| gvbwPÎ LwPZ cZvKvi gva¨‡g mviv wek¦‡K Rvwb‡q †Ìqv n‡qwQj GB f~L‡Ê ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`k ivóª cÖwZôv Kiv n‡e| gvbwPÎ LwPZ GB cZvKv Avgv‡ì msMwVZ, GKwÎZ I HKë× K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g RvZxq cZvKv wWRvBb K‡i‡Qb wkebvivqY `vm| wZwb wQ‡jb ZrKvjxb Kzwgjøv QvÎjx‡Mi †m‡µUvwi| †m mg‡qi cÖfvekvjx QvÎ‡bZv‡ì wb‡q MwVZ Ô¯^vaxb evsjv wecøex cwil`Õ wkebvivqY vm‡K cZvKv Zwii vwqZ¡ †`q| 1970 mv‡ji

1971 mv‡jiXvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Kjv fe‡bi cwðg w`‡Ki †M‡U wkebvivqY `v‡mi wWRvBbK…Z evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKv

mv‡jQvÎ‡bZv Av.m.g. Avãyi ie| G †hb evsjv‡`‡ki AvbyôvwbK

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GKK KvR t

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1906 mv‡j iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi G msMxZ iPbv K‡ib| wek kZ‡Ki cÖ_g `yB `k‡K ¯^‡`wk Av‡›`vj‡bi mgq GwU AZ¨šÍ RbwcÖq wQj|

MvbwU 1971 mv‡ji 3iv Rvbyqvwi XvKvq GK wekvj Rbmfvq Ges

evsjv‡`‡ki cÖevmx miKvi GB MvbwU‡K evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msMxZ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`q Ges gyw³hy× PjvKv‡j MvbwU ¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi †K›`ª †_‡K wbqwgZ cwi‡ewkZ nq| ¯^vaxbZvi ci mvsweavwbKfv‡e (Aby‡”Q` 4.1)

iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi


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L. ivóªcwZ/cÖavbgš¿x †hme Abyôv‡b cÖavb AwZw_ wn‡m‡e Dcw¯’Z _v‡Kb, †mme Abyôv‡b Zuv‡`i AvMg‡bi I

msMxZ cwi‡ewkZ n‡e| G ai‡bi Abyôv‡b cÖ_‡g AwZw_ †`‡ki RvZxq msMxZ Ges c‡i evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msMxZ cwi‡ewkZ n‡e| wKšÍy AwZw_ miKvi cÖavb n‡j †Kej cÖ_g Pvi jvBb cwi‡ewkZ n‡e|

N. evsjv‡`‡k we‡`wk `~Zvevm¸‡jvi miKvwi Abyôv‡b †Kej cÖ_g Pvi jvBb cwi‡ewkZ n‡e| Abyôv‡b cÖ_‡g evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq m½xZ Ges c‡i mswkøó †`‡ki RvZxq m½xZ cwi‡ewkZ n‡e|

O. ivóªcwZ, cÖavbgš¿x I K~U‰bwZK wgkb Av‡qvwRZ Ab¨vb¨ mKj Abyôvb, we‡kl Abyôvb I Rbmfvq Aby‡gvw`Z wewa Abyhvqx RvZxq msMxZ cwi‡ewkZ n‡e|

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35 wK:wg: DËi-cwð‡g mvfv‡i Aew¯’Z| ¯’cwZ

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mv‡ji mv‡j

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mvj

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Abykxjbg~jK cÖkœeûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ: 1. 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM KZwU Avmb †c‡qwQj? K. 167 L. 198 M. 267 N. 298

2. Ô¯^vaxb evsjv QvÎ msMÖvg cwil`Õ MwVZ n‡qwQj-i. wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡ì nv‡Z ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍ‡i Mwogwm Kivqii. RvZxq cwil‡ì AvûZ Awa‡ekb ¯’wMZ Kivqiii. wek¦we`¨vj‡q QvÎ‡ì fwZ© wd e„w× Kivq

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :ÔKÕ iv‡óªi kvmK‡kªwYi weiy‡× RbM‡Yi †hŠw³K gyw³msMÖv‡g ÔLÕ ivóª ÔKÕ iv‡óªi AZ¨vPvwiZ I Avkªqnxb gvbyl‡K Avkªq, Lv`¨, e¯¿ I wPwKrmv w`‡q mvnvh¨ K‡i Ges Zv‡ì `ytL `y`©kvi K_vI we‡k¦i Kv‡Q Zz‡j a‡i|

3. evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i mgq †Kvb iv‡óªi f~wgKv DÏxc‡Ki ÔLÕ iv‡óªi f~wgKvi g‡Zv wQj? K. Pxb L. fviZ M. †bcvj N. gvqvbgvi

4. D³ iv‡óªi M„nxZ Kg©Kv‡Êi d‡j-i. ¯^vaxbZv jvf Z¡ivwš^Z nqii. gvbevwaKvi iw¶Z nqiii. ewn:we©‡k¦ evsjv‡`‡ki wbh©vZ‡bi wPÎ cÖKvwkZ nq

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K. gywRebMi miKv‡ii cÖavbgš¿xi bvg Kx wQj? L. ÔAcv‡ikb mvP© jvBUÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z Aveªvnvg wj¼‡bi PwiÎ I Kg©Kv‡Ê †Zvgvi cwVZ welqe¯‘‡Z Kvi cÖwZ”Qwe j¶¨ Kiv

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PZz`©k Aa¨vq

e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi kvmbKvj (1972-1975 wLªóvã)e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb 1971-mv‡ji evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡ib| ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYvi ci cvwK¯Ívwb †mbvevwnbx 1971-Gi QvweŸ‡k gvP© cÖ_g cÖn‡iB e½eÜz‡K †MÖdZvi K‡i XvKv †_‡K cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b wb‡q hvq| gyw³hy‡×i bq gvm wZwb KvivMv‡i e›`x wQ‡jb| cvwK¯Ívb miKvi Zuvi weiy‡× ivóª‡`ªvnxZvi Awf‡hv‡M mvgwiK

