rvzxq wk¶vµg i cvv¨cy¯—k †evw© kz…©k 2013 wk¶vel© … · 2013/03/09 · rvzxq...

RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy —K †evW© KZ…©K 2013 wk¶vel© †_‡K beg-`kg †kªwYi cvV¨cy —Ki~‡c wba©vwiZ

e¨emvq D‡`¨vM beg-`kg †kªwY

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RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯—K †evW©, XvKv

RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯—K †evW© 69-70 gwZwSj evwYwR¨K GjvKv, XvKv-1000

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cÖ_g cÖKvk : A‡±vei, 2012

cvV¨cy¯—K cÖYq‡b mgš^qK †gvt dinv`yj Bmjvg KvwYR †dŠwRqv Lvbg

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my`k©b evQvi myRvDj Av‡e`xb

wWRvBb RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯—K †evW©

miKvi KZ©„K webvg~‡j¨ weZi‡Yi Rb¨

gy`ª‡Y :

cÖm½-K_v wk¶v RvZxq Rxe‡bi me©‡ZvgyLx Dbœq‡bi c~e©kZ©| Avi ª“Z cwieZ©bkxj we‡k¦i P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejv K‡i evsjv‡`k‡K Dbœqb I mg„w×i w`‡K wb‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb mywkw¶Z Rbkw³| fvlv Av‡›`vjb I gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvq †`k Movi Rb¨ wk¶v_©xi Aš—wb©wnZ †gav I m¤¢vebvi cwic~Y© weKv‡k mvnvh¨ Kiv gva¨wgK wk¶vi Ab¨Zg j¶¨| GQvov cÖv_wgK —‡i AwR©Z wk¶vi †gŠwjK Ávb I `¶Zv m¤cÖmvwiZ I mymsnZ Kivi gva¨‡g D”PZi wk¶vi †hvM¨ K‡i †ZvjvI G —‡ii wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨| ÁvbvR©‡bi GB cÖwµqvi wfZi w`‡q wk¶v_©x‡K †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK I cwi‡ekMZ cUf~wgi †cÖw¶‡Z `¶ I †hvM¨ bvMwiK K‡i †ZvjvI gva¨wgK wk¶vi Ab¨Zg we‡eP¨ welq|

RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ-2010 Gi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L cwigvwR©Z n‡q‡Q gva¨wgK ¯—‡ii wk¶vµg| cwigvwR©Z GB wk¶vµ‡g RvZxq Av`k©, j¶¨, D‡Ïk¨ I mgKvjxb Pvwn`vi cÖwZdjb NUv‡bv n‡q‡Q, †mB mv‡_ wk¶v_©x‡ì eqm, †gav I MÖnY ¶gZv Abyhvqx wkLbdj wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvov wk¶v_©xi ˆbwZK I gvbweK g~j¨‡eva †_‡K ïi“ K‡i BwZnvm I HwZn¨ †PZbv, gnvb gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv, wkí-mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ‡eva, †`k‡cÖg‡eva, cÖK…wZ-†PZbv Ges ag©-eY©-†MvÎ I bvix-cyi“l wbwe©‡k‡l mevi cÖwZ mggh©v`v‡eva RvMÖZ Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKwU weÁvbgb¯‹ RvwZ MV‡bi Rb¨ Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU †¶‡Î weÁv‡bi ¯^Ztù~Z© cÖ‡qvM I wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki i~cKí-2021 Gi j¶¨ ev —evq‡b wk¶v_©x‡ì m¶g K‡i †Zvjvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

bZzb GB wk¶vµ‡gi Av‡jv‡K cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q gva¨wgK ¯—‡ii cÖvq mKj cvV¨cy —K| D³ cvV¨cy¯—K cÖYq‡b wk¶v_©x‡ì mvg_© , cÖeYZv I c~e© AwfÁZv‡K ¸i“‡Z¡i m‡½ we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cvV¨cy¯—K¸‡jvi welq wbe©vPb I Dc ’vc‡bi †¶‡Î wk¶v_©xi m„Rbkxj cÖwZfvi weKvk mva‡bi w`‡K we‡klfv‡e ¸i“Z¡ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU Aa¨v‡qi ïi“‡Z wkLbdj hy³ K‡i wk¶v_©xi AwR©Ze¨ Áv‡bi Bw½Z cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges wewPÎ KvR, m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I Ab¨vb¨ cÖkœ ms‡hvRb K‡i g~j¨vqb‡K m„Rbkxj Kiv n‡q‡Q|

eëmvq I D‡`¨vM cvV¨cy —KwU GKwesk kZ‡Ki m~Pbvj‡Mœ cwiewZ©Z mg‡qi †cª¶vc‡U wk¶v_©x‡ì Pvwn`v I „wófw½i e¨vcK cwieZ©‡bi cUf~wg‡Z cwigvwR©Z KvwiKzjv‡gi Av‡jv‡K beg-`kg †kªwYi Rb¨ iPbv Kiv

n‡q‡Q|

GKwesk kZ‡Ki A½xKvi I cÖZ¨q‡K mvg‡b †i‡L cwigvwR©Z wk¶vµ‡gi Av‡jv‡K cvV¨cy —KwU iwPZ n‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB cvV¨cy¯—KwUi AviI mg„w×mva‡bi Rb¨ †h‡Kv‡bv MVbg~jK I hyw³m½Z civgk© ¸i“‡Z¡i m‡½ we‡ewPZ n‡e| cvV¨cy —K cÖYq‡bi wecyj Kg©h‡Ái g‡a¨ AwZ ¯^í mg‡q cy¯—KwU iwPZ n‡q‡Q| d‡j wKQz fyjÎ“wU †_‡K †h‡Z cv‡i| cieZ©x ms¯‹iY¸‡jv‡Z cvV¨cy¯—KwU‡K AviI my›ì, †kvfb I Î“wUgy³ Kivi †Póv Ae¨vnZ, _vK‡e| evbv‡bi †¶‡Î Abym„Z n‡q‡Q evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K cÖYxZ evbvbixwZ|

cvV¨cy —KwU iPbv, m¤úv`bv, wPÎv¼b, bgybv cÖkœvw` cÖYqb I cÖKvkbvi Kv‡R hviv Avš—wiKfv‡e †gav I kªg w`‡q‡Qb Zuv‡ì abëv` Ávcb KiwQ| cvV¨cy —KwU wk¶v_©x‡ì Avbw›`Z cvV I cÖZ¨vwkZ `¶Zv AR©b wbwðZ Ki‡e e‡j Avkv Kwi|

cÖ‡dmi †gvt †gv¯—dv KvgvjDwÏb

†Pqvig¨vb RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy —K †evW©, XvKv

m~PxcÎ

Aa¨vq Aa¨vq wk‡ivbvg c„ôv msL¨v

cÖ_g eëmvq cwiwPwZ 01-11

wØZxq eëmvq D‡`¨vM I D‡`¨v³v 12-22

Z…Zxq AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb 23-35

PZz_© gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z eëmvq 36-61

cÂg eëmv‡qi AvBbMZ w`K 61-70

lô eëmvq cwiKíbv 71-80

mßg evsjv‡`‡ki wkí 81-91

Aóg eëmvq I cÖwZôv‡bi eë¯’vcbv 92-101

beg wecbb 102-111

`kg eëmvq D‡ÏvM Dbœq‡b mnvqK †mev 112-120

GKv`k eëmvq ˆbwZKZv I mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ 121-129

Øv`k mdj D‡`¨v³v‡ì Rxebx †_‡K wk¶Yxq 130-140

cÖ_g Aa¨vq

eëmvq cwiwPwZ Introduction to Business

eëmv‡qi DrcwËi g~‡j wQj gvby‡li Afve‡eva| Afve c~i‡Yi j‡¶¨B gvbyl wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Êi gva¨‡g DcvR©b cÖ‡Póvq RwoZ nq| g~jZ A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÊ I †jb‡`b‡K wN‡iB D™¢e nq eëmv‡qi| G Aa¨vq †_‡K Avgiv eëmv‡qi aviYv, DrcwË, êwkó¨, cÖKvi‡f` I eëmvwqK cwi‡ekmn wewfbœ w`K m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z cvie|

G Aa¨vq †k‡l Avgiv

• eëmv‡qi aviYv, DrcwË I µgweKv‡ki aviv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

• eëmv‡qi cwiwa, êwkó¨ I ¸i“Z¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie|

• eëmv‡qi Kvh©vewj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie |

• eëmv‡qi cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie |

• wk‡íi aviYv I cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

• evwY‡Rï aviYv I cÖKvi‡f` e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie |

• †mevi aviYv I cÖKvi‡f` D`vniYmn e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie |

• eëmv‡qi Dci cÖfve we —viKvix cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvie|

eëmvq cwiwPwZ 2

eëmv‡qi aviYv (Concept of Business)

eëmvq wk¶vi wk¶K Rbve Avmv y¾vgvb beg †kÖwYi eëmvq D‡`¨vM wel‡qi cÖ_g K¬v‡m Avm‡jb| wk¶v_x©iv Zv‡K Avš—wiKfv‡e ¯^vMZ Rvbvj| ï‡f”Qv wewbg‡qi ci wZwb wk¶v_x©‡ì mK‡ji D‡Ï‡k cÖkœ ivL‡jb, Ô†Zvgv‡ì g‡a¨ †K †K eëmvwqK cwievi †_‡K G‡mQ?Õ GKRb wk¶v_x© ejj, Zvi evevi Pv‡ji eëmvq Av‡Q| Av‡iKRb wk¶v_x© ejj, Zvi evevi nuvm-gyiwMi Lvgvi Av‡Q| Av‡iKRb wk¶v_x© ejj, Zvi evevi Jl‡ai †`vKvb Av‡Q| Ab¨ GKRb wk¶v_x© ejj, Zvi gv‡qi GKwU weDwU cvj©vi Av‡Q| wk¶K mK‡ji K_v gb w`‡q ïb‡jb Ges ej‡jb avb-Pvj, nuvm-gyiwM I Jla weµq Ges weDwU cvjv©i cwiPvjbv Kiv cª‡Z¨KwU GK GKwU A_©‰bwZK KvR| †Zvgv‡ì AwffveK‡ì me¸‡jv A_©‰bwZK KvR eëmv‡qi Aš—f©y³ n‡e hw` Zviv RxweKv wbev©n I gybvdvi Avkvq D³ KvR¸‡jv K‡i _v‡Kb|

mvaviYfv‡e gybvdv AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ cwiPvwjZ A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÊ‡K eëmvq e‡j| cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì Rb¨ Lv`¨ Drcv`b Kiv, nvmu-gyiwM cvjb Kiv, mewR Pvl Kiv‡K eëmvq ejv hvq bv| wKš—y hLb †Kv‡bv K…lK gybvdvi Avkvq avb Pvl K‡i ev mewR djvq Zv eëmvq e‡j MY¨ n‡e| Z‡e gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiPvwjZ mKj A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÊ eëmv e‡j MY¨ n‡e hw` †m¸‡jv †`‡ki AvB‡b êa I mwVK Dcv‡q cwiPvwjZ nq|

eëmv‡qi AviI wKQz êwkó¨ Av‡Q hv G‡K Ab¨ me †ckv †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i‡Q| eëmv‡qi mv‡_ RwoZ cY¨ ev †mevi Aek¨B Avw_©K g~j¨ _vK‡Z n‡e| eëmv‡qi Av‡iKwU êwkó¨ n‡jv Gi mv‡_ SuzwKi| g~jZ gybvdv AR©‡bi Avkv‡ZB eëmvqx A_© wewb‡qvM K‡i | eëmvwqK Kg©Kv‡Êi gva¨‡g gybvdv AR©‡bi cvkvcvwk Aek¨B †mevi g‡bvfve _vK‡Z n‡e| eëmv‡qi Av‡iKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© w`K n‡jv G‡Z ˆbwZKZv I mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi welqwU we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq|

Kg©cÎ-1 : †Zvgv‡ì evwo/ we`¨vj‡qi Av‡kcv‡k †h mKj eëmvq Pvjy Av‡Q Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki| • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • •

eëmv‡qi êwkó¨¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki • • • • •

• • • • •

eëmvq D‡`¨vM 3

eëmv‡qi DrcwË I µgweKvk (Origin and Evolution of Business)

w`‡b w`‡b gvby‡li Pvwn`v e„w× cvevi mv‡_ mv‡_ A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Êi AvIZvI evo‡Z _v‡K| d‡j ïi“ nq cï wkKvi, Lv`¨km¨ Drcv`b I cY¨ wewbg‡qi g‡Zv Kg©KvÊ| wKš—y cY¨ ev ªe¨ wewbgq K‡iI cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bv hvq wb| d‡j `ªe¨ wewbg‡qi ¯’‡j wewbg‡qi gva¨g wn‡m‡e ¯^Y©-†iŠ‡cï gy ªv I cieZx©Kv‡j KvMwR gy ªvi cÖPjb nq| eëmv‡qi µgweKv‡ki G aviv‡K cÖvPxb, ga¨ I AvaywbK GB wZb chv©‡q wef³ Kiv hvq|

eëmv‡qi µgweKv‡ki aviv

cÖvPxb hyM ga¨ hyM AvaywbK hyM • cï wkKvi • grm¨ wkKvi • djg~j AvniY • K…wlKvh© • ªe¨ wewbgq

• wewbg‡qi gva¨g wn‡m‡e y®úÖvc¨ kvgyK, wSbyK, Kwo I cv_i eënvi

• wewbg‡qi gva¨g wn‡m‡e ¯^Y©, †iŠc¨ I Ab¨vb¨ avZe gy ªvi eënvi

• KvMwR gy`ªvi cÖPjb • evRvi I kni m„wó • eëmvq msMV‡bi D™¢e

• wkí wec−e • cÖhyw³i Dbœqb • wewfbœ wkí KviLvbvi weKvk • e„n`vqZb Drcv`b I eÈb eë¯’v

cÖPjb • e¨vsK I wegv eë¯’vi m¤úªmviY • GwUGg KvW© cÖPjb • †gvevBj e¨vswKs cÖPjb

eëmv‡qi AvIZv I cÖKvi‡f` (Scope and Classification of Business)

eZ©gv‡b eëmvq ïay cY¨ ª‡eï µq-weµ‡qi g‡a¨ mxgve× bq| cY¨- ªe¨ I †mevKg© Drcv`b, cY¨- ªe¨ wewbgq I Gi mnvqK Kv‡Ri mgwó‡K eëmvq e‡j| cY¨- ªe¨ wewbgq msµvš— mnvqK Kv‡R cwienb, wegv, e¨vswKs, ¸`vgRvZKiY I weÁvcb ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| AvaywbK eëmv‡K cÖavbZ wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|

K. wkí (Industry) L. evwYR¨ (Commerce) M. cÖZ¨¶ †mev (Direct Services)

eëmvq

wkí evwYR¨ cÖZ¨¶ †mev

cÖRbb wkí wb®‹vkb wkí wbg©vY wkí †mevg~jK wkí Drcv`b wkí

cY¨ wewbgq (µq-weµq) cwienb ¸`vgRvZKiY e¨vswKs wegv weÁvcb

AvBbe„wË Wv³vwi cÖ‡KŠkje„wË AwWU dvg©

eëmvq cwiwPwZ 4

wkí (Industry)

wkí‡K Drcv`‡bi evnb wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| †h cÖwµqvq cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` AvniY, KuvPvgv‡j i~c`vb Ges cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g KuvPvgvj‡K gvby‡li eënvi-Dc‡hvMx c‡Y¨ cwiYZ Kiv nq Zv‡K wkí ejv nq| wkí‡K cÖavbZ cuvP fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|

• cÖRbb wk‡í (Genetic) Drcvw`Z mvgMÖx cybivq m„wó ev Drcv`‡bi Kv‡R eëüZ nq| †hgb- bvm©vwi, n¨vPvwi BZ¨vw`|

• wb®‹vkb (Extractive) wk‡íi gva¨‡g f~Mf©, cvwb ev evqy n‡Z cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` AvniY Kiv nq| †hgb- LwbR wkí|

• wbgv©Y (Construction) wk‡íi gva¨‡g iv¯ÍvNvU, †mZz BZ¨vw` wbgv©Y Kiv nq|

• Drcv`b (Manufacturing) wk‡í kÖg I h‡š¿i eënv‡ii gva¨‡g KuvPvgvj‡K cÖwµqvRvZ K‡i P~ovš— c‡Y¨ i~cvš—i Kiv nq| †hgb- e ¿ wkí|

• †mev (Service) wkí wewfbœ cÖKvi †mev cÖ v‡bi gva¨‡g gvby‡li RxebhvÎv mnR I Avivg`vqK K‡i| †hgb- we`y¨r I M¨vm Drcv`b I weZiY, e¨vswKs I ¯^v¯’¨ †mev BZ¨vw`|

Kg©cÎ-2 : wewfbœ cÖKvi wk‡íi 5wU K‡i D`vniY

cÖRbb wkí wb®‹vkb wkí wbgv©Y wkí Drcv`b wkí †mevg~jK wkí

1. bvmv©wi

2.

3.

4.

5.

1. LwbR wkí

2.

3.

4.

5.

1. iv —vNvU wbg©vY

2.

3.

4.

5.

1. e ¿ wkí

2.

3.

4.

5.

1. we y r wkí

2.

3.

4.

5.

evwYR¨ (Commerce)

evwYR¨‡K eëmv‡qi cY¨ ev †mev mvgMÖx eÈbKvix kvLv wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| eëmvq ev wk‡í eëüZ KuvPvgvj Drcv`‡Ki wbKU †cuŠQv‡bv wKsev wk‡í Drcvw`Z cY¨ ev †mev mvgMÖx †fv³v‡ì wbKU †cŠQv‡bvi mKj Kvhv©ewj‡K evwYR¨ e‡j| cY¨- ªe¨ µq-weµq Kvh© h_v_©fv‡e mgvav‡bi †¶‡Î A_©MZ, SzuwKMZ, ’vbMZ, KvjMZ I Z_¨MZ evav ev mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| G mKj evav `~ixKi‡Y evwY‡Rï wewfbœ A½ †hgb cwienb, ¸`vgRvZKiY, e¨vswKs, wegv, wecYb I weÁvcb BZ¨vwì mn‡hvwMZvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| evwYR¨‡K AvaywbKKv‡j eëmvq Uz eëmvq (Business to Business) e‡jI AwfwnZ Kiv nq|

eëmvq D‡`¨vM 5

wb‡gœ evwY‡Rï wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi f~wgKv Q‡K cÖ k©b Kiv n‡jv-

evwY‡Rï wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi KvR

eëmv‡qi †¶‡Î wewfbœ ai‡bi evav evwY‡Rï Dcv`vb f~wgKv

¯^Z¡MZ cY¨ wewbgq gvwjKvbvmsµvš— evav `~i K‡i

¯’vbMZ cwienb ’vbMZ evav ~i K‡i

mgqMZ ¸`vgRvZKiY mgqMZ evav ~i K‡i

A_©MZ e¨vswKs A_© msµvš— evav `~i K‡i

SzuwKMZ wegv SzuwKmsµvš— evav `~i K‡i

Z_¨MZ weÁvcb Z_¨ I cÖPvi msµvš— evav `~i K‡i

cÖZ¨¶ †mev (Direct Services)

