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mgvR MV‡bi cÖ_g avc n‡”Q cwievi| cwievi †_‡K †MvÎ, m¤cÖ`vq I RvwZ-†Mvôx‡Z Qwo‡qc‡o‡Q gvbyl| Gfv‡eB ¶z`ª †_‡K e„nËi mgv‡Ri D™¢e n‡q‡Q|

Avgiv mevB wcucov wKsev †gŠgvwQ †`‡LwQ| Gme cZ‡½i AvPiY j¶ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e Giv memgq`je× n‡q evm K‡i| Giv Lv`¨msMÖn K‡i mg‡eZfv‡e| G êwkó¨¸‡jv gvby‡li g‡aÏ i‡q‡Q|AvZ¥i¶v I Rxebavi‡Yi Rb¨ gvbylI `je×fv‡e evm K‡i| Gfv‡eB ci¯ú‡ii mn‡hvwMZvq gvbylM‡o Zz‡j‡Q mgvR| †eu‡P _vKvi cÖ‡qvR‡bB gvbyl mgvR MV‡bi KvR ïiy K‡iwQj|

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Abykxjbg~jK KvR

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2 mgv‡Ri K_v

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4 mgv‡Ri K_v

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AvVv‡iv-Dwbk kZ‡K Kqjv, M¨vm, †c‡Uªvj I we`ÿ‡Zi eënvi ïiy nq| Dwbk kZ‡K †ij†hvMv‡hvM Pvjy nq| wek kZ‡K ïiy nq †Uwj‡dvb, †UwjMÖvd, †iwWI, wm‡bgv I †gvUiMvwoieënvi| ZLb †_‡K wek¦e¨vcx wkí wec-‡ei cÖfve co‡Z _v‡K|

wkíwec-e cieZ©x mgvRwkíwfwËK mgv‡R gvbyl I cïi ¯’vb `Lj K‡i hš¿| ¯^qswµq hš¿ I Kw¤úDUvi wkíwec-ecieZ©x Kv‡ji D‡j-L‡hvM¨ Avwe®‹vi| G mg‡q kw³i cÖavb Drm n‡”Q AvbweK kw³ I †mŠikw³|

wkí wec-‡evËi mgv‡R `ªyZ gvjvgvj cwien‡bi Rb¨ wegv‡bi eënvi kyiy nq| wegv‡bi gva¨‡gme‡P‡q `ªyZ gvj cwienb Kiv hvq| G Kv‡j †Uwjwfkb Avwe®K…Z nq Ges Av‡jvKwPÎ I wm‡bgvwk‡íi AMÖMwZ N‡U| G¸‡jvi gva¨‡g mviv c„w_exi gvbyl G‡K A‡bï Rxebavivi m‡½ cwiwPwZn‡q I‡V | G mg‡q †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v A‡bK mnR I A‡bK DbœZ nq|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR-1 : K…wlwfwËK I wkíwfwËK mgv‡R fvM n‡q QvÎiv weZK© Ki‡e Ges †`qvj cwÎKv ˆZwiKi‡e|


wkíwfwËK mgv‡R hš¿PvwjZ Drcv`b

cvV-6 : evsjv‡`‡ki mgvRevsjv‡`‡k KLb gvby‡li emevm ïiy n‡q‡Q Zv mwVKfv‡e Rvbv hvqwb| cwÊZ‡ì Abygvb evsjvigvbylI mgvR weKv‡ki wewfbœ ¯—i cvi n‡q G‡m‡Q| cv_‡ii nvwZqv‡ii wb`k©b cvIqv †M‡QKzwgj-vi jvjgvB‡q, PÆMÖvg I wm‡jU AÂ‡j| G †_‡K †evSv hvq cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB evsjvq gvbylevm Ki‡Q|

b„ZvwË¡Kfv‡e †fÇvivB evOvwji Avw`cyiyl| G‡`‡ki muvIZvj, gyÊv, gvjcvnvwo, IiuvI Ges wn›`y-gymjgv‡bi kix‡i †fÇv‡ì i³aviv eB‡Q| †fÇv‡ì DËicyiy‡li kix‡iI G‡m wg‡k‡Qg‡½vwjq I kK‡ì i³| GQvov bvbv †`k †_‡K G‡m hviv eûKvj G‡`‡k evm K‡i‡Q Zv‡ìi³I evOvwji i‡³ wg‡k‡Q| fvlv I ms¯‹…wZi cwiP‡q eo eo †h me RvwZ GLv‡b G‡m‡Q Zvig‡a¨ Aw÷ªK, `ªvweo I Avh©‡ì cÖfveB †ewk| GZ RvwZi wgkªY N‡U‡Q e‡jB evOvwj‡K ejv nqmsKi RvwZ|

evsjv‡`‡k Avw`g mgv‡Ri Aw¯—Z¡ wQj| gvbyl ZLb `je× n‡q e‡b evm KiZ| b`xgvZ…KmgZj evsjvq A‡bK Av‡MB K…wli cÖPjb N‡U| evOvwji Avw` cyiyl Aw÷ªKivB K…wlKvR ïiy K‡i|jvOj kãwU G‡m‡Q Aw÷ªK fvlv †_‡K| cwi‡e‡ki Kvi‡Y gvQ wkKvi I avb Drcv`b evOvwjicÖavb RxweKv wQj| eû c~e© †_‡KB evOvwjiv †bŠKv evbv‡Z RvbZ| Rjc‡_ mn‡R hvZvqvZ Ieëmvi Kv‡R Zviv †bŠKv eënvi KiZ|

evOvwji mgvR I ms¯‹…wZ GLb AvaywbKKv‡j †cŠu‡Q †M‡Q| K…wl I wkíwfwËK mgv‡Ri wgwjZ i~cevsjv‡`‡k weivR Ki‡Q|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : †fÇvivB evOvwji Avw`cyiylÑÑG K_vUv wb‡q K¬v‡m we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i welqwUwb‡q ms‡¶‡c wb‡Ri aviYv †jL|

cvV-7 : gvbe Rxe‡b cÖvK…wZK I †fŠ‡MvwjK cwi‡e‡ki cÖfvegvby‡li Rxeb cÖvK…wZK I †fŠ‡MvwjK cwi‡ek Øviv cªfvweZ| gvbyl KLbI cwi‡e‡ki Ici cÖfvewe¯—vi Ki‡Z cvi‡jI AwaKvsk †¶‡Î cwi‡ekB Zv‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| GR‡b¨B gvbe mgv‡Rii~cixwZ, AvPvi-AvPiY I ms¯‹…wZi Ici cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve ¯úó|

6 mgv‡Ri K_v

gvbwPÎ j¶ Ki‡j Avgiv †`L‡Z cve †h, c„w_exi me cÖvPxb mf¨ZvB b`x-ZxieZ©x AÂ‡j M‡oD‡V‡Q| wmÜz b‡ì Zx‡i wmÜz mf¨Zv, bxj b‡ì Zx‡i wgkixq mf¨Zv, UvBwMÖm I BD‡d«wUmb`xi gaëZ©x AÂ‡j †g‡mvc‡Ugxq mf¨Zv †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vi Kvi‡YB †ewkKvj ¯’vqx n‡q‡Q|cÖvPxb wMÖK I †ivgvb mf¨Zv f~ga¨mvMi ZxieZ©x AÂ‡j weKvk jvf K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvPxbmf¨Zv M½v AeevwnKvq weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q|

Avevi †Kv‡bv AÂ‡ji Rb‡Mvôxi †ckv wbf©i K‡i †mB AÂ‡ji m¤ú‡ì Ici| †hgb Lwb AÂ‡jLwb-kªwgK I wkí GjvKvq wkí-kªwgK evm K‡i| b`xgvZ…K †`k e‡j evsjv‡`‡ki †ewkifvMAÂ‡ji hvbevnb wQj †bŠKv, jÂ I w÷gvi| Avevi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv GjvKvi hvbevnb †ij, evm,wiKkv I Miyi Mvwo|

KzwUiwkí weKv‡kI †fŠ‡MvwjK cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve i‡q‡Q| b`xeûj Ges AbyK~j AvenvIqvi Kvi‡YXvKvi †Wgivq ZuvwZiv evm K‡i Ges GLv‡bB weL¨vZ XvKvB kvwo †evbv nq| ivRkvnx‡Z †ikwgkvwo I e¯¿wkí M‡o D‡V‡Q| KviY G AÂ‡j ZuyZMvQ R‡b¥ Ges ZuyZMv‡Q †ikg KxU evmv euv‡a|


gvbwP‡Î K‡qKwU cÖvPxb mf¨Zv

f‚ga¨m

vMiµx

U

MÖxm

CwRqvbmvMi

Av‡WªqvwUK mvMi

BUvwj

Av‡j

KRvw›`

ªqv

wgki

wmwi

qv

Gwk

qvgv

B&bi

K…òmv

Mi

BD‡d

«wUmUvBMÖxm

cvim

¨ Dcm

vMi

Biv‡b

igv

jf‚wg

Avie

mvMiwmÜzb`

ZzwK

©¯Ívb

Kvw¯úqvb

mvMi

e¨we

jb†g‡

mvc‡Uw

gqv

bxj b`

†jvwnZmvMi

Avie

dwi`cy‡ii †LRyi¸o, gy³vMvQvi gÊv, Uv½vB‡ji kvwo, †cvovevwoi PgPg, wm‡j‡Ui kxZj cvwUH me GjvKvi †fŠ‡MvwjK cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| †mvbviMuv‡qi weL¨vZ gmwjb wkíI GAÂ‡ji †fŠ‡MvwjK cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨B weKvk jvf K‡iwQj|

†cvkvK-cwi”Q` I Nievwoi êwkóÏ †fŠ‡MvwjK cwi‡e‡ki Øviv cÖfvweZ| kxZcÖavb AÂ‡jigvbyl Mig ckwg Kvco c‡i Avi MÖx®§cÖavb GjvKvi gvbyl c‡i nvjKv mywZ Kvco| †hme AÂ‡jNb Nb f~wgK¤ú nq †mLvbKvi gvbyl Nievwo ˆZwi Ki‡Z KvV eënvi K‡i †ewk| †hme GjvKvq†hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v DbœZ †mLv‡b mn‡RB wkívqb N‡U Ges bMi M‡o I‡V| †bŠ-†hvMv‡hvM fv‡jve‡j bvivqYM‡Ä A‡bK Av‡M †_‡KB wkí cÖwZôvb M‡o D‡V‡Q|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : gvbwP‡Î we‡k¦i cÖvPxb mf¨Zv¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki|

KvR- 2 : evsjv‡`‡ki gvbwP‡Î kvwo, PgPg, kxZjcvwU, †ikg wk‡íi Rb¨ weL¨vZ ¯’vb¸‡jv†`LvI|

cvV Ñ 8 : cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨v

gvbyl I cwi‡ekcÖK…wZi PviwU g~j Dcv`vb n‡jv gvwU, cvwb, evqy Ges Zvc| m~h© †_‡K Avgiv cÖv_wgK Zvc GesAv‡jv cvB| gvwUi Ici MvQcvjv R‡b¥‡Q cvwb, evqy Avi Zvc I Av‡jvi Kvi‡Y| Gm‡ei Iciwbf©i K‡iB G c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li emwZ m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|

gvwUi evov-Kgv †bB, wKš‘ ¶q Av‡Q, Zv‡Z †h LwbR m¤ú` _v‡K †m¸‡jv n«vm cvq| evwKwZbwU A_©vr cvwb, evZvm I Zv‡ci n«vm-e„w× NU‡j gvby‡li c‡¶ †eu‡P _vKv KwVb nq| eb¨v,N~wY©So, AwZe„wó, Livq Avgiv G mgm¨v fv‡jvB †Ui cvB|

gvbyl hLb †_‡K Pvlevm K‡i w_Zz n‡q‡Q, ZLb †_‡KB cÖK…wZ‡K Rq Kivi †Póv Pvwj‡q‡Q|ebev`vo mvd K‡i eo GjvKv Ry‡o GK Rv‡Zi dm‡ji †¶Z K‡i‡Q| avb, Mg, fyÆv AviIKZ| wKQy cï‡K †cvl gvwb‡q Kv‡R jvwM‡q‡Q| eb¨-cïi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bvwU‡K †g‡i ivbœv K‡i †L‡Zwk‡L‡Q| Avevi †Kv‡bvwU‡K †g‡i nq‡Zv QvjUv Kv‡R jvwM‡q‡Q| euvPvi ZvwM‡` wnsmª cï‡KnZ¨vI K‡i‡Q|

8 mgv‡Ri K_v

†hfv‡e mgm¨v †e‡o‡Q

gvbyl AZ¨š— eyw×gvb cÖvYx| eyw× LvwU‡q b`x‡Z eva w`‡q Rwg‡Z †m‡Pi eë¯’v K‡i‡Q| cvwbikw³ Kv‡R jvwM‡q Kj Pvwj‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e µ‡gB Zvi cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv †m cÖK…wZi Ici AvwacZëvwo‡q‡Q| eo eo KjKviLvbv evwb‡q‡Q, kni M‡o‡Q, Mvwo I Ab¨vb¨ hvbevnb Pvjv‡”Q|kxZvZc hš¿ evwb‡q wb‡Ri Avivg evwo‡q‡Q| Gme wgwj‡q bvbv iKg kãI evo‡Q| kã `~lYIgvby‡li ¯^v‡¯’ï Rb¨ ¶wZKi| gvbyl evo‡Z _vKvq, Avi mevi g‡a¨ fv‡jv I Aviv‡g _vKvi Rb¨cÖwZ‡hvwMZv ïiy nIqvq cwi‡e‡ki Ici Pvc evo‡Q| ejv hvqÑÑgvwU, cvwb, evqy I Zv‡ci mv‡_gvby‡li Rxebhvc‡bi †h fvimvg¨ _vKv ìKvi wQj Zv bó n‡q hv‡”Q| d‡j cwi‡ekI fvimvg¨nviv‡”Q| GK wn‡m‡e †`Lv hv‡”Q, `~l‡Yi Kvi‡Y XvKv kn‡ii kZKiv 25 fvM wkï k¦vmK‡ó†fv‡M| ZvQvov ü`‡ivM, K¨vbmvi, Pg©‡ivM, bvbv ai‡bi A¨vjvwR© evo‡Q|

GKB Rwg evievi Pvl nIqvi d‡j Zvi ¯^vfvweK De©iv kw³ K‡g hv‡”Q| ZLb gvbyl Zv‡Z ˆRemvi QvovI ivmvqwbK mvi w`‡”Q| mvi ˆZwi Ges Kvco, Jla, bvbv miÄvgmn gvby‡li wecyjPvwn`v †gUv‡Z †e‡o P‡j‡Q KviLvbv| G¸‡jv †_‡K Kv‡jv †auvqv, welv³ M¨vm Avi †h eR©¨ †ewi‡qAvm‡Q Zv cvwb I evZvm‡K `~wlZ Ki‡Q| ZvQvov Gi cÖfv‡e ZvcgvÎvI †e‡o hv‡”Q| Zvc †e‡o†M‡j AvenvIqvq gvivZ¥K cwieZ©b N‡U hv‡”Q| e„wó, Liv, So, eb¨v, mybvwg n‡”Q|

Avevi gvbyl †e‡o hvIqvq Ges Zv‡ì Pvwn`v †e‡o hvIqvq MvQcvjv KvUv co‡Q, cÖvK…wZK ebDRvo n‡”Q| Zv‡Z f~wg¶q Avi Zvce„w× †VKv‡bv hv‡”Q bv| GgbwK Gm‡ei d‡j m~‡h©i ¶wZKiAwZ‡e¸wY-iwk¥ †VKv‡bvi R‡b¨ c„w_exi gnvKv‡k †h IRb ¯—i Av‡Q Zv‡ZI wQ`ª n‡q hv‡”Q|

AwbwðZ fwel¨Z

µgk c„w_exi ZvcgvÎv †e‡o hvIqvi d‡j `yB †giyi eid M‡j mgy‡`ªi D”PZv †e‡o hv‡”Q| Zv‡Zmgy‡`ªi ZxieZ©x †`k¸‡jvi wbgœvÂj Wy‡e hvIqvi Avk¼v Av‡Q| evsjv‡`k I gvjØxcmn c„w_exiAviI A‡bK †`k ¶wZMÖ¯Í n‡Z cv‡i|

†Zvgv‡ì `vwqZ¡

GiKg me©bvk wK Avgiv n‡Z w`‡Z cvwi? G wb‡q RvwZmsN †_‡K A‡bK D‡`¨vM †bqv n‡q‡Q|Avgv‡ì miKviI †ek wKQy c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡i‡Q| Avgv‡ì meviB, GgbwK wkï‡ìI, G wel‡qm‡PZb n‡Z n‡e| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡eÑÑ

� •�Ah_v MvQ KvUe bv|

� •� †hLv‡b-†mLv‡b gjg~Î Z¨vM Kie bv|

� •�Avgiv †hLv‡b-†mLv‡b gqjv †dje bv|

� •�iv¯—vNv‡U _y_y mw`© †dje bv|


� •� †hme Mvwo Kv‡jv-†auvqv Qv‡o †m¸‡jv PjvPj eÜ Kivi Rb¨ m‡PZb Kie|

� •� †jvKvj‡qi Kv‡Q wkíKviLvbv bv Mo‡Z m‡PZb Kie|

� •�evwoi eR©¨ h_v¯’v‡b †dje| b`©gvq KLbI k³ eR©¨ †dje bv|

� •�Ah_v gvBK evwR‡q kvwš— bó Kie bv|

� •�nvmcvZvj, wk¶v cÖwZôvb, MÖš’vMvi I Awd‡mi GjvKvq kã `~lY Kie bv|

� •�cvnvo KvUe bv|

� •�b`x, Lvj, n«` ev mgy`ªmn †QvUeo †Kv‡bv Rjvav‡i †bvsiv †dje bv|

� •�eb, cvnvo, b`xmn †Kv‡bv cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` bó Kie bv|

� •�MvQ jvMve I Mv‡Qi hZœ †be|

� •�cÖK…wZi KvQvKvwQ _vKe|

� •�gvby‡li m„ó cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi KviY¸‡jv Rvbe I cÖwZKv‡ii eë¯’v †be|

� •�Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡R cÖK…wZ I cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ ivLv‡K AMÖvwaKvi †è|

� •� wb‡Ri Lvevi, †cvkvK I Ab¨vb¨ wRwbm wbe©vPb I eënv‡i cwi‡e‡ki fvimv‡gï K_vwe‡ePbv Kie|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : cÖK…wZi g~j Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K fv‡jvfv‡e wP‡b I ey‡S bvI|

KvR- 2 : Kxfv‡e gvbyl cÖK…wZi fvimvg¨ bó Ki‡Q Zv Av‡jvPbv K‡i wb‡R‡ì KiYxq wba©viY Ki|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. mgvR MV‡bi cÖ_g avc †KvbwU?

K. †MvÎ M. m¤cÖ`vq

L. †Mvôx N. cwievi

2. bvixB cÖ_g K…wl KvR ïiy K‡ib, KviY Zv‡ì g‡a¨ wQjÑÑ

i . m„Rbkxj `„wófw½

ii. Lvevi msMª‡ni `vwqZ¡ cvjb

iii.eva¨ n‡q `vwqZ¡ cvjb

10 mgv‡Ri K_v

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K. i M. i I ii

L. iii N. i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 3 I 4 b¤¦i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vIÑÑ

¯‹yj gv‡V GKwU †gjv n‡”Q| GKwU ÷‡j w¯úwbs †gwkb, Kvco eyb‡bi ZuvZ, we`y¨r ˆZwii †QvU†QvU cÖ‡R± w`‡q mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

3. Aby‡”Q‡` ÷jwU‡Z †Kvb mgv‡Ri wb`k©b i‡q‡Q?

K. wkKvi I Lv`¨ msMÖnwfwËK M. K…wlwfwËK

L. D`¨vb K…wlwfwËK N. wkíwfwËK

4. D³ mgvR e¨e¯’vi d‡jÑÑ

i . AwaK Drcv`b wbwðZ n‡q‡Q

ii. K…wli m~Pbv n‡q‡Q

iii.†hvMv‡hvM mnRZi n‡q‡Q


K. i M. i I iii

L. i I ii N. i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1|

wPÎ-1 wPÎ-2


K. †cvovevwo wK‡mi Rb¨ weL¨vZ?

L. Avw`g gvbyl `je× n‡q evm KiZ †Kb?

M. DÏxcK‡K 1bs wPÎwU †Kvb mgv‡Ri BswMZ enb Ki‡Q, e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. 2 bs wP‡Î Bw½ZKvix mgv‡Ri D™¢veK †g‡qivBÑÑe³e¨wU g~j¨vqb Ki|

2. wewkó eëmvqx gwbi †nv‡mb XvKvi AwfRvZ GjvKvq GKwU AZ¨vaywbK d¬¨v‡U emevmK‡ib| evwo‡Z eënvi K‡ib kxZvZc wbqš¿Y hš¿ | Zvi †Q‡j-†g‡qiv we‡bv`‡bi Rb¨D”P AvIqv‡R Mvb †kv‡b, hv cÖvqB Zv‡ì cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì Amyweavi m„wó K‡i| Zvi GcvU©‡g›Ufe‡b we`y¨r mieiv‡ni Rb¨ i‡q‡Q wbR¯^ †Rbv‡iUi|

K. ÔjvOjÕ kãwU †Kvb fvlv †_‡K G‡m‡Q?

L. evOvwji kix‡i †Kvb †Kvb RvwZi i³ Av‡Q?

M. gwbi †nv‡m‡bi eëüZ `ªe¨vw` cwi‡e‡k Kx ai‡bi mgm¨v m„wó Ki‡Q? eY©bv Ki|

N. D³ mgm¨v †_‡K DËi‡Yi Rb¨ †Zvgvi wK †Kv‡bv `vwqZ¡ Av‡Q e‡j g‡b Ki?cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Av‡jv‡K gZvgZ `vI|

12 evsjv I evsjvi gvbyl

Aa¨vq-`yB

evsjv I evsjvi gvbylcvwK¯Ívb iv‡óªi cÖwZôv n‡qwQj 1947 mv‡j| AvR‡Ki evsjv‡`k ZLb cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ask wQj|wKš‘ †m‡`‡ki gvbyl Avgiv †Kej eÂbv Avi wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi n‡qwQ| A‡bK Av‡›`vjb ImsMÖv‡gi ci 1971 mv‡j HKë× evOvwj RvwZ Suvwc‡q c‡owQj gnvb gyw³hy‡×| ZviB dmjAvgv‡ì GB evsjv‡`k| eû gvby‡li Z¨vM I exi‡Z¡i gva¨‡g cvwK¯—vwb nvbv`vi evwnbx‡KcivwRZ K‡i †c‡qwQ Avgv‡ì ¯^vaxbZv| RvwZ AR©b K‡i‡Q weRq| BwZnv‡m Avgiv cwiwPZn‡qwQ exi evOvwj I weRqx RvwZ wn‡m‡e|

cvVÑ1 : evsjv‡`‡ki mvaviY cwiPq

evsjv‡`k‡K Kwe e‡j‡Qb i~cmx evsjv| A‡bK b`x-Lvj-we‡j mg„× GB †`‡ki gvwU LyeB De©i|ZvB †Zv †`‡ki cÖK…wZ mey‡R-k¨vg‡j GZ †PvL Ryov‡bv| Kwe hLb MÖvg¸‡jv‡K Qwei gZb e‡jbZLb GKUzI evwo‡q e‡jb bv| b`x Avi Lvj, w`Mš— we¯—…Z avb‡¶Z I nvIo, meyRMvQMvQvwj‡Z †Niv MÖvg I Rbc` †`‡ki Aci~c †kvfv Zz‡j a‡i| Avi eQ‡i Qq FZz GB mg„×cÖK…wZi i~‡c KZ bv êwPÎ¨ dzwU‡q †Zv‡j| Kwe wK Ggwb Ggwb e‡j‡QbÑÑGgb †`kwU †Kv_vILyu‡R cv‡e bv‡Kv Zzwg!