P~ovšÍ weRq AR©‡bi c‡iI e½eÜz cvwK¯Ív‡bi KvivMv‡i ew›` wQ‡jb| wZwb †eu‡P Av‡Qb wK-bv ZvI †`‡ki gvbyl RvbZ bv| e½eÜzi Rb¨ D‡ØM, DrKÉvq wbgw¾Z wQj mviv †`‡ki gvbyl| Aaxi A‡c¶v, K‡e Avm‡eb gnvb †bZv, Ae‡k‡l 1972 mv‡ji 10B Rvbyqvwi e½eÜz †`‡k wd‡i G‡jb| GB Aa¨v‡q e½eÜzi kvmbKv‡ji ¸iyZ¡c~Y©

GB Aa¨vq †k‡l Avgiv -hy×weaŸ¯Í †`‡ki cybM©Vb Kvh©µg eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

msweavb cÖYq‡bi cUf‚wg e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;

e½eÜzi kvmbKv‡ji D‡jøL‡hvM¨ NUbv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

RvwZi wcZvi cÖwZ kª×vkxj ne;

†`‡ki msweav‡bi cÖwZ kª×vkxj ne|

e½eÜzi †`‡k †div (¯^‡`k cÖZ¨veZ©b)1972 mv‡ji 10B Rvbyqvwi †`‡k †divi Av‡M e½eÜz‡K cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbxi we‡kl wegv‡b jÛb wb‡q hvIqv nq| AZtci weªwUk ivRKxq K‡gU wegv‡b w`wjø n‡q wZwb XvKvq Av‡mb| XvKvq gnvb †bZv‡K Rvbv‡bv nq Af~Zc~e© Awfb›`b| fv‡jvevmvq wm³ n‡jb e½eÜz| wb‡R Kuv`‡jb, RbZv‡KI Kuv`v‡jb| Awemsevw`Z †bZvi cÖwZ RbM‡Yi Av‡eMgq Awfb›`b wQj ¯^Ztù~Z©| cyivZb wegvbe›`i †_‡K igbv †im‡Kvm© gq`vb ch©šÍ j¶ j¶ RbZv Dcw¯’Z nq wcÖq †bZv‡K GK bRi †`Lvi Rb¨|

†im‡Kvm© (†mvnivIqvw`© D`¨vb) gq`v‡b e½eÜz Zuvi e³…Zvq

m`¨ ¯^vaxb iv‡óªi AvïKiYxq I bxwZwba©viYx wel‡q

w`Kwb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb K‡ib| hy×weaŸ¯Í †`k cybM©Vb, bexb ivóª

wn‡m‡e we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ iv‡óªi ¯^xK…wZ Ges evsjv‡`k iv‡óªi

GKwU Av`k© ivóª n‡e| Avi Zvi wfwË we‡kl †Kv‡bv ag©wfwËK

n‡e bv| iv‡óªi wfwË n‡e MYZš¿, mgvRZš¿, evOvwj

RvZxqZvev` I ag©wbi‡c¶Zv|Õ

msm`xq c×wZi miKvie¨e¯’v gyw³hy‡×i m~Pbvj‡Mœ MwVZ evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii ivóªcwZ wQ‡jb e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb| evsjv‡`‡ki

1972 mv‡ji

1972 mv‡ji 10B Rvbyqvwi e½eÜzi ¯^‡`k cÖZ¨veZ©b


msm`xq c×wZi miKvie¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b K‡ib| 12B Rvbyqvwi e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb cÖavb wePvicwZ Avey

K‡ib wePvicwZ Avey mvC †PŠayix|

mv‡j

Ae`vb iv‡Lb|

hy‡×i ci Kxfv‡e †`k M‡o †Zvjv n‡jv

cvi‡e wK bv †m wel‡q mskq †`Lv †`q|

`jxq KvR t

e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi kvmbKvj (1972-1975 wLªóvã) 175

Dbœqb, cybM©Vb I cybe©vmb Kvh©µg

K…wli Dbœqb ¯^vaxbZvi ci ci evsjv‡`‡ki kZKiv 85 fvM RbM‡Yi RxweKv wQj K…wli Ici wbf©jkxj| RvZxq Av‡qi

A‡a©‡KiI †ewk AvmZ K…wlLvZ †_‡K| ZvB e½eÜz K…wle¨e¯’vi Dbœq‡b we‡kl g‡bv‡hvM w`‡qwQ‡jb| †hgb,

K) 25 weNv ch©šÍ Rwgi LvRbv gIKzdmn c~‡e©i mg¯Í e‡Kqv LvRbv gIKzd K‡i †`b|

L) GKwU cwievi me©vwaK 100 weNv ch©šÍ Rwgi gvwjKvbv wba©viY K‡ib|

M) evBk jv‡Li AwaK K…lK cwievi‡K cybe©vmb Kiv nq|

mv‡j

wk¶vi Dbœqb

mv‡ji wek¦we`¨vjq AvBb cvm K‡ib|

moK, †ij I wegvb †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Dbœqb mv‡ji g‡a¨ †`‡ki

mv‡ji

mv‡ji

mv‡ji

cÖ_g cuvPmvjv cwiKíbvmv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡m miKvi cwiKíbv

wLªóv‡ãi 1jv RyjvB †_‡K Kvh©Ki nq|

KvR t


msweavb cÖYqb 1972

cUf~wgmsweavb GKwU iv‡óªi m‡e©v”P `wjj| GB `wjj wjwLZ ev AwjwLZ n‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb GKwU wjwLZ `wjj| `xN© msMÖvg, Z¨vM Avi i‡³i wewbg‡q evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY GB msweavb jvf K‡i| D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, fviZ I cvwK¯Ívb 1947 mv‡j ¯^vaxbZv AR©b K‡i| `yB eQ‡i fviZ msweavb cÖYq‡b mdj n‡jI cvwK¯Ív‡bi mgq †j‡M‡Q bq eQi, ZvI Zv Kvh©Ki nqwb| Acic‡¶ gvÎ bq gv‡m mw`”Qv, AvšÍwiKZv Avi RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q †Ìqv cÖwZkÖywZi cÖwZ mr †_‡K we‡k¦i Ab¨Zg msweavb cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q e½eÜzi miKv‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡|

evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb cÖYq‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ miKvi 1972 mv‡ji 23G gvP© ÔMYcwil` Av‡`kÕ Rvwi K‡i| GBAv‡`kwU 1971 mv‡ji 26G gvP© †_‡K Kvh©Ki Kiv nq| 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b Z`vbxšÍb c~e© cvwK¯Ívb †_‡K wbe©vwPZ RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK cwil` m`m¨‡ì wb‡q MYcwil` MVb Kiv nq| evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ msweavb cÖYqbB wQj MYcwil‡ì GKgvÎ KvR|