A_© DcvR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ ¯^vaxb †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ Wv³vi, DwKj, cÖ‡KŠkjx cÖf…wZ †ckvRxexiv wewfbœ iKg †mevKg© A‡_©i wewbg‡q cÖ vb K‡i _v‡Kb| G mKj †mevKg© ev e„wË cÖZ¨¶ †mev wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| †hgb Wv³vwi wK¬wbK, AvBb †P¤^vi, cÖ‡KŠkjx dvg©, AwWU dvg© BZ¨vw`| cÖZ¨¶ †mev AvazwbK eëmv‡qi GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© kvLv|

eëmv‡qi ¸i“Z¡ (Importance of Business) A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÊ wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡jI eëmvq †h †Kv‡bv †`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK Z_v mvgMÖxK Dbœq‡b we‡kl Ae`vb †i‡L P‡j‡Q| eëmv‡qi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjwä K‡iB M‡o D‡V‡Q †QvU-eo †`vKvb †_‡K kyi“ K‡i wekvj wkí KviLvbv| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ eëmv‡qi ¸i“Z¡ Acwimxg| AvR‡Ki c„w_ex‡Z †m mKj †`k DbœwZi Pig wkL‡i Ae ’vb Ki‡Q †h †`k¸‡jv eëmv-evwY‡R¨ DbœZ| eëmv‡qi gva¨‡g m¤ú‡ì h_vh_ eënvi mnR nq Ges †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Z¡ivwš^Z nq| eëmv‡qi d‡j mÂq e„w× cvq, g~jab MwVZ nq I RvZxq Avq e„w× cvq| eëmv‡qi gva¨‡g †eKvi gvby‡li Kg©ms¯’vb nq| eëmvq M‡elYv I m„Rbkxj Kv‡Ri Dbœqb NUvq| eëmvq-evwY‡Rï d‡j †`‡k-†`‡k cY¨- ª‡eï Av`vb cÖ v‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ ms¯‹…wZi wewbgqI N‡U| eëmvq-evwYR¨‡K wN‡i bZzb-bZzb kni, e›ì M‡o D‡V|

GmGmwm cvm nvwjgv Aí cyuwR wb‡q eëmv ïi“ K‡ib| w`‡b w`‡b Zvi cÖwZôvbwU GjvKvi mdj eëmv‡q

cwiYZ nq| eZ©gv‡b Zvi cÖwZôv‡b cÖvq 50 Rb bvix-cyi“l KvR K‡i| Kg©Pvix‡ì AwaKvsk b`x fv½‡b Ni-

evwo nviv‡bv| ïi“‡ZB nvwjgv Zv‡ì‡K ¯^í cÖwk¶‡Yi eë ’v K‡ib| Zviv muy&B-myZv w`‡q bKwk AuvKv Kvco,

nv‡Zi Kv‡Ri kvwo, w_ª wcm, cvÄvwe, dZzqv BZ¨vw` wewµ K‡i| nvwjgv Zvi eëmvq AviI eo Kivi wm×vš—

wb‡jb| wKš—y wZwb kn‡i bv wM‡q P‡j †M‡jb MÖv‡g| Zvi B”Qv MÖv‡gi gwnjv‡ì Kv‡R jvMv‡bv| w`‡b w`‡b

Zv‡ì MÖv‡gi AwaKvsk †g‡q Zvi eëmv‡qi mv‡_ wewfbœfv‡e RwoZ n‡q c‡o| d‡j Zv‡ì Avw_©K Ae¯’vi

cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Rxeb hvÎvi gv‡biI DbœwZ nq|

eëmvq cwiwPwZ 6

Kg©cÎ-4 : nvwjgvi eëmv‡qi Kvwnbx c‡o eëmv‡qi ¸i“Z¡ m¤ú©‡K †Zvgvi †h aviYv n‡jv Zv wjL-

eëmv‡qi ¸i“Z¡

• • • • •

eëmvq cwi‡ek (Business Environment) cwi‡ek Øviv gvby‡li Rxebaviv, AvPvi-AvPiY, wk¶v, ms¯‹…wZ, A_©bxwZ Ges eëmv cÖfvweZ nq| cwi‡ek n‡jv †Kv‡bv AÂ‡ji RbM‡Yi Rxebaviv I A_©‰bwZK Kvhv©ewj‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Ggb me Dcv`v‡bi mgwó| cvwicvwk¦©K Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q f~cÖK…wZ, Rjevq~, b`-b`x, cvnvo, ebf~wg, RvwZ, ag©, wk¶v BZ¨vw`| †h me cÖvK…wZK I AcÖvK…wZK Dcv`vb Øviv eëmvwqK msMV‡bi MVb, Kvhv©ewj, DbœwZ I AebwZ cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶fv‡e cÖfvweZ nq †m¸‡jvi mgwó‡K eëmvwqK cwi‡ek e‡j| †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi eëmvq-eë¯’vi DbœwZ wbf©i K‡i eëmvwqK cwi‡e‡ki Dci|

cjvk mvi KviLvbv, †Nvovkvj

eny cÖKv‡ii eëmvwqK cwi‡ek †`L‡Z cvIqv †M‡jI eëmvwqK cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K cÖavbZ Qq fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| K. cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek (Natural environment) L. A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek (Economic environment) M. ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek (Political environment) N. mvgvwRK cwi‡ek (Social environment) O. AvBbMZ cwi‡ek (Legal environment) O. cÖhyw³MZ cwi‡ek (Technical environment)

eëmvq D‡`¨vM 7

eëmvq cwi‡ek

evsjv‡`‡k eëmvwqK cwi‡ek (Business Environment in Bangladesh)

evsjv‡`k GKwU K…wlwbf©i Dbœqbkxj †`k| Aek¨ †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z eëmvq Z_v wkí I evwY‡Rï Ae`vb cÖwZ eQi †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| GK Kv‡j G AÂj eëmvq-evwY‡R¨ mvivwe‡k¦ weL¨vZ wQj| eëmvq-evwY‡R¨ cÖwm× ¯’vb wn‡m‡e we‡kl K‡i gmwjb Kvc‡oi Rb¨ Ô†mvbviMuvIÕ Ges mgy ª e›ì I RvnvR wbg©vY wk‡íi Rb¨ ÔPÆMÖvgÕ, G `y‡Uv ’v‡bi bvg mviv we‡k¦ Qwo‡q c‡owQj| †mvbviMuvI I Gi Av‡kcv‡k ˆZwi gmwjb idZvwb n‡Zv BD‡ivc I Avwd«Kvi wewfbœ †`‡k| Avgv‡ì G †`k wPiKvj evwY‡Rï Rb¨ weL¨vZ wQj| G †`‡ki evwY‡Rï L¨vwZ‡Z cÖjyä n‡q AvieMY ¯§iYvZxZ Kvj c~‡e© †_‡K evwYR¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡ib Ges `‡j `‡j G‡`‡k AvMgb K‡ib| evwYR¨ wel‡q ZLb G AÂ‡ji kÖxe„w× GZ`~i n‡qwQj †h, BwZnvm weL¨vZ Zvgªwjß I mßMÖv‡gi mv‡_ Gi †Nvi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv PjZ| G AÂ‡ji evwYR¨ L¨vwZ cÖv‡Pï †`k Qvwo‡q my ~i BD‡ivc ch©š— †cuŠ‡QwQj| wLª÷ªxq †lvok kZvãx‡Z cZy©wMRiv G‡m evwYR¨ Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡ib| Zviv mßMÖvg‡K Porto Piqueno ev ¶z ª e›ì Ges PÆMªvg‡K Porto Grando ev e„nr e›ì bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡ib| D‡j−L¨, evwYR¨ e›ì wn‡m‡e cwðg e‡½i mßMÖvg bvgwUI weL¨vZ wQj| fvMxi_x b`x I mi¯^Zx Lv‡ji gva¨‡g e‡½vcmvM‡ii mv‡_ mßMÖv‡gi evwYR¨ PjZ| mgy ª c‡_ eëmv‡qi RbÏ Avgv‡ì †`k cÖwm× wQj| mgy ªMvgx RvnvRI G †`‡k wbwg©Z n‡Zv| ˆPwbK cwieªvRK gvûqvb wj‡L‡Qb †h, G †`‡ki RvnvR wbgv©Y cÖYvwji †kÖôZ¡ ü`q½g K‡i gnvgvb¨ †iv‡gi mgªªvU Av‡jKRvwÛªqvi WK KviLvbv I RvnvR cQ›` bv K‡i PÆMÖvg †_‡K RvnvR ˆZwi K‡i wb‡Zb| PÆMÖv‡gi nvwjkni, c‡Z½vq †`kxq wkíxi KZ…©‡Z¡ A‡bK¸‡jv RvnvR wbg©vY KviLvbv wQj| H mKj KviLvbv ZLb nvZzwoi VK&VK& k‡ã memgq gyLwiZ _vKZ| G †`‡ki mI`vM‡iiv ZLb kZvwaK Rvnv‡Ri gvwjK wQ‡jb| BwZnvmwe` Wwe−D Wwe−D nv›Uv‡ii g‡Z, H mKj RvnvR wbgv©Y KviLvbv 1875 wLª÷vã ch©š— wb‡R‡ì cÖfve A¶yYœ ivL‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj|