evsjv‡`‡ki wbmM©`„k¨

Avgv‡ì GB †`kwU b`xgvZ…K,MÖvgwfwËK Ges K…wl cÖavb †`k| QqFZzi †`k n‡jI G‡`‡k el©vB cÖavbFZz| cÖPzi e„wó n‡jI cÖLi †ivÌcvIqv hvq| AwaKvsk gvbyl mij, Avimv`vgvUv Rxe‡b Af¨¯—| Zvivcwikªgx, Avevi Mvb-evRbvKve¨K_KZvq Avb›` cvq| GLv‡bgvbyl I cÖK…wZi m¤úK© eivei wQjwbweo|

wewfbœ mg‡q bvbv †`k †_‡K A‡b‡KBÁvbPP©vi R‡b¨ evsjvq G‡m‡Qb|Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ wewkó GKRb Px‡bi†eŠ× wf¶z wnD‡qb mvO| wZwb 639mv‡j †j‡LbÑÑ GLv‡b me©Î cÖPzi km¨ Avi djg~j Rb¥vq| AvenvIqv bvwZkx‡Zvò| Avi†jv‡K‡ì ¯^fve f`ª| GLvbKvi gvbyl cwikªgx| Giv we`¨vbyivMx|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR-1 : i~cmx evsjvi GKwU Qwe AuvK|

KvR-2 : †kªwYi wk¶v_©x‡ì wb‡q wk¶K evsjvi i~c eY©bvg~jK 8 jvB‡bi KweZv wjLyb|

KvR-3 : Pxbv wf¶zi bvg Kx? wZwb evsjv‡`k m¤ú‡K© Kx e‡jwQ‡jb?


wnD‡qb mvO

cvV-2 : evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb

Avgiv mevB Rvwb evsjv‡`‡ki hvÎv ïiy n‡q‡Q 1971 mvj †_‡K| Gevi Avgiv gvbwP‡Î †`‡kiAe¯’vbUv †`‡L wbB|

gvbwP‡Î K‡qKwU welq j¶ Ki| gvbwP‡Î †`Lv hv‡”Q, evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvq wZbw`K Ry‡o Av‡QfviZ| `w¶Y-c~e© w`‡K wKQyUv mxgvš— Av‡Q cÖwZ‡ekx wgqvbgv‡ii mv‡_| `w¶‡Ymgy`ªÑÑe‡½vcmvMi| wZbwU cÖavb b`x Avgv‡`i ÑÑcÙv, eªþcyÎ I †gNbv| Ab¨vb¨ eo b`x n‡jvwZ¯—v, myigv, KY©dzwj, gaygwZ, Avwoqvj Luv, eywoM½v cÖf…wZ| †ewki fvM b`xi Drm fvi‡Z|wKQy wKQy b`x Av‡Q †h¸‡jv eo b`xi kvLv| †`‡ki DË‡ii †Rjv †_‡K A‡bK mgq wngvj‡qik„½ KvÂbR•Nv †`Lv hvq|


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Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR-1 : gvbwPÎ Gu‡K Zv‡Z cÖavb wZbwU b`x †`LvI|

cvV-3 : evsjvi f‚wgi K_v

Avgiv mevB Rvwb, b`xi cwj w`‡qB MwVZ n‡q‡Q G‡`‡ki f‚wg| g~jZ cÙv I eªþcyÎ Avi Zv‡ìkvLv¸‡jvB DRvb †_‡K cwj e‡q G‡b‡Q| nvRvi nvRvi eQi a‡i Gfv‡e cwj R‡g R‡g GLv‡bRwg m„wó n‡q‡Q| GLbI n‡”Q| Lye †ewkw`b n‡e bv Gfv‡eB wbSzg Øxc mgy`ª †_‡K †R‡MD‡V‡Q| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e Avgv‡ì b`x¸‡jv el©vq dz‡j‡du‡c cÖvqB fq¼i n‡q I‡V| †hgb Zvivcwj e‡q G‡b Rwg ˆZwi K‡i †Zgwb cyi‡bv As‡k fvOb Pvwj‡q hvq| cÙvi fvO‡bi ZvÊe GZ†ewk †h b`xwUi Av‡iK bvg KxwZ©bvkvÑÑgv‡b †h KxwZ© bó K‡i †`q|

Z‡e g‡b †i‡Lv DË‡ii AÂj¸‡jvÑÑiscyi, ivRkvnx I wm‡jU wefvM, e„nËi gqgbwmsn Ges`w¶Y-c~‡e©i cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg wKš‘ †ek cyi‡bv f‚wg| G f‚wgi eqm K‡qK j¶ eQi n‡e| ZzjbvqXvKv, ewikvj I Lyjbv wefv‡Mi AwaKvskB bZzb f‚wg| `k nvRvi eQi wKsev Zvi †P‡q Kg|AviI `w¶‡Y, Lyjbvi DcK‚‡j mgy`ª, b`x Avi Rwgi g‡a¨ LyeB mwµq m¤úK©| GLv‡b i‡q‡Q†QvU-eo AmsL¨ b`x-Lvwo-Lvj-Rjv| GLv‡bB ZU‡iLv Ry‡o M‡o D‡V‡Q c„w_exi me‡P‡q eojeYv³ f~wgi eb, Bs‡iwR‡Z hv‡K e‡j g¨vO‡MÖvf d‡i÷| GLv‡bB Av‡Q c„w_exi me‡P‡qAvKl©Yxq eb¨cÖvYx i‡qj †e½j UvBMvi|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR-1 : b`x-fvO‡b gvby‡li Kx ai‡bi Kó nq Zv wb‡q †kªwYK‡¶ Av‡jvPbv Ki|

KvR-2 : my›ìeb wb‡q cÖKí ˆZwi Ki |


Lyjbv DcK‚j

cvV-4 : evsjvi gvby‡li K_v

G‡`‡k A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvqÑÑGKB cwiev‡i GK fvB dm©v †Zv Ab¨ fvB k¨vgjv, GK †evb †ekj¤^v †Zv Av‡iKRb Lv‡Uv, GKR‡bi Pzj †KuvKov †Zv Ab¨R‡bi †mvRv| Pxbv‡ì g‡a¨ GgbUvwKš‘ †`Lv hv‡e bv, DËi BD‡iv‡ci †`k biI‡q‡Z †`L‡e bv, Avwd«Kvi K‡½v‡ZI bv| I‡ìmevi †Pnviv, ˆ`N©¨ I Pz‡j LyeB wgj cv‡e| GLv‡b PvKgv, muvIZvj ev gwYcywi‡ì g‡aÏ wbRwbR †Mvôxi †jv‡Ki g‡a¨ wgj †`L‡e|

Zvn‡j, evOvwj Rb‡Mvôxi êwP‡Îï KviY Kx?

cÖkœUvi DËi Rvbvi Av‡M gvbyl m¤ú‡K© we‡klÁ‡ì GKUv Z_¨ †R‡b wbB| Zviv gvbeRvwZ‡KwZbwU gnvRvwZ‡Z ev †i‡m fvM K‡i‡QbÑÑ wb‡MÖv‡qW, g‡½vj‡qW I BD‡ivc‡qW|wb‡MÖv‡qW‡ì A‡bK mgq wb‡MÖveUz Avi BD‡ivc‡qW‡ì K‡Kkxq ejv nq|

Av‡M †h Pxbv, biI‡q Avi K‡½vi gvby‡li K_v e‡jwQ Zviv wZb gnvRvwZi cÖwZwbwa| wKš‘ j¶j¶ eQ‡i c„w_ex‡Z eû iKg NUbv N‡U‡Q| eo eo cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM Avi gnvgvix gvbyl‡K GKRvqMvq _vK‡Z †`qwb| Lvevi dzwi‡q †M‡j, wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ nvbvnvwb n‡jI cÖvPxb gvbyl RvqMve`j K‡i‡Q| A‡bK mgq fv‡jv I myweavRbK RvqMvi †LuvR †c‡j †mLv‡b P‡j †M‡Q gvbyl| bZzbbZzb Avwe®‹viI Zv‡K GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq †h‡Z DØy× K‡i‡Q| cÖvPxb Kv‡ji gvbylGfv‡e GK gnv‡`k †cwi‡q Ab¨ gnv‡`‡kI P‡j †M‡Q| Avgv‡ì Rwg De©i Avi mgy`ªc‡_ GLv‡bAvmv mnR, ZvB G‡`‡k eivei evB‡ii gvbyl G‡m VuvB wb‡q‡Q| nvRvi nvRvi eQ‡i ¯’vbxq IewnivMZ‡ì g‡a¨ †gjv‡gkv NUvB †Zv ¯^vfvweK| GUvB n‡jv Avgv‡ì Rb‡Mvôxi êwP‡ÎïKviY|


wb‡MÖv‡qW g‡½vj‡qW BD‡ivc‡qW

GLv‡b wb‡MÖv‡qW, g‡½vj‡qW I BD‡ivc‡qW gnvRvwZ Ges Zv‡`i g‡a¨ wgwkÖZ bvbv ms‡hvMx e‡M©igvby‡li g‡a¨ AbeiZ wgkÖY N‡U‡Q| A‡bK we‡kl‡Ái aviYv Avw`‡Z wb‡MÖv‡qW gnvRvwZignvmvMixq kvLvi gvby‡livB G‡`‡k G‡mwQj| Zviv kÖxj¼vqI †M‡Q| Zv‡`i ejv nq †fÏv ev †fÇv|


†fÇv gvby‡li Qwe

evsjv‡`‡ki Rb‰ewPÎ¨

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR-1 : evOvwj Rb‰ewPÎ¨ÑÑ K_vwU wb‡q †kªwY‡Z Av‡jvPbv Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb Ki|

KvR-2 : cÖvPxbKv‡j gvbyl †Kb GK RvqMv †Q‡o Ab¨ RvqMvq †M‡Q?

cvV-5 : BwZnv‡mi Av‡jv‡K evsjv‡`kevsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm †Zv 1971 mb †_‡K ïiy n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Avgiv †Zv Rvwb, GB f‚wgi †hgb†Zgwb GLv‡b emevmKvix gvby‡liI i‡q‡Q A‡bK cyi‡bv BwZnvm|

evsjv‡`k bvgwU GKv‡ji| cyi‡bv Kv‡ji †hme bvg cvIqv hvq Zvi g‡a¨ D‡j-L‡hvM¨ n‡jvÑÑe½,A½, myþ, cyÊª, ivp, gMa, nwi‡Kj, cÖvM‡R¨vwZl, mgZU BZ¨vw`| Gme †`‡ki †LuvR wb‡j †evSvhvq Avgv‡ì HwZnvwmK †hvMv‡hvM Av‡kcv‡ki fviZxq ivR¨ wenvi, Dwol¨v, Avmvg, gwYcyi,†gNvjq cÖf…wZi mv‡_ †ek Mfxi wQj|

wewfbœ kvm‡Ki kw³gËvi Ici wbf©i K‡i GB AÂ‡j bvbv ivR¨ M‡o D‡VwQj| b`xi †Lqvwjcbvq†hgb f‚wgi fvOvMov P‡j‡Q, De©i f~wgi Zx‡i Avmv eû gvby‡li Kvi‡Y Rb‰ewPÎ¨ m„wó n‡q‡Q,†Zgwb D”Pvwfjvlx kvmK‡ì cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq iv‡RïI fvOvMov P‡j‡Q eivei|

evsjvi cÖvPxb BwZnv‡m cvjivRv‡ì KvjwU me‡P‡q D¾¡j| 750 wLªóvã †_‡K Uvbv cÖvq PvikeQi a‡i Zuviv G‡`k kvmb K‡iwQ‡jb| G mgq wkí, mvwnZ¨, ÁvbPP©vq evsjvi L¨vwZ evB‡iI

Qwo‡qwQj| †`k-we‡`‡k eëmv evwYRÏ PjwQj fv‡jv| GLv‡b bvj›`vq wQj †eŠ× kv¯¿PP©viwe`¨vcxV, †hLv‡b my`~i Pxb †_‡KI QvÎiv Avm‡Zb| bIMuv †Rjvi cvnvocy‡ii †mvgcyi wenvi


bvj›`v wek¦we`¨vjq

G mgqKvi ¯’vcZ¨Kjvi GKwU †kªô wb`k©b| †mUv‡Z Av‡Q Av‡iK wkíKg©ÑÑ†cvovgvwUi djK|cvjhy‡M ZvjcvZvi cyuw_‡Z Ggb me Qwe AuvKv n‡q‡Q hv GLbI iwmKRb‡K gy» K‡i| G mg‡qiwPZ n‡q‡Q cÖvPxb evsjvfvlvi Avw`KweZvÑPh©vc`|

ga¨hy‡M ¯^vaxb myjZvwb Avgj n‡”Q evsjvi Av‡iKwU ¯^Y©hyM| 1338 mvj †_‡K wVK `yÕk eQiP‡j‡Q G Avgj| G mg‡q kvmK‡ì Drmv‡n evsjv fvlvi weKvk n‡q‡Q, evsjv mvwn‡Zï PP©vqe¨vcK DbœwZ n‡q‡Q| myjZvwb Avg‡j iwPZ c`vejx Kve¨ AvRI cvVK‡ì gy» K‡i| G mg‡qKxZ©b Mv‡bi †hb †Rvqvi G‡mwQj|

cvj Ges myjZvwb `yB Avg‡jB mgv‡R ag©xq mwnòzZvi cwi‡ek _vKvq RvZxq weKvk n‡q‡Q fv‡jv|cvj Avg‡j †eŠ× ivRviv Avi myjZvwb Avg‡j gymwjg kvmKiv wn›`y cÖRv‡ì cÖwZ wQ‡jb m`q|†hvM¨Rb‡K Dchy³ c` w`‡Z Kvc©Y¨ K‡ib wb Zuviv| †eŠ× ivRv †ècv‡ji cÖavbgš¿x wQ‡jb eªvþY`f©cvwY Avi AvjvDwÏb û‡mb kv‡ni `yB gš¿x wQ‡jb wn›`y m¤cÖ`v‡qiÑÑ i~c I mbvZb|

Abykxjbg~jK KvRKvR-1 : cÖvPxb evsjvi Kx Kx bvg wQj?KvR-2 : cvjhyM m¤ú‡K© ms‡¶‡c †jL|KvR-3 : ¯^vaxb myjZvwb Avgj m¤ú‡K© ms‡¶‡c †jL|

cvV Ñ 6 : evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨vAvqZ‡bi Zzjbvq Avgv‡ì †`‡k gvbyl †ewk| GLv‡b 14 †KvwU 66 j¶ gvbyl evm K‡i 1 j¶ 47nvRvi 570 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi RvqMvi g‡a¨| †QvÆ GKUv fvM K‡iB Rvbv hv‡e †h †`‡k GK eM©wK‡jvwgUv‡i nvRv‡iiI †ewk gvbyl evm K‡i| Avgv‡ì †P‡q A‡bK eo †`k ivwkqv I Av‡gwiKvqGB msL¨v n‡jv h_vµ‡g 8.3 I 32 Rb| Avi AwaK RbmsL¨vi †`k Pxb I fvi‡Zi †¶‡Î GmsL¨v 140 I 368 Rb| Zvn‡j mn‡RB ejv hvq evsjv‡`k c„w_exi me‡P‡q NbemwZi †`k|


Rbeûj ¯’vb

†evSv hv‡”Q Avgv‡ì Rwgi Ici RbmsL¨vi Pvc †ewk| f~wg‡ZB Avgv‡ì evm, Rwg‡ZB Avgv‡ìPvl| d‡j RbmsL¨v‡K Lye weÁvb-m¤§Zfv‡e eyS‡Z I eë¯’vcbv Ki‡Z n‡e Avgv‡ì| Gw`K†_‡K RbmsL¨v mgm¨vi ¸iyZ¡ ey‡S †bIqv ìKvi| RbmsL¨vi evov-Kgv, †`‡k †Kvb eq‡mi gvbyl†ewk, Zv‡ì emev‡mi aib Gme Rvbv _vK‡j cwiKíbv Kiv mnR nq|

evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZ eQi nvRv‡i 33 Rb K‡i gvbyl ev‡o| Zvn‡j cÖwZ j‡¶ ev‡o 3300 Rb, cÖwZ†KvwU‡Z 3,30,000 Rb Ges 14 †KvwU‡Z ev‡o 46,20,000 Rb| cÖwZ eQi G nv‡i gvbylevo‡j †gvUvgywU cÖwZ Kzwo eQ‡i RbmsL¨v wØ¸Y n‡q hv‡e| A_P Avgv‡ì Rwg ev‡o bv, AviK…wlweÁvb hZ DbœwZB KiyK dm‡ji Drcv`b G nv‡i evo‡e bv|

Avm‡j mgm¨vUv †ek RwUj| RbmsL¨v mgm¨vwU‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j fwel¨‡Z mevi R‡b¨Lv`¨ I evm¯’vb †RvMvo KivB KwVb n‡q co‡e| GQvovI Av‡Q wk¶v, ¯^v¯’¨ I e‡¯¿i g‡ZvAb¨vb¨ †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi KvR| Avkvi K_v evsjv‡`‡k Rb¥nvi eZ©gv‡b KgwZi w`‡K|Ab¨w`‡K g„Zz¨nvi Kgv‡bv‡ZI Avgv‡ì AMÖMwZ n‡q‡Q| GK mgq Avgv‡ì †`‡k wkïg„Zzï nviwQj LyeB †ewk| 1990 m‡b nvRv‡i 144 Rb wkï gviv †hZ| eZ©gv‡b wkïg„Zzï nvi A‡a©‡KiIwb‡P †b‡g G‡m‡Q| GB ev¯ZeZvwU‡K wn‡m‡e †i‡L evsjv‡`‡ki fwel¨r Dbœq‡bi RbÄvgv‡ì‡K RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z n‡e|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR-1 : evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v mgm¨v wb‡q K¬v‡m gy³ Av‡jvPbv Ki|

cvV-7 : evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy×1971 mv‡j gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡g G‡`k ¯^vaxb n‡q‡Q| †m eQi 25†k gvP© gaïv‡Z A_©vr 26†kgvP© cÖ_g cÖn‡i RvwZi RbK e½eÜz ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv w`‡q‡Qb Avi 16B wW‡m¤î Avgiv weRqAR©b K‡iwQ| gvP© †_‡K wW‡m¤îÑÑ GB bq gvm GB †`k cvwK¯Ívwb nvbv`vi‡ì `L‡j wQj|Avi evOvwj HKë×fv‡e cvwK¯—vwb nvbv`vi‡ì weiy‡× hy× Pvwj‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GZ eo NUbv†Zv Avi nVvr K‡i ïiy nq wb| me eo NUbviB cUf~wg _v‡K|

gyw³hy‡×i cUf~wg1947 mv‡j cvwK¯—vb iv‡óªi Rb¥ nq| ZLb †_‡KB êlg¨ I eÂbvi BwZnv‡mi ïiy| †`kwUwQj `yB As‡k wef³ÑÑc~e© cvwK¯—vb I cwðg cvwK¯—vb| gvSLv‡b cÖvq evi kÕ gvB‡ji eëavb|gvSLv‡bi †`kwU wQj fviZ| cvwK¯—v‡bi ivRavbx wQj cwðg cvwK¯—v‡b, ¶gZvI wQj Zv‡ìnv‡Z| †`‡ki fwel¨r wb‡q kvmKiv wQj weåvš—| Z‡e evOvwj‡ì eÂbv I †kvl‡Yi e¨vcv‡icvwK¯—vwb kvmK‡ì †Kv‡bv wØav wQj e‡j g‡b nq bv|


cÖ_g AvNvZUv G‡jv gvZ…fvlv evsjvi Ici| Zvici G‡jv ivR‰bwZK AwaKv‡ii Ici| GKZidv¶gZv †fvM K‡i cvwK¯—vwb kvmKiv AvNvZ nvbj Avgv‡ì A_©bxwZi Ici| cvkvcvwk Pjj evOvwjms¯‹…wZi weiy‡× Kzrmv Avi Zv aŸs‡mi cÖqvm| G Ae¯’vq me©¯—‡ii evOvwji cvwK¯—vbmiKv‡ii weiy‡× HKë× nIqv Qvov Dcvq wQj bv| Z‡e G mg‡q e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡big‡Zv GK mvnmx, Z¨vMx I `~i`k©x †bZvi Avwef©ve bv n‡j wKQyB Kiv †hZ bv| Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡ evOvwjHKë× nq Ges ¯^vaxbZvi g‡š¿ D¾xweZ n‡q I‡V| D¾xweZ RvwZ 1970-Gi mvaviYwbe©vP‡b evsjv‡`k AvIqvgx jxM‡K wbi¼zk msL¨vMwiôZv w`‡q ¶gZvq cvVvq| wKš‘ mvgwiKmiKvi G c‡_ evav n‡q ùvovq| Z‡e evsjvi ivRbxwZwe` I QvÎRbZv e½eÜzi †bZ…‡Z¡Avcmnxb Ae¯’vb †bq|


RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb

nvbv`vi evwnbxi nZ¨vhÁ I Avgv‡ì weRqloh‡š¿i Ask wn‡m‡e cuwP‡k gvP© Mfxi iv‡Z fvwi A¯¿ Avi U¨vsKeni wb‡q Nygš— gvby‡liIci cvwK¯—vwb ˆmbïv Suvwc‡q co‡jI ¯^Ztù~Z© cÖwZ‡iv‡ai gy‡L co‡Z nq Zv‡ì| Mfxi

iv‡Z Zviv e½eÜz‡K †MÖdZvi K‡i| Z‡e Zvi Av‡M e½eÜz †eZv‡i evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi†NvlYv w`‡q GKwU evZ©v mviv †`‡k cvwV‡q †`b| Gw`‡K evOvwj †mbv I RbZv `ªyZ msMwVZ n‡qgyw³hy× ïiy K‡i| AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †bZ…‡Z¡ ivRbxwZwe` I †`‡ki wkíx-mvwnwZ¨K-eyw×RxexMYmsMwVZ n‡q ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`k miKvi I cÖkvmb Pvjy K‡ib| e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡KivóªcwZ I ZvRDwÏb Avng`‡K cÖavbgš¿x K‡i cÖevmx evsjv‡`k miKvi MwVZ nq| e½eÜziAbycw¯’wZ‡Z ˆmq` bRiyj Bmjvg A¯’vqx ivóªcwZi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| G‡`‡ki K…lK-kªwgK-QvÎ-RbZvmn me©¯—‡ii gvbyl gyw³hy‡× †hvM †`q|

fviZ, †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqbmn A‡bK †`k GB `ytmg‡q Avgv‡ì cv‡k ùvovq| GK †KvwU gvbylwf‡UgvwU †Q‡o fvi‡Z Avkªq wb‡qwQj| cvwK¯—vwb‡ì nZ¨vh‡Á G‡`‡ki wÎk j¶ gvbylgyw³hy‡× cÖvY w`‡qwQj| AmsL¨ Nievwo Rbc` †jvKvjq, MÖvg-kni aŸsm n‡q wM‡qwQj| GZ Z¨vMGZ ¶wZ ¯^xKvi K‡iB Avgiv 16B wW‡m¤î weRq AR©b K‡iwQ| GB w`bwU Avgiv weRq wèmwn‡m‡e cvjb Kwi| †mw`b wZivbeŸB nvRvi cvwK¯—vwb ˆmb¨ AvZ¥mgc©Y Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQj|

nvRvi eQ‡ii BwZnv‡m e½eÜzi †bZ…‡Z¡ evOvwj RvwZ cÖ_g GKwU ¯^vaxb ivóª jvf Kij| ZvBe½eÜy evOvwj RvwZi RbK Ges G iv‡óªi ¯’cwZ|


25†k gvP© Kv‡jviv‡Î MYnZ¨v

¯^vaxbZvi GKw`‡K i‡q‡Q A‡bK nviv‡bvi †e`bv Ab¨w`‡K wekvj cÖvwßi Avb›`| i‡³‡fRv¯^vaxbZvi jvjm~h© Avb‡›ì evZ©v Qwo‡q w`‡q‡Q k¨vgjmy›ì †`‡ki Ici|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR-1 : ¯^vaxbZv hy× ïiy nIqvi KviY¸‡jv K¬v‡m Av‡jvPbv K‡i Zvici µgvbymv‡i mvRvI|

KvR-2 : ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× †Kb Avgiv weRqx n‡qwQ Zv †kªwYK‡¶ Av‡jvPbv K‡i µgvbymv‡imvRvI|