GB Av‡`k Rvwii ga¨ w`‡q msweavb cÖYq‡bi AvbyôvwbK KvR ïiy nq| AvIqvgx jxM cvj©v‡g›Uvwi cvwU© e½eÜz‡K MYcwil‡ì `jxq †bZv wbe©vPb K‡i| MYcwil‡ì cÖ_g Awa‡ekb e‡m 1972 mv‡ji 10B GwcÖj| webv cÖwZØw›ØZvq MYcwil‡ì cÖ_g w¯úKvi wbe©vwPZ nb kvn Ave`yj nvwg` Ges †WcywU w¯úKvi c‡` wbe©vwPZ nb

†nv‡mb GB KwgwUi AvnŸvq‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| KwgwUi m`m¨msL¨v wQj 34| KwgwU 1972 mv‡ji 11B

cÖZxK n‡q †eu‡P _vK‡e|Õ

msweav‡bi êwkó¨ 1972-Gi msweavb wQj GKwU wjwLZ `wjj| evsjv I Bs‡iwR Dfq fvlvq msweavb iwPZ nq| Z‡e, evsjv‡K g~j fvlv wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv nq| GB msweav‡b GKwU cÖ¯Ívebv, 11wU fvM, 153wU Aby‡”Q` Ges 4wU Zdwmj wQj|

msweav‡bi cÖ_g fv‡M cÖRvZ‡š¿i êwkó¨mg~n, wØZxq fv‡M ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZmg~n, Z…Zxq fv‡M †gŠwjK AwaKvimg~n, PZz_© fv‡M wbe©vnx wefvM, cÂg fv‡M RvZxq msm`, lô fv‡M wePvi wefvM, mßg fv‡M wbe©vPb, Aóg fv‡M gnvwnmve wbix¶Y I wbqš¿K, beg fv‡M Kg© Kwgkb, `kg fv‡M msweavb ms‡kvab I GKv`k fv‡M wewea welqvewj Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

1. m‡e©v”P AvBb t MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki m‡e©v”P AvBb n‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb| ZvB msweav‡bi m‡½ mvgÄm¨nxb †Kv‡bv AvBb cÖYqb Kiv hv‡e bv| msweav‡b †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q cÖRvZ‡š¿i mKj ¶gZvi gvwjK RbMY| †Kej msweav‡bi Aax‡b †_‡K RbM‡Yi c‡¶ †m ¶gZv cÖ‡qvM Kiv hv‡e|

2. ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ t msweav‡bi cÖ¯Ívebvq ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e PviwU Av`k©‡K MÖnY Kiv

gyw³msMÖv‡g AvZ¥wb‡qvM I exi kwn`w`M‡K cÖv‡YvrmM© Kwi‡Z DØy× KwiqvwQj RvZxqev`, MYZš¿, mgvRZš¿ I ag©wbi‡c¶Zv †mB mKj Av`k© GB msweav‡bi g~jbxwZ nB‡e|Õ


K. RvZxqZvev` t cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡ji ag©wfwËK RvZxqZvev` gyw³hy‡×i ga¨ w`‡q evwZj n‡q hvq| Gi

RvZxqZvev‡`i wfwË|

L. mgvRZš¿ t e½eÜz Zuvi ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡b me mgq mvaviY gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK gyw³i K_v e‡j‡Qb|

M. MYZš¿ t

N. ag©wbi‡c¶Zv tivR‰bwZK gh©v`v `vb bv Kiv| ivR‰bwZK D‡Ï‡k¨ ag©‡K e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv| ivóª †Kv‡bv ag©‡K

3. †gŠwjK AwaKvi t

4. GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi t

5. gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi t

6. GK K¶wewkó AvBb cwil` t

cwil` RvZxq msm` e‡j AwfwnZ n‡e|

7. `y®úwieZ©bxq :

8. ¯^vaxb wePvi wefvM :

msweav‡bi g~jbxwZi m‡½ wgj †i‡L ag©wfwËK ivRbxwZ wbwl× Kiv nq|


e½eÜz miKv‡ii Rb¨ me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© mvdj¨ n‡jv ¯^íZg mg‡qi g‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ GKwU msweavb cÖYqb Kiv| we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki Zzjbvq DbœZgv‡bi Ges mywjwLZ `wjj GB msweavb| m`¨ ¯^vaxb †`‡ki RbM‡Yi

`jxq KvR t 1972 mv‡jigZvgZ †cv÷v‡i wj‡L Dc¯’vcb Ki|

mv‡ji

mv‡ji g‡a¨B evsjv‡`k

mv‡ji

mv‡ji

Ki‡Z ïiy K‡i| ¯^xK…wZ bv w`‡jI Pxb evwYwR¨K Pzw³ K‡i Ges eb¨vZ©‡`i Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡k mvnvh¨ †cÖiY K‡i|


†gvKv‡ejvq msweav‡bi PZz_© ms‡kvabx Awbevh© n‡q c‡o| AvšÍR©vwZK ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZI PZz_© ms‡kvabx MÖn‡Y AbycÖvwYZ K‡iwQj| D‡jøL¨, we‡k¦i mgvRZvwš¿K †`k¸‡jv‡Z GKK ivR‰bwZK `j eë¯’vi bwRi i‡q‡Q| wKšÍy evsjv‡`‡k bZzb miKvi cy‡ivcywi KvR Kivi c~‡e©B 1975 mv‡ji 15B AvM÷ e½eÜz‡K mcwiev‡i nZ¨vi