K. Rjevq~ L. f~wg M. cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` N b`b`x

K. mÂq I wewb‡qvM L. g~jab M. A_© I e¨vswKs

K. RvwZ L. agx©q wek¦vm M. †fv³v‡ì g‡bvfve N gvbe m¤ú` O. wk¶v I ms¯‹……wZ P. HwZn¨

K. miKvi L. mve©‡fŠgZ¡ M. AvBb k„•Ljv N. ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv O. miKvwi bxwZgvjv P. Avš—R©vwZK m¤úK©

K. evwYwR¨K AvBb L. wkí AvBb M. cwi‡ek msi¶Y AvBb N. †fv³v AvBb

K. cÖhyw³ wk¶v L. KvwiMwi `¶Zv M. DbœZ cÖhyw³wbf©i cÖwZôvb N. cÖhyw³ Avg`vwbi my‡hvM-myweav

ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek

AvBbMZ cwi‡ek

cÖhyw³MZ cwi‡ek

mvgvwRK cwi‡ek

A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek

cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek

eëmvq cwiwPwZ 8

†mvbviMuvI : evsjvi cÖvPxb ivRavbx I weL¨vZ eëmvq †K› ª

eZ©gvb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK we‡k¦ eëmvwqK cwi‡e‡ki mKj Dcv`vb AbyK~j bv n‡j eëmvq-evwY‡R¨ DbœwZ jvf K‡i wU‡K _vKv KwVb| wb‡gœ eëmvwqK cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖ¶vc‡U Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

cÖvK…wZK Dcv`vb : cÖvK…wZK cwi‡‡e‡ki AwaKvsk Dcv`vbB evsjv‡`‡k eëmvq ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ AbyK~j| †`‡ki cÖvq mKj AskB b`x we‡aŠZ| d‡j mn‡RB GLv‡b K…wlRvZ wewfbœ wkí I †fvM¨ c‡Yï KuvPvgvj Drcv`b Kiv m¤¢e| eëmvq ev wkí ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖvK…wZK M¨vm we`¨gvb| †`‡k we`¨gvb LwbR Kqjv, Pzbv cv_i, KwVb wkjv I LwbR ˆZj wkí weKv‡k mnvqK| w`b w`b ebf~wgi cwigvY K‡g †M‡jI Avgv‡ì i‡q‡Q mg„× ebR m¤ú`| AmsL¨ b`x we‡aŠZ I mgy ª‡ewóZ nIqvq grm¨ wkí weKv‡ki Dchy³ cwi‡ekI GLv‡b we`¨gvb|

A_©‰bwZK Dcv`vb : †`‡k weivRgvb Kvh©Ki A_© I e¨vswKs eë¯’v, K…wl I wk‡íi Ae`vb, RbM‡Yi mÂq I wewb‡qvM gvbwmKZv I miKv‡ii c„ô‡cvlKZv eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki my „p A_©‰bwZK Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| evsjv‡`‡k A_©‰bwZK Dcv`vb¸‡jvi K‡qKwUi wfwË †ek gReyZ n‡jI A‡bK¸‡jvi wfwË †Zgb my „p bq| Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq cÖ‡qvRbxq g~ja‡bi Afve, MÖvgxY RbM‡Yi e¨vswKs †mev I FY cÖvwßi †¶‡Î kn‡ii Zzjbvq Kg myweav, cÖkvmwbK RwUjZv, `vjvj †kÖwYi †jvK‡ì nqivwb, `ªe¨g~‡jï EaŸ©MwZ BZ¨vw` cÖwZK~j Ae¯’v KvUv‡Z cvi‡j evsjv‡`k eëmvq weKv‡k AviI ª“Z AMÖmi n‡Z cvi‡e|

mvgvwRK Dcv`vb : RvwZ, agx©q wek¦vm, †fv³v‡ì g‡bvfve, gvbe m¤ú`, wk¶v I ms¯‹……wZ, HwZn¨, weÁvb I cÖhwy³, cÖf…wZ eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK Dcv`vb¸‡jvi †ewkifvM evsjv‡`‡k eëmvq cÖmv‡ii †¶‡Î AbyK~j| G †`‡ki gvbyl RvwZMZ, HwZn¨MZ Ges mvs¯‹…wZKfv‡e D`vi, cwikÖgx Ges m„Rbkxj| AZx‡Z RvnvR wbg©vY K‡i Ges gmwjb Kvco Drcv`b K‡i G †`‡ki gvbyl Zv‡ì cÖwZfv I cwikÖ‡gi ¯^v¶i †i‡L‡Q| †mvbviMuvI GK mgq eëmvq, wk¶v-`x¶v, K…wl, mvwnZ¨, ms¯‹…wZ, wkí, Kvi“ wk‡í wQj wek¦‡miv| eZ©gv‡bI Rvg`vwb kvwo ˆZwi Ges RvnvR wbg©vY wek¦evmxi „wó AvKl©Y Ki‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q| Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb wk¶v eë¯’v‡K gyL¯’ wbf©iZv †_‡K †ei K‡i AviI `¶Zv I kÖgwbf©i Ki‡Z cvi‡j fwel¨r cÖRb¥ wkí, evwYR¨, M‡elYvq AviI †ewk m„RbkxjZv cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡e| mv‡_ mv‡_ eëmv-evwYR¨mn mKj †¶‡Î cÖhyw³i eënvi AviI e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e|

ivR‰bwZK Dcv`vb : myôz AvBb-k„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZ Ges AbyK~j wkí I evwYR¨bxwZ, cÖwZ‡ekx I Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki mv‡_ mym¤úK© eëmv-evwYR¨ cÖmv‡i mnvqZv K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv, Nb Nb miKvi cwieZ©b,

eëmvq D‡`¨vM 9

niZvj, ag©NU, eëmvq-evÜe wkí I evwYR¨ bxwZi Afve BZ¨vw` cÖwZK~j ivR‰bwZK Dcv`vb wkí I evwY‡Rï cÖmv‡i evav m„wó K‡i| †`wk I we‡`wk wewb‡qvMKvixMYI wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ nq bv| evsjv‡`‡k eëmv‡qi D³ ivR‰bwZK Dcv`v‡bi me¸‡jv Kvw•¶Z chv©‡q we`¨gvb †bB| kÖwgK Am‡š—vl, ag©NU, niZvjmn wewfbœ †bwZevPK Kg©KvÊ cwinvi Kivi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡k eëmv‡qi Rb¨ ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek DbœZ Kiv hvq|

AvBbMZ Dcv`vbt AvBbMZ cwi‡e‡ki †ek wKQz Dcv`vb evsjv‡`‡k AvaywbK I hy‡Mvc‡hvMx n‡jI A‡bK¸‡jv †ek cyivZb| cwi‡ek msi¶Y I †fv³v AvB‡bi K‡Vvi cÖ‡qvM, wkí I wewb‡qvM evÜe AvBb ˆZwi Ges `ybx©wZ I ¯^RbcÖxwZ I Puv`vevwR cÖwZ‡iv‡a AvB‡bi K‡Vvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g †`‡ki eëmv-evwY‡Rï DbœwZ wbwðZ Kiv hvq|

cÖhyw³MZ cwi‡ek : wkí I eëmvq evwY‡Rï DbœwZ‡Z `¶Zvm¤úbœ Kgx©, DbœZ hš¿cvwZ I cÖhyw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq| mvaviYZ †`Lv hvq †h, †h mKj †`k weÁvb I cÖhyw³MZ cwi‡e‡k DbœZ Zviv eëmv-evwY‡RÏ DbœZ| cÖhyw³MZ Dbœqb Drcv`b cÖwµqv‡K mnRZi K‡i| d‡j Drcvw`Z c‡Yï cwigvY I ¸YMZ gvb e„w× cvq| evsjv‡`‡k eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki cÖhyw³MZ Dcv`vb¸‡jv A‡bK‡¶‡ÎB AbyK~j| eëmv‡qi mKj kvLvq cªhyw³i eënvi e„w× cv‡”Q|

Kg©cÎ-5 : †Zvgv‡ì GjvKvq cwi‡e‡ki †Kvb ‡Kvb Dcv`vb eëmv‡qi Rb¨ AbyK~j/cÖwZK~j gZvgZ `vI

Rjevq~

we`y¨r

f~wg

M¨vm

b`b`x

agx©q wek¦vm

†fv³v‡ì g‡bvfve

†hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v

wk¶v I ms¯‹……wZ

HwZn¨

e¨vswKs myweav

AvBb k„•Ljv

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, eëmvq-evwYR¨ Ges A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix cwi‡ekMZ Dcv`vbmg~‡ni Dbœqb LyeB Ri“wi| eëmvq-evwYR¨ I wkí Dbœq‡b AbyK~j cwi‡ek ˆZwi‡Z miKvwi D‡`¨v‡Mi cvkvcvwk Avgv‡ì mKj‡K GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|

eëmvq cwiwPwZ 10

Abykxjbx

eû wbev©Pwb cÖkœ

1. wewbg‡qi gva¨g wn‡m‡e y®úÖvc¨ kvgyK wSby‡Ki eënvi †Kvb hy‡Mi êwkó¨?

K. cÖvPxb L. ga¨

M. †gvMj N. AvaywbK

2. †Kvb e›ì‡K Porto Grando bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv n‡Zv?