KvR-3 : gyw³hy‡×i Qwe msMÖn K‡i GKwU A¨vjevg evbvI|

cvV-8 : evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvPxb mf¨ZvfviZe‡l©i DËi-cwð‡g cÖvPxb Kv‡j weKvk N‡UwQj bMi mf¨Zvi| hv mvaviYfv‡e wmÜzmf¨Zvbv‡g cwiwPZ| cÖvPxb bMimf¨Zvi GKB avivq evsjv‡`‡k mf¨Zvi weKvk N‡Uwb|

cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi bMi mf¨ZvcÖvPxb fvi‡Zi bMimf¨Zv‡K mvaviYfv‡e wmÜz mf¨Zv ejv nq| A‡bK mgq GB mf¨Zv niàvmf¨Zv bv‡gI cwiwPZ| wmÜz b` Ges Gi kvLv b`x BiveZx I ivfx b`xi Zx‡i GB mf¨Zvi†ewkifvM wb`k©b cvIqv †M‡Q| wmÜz mf¨Zv M‡o D‡VwQj 3000 wLªóc~e©v‡ã| wmÜz mf¨Zvime‡P‡q eo K…wZZ¡ n‡”Q GLv‡b cwiKwíZ GKwU bMi M‡o D‡VwQj| GB mf¨Zvi eo `ywU bM‡iiGKwU niàv Avi Ab¨wU g‡n‡Äv`v‡iv| niàv eZ©gvb fvi‡Zi As‡k Avi g‡n‡Äv`v‡ivcvwK¯—v‡bi As‡k Aew¯’Z|

kn‡ii iv¯—v, iv¯—vi cv‡k Wv÷web, moK evwZ, cvwb †b‡g hvIqvi Rb¨ †Wªb me wKQyB wQjG‡Kev‡i mvRv‡bv| GKZjv †`vZjv Nievwo¸‡jvI wQj cwiKwíZfv‡e ˆZwi| cÖ‡Z¨K evwo‡Zcvwbi Rb¨ wQj Kyqv| Avi wQj cqtcÖYvjxÑÑA_©vr gqjv cvwb wb®‹vk‡bi eë¯’v|

g‡n‡Äv`v‡iv‡Z cvIqv †M‡Q GK wekvj †MvmjLvbv| niàv‡Z cvIqv †M‡Q km¨ Rgv ivLvi Rb¨wekvj km¨vMvi| †cvovgwUi †ek K‡qKwU g~wZ©I cvIqv †M‡Q wmÜz mf¨Zvq| cvIqv †M‡Q P~bvcv_i I †eªv‡Äi g~wZ©| A‡bK mxj cvIqv †M‡Q GB mf¨Zvq| mx‡ji Mv‡q wQj cïg~wZ© Avi I‡ìfvlvq †jLv|

fvi‡Zi GB cÖvPxb mf¨ZvwU 2750 wLªóc~e©v‡ã aŸsm n‡q hvq|

cv_ihy‡M evsjv : cwjgvwU‡Z Mov evsjv‡`‡ki †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv AÂ‡ji gvwU jvL jvL eQi Av‡M m„wón‡qwQj| AvR‡Ki evsjv‡`‡k DË‡ii e‡i›`ªf~wg, ga¨ AÂ‡ji gaycy‡ii Mo Ges c~e©w`‡KjvjgvB, PÆMÖvg I wm‡j‡Ui gvwU A‡bK cyiv‡bv| M‡elKiv †LuvR †c‡q‡Qb GB cyiv‡bv gvwUi†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv As‡k cv_ihy‡Mi gvbyl wePiY Ki‡Zv| fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡k Avw` gvb‡ei †h wePiYwQj Zvi cÖgvY wg‡j‡Q| cvIqv †M‡Q cyiv‡bv cv_ihy‡Mi nvwZqvi| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wQj wkKv‡iiA¯¿, nvZzwo, KvUvwQjvi Dc‡hvMx nvwZqvi BZ¨vw`|


cwðge½ Ges evsjv‡`‡kI cv_ihy‡Mi gvby‡li emev‡mi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq| evsjv‡`‡k cv_ihy‡Migvby‡li eënvi Kiv nvwZqvi cÖ_g cvIqv hvq PÆMÖv‡gi mxZvKz‡Ê| mxZvKzÊ QvovI cyiv‡bv IbZzb cv_i hy‡Mi nvwZqvi cvIqv †M‡Q †dbx †Rjvi QvMjbvBqvq, cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi ivOvgvwU‡Z,Kzwgj-vi jvjgvB‡q, biwms`x †Rjvi Dqvwi-e‡Uk¦‡i| me‡P‡q †ewk cwigv‡Y cv_y‡i nvwZqvi cvIqv†M‡Q nweM‡Äi PzbviyNvU AÂ‡ji PvKjvcywÄ‡Z Avi Kzwgj-vi jvjgvB AÂ‡j| G `y‡Uv AÂ‡j cv_ihy‡M gvby‡li emwZ m¤ú‡K© M‡elKiv ZvB A‡bKUvB wbwðZ|

evsjv‡`‡ki mf¨Zv

evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q cyiv‡bv bMimf¨Zvi wb`k©b cvIqv †M‡Q gnv¯’vbMo I Dqvwi-e‡Uk¦‡i|aviYv Kiv nq GLv‡b AvovB †_‡K wZb nvRvi eQi Av‡M bMi M‡o D‡VwQj|

gnv¯’vbM‡o cÖ_g bMi M‡o †Zv‡jb fvi‡Zi †gŠh© es‡ki mgªvUiv 300 wLªóc~e©v‡ã| †gŠh©mvgªv‡Rï GKwU cÖ‡`k wQj DËi evsjvq| Gi bvg wQj cyÊªea©b| GB cyÊªea©‡bi ivRavbx wQjAvR‡Ki gnv¯’vbM‡o, hv GLbKvi e¸ov †Rjvq Aew¯’Z| †mmgq GB ivRavbxi bvg wQjcyÊªbMi| c„w_exi AwaKvsk bMi mf¨Zv M‡o D‡VwQj b`xi Zx‡i| KviY b`x _vKvq K…wl Kv‡Rmyweav nq| eb¨vi ci Rwg‡Z cwj c‡o De©i nq| De©i gvwU‡Z fv‡jv dmj d‡j| b`xi cvwbK…wlKv‡R eënvi Kiv hvq| Avevi GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq †h‡Z eëmv evwYR¨ Ki‡Z b`xeo f~wgKv iv‡L| b`xi myweav wb‡q gnv¯’vbM‡oI bMimf¨Zv M‡o D‡VwQj| †mB cÖvPxbKvj†_‡KB Ki‡Zvqv b`x e‡q †M‡Q gnv¯’v‡bi cvk w`‡q| cÖZœZË¡we`MY gvwU Lbb K‡i †gŠh© hy‡MiA‡bK wb`k©b †c‡q‡Qb|

Dqvwi-e‡Uk¦i MÖvg `ywUi cvk w`‡q cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K e‡q †M‡Q cyivZb eªþcyÎ b` I Gi kvLvAvwoqj Luv, M½vRwj I Kqiv b`x| Dqvwi-e‡Uk¦‡i Lbb K‡i bvbv cÖvPxb wb`k©b cvIqv †M‡Q|cix¶v K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q cyÊªbM‡i mf¨Zv Movi wKQyUv Av‡M GLv‡b bMi wbg©vY Kiv n‡qwQj| GwUwQj evwYR¨ bMix| myi¶vi eë¯’v wn‡m‡e gvwUi †`qv‡j wN‡i †`qv n‡qwQj bMiwU|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR-1 : wmÜz mf¨Zvi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb wPwýZ Ki|

KvR-2 : evsjv‡`‡ki gvbwPÎ Gu‡K Zv‡Z †Kvb †Kvb RvqMvq cv_‡ii nvwZqvi cvIqv †M‡QwPwýZ Ki|


eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZ eQi nvRv‡i KZ Rb gvbyl ev‡o?

K. 25 M. 33

L. 30 N. 35

2. c„w_exi me‡P‡q eo g¨vb‡Mªvf d‡i÷ i‡q‡Q evsjv‡`‡kiÑÑ

i . `w¶Y DcK~‡j

ii. PÆMªv‡gi cve©Z¨ AÂ‡j

iii.DËi cwðgvÂ‡j


K. i M. i I ii

L. ii N. ii I iii


Avwèvi D”PZv gvSvwi, Mv‡qi is k¨vgjv, gv_vi Pyj †mvRv| Zvi mncvVx Zvmwbgv j¤¦v, dm©vI gv_vi Pyj †KuvKov‡bv| GKevi Zviv GK‡Î wm‡j‡U †eov‡Z wM‡q gwYcywi‡ì Rxebaviv†`L‡Z Zv‡ì AÂ‡j hvq| Zvmwbgvi Kv‡Q me gwYcywi †g‡q‡K GKiKg g‡b nq| †hb Zvivme hgR †evb|

3. Avwèv I Zvmwbgvi ˆ`wnK Mob I Py‡ji MV‡b wfbœZvi KviY Kx?

K. esk aviv M. Rb êwPÎ¨

L. AvenvIqvi cÖfve N. RvwZMZ weï×Zv

4. Zvmwbgvi Kv‡Q me gwYcywi †g‡q‡K hgR †evb e‡j g‡b n‡q‡Q Gi KviYÑÑ

i . cvnvwo Rxebavivi cÖfve

ii. RvwZMZ weï×Zv

iii.RvwZi cÖfve


K. i M. i I ii

L. ii N. i, ii I iii

26 cÖvPxb evsjv Ges eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡ki Rxebaviv

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. ivBmv gaybM‡i †eov‡Z wM‡q Lye Lywk| KviY gaybM‡ii evwo¸‡jv my›ì mvwie× I cwi”Qbœ|evwo¸‡jv‡Z Av‡jv-evZv‡mi †Kv‡bv Afve †bB| iv¯Ívi cv‡k Wv÷web _vKvq iv¯Ív¸‡jvcwi”Qbœ| cvwb wb®‹vk‡bi eë¯’v _vKvq iv¯ÍvNv‡UI Kv`v †bB| G kniwU b`xi Zx‡iAew¯’Z| GLvbKvi RbM‡Yi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v fv‡jv| ZvQvov GLv‡b gvwUI Lye De©i|

K. wngvj‡qi k„‡½i bvg Kx?

L. c`¥v‡K KxwZ©bvkv b`x ejv nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z bMiwUi cwiKíbvq †Kvb mf¨Zvi êwkó¨ dz‡U D‡V‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. gaybM‡ii Ae¯’vbMZ KviYB Zvi mg„w×i †¶‡Î ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv †i‡L‡QÑÑ e³e¨wUih_v_©Zv g~j¨vqb Ki|


Aa¨vq-wZb

cÖvPxb evsjv Ges eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡ki Rxebaviv

Av‡M Avgiv evsjvi gvby‡li K_v †R‡bwQ| †mB me gvbylB M‡o Zz‡j‡Q G‡`‡ki mf¨Zv Ims¯‹…wZ| AvR‡Ki evsjv‡`‡k †h Rxebeë¯’v M‡o D‡V‡Q Zvi ïiy I weKvk nVvr K‡i nqwb|cÖvPxb evsjvi gvby‡li nv‡Z iwPZ n‡q‡Q Gi wfZ Avi Kv‡j Kv‡j bvbv cwieZ©‡bi †fZi w`‡qGi weKvk N‡U‡Q| ZvB AvR‡Ki evsjv‡`‡ki mgv‡R A‡bK cwieZ©b G‡jI c~e©cyiyl‡ì A‡bKêwkóÏ A¶zYœ i‡q‡Q| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †¶‡Î G‡Kev‡i Avjv`v avivI j¶ Kiv hvq| gvby‡liRxebhvc‡bi ga¨ w`‡qB ms¯‹…wZi cÖKvk N‡U| AvR‡Ki evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ Mfxifv‡e j¶Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e G‡Z cÖvPxb evOvwj ms¯‹…wZi cÖfve i‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i evOvwji g‡aÄmv¤cÖ`vwqK Rxebaviv weKv‡k cÖvPxb evsjvi cÖfve ¯úó|

ms¯‹…wZi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© welq n‡”Q ag©| evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li †ewki fvM gymjgvb| wKš‘G‡`‡k Bmjvg ag© G‡m‡Q ga¨hy‡M| ZvB cÖvPxb evsjvq Bmjv‡gi cÖfve wQj bv| ZLb wn›`y I†eŠ× ag©B wQj mgv‡Ri cÖavb ag©| GLv‡b cÖvPxb evsjv ej‡Z eZ©gvb evsjv‡`k I fviZe‡l©icwðge‡½i mxgvbv‡K †evSv‡bv n‡”Q|

cvV- 1 : cÖvPxb evsjvi kvmb

cvj ivR‡Z¡i m~Pbv

cvj ivRviv wQ‡jb G AÂ‡jiB gvbyl| GB ivRvivB evsjvq cÖ_g wekvj ivR¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib| cvjivR‡Z¡i ïiyUv wKš‘ M‡íi g‡Zv| †mUv GK PgrKvi Kvwnwb| 750 wLªóvã ch©š— cÖvq GKkeQi a‡i evsjvi †QvULvU ivR¨¸‡jv Kjn I hy‡× Rwo‡q c‡owQj| fxlY Aw¯’i GK ˆbiv‡RïKvj wQj †mUv| G‡Z AwZô n‡q cÖRv‡ì cÖwZwbwaiv wg‡j Zv‡ì ga¨ †_‡K †Mvcvj bv‡g GKˆmwbK‡K ivRv wbe©vPb K‡i wmsnvm‡b ewm‡q †`q| wZwb Lye †hvM¨ †jvK wQ‡jb| 750 Aã †_‡K770 Aã ch©š— wZwb ivRZ¡ K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi mgq †_‡K Uvbv Pvik eQi cvjiv evsjvq ivRZ¡K‡iwQj| ag©cvj, †ècvj G es‡ki weL¨vZ kvmK wQ‡jb| ejv hvq G mg‡qB evOvwj mgvR M‡oDV‡Z ïiy K‡i| cvj ivRviv †eŠ×a‡g©i Abymvix wQ‡jb| Z‡e ZLb evsjvi †ewkifvM gvbyl wQjwn›`y| cvj ivRviv wQ‡jb D`vi| Zviv wn›`y‡ì ag©cvj‡b evav w`‡Zb bv| Zv‡ì bvbvfv‡emvnvhÏ Ki‡Zb| ZvB Gmgq evsjvq wn›`y I †eŠ× mgvR wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i †e‡o D‡VwQj|

cvj hy‡Mi mgvR Rxebcvj ivRviv Zuv‡ì `xN© kvmbKv‡j evsjv‡K mg„× K‡i Zz‡jwQ‡jb| cÖ_g c‡e©i wZbRb ivRvBwQ‡jb Lye kw³gvb| Zuviv n‡”Qb †Mvcvj (750-770), †Mvcv‡ji †Q‡j ag©cvj (770-810) Gesag©cv‡ji †Q‡j †ècvj (810-850)| Gmgq cvj ivR‡Z¡i mxgv evsjvi evB‡iI we¯—…Z n‡qwQj|cvj hy‡Mi mgvR †Kgb wQj Zv Rvbvi cÖavb Dcvq n‡”QÑÑGmg‡q ˆZwi †cvovgvwUi djKwPÎ¸‡jv†`Lv| ZvQvovI Gmg‡qi mvwnZ¨ I we‡`wk ch©UK‡ì †jLv weeiYx †_‡KI wKQz Z_¨ Rvbv hvq|bIMuv †Rjvq Aew¯’Z cvnvocyi wenv‡i AmsL¨ †cvovgvwUi djK wQj| G¸‡jv Rv`yN‡i msiw¶ZAv‡Q| Gme wP‡Î agx©q welq QvovI A‡bK mvgvwRK welqI dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb wkíxiv|

wk¶v I ms¯‹…wZ PP©vq cÖvq me cvj ivRvi †ek †SuvK wQj | cÖvPxb Gwkqvi †kªô we`¨vcxV bvj›`vGu‡ì iv‡R¨B Aew¯’Z wQj| Gi cÖavb wQ‡jb kxjf`ª bv‡g XvKvi weµgcy‡ii GK evOvwj gbxlx|cvjhy‡Mi cuyw_wPÎ we‡k¦i wPÎiwmK‡ì cÖksmv †c‡q‡Q| cvjhy‡Mi K…Zx gvby‡li Av`k© n‡jb kªxÁvbAZxk `xc¼i| wZwb weµgcy‡ii eRª‡hvwMbxi gvbyl| bvbv wel‡q Zuvi Ávb wQj AMva|

K…wlcÖavb †`k wn‡m‡e cvjhy‡M AwaKvsk gvbyl MÖv‡g evm Ki‡Zv| mvaviYfv‡e gvby‡li Rxeb †ekmy‡Li wQj| Z‡e †klw`‡Ki cvj ivRviv AZUv †hvM¨ wQ‡jb bv| Zuv‡ì weiy‡× bvbv Awf‡hvMevo‡Z jvM‡jv| MÖvgevsjvq Mixe gvby‡li msL¨v †e‡o †h‡Z _vK‡jv| GK mgq mvaviY gvbylGK‡RvU n‡q cvj ivRv‡ì weiy‡× cÖwZev` ïiy K‡i| GMv‡iv kZ‡Ki †kl w`‡K Ggb GK


cvnvocyi wenv‡ii Mv‡q †cvovgvwUi djK

A‡hvM¨ ivRv wØZxq gnxcv‡ji weiy‡× ¶zä K…lK Avi †R‡j m¤cÖ`v‡qi gvbyl we‡`ªvn K‡i| G‡ìejv nq ˆKeZ©| GKvi‡YB GB we‡`ªvn‡K BwZnv‡m ˆKeZ© we‡`ªvn ejv nq| ˆKeZ©‡ì †bZvwQ‡jb wè¨| wZwb e‡i‡›`ªi ivRv n‡qwQ‡jb| Gme Kvi‡Y cvj hy‡Mi †klw`‡K mgvR Rxe‡b GKai‡bi Aw¯’iZv †`Lv †`q|

cvj hy‡Mi mgvR Rxe‡bi êwkó¨cvj ivRviv †eŠ× n‡jI mvaviY cÖRvi ag©cvj‡b †ek D`vi wQ‡jb| G hy‡M evOvwj mgv‡R A‡bKwn›`y m¤cÖ`v‡qi gvbyl emevm Ki‡Zv| cvj ivRviv ag©cvj‡b wn›`y‡ìI mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Zb|wn›`y‡ì gw›ì wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ cvj ivRv‡ì Rwg `vb Kivi K_v BwZnv‡m Rvbv hvq| †eŠ×wenv‡ii †`qv‡j muvUv A‡bK †cvovgvwUi dj‡K wn›`y †è‡èxi g~wZ© i‡q‡Q| Gme †`‡L †evSvhvq, cvj hy‡M mKj a‡g©i gvbyl wg‡jwg‡k emevm Ki‡Zv| GB D`viZv I m¤cÖxwZi fve evOvwjiHwZn¨|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : cvj hy‡Mi m~Pbv Kxfv‡e n‡qwQj Zv †jL|

KvR- 2 : cvj hy‡M evsjvi mgvR Rxe‡bi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© w`Kmg~n wPwýZ Ki|

KvR- 3 : cvj hy‡Mi mgvR Rxe‡bi mv‡_ eZ©gvb mg‡qi mgvR Rxe‡bi wg‡ji Dci GKwUcÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Ki|

cvV-2 : †mb hy‡Mi ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Rxebaviv†eŠ× cvjivRv‡ì kvm‡bi Aemvb n‡j wn›`y †mb ivRv‡ì AwaKv‡i P‡j Av‡m evsjv| †mb hy‡MimgvR wQj cvj hy‡Mi †P‡q A‡bKUv Avjv`v| cvj ivRv‡ì g‡Zv mKj a‡g©i cÖwZ D`vi wQ‡jb bv†mb ivRviv| G hy‡M evsjvi mgvR bvbv †kªwY I e‡Y© wef³ n‡q hvq| Rxebaviv‡ZI Av‡mcwieZ©b|

†mb kvm‡bi m~Pbvcvj Avg‡jB `w¶Y-c~e© evsjvq †è I P›`ª Dcvwa †bIqv ivResk ¯^vaxb ivR¨ cÖwZôv K‡iwQj|GB `yB es‡ki ivRvivI cvj ivRv‡ì g‡Zv mykvmb cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb| we‡`wk Avµg‡Y P›`ª‡ìcivRq N‡U GMv‡iv kZ‡K| †mb Dcvwa †bIqv GB AvµgYKvixiv G‡mwQ‡jb `w¶Y fvi‡ZiKY©vUK †_‡K| †hv×v †mbiv GK mgq cvj ivRv‡ì †mbvevwnbx‡Z PvKwi Kivi Rb¨ evsjvqG‡mwQj| ax‡i ax‡i Zviv wb‡R‡ì kw³ evov‡Z _v‡K| cvj ivRv‡ì `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡M Zviv cvjwmsnvmb `Lj K‡i †bb| Gfv‡e evsjv we‡`wk kvmK‡ì AwaKv‡i P‡j hvq| cvj Ges P›`ªivRv‡ì ¯^vaxb iv‡Rï Aemvb N‡U `w¶Y fvi‡Zi GB †mb‡ì nv‡Z| †mbivR¨ cÖwZôvK‡iwQ‡jb †ngš— †mb| Zvi c‡i evsjvi ivRv wQ‡jb, weRq †mb, ej-vj †mb, j¶Y †mb|1203 m‡b ZzwK© †mbvcwZ BLwZqvi DwÏb eLwZqvi wLjwRi Avµg‡Y †mb ivR‡Z¡i Aemvb N‡U|


†mb hy‡Mi mgvR Rxeb†mb ivRviv wQ‡jb wn›`y eªvþY| wb‡R‡ì Lye DuPz †Mv‡Îi g‡b Ki‡Zb Zviv| GB eªvþY ivRvivbvbvfv‡e †kvlY Ki‡Z _v‡Kb evsjvi mvaviY wn›`y I †eŠ×a‡g©i gvbyl‡ì| mvaviY evOvwj †hbivRvi weiy‡× we‡`ªvn Ki‡Z bv cv‡i ZvB kvmKiv wbR a‡g©i gvbyl‡ì PviwU e‡Y© fvM K‡iw`‡jb| me‡P‡q DuPz e‡Y©i wn›`y‡ì ejv n‡Zv eªvþY| Giv wQ‡jb ivRv Ges cy‡ivwnZ| eªvþY‡ìcÖvq mevB KY©vUK Ges DËi fviZ †_‡K G‡m‡Qb| Gic‡ii †kªwY‡Z wQ‡jb hviv Zv‡ì ejv n‡Zv¶wÎq| mvaviYZ †hv×vivB wQ‡jb ¶wÎq| G‡ìI †ewkifvMB evOvwj wQ‡jb bv| eëmvqx Avi eoeo Rwgi gvwjKiv wQ‡jb Z…Zxq e‡Y©| GB e‡Y©i bvg êk¨| mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î G‡ìwKQz AwaKvi †`qv n‡Zv| GB wZb †kªwYi evB‡i _vKv †ewkifvM ¯’vbxq wn›`y‡K †djv n‡jv PZz_©¯—‡i| GB e‡Y©i bvg k~`ª| GB mvaviY evOvwjivB mKj mgq ¯^vaxbZv Avi AwaKv‡ii Rb¨cÖwZev` K‡i e‡j Zv‡ì `gb Kivi Rb¨ KwVb KwVb wbqg †eu‡a †`qv n‡jv| ejv n‡jv mvgvwRKI ivR‰bwZK †¶‡Î k~`ª‡ì †Kv‡bv AwaKvi _vK‡e bv| Giv ïay Ic‡ii wZb †kªwYi gvby‡li †mevKi‡e| wn›`y n‡jI wbgœe‡Y©i e‡j Zv‡ì ag©MÖš’ covI wQj wb‡la| †jLvcov Kivi AwaKviI wQjbv k~`ª‡ì| †mb ivRviv mZK© wQ‡jb hv‡Z mvaviY evOvwj gv_v Zz‡j ùvov‡Z bv cv‡i| ewnivMZkvmK‡Mvôx, †`kxq wn›`y I †eŠ×a‡g©i gvbyl‡ì wb‡qB †mb hy‡Mi mgvR MwVZ wQj|

mgvR Rxe‡b †mbkvm‡bi cÖfve†mb hy‡M evOvwji LvIqv `vIqv, †cvkvK cwi‡”Q` cvj hy‡Mi gZB wQj| Z‡e wn›`y a‡g©i cÖfve†e‡o hvIqvq mgv‡R c~Rv-cve©‡Yi Av‡qvRb A‡bK †e‡o hvq| hvi cÖfve GLbKvi evOvwj wn›`ymgv‡RI i‡q‡Q| †mb hy‡M mvaviY gvby‡li Rxeb Lye my‡Li wQj bv| †mb ivRviv †f‡ewQj†eŠ×iv Zv‡ì weiy‡× cÖwZev` Ki‡e| KviY †eŠ× ivRv‡ì nvZ †_‡K Zviv ivR¨ †K‡owb‡qwQj| ZvB `wg‡q ivLvi Rb¨ bvbvfv‡e AZ¨vPvi Ki‡Z _v‡K †eŠ×‡ì Ici| G Kvi‡Y †mbhy‡M †eŠ× mgv‡R `y`©kv †b‡g Av‡m| G‡`‡ki mvaviY wn›`y hv‡ì k~`ª †kªwYfy³ Kiv n‡qwQjZv‡ì IciI AZ¨vPvi Pj‡Z _v‡K|