15B AvM‡÷i wbg©g nZ¨vKvÊ15B AvM÷, 1975 evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m Kj¼gq GKwU w`b| NvZKiv GB w`b RvwZi wcZv I cuvP cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì wbgg© I b„ksmfv‡e nZ¨v K‡i| wkï iv‡mj‡KI euvP‡Z †`qwb NvZ‡Ki ey‡jU| ee©i nZ¨vh‡Á †g‡Z DVv Lywbiv wQj †mbvevwnbxi wec_Mvgx wKQy m`m¨| c`©vi AšÍiv‡j wQj mvgwiK I †emvgwiK lohš¿Kvixiv|

kw¼Z wQ‡jb bv| AwePj Av¯’vq ej‡Zb, ÔAvgv‡K †Kv‡bv evOvwj gvi‡e bv|Õ

15B AvM÷, †mw`b †fv‡ii Av‡jv ZLbI fv‡jvfv‡e dz‡U I‡Vwb| Avo‡gvov †f‡O †R‡M DV‡Q XvKv| RvwZi wcZv mcwiev‡i Nywg‡q Av‡Qb avbgwÛi 32 bs mo‡Ki 677 bs evwo‡Z| NvZ‡Ki `j U¨vsK, Kvgvb, †gwkbMvbmn AZ¨vaywbK gviYv¯¿ wb‡q iv¯Ívq †b‡g Av‡m| Uv‡M©U e½eÜz, Zuvi cwievi Ges AvZ¥xq-cwiRb‡K nZ¨v Kiv| AvbygvwbK †fvi mv‡o 5Uvi w`‡K e½eÜzi evmfe‡b AvµgY ïiy nq| †gRi gwnDwÏb, †gRi û`v, †gRi cvkv, †gRi b~‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ NvZKiv e½eÜzi evwo †NivI K‡i †d‡j|

†Rvi K‡i Lywbi `j e½eÜzi evwo‡Z cÖ‡ek Kij| ZLb †fv‡ii Av‡jv A‡bKUv cwi®‹vi| †Mvjv¸wji k‡ã AvZw¼Z avbgwÛi Awaevmxiv| bxjbKkv Abyhvqx LywbPµ Suvwc‡q coj RvwZi wcZvi cwiev‡ii Ici|

wPrKvi, nÆ‡Mvj Avi ¸wji k‡ã Nyg fv‡O e½eÜz cwiev‡ii| G‡K G‡K nZ¨v K‡i cÖwZwU m`m¨‡K| wkï iv‡mjI †invB cvqwb| GKRb NvZK †kL iv‡mj‡K N‡i DciZjv †_‡K wb‡P wb‡q Av‡m| f‡q KvZi, wenej n‡q c‡o 8 eQ‡ii wkï iv‡mj| gv‡qi Kv‡Q hvevi Rb¨ Kuv`‡Z ïiy K‡i| wbôzi NvZK iv‡mj‡K Dc‡i wb‡q

AvNvZ cvIqv hvq| nZ¨v Kiv nq e½eÜzi mnawg©Yx †eMg dwRjvZz‡bœmv gywRe, cyÎ †kL Kvgvj, †kL Rvgvj, wkïcyÎ †kL iv‡mj| cyÎea~ myjZvbv Kvgvj I †ivwR Rvgvj, m‡nvì †kL bv‡mi, K…lK‡bZv Ave`yi ie

Avwid, Avãyj bCg Lvb wi›Uzmn cwiev‡ii 18 Rb m`m¨‡K| e½eÜzi yB Kb¨v †kL nvwmbv I †kL †invbv †`‡ki evB‡i _vKvq cÖv‡Y †eu‡P hvb|

†`b| ZviciI evsjv‡`‡ki iƒcKvi, G‡`‡ki me gvby‡li AwZwcÖq †bZv‡K Gfv‡e Rxeb w`‡Z n‡jv| Ggwb KiyY, wbg©g, ü`qwe`viK nZ¨vi bwRi wek¦ BwZnv‡m †bB ej‡j P‡j| e½eÜzi nZ¨vi loh‡š¿ †`wk-we‡`wk Pµ

K_vB e‡j‡Qb,


ÔhZKvj i‡e cÙv hgybv

†MŠix †gNbv engvb,

ZZKvj i‡e KxwZ© †Zvgvi

†kL gywReyi ingvb|Õ

GKK KvR t e½eÜzi wbg©g nZ¨vKvÊ evOvwj RvwZi Rb¨ wbK…óZg Kjw¼Z Aa¨vqÑD×„wZi h_v_©Zv wbiƒcY K‡i GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Ki|

L›`Kvi †gvkZv‡Ki ivóª¶gZv `Lje½eÜz wbg©g nZ¨vKv‡Êi ga¨ w`‡q evsjv‡`‡ki ivRbxwZ‡Z Pig ˆbivR¨Ki Ae¯’v m„wó nq| LywbP‡µi mnvqZvq ivóª¶gZv Lj K‡i L›`Kvi †gvkZvK Avng`| A‰ea ¶gZv‡K ’vqx Kivi Rb¨ ZLb cÖ_g ^vaxb †`‡k mvgwiK AvBb Rvwi Kiv nq|

Abykxjbg~jK cÖkœeûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ:

1. e½eÜz 1971 mv‡ji KZ Zvwi‡L †MÖdZvi nb?

K. 25G gvP© L. 26G gvP©

M. 27G gvP© N. 28G gvP©

2. e½eÜz cÖavbgš¿xi `vwqZ¡ †Kb cvjb K‡ib?

K. msm`xq MYZ‡š¿ wek¦vmx wQ‡jb e‡j L. †`k cybM©V‡bi Rb¨

M. ivRvKvi‡ì kvw¯Í †Ìqvi Rb¨ N. ¯^vaxb ivóª cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :ÔKÕ iv‡óªi i‡gk, Ave`yjøvn, wjÛv †Mv‡gR I Agj eoyqv mevB Zv‡ì c~Rv, C`, eo w`b I †eŠ× c~wY©gv BZ¨vw` Abyôvb ¯^vaxbfv‡e aygavg K‡i cvjb K‡i| Gme Abyôvb D`hvc‡b ivóª KvD‡K †Kv‡bv we‡kl c„ô‡cvlKZv †`q bv|

3. ÔKÕ iv‡óª 1972 Gi msweav‡bi †Kvb êwkó¨wU cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q?