K. PÆMÖvg L. Lyjbv

M. KwjKvZv N. mßMÖvg

3. evwYR¨ †fv³v‡ì wbKU cY¨ †cuŠQv‡Z mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K-

i. ¯’vbMZ evav ~i Kivi gva¨‡g

ii. mvgvwRK mnvqZv `v‡bi gva¨‡g

iii. A_©MZ evav `~i Kivi gva¨‡g

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o wb‡gœi 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI kvwKjv‡ì GKwU cvwievwiK bvm©vwi Av‡Q| †mLv‡b Zviv wewfbœ cÖKvi dzj I d‡ji Pviv Drcv`b K‡i wewµ K‡i| Zv‡ì evwoi gvwU PvivMvQ Drcv`b I jvj‡bi RbÏ Dchy³| bvm©vwiwU cyKz‡ii wbKU nIqvq cvwbI memgq cvIqv hvq| d‡j bvm©vwii PvivMvQ¸‡jvi gvbI †ek fv‡jv|

4. kvwKjv‡ì bvm©vwiwU †Kvb ai‡bi wkí?

K. Drcv`b L. cÖRbb

M. †mev N. wbg©vY

5. kvwKjv‡ì bvm©vwii PvivMvQ¸‡jvi gvb DbœZ nIqvi †cQ‡b cÖavb KviY †KvbwU?

K. cÖvK…wZK L. mvgvwRK

M. A_©‰bwZK N. mvs¯‹…wZK

eëmvq D‡`¨vM 11

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 1. AuvwLZviv MÖv‡gi `kg †kÖwYi QvÎ bvwd‡mi evev MÖv‡gi cÖwk¶YcÖvß GKRb cwj − wPwKrmK| wPwKrmvi

cvkvcvwk wZwb gvbm¤§Z JlaI wewµ K‡ib| MÖv‡g wewfbœ †iv‡Mi Jl‡ai e¨vcK Pvwn`v _vKv m‡Ë¡I wKQz mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y wZwb me ai‡bi Jla µq Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| myôz †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi Afv‡e Jla †Kv¤úvwbi G‡R›UivI cÖ‡qvRbxq Jla mgqg‡Zv †cuŠQv‡Z cv‡ib bv| Ab¨w`‡K †`vKv‡b msi¶‡Yi myeë¯’v bv _vKvq A‡bK Jla bó n‡q hvq|

K. eëmv‡qi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ Kx?

L. wkí ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? D`vniY `vI|

M. bvwd‡mi evevi eëmvqwU †Kvb ai‡bi? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. bvwd‡mi evevi c‡¶ GjvKvevmxi Pvwn`vgvwdK Jla mieivn Ki‡Z bv cvivi cÖavb KviY †KvbwU e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki| †Zvgvi DË‡ii c‡¶ hyw³ `vI|

2. evsjv‡`k GKmgq eëmv-evwY‡R¨ mviv we‡k¦ mycwiwPZ wQj| G †`‡k Ggb GKwU e¯¿ ˆZwi n‡Zv hvi L¨vwZ †`‡k †`‡k Qwo‡q c‡owQj| †gNbv I kxZj¶¨v b`xi AvenvIqv I Rjxqev®ú †m weL¨vZ e¯¿wUi myZv ˆZwi‡Z mnvqK wQj| mv‡_ wQj kÖwgK I KvwiMi‡ì Avš—wiK cwikÖg I m„RbkxjZv| eZ©gv‡b eëmvwqK cwi‡e‡ki me¸‡jv Dcv`v‡bi Dbœqb NUv‡Z cvi‡j eëmvq-evwY‡Rï AwaK cÖmvi NU‡e Ges wd‡i Avm‡e AZxZ †MŠie|

K. †Kvb e‡¯¿i Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki L¨vwZ mviv we‡k¦ Qwo‡q c‡owQj?

L. eëmvwqK cwi‡ek ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. †Kvb cwi‡e‡ki Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g DÏxc‡K D‡j −wLZ kÖwgK I KvwiMi‡ì m„RbkxjZv weKvk m¤¢e? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. eZ©gv‡b †`‡ki eëmv-evwY‡Rï cÖmvi NUv‡Z DÏxc‡K D‡j−wLZ eëmv‡qi †Kvb cwi‡e‡ki Dbœqb Ri“ix e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki| †Zvgvi DË‡ii c‡¶ hyw³ `vI|

wØZxq Aa¨vq

eëmvq D‡`¨vM I D‡`¨v³v Business Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneur

mKj †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b eëmvq D‡`¨vM I D‡`¨v³vi Ae`vb LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| AvR‡Ki DbœZ †`k¸‡jvi A_©‰bwZK mg„w× I Dbœq‡bi wfwË n‡”Q D‡`¨v³v‡ì mwµq f~wgKv| †`‡k cÖvß mKj m¤ú` I gvbem¤ú`‡K eënvi K‡i Ges wb‡R‡ì m„RbkxjZv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q Zviv Ae`vb †i‡L P‡j‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv wekvj RbmsL¨vi †`‡k A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb I Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó‡ZI eëmvq D‡`¨vM I D‡`¨v³vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©| G Aa¨v‡q Avgiv eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi wewfbœ w`K, Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi ¸i“Z¡, mdj D‡`¨v³vi ¸Yvewj I D‡`¨vM Dbœqb c‡_ evav `~ixKiY m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z cvie|


• D‡`¨v‡Mi aviYv, êwkó¨ I Kvhv©ewj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie| • D‡`¨vM I eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie| • eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi êwkó¨ I Kvh©vewj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie| • evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi ¸i“Z¡ we‡k −lY Ki‡Z cvie| • eëmvq D‡`¨vM M‡o DVvi AbyK~j cwi‡ek eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie| • eëmvq D‡`¨vM I SuzwKi g‡a¨ m¤úK© we‡k−lY Ki‡Z cvie| • GKRb mdj D‡`¨v³vi ¸Yvewj kbv³ Ki‡Z cvie| • evsjv‡`‡k eëmvq D‡`¨vM Dbœqb c‡_ evavmg~n wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvie| • evsjv‡`‡k eëmvq D‡`¨vM Dbœqb c‡_ evavmg~n ~ixKi‡Y KiYxq¸‡jv kbv³ Ki‡Z cvie|

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

13

D‡`¨vM I eëmvq D‡`¨vM (Entrepreneurship and Business Entrepreneurship) †Zvgv‡ì we`¨vj‡q 16B wW‡m¤î weRq wèm cÖwZeQi †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv Abyôv‡bi gva¨‡g D`&hvcb Kiv nq| Gev‡ii weRq wèm AvMZ| †Zvgv‡ì ga¨ †_‡K GKRb cÖ¯Íve w`j †h, Gevi weRq wè‡m GKwU bvUK gÂ¯’ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †m AviI ejj, bvUK Av‡qvR‡b meiKg mn‡hvwMZv †m Ki‡e| bvUK Av‡qvRb GKwU Kómva¨ I m„Rbkxj KvR| G †¶‡Î bvUK wbe©vPb, Awf‡bZv I Awf‡bÎx wbe©vPb, ¯’vb I mgq wba©viY BZ¨vw` wel‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i wm×vš— MÖnY Kiv n‡jv| GB †h †Zvgv‡ì wfZi †_‡K GKRb wk¶v_x© bvUK Av‡qvR‡b GwM‡q G‡jv, GwU GK ai‡bi D‡`¨vM| mvaviY A‡_©© †h †Kv‡bv Kv‡Ri Kg©cª‡PóvB D‡`¨vM| AZGe D‡`¨vM †h †Kv‡bv wel‡qB n‡Z cv‡i|

AviI GKwU D`vniY †Ìqv †h‡Z cv‡i| †Kv‡bv mü`q e¨w³ GjvKvi †Q‡j-†g‡q‡ì covïbvi my‡hvM m„wói j‡¶¨ GKwU we`¨vjq ¯’vcb Ki‡Z GwM‡q Av‡mb| wZwb wb‡Ri mwÂZ A_© I Ab¨‡ì wbKU †_‡K A_© msMÖn K‡i we`¨vjqwU ¯’vcb K‡ib| GwU Zvi „p g‡bvej I D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Yi dmj| Gfv‡e mKj cÖKvi RbwnZKi KvR †hgb, ¯‹zj-K‡jR, nvmcvZvj I †Ljvayjvi K¬ve cÖwZôv KviI KviI D‡`¨v‡Mi dmj|

†h †Kv‡bv eëmvqI †Kv‡bv GKRb e¨w³ ev K‡qKR‡bi mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póvi dmj| GKwU eëmvq ¯’vc‡bi aviYv wPwýZKiY †_‡K ïi“ K‡i eëmvqwU ¯’vcb I mdjfv‡e cwiPvjbvB e¨vemvq D‡`¨vM| wek`fv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, eëmvq D‡`¨vM ej‡Z †evSvq jvfevb nIqvi Avkvq †jvKmv‡bi m¤¢vebv †R‡bI SuywK wb‡q eëmvq cÖwZôvi Rb¨ „pfv‡e GwM‡q hvIqv I mdjfv‡e eëmvq cwiPvjbv Kiv|