†mb ivRv‡ì AZ¨vPv‡ii weiy‡× mivmwi cÖwZev` Kivi g‡Zv kw³ ZLb evOvwji wQj bv| Zv‡ì†¶vf g‡bi †fZi Rgv n‡Z _v‡K| Z‡e wKQyKvj c‡iB Gi cÖKvk N‡UwQj|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : †mb hy‡Mi evsjvi mgvR Rxe‡bi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© w`Kmg~n wPwýZ Ki|

KvR- 2 : †mb kvmKiv †Kb mvaviY gvb‡li Ici AZ¨vPvi Ki‡Zv Zv eY©bv Ki|

KvR- 3 : †mb kvm‡b k~`ª‡ì Ae¯’v eY©bv Ki|


cvV- 3 : cÖvPxb evsjvi A_©‰bwZK Rxebevsjv‡`‡k cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K K„wl A_©bxwZ M‡o D‡VwQj| bvbv ai‡bi wkí`ªeÏ Drcvw`Z n‡ZvG‡`‡k| Gme Kvi‡Y evsjvi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v †ek m”Qj wQj| ZviciI mKj mg‡q mvaviYgvby‡li A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v fv‡jv wQj Zv ejv hv‡e bv|

evsjvi K…wl-A_©bxwZb`x-bvjv-Lvj-we‡ji †`k GB evsjv‡`k| evsjvi g~j f~wg b`xi cwj w`‡q MwVZ| ZvB G‡`‡kigvwU Lye Ee©i| GB gvwU‡Z mn‡RB dmj d‡j| cÖvPxb evsjvi A_©bxwZi cÖavb kw³ wQj K…wl| †mhy‡MI avb wQj cÖavb dmj| GQvov cÖPzi AvL Drcv`b n‡Zv| Av‡Li im w`‡q ˆZwi n‡Zv ¸o IwPwb| Rvbv hvq-¸ß hy‡M AvL Ges Av‡Li ˆZwi ¸o I wPwbi Rb¨ evsjvi h‡_ó L¨vwZ wQj| GB¸o I wPwb fvi‡Zi wewfbœ AÂj QvovI wbKUeZx© A‡bK †`‡k ißvwb Kiv n‡Zv| cÖvPxb hy‡MZzjv, mwilv I cvb Pv‡li Rb¨ evsjvi L¨vwZ wQj| cÖvPxb hy‡M †ek K‡qK ai‡bi d‡ji K_v Rvbvhvq hv G‡`‡k cÖPzi dj‡Zv| G¸wji g‡a¨ D‡j-L‡hvM¨ n‡”Q bvwi‡Kj, mycvwi, Avg, KuvVvj,Wvwjg, Kjv, †jey, Wygyi BZ¨vw`|

evsjvi wkí-A_©bxwZcÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB evsjvi KvwiMiiv †ek fv‡jv Kvco eybZ| ZvB G‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© DrmwQj Kvco| ZuvwZiv †ek wgwn mywZ I †ikwg Kvco eyb‡Z cviZ| †`‡ki Pvwn`v wgwU‡qI KvcoGmgq we‡`‡k ißvwb Kiv n‡Zv| evsjvi gmwjb Kvc‡oi mybvg mviv c„w_ex‡Z Qwo‡q c‡owQj|cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB GB Kvco ˆZwi n‡Zv| Kvco QvovI Ab¨vb¨ `ªe¨ ˆZwii KviLvbv M‡o D‡VwQjevsjvq| Gme KviLvbvq ˆZwi n‡Zv gvwUi cvÎ, †mvbv I iycvi Aj¼vi, †bŠKv, Miyi Mvwo I bvbvai‡bi KviyKvh© Kiv `ªe¨mvgMÖx|

eëmv-evwYR¨

K…wl I wkí‡¶‡Î Drcv`b evovi d‡j †`‡ki Pvwn`v wgwU‡qI h‡_ó cwigv‡Y DØ„Ë n‡Zv| Gme`ªe¨ mvgMÖx ißvwb Ki‡Z wM‡q cÖvPxb evsjvq eëmv-evwY‡Rï DbœwZ N‡U| †`‡ki †fZ‡i eëmv-evwY‡Rï weKvk NUvq GLv‡b A‡bK nvU-evRvi I MÄ M‡o I‡V| cÖvPxb evsjvi weL¨vZ mgy`ªe›`‡ii bvg n‡”Q Zvgªwjwß hv eZ©gvb cwðge‡½ Aew¯’Z| GB e›`‡ii gva¨‡g we‡`‡ki mv‡_evwYR¨ Kiv n‡Zv| evsjv‡`‡ki PÆMÖvg I †bvqvLvwj‡ZI mgy`ª e›ì wQj| GLv‡b Aóg kZ‡KAvie ewYKiv Zv‡ì RvnvR wfwo‡qwQ‡jb| Zviv `xN©w`b GB e›`‡ii gva¨‡g eëmv evwYR¨cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb| ¯’vbxq ewYKiv gvjcÎ wb‡q †h‡Zb mgy`ª e›`‡i| †mLv‡b Zviv AvieewYK‡ì Kv‡Q wewµ Ki‡Zb| Avi Avie ewYK‡ì Avbv `ªe¨mvgMÖx wK‡b wb‡q †h‡Zb| GLvbKvie›`‡i Avie ewYKiv †hgb Avm‡Zb †Zgwb evOvwj ewYKivI mgy`ªc‡_ we‡`‡ki mv‡_ evwYR¨Ki‡Zb|


Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : cÖvPxb I eZ©gvb evsjvi K…wl Drcv`‡bi wgj¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki|

KvR- 2 : cÖvPxb evsjvi A_©‰bwZK `ªe¨mvgMÖxi ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|

cvV- 4 : ms¯‹…wZi K_vms¯‹…wZ K_vUv cÖvqB Kv‡b Av‡m, ZvB bv! wKš‘ welqUv ¯úó K‡i †evSv †ek gykwKj| †evSv†Kb gykwKj †m KviYUv Rvbv wKš‘ mnR| KviYUv n‡jv, Rxe‡bi mKj wKQyB ms¯‹…wZi Ask|GKRb mgvRweÁvbx e‡j‡QbÑÑ Avgiv hv Zv-B ms¯‹…wZ| RvgvKvco, LvIqv`vIqv, evwoNi,ˆZRmcÎ †_‡K ïiy K‡i ag©Kg©, wkímvwnZ¨ wKQyB ev` hv‡e bv ms¯‹…wZ †_‡K|

Avgv‡ì f‚wg †hgb De©i †Zgwb ms¯‹…wZI †ek mg„×| Avgv‡ì ms¯‹…wZi `ywU êwkó¨ †LqvjKi‡Z eje| cÖ_gZ, Avgv‡ì Rxe‡b i‡q‡Q D`vi De©i cÖK…wZi f‚wgKv| wØZxqZ, GLv‡b AvMZbvbv RvwZi gvbyl, Zv‡ì ms¯‹…wZ I wek¦v‡mi f‚wgKv| Pvicv‡ki cÖK…wZ GLv‡b Rxeš—, gvbylI†Zgwb cÖvYeš—| cÖK…wZi mv‡_ GB wbweo m¤úK© evOvwji gb I Rxeb‡K w`‡q‡Q we‡kl i~c|

Avgv‡ì Rxebhvc‡b gvwUi eënvi Lye †ewk, †mwU nvwo-Kjwm †_‡K †cvovgvwUi djK ch©š—†`‡L †ek †evSv hvq| euvk, †eZ, Kv‡Vi eënviI eûKv‡ji| ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b Lv`¨ I Ab¨vb¨Kv‡R MvQcvjv, Rjvk‡qi `vbB †ewk| mvaviY gvby‡li g~j †ckv wQj wZbwUÑÑ Pvl, ZuvZ Pvjv‡bv,gvQ aiv| A_©vr Zviv wQj Pvwl, ZuvwZ ev †Rvjv Avi †R‡j| cÖK…wZi Lvg‡Lqvwj‡Z †h‡nZz KLbIeb¨v KLbI So, KLbI Abve„wó, nVvr XjÑÑ Gme AwbðqZv _v‡K ZvB GLv‡b gvby‡li g‡a¨cigkw³‡Z wek¦vm †ek †Rvi cvq| Mv‡b-KweZvq Zv cÖKvk †c‡q G‡m‡Q eivei|

GLv‡b wZbwU eo fvlvRvwZ Zv‡ì fvlv I ms¯‹…wZ wb‡q G‡m‡Q| Zviv n‡jv AwóªK, `ªvweo IAvh©RvwZ| Zv‡ì cÖfve Avgv‡ì fvlv I ms¯‹…wZ‡Z GLbI Av‡Q| ag©wek¦v‡mi w`K †_‡KIAvgv‡ì †`‡k êwPÎ¨ Kg bq| wn›`yag©, †eŠ× ag© Ges Bmjvg GLv‡b cvwjZ n‡q‡Q| 1204wLªóv‡ã BLwZqvi DwÏb eLwZqvi wLjwRi evsjv weR‡qi ci †_‡K Bmjvg ag©vej¤^xi msL¨vavivevwnKfv‡e †e‡o‡Q| ag© cÖPv‡i gymwjg mywd I mvaKivB cÖavb f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Qb|Gfv‡eB AvR evsjv‡`k gymwjgcÖavb †`k|

wKš‘ Avgv‡ì i‡q‡Q cÖK…wZi mv‡_ emev‡mi `xN© HwZn¨, bvbv Rv‡Zi gvby‡li KvQ †_‡K cvIqvms¯‹…wZ, wewfbœ a‡g©i KvQ †_‡K cvIqv †cÖiYv| Gme wg‡j Rb‰ewP‡Îï gZB evOvwj mvs¯‹…wZKêwPÎ¨‡KI jvjb K‡i Avm‡Q|

wPivqZ evOvwj ms¯‹…wZi GKwU we‡kl êwk‡óï K_v eje| GLv‡b cÖK…wZ †hgb mg„× †ZgwbZvi i‡q‡Q fvOvMovi Lvg‡Lqvwj| G‡K †Kvbfv‡eB Gwo‡q Pjv m¤¢e wQj bv,


GLbI m¤¢e bq| eb¨v, So, Abve„wó, fvOb BZ¨vw` GLvbKvi gvbyl‡K eivei cigkw³i cÖwZAvK…ó I wek¦¯— †i‡L‡Q| me a‡g©i gvbyl wbR wbR wek¦vm †_‡K G mvabv K‡i‡Q| GB mvabvig‡a¨ Ck¦i ev Avj-vni K_v †hgb Av‡Q †Zgwb _v‡K gvby‡li K_v| evOvwji ms¯‹…wZ‡Z GZêwP‡Îï g‡aÏ †h myiwU cÖavb †mwU‡K ejv hvq gvbeZvev`| A_©vr gvby‡li R‡b¨ fv‡jvevmv,gvby‡l gvby‡l m¤cÖxwZ| Gme K_v jvjb, iex›`Öbv_, bRiy‡ji Mv‡b Avgiv ïb‡Z cvB|

†mB myjZvwb Avg‡j Kwe PÊx`vm wj‡L‡QbÑÑ mevi Dc‡i gvbyl mZ¨, Zvnvi Dc‡i bvB| Avibvg-bv-Rvbv †jvKKwe wj‡L‡Qb PgrKvi KweZvÑÑ bvbveiY Mvfx‡i fvB GKB eiY `ya/ RMrfiwgqv †`wL meB GKB gv‡qi cyZ| Avgv‡ì RvZxq Kwe bRi"j wj‡L‡QbÑÑ GK e„‡š— `ywUdzj wn›`y-gymjgvb/gymwjg Zvi bq‡bi gwY, wn›`y Zvnvi cÖvY|


evDj

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR-1 : wewfbœ †`kxq mvs¯„‹wZK Dcv`vb msMÖn K‡i Zvi cÖ`k©bxi Av‡qvRb Ki|

KvR-2 : wewfbœ Kv‡e¨ evOvwj-g‡bi †h cwiPq dz‡U D‡V‡Q †m m¤ú‡K© wb‡Ri g‡bi K_v †jL|

KvR-3 : evOvwj ms¯‹…wZi cwiPq Zz‡j a‡i †kªwYwfwËK mvs¯‹…wZK Abyôvb Av‡qvRb Ki|

cvV-5 : cÖvPxb evsjvi mvs¯‹…wZK I agx©q RxebcÖvPxb evsjvq Kwe‡ì †jLv mvwnZ¨ I we‡`wk ch©UK‡ì †jLv ågYKvwnwb †_‡K evOvwji Rxebavivm¤ú‡K© A‡bK wKQy Rvbv hvq| †m mg‡qi gvby‡li †i‡L hvIqv `ªe¨mvgMÖx †`‡L Ges Zv we‡k-lYK‡iI cÖvPxb evsjvi gvby‡li mvs¯‹…wZK Rxeb m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv hvq| ag© ms¯‹…wZiB GKwUAsk| cÖvPxb evsjv Ry‡o `y‡Uv cÖavb ag© wQj| GKwU wn›`yag© Ab¨wU †eŠ×ag©| GB `yB a‡g©igvby‡li Ae¯’vbB wQj cÖvPxb evsjvq| wKQy gvbyl Aek¨ cÖK…wZ c~Rvix wQ‡jb|

mvs¯‹…wZK RxebcÖvPxb evsjvi gvby‡li RxebavivB Avm‡j Zv‡ì mvs¯‹…wZK Rxeb| G hy‡Mi gvbyl Lye mij Rxebhvcb Ki‡Zv| wewfbœ w`K †_‡K Zv‡ì mvs¯‹…wZK Rxe‡bi aviYv †bIqv hvq|

fvlv I mvwnZëvsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Zï m„wó nq cÖvPxb hy‡MB| evsjv fvlvi me‡P‡q cyi‡bv wb`k©b n‡jv Ph©vc`|†eŠ× ag©¸iyiv mnRfv‡e a‡g©i evYx mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q cÖPvi Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡ì gy‡Li fvlvq†jLvi GKwU i~c ˆZwi K‡ib| GiB bvg nq Ph©vc`| GwU evsjv mvwn‡Zï Avw` wb`k©b| Gi Av‡MmvwnZ¨ iPbv Kiv n‡Zv ms¯‹…Z fvlvq| cÖvPxb evsjvi †kl w`‡K evsjv fvlvq †jLv GKwU KweZvieB Luy‡R †c‡q‡Qb M‡elKiv| eBwUi bvg Ôm`yw³KY©vg„ZÕ| gvby‡li gy‡L gy‡L Qwo‡q _vKvKweZv¸‡jv †mb hy‡Mi †kl w`‡K kªxai `vm msKjb K‡i bvg †`b m`yw³KY©vg„Z| cvjhy‡Mi KwemÜ¨vKib›`x ÔivgPwiZÕ bv‡g GKwU eB †j‡Lb| BwZnv‡mi A‡bK Dcv`vb cvIqv hvqivgPwi‡Z| Awfb›` bv‡gI GKRb Kwei bvg cvIqv hvq| Z‡e RMr weL¨vZ cwÊZ wQ‡jb AZxk`xc¼i kªxÁvb whwb 168wU eB wj‡LwQ‡jb| `yt‡Li welq Zuvi me eB Kv‡ji M‡f© nvwi‡q †M‡Q|†mb ivRv ej-vj †mb I j¶Y †mb Df‡qB Kwe wQ‡jb|

†ekf~lvcÖvPxb evsjvi mvaviY gvby‡li †cvkv‡K †Zgb RuvKRgK wQj bv| Kvc‡o †Kv‡bv †mjvB Kiv n‡Zvbv| †Q‡jiv aywZ ci‡Zv| †g‡qiv ci‡Zv kvwo| abx cyiyliv kix‡ii Ic‡ii As‡k Pvì Rov‡ZbAvi †g‡qiv Rov‡Zb Iobv| A‡bK †cvovgvwUi dj‡K †g‡q‡ì Pz‡j †Luvcv †`Lv hvq| †Q‡j‡ìevewi Pzj ivLvi QweI Av‡Q| G hy‡M bvix cyiyl Df‡qB Aj¼vi ci‡Zb|


hvbevnbcÖvPxb evsjvq ¯’jc‡_ Miyi Mvwo I Rjc‡_ †bŠKv wQj cÖavb evnb| abx gwnjviv A‡bK mgqcvjwK‡Z PjvPj Ki‡Zb| ZLb †_‡KB G‡`‡k bvbv iK‡gi †bŠKvi Pj wQj|

Lv`¨GLbKvi g‡Zv cÖvPxb evsjvq evOvwji cÖavb Lv`¨ wQj fvZ-gvQ| kvK-mewR Ges Wvj LvIqviIcÖPjb wQj| we‡q Ges Ab¨vb¨ Abyôv‡b gvQ, gvsm, `B, wcVv cÖf„wZi Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡Zv|Lvev‡ii c‡i cvb †Ìqvi ixwZ †m hy‡MI wQj| †mKv‡ji Kwe wj‡L‡QbÑÑÔKwP k‡l© kvK, bZzbPv‡ji fvZ, non‡o `BÑÑ cÖPziÕ| G wQj evOvwji wcÖq Lvevi| ZLb bvbv iKg mie‡Zi cÖPjbwQj e‡jI Rvbv hvq|

Avb›` DrmecÖvPxb evsjvi gvbyl Aemi we‡bv`‡bi Rb¨ Mvb, evRbv I bv‡Pi Av‡qvRb Ki‡Zb| †m hy‡Mgj-hy× I Kzw¯— †LjviI Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡Zv| cvkv I `vev †m hy‡Mi †ek cÖPwjZ †Ljv wQj|

agx©q Rxeb†eŠ× I wn›`y ag© hLb cÖwZwôZ nqwb †mB mg‡q evsjvi Avw` Awaevmxiv dj-dzj, cvnvo-ce©Z,b`-b`x cªf„wZi c~Rv Ki‡Zb| Avh©iv G‡`‡k Avmvi ci evsjvi gvbyl GKwU bZzb a‡g©i mv‡_cwiwPZ nq| GB ag©‡K mvaviYfv‡e ejv n‡Zv eªvþY¨ ag©| eªvþY¨ mgv‡R RvwZ‡f` cÖ_v cÖPwjZwQj| mviv fvi‡ZB GB Ae¯’v wQj| G Kvi‡YB Qq wLªóc~e©vã †_‡K fviZRy‡o ag© ms¯‹vi Pj‡Z_v‡K| GB ms¯‹v‡ii c_ a‡i ˆRb I †eŠ× a‡g©i Rb¥ nq| cÖvPxb evsjvq cvj ivRv‡ìkvmbKv‡j weKvk N‡U †eŠ× a‡g©i| Avi eªvþY¨ wn›`y a‡g©i weKvk N‡U †mb kvmbKv‡j|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : cÖvPxb evsjvi mvs¯‹…wZK Rxe‡bi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© w`Kmg~n wPwýZ Ki|

KvR- 2 : cÖvPxb evsjvi agx©q Rxe‡bi mv‡_ eZ©gvb hy‡Mi MÖvgxY wn›`y‡ì ag©xq Rxe‡bi wgjwPwýZ Ki|

36 ivóª I bvMwiK

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. Ôm`yw³KY©vg„ZÕÑÑ eBwU †K msKjb K‡i‡Qb?

K. Awfb›` M. mÜ¨vKi b›`x

L. kªxai `vm N. AZxk `xc¼i kªxÁvb

2. cvj hy‡Mi ivRviv evsjv‡K †hfv‡e mg„× K‡iwQj Zv n‡jvÑÑ

i . wk¶v I ms¯‹„wZ PP©vi gva¨‡g

ii. cuyw_wPÎ iPbv K‡i

iii.D`vi agx©q PP©vq DØy× K‡i


K. i I ii M. ii I iii

L. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 3 I 4 b¤¦i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vIÑÑevsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li wbKU AwZe„wó, Abve„wó, So, wmWi, AvBjv cÖf„wZ cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vMwbZ¨m½x| So n‡j m„wóKZ©v‡K ¯§iY Kiv †hgb Zv‡`i KvR †Zgwb Abve„wó‡ZI m„wóKZ©viwbKU e„wó Kvgbv K‡i Mvb †M‡q I‡VÑÑAvj-vn †gN †`, cvwb †`ÑÑGB wek¦v‡mi Dci wbf©i K‡iw`b KvUvq Zviv|

3. Aby‡”Q‡` Dwj-wLZ welq¸wj‡Z ms¯‹„wZi †h w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q Zv n‡jvÑÑ

i . cig kw³‡Z wek¦vm

ii. cÖK…wZi Dci wbf©ikxjZv

iii.MÖvgxY Rxeb‡eva


K. i M. iii


4. ms¯‹„wZi D³ w`KwU †`‡ki mgvR e¨e¯’vq †hfv‡e cÖKvwkZ nqÑÑ

i . Rvwi-mvwi Mv‡b

ii. KweZvi gva¨‡g

iii.gvby‡li AvPi‡Y



K. i M. iii


m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. jvwee Zvi `v`vevwo wM‡q‡Q| †eov‡Z †ei n‡q †m †`L‡Z †cj MªvgwUi AwaKvsk NievwogvwUi ˆZwi Ges cÖwZwU evwo‡ZB gvwUi my›ì nvwo, Kjm, NwU, evwU, evu‡ki ˆZwi Szwoeënvi K‡i| Avevi wKQy evwo‡Z ZvuwZ‡ì Kvco †evbv †`‡L jvwee Awff~Z n‡jv|

K. evsjv fvlvi me‡P‡q cyivZb wb`k©b Kx?

L. K…wl‡K cÖvPxb evsjvi A_©bxwZi cÖavb kw³ ejv nq †Kb?

M. Aby‡”Q‡` Dwj-wLZ `ªe¨¸‡jvi eënv‡i wK‡mi cwiPq dz‡U D‡V‡Q? eY©bv Ki|

N. jvwe‡ei †`Lv †ckvwU cÖvPxb evsjvi eëmv-evwY‡Rï Dbœq‡b †Kv‡bv cÖfve †d‡j‡Q Kx?†Zvgvi DË‡ii c‡¶ gZvgZ `vI|

2. ï‡f”Qv Rv`yN‡i wM‡q‡Q| †mLv‡b †m †`L‡Z †cj cÖvPxb evsjvi wewfbœ ivRv‡ì mgqKviˆZRmcÎ, gy`ªv, †è‡èxi g~wZ© AuvKv †cvovgvwUi wKQy djK my›ì K‡i msi¶Y Kiv n‡q‡Q|