K. MYZš¿ L. ag©wbi‡cZv

M. RvZxqZvev` N. mgvRZš¿

4. G êwkó¨ gvbyl‡K †`q

K. ag©xq ¯^vaxbZv L. A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv

M. mvgvwRK ¯^vaxbZv N. mvs¯‹…wZK ¯^vaxbZv


m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:

1. iv‡m‡ji we‡`wk eÜz ievU© evsjv‡`‡k G‡m gy»| G‡`‡ki meyR cÖK…wZ Zvi Lye cQ›` nq| Z‡e iev‡U©i Lye Kó †j‡M‡Q eo eo `vjv‡bi cv‡k †bvsiv ew¯Í †`‡L| Zv‡ì †`‡k gvby‡li Lv`¨, e¯¿, wk¶v, evm¯’vb BZ¨vwì Pvwn`v c~i‡Y ivóª cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| Zv‡ì msweav‡bi g~j j¶ †kvlYnxb mgvR MVb| iv‡mj e‡j, Avgv‡ì msweav‡b gvbevwaKvi I ¯^vaxbZvi wbðqZv Av‡Q Ges wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g miKvi cwiPvwjZ nq| RbM‡Yi mivmwi †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g RvZxq msm` MwVZ nq| iv‡óªi mKj

K. e½eÜz K‡e ¯^‡`k cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib ?

L. e½eÜz †Kb msm`xq c×wZi miKvi eë¯’v cÖeZ©b K‡ib?

M. ievU© Gi †`‡k 72 Gi msweav‡bi †Kvb êwkó¨wU j¶ Kiv hvq e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Ôiv‡m‡ji K_vq 72 Gi msweav‡bi AvswkK êwkó¨ dz‡U D‡V‡QÕ- g~j¨vqb Ki|

cÂ`k Aa¨vq

mvgwiK kvmb I cieZ©x NUbvcÖevn (1975- 1990 wLªóvã)†Lv›`Kvi †gvkZvK : BwZnv‡mi Kj¼RbK Aa¨vq15 AvM‡÷i wbg©g nZ¨vKv‡Êi ci c~e©cwiKíbv Abyhvqx †Lv›`Kvi †gvkZvK Avng` ivóª¶gZv `Lj K‡i †bb| cÖvq wZb gv‡mi g‡Zv ¶gZvq wQ‡jb †gvkZvK| `xN©w`b e½eÜzi m‡½ ivRbxwZ K‡i‡Qb| e½eÜzi Av¯’v I wek¦vmfvRb‡`i Ab¨Zg wQ‡jb †gvkZvK| wZwbB e½eÜzi mv‡_ RNb¨ wek¦vmNvZKZv Ki‡jb| wZwbB G‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m Rb¥ w`‡q‡Qb Kjw¼Z Aa¨vq|


mvgwiK kvm‡bi m~ÎcvZ Ges cieZ©x ivR‰bwZK NUbvi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

†cÖwm‡W›U wRqvDi ingv‡bi kvmb Avg‡ji D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`K¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

1982 mv‡j

Gikv` miKv‡ii cÖkvmwbK ms¯‹v‡ii ¸iyZ¡c~Y© cwieZ©b¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;

1990 mv‡ji MY-Afy¨Ìv‡bi cUf~wg Ges djvdj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;

†gvkZv‡Ki ¯^íKvjxb kvmbKvj evsjv‡`‡ki ivRbxwZ‡Z fqven wech©q e‡q Av‡b| gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡g

RvwZ‡K weåvšÍ Kivi cÖ_g cÖqvm|

K‡ib| †gvkZvK bvbv fqfxwZ †`wL‡q AvIqvgx jxM †bZv‡`i wb‡q gwš¿mfv MVb K‡ib| †KD †KD Drmvnx

bRiyj Bmjvg|


†gvkZvK G mgq gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvi cwicš’x bvbv cÖwZwµqvkxj D‡`¨vM †bb| †hgb- gyw³hy‡×i iYaŸwb ÔRq evsjvÕ evwZj K‡i †`b| ÔcvwK¯Ívb wR›`vev`Õ Gi AbyKi‡Y Ôevsjv‡`k wR›`vev`Õ †¯øvMvb Pvjy K‡ib| †iwWI cvwK¯Ív‡bi b¨vq Ki‡jb Ô†iwWI evsjv‡`kÕ|

†gvkZv‡Ki me‡P‡q wb›`bxq I RNb¨ KvR n‡jv 1975-Gi 20G AvM÷ GKwU Av‡`k Rvwi| GB Av‡`k Abyhvqx e½eÜz I Zuvi cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì nZ¨vKvix‡ì wePvi Kiv hv‡e bv| †Kv‡bv mf¨ mgv‡R GB ai‡bi AvBb n‡Z cv‡i bv †h nZ¨vKvix‡ì wePvi Kiv hv‡e bv|

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RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb 1979ivóªcwZ †Rbv‡ij wRqvDi ingv‡bi †NvlYv Abyhvqx 1979 mv‡ji 18B †deªyqvwi RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb AbywôZ

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cÂg ms‡kvabx AvBb 19791979 mv‡ji 5B GwcÖj evsjv‡`k msweavb cÂg ms‡kvabx AvBb RvZxq msm‡` M„nxZ nq| GB ms‡kvabx‡Z 1975 mv‡ji 15B AvM÷ e½eÜz I Zuvi cwievieM©‡K nZ¨vi ci †_‡K 1979 mv‡ji 9B GwcÖj ch©šÍ AmvsweavwbK miKvi¸‡jv †h mg¯Í mvgwiK AvBbmn wewfbœ Av‡`k, Aa¨v‡`k, cÖweavb Rvwi K‡i, Zvi mewKQyB‡KB AvBbMZ êaZv †Ìqv nq| 1979 mv‡ji 9B Gwcªj wRqv mvgwiK AvBb cÖZ¨vnvi K‡ib|

Bb‡WgwbwU AvBbBb‡WgwbwUi AvwfavwbK A_© ùvovq KvD‡K wbivc` Kiv ev wbivcËv weavb Kiv| evsjv‡`‡ki †Kv‡bv Av`vj‡Z RvwZi wcZv I Zuvi cwievieM© Ges RvZxq Pvi †bZv‡K nZ¨vKvix GBme Acivaxi weiy‡× AvBbMZ †Kv‡bv eë¯’v †bIqv hv‡e bvÑ GB g‡g© nZ¨vKvix‡ì Bb‡WgwbwU ev wbivcËv weavb Kiv n‡qwQj| GwU GKwU gvbeZvwe‡ivax AvBb| †Rbv‡ij wRqv cÖewZ©Z GB Kv‡jv AvB‡bi gva¨‡g nZ¨vKvix‡ì wePvi Kiv hv‡e bv g‡g© mvsweavwbK wbðqZv †Ìqvq we‡k¦i Kv‡Q evsjv‡`k‡K †nq Kiv n‡q‡Q| cieZ©x‡Z †kL nvwmbvi miKvi 1996 mv‡ji