Avwgby‡ji Kvwnbx Rbve Avwgbyj Bmjvg †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB fve‡Zb bZzb wKQy Kivi| ¯’vbxq K‡jR †_‡K wWwMª cvm K‡i wZwb Zvi cvwievwiK Kvc‡oi eëmvq g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib| wKš—y G eëmv‡q wZwb mš—yó _vK‡Z cvi‡jb bv| wZwb Zvi evwoi Kv‡Q gnvmoK msjMœ evRv‡i cÖwZw`b †h‡Zb| GKw`b wZwb Dcjwä Ki‡jb †h, evRviwU gnvmo‡Ki cv‡k nIqvq GLv‡b cÖvqB hvbevnb¸‡jv †QvU-Lv‡Uv †givg‡Zi Rb¨ hvÎv weiwZ K‡i| Avwgbyj †givg‡Zi Pvwn`v AbyaveY K‡i wb‡Ri Rgv‡bv A_© Ges wKQz A_© avi K‡i g~jab MVb K‡i GKwU IqvK©kc ¯’vcb K‡ib| wKš—y hvbevnb †givgZ Kivi `¶Zv Zvi bv _vKvq ¯’vbxq hye Dbœqb Awa`ßi †_‡K G wel‡q wZb gv‡mi cÖwk¶Y †bb| cÖ_g w`‡K eëmvq †_‡K †Zgb Avq nqwb| wKš—y K‡Vvi cwikÖg, `¶ †mev I mZZvi Rb¨ ax‡i ax‡i Zvi eëmv‡qi mybvg Qwo‡q c‡o Ges AvqI evo‡Z _v‡K| G eëmvq †_‡K jvfevb n‡q GLb wZwb G eëmv‡qi mv‡_B GKwU †c‡Uªvj cv¤ú ¯’vc‡bi wPš—v fvebv Ki‡Qb|

Rbve Avwgbyj Bmjvg Zvi B”Qv c~i‡Yi Rb¨ SuywK wb‡q‡Qb Ges „p g‡bvej wb‡q cwikªg K‡i‡Qb| GB Kg© cÖ‡PóvB Zvi eëmvq D‡`¨vM|

†h e¨w³ `„p g‡bvej I mvnwmKZvi mv‡_ djvdj AwbwðZ †R‡bI eëmvq ¯’vcb K‡ib I mdjfv‡e eëmvq cwiPvjbv K‡ib, wZwb eëmvq D‡`¨v³v ev wk‡ív‡`¨v³v| eëmvq D‡`¨vM (Entrepreneurship) Ges eëmvq D‡`¨v³v (Entrepreneur) kã ywU GKwU Ab¨wUi mv‡_ A½vw½fv‡e RwoZ| whwb eëmvq D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡ib wZwbB eëmvq D‡`¨v³v| Av‡gwiKvi †dvW© †Kv¤úvwbi cÖwZôvZv †nbwi †dvW©, Rvcv‡bi B‡jKUªwbK cY¨ cÖ¯‘ZKvix cÖwZôvb g¨vUmywmUv †Kv¤úvwbi cÖwZôvZv K‡bv‡K g¨vUmywmUv c„w_ex weL¨vZ wk‡ív‡`¨v³v wQ‡jb| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^bvgab¨ wk‡ív‡`¨v³v n‡jb Rûi“j Bmjvg, iY`v cÖmv` mvnv, Rbve Avjx, m¨vgmb GBP †PŠayix

eëmvq D‡`¨vM I D‡`¨v³v

14

cÖgyL| e¯‘Z mKj wkí cÖwZôv‡bi gvwjKB D‡`¨v³v| †`k-we‡`‡ki mKj eëmvq D‡`¨v³vi Rxebx cvV K‡i †`Lv hvq †h, Zv‡ì A‡b‡KB cÖ_g Rxe‡b ¶z`ª eëmvq cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g ïi“ K‡iwQ‡jb| „p g‡bvej, K‡Vvi Aaëmvq I Kg©cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g ax‡i ax‡i Zviv e„nr wkí cÖwZôv‡bi gvwjK n‡q‡Qb|

D‡`¨vM I eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ (Difference between Entrepreneurship and Business Entrepreneurship):

D‡`¨vM †h †Kv‡bv wel‡qi e¨vcv‡iB n‡Z cv‡i wKš—y jv‡fi Avkvq SuywK wb‡q A_© I kÖg wewb‡qvM KivB n‡jv eëmvq D‡`¨vM| D`vniY¯î~c ejv hvq, g‡b Ki Zzwg euvk I †eZ w`‡q my›ì my›ì wRwbm ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi| GLb bZzb GK ai‡bi †e‡Zi †Pqvi †`‡L †mUv evbv‡bvi †Póv Ki‡j| GwU †Zvgvi D‡`¨vM| GLb Zzwg hw` A_© msMÖn K‡i euvk I †e‡Zi mvgMÖx ˆZwii †`vKvb ¯’vcb K‡i mdjfv‡e eëmvq cwiPvjbv Ki, ZLb GwU n‡e eëmvq D‡`¨vM| eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ gybvdv AR©b wKš—y Ab¨vb¨ D‡`¨v‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ RbKj¨vY|

Kg©cÎ-1: wb‡gœi †KvbwU D‡`¨vM Ges †KvbwU eëmvq D‡`¨vM Zv wPwýZ Ki

1. weZK© cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Av‡qvRb 2. d‡UvKwci †`vKvb ¯’vcb I cwiPvjbv

3. †Ljbv ˆZwii eëmvq ¯’vcb I cwiPvjbv

4. we`¨vjq cwi®‹vi ivLvi †Póv

5. PvgovRvZ `ªe¨vw` Drcv`b I weµq 6. wµ‡KU †Ljv Av‡qvRb I cwiPvjbv

7. Ry‡qjvwii eëmvq cwiPvjbv

8. evwoi Av‡kcv‡k e„¶ †ivcY

9. w÷‡ji AvmevecÎ ˆZwii eëmvq ¯’vcb I cwiPvjbv 10. Lv`¨RvZ `ªe¨vw` Drcv`b

11. gybvdv AR©‡bi wbwg‡Ë Kg© cwiPvjbv

eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi êwkó¨ (Charecteristics of Business Entrepreneurship)

eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi aviYv we‡k−lY Ki‡j †h mKj êwkó¨ I Kvh©vewj j¶ Kiv hvq Zv n‡jv : 1| GwU eëmvq ¯’vc‡bi Kg© D‡`¨vM| eëmvq ¯’vcb msµvš— mKj Kg©KvÊ mdjfv‡e cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z eëmvq

D‡`¨vM mnvqZv K‡i|

2| SuywK Av‡Q †R‡bI jv‡fi Avkvq eëmvq cwiPvjbv| eëmvq D‡`¨vM mwVKfv‡e SzuwK cwigvc Ki‡Z Ges cwiwgZ SzuwK wb‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|

3| eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi djvdj n‡jv GKwU eëmvq cÖwZôvb| Gi gv‡b n‡jv eëmvq D‡`¨vM m¤ú‡K© aviYv †Kv‡bv wPš—v-fvebv‡K ev¯Í‡e i~c w`‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|

4| eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi Ab¨ GKwU djvdj n‡jv GKwU cY¨ ev †mev|

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

15

5| eëmvq cÖwZôvbwU mdjfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kiv|

6| wb‡Ri Rb¨ Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv| eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi gva¨‡g GKRb D‡`¨v³v wb‡Ri DcvR©‡bi eë¯’v Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

7| Ab¨‡ì Rb¨ Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó Kiv| eëmvq D‡`¨vM gvwj‡Ki Kg©ms¯’v‡bi cvkvcvwk Ab¨‡ì RbÏ Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó K‡ib|

8| bZzb m¤ú` m„wó Kiv| eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi gva¨‡g †hgb gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb nq †Zgwb g~jabI MVb nq|

9| mvwe©Kfv‡e †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b Ae`vb ivLv| eëmvq D‡`¨vM †`‡ki Avq e„w× I †eKvi mgm¨vi mgvavbmn Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡ÎI Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i|

10| gybvdvi cvkvcvwk mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv MÖnY Kiv| eëmvq D‡`¨vM D‡`¨v³v‡ì mgv‡Ri wewfbœ Dbœqbg~jK Kg©Kv‡Ê AskMÖnY Ki‡Z AYycÖvwYZ K‡i|

eëmvq D‡`¨v³vi ¸Yvewj (Qualities of a Business Entrepreneur)

eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi êwkó¨ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K D‡`¨v³vi ¸Yvewj m¤ú‡K© †ek aviYv jvf Kiv hvq| A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib D‡`¨v³vMY Rb¥MZfv‡eB D‡`¨v³v| A_v©r Rb¥m~‡ÎB wZwb eû e¨w³MZ ¸‡Yi AwaKvix nb hv Zv‡K D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e L¨vwZ jvf Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| eZ©gvb mg‡q Aek¨ wk¶v, cÖwk¶Y Ges my‡hvM-myweav cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g D‡`¨v³v m„wó Kiv hvq| GKRb D‡`¨v³vi cÖavb cÖavb ¸Ymg~n n‡jv-