K. cÖvPxb Gwkqvi †kªô we`¨vcx‡Vi bvg Kx?

L. ˆKeZ© ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

M. ï‡f”Qvi †`Lv djK¸‡jv †Kvb hy‡Mi wb`k©b? eY©bv Ki|

N. D³ djK¸‡jv‡Z ZLbKvi kvmbKv‡ji †Kvb êwkó¨ dz‡U D‡V‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|

38 ivóª I bvMwiK

Aa¨vq- Pvi

ivóª I bvMwiKgvbyl A‡bK Av‡M Rb¥ wb‡jI cÖvPxb c„w_ex‡Z †Kv‡bv iv‡óªi Aw¯—Z¡ wQj bv| wQj bv †Kv‡bvbvMwi‡Ki aviYv| mg‡qi cwieZ©b I wewfbœ NUbvi ga¨ w`‡q 5 †_‡K 6 nvRvi eQi Av‡M b`x Imgy‡`ªi Zx‡i cÖvPxb wKQz bMi-ivóª M‡o I‡V| bMi-ivóª eë¯’v †_‡K cÖvPxbKv‡j iv‡óªi aviYviDrcwË N‡U‡Q| ax‡i ax‡i AvaywbK iv‡óªi D™¢e n‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b c„w_ex‡Z 196wU ivóª i‡q‡Q|Gi g‡a¨ Avgv‡ì evsjv‡`k GKwU| eZ©gvb we‡k¦i †jvKmsL¨v cÖvq mvZ kÕ †KvwU| G wecyjRbmsL¨vi mevB †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv iv‡óªi Awaevmx ev bvMwiK| †hgb Avgiv mevB evsjv‡`kiv‡óªi Awaevmx Ges evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK| ivóª ev bvMwiK ej‡Z Kx eySvq, Kxfv‡e GKwU ivóªMwVZ nq, Kxfv‡e GKwU †`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ jvf Kiv hvq wb‡P Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

cvV-1 : iv‡óªi aviYvmvaviY A‡_© ivóª ej‡Z miKvi, †`k,mgvR, RvwZ BZ¨vw`‡K eySvq| Avm‡j Zvbq| ÔivóªÕ K_vwUi GKwU we‡kl A_© evaviYv i‡q‡Q| ivóª n‡jv †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó¯’vb ev f~L‡Ê ¯’vqxfv‡e emevmKvixGKwU Rbmgwó| G Rbmgwó m¤ú~Y©¯^vaxb I Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †`‡kiwbqš¿Ygy³| GKwU iv‡óªi mymsMwVZmiKvi _v‡K hvi cÖwZ RbmvaviY¯^vfvweKfv‡eB AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKvi K‡i|

Zvn‡j ejv hvq ivóª MV‡b PviwU Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡”Q Rbmgwó, f~LÊ, miKvi Imve©‡fŠgZ¡| G¸‡jv meB ivóª MV‡bi Rb¨ Avewk¨K|

1. Rbmgwó : iv‡óªi cÖ_g Dcv`vb n‡jv Rbmgwó| RbMY n‡jv iv‡óªi cÖvY| Rbmgwó Qvovivóª MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| Z‡e iv‡óªi RbmsL¨v KZ n‡e Zvi †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó msL¨v †bB|†jvKmsL¨v KgI n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi A‡bK †ewkI n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb Px‡bi RbmsL¨v cÖvq †òk†KvwU| Ab¨w`‡K Ômvb g¨vwi‡bvÕ bv‡gi GKwU †QvU †`‡ki RbmsL¨v gvÎ mv‡o evi nvRvi|

2. f~LÊ : GKwU iv‡óª †Kej RbmsL¨v _vK‡jB n‡e bv| RbmsL¨vi ¯’vqxfv‡e emev‡mi Rb¨PvB GKwU f~LÊ| f~LÊ Qvov †Kv‡bv ivóª MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| hviv A¯’vqxfv‡e bvbv RvqMvq evmK‡i Zv‡ì A_©vr hvhvei‡ì †Kv‡bv ivóª †bB| f~LÊ ej‡Z Rj, ¯’j I Zvi Dcwifv‡MievqygÊj‡K eySvq| ivóª MV‡bi Rb¨ Rbmgwói g‡Zv f~L‡Êi †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó cwigvY †bB| A_©vrGKwU iv‡óªi f~LÊ AvqZ‡b A‡bK eo n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi A‡bK †QvUI n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb

f~LÊ

Rbmgwó

miKvi

mve©‡fŠgZ¡

ivóª

fvi‡Zi AvqZb cÖvq 32,87,590 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi| Ab¨w`‡K wm½vcyi I f¨vwUKvb wmwUi AvqZbh_vµ‡g cÖvq 693 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi I 0.18 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi| wm½vcyi I f¨vwUKvb bMi-ivóª|

3. miKvi : ivóª MV‡bi Z„Zxq ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb n‡jv miKvi| miKv‡ii gva¨‡g ivóª mKj KvRK‡i _v‡K, wbqgKvbyb Av‡ivc K‡i Ges RbMY‡K cwiPvjbv K‡i| RbMY miKvi‡K †g‡b P‡j|miKv‡ii cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk K‡i|

4. mve©‡fŠgZ¡ : GwU ivóª MV‡bi me©‡kªô Dcv`vb| mve©‡fŠgZ¦ n‡jv iv‡óªi m‡e©v”P AwaKvi I¶gZv| ivóª G ¶gZv w`‡q iv‡óªi Af¨š—‡i †h-KvD‡K †h-†Kv‡bv wb‡`©k w`‡Z cv‡i| Zv‡K †mAv‡`k cvj‡b eva¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y ivóª Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †`k ev kw³i wbqš¿Y†_‡K gy³ _v‡K| †gvUK_v mve©‡fŠgZ¡ n‡jv iv‡óªi Aw¯—Z¡ Ges iv‡óª kvwš—-k„•Ljv i¶vi me©gq¶gZv| G mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi g~j AwaKvix n‡jv RbMY| RbM‡Yi c‡¶ miKvi Zv cÖ‡qvM K‡i| GR‡b¨ miKvi RbM‡Yi Øviv wbe©vwPZ nIqvB DËg eë¯’v|

AZGe, Ic‡ii PviwU Acwinvh© Dcv`vb Qvov ivóª MwVZ nq bv| Gi †h †Kv‡bv GKwUi Afv‡eivóª MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| Avgiv A‡bKmgq fyjekZ ivóª‡K miKvi e‡j _vwK| cÖK…Zc‡¶ ivóªI miKvi GK bq| miKvi ivóª MV‡bi GKwU Dcv`vb gvÎ|

Abykxjbg~jK KvRKvR-1 : XvKv I jÛb‡K ivóª ejv hv‡e wKbv mncvVx‡ì m‡½ `jMZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Ki I

GKwU cªwZ‡e`b ˆZwi K‡i Dc¯’vcb Ki|

cvV- 2 : ivóª wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`kevsjv‡`k GKwU ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg ivóª| 1971mv‡j gnvb gyw³hy× I i³¶qx msMÖv‡gi gva¨‡gevsjv‡`k we‡k¦i ey‡K GKwU ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠgivóª wn‡m‡e AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i| GKwU ivóªwn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ nIqvi Rb¨ †h-me Dcv`vbìKvi Zvi me¸‡jvB evsjv‡`‡ki i‡q‡Q|evsjv‡`k iv‡óªi Dcv`vb¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© ms‡¶‡c†R‡b wbB|

Rb‡Mvôxevsjv‡`‡ki GKwU wekvj Rb‡Mvôx i‡q‡Q| GimsL¨v cÖvq 14 †KvwU 66 j¶| evsjv‡`‡kiRbmsL¨vi cÖvq A‡a©K bvix Ges A‡a©K cyiyl|RbmsL¨vi GKwU weivU Ask wkï| Giv G†`‡ki ¯’vqx evwm›`v I bvMwiK| RbmsL¨viw`K †_‡K evsjv‡`k we‡k¦i Aóg e„nËg ivóª|

40 ivóª I bvMwiK

evsjv‡`‡ki Rb‡Mvôx

f~LÊ

evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU wbw`©ó f~LÊ i‡q‡Q| Gi AvqZb 1,47,570 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi ev 56,977eM©gvBj| 1971 mv‡j ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi ga¨ w`‡q Avgiv G f~L‡Êi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ AR©b K‡iwQ|DË‡i fviZ I `w¶‡Y e‡½vcmvMi, c~‡e© fviZ I wgqvbgvi, cwð‡g fvi‡Zi cwðge½ ch©š—evsjv‡`‡ki f~LÊ we¯—…Z| AmsL¨ b`b`x, nvIo, cvnvo, ebf~wg I we¯—…Z mgf~wg wb‡q Gf~LÊ MwVZ|


evsjv‡`‡ki gvbwPÎ

miKvievsjv‡`‡ki miKvi eë¯’v gš¿xcwil` kvwmZ| Gi bvg ÔMYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKviÕ| GwUGKwU MYZvwš¿K miKvi| G miKvi RbM‡Yi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ| miKv‡ii mKj wbqgKvbyb IAv‡`k-wb‡la RbMY †g‡b P‡j| ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i mgq 1971 mv‡ji GwcÖj gv‡m †g‡nicyi†Rjvi (ZrKvjxb Kzwóqv †Rjv) gywRebM‡i evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g miKvi MwVZ nq|

mve©‡fŠgZ¡evsjv‡`k ivóª mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi AwaKvix| G¶gZvi Øviv miKvi †`‡ki mKj Rb‡Mvôx‡Kwbqš¿Y K‡i I Ab¨‡`‡ki wbqš¿Y †_‡Kgy³ †i‡L †`k kvmb K‡i| G Kvi‡YBAb¨‡Kv‡bv †`k evsjv‡`‡ki Af¨š—ixY wel‡qn¯—‡¶c Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| mve©‡fŠgZ¡evsjv‡`k iv‡óªi P~ovš— ¶gZv|

Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB, iv‡óªime êwkó¨B evsjv‡`‡ki i‡q‡Q| Gi i‡q‡Qwekvj RbmsL¨v, mywbw`©ó f~LÊ, MYZvwš¿KmiKvi I mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : G cv‡V cÖ`Ë evsjv‡`‡ki Rb‡Mvôx, f~LÊ I miKvi m¤ú‡K© GKwU msw¶ßcÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Ki| `jMZfv‡e KvRwU Kiv hvq|

cvV-3 : bvMwiK I bvMwiK‡Z¡i aviYvAvgv‡ì †`k evsjv‡`k| evsjv‡`k GKwU¯^vaxb ivóª| Avgiv G iv‡óªi Awaevmx|iv‡óªi Awaevmx‡K ejv nq bvMwiK|mvaviYfv‡e bM‡ii mKj Awaevmx‡KBAv‡M bvMwiK ejv n‡Zv| ZLb †QvU †QvUbMi‡K †K›`ª K‡i MwVZ n‡Zv ivóª | GbMi-iv‡óªi AwaevmxivB bvMwiK e‡jMY¨ n‡Zb| ZLb bM‡ii RbmsL¨v wQjKg, AvqZbI wQj †QvU| eZ©gv‡biv‡óªi AvqZb A‡bK eo| GLb GKwUiv‡óªi i‡q‡Q A‡bK bMi| †Zgwb

42 ivóª I bvMwiK

bvMwiK

bvMwi‡Ki PviwU cÖavb êwkó¨

iv‡óªi ’vqxevwm›`v

iv‡óªi cÖwZAvbyMZ¨

iv‡óªi cÖwZ`vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨

ivóª †_‡K ivR‰bwZK ImvgvwRK AwaKvi jvf

i‡q‡Q wekvj Rbmgwó| GLb bvMwiKiv iv‡óªi kvmbKv‡R mivmwi AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

eZ©gv‡b bvMwiK I bvMwiK‡Z¡i aviYvI e`‡j †M‡Q| GLb iv‡óªi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e †h-†Kv‡bve¨w³B bvMwiK we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡ib| bvMwiK‡K iv‡óªi ¯’vqx evwm›`v n‡Z n‡e Avi iv‡óªi cÖwZAbyMZ _vK‡Z n‡e| Zv‡K iv‡óªi Kj¨vY wPš—v Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov, iv‡óªi GKRb bvMwi‡Ki†hgb i‡q‡Q mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi †Zgwb i‡q‡Q `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨|

GKRb bvMwiK iv‡óªi cwiP‡qB bvMwiKZ¡ cvq| ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK wn‡m‡e Avgv‡ìmK‡ji bvMwiK‡Z¡i cwiPq evsjv‡`wk| Avgv‡ì ivóª evsjv‡`k| Avgiv evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK|RvwZ wn‡m‡e Avgiv evOvwj| Avgv‡ì iv‡óªi fvlv evsjv| ZvQvov Avgv‡ì †`‡ki Awaevmx‡ìg‡a¨ ¶z`ª b„-†MvôxI i‡q‡Q| Zv‡ì fvlv I ms¯‹…wZ wfbœ| ZvivI evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK|

bvMwiK I †`kevmx

GKwU iv‡óª emevmKvix mK‡jB iv‡óªi Awaevmx I bvMwiK|

bvMwiK I we‡`wk

GKwU iv‡óª wbR †`‡ki Awaevmx QvovI wfbœ †`‡ki A‡bK †jvKI evm K‡i| wk¶v, eëmv-evwYR¨, PvKwi BZ¨vw` bvbv Kvi‡Y Zviv Ae¯’vb K‡i| Giv we‡`wk wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| ZvivG‡`‡ki miKv‡ii ev iv‡óªi †Kv‡bv ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB we‡`wkiviv‡óªi bvMwiK bq|

cvV-4 : bvMwiKZ¡ jv‡fi wbqg

bvMwiKZ¡ n‡jv iv‡óªi Awaevmx ev e¨w³i RvZxq cwiPq| ivóª‡K †K›`ª K‡i e¨w³ G cwiPq jvfK‡i| bvMwiKZ¡ jv‡fi `ywU cÖavb Dcvq n‡jv :

1. Rb¥m~‡Î bvMwiKZ¡ jvf

2. Aby‡gv`bm~‡Î bvMwiKZ¡ jvf

hviv Rb¥m~‡Î iv‡óªi bvMwiKZ¡v jvf K‡i Zviv Rb¥m~‡Î bvMwiK| Avi hviv Av‡e`‡bi gva¨‡g†Kv‡bv †`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ jvf K‡i Zviv Aby‡gv`bm~‡Î bvMwiK| Aby‡gv`bm~‡Î hviv bvMwiKZ¡ jvfK‡i iv‡óªi Av‡ivwcZ KZ¸‡jv kZ© Zv‡ì c~iY Ki‡Z nq|

Rb¥m~‡Î bvMwiKZ¡ jvfRb¥m~‡Î bvMwiKZ¡ jv‡fi †¶‡Î `ywU cÖavb we‡eP¨ welq n‡jv :

1. Rb¥m~Î bxwZ I 2. Rb¥¯’vb bxwZ


bvMwiKZ¡ jvf

Aby‡gv`bm~‡Î

Rb¥m~‡Î

Rb¥m~Î bxwZG bxwZ Abyhvqx gv-evev †h iv‡óªi bvMwiK mš—vb †m-iv‡ói bvMwiK n‡e| †Kv‡bv evev-gvimš—vb we‡`‡k Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡jI †m mš—vb gv-evevi †`‡ki bvMwiK n‡e| c„w_exi †ewki fvM†`k G bxwZ AbymiY K‡i _v‡K| G bxwZ Abyhvqx †Kv‡bv Rvcvwb ev divwm gv-evevi mš—vbevsjv‡`‡k Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡jI Zviv Rvcvb ev divwm †`‡ki bvMwiK n‡e| Gfv‡e evsjv‡`wk gv-evevi mš—vb Hme †`‡k Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡jI Zviv evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK n‡e|

Rb¥¯’vb bxwZG bxwZ Abyhvqx gv-evev †h-†`‡kiB †nvK bv†Kb mš—vb †h-†`‡k Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡e †m-†`‡ki bvMwiK n‡e| G bxwZ Rb¥¯’v‡biIci wbf©i K‡i| G bxwZ Abyhvqxevsjv‡`‡ki gv-evevi †Kv‡bv mš—vbAv‡gwiKvq Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡j †m Av‡gwiKvibvMwiK n‡e Ges †m-†`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ jvfKi‡e| ïay ZvB bq, G bxwZ AbymiYKvix†`‡ki RvnvR ev `~Zvev‡m †Kv‡bv wkïRb¥MÖnY Ki‡jI †m †mB †`‡ki bvMwiK n‡e| Z‡e we‡k¦i Lye KgmsL¨K ivóª G bxwZ AbymiYK‡i|

Aby‡gv`bm~‡Î bvMwiKZ¡ jvfG c×wZ‡Z GK †`‡ki bvMwiK‡K Ab¨ †`‡ki bvMwiK nIqvi Rb¨ Av‡e`b Ki‡Z nq| GLbGK iv‡óªi bvMwiK mn‡RB Ab¨ GKwU ev GKvwaK iv‡óªi bvMwiK n‡”Q| Aby‡gv`bm~‡ÎbvMwiKZ¡ jvf Kivi d‡jB GUv m¤¢e n‡”Q| wk¶v, PvKwi, e¨emv-evwYR¨ QvovI bvbv Kvi‡Y GK†`‡ki bvMwiK‡K Ab¨ †`‡k emevm Ki‡Z nq| Gi~c emevmKvix e¨w³i H †`‡ki bvMwiK‡Z¡icÖ‡qvRb nq| ZLb iv‡óªi Kv‡Q H e¨w³ Av‡e`b K‡ib| Av‡e`b cix¶v-wbix¶v K‡i ivóªkZ©mv‡c‡¶ ¯’vqxfv‡e bvMwiKZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i| bvMwiKZ¡ jv‡fi ci H e¨w³ †m †`‡k ¯’vqxfv‡eemevm Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Aby‡gv`bm~‡Î bvMwiKZ¡ jv‡fi wKQy kZ© Av‡Q| †Kv‡bv e¨w³ Aby‡gv`bm~‡Î†Kv‡bv iv‡óªi bvMwiKZ¡ jvf Ki‡eb hw` wZwbÑÑ

1. iv‡óªi †Kv‡bv bvMwiK‡K we‡q K‡ib,

2. H iv‡óªi m¤úwË †K‡bb,

3. H iv‡óª `xN©w`b a‡i emevm K‡ib,

4. H iv‡óª PvKwiiZ _v‡Kb,

5. H †`‡ki fvlv Rv‡bb,

44 ivóª I bvMwiK

6. H iv‡óª †mbvevwnbx‡Z PvKwi MÖnY K‡ib,

7. fv‡jv Pwi‡Îi AwaKvix nb,

8. DbœZZi `¶Zvi AwaKvix nb,

9. ivR‰bwZK Avkªq MÖnY K‡ib|

Aby‡gv`bm~‡Î bvMwiKZ¡ jvfKvix e¨w³ Dc‡ii kZ©¸‡jvi GK ev GKvwaK kZ© c~iY Ki‡jbvMwiKZ¡ jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ib| H †`‡ki bvMwiK‡ì g‡Zv cÖvq mgvb AwaKv‡ii my‡hvM-myweavwZwb †fvM Ki‡eb|

wØ-bvMwiKZ¡

GKB e¨w³ `ywU †`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ jvf Ki‡j Zv‡K wØ-bvMwiKZ¡ e‡j| †Kv‡bv evsjv‡`wk evevimš—vb Av‡gwiKvq Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡j †m ¯^vfvweK wbq‡g H †`‡ki bvMwiK nq| Ab¨ w`‡K gv-evevevsjv‡`wk nIqvq †m evsjv‡`‡kiI bvMwiK| G †¶‡Î †m cÖvßeq¯‹ n‡j B”Qv Ki‡j †h-†Kv‡bvGKwU iv‡óªi bvMwiKZ¡ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e B”Qv Ki‡j †m `ywU iv‡óªiB bvMwiKZ¡ ivL‡Zcv‡i|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : bvMwiKZ¡ jv‡fi wbqg¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki|

cvV-5 : †`‡ki Dbœq‡b bvMwi‡Ki f~wgKviv‡óªi mv‡_ bvMwi‡Ki m¤úK© Awe‡”Q`¨| ivóª Av‡Q e‡jB †mLv‡b bvMwiK Av‡Q| Avevi bvMwiKQvov iv‡óªi Aw¯—Z¡ fvev hvq bv| †Kv‡bv †`‡ki bvMwiKiv hZ fv‡jv n‡e, mybvMwiK n‡e, †m†`k ZZ †ewk DbœwZi w`‡K hv‡e|

myZivs iv‡óªi Dbœq‡b bvMwi‡Ki f~wgKv i‡q‡Q|

evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK wn‡m‡e Avgiv †`‡ki KvQ †_‡K wewfbœ AwaKvi †fvM Kwi| wewbg‡q bvMwiKwn‡m‡e Avgv‡ìI `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ i‡q‡Q| †`‡ki Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì †mB `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e|

AvaywbK iv‡óª bvMwi‡Ki f~wgKv LyeB ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª RbMYB mKj ivóªxq¶gZvi gvwjK| †Kbbv MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª RbMY †fvU w`‡q GKwU `j‡K wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨miKvi MV‡b mnvqZv K‡i| miKvi hw` †`‡ki Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi bq Ggb †Kv‡bv KvR K‡i Zvn‡j


RbMYB cieZ©x mg‡q H `j‡K Avi †fvU †`q bv| iv‡óªi kvmb cwiPvjbv, mykvmb cÖwZôv IDbœqbmn mewKQzB ZvB wbf©i K‡i bvMwi‡Ki mZZv, `¶Zv Z_v bvMwiK wn‡m‡e h_vh_ f~wgKvcvj‡bi Ici| †`‡ki Dbœq‡bi `vwqZ¡ †Kej miKv‡ii GKvi bq| bvMwiK‡ìI wb‡R‡ì `vwqZ¡mwVKfv‡e cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡jB †`k `ªyZ DbœwZi w`‡K GwM‡q hv‡e|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : bvMwiK wn‡m‡e Zywg †`‡ki Dbœq‡b Kx f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e Zvi GKwU QK ˆZwi Ki|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi g~j AwaKvix †K?