Dbœqb Kg©m~wP me mvgwiK miKviB c~e©eZ©x miKv‡ii weiy‡× bvbv Awf‡hvM Zy‡j wb‡Ri ¶gZv `L‡ji êaZv †Ìqvi †Póv K‡i| wRqv Ges Zuvi Abymvixiv mvd‡jï m‡½ cÖPvi-cÖPviYv Pvjvb †h e½eÜzi Avg‡j †`‡ki †Kv‡bv Dbœqb nqwb; G †`‡ki DbœwZ, myL-mg„w× mewKQyB K‡i‡Qb wRqv| wZwb 1977 mv‡ji 30G GwcÖj 19 `dv bxwZ I Kg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡ib|

wPwKrmv, kªwgK‡ì DbœwZ, `yb©xwZgy³ mgvR, ag©, eY©, †MvÎ wbwe©‡k‡l mKj bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvimn †ek wKQy RbwcÖq Kg©m~wP wQj| Zuvi mg‡q miKvwi wKQy Dbœqb Kg©m~wP e¨vcK cÖPvi jvf K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ Lvj Lbb, MÖvg miKvi, hye mgevq †K›`ª, MYwk¶v D‡jøL‡hvM¨|

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Gmg‡q we‡`wk mvnvh¨ I Avg`vwb wbf©i A_©bxwZ c„ô‡cvlKZv jvf K‡i| †h Kvi‡Y Ki duvwK, Kv‡jv UvKv, Kwgkb G‡R›U, we‡`‡k A_© cvPvi NUbv evo‡Z _v‡K| bvbv iKg Avw_©K my‡hvM-myweav cÖ`vb K‡i wRqv kn‡i I MÖv‡g GK bZzb ga¨weË †kªwY M‡o †Zv‡jb| GB be¨ awbK †Mvôx wQj wRqvi mvgwiK kvm‡bi myweav‡fvMx| eëmv I wk‡íi bv‡g e¨vsK †_‡K A‰ea F‡Yi A‡_© A‡b‡K †KvwUcwZ e‡b hvq ivZvivwZ| GKmgq GB

n‡q‡Q| AcwiKwíZ mvgwiK e¨q e„w× RvZxq Dbœqb‡K evavMÖ¯Í K‡i‡Q| 1975-76 mv‡ji Zzjbvq 1976-77 mv‡j Lv`¨ Drcv`b n«vm cvq cÖvq 8 jvL Ub| 1979 mv‡j †`‡k f~wgnxb K…l‡Ki msL¨v e„w× †c‡q 51 fv‡M ùvovq| R¡vjvwb, we`y¨rmn †ik‡bi Pv‡ji `vg e„w× cvIqvq mvaviY gvby‡li Rxebhvcb †ek KwVb n‡q c‡o| mvgwiK kvm‡bi Aax‡b †`‡ki mvaviY RbM‡Yi Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi †Zgb DbœwZ nqwb|


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evsjv‡`k RvZxqZvev`x `j ivóªcwZ wbe©vP‡b wePvicwZ mvËvi‡K g‡bvbqb †`q| wKšÍy msweavb Abyhvqx DcivóªcwZi jvfRbK c‡` _vKvq wbe©vP‡b ùvov‡Z cvi‡eb bv| msm‡` weGbwci msL¨vMwiôZvi †Rv‡i 6ô ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g †NvlYv Kiv n‡jv DcivóªcwZi c` jvfRbK bq| myZivs wePvicwZ mvËv‡ii wbe©vPb Kivi Avi AvBwb evav _vKj bv| †mbvcÖavb †Rbv‡ij Gikv` AwZgvÎvq AvbyMZ¨ †`Lv‡Z wM‡q †NvlYv w`‡jb †h †mbvevwnbx wbe©vP‡b wePvicwZ mvËv‡ii c‡¶ _vK‡e| wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jx‡Mi cÖv_©x wQ‡jb W. Kvgvj †nv‡mb| weGbwc cÖv_x© mvËvi miKvwi my‡hvM-myweavmn wbe©vPbx cÖfve we¯Ív‡ii †Póv K‡i| we‡ivax j wbe©vP‡b KviPzwciI Awf‡hvM †Zv‡j| †gvU †fvUv‡ii kZKiv 55.47 fvM †fvU `vb K‡ib| wePvicwZ mvËvi cÖ`Ë †fv‡Ui kZKiv 65.80 fvM †fvU jvf K‡i ivóªcwZ wbe©vwPZ nb| Zuvi wbKUZg cÖwZØ›`x W. Kvgvj †nv‡mb †c‡q‡Qb kZKiv 26.35 fvM †fvU|

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cÖkvmwbK ms‹vi

1982 mv‡ji

K. Dc‡Rjv eë’v : _vbv cÖkvmb‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq ms¯‹vi K‡i Dc‡Rjv eë¯’v cÖeZ©b Kiv nq| Dc‡Rjvq wbe©vwPZ RbcÖwZwbwai Aax‡b miKvwi Avgjv‡ì gva¨‡g cÖkvmb cwiPvwjZ n‡e| 1982 mv‡j


45wU _vbv‡K Dc‡Rjv Kivi ga¨ w`‡q GB eë¯’vi hvÎv ïiy| ch©vqµ‡g 460wU _vbv Dc‡Rjvq cwiYZ nq| 1983 mv‡j 14B gvP© _vbvi cwie‡Z© Dc‡Rjv bvgKiY Kiv nq|

L. gnKzgv‡K †Rjv †NvlYv : cÖkvm‡bi we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi Rb¨ gnKzgv‡K †Rjvq DbœxZ Kivi wm×všÍ †bIqv nq| GB cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z evsjv‡`k‡K †gvU 64wU †Rjvq fvM Kiv nq|

M. wePviee’vi ms‹vi : wePvieë¯’vq wKQy ¸iyZ¡c~Y© c`‡¶c †bIqv nq| Dc‡Rjvq c„_K g¨vwR‡÷ªU I gy‡Ýd Av`vjZ cÖwZôv Kiv nq| GQvov iscyi, h‡kvi ewikvj, Kzwgjøv, PÆMÖvg Ges wm‡j‡U nvB‡Kv‡U©i ’vqx †eÂ cÖwZôv Kiv nq| wKšÍy mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i iv‡qi Kvi‡Y XvKvi evB‡ii †eÂ¸‡jv evwZj Kiv nq|