• AvZ¥wek¦vm

• ¯^vaxb‡PZv g‡bvfve

• D`¨g

• mvsMVwbK ¶gZv

• mvnm

• Aaëmvq

• ms‡e`bkxjZv

• GKvMÖZv

• bgbxqZv

• m„RbkxjZv

• D™¢vebx kw³

• K‡Vvi cwikªg Kivi ¶gZv

• SyuwK MÖn‡Yi ¶gZv

• †bZ…Z¡`v‡bi †hvM¨Zv

• cuywR msMÖ‡ni ¶gZv

• K…wZZ¡ AR©‡bi AvKv•¶v

• P¨v‡jÄ MÖnY Kivi gvbwmKZv

• e¨_©Zv †_‡K wk¶v MÖn‡Yi gvbwmKZv

mdj D‡`¨v³vMY †`‡k weivRgvb A_©‰bwZK my‡hvM-myweav¸‡jv wPwýZ K‡i Zv evwYwR¨K D‡Ï‡k¨ eënvi Ki‡Z m¶g| wkí Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ miKvi cÖ Ë my‡hv‡Mi eënv‡i Zviv `¶Zvi cwiPq †`b| Zviv Afxó j‡¶¨ †cuŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ mxwgZ m¤ú‡ì g‡a¨ cwiKíbv ˆZwi K‡ib Ges Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ h‡_vchy³ c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡ib| mdj D‡`¨v³vMY wePvi we‡k−l‡Yi gva¨‡g wm×vš— †bb| wm×vš— ev¯Íevq‡bi c‡_ evav¸‡jv Av‡M †_‡K Abygvb K‡ib Ges †m¸‡jv †gvKv‡ejvi eë¯’v MÖnY K‡ib| cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZi mv‡_ LvcLvB‡q Pjv Ges A‡bï Dci cÖfve we¯Ív‡ii ¶gZv mdj D‡`¨v³vi we‡kl ¸Y e‡j we‡ewPZ nq| Zviv eëmv‡qi mv‡_ mswk−ó SzuwK weP¶YZvi mv‡_ wbi~cY K‡ib Ges Zv Gov‡bv ev Kgv‡bvi c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡ib| cwiwgZ cwigvY SuywK MÖnY mdj D‡`¨v³vi GKwU eo êwkó¨| cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Lvc LvB‡q Pjv Ges j¶¨ AR©‡b mgš^q mvab D‡`¨v³vi eo Av‡iKwU ¸Y|


16

eëmvq †_‡K cÖZ¨vwkZ gybvdv AR©‡bi AwbðqZv‡KB eëmv‡qi SuzwK wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| GKRb mdj D‡`¨v³v c~‡e©B SzuwKi m¤¢ve¨ KviY I gvÎv Abygvb K‡ib Ges †m¸‡jv †gvKv‡ejv Kivi cÖ ‘wZ MÖnY K‡ib| mdj D‡`¨v³v MwZkxj †bZ…Z¡ ¸‡Yi AwaKvix n‡q _v‡Kb| mdj D‡`¨v³v cyuwR msMVb, cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ A_©ms¯’vb I Zvi h‡_vchy³ eënvi wbwðZ K‡ib| wZwb cÖwZôv‡bi e¯‘MZ I Rbm¤ú‡ì c~Y© eënvi Ki‡Z `¶Zvi cwiPq †`b| eë¯’vcbvi †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© mdj D‡`¨v³v Mfxi Ávb iv‡Lb| cÖPwjZ cÖhyw³i mv‡_ bZzb cÖhyw³i mgšq mvab Kiv m¤ú‡K© mdj D‡`¨v³vi aviYv mg‡qvc‡hvMx| D™¢vebx kw³i e‡j Zviv Drcv`b cÖwµqvi bZyb Dbœqb †KŠkj MÖnY Ges Zv eënvi K‡ib| Zviv wkí D‡`¨v‡Mi be be w`Mš— D‡b¥vPb K‡ib|

D‡`¨v³v P¨v‡jÄg~jK KvR Ki‡Z we‡kl Avb›` cvb| eëmvwqK j¶¨ AR©‡b wbijm kªg †`b Ges e¨w³MZ Avivg-Av‡qk I †fvM-wejvm cwinvi K‡ib| wZwb wb‡Ri ¶gZv I wm×v‡š—i cÖwZ GZ Av¯’vkxj †h, wbw`©ó j¶¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ Aweivg KvR K‡ib Ges djvdj AwR©Z bv nIqv ch©š— Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ _v‡Kb| †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y cÖ_g evi e¨_© n‡j e¨_©Zvi KviY Lyu‡R wØZxq evi bZzb D`¨‡g KvR ïi“ K‡ib| Kv‡R mvdj¨ AR©‡b Zxeª AvKv•¶v Zv‡ì Pwi‡Îi GKwU D‡j−L‡hvM¨ w`K| cÖK…Z D‡`¨v³viv wb‡R‡ì fyj AKc‡U ¯^xKvi K‡ib Ges fyj †_‡K wk¶v MÖnY K‡ib| wb‡Ri AwfÁZv I A‡bï AwfÁZv †_‡K wk¶v MÖnY Ges wb‡Ri Kg©‡¶‡Î †mB wk¶vi cÖ‡qvM D‡`¨v³vi GKwU we‡kl ¸Y| mdj D‡`¨v³v Zv‡ì Kv‡Ri mvd‡j¨ cwiZ…wß I Amxg Avb›` cvb|

Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi Ae`vb (Contribution of Business Entrepreneurship in Economic Development)

evsjv‡`k GKwU Dbœqkxj †`k| Ôevsjv‡`k A_©‰bwZK mgx¶v-2010Õ Abyhvqx Avgv‡ì †gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡bi cÖvq 50 fvM Av‡m †mev LvZ †_‡K, cÖvq 20 fvM Av‡m K…wl LvZ †_‡K Avi evwK 30 fvM Av‡m wkí LvZ †_‡K| †h †Kv‡bv †`‡ki Dbœq‡b wkíLvZ gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi gva¨‡g wkíLvZmn mKj Lv‡ZiB Dbœqb m¤¢e| eëmvq D‡`¨vM wb‡gœv³fv‡e Avgv‡ì †`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i-

• m¤ú‡ì mwVK eënvi eëmvq D‡`¨vM Avgv‡ì †`‡ki cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` I gvbe m¤ú‡ì myôz eënvi wbwðZ K‡i| bZzb bZzb wkí ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g wewb‡qvM e„w× Ges m¤ú‡ì myôz eënvi wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e|

• RvZxq Drcv`b I Avq e„w× eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi gva¨‡g †`‡ki RvZxq Avq e„w× cvq| d‡j miKvi KZ…©K wba©vwiZ RvZxq Avq e„w×i j¶gvÎv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e nq|

• bZzb bZzb Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó

miKv‡ii cvkvcvwk D‡`¨v³v‡ì gva¨‡gI †`‡k wkí KviLvbv ¯’vcb, cwiPvjbv I m¤cÖmviY n‡q _v‡K| Gi gva¨‡g wbZ¨bZzb Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó nq hv †eKvi mgm¨v ~i Ki‡Z D‡j −L‡hvM¨ f~wgKv iv‡L|

• `¶ gvbem¤ú` m„wó evsjv‡`k GKwU Rbeûj †`k| Avgv‡ì GB wekvj RbmsL¨vB Avgv‡ì m¤ú` n‡Z cv‡i| KviY eëmvq D‡`¨v³v †`‡ki A`¶ Rb‡Mvôx‡K Ercv`bkxj Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ K‡i `¶ gvbem¤ú‡` i~cvš—i Ki‡Z cv‡i|

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

17

• ciwbf©ikxjZv `~ixKiY

eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi gva¨‡g Avgiv Avgv‡ì ciwbf©ikxjZv A‡bKvs‡k n«vm Ki‡Z cvwi| eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi mwVK eënv‡ii gva¨‡g Avgiv GKw`b A_©‰bwZKfv‡e ¯^vej¤^x n‡Z cvie|

eëmvq D‡`¨vM M‡o DVvi AbyK‚j cwi‡ek (Favourable Environment for Developing Business Entrepreneurship)

Avgiv hw` DbœZ we‡k¦i w`‡K j¶ Kwi Zvn‡j †`L‡Z cvB †h, Zv‡ì AMÖMwZi GKwU cÖavb KviY n‡jv eëmvq cÖwZôv, cwiPvjbv I m¤cÖmvi‡Yi AbyK‚j cwi‡ek| Avgv‡ì †`‡k †gav, gbb I `¶Zvi Lye †ewk NvUwZ †bB| ïaygvÎ AbyK‚j cwi‡e‡ki Afv‡e Avgv‡ì AMÖhvÎv e¨vnZ n‡”Q| eëmvq D‡`¨vM M‡o DVvi Rb¨ wb‡gœv³ AbyK~j cwi‡ek _vKv DwPZ-

• DbœZ AeKvVv‡gvMZ Dcv`vb eëmvq cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Avbylw½K wKQy my‡hvM myweav, †hgb we y r, M¨vm I hvZvqvZ eë¯’v ìKvi| eëmv‡qi AbyK~j cwi‡ek m„wói Rb¨ GB mKj Dcv`vb _vKv evÃbxq|

• miKvwi c„ôv‡cvlKZv miKvwi c„ô‡cvlKZvi gva¨‡g †`‡ki eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi AviI m¤cÖmviY I mg„w× m¤¢e| miKvwi wewfbœ wm×vš— †hgb Ki gIKzd, ¯^í ev webv my‡` g~jab mieivn BZ¨vw` eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi AbyK‚j cwi‡ek m„wó Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

• Av_©-mvgvwRK w¯’wZkxjZv A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK w¯’wZkxjZv †hgb eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi AbyK‚j cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i, †Zgwb A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Aw¯’iZv eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi Dci wei~c cÖfve †d‡j|

• AbyK~j AvBb-k„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZ AvBb-k„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZ AbyK~j _vK‡j e¨vemvq ¯’vcb I cwiPvjbv mnR nq| Ab¨w`‡K Aw¯’wZkxj AvBb-k„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZ eëmvq ¯’vcb I cwiPvjbvi †¶‡Î gvivZ¥K ûgwK m„wó K‡i|