K. RbMY M. ivóª

L. miKvi N. mgvR

2. iv‡óªi Rb¨ miKv‡ii Acwinvh©ZvÑÑ

i . †`k cwiPvjvq

ii. RbM‡Yi wbivcËv i¶vq

iii. †`‡ki mve©‡fŠgZ¡ i¶vq





ÔKÕ iv‡óª wb‡Ri †`‡ki bvMwiK QvovI Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki †jvK evm K‡i| nVvr ÔLÕ iv‡óªi mv‡_ ÔKÕiv‡óªi hy× †e‡a hvIqvq Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki †jvK wbR †`‡k P‡j †Mj wKšÍy ÔKÕ iv‡óªi bvMwiKMYmiKv‡ii wb‡`©‡k eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e hy‡× AskMªnY Kij| hy‡× ÔLÕ ivóª ÔKÕ ivóª‡K `Lj K‡iwbj|

3. ÔKÕ iv‡óª emevmKvix Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki bvMwiK‡ì P‡j hvIqvi KviYÑÑ

i . Zviv ÔKÕ iv‡óªi bvMwiK bq

ii. ÔKÕ ivóª Zv‡ì hy‡× AskMªn‡Y eva¨ Ki‡Z cv‡ibv

iii.Zviv ÔKÕ iv‡óªi cÖwZ AbyMZ bq

46 wek¦-†fŠ‡MvwjK cwigÊ‡j evsjv‡`k


K. i M. iii

L. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

4. ÔLÕ ivóª KZ„©K ÔKÕ ivóª `Lj K‡i †bqvq ÔKÕ iv‡óªi †Kvb Dcv`vbwU wejyß n‡jvÑÑ

K. Rbmgwó M. f~-LÊ

L. miKvi N. mve©‡fŠgZ¡

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. RvwKi mv‡ne I Avdwib `¤úwZ PvKwi wb‡q gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª 20 eQ‡ii AwaK mgq a‡iemevm Ki‡Qb| †mLv‡b Zv‡ì †Q‡j ¯b‡bi Rb¥ nq| Zviv †mLv‡b wb‡R‡ì Avq †_‡KGKwU eëmv-cÖwZôvb µq K‡ib| miKvi‡K wbqwgZ AvqKi †`b| †`‡ki AvBbKvbyb †g‡bP‡jb| we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkï‡ì Rb¨ GKwU Znwej cwiPvjbv K‡ib| GB `¤úwZ GLbgvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi bvMwiK|

K. bvMwiK wK‡mi cwiP‡q bvMwiKZ¡ jvf K‡i?

L. iv‡óª emevmKvix mK‡jB bvMwiK bq †Kb?

M. RvwKi mv‡n‡ei bvMwiKZ¡ jv‡fi cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. RvwKi I ¯^b‡bi bvMwiKZvi cv_©K¨ we‡k-lY Ki|

2. evsjv‡`‡ki Awaevmx mRxe wm½vcy‡i †gwib mvwf©‡m Kg©iZ Ae¯’vq A‡÷«wjqvb †g‡q‡K wZbeQi nq we‡q K‡i‡Qb| wm½vcyi †_‡K ¯¿x‡K wb‡q Av‡gwiKvi GKwU Rvnv‡R K‡i wZwbA‡÷«wjqvq hvw”Q‡jb| A‡÷«wjqvq †cŠuQv‡bvi c~‡e©B Rvnv‡R Zv‡ì †g‡q gvwiqvi Rb¥ nq|evsjv‡`k †_‡K A‡÷«wjqvq co‡Z Avmv mRx‡ei †QvU fvB mvMi MZ wbe©vP‡b †fvU w`‡Zcv‡iwb|

K. evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g miKvi MwVZ nq †Kv_vq?

L. wØ-bvMwiKZ¡ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

M. gvwiqv †Kvb †`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ jvf Ki‡e e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. ÔmRxe ev mvM‡ii bvMwiK AwaKvi wfbœÕÑÑ DË‡ii c‡¶ hyw³ `vI|


c„w_exi gvbwP‡Î Gwkqv gnv‡`k

Aa¨vq-cuvP

wek¦-†fŠ‡MvwjK cwigÊ‡j evsjv‡`kA‡bK¸‡jv †`k wb‡q GKwU gnv‡`k M‡o I‡V| c„w_exi ¯’jfv‡Mi G‡KKwU eo Ask‡K gnv‡`kejv nq| c„w_ex‡Z †gvU mvZwU gnv‡`k i‡q‡Q| gnv‡`k QvovI i‡q‡Q gnvmvMi, †hgbÑÑcÖkvš—gnvmvMi, AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi, fviZ gnvmvMi| evwK `ywU gnvmvMi n‡jv DËi gnvmvMi I `w¶YgnvmvMi| gnvmvMi¸‡jv wewfbœ gnv‡`k‡K ci¯úi †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i‡Q| gnv‡`k¸‡jvi f~cÖK…wZ,Rjevqy, A_©bxwZ, gvby‡li RxebhvÎvmn wewfbœ †¶‡Î gnvmvMi¸‡jv f~wgKv iv‡L| gnvmvMi QvovIc„w_ex‡Z i‡q‡Q K‡qKwU eo mvMi ev mgy`ª| †hgb : Avie mvMi, †jvwnZ mvMi, f~ga¨mvMicÖf„wZ| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki `w¶‡Y i‡q‡Q e‡½vcmvMi| GwU Avm‡j GKwU DcmvMi, hv fviZgnvmvM‡ii Aš—f©y³|

Avgv‡ì †`kwU †h gnv‡`‡ki Aš—f©y³ Zvi bvg Gwkqv| Gwkqv c„w_exi e„nËg gnv‡`k| ïayAvqZ‡b bq, RbmsL¨vi w`K w`‡qI GwU c„w_exi me‡P‡q eo gnv‡`k| Avi GB gnv‡`‡kevsjv‡`‡ki i‡q‡Q GKwU wewkó ¯’vb| c„w_exi ey‡KI M‡e©vbœZ GKwU †`‡ki bvg evsjv‡`k| `xN©ivR‰bwZK-mvs¯‹…wZK msMÖvg I 1971-G GKwU mk¯¿ gyw³hy‡×i ga¨ w`‡q wek¦gvbwP‡Î GB†`kwU Zvi ¯’vb K‡i wb‡q‡Q|

cvV-1 : †fŠ‡MvwjK cwiPqAvgiv Av‡MB †R‡bwQ, c„w_ex‡Z †gvU mvZwU gnv‡`k i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡”Q : Gwkqv, Avwd«Kv,BD‡ivc, DËi Av‡gwiKv, `w¶Y Av‡gwiKv, A‡÷ªwjqv I A¨v›UvK©wUKv | c„w_exi AvqZ‡bi gvÎ29 fvM n‡”Q ¯’jfvM| evwK Ask Rjivwk| GB Rjivwki g‡aÏ i‡q‡Q A‡bK Øxc ev ØxccyÄ|G¸‡jv gnv‡`‡ki g~j f~LÊ †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡jI †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv gnv‡`‡kiB Ask|

c~‡e©i c„ôvq c„w_exi gvbwP‡Î gnv‡`k QvovI gnvmvMi, Øxc I ØxccyÄ †`Lv hv‡”Q| gnv‡`k¸‡jvimeUvB mgZj f~wg bq| mgZj f~wg QvovI cvnvo-ce©Z, gvjf~wg, ebf~wg, b`b`xmn A‡bKcÖvK…wZK êwPÎ¨ †mLv‡b i‡q‡Q| Øxc I Øxccy‡Äi cÖvK…wZK `„k¨ LyeB g‡bvgy»Ki| G¸‡jv‡ZM‡o D‡V‡Q my›ì my›ì ch©Ub †K›`ª| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †`k Av‡Q hv Øxc ev Øx‡ci mgwó| c„w_exigvbwP‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb Gwkqv gnv‡`‡k I fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : wek¦gvbwP‡Î mvZwU gnv‡`k I wZbwU gnvmvMi wP‡b bvI|

KvR- 2 : c„w_exi K‡qKwU eo eo Øxc †`k wP‡b bvI|

cvV-2 : Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb I AvqZbGwkqv gnv‡`k bvbv Kvi‡Y ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q, Gwkqv c„w_exi me‡P‡q eo gnv‡`k|c„w_exi †gvU ¯’jfv‡Mi wZb fv‡Mi GK fvM Gwkqvi Aš—fy©³| Gi AvqZb 4 †KvwU 45 j¶ 79nvRvi eM©wK‡jvwgUvi| BD‡ivc I Avwd«Kv gnv‡`‡ki AvqZb †hvM Ki‡j wKsev DËi I `w¶YAv‡gwiKv gnv‡`k‡K GKÎ Ki‡jI Gwkqvi mgvb n‡e bv| cÖvq Pvi kÕ †KvwU †jv‡Ki evm GBgnv‡`‡k| ïay AvqZb I RbmsL¨vi w`K †_‡KB †h Gwkqv weivU ZvB bq, GLv‡bB M‡o D‡VwQjc„w_exi AwaKvsk cÖvPxb mf¨Zv| my`~i AZx‡Z Pxb, †g‡mvc‡Uwgqv, cvim¨, wneªy Ges wmÜz mf¨ZvGLv‡bB M‡o I‡V| Gwkqvq hLb Gme mf¨Zv M‡o I‡V ZLb BD‡ivc I Av‡gwiKvq mf¨ZviAv‡jv †cŠu‡Qwb| c„w_exi cÖvPxb mßvð‡h©i g‡a¨ `ywUÑÑ Px‡bi gnvcÖvPxi I e¨vwej‡bi k~b¨-D`¨vbG gnv‡`‡kB Aew¯’Z|

Px‡bi gnvcÖvPxi


f~cÖK…wZ I Rjevqy

Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki f~cÖK…wZ LyeB ˆewPÎ¨c~Y©| Gi DË‡i †hgb Av‡Q ei‡d Av”Qvw`Z GjvKvmvB‡ewiqv, †Zgwb cwð‡g Av‡Q DËß giyf~wg| Z‡e G gnv‡`‡ki cÖvq GK Z…Zxqvsk AÂjmgZj| c„w_exi eo `kwU b`xi mvZwUBGwkqv gnv‡`‡k cÖevwnZ| †mB mv‡_c„w_exi m‡e©v”P ce©Zk„½ 8850 wgUviDuPz gvD›U Gfv‡i÷ G gnv‡`‡kAew¯’Z| weªwUk-fvi‡Zi Rwic wefv‡MicÖavb m¨vi RR© Gfv‡i‡÷i bvgvbymv‡ik„½wUi bvg ivLv n‡q‡Q gvD›UGfv‡i÷| Z‡e Gi D”PZv †g‡cwQ‡jbGK evOvwj, bvgÑÑivavbv_ wkK`vi|GB ce©Zmg~n I wbKUeZ©x ce©Z mviveQi ei‡d XvKv _v‡K| †bcv‡ji †ZbwRs†kicv I wbDwRj¨v‡Êi GWgÛ wnjvwicÖ_g Gfv‡i÷ ce©ZP~ovq Av‡ivnYK‡ib|


e¨vwej‡bi k~b¨-D`¨vb

gvD›U Gfv‡i÷

wKQzw`b Av‡M Avgv‡ì evsjv‡`‡ki gymv Beªvnxg GB ce©ZP~ov Rq K‡ib| c„w_exi e„nËg n«`Kvw¯úqvb mvMiI Gwkqv gnv‡`‡kB Aew¯’Z|

cvV- 3 : RbmsL¨v I Awaevmxwe‡k¦i †gvU RbmsL¨vi lvU fv‡Mi †ewk gvbyl evm K‡i Gwkqv gnv‡`‡k| c„w_exi †gvU RbmsL¨v689 †KvwU 20 j¶| Gi g‡a¨ ïay GwkqviB †jvKmsL¨v 415 †KvwU 70 j¶| G wn‡m‡e we‡k¦i cÖvqPvi fv‡Mi wZb fvM †jv‡Ki emevm GB gnv‡`‡k| hwÌ Gwkqvi †gvU GjvKv c„w_exi †gvU f~fv‡MigvÎ wZb fv‡Mi GKfvM| Zvi gv‡b GB gnv‡`kwU‡Z RbmsL¨vi Pvc †ewk| ga¨ Gwkqv, mvB‡ewiqvI `w¶Y-cwðg Gwkqvq Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg gvbyl evm K‡i| wKš‘ c~e© Gwkqv, we‡kl K‡i fviZDcgnv‡`‡ki †`k¸‡jv Nb RbemwZc~Y©| Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi cÖvq `yB-Z…Zxqvsk†jv‡Ki emevm G GjvKvq| G‡ì g‡a¨ Avevi kZKiv 70 fvM gvbyl evm K‡i MÖvgvÂ‡j| Gwkqvgnv‡`‡k RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ M‡o cÖwZ eM©wK‡jvwgUv‡i 119 Rb| Gwkqv gnv‡`‡k Px‡bi RbmsL¨vBme‡P‡q †ewkÑÑ cÖvq 140 †KvwU, Zvic‡ii ¯’vbwUB fvi‡ZiÑÑ cÖvq 120 †KvwU|

A_©bxwZGwkqv gnv‡`kwU K…wlcÖavb| Gi g‡a¨ B‡›`v‡bwkqv c„w_exi cÖavb avb-Drcv`bKvix †`k|GKBfv‡e fviZ cÖavb Pv-Drcv`bKvix I evsjv‡`k cÖavb cvU-Drcv`bKvix †`k| G gnv‡`‡kcÖPzi cÖvK„wZK m¤ú` i‡q‡Q| GB gnv‡`kwUi f~M‡f© †Zj, M¨vm, g¨v½vwbR, AvKwiK †jvnv,Kqjv cÖf„wZ cvIqv hvq| R¡vjvwb †Zj Qvov wkí-KviLvbv I hvbevnbmn, ej‡Z †M‡j mviv c„w_exBAPj| c„w_exi †ewkifvM R¡vjvwb †Zj cwðg I ga¨ Gwkqvi †`k †mŠw` Avie, Bivb, BivK, AvieAvwgivZ I Kz‡q‡Z D‡ËvwjZ nq| mviv wek¦ G AÂ‡ji †Z‡ji Dci wbf©ikxj| mvMi-gnvmvMi Ib`b`xi myweav _vKvq cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB G gnv‡`‡ki †`k¸‡jvi wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ I we‡k¦i Ab¨vbÄÂ‡ji m‡½ eëmv-evwYR¨ M‡o I‡V| G gnv‡`‡ki Pxb, Rvcvb, `w¶Y †Kvwiqv, wm½vcyi,gvj‡qwkqv I fviZ wkí‡¶‡Î e¨vcK DbœwZ K‡i‡Q| Rvcvb c„w_exi Z…Zxq wkímg„× †`k|evsjv‡`kI ˆZwi †cvkvK wk‡í GwM‡q Av‡Q|


†ZbwRs †kicv GWgÛ wnjvwi

ag©

c„w_exi cÖvq me¸‡jv cÖavb a‡g©i D™¢eGwkqvq| cÖvPxb a‡g©i g‡a¨ wn›`y,ˆRb, †eŠ× a‡g©i Rb¥ Gwkqv‡ZB|Gici Bûw` I c‡i wLªóa‡g©i D™¢eN‡U ga¨ Gwkqvq| ga¨ Gwkqv †_‡KBmßg kZ‡K Bmjvg ag© c„w_exe¨vcxQwo‡q c‡o| †mŠw` Avi‡ei g°vqgymjgvb‡ì cweÎ Kvev kixdAew¯’Z| wn›`y‡ì cweÎ Zx_©¯’vb MqvI Kvkx Ges †eŠ×‡ì cweÎ Zx_©ey×Mqv Gwkqvi fvi‡Z Aew¯’Z|c„w_exi wZbwU cÖavb ag©vej¤^xRb‡Mvôx gymjgvb, wLªóvb I Bûw`‡ìcweÎ ag©¯’vb †RiyRv‡jg kn‡iAew¯’Z|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : Gwkqvi gvbwP‡Î cÖvPxb mf¨Zvi ¯’vb¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki|

KvR- 2 : Gwkqvi wewfbœ †`‡ki ivRavbxmn GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|


Kvev kixd

Kvkxi gw›ì, evbvim, fviZ _vBj¨v‡Êi †eŠ× ¯^Y©gw›ì

cvV- 4 : Gwkqv gnv‡`‡k evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vbAvgiv Rvwb gvbwP‡Îi Dc‡ii w`K‡K DËi, wb‡Pi w`K‡K `w¶Y, Wvb w`K‡K c~e© Ges evg w`K‡Kcwðg aiv nq| Gevi Avgiv gvbwPÎ †`‡L wek¦-cwigÊ‡j Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb †R‡b wbB|

Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki DË‡i DËi gnvmvMi, `w¶‡Y fviZ gnvmvMi, c~‡e© cÖkvš— gnvmvMi, `w¶Y-c~‡e© †jvwnZ mvMi I Avwd«Kv gnv‡`k Ges cwð‡g f~ga¨mvMi I BD‡ivc gnv‡`k Aew¯’Z| Divjce©Zgvjv Gwkqv I BD‡ivc gnv‡`k‡K c„_K K‡i‡Q| Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki D‡j-L‡hvM¨ b`x¸‡jv n‡jvBqvswm, †nvqvs‡nv, BD‡d«wUm, UvBwMÖm, M½v, c`¥v, hgybv, wmÜz I eªþcyÎ| Px‡bi BqvswmGwkqvi `xN©Zg b`x| Gi ˆ`N©¨ 6300 wK‡jvwgUvi| RbmsL¨v I AvqZ‡b Gwkqv gnv‡`‡kime‡P‡q eo †`k Pxb, Avi †QvU †`k gvjØxc| Px‡bi †jvKmsL¨v, Avgiv Av‡MB †R‡bwQ, cÖvq 140†KvwU| Avi gvjØx‡ci †jvKmsL¨v cÖvq 30 j¶|

Gwkqvi †gvU 51wU iv‡óªi g‡a¨ D‡j-L‡hvM¨ n‡jv Pxb, fviZ, Rvcvb, DËi †Kvwiqv, `w¶Y †Kvwiqv,B‡›`v‡bwkqv, gvj‡qwkqv, †mŠw` Avie, BivK, Bivb, kªxjsKv, evsjv‡`k I cvwK¯—vb| Gwkqv evc„w_exi gvbwP‡Îi w`‡K ZvKv‡j †`Lv hvq, G‡Kev‡i c~e©cÖv‡š—i †`kwUi bvg Rvcvb| Rvcvb‡K ZvBÔm~‡h©v`‡qi †`kÕ ejv nq| Pxb I Rvcvb `ywU †`kB wkívq‡b ïay Gwkqvi g‡a¨ bq, c„w_exi g‡a¨IcÖavb Ae¯’v‡b Av‡Q| wm½vcyi, gvj‡qwkqv, `w¶Y †Kvwiqv I fviZI G‡¶‡Î GwM‡q Av‡Q|


Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki gvbwPÎ I †mLv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb

evsjv‡`k, fviZ, cvwK¯—vb, †bcvj, fyUvb, kªxj¼v I gvjØx‡ci Ae¯’vb Gwkqvi `w¶Y As‡k| GB`w¶Y Gkxq †`k¸‡jv wb‡q MwVZ n‡q‡Q GKwU AvÂwjK mn‡hvwMZv ms¯’v, hvi bvg ÔmvK©Õ|

`w¶Y Gwkqvq evsjv‡`kAv‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q evsjv‡`k Gwkqvi`w¶Y As‡k Aew¯’Z| evsjv‡`‡kicÖwZ‡ekx †`k n‡jv fviZ Igvqvbgvi| †bcvj I PxbI evsjv‡`k†_‡K †ewk `~‡i bq| evsjv‡`‡ki`w¶‡Y e‡½vcmvMi| e‡½vcmvM‡iiwekvj Rjivwk AviI `w¶‡Y fviZgnvmvM‡i wM‡q wg‡k‡Q| kªxjsKv†`kwUi Pviw`K wN‡i i‡q‡Q fviZgnvmvMi| Avi gvjØx‡ci w`‡KZvKv‡j g‡b nq †`kwU †hb mvM‡iBfvm‡Q| GwU A‡bK¸‡jv Øx‡cimgwó| Ab¨w`‡K †bcvj I fyUvb¯’j‡ewóZ ivóª| G‡ì †Kv‡bv mvMi †bB| evB‡ii `ywbqvi m‡½ eëmv-evwYR¨ I hvZvqv‡ZiRb¨ G‡ìcÖwZ‡ekx fvi‡Zi Ici wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| †mw`K †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vbA‡bK myweavRbK| Avgv‡ì Av‡Q e‡½vcmvMi| PÆMÖvg I gsjv e›ì w`‡q evB‡ii `ywbqvi m‡½Avgv‡ì †hvMv‡hvM M‡o D‡V‡Q| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki hv wKQy Avg`vwb-ißvwb Zv G e›ì¸‡jvigva¨‡g nq| e‡½vcmvM‡ii Zx‡i K·evRv‡i i‡q‡Q c„w_exi `xN©Zg mgy`ª ˆmKZ| †`k-we‡`‡kicÖPzi ch©UK GLv‡b †eov‡Z Av‡mb| GQvov †UKbvd, †m›UgvwU©b Ges cUzqvLvjxi KzqvKvUv mgy`ªˆmKZI Avgv‡ì weL¨vZ `k©bxq ¯’vb|


K·evRvi mgy`ª ˆmKZ

ZvwRsWsmy›ìeb

ïay mgy`ªB bq, evsjv‡`‡k i‡q‡Q c„w_exi e„nËg g¨vO‡MÖvf ebf~wg my›ìeb| Avgv‡ì †`‡kiivOvgvwU, LvMovQwo Ges ev›ìevb cve©Z¨ †Rjv wZbwUi cÖvK…wZK `„k¨ AZ¨š— g‡bvgy»Ki|evsjv‡`‡ki m‡e©v”P ce©Zk„½ ZvwRsWs (weRq) ev›ìev‡b Aew¯’Z| Gi D”PZv 1260 wgUvi|Avgiv Gi Av‡M †R‡bwQ c„w_exi D”PZg ce©Zk„½ Gfv‡i‡÷i D”PZv 8850 wgUvi| hwÌGfv‡i‡÷i Zzjbvq ZvwRsWs A‡bK wbPz ZeyI Avgiv wb‡R‡ì D”PZg ce©Z wb‡q Me© Ki‡Z cvwi|

Avgiv Av‡MB †R‡bwQ, Gwkqv gnv‡`‡ki AvqZb cÖvq mv‡o 4 †KvwU eM©wK‡jvwgUvi Ges RbmsL¨vcÖvq 416 †KvwU| Avgv‡ì evsjv‡`‡ki AvqZb cÖvq 1 j¶ 47 nvRvi 570 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi| A_PRbmsL¨v 14 †KvwU 66 j¶| evsjv‡`k c„w_exi NbemwZc~Y© †`k¸‡jvi GKwU| K…wlcÖavb G†`kwUi DbœwZi cÖavb Aš—ivq `ªyZ I AcwiKwíZ RbmsL¨v e„w×|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : wek¦ gvbwP‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb wPwýZ Ki|

KvR- 2 : evsjv‡`‡ki 4wU êwk‡óï K_v †jL|

cvV - 5 : c„w_exi gnvmvMi¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb I ¸iyZ¡A‡bK¸‡jv †`k wb‡q †hgb GKwU gnv‡`k, †Zgwb eû mvMi wb‡q M‡o I‡V gnvmvMi| Db¥y³,weivU I myMfxi Rjivwk‡K gnvmvMi ejv nq| c„w_ex‡Z G iKg cvuPwU gnvmvMi i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jvn‡”QÑ cÖkvš— gnvmvMi, AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi, fviZ gnvmvMi, DËi gnvmvMi I `w¶YgnvmvMi| c„w_exi †gvU AvqZ‡bi cÖvq 71 kZvsk cvwb Ges 29 kZvsk ¯’jfvM| Gevi AvgivcÖ_‡g K‡qKwU gnvmvM‡ii K_v Rvbe| Zvici Rvbe Avgv‡ì e‡½vcmvM‡ii K_v|


cÖkvš— gnvmvMic„w_exi me‡P‡q eo gnvmvMi n‡jv cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMi| Gi GB bv‡gi †cQ‡b GKwU Kvwnwb Av‡Q|cZz©wMR bvweK dvw`©bv›` g¨vwMjb G gnvmvM‡ii bvg †`b c¨vwmwdK| c¨vwmwdK k‡ãi A_© kvš—|Gi Rjivwki kvš— i~c †`‡L wZwb Gi bvgKiY K‡ib| cvwbi we¯—vi, MfxiZv I AvqZ‡bi w`K†_‡K c„w_exi me‡P‡q eo gnvmvMi cÖkvš— gnvmvMi| c„w_exi †gvU AvqZ‡bi wZb fv‡Mi GKfvM ¯’vb Ry‡o Av‡Q GB gnvmvMi| GwU c„w_exi A‡a©K cvwbi Avavi| G gnvmvM‡i 25 nvRv‡iiI†ewk Øxc i‡q‡Q| GB msL¨v c„w_exi Ab¨me mvMi-gnvmvM‡ii Øx‡ci A‡a©K| cÖkvš— gnvmvM‡iwg‡k‡Q Ggb mvMi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Rvcvb mvMi, cxZ mvMi I Pxb mvMi|

AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMicÖvPxbKv‡j †ivgvbiv m¤¢eZ AvUjvm ce©‡Zi bvgvbymv‡i GB gnvmvM‡ii bvg †`b AvUjvw›UK|Avevi A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib i~cK_vi nviv‡bv ivR¨ AvUjvw›Um ØxccyÄ †_‡K AvUjvw›UK gnvmvM‡iibvgKiY n‡q‡Q| gnvmvMi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ AvqZ‡b GwU wØZxq n‡jI ¸iy‡Z¡i w`K w`‡q cª_g| GgnvmvMi `Lj K‡i Av‡Q c„w_exi 20 kZvsk RvqMv| AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi DËi AvUjvw›UK I`w¶Y AvUjvw›UK GB `yfv‡M wef³| G gnvmvM‡ii c~e© w`‡K BD‡ivc, Gwkqv I Avwd«Kv gnv‡`kGes cwð‡g DËi I `w¶Y Av‡gwiKv Aew¯’Z| DËi I `w¶Y w`‡K i‡q‡Q A¨vK©wUK IG›UvK©wUK mvMi| MfxiZvi w`K †_‡K G gnvmvM‡ii ¯’vb Z…Zxq|

fviZ gnvmvMignvmvMi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ fviZ gnvmvMi AvqZ‡bi w`K †_‡K Z„Zxq Ges MfxiZvi w`K †_‡K wØZxq¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q| we‡k¦i cÖvq 20 kZvsk Rjivwk G gnvmvMi aviY K‡i Av‡Q| G gnvmvM‡ii DË‡iGwkqv, cwð‡g Avwd«Kv, c~‡e© A‡÷ªwjqv I `w¶‡Y G›UvK©wUKv gnv‡`k Aew¯’Z| G gnvmvM‡iiDË‡i Avie mvMi I e‡½vcmvMi|

e‡½vcmvMievsjv‡`‡ki `w¶‡Y we¯—…Z wekvj Rjivwki bvg e‡½vcmvMi| GwU Avm‡j fviZ gnvmvM‡iiBDËi w`‡Ki cÖk¯— Ask| Avgv‡ì eªþcyÎ, †gNbv, c`¥v, KY©dzwjmn AmsL¨ b`-b`xi RjcÖevnG‡m wg‡k‡Q e‡½vcmvM‡i| GQvov fvi‡Zi M½v, hgybv, gnvb›`v, †Mv`veix, K…òv, Kv‡eixmnA‡bK¸‡jv b`x G‡m wg‡k‡Q GLv‡b| gvqvbgv‡ii BiveZx I bvd b`xI G‡m wgwjZ n‡q‡Qe‡½vcmvM‡i|

e‡½vcmvM‡i i‡q‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ cÖevj Øxc †m›U gvwU©b| G QvovI i‡q‡Q g‡nkLvjx,KzZyew`qv, nvwZqv, m›`¡xc, gbcyiv cÖf„wZ Øxc| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb mgy`ª e›ì PÆMªvge‡½vcmvM‡ii Zx‡i KY©dzwj b`xi †gvnbvq Aew¯’Z| wØZxq e„nr e›ì Lyjbvi gsjvIe‡½vcmvM‡ii Zx‡iB Aew¯’Z| GQvovI e‡½vcmvM‡ii ZxieZx© Ab¨ weL¨vZ mgy`ªe›ì¸‡jvig‡a¨ i‡q‡Q fvi‡Zi KjKvZv, gv`ªvR, gy¤¦vB, kªxjsKvi Kj‡¤¦v Ges wgqvbgv‡ii Bqvs¸b IAvwKqve|


e‡½vcmvM‡ii DË‡i fviZ I evsjv‡`k, `w¶‡Y fviZ gnvmvMi, c~e©w`‡K gvqvbgvi Ges cwð‡gfviZ I kªxjsKv| e‡½vcmvM‡ii `w¶‡Y AviI i‡q‡Q B‡›`v‡bwkqvi mygvÎv Øxc| e‡½vcmvM‡iiAvqZb cÖvq evBk j¶ eM© wK‡jvwgUvi| G mvM‡ii Mo MfxiZv cuvP wK‡jvwgUv‡iiI †ewk|

e‡½vcmvMi bvbv Kvi‡Y Avgv‡ì Rb¨ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| c„w_exi m‡½ Avgv‡ì eëmv-evwY‡Rï cÖavbms‡hvMc_ GB e‡½vcmvM‡ii ga¨ w`‡qB| e‡½vcmvMi †_‡K m„ó †gŠmywg evqyi cÖev‡n Avgv‡ì†`‡k e„wó nq| G e„wói d‡jB K…wlwbf©i Avgv‡ì †`‡k bvbv dmj Rb¥vq| e‡½vcmvM‡i i‡q‡QcÖPyi grm¨-m¤ú`| cÖvq cuvP kÕ cÖRvwZi gvQ i‡q‡Q G mvM‡i| hvi g‡a¨ i~cPuv`v, Bwjk, Qywi,jv¶v, jBÆv, dvBm¨v, †cvqv, †Kvivj cÖf„wZi bvg Kiv hvq| ïay `k iK‡gi wPswoB i‡q‡Q GmvM‡i| †`‡ki Pvwn`v wgwU‡q Gme gvQ we‡`‡kI ißvwb Kiv nq| ZvQvov e‡½vcmvM‡iiZj‡`‡k i‡q‡Q wecyj M¨vm m¤ú`| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki DcK~jxq GjvKvi Awaevmxiv e‡½vcmvM‡iicvwb †_‡K jeY Drcv`b K‡i| Zv‡Z †`‡ki je‡Yi Pvwn`vi cÖvq meUyKz wg‡U hvq| mvM‡ii k•L,kvgyK, wSbyK msMªn K‡iI A‡bK †jvK RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i| K·evRv‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q wSbyKwkí|e‡½vcmvM‡ii Zx‡i Aew¯’Z K·evRvi evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb ch©Ub‡K›`ª| Avgiv Av‡MB †R‡bwQ GwUc„w_exi `xN©Zg mgy`ª‰mKZ| evsjv‡`k miKvi g‡nkLvwj Øx‡ci wbKUeZx© e‡½vcmvM‡ii ey‡KMfxi mgy`ª e›ì wbg©v‡Yi cwiKíbv MªnY K‡i‡Q|

gnvmvMi I mvM‡ii ¸iyZ¡c„w_exe¨vcx †hvMv‡hvM I eëmv-evwYR¨ M‡o †Zvjvi †¶‡Î mvMi I gnvmvMi¸‡jv AZ¨š— ¸iyZ¡c~Y©f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| cZz©wMR bvweK fv‡¯‹v-Wv-Mvgv Av‡gwiKv Avwe®‹vi Awfhv‡b †ewi‡q Avwd«KviDËgvkv Aš—ix‡c G‡m †cuŠQvb| G‡Z cwð‡gi m‡½ cy‡ei †hvMv‡hv‡Mi c_ Ly‡j hvq| c‡i fviZgnvmvMi cvwo w`‡q `w¶Y fvi‡Zi KvwjKU e›`‡i Av‡mb G bvweK| †¯ú‡bi bvweK Kj¤^vmAv‡gwiKv Avwe®‹vi K‡ib AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi cvwo w`‡q| c‡bi kZ‡K Avi‡ei ewYKivAvgv‡ì PÆMÖvg e›`‡i Av‡mb fviZ gnvmvMi I Avie mvMi cvwo w`‡q| mf¨Zv I ms¯‹…wZiweKvk I ÁvbPP©vi cÖmviI N‡U Gfv‡e| mvMi I gnvmvMi¸‡jvi wbKU¯’ ØxccyÄ‡K †K›`ª K‡imviv c„w_ex‡Z A‡bK¸‡jv g‡bvig ch©Ub‡K›`ª M‡o D‡V‡Q|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : wewfbœ gnvmvM‡ii AvqZb I Ae¯’v‡bi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

KvR- 2 : e‡½vcmvMi †Kb Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q ¸iyZ¡c~Y©, K‡qKwU KviY D‡j-L K‡i †m¸‡jvµgvš^‡q mvRvI|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. Gwkqvi `xN©Zg b`xi bvg Kx?K. Bqvswm M. BD‡d«wUmL. eªþcyÎ N. †nvqvs‡nv


2. Gwkqv‡K ¸iyZ¡c~Y© gnv‡`k ejvi KviY n‡jv, G gnv‡`‡kÑÑ

i . RbmsL¨v I AvqZb me©vwaK

ii. me©cÖ_g mf¨Zv M‡o D‡VwQj

iii. cÖPyi cªvK…wZK m¤ú` i‡q‡Q




wb‡Pi gvbwPÎwU ch©‡e¶Y Ki Ges 3 I 4 b¤¦i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vIÑÑ

3. wP‡Îi ÔAÕ wPwýZ gnvmvMiwUi bvg Kx ?

K. cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMi M. AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi

L. fviZ gnvmvMi N. DËi gnvmvMi

4. D³ wPwýZ gnvmvMiwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y©, KviYÑÑi . GwU c„w_exi MfxiZg gnvmvMi

ii. c„w_exi 20 kZvsk ¯’vb Ry‡o G gnvmvM‡ii Ae¯’vb

iii. mf¨Zv I Ávb-weÁvb weKv‡k GwUi we‡kl f~wgKv i‡q‡Q

58 evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ

DËi

BD‡ivc

Gwkqv

Avwd«Kv

gnvmvMi

A‡÷ªvwjqvÔAÕ


K. i M. iii

L. i I ii N. ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1.

K. c„w_exi m‡e©v”P ce©Zk„‡½i bvg Kx?

L. Øxc I Øxccy‡Ä ch©Ub †K›`ª M‡o D‡V †Kb?

M. wP‡Îi ÔAÕ wPwýZ gnv‡`kwUi f~-cÖK…wZ †Kgb? eY©bv Ki|

N. c„w_exi A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b D³ gnv‡`kwUi †Kv‡bv f~wgKv Av‡Q Kx? †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI|

2. evwl©K cix¶v †k‡l Zvwbkv evev gv‡qi m‡½ c„w_exi `xN©Zg mgy`ª‰mK‡Z †eov‡Z wM‡q‡Q|Zvwbkv †mLv‡b †`wk-we‡`wk A‡bK ch©UK †`L‡Z †cj| evev ej‡jb, GB †h wekvj Rjivwk†`LQ GwU GKwU DcmvMi Ges AdzišÍ m¤ú‡`i fvÊvi|

K. evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ cÖevj Øx‡ci bvg Kx?

L. Rvcvb‡K m~‡h©v`‡qi †`k ejv nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. gvbwPÎ A¼b K‡i Zvwbkvi †`Lv Rjivwki Ae¯’vb wPwýZ Ki|

N. Zvwbkvi evev DcmvMiwU‡K AdzišÍ m¤ú‡`i fvÊvi e‡j‡Qb †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki|


DËi gnvmvMi DËi

AviemvMi

cÖkvšÍgnvmvMi

ÔAÕ

Aa¨vq-Qq

evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ

cvV- 1 : A_©‰bwZK Rxebaviv†Kv‡bv mgvR ev Rb‡Mvôx mvaviYZ †h-ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK KvR K‡i Rxeb aviY K‡i Zv‡KB HmgvR ev Rb‡Mvôxi A_©‰bwZK Rxebaviv e‡j| evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgvÂ‡ji AwaKvsk gvbyl K…wlRxex|RxweKvi Rb¨ Zviv K…wli Dci wbf©ikxj| Rwg‡Z Pvl K‡i Zviv km¨ Drcv`b K‡ib| Zv w`‡qwb‡R‡ì Lv‡`ï Pvwn`v †gUvb| Drcvw`Z dm‡ji GKUv Ask Zviv evRv‡i wewµ K‡i †mB A‡_©msmv‡ii Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡qvRb c~iY K‡ib| evowZ km¨ Drcv`b K‡i Zviv †`kevmxi Lv‡`ï †hvMvb†`b| Gfv‡e Zviv †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b f~wgKv iv‡Lb| GKBfv‡e knivÂ‡ji kªwgK,wkícwZ, PvKzwiRxex I eëmvqx‡ì A_©‰bwZK RxebavivI wkí wKsev eëmv‡Kw›`ªK|

evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY A_©bxwZevsjv‡`‡ki †ewkifvM gvbyl MÖv‡g evm K‡i| G‡`‡k 60 nvRv‡iiI †ewk MÖvg Av‡Q| Avi MÖv‡giAwaKvsk †jvK K…wlRxex| K…wlB Zv‡ì RxweKvi cÖavb Aej¤^b| GgbwK hv‡ì wbR¯^ Rwg †bBZvivI A‡bï Rwg‡Z KvR K‡iRxeb wbe©vn K‡i| A_©vr †`‡kiK‡qK †KvwU gvbyl Zv‡ìRxweKvi Rb¨ mivmwi K…wli Dciwbf©ikxj| †m Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`k‡KK…wlwbf©i †`k ejv nq| K…wlKvRQvovI MÖv‡gi gvby‡li GKUv Ask†R‡j, ZuvwZ, Kvgvi, Kz‡gvi,Qz‡Zvi, gyw` wn‡m‡e Zv‡ìRxweKv wbe©vn K‡i| wKQz wKQz†jvK MÖv‡gi nvU-evRvi evKvQvKvwQ kn‡i-M‡Ä †QvULv‡Uveëmv K‡i| G‡ì mevB‡Kwb‡qB evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY A_©bxwZmPj i‡q‡Q|

Avgv‡ì A_©bxwZi me‡P‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq I ¸iyZ¡c~Y© LvZ nIqv m‡Ë¡I GK mgq K…wl wQj AZ¨š—Ae‡nwjZ| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b K…wl‡Z AvaywbK hš¿cvwZi eënvi Ges mvi, KxUbvkK I D”Pdjbkxjex‡Ri cÖ‡qvM n‡”Q| Gi d‡j dm‡ji Drcv`bB ïay ev‡owb, MÖvgxY A_©bxwZi RbÏ Zv bZzbm¤¢vebvi m„wó K‡i‡Q| MÖv‡gi gvby‡li wk¶v, ¯^v¯’¨mn mvgwMÖK RxebhvÎvi Dci Gi cÖfve co‡Q|

Kz‡gvi gvwUi cvwZj ˆZwi Ki‡Q

MÖvgxY A_©bxwZi ¸iyZ¡Avgv‡`i †`‡ki †gvU Lv`¨ Pvwn`vi eo Ask Av‡m K…wl †_‡K| Avi MÖv‡gi gvbylB Gi Drcv`K|†Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y GK eQi †`‡k Lv`¨ Drcv`b Kg n‡j we‡`k †_‡K Lv`¨ Avg`vwb K‡i †m NvUwZc~iY Ki‡Z nq| bZzev †`‡k `ywf©¶ †`Lv †`‡e| †`‡k wk‡íi KuvPvgv‡ji Ab¨Zg DrmI n‡”QMÖvgxY K…wlLvZ| A_©vr †`‡ki wkí-evwYR¨ I RbM‡Yi Kg©ms¯’v‡bi welqwU A‡bKvs‡k MÖvgxYA_©bxwZi Dci wbf©ikxj| Gfv‡e MÖvgxY A_©bxwZ GLbI Avgv‡`i RvZxq A_©bxwZi g~j wfwËwn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q|


ZuvwZ Kvco eyb‡Q†R‡j Rvj w`‡q gvQ ai‡Q

MÖv‡gi GKwU nvU

kn‡ii A_©‰bwZK Rxebeë¯’vevsjv‡`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi cÖvq GK-PZz_©vsk knivÂ‡j evm K‡i| ivRavbx XvKv, e›ì bMixPÆMªvg, wkí kni bvivqYMÄ I Lyjbvq evm K‡i wecyj msL¨K gvbyl| Gme kni QvovI wewfbœwefvMxq, †Rjv I Dc‡Rjv kn‡i emevmKvix gvbyl mvaviYZ Awdm-Av`vjZ I wkí-KviLvbvqPvKzwi, eëmv-evwYR¨, hvbevnb Pvjbv, bvbv ai‡bi w`bgRywi I evmvevwo‡Z KvR K‡i Zv‡ìRxweKv wbe©vn K‡i| kû‡i Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ hviv abx Zviv bMixi AwfRvZ GjvKvq evm K‡i|ga¨weË I wbgœweË gvbylI Zv‡ì mvg_¨© Abyhvqx wbR¯^ ev fvov evmvq _v‡K| GQvovwekvjmsL¨K gvbyl ew¯— GjvKvq evm K‡i| eo eo kni¸‡jv‡Z fvmgvb gvby‡li msL¨vI Kgbq| Zviv A¯’vqxfv‡e dzUcvZ, cvK©, †ij‡÷kb, jÂNvU BZ¨vw`‡Z ivZ KvUvq| †eu‡P _vKviRb¨ Zv‡ì‡KI †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv RxweKv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq| wkícwZ, eëmvqx, PvKzwiRxex,†ckvRxex, kªwgK, w`bgRyi, ew¯—evmx mevB wg‡jB kn‡ii A_©‰bwZK Rxeb‡K mPj iv‡L|

kû‡i A_©bxwZi ¸iyZ¡wkívqb I bMivq‡bi d‡j AvR evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvg I kn‡ii gvby‡li Rxebavivi cv_©K¨ wKQyUv K‡gAvm‡Q| evo‡Q MÖvg I kn‡ii G‡K Ac‡ii Dci wbf©ikxjZv| †jLvcov, Kg©ms¯’vb, wPwKrmvBZ¨vwì Rb¨ MÖv‡gi gvbyl GLb Av‡Mi Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk kn‡ii Dci wbf©ikxj| bMi Rxe‡biwe¯—vi, wkívqb I Kv‡Ri †Luv‡R MÖvg †_‡K cÖwZw`b eû‡jvK kn‡i Av‡m| d‡j RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Zkû‡i RbM‡Yi f~wgKv w`b w`b AviI ¸iyZ¡c~Y© n‡q DV‡Q|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvg I kn‡ii A_©‰bwZK Kv‡Ri ¸iyZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki| G KvRwU†gŠwLKfv‡e cÖkœ- DË‡ii gva¨‡g Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|


kn‡ii Mv‡g©›Um KviLvbv

cvV- 2 : evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi LvZmg~nc„w_exi Ab¨ †h-†Kv‡bv †`‡ki g‡Zv Avgv‡ì A_©bxwZiI cÖavb LvZ¸‡jv n‡jv K…wl, wkí, eëmv-evwYR¨ I †mevLvZ| Z‡e GQvovI evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z cÖevmx‡ì †cÖwiZ A_© GKUv eo f~wgKvcvjb K‡i|

K. K…wl : cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB G‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z K…wl gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q| eZ©gv‡bIG‡`‡ki †ewkifvM gvbyl RxweKvi Rb¨ K…wli Dci wbf©ikxj| avb, cvU, Pv, Wvj, iwekm¨,kvKmewR I djg~j Drcv`b; ebR m¤ú`, cïcvjb I grm¨Pvl‡K K…wlLv‡Zi g‡a¨ aiv nq|Avgv‡ì RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z K…wli Ae`vb 20 kZvs‡kiI †ewk|

L. wkí : KviLvbvq Drcvw`Z mvgMÖx, we`y¨r, M¨vm, LwbR m¤ú` `vjvb‡KvVv ev AeKvVv‡gv wbg©vYGB Lv‡Zi Aš—f©y³| evsjv‡`‡ki D‡j-L‡hvM¨ wkímvgMÖx n‡jv cvU I PvgovRvZ `ªe¨, myZv IKvco| GQvov i‡q‡Q KvMR, †cvkvK, AvmevecÎ, wPwb I Ab¨vb¨ cÖwµqvRvZK…Z Lv`¨, †c‡UªvjI ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ BZ¨vw`| †h-†`k hZ DbœZ Zvi A_©bxwZ‡Z wkíLv‡Zi f~wgKv ZZ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©|

M. eëmv-evwYR¨ : Af¨š—ixY I ê‡`wkK evwYRÏ Avgv‡ì A_©bxwZi GKwU cÖavb LvZ|Af¨š—ixY evwYR¨ ej‡Z †`‡ki †fZ‡i e¨w³MZ I cÖvwZôvwbK D‡`¨v‡M wRwbmcÎ†Kbv‡ePv‡K †evSvq| †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡K mPj ivL‡Z GB Af¨š—ixY evwYR¨ GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y©f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| †`‡ki Af¨š—ixY Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z Avgiv †hgb wKQz cY¨ we‡`k †_‡KAvg`vwb Kwi, †Zgwb †hme cY¨ Avgv‡ì †`‡k ch©vß cwigv‡Y Drcbœ nq Zvi GKwU Askwe‡`‡k ißvwbI Kwi| Gfv‡e ißvwbK…Z cY¨ †_‡K AwR©Z ê‡`wkK gy`ªv Avgv‡ìA_©bxwZ‡K kw³kvjx K‡i|

N. †mevLvZ : †h-†Kv‡bv †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z †mevLvZ GKwU eo f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| wk¶v, ¯^v¯’¨,Avevmb, cwienY ev †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v, e¨vsK-exgv, RbcÖkvmb, AvBb-k„•Ljv evwnbx G¸‡jv n‡jv†mevLv‡Zi D`vniY| miKvwi I †emiKvwi Dfq D‡`¨v‡MB GB LvZwU cwiPvwjZ nq| †h-†`k hZDbœZ Ges RbM‡Yi Kj¨vY‡K hZ †ewk ¸iyZ¡ †`q, †mLv‡b GB †mevLvZwU ZZB kw³kvjx|

A_©‡bwZK LvZmg~‡ni Ae`vbAvaywbK iv‡óª K…wl, wkí, eëmv I †mev GB LvZ¸‡jvi †Kv‡bvwUi ¸iyZ¡ Ab¨wUi †P‡q Kg bq|K…wlLvZ †`‡ki gvby‡li Lv`¨-Pvwn`v c~iY Kivi cvkvcvwk wk‡íi Rb¨ KuvPvgvj mieivn K‡i|wkíLvZ Lv`¨, e¯¿, Jla, Avevmb cÖf„wZi Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv QvovI bvMwiK‡ì Rb¨ Kg©ms¯’v‡bimy‡hvM m„wó K‡i| eëmvLvZ Af¨š—ixY evRv‡i cY¨-mvgMÖx‡K mnRjf¨ Kivi cvkvcvwk we‡`k†_‡K g~jëvb ê‡`wkK gy`ªv DcvR©b K‡i| †mevLvZ †`‡ki gvby‡li Rxebgv‡bi DbœwZi Rb¨ KvRK‡i| AvR‡Ki we‡k¦ wk‡ívbœqb e¨vcviwU‡K AZ¨š— ¸iyZ¡ †Ìqv n‡jI, K…wlLvZ‡K D‡c¶v Kivimy‡hvM †bB| eZ©gv‡b Lye cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgqI wek¦evRvi †_‡K Lv`¨km¨ msMÖn Kiv KwVb n‡qco‡Q| Lv`¨k‡mï `vgI Lye Pov| G Ae¯’vq Avgv‡ì g‡Zv †`k¸‡jvi Rb¨ Lv‡`¨ ¯^wbf©i nIqvQvov Dcvq †bB| Zvi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì‡K wk‡ívbœq‡bi cvkvcvwk K…wl A_©bxwZ‡KI ¸iyZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e|DbœZ K…wl hš¿cvwZ, D”Pdjbkxj exR, mvi I KxUbvkK eënvi K‡i Avgiv K…wl Drcv`b‡K


K‡qK¸Y evwo‡q Zzj‡Z cvwi| miKviI K…lK‡ì fZ©ywK g~‡j¨ mvi I Ab¨vb¨ K…wl DcKiYmieivn Ki‡Q| †`‡k wk‡íi DbœwZ NwU‡q Gme K…wl DcKiY Avgiv wb‡RivB Drcv`b Ki‡Zcvwi| †`‡ki wk¶v, ¯^v¯’¨ I †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi DbœwZi Øviv gvby‡li RxebhvÎv I m‡PZbZvigvb evwo‡q Zzj‡Z cvi‡j RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡ZI Zvi cÖfve co‡e| `¶ Rbkw³i Afve c~iY n‡e|RbmsL¨v‡K cÖK…Z Rbm¤ú‡` cwiYZ Kiv hv‡e|

eZ©gv‡b Avgv‡ì †`‡ki jvL jvL †jvK ga¨cÖvP¨, BD‡ivc, Av‡gwiKvmn c„w_exi bvbv AÂ‡jPvKzwi GgbwK eëmv-evwYRÏ Ki‡Q| Zv‡ì AwR©Z A_© Zviv wbqwgZ †`‡k cvVv‡”Q| cÖevmx‡ìcvVv‡bv GB A_© †Kej Zv‡ì cwievi-cwiR‡biB fvM¨ †div‡”Q bv Avgv‡ì RvZxq A_©bxwZiDbœq‡bI weivU Ae`vb ivL‡Q|

Abykxjbg~jK KvRKvR- 1 : evsjv‡`‡ki †mev Lv‡Zi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

KvR- 2 : evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi wewfbœ Lv‡Zi ¸iyZ¡ Zz‡j ai| `jMZfv‡e KvRwU Ki‡e|

cvV- 3 : evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi m¤¢vebvevsjv‡`k GKwU Dbœqbkxj †`k| ¯^vaxbZvi ci A_©bxwZi bvbv †¶‡Î Avgiv h‡_ó DbœwZK‡iwQ| wKš‘ c„w_exi Ab¨me Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki g‡Zv evsjv‡`‡kiI Dbœq‡bi c‡_ KZ¸‡jv evavev mgm¨v i‡q‡Q| †hgb RbM‡Yi `vwi`ª¨ I wk¶vi Afve| Ab¨w`‡K Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡kiPgrKvi m¤¢vebvI Av‡Q| hvi g‡a¨ cÖavb n‡jv Avgv‡ì weivU Rbkw³ I De©i f~wg| Dbœq‡bic‡_ Avgv‡ì mgm¨v¸‡jv‡K wVKfv‡e wP‡b Zv `~i Ki‡Z n‡e| †mB m‡½ Avgv‡ìm¤¢vebv¸‡jv‡K cy‡ivcywi Kv‡R jvMv‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡j K‡qK eQ‡ii g‡a¨B evsjv‡`k we‡k¦i ga¨-Av‡qi †`k¸‡jvi GKwU‡Z cwiYZ n‡e| †Kv‡bv LwbR ev cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` QvovI †Kej myôzcwiKíbv I K‡Vvi cwikª‡gi Øviv c„w_exi A‡bK †`k DbœZ †`k wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i‡QÑÑ†hgb wm½vcyi| †mw`K †_‡K Avgiv A‡bK fvMëvb| Avgv‡ì gvwU, cvwb I weivU Rbkw³Dbœq‡bi c‡_ GKwU eo mnvq| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki gvbyl cwikªgx| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki cÖevmx kªwgKivwe‡`‡ki gvwU‡Z Zvi cÖgvY w`‡”Q| Mv‡g©›Um ev †cvkvK-wk‡í evsjv‡`k †h mvd‡jï cwiPqw`‡q‡Q ZvI Dbœq‡bi c‡_ Avgv‡ì D¾¡j m¤¢vebv‡K Zz‡j ai‡Q|