Gikv` wk¶v, K…wl, f~wg, JlabxwZ cÖf„wZ †¶‡Î wKQy c`‡¶c wb‡qwQ‡jb| wKšÍy bxwZ¸‡jvi Rbwe‡ivax avivi Kvi‡Y mvgwMÖKfv‡e mvaviY gvby‡li mg_©b cvq wb| KviY cÖK…Z mydj RbMY cvq wb| Gikv` cÖkvm‡bi wewfbœ ¯Í‡i mvgwiK evwnbxi Kg©KZ©v‡ì e¨vcKfv‡e wb‡qvM w`‡Z ïiy K‡ib| D‡Ïk¨ miKvwi AvjgvZ‡š¿i Ici mvgwiK wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv Kiv|

Dbœqb Kg©KvÊGikv` bvbvfv‡e wb‡R‡K GKRb Rbìw` †bZv wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vc‡bi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| mfv-mgv‡ek I miKvwi cÖPvigva¨‡g ejv n‡q‡Q Gikv‡ì Dbœqb Kg©m~wPi j¶¨ MÖvgxY Rb‡Mvôxi fv‡Mï cwieZ©b| 1983 mv‡ji 17B gvP© wZwb RbM‡Yi mvwe©K Kj¨v‡Y 18 `dv Kg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡ib| RvZxq msnwZ †_‡K ïiy K‡i Abœ, e¯¿, evm¯’vb, Kg©ms¯’vbmn ciivóªbxwZ ch©šÍ mewKQyB Gi AšÍfy©³ wQj|

miKvwi †Uwjwfkb, †iwWI, msev`c‡Î Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Êi e¨vcK cÖPviYv Pvjv‡bv n‡jI mvgwMÖKfv‡e Zuvi Avg‡j †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v †gv‡UB m‡šÍvlRbK wQj bv| cÖK…Z Dbœqb bv nIqvi cÖavb KviY `yb©xwZ Avi mxgvnxb jyUcvU| Gikv‡ì mg‡q ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ wbf©iZv nZvkvRbKfv‡e e„w× †c‡q‡Q| 1980-81 mv‡j Dbœqb ev‡R‡Ui 65 kZvsk wQj we‡`wk mvnvh¨wbf©i, 1988-89 mv‡j e„w× †c‡q ùvovq 126.3 kZvsk| FY‡Ljvwc ms¯‹…wZ‡Z mvgwiK-†emvgwiK Avgjv I `jQyU ivRbxwZweìv jvfevb n‡q‡Qb| Lv`¨ Drcv`b, wRwWwc, Mo cÖe„w× me wQj wbgœMvgx| Z‡e mvgwiK Lv‡Z e¨q e„w× †c‡q‡Q| KviY wb‡Ri ¶gZvi wfZ kw³kvjx Kivi Rb¨ e¨vcKfv‡e mvgwiK evwnbxi my‡hvM-myweav e„w× K‡iwQ‡jb|

A¯¿k‡¯¿i Rb¨ Px‡bi Ici wbf©ikxjZv e„w× cvq|

gvwK©bcš’x wQ‡jb| gvwK©b miKvi‡K mšÍyó Kivi Rb¨ XvKv †_‡K †mvwf‡qZ K~UbxwZK‡K ewn®‹vi K‡ib| fvi‡Zi

†Kv‡bv D‡`¨vM †bbwb|

mv‡ji


MY‡fvUmvgwiK kvmK‡ì MZvbyMwZK cÖ_v Abyhvqx GikvÌ ejc~e©K ¶gZv `Lj‡K êaZv †Ìqvi Rb¨ MY‡fv‡Ui Av‡qvRb K‡ib| Gikv` ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi we‡ivwaZvi Kvi‡Y ivóªcwZ I RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb Ki‡Z e¨_© nb| Ae‡k‡l 1985 mv‡ji 21G gvP© MY‡fvU AbywôZ nq| ^vfvweK Kvi‡YB mvaviY RbMY GB wbe©vP‡b †Kv‡bv AvMÖn †`Lvq wb| ZviciI †Rbv‡ij Gikv` cÖ`Ë †fv‡Ui kZKiv 94.14 fvM †fvU jvf K‡ib| mvgwiK I

ivR‰bwZK `j MVb ¶gZv `Lj‡K cvKv‡cv³ Kivi Rb¨ Gikv` GKwU ivR‰bwZK `‡ji cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡ib| 1984 mv‡jiRyjvB gv‡m ÔRb`jÕ bv‡g GKwU bZzb ivR‰bwZK `j MVb K‡ib| GB `‡ji A½msMVb wn‡m‡e M‡o D‡V bZzb evsjv QvÎmgvR, bZzb evsjv hye msnwZ, bZzb evsjv kªwgK †dWv‡ikb BZ¨vw`| myweavev`x, `jQyU wewfbœ †bZvKg©x wb‡q Rb`j MwVZ nq| Gici wZwb 1985 mv‡ji 16B AvM÷ cÖwZôv K‡ib RvZxq d«›U| Rbmg_©bnxb wKQy ivR‰bwZK `j I †bZv d«‡›U †hvM †`b| Ae‡k‡l, 1986 mv‡ji 1jv Rvbyqvwi †Rbv‡ij Gikv‡ì ivR‰bwZK `j ÔRvZxq cvwU©Õi hvÎv ïiy nq|

wbe©vPb1986 mv‡ji 7B †g Z…Zxq RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq| G‡Z Gikv‡ì RvZxq cvwU©, AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †bZ…‡Z¡ 8 `jxq †RvU Ges Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvwgmn †gvU 28wU `j AskMÖnY K‡i| weGbwci †bZ…Z¡vaxb 7 `jxq †RvU wbe©vPb eR©b K‡i| wbe©vP‡b RvZxq cvwU© †gvU 300 Avm‡bi g‡a¨ 153wU Avmb †c‡q Rqjvf K‡i| AvIqvgx jxM GKKfv‡e 76wU Avmb jvf K‡i wØZxq e„nËg `j wn‡m‡e RvZxq msm‡` we‡ivax`jxq Avmb MÖnY K‡i| wbe©vP‡bi ci AvIqvgx jxMmn Ab¨vb¨ `j Gikv‡ì weiy‡× wgwWqv Kz¨Õi gva¨‡g weRq wQwb‡q †bqvi Awf‡hvM DÌvcb K‡i| ch©‡e¶KMYI G Awf‡hv‡Mi h_v_©Zv‡K mg_©b K‡ib| 1986 mv‡ji 15B A‡±vei ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq| cÖavb we‡ivax `j¸‡jv wbe©vPb eqKU K‡i| cÖnmbg~jK G wbe©vP‡b Gikv`‡K ivóªcwZ †NvlYv Kiv nq|

ivóªag© Bmjvg †j: †Rbv‡ij û‡mBb †gv: Gikv` msweav‡bi 8g ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g Bmjvg‡K ivóªag© e‡j †NvlYv K‡ib| GB ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g wZwb Bmjvgcš’x `j¸‡jvi mg_©b jv‡fi †Póv K‡ib| g~jZ ivR‰bwZK D‡Ï‡k¨ Gikv` GB ms‡kvabx Av‡bb| ejvi A‡c¶v iv‡L bv Bmjvg‡K ivóªag© Kiv wQj gnvb gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvi cwicš’x|