Dbœq‡bi c_K. RbmsL¨v‡K Rbm¤ú‡` cwiYZ KivRbkw³‡K Rbm¤ú‡` cwiYZ Ki‡Z n‡j Zvi Rb¨ ìKvi wk¶v I Dchy³ cÖwk¶Y| wekvjRbmsL¨vi †`k Avgv‡ì evsjv‡`k| wKš‘ DbœZ †`k¸‡jvi Zzjbvq Avgv‡ì wk¶vi nvi Lye Kg|wk¶vi Afv‡e Avgv‡ì †`‡ki †ewkifvM gvbyl wm×vš— MÖn‡Y A¶g| †`‡ki gvbyl‡K cÖK…Z wk¶vqwkw¶Z K‡i Avgiv Zv‡ì Rxebgvb e„w×i cvkvcvwk Dbœq‡bi e¨vcv‡i AvMÖnx I m‡PZb K‡i Zzj‡Zcvwi| †mB m‡½ Dchy³ wk¶vi gva¨‡g Avgv‡ì weivU Rbkw³‡K Rbm¤ú‡` cwiYZ Ki‡Z cvwi|


L. K…wli DbœwZMÖvgcÖavb evsjv‡`‡k K…wlB GLbI Avgv‡ì Dbœq‡bi cÖavb LvZ| AvaywbK hš¿cvwZ, D”P-djbkxj exR, mvi I KxUbvk‡Ki mwVK eënvi Ges †mP myweav m¤cÖmvi‡Yi Øviv AvgivAvgv‡ì K…wl Drcv`‡bi cwigvY AviI evov‡Z cvwi| G‡Z Avgv‡ì MÖv‡gi gvby‡li Rxebgv‡biDbœwZ NU‡e I MÖvgxY A_©bxwZ kw³kvjx n‡e|

M. cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì eënvi

Kqjv, M¨vm, †Zj cÖf„wZ †h-me cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` GLbI Avgv‡ì †`‡k AeëüZ i‡q‡Q ZvD‡Ëvjb I eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z Avgv‡ì †`‡ki wk‡ívbœq‡bi MwZ evo‡e|

N. wk‡íi cÖmviMv‡g©›Um, Jla, wm‡g›U, wmivwgKmn †`‡ki m¤¢vebvgq wkíLvZ‡K m¤cÖmviY Ki‡Z n‡e| hv‡Z†`‡ki Pvwn`v wgwU‡q Gme cY¨ Avgiv AviI AwaK cwigv‡Y we‡`‡k ißvwb Ki‡Z cvwi| Zv‡ZAvgv‡ì ê‡`wkK gy`ªv Av‡qi cwigvY evo‡e I A_©bxwZ kw³kvjx n‡e|

O. AeKvVv‡gv wbg©vYmoK, †mZz, †ijc_ Ges cvwb, we`y¨r I M¨vm mieivn eë¯’vi DbœwZ ev m¤cÖmviY Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvbv n‡j wkí ev K…wl, evwYR¨ ev †mev †Kv‡bv †¶‡ÎB GKwU †`k DbœwZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| A_©‰bwZKDbœq‡bi kZ© wn‡m‡e GB AeKvVv‡gv wbg©v‡Yi e¨vcviwU‡K ZvB Avgv‡ì ¸iyZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e|

P. cwiKíbv cÖYqb I ev¯—evqb†h-†Kv‡bv †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ìKvi GKwU my`~icÖmvix cwiKíbv bxwZ I Zvi myôzev¯—evqb cÖwµqv| huviv cwiKíbv Ki‡eb I huviv Zv ev¯—evq‡bi `vwq‡Z¡ _vK‡eb Zuv‡ìmevB‡K G e¨vcv‡i †`‡ki ¯^v_©‡KB mevi Dc‡i ¯’vb w`‡Z n‡e|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi m¤¢vebvgq †¶Î¸‡jv D‡j-L Ki| †gŠwLKfv‡e KvRwUDc¯’vcb Kiv hvq|

cvV-4 : Dbœq‡bi c~e©kZ© : `¶ Rbkw³

gvbem¤úÀ`¶ gvbyl ivóª I mgv‡Ri †Kv‡bv Kv‡R Av‡m bv| Ab¨w`‡K `¶ gvbyl †hgb e¨w³MZfv‡e mdjnq, †Zgwb iv‡óªi A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µg‡KI MwZkxj Ki‡Z cv‡i| `¶ gvbyl iv‡óªi A_©‰bwZKm¤ú‡` cwiYZ nq| c¶vš—‡i A`¶ gvbyl MY¨ nq iv‡óªi †evSv wn‡m‡e| `¶ gvbyl‡KB


gvbem¤ú` ejv nq| †Kbbv G ai‡bi gvbyl Zvi `¶Zv w`‡q m¤ú` AvniY ev Drcv`b Ki‡Zcv‡i| GwUB n‡”Q gvby‡li Drcv`bkxjZv| e¨w³MZ Drcv`bkxjZv hZ evo‡e †`k ZZ †ewkDrcv`bkxj n‡e| gvbe-m¤ú` I A`¶ Rbkw³i GKwU Zzjbv wb‡P †`qv n‡jv|

Pxb †`‡k 140 †KvwU gvbyl evm K‡i| Px‡b cÖwZwU gvby‡li wk¶v, ¯^v¯’¨ I evm¯’v‡bi eë¯’vKiv n‡q‡Q| d‡j Px‡bi cÖwZwU gvbyl RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z Ae`vb ivL‡Z cvi‡Q| Pxbviv `¶Rbkw³‡Z i~cvš—wiZ nIqvq Px‡bi A_©bxwZ `ªyZ DbœwZ jvf Ki‡Q|

RbMY †Kv‡bv †`‡ki R‡b¨ m¤ú` bv n‡q mgm¨v n‡Z cv‡i Ggb D`vniYI c„w_ex‡Z i‡q‡Q|†hgb Avwd«Kv gnv‡`‡ki K‡qKwU †`k †fŠ‡MvwjKfv‡e †ek eo, Zv‡ì RbmsL¨vI Lye †ewk bq|ZviciI †`k¸‡jv `wi`ª †`k wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| †hgb gvwj, kv`, †m›U«vj Avwd«Kvb cÖRvZš¿,bvBRvi cÖf„wZ|

Rbmgwó‡K gvbem¤ú‡` cwiYZ Kivi Dcvqgvbyl‡K gvbem¤ú‡` cwiYZ Kivi Dcvq¸‡jv wb‡P ms‡¶‡c D‡j-L Kiv n‡jv :

K. gvbm¤úbœ cÖv_wgKwk¶v I Kg©gyLxwk¶v cÖ`vb,L. cÖhyw³MZ Ávb AR©b I cÖ‡qv‡M mnvqZv`vb,M. †ckvMZ cªwk¶Y `vb I `¶Zv AR©‡b mnvqZv cÖ`vb,N. Drcv`bgyLx Kg©Kv‡Ê cÖwk¶Y cÖ`vb,O. Drcv`bgyLx Kg©Kv‡Ê g~jab LvUv‡bvi †KŠkj wk¶v`vb,P. D™¢vebx ¶gZv weKv‡k mnvqZv,Q. DbœZ ¯^v¯’¨ I evm¯’v‡bi wbðqZv cÖ`vb,R. e¨vcK Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó|

Gme c`‡¶c MÖnY I Zv wVKfv‡e Kvh©Ki Kiv †M‡j †`‡ki kZfvM gvbyl `¶ Rbkw³‡Z cwiYZnIqvi my‡hvM cv‡e| Avi kZfvM `¶ Rbkw³ wb‡q †Kv‡bv †`k `wi`ª _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| †mB†`‡ki DbœwZ Aek¨¤¢vex|

gvbem¤ú` m„wó‡Z ivóª I RbM‡Yi f~wgKvgvbyl Avcbv-Avcwb Rbm¤ú‡` cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| G‡¶‡Î iv‡óªi GKwU eo f~wgKv Av‡Q|ivóª D‡`¨vM MªnY Ki‡j RbMY‡K Zv Kv‡R jvMv‡Z GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|

K. iv‡óªi f~wgKvRbMY‡K gvbem¤ú‡` i~cvš—i Kivi †¶‡Î cÖavb f~wgKvwU Avm‡j ivóª‡KB wb‡Z nq| AvaywbKhy‡M †h-me ivóª RbM‡Yi Abœ, e¯¿, wPwKrmv, wk¶v I evm¯’v‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i‡Q †m-meiv‡óªi RbMY `ªyZ gvbem¤ú‡` i~cvš—wiZ n‡q‡Q| †mme †`k `ªyZ DbœwZI jvf K‡i‡Q| †h-meivóª `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b e¨_© n‡q‡Q †mme iv‡óªi RbMY Abœ, e¯¿, wk¶v, ¯^v¯’¨ I evm¯’v‡bi Afv‡egvb‡eZi Rxeb-hvcb Ki‡Q| Zviv Rxe‡bi †gŠwjK AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ n‡”Q| Avgv‡ì


msweav‡b RbM‡Yi D³ cuvPwU †gŠwjK AwaKvi ev¯—evq‡bi A½xKvi e¨³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`kwb‡R‡K GKwU AvaywbK ivóª wn‡m‡e cÖwZôvi j‡¶¨ RbMY‡K gvbem¤ú‡` cwiYZ Ki‡Z cÖ‡PóvPvwj‡q hv‡”Q|

L. RbM‡Yi f~wgKvAvgv‡ì m¤ú` mxwgZ| ZvB iv‡óªi c‡¶ Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ bvMwiK‡ì Abœ, e¯¿, wk¶v,wPwKrmv I evm¯’vbmn mKj Pvwn`v c~iY Kiv KwVb| Z‡e mxwgZ mvg‡_©ï g‡aÏ RbM‡YiRxebgvb e„w×i j‡¶¨ ivóª bvbv D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡Q| RbMY‡K Gme my‡hvM-myweavi mØënviK‡i wb‡R‡ì‡K gvbem¤ú` i~‡c M‡o Zzj‡Z m‡Pó n‡Z n‡e|

Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : RbMY‡K gvbe m¤ú‡` cwiYZ Kivi Dcvq¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. †`‡k wk‡íi KvuPvgv‡ji Ab¨Zg Drm †KvbwU?

K. K…wlLvZ M. Avg`vwbLvZ

L. wkíLvZ N. †mevLvZ

2. kn‡ii A_©bxwZ‡K mPj iv‡LÑÑi . abx, wkícwZ I eëmvqx

ii. PvKzwiRxex, ga¨weË I †ckvRxex

iii. wbæweË, kªwgK I w`bgRyi


K. i M. i I iii

L. i I ii N. i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 3 I 4 b¤¦i cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

wmivRM‡Äi mewR Pvwl wegj wgÎ Zvi Drcvw`Z KvuPv mewR Mªv‡gB wewµ KiZ| Mªv‡g †ZgbPvwn`v bv _vKvq Kg`v‡g wewµ Ki‡Z n‡Zv| e½eÜy †mZy wbg©v‡Yi ci GLb †m cÖwZw`b XvKvqG‡m mewR wewµ Kivq Zvi Avq wZb¸Y †e‡o hvq|

3. wegj wg‡Îi Avq e„w×i g~j KviY KxÑÑK. AeKvVv‡gvMZ wbg©vY M. mwVK wm×všÍ MªnY

L. K…wli AvaywbKxKiY N. cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb


4. D³ welqwUi Dci Avgv‡ì ¸iyZ¡ †Ìqv cÖ‡qvRbÑÑi . A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨

ii. wk‡íi cÖmv‡ii Rb¨

iii. evRvi m¤cªmvi‡Yi Rb¨


K. iI ii M. i I iii

L. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. Avkivd Avjx Zvi KviLvbvq cïi Pvgov w`‡q e¨vM ˆZwi K‡ib| cÖ_g eQ‡i Bsj¨v‡Û ZviˆZwi e¨vM ¯^í cwigv‡Y wewµ n‡jI wZb eQi †k‡l BD‡iv‡ci K‡qKwU †`‡k Zvi c‡Yïe¨vcK Pvwn`v cwijw¶Z nq| Ab¨w`‡K Zvi ¯¿x wg‡mm Rwgjv cÖwZw`b evwoi AvwObviLvgvi †_‡K cÖvq kZvwaK wWg evRv‡i wewµ Ki‡Q| `yR‡bi †hŠ_ cÖ‡Póvq Zv‡ì my‡Limsmvi|

K. evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi KZ Ask knivÂ‡j evm K‡i?

L. evsjv‡`k‡K K…wlcÖavb †`k ejv nq †Kb?

M. wg‡mm Rwgjvi KvRwU A_©bxwZi †Kvb Lv‡Zi êwk‡óï mv‡_ msMwZc~Y©? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Avkivd Avjx I wg‡mm Rwgjvi Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ †KvbwU A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b AwaK mnvqKe‡j Zywg g‡b Ki| †Zvgvi DË‡ii c‡¶ hyw³ `vI|

2. ga¨weË †jvKgvb mv‡n‡ei Pvi †Q‡ji mevB †eKvi| eo †Q‡j Avigvb‡K avi †`bv K‡i †mŠwÀvie cvVv‡bvi ci †m GKwU †LRyi evMv‡b KvR †cj| †mLv‡b giyf~wgi Abye©i Rwg‡Z †gavI cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i †LRyimn wewfbœ ai‡bi d‡ji Pvl †`‡L †m AbycÖvwYZ nq| wbR †`‡kiAbybœZ K…wli K_v wPšÍv K‡i c‡ii eQiB †m †`‡k wd‡i G‡m wZb fvB‡K wb‡q Lvgvi Kiviwm×všÍ †bq| †eKvi wZb fvB‡K nwU©KvjPvi †m›Uvi †_‡K K…wl Drcv`b m¤úwK©Z cÖwk¶Yw`‡q Pvi fvB GK‡Î GKwU Lvgvi ˆZwi K‡i Ges ¯^í mg‡qi g‡a¨ mdj eëmvqx wn‡m‡ecÖwZôv cvq|

K. Avgv‡ì RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z K…wli Ae`vb KZ kZvsk?

L. †mevLvZ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. Rbve Avigv‡bi †mŠw` Avie †_‡K †`‡k wd‡i Avmvi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. ÔÔRbve †jvKgv‡bi †eKvi Pvi cyÎB GLb gvbem¤ú`ÕÕÑÑ g~j¨vqb Ki|


Aa¨vq-mvZ

wkïi AwaKvi

cvV- 1 : AwaKvi wb‡q wKQy K_v

gvbyl Rb¥ †_‡K wKQy my‡hvM-myweav cvIqvi AwaKvi iv‡L| G¸‡jv‡K gvbevwaKvi e‡j| G¸‡jv bv_vK‡j gvbyl mwZ¨Kvi gvbyl n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i bv| gvbyl wPš—vkw³, m„RbkxjZv Ges gZvgZcÖKv‡ki †hvM¨Zv wb‡qB Rb¥vq| †Kv‡bv ivóª, miKvi ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv kw³ Zv‡K G¸‡jv †`q bv|Zviv eis mgq mgq G¸‡jv niY K‡i †bq| hwÌ mgvR I iv‡óªi `vwqZ¡ n‡jv wkï eqm †_‡KBgvbyl‡K Zvi GB †hvM¨Zv weKv‡ki my‡hvM K‡i †Ìqv| Zvi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì‡K wkïi AwaKvim¤ú‡K© m‡PZb _vK‡Z n‡e|

wkïi AwaKvi n‡jv gvbevwaKv‡iiB Ask| Avi gvbevwaKvi n‡jv †mBme AwaKvi hv wb‡qgvbewkï Rb¥MÖnY K‡i Ges hv AwR©Z n‡j †m GKRb c~Y©v½ gvbyl wn‡m‡e weKwkZ n‡Z cv‡i|GKRb gvbyl †m †h †Kv‡bv mgv‡R-iv‡óª-cwiev‡i-†kªwY‡Z-wj‡½-m¤cÖ`v‡q-a‡g©-RvwZ‡Mvôx‡ZRb¥MÖnY KiyK bv †Kb, GB AwaKvi¸‡jv Zvi b¨vh¨ cvIbv| †KD G¸‡jv †_‡K Zv‡K ewÂZ Ki‡Zcv‡i bv| G¸‡jv cvIqvi e¨vcv‡i Kv‡iv Dci †Kv‡bv kZ© Av‡ivc Kiv Pj‡e bv, Kv‡iv †ejvqG¸‡jv Kgv‡bv-evov‡bviI AeKvk †bB| wkïi †ejvqI GK_v¸‡jv cÖ‡hvR¨| G e¨vcv‡i AvgivK‡qKUv welq g‡b ivLeÑ

AwaKvi Avm‡j ¯^vaxbZv I ¶gZvÑÑK_v ejvi, PjvP‡ji, gZ cÖKv‡ki †h AwaKvi †m¸‡jvgvbyl‡K ¯^vaxbZv †`q| fvebvwPš—v Avi wePvi-we‡ePbv K‡i Zzwg †h K_vUv ej‡Z PvBQ †mUvejvi ¯^vaxbZv †Zvgvi Av‡Q| GB ¯^vaxbZv †Zvgvi ¶gZvI evovq|

AwaKvi wbivcËvi Aej¤^bÑÑ †mB gvbylB h_v_© ¯^vaxb, hvi Rxeb f‡q ev wbivcËvnxbZvq Kv‡Ubv; hvi Rxeb mew`K †_‡K wbivc` I evavnxb|

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Abykxjbg~jK KvR

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Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : wkïi AwaKv‡ii ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. RvwZmsN wkï AwaKvi mb‡` KqwU aviv i‡q‡Q?K. 52 M. 54L. 53 N. 55

2. Ô†mB e¨w³ ¯^vaxb hvi g‡b †Kv‡bv fq _v‡K bvÕ, K_vwUi A_© n‡”QÑÑi . †h KvD‡K fq cvq bvii. †h Lye †ewk mvnmxiii.hvi Rxeb wbwðZ I wbivc`

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?K. iI ii M. ii I iii


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3. g‡bvqvivi †¶‡Î RvwZmsN †NvwlZ wkï AwaKvi mb‡ì AwaKvi ¶zYœ n‡q‡Q, Zv n‡”QÑÑi . A_©‰bwZK †kvlY †_‡K gyw³ii. AeKvk hvcb I †Ljvayjviii. wkïi †eu‡P _vKv I eo nIqv

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?K. i M. iii



4. g‡bvqvivi †h AwaKvi ¶zYœ n‡q‡Q Zv i¶v Kivi cÖavb `vwqZ¡ KviÑÑK. mgv‡Ri M. cwiev‡ii

L. iv‡óªi N. cÖwZ‡ekxi

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1.

K. AwaKv‡ii A_© Kx?

L. †gŠwjK gvbweK AwaKvi ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

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N. wP‡Î wkï‡ì GB `yie¯’vi Rb¨ Zywg wK cwievi‡KB `vqx e‡j g‡b Ki? †Zvgvi g‡Zic‡¶ hyw³ `vI|

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K. wkï Kviv?

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M. widvn&i gv RvwZmsN wkï AwaKvi mb‡ì †Kvb avivwU j•Nb K‡i‡QbÑÑ e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. widvn&i gv Gi KiYxq Kx wQj, †Zvgvi cvVëB‡qi Av‡jv‡K gZvgZ `vI|

72 wkïi AwaKvi

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cvV-2 : mnmªvã Dbœqb j¶¨¶zav, `vwi`ª¨, êlg¨, e¨vwa I cwi‡ek wech©q gy³ wek¦ Movi j‡¶¨ m`m¨ †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ 2000 m‡b RvwZms‡Ni D‡`¨v‡M †NvwlZ n‡q‡Q mnmªvã Dbœqb j¶¨|Bs‡iwR‡Z ejv n‡”Q Millenium Development Goals| Gi gva¨‡g c„w_ex‡Z mn‡hvwMZviGK bZzb w`Mš— D‡b¥vwPZ n‡q‡Q| AvUwU †¶Î‡K GB mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ wPwýZ K‡i KvR ïiyn‡q‡Q| †¶Î¸‡jv n‡jv : 1. Pig `vwi`ª¨ I ¶zav †_‡K gyw³, 2. me †Q‡j‡g‡qi R‡b¨ gvbm¤úbœcÖv_wgKwk¶vi eë¯’v, 3. me‡¶‡Î bvix-cyiy‡l mgZv G‡b bvixi ¶gZvqb, 4. wkïg„Zzï nviKgv‡bv, 5. mš—vb Rb¥ w`‡Z wM‡q gv‡qi g„Zz¨ †iva I gv‡qi ¯^v‡¯’ï wbðqZv, 6. `yiv‡ivM¨ I†Quvqv‡P †ivM wbg~©j, 7. cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ wbwðZ Kiv, 8. Dbœq‡bi †¶‡Î me †`‡kiAskx`vwiZ¡|

RvwZmsN †NvlYvq 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ GB j¶¨¸‡jv AR©‡bi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| RvwZms‡Ni Ab¨vb¨m`m¨ †`‡ki g‡Zv evsjv‡`kI mnmªvã Dbœqb j¶¨ AR©‡bi R‡b¨ bvbv D‡`¨vM wb‡q‡Q| fvi‡Zic‡iB evsjv‡`‡k `wi`ª gvby‡li msL¨v me‡P‡q †ewk| ZvB `vwi`ª¨ `~i Kivi j¶¨ AR©b‡K we‡kl¸iyZ¡ w`‡q‡Q evsjv‡`k| Gi R‡b¨ `vwi`ª¨ n«v‡mi †KŠkj wba©viY K‡i KvRI ïiy n‡q‡Q| G Qvovmevi R‡b¨ cÖv_wgKwk¶v, bvixi ¶gZvqb, wkïg„Zzï nvi Kgv‡bvi g‡Zv Kv‡R evsjv‡`k Gig‡a¨B †ek AMÖMwZ AR©b K‡i‡Q| cvkvcvwk †g‡q‡ì wk¶v, wUKv`vb Kg©m~wP, ¶z`ªFY,

74 mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g fwel¨Z

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Abykxjbg~jK KvR

KvR- 1 : Gwkqvi gvbwP‡Î Avwmqvb I mvK©fy³ †`k¸‡jv †`LvI|

KvR- 2 : mnmªvã Dbœqb j¶¨¸‡jv wb‡q `‡j fvM n‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki Ges evsjv‡`‡ki AMÖMwZm¤ú‡K© wb‡Ri aviYv †jL|

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ1. mv‡K©i g~j j¶¨ Kx?

K. mvgvwRK mn‡hvwMZv M. mvs¯‹„wZK mn‡hvwMZv

L. A_©‰bwZK mn‡hvwMZv N. wk¶v mn‡hvwMZv

2. wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi `ªyZ DbœwZ mvwaZ nIqvq †Kvb A_©bxwZi D™¢e n‡q‡Q?K. gy³ evRvi M. †K›`ªxf~Z evRvi

L. e× evRvi N. we‡K›`ªxf~Z evRvi

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3. †Kvb eë¯’vi DbœwZi d‡j ingvb mv‡ne Awd‡m e‡mB we‡`‡k †cvkvK ißvwbi my‡hvM †c‡jb?K. hvZvqvZ M. evwYwR¨K

L. †hvMv‡hvM N. A_©‰bwZK

4. D³ eë¯’vi Dbœq‡bi d‡j c„w_exi eëmv-evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î m„wó n‡q‡QÑÑi . gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZ

ii. evwYR¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv

iii.evwYR¨ m¤cÖmviY

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m„Rbkxj cÖkœ1. ivnvZ bvivqYM‡Äi Pvlviv GjvKvi evwm›`v| †m Zvi K‡qKRb eÜyi mv‡_ wg‡j Mv‡Qi Pviv

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M. ivnvZ I Zvi eÜy‡ì Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g RvwZmsN †NvwlZ mnmªvã Dbœq‡bi †h j¶¨ AwR©Znq Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. dvnv‡ì KvRwU wK evsjv‡`‡k RvwZms‡Ni mnmªvã Dbœqb j¶¨ AR©‡b mnvqZv Ki‡e?†Zvgvi DË‡ii c‡¶ hyw³ `vI|

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