ˆ¯îvPviwe‡ivax Av‡›`vjb¯^vaxbZvi ci evsjv‡`‡ki kvmK‡ì g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk QvÎ-RbZvi cÖwZ‡iva, Av‡›`vjb, msMÖvg, niZvj †gvKv‡ejv K‡i‡Qb †Rbv‡ij Gikv`| 1982 †_‡K 1990 ch©šÍ Gikv`-we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡b QvÎiv ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| †h Kvi‡Y Gikv` wewfbœ mg‡q XvKv wek¦we`¨vjqmn Ab¨vb¨ wek¦we`¨vjq Awbw`©óKv‡ji Rb¨ eÜ †NvlYv K‡ib|

Gikv`we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡b ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv wewfbœ †RvU M‡o †Zv‡jb| AvIqvgx jxM cÖavb †kL nvwmbvi †bZ…‡Z¡ 8 `jxq †RvU I iv‡k` Lvb †gb‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ evg msMV‡bi 5 `jxq †RvU M‡o D‡V (hv cieZ©x‡Z 15 `jxq †Rv‡U iƒcvšÍwiZ nq)| Ab¨w`‡K weGbwc †bÎx †eMg Lv‡j`v wRqvi †bZ…‡Z¡ 7 `jxq †RvU M‡o D‡V|


Av‡›`vjb `g‡b †Rbv‡ij Gikv` `gb, cxob, AZ¨vPvi I nZ¨vi c_ †e‡Q †bb| QvÎ-RbZvi wgwQ‡j cywj‡ki

UªvK Zz‡j †Ìqv, mivmwi ¸wj Kivi NUbvI Kg nqwb| 1983 mv‡ji 15B †deªyqvwi cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z Rvdi,

mv‡ji 13B †deªyqvwi Gikv‡ì QvÎ msMV‡bi nv‡Z XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ

ivDdzb emywbqv wbnZ nb| Gikv`we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb‡K †eMevb Kivi Rb¨ 22wU QvÎ msMVb wg‡j MwVZ nq

1987 mv‡ji

Av‡›`vjb mdj n‡e bv| D‡jøL¨ 1986 mv‡j

mv‡j

mv‡ji 3iv

beŸB‡qi MY-Afy¨Ìvb I Gikv‡ì cZb

mv‡ji

1987 mv‡ji

mv‡jimv‡ji

mv‡ji

mv‡ji


Abykxjbg~jK cÖkœeûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ:

1. †K ÔBb‡WgwbwU Aa¨v‡`k, 1975Õ Rvwi K‡ib?

K. †Lv›`vKvi †gvkZvK Avng` L. †Rbv‡ij wRqvDi ingvb

M. weª‡MwWqvi Lv‡j` †gvkviid N. wePvicwZ mv‡qg

2. ¶gZv mymsnZKi‡Y †Rbv‡ij wRqvDi ingv‡bi we‡kl †KŠk‡ji g‡a¨ wQj-

i. mvgwiK ev‡RU e„w× Kiv

ii. Af¨šÍixY ivR‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Êi m~Pbv Kiv

iii. ÔmvK©Õ MV‡bi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv


K. i L. i I ii


wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :AMYZvwš¿K miKvi ivóª¶gZvq G‡m Zvi mgfvevcbœ e¨w³ KZ…©K msNwUZ MYnZ¨v, AmvsweavwbK ¶gZv `Lj

BZ¨vw` A‰ea Kv‡Ri wbivcËv I ˆeaZv †`q GKB mv‡_ Zv‡`i Aciv‡ai wePv‡ii c_ iy× K‡i msm‡` GKwU

AvBbI cvk K‡i|

3. DÏxc‡Ki Kg©KvÊ evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi †Kvb ms‡kvabxi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y©?

K. cÖ_g L. wØZxq

M. PZz_© N. cÂg

4. GB ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡gÑ

i. AvB‡bi kvmb iy× nq

ii. ewnwe©‡k¦ †`‡ki fveg~wZ© ¶zYœ nq

iii. mvgvwRK Rxeb evavMÖ¯Í nq


K. i L. i I ii



m„Rbkxj cÖkœ: 1. GKwU PjwP‡Î mvgwiK kvmbwe‡ivax GK MY-Afy¨Ìv‡b gvby‡li †Rvqvi †`‡L Gwjb wew®§Z n‡qwQj|

mvgwiK kvm‡bi wbcxo‡b gvbyl wQj wbh©vwZZ I Aeiy×| d‡j wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK j, mvaviY RbMY, K…lK,

kªwgK, AvBbRxex, Wv³vi, mvs¯‹…wZK †RvU we‡¶v‡f †d‡U c‡o| Zv‡ì gy‡L wQj MYZ‡š¿i gyw³i †¯øvMvb|

cywj‡ki euvav-¸wj †Kvb wKQyB Zv‡ì‡K gv‡Z cviwQj bv| Dciš‘ Gme euvav -wecwË RbMY‡K AviI w¶ß

K‡i †Zv‡j, Pvwiw`‡K ïay wgwQj Avi wgwQj|

K. Dc‡Rjv eë¯’v Kvi mgq cÖewZ©Z nq ?

L. ÔBb‡WgwbwU AvBbÕ ej‡Z Kx eySvq ?

M. DÏxc‡K ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x †Kvb Afy¨Ìv‡bi êwkó¨ dz‡U D‡V‡QÑ e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. ÔGB Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g G‡`‡k MYZš¿ gyw³ cvqÕÑ g~j¨vqb Ki|

mgvß

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