• ch©vß cyuwRi cÖvc¨Zv †h †Kv‡bv eëmvq D‡`¨vM mdjfv‡e ev¯Íevqb Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb ch©vß cwigvY cyuwR ev g~jab| g~ja‡bi ¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y AwaKvsk eëmvq ¯’vcb I cwiPvjbv Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| GRb¨ †`‡ki e¨vswKs eë¯’vi Dbœqb NUv‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K‡i bZzb D‡`¨v³viv cuywRi †hvMvb †c‡Z cv‡i|

• cÖwk¶‡Yi my‡hvM cÖwk¶‡Yi Afv‡e A‡bK mgq my‡hvM _vKv m‡Ë¡I mwVK c`‡¶c †bIqv m¤¢e nq bv| cÖwk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g eëmv‡qi Rb¨ AbyK~j cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv m¤¢e|


18

Kg©cÎ-2 : †Zvgvi GjvKvq eëmvq ¯’vcb I cwiPvjbvi †¶‡Î wb‡Pi †Kvb †Kvb cwi‡ek AbyK~j Ges †Kvb †Kvb cwi‡ek cÖwZK~j i‡q‡Q Zv wPwýZ Ki :

cwi‡ek AbyK~j/ cÖwZK~j KviY AeKvVv‡gvMZ Dcv`vb miKvwi c„ô‡cvlKZv Av_©-mvgvwRK w¯’wZkxjZv AvBb-k„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZ ch©vß cyuwRi cÖvc¨Zv cÖwk¶‡Yi my‡hvM Ab¨vb¨

eëmvq D‡`¨vM I SuywKi m¤úK© (Relationship between Entreneurship and Risk)

XvKvi ivcv c−vRvi BkZv d¨vkb nvDR-Gi gvwjK BkZv Av³vi GKRb mdj D‡`¨v³v| G eëmvq †_‡K Zvi hv Avq nq Zv †_‡K wZwb Zvi cwievi‡K mnvqZv K‡ib Ges cwiev‡ii wewfbœ cÖ‡qvRbxq mvgMÖx µq K‡ib| g~jZ k‡Li e‡k eëmvq ïi“ Ki‡jI GLb G eëmvq †_‡K wZwb fv‡jvB DcvR©b K‡ib|

GKwU eëmvq cÖwZôv‡b †KbvKvUvi Qwe wKš—y †gvevBj †dv‡bi A‡bK Pvwn`v Ges jv‡fi m¤¢vebv †`‡L fve‡jb †h H eëmvq ïi“ Ki‡j AviI AwaK jvf Kiv m¤¢e| Zvi cwiev‡ii m`mïv Zv‡K mZK© Ki‡jb †h G wel‡q Zvi †h‡nZz †Kv‡bv Ávb †bB, ZvB G eëmvq †ek SuywKc~Y©| wKš—y wZwb Kv‡iv K_v bv ï‡b e¨vsK †_‡K FY wb‡jb| Gi mv‡_ wb‡Ri eZ©gvb eëmvq †_‡KI UvKv wb‡q ¯^íg~‡j¨ we‡`k †_‡K †gvevBj †mU Avg`vwb Kivi wm×vš— wb‡jb| Ab¨w`‡K eëmv‡qi cÖwZ‡hvMxiv AviI Kg`v‡g †gvevBj †mU Avg`vwb Kij| Zv‡Z Zvi AwaK cwigvY †jvKmvb n‡jv| Zvi G e¨_©Zvi cÖavb KviY n‡jv wZwb SuzwKi cwigvY we‡ePbv bv K‡iB eëmvq ïi“ K‡i‡Qb|

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

19

eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi mv‡_ SuywKi m¤úK© me© v we`¨gvb| †Kv‡bv eëmv‡q SuywK Kg, Avevi †Kv‡bv eëmv‡q SuywK †ewk| †h eëmv‡q SuywK †ewk Zv‡Z jv‡fi m¤¢vebvI †ewk| Avevi †h eëmvq SuywK Kg Zv‡Z jv‡fi m¤¢vebvI Kg| D`vniY¯î~c ejv hvq †h, gyw` †`vKv‡b SuywK Kg ZvB gybvdvI mxwgZ| Ab¨w`‡K Dc‡i Av‡jvwPZ †Km ÷vwWi g‡Zv eëmv‡q †hgb A‡bK jv‡fi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q †Zgwb AZ¨waK SzuwKI Av‡Q |

eëmv‡q wewfbœ ai‡bi SuywK i‡q‡Q| †h †Kv‡bv mgq Drcvw`Z c‡Yï A_ev mieivnK…Z †mevi Pvwn`v K‡g †h‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j AwR©Z gybvdv K‡g †h‡Z cv‡i| GB m¤¢vebvB eëmvwqK SuywK| Ab¨w`‡K †`Lv †Mj eëmvq †_‡K eQ‡i D‡`¨v³v GKwU wbw ©ó cwigvY gybvdv Avkv K‡iwQj| wKš—y ev¯Í‡e Gi †P‡q Kg gybvdv AwR©Z n‡q‡Q| GwUB n‡jv Avw_©K SuywK|

eëmvq ¯’vcb I myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbv GKwU SzuwKc~Y© KvR| Ab¨w`‡K eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi gva¨‡g mvdj¨RbKfv‡e jvfRbK Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM K‡i AwaK cwigvY Avq KivI m¤¢e| wKš—y g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, GKRb mdj D‡`¨v³v me© v SzuwK Av‡MB wbi~cY K‡ib Ges Zv n«v‡mi eë¯’v †bb Ges memgqB cwiwgZ cwigvY SuywK MÖnY K‡ib| gvÎvwZwi³ SuywK Ges AwZ AvZ¥wek¦vm †h †Kv‡bv cwiKíbv‡K e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

evsjv‡`‡k eëmvq D‡`¨vM Dbœq‡b evav (Obstacles to Entrepreneurship Development in Bangladesh)

evsjv‡`‡k eëmvq D‡`¨vM Dbœq‡b weivRgvb cwi‡ek mKj †¶‡Î AbyK~j bq| †ek wKQz evavi Kvi‡Y GL‡bv D‡`¨vM Dbœqb Kvw•¶Z chv©‡q †cuŠQ‡Z cv‡iwb| wb‡gœ evsjv‡`‡k eëmvq D‡`¨vM Dbœq‡b evav¸‡jv we‡k −lY Kiv n‡jv-

• myôz cwiKíbvi Afve : D‡`¨vM Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wbqgZvwš¿K Dcv‡q I chv©qµ‡g ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e Ggb cwiKíbv Lye cÖ‡qvRb| wKš—y ytLRbK n‡jI mwZ¨ †h, Avgv‡ì †`‡k G iKg e¨vcK mycwiKíbvi Afve i‡q‡Q|

• PvKwii cÖwZ AwaK AvMÖn : ¯§iYvZxZKvj †_‡K G †`‡ki gvbyl K…wli Dci wbf©ikxj| d‡j wkí I eëmv-evwY‡Rï Dci Zv‡ì AvMÖn Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg| cÖPwjZ wk¶veë¯’v wk¶v_x©‡ì‡K PvKwii cÖwZ AwaKfv‡e AvMÖnx K‡i †Zv‡j| eëmvq D‡`¨vM Dbœq‡b GwU Ab¨Zg GKwU evav|

• KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK wk¶vi Achv©ßZv : Avgv‡ì †`‡ki mvaviY wk¶veë¯’v gyL¯’wbf©i I ZvwË¡K wk¶vµ‡gi Dci cÖwZwôZ| `xN©w`b hveZ G eë¯’v P‡j Avm‡Q| c„_K KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK wk¶v cÖPwjZ _vK‡jI †gavex wk¶v_x©‡ì Gw`‡K AvMÖn Kg| Ab¨w`‡K mvaviY wk¶v eë¯’vq KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK wk¶v Aš—f©y³ bv _vKvq A‡bK wk¶v_x© G m¤ú‡K© fv‡jvfv‡e Rvb‡ZI cv‡i bv| d‡j eëmvq D‡`¨vM Mªn‡Yi Af¨vm M‡o D‡Vwb|

• cÖPvi-cÖPviYvi Afve : †h †Kv‡bv c`‡¶c ev¯Íevq‡b cÖPvi I weÁvcb ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| eëmvq D‡`¨vM Dbœq‡b miKvwi I †emiKvwi wewfbœgyLx c`‡¶c m¤ú‡K© h‡_ó I Kvh©Ki cÖPvi bv _vKvq Mªvg I kn‡ii A‡bK †gavex Zi“Y-Zi“Yx, †eKvi hyekw³ G m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡Q bv| d‡j eëmvq D‡`¨vM Dbœqb Kg©m~wP mv_©KZv jvf Ki‡Q bv|


20

• cÖ‡qvRbxq A_©ms¯’v‡bi Afve : A‡b‡KB Av‡Qb hviv D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Y AvMÖnx wKš—y cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jab I A‡_©i Afv‡e GwM‡q Avm‡Z cvi‡Qb bv| A_©ms¯’v‡bi Achv©ßZv eëmvq D‡`¨vM Mªn‡Y Ab¨Zg evav|

• cÖwk¶‡Yi Afve : D‡`¨v³v nIqv A‡bKUv Rb¥MZ n‡jI cÖwk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g A‡bK D‡`¨v³v m„wó Kiv hvq| wKš—y Avgv‡ì †`‡k D‡`¨vM Dbœqb cÖwk¶Y †K‡›`ªi Afve i‡q‡Q|

• ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv : ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv †h †Kv‡bv †`‡ki A_©©‰bwZK I cÖe„w× AR©‡bi †¶‡Î Ab¨Zg evav| ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZvq †`‡ki AvBbk„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZi AebwZ nq I eëmvq Kg©KvÊ e¨vnZ nq| d‡j m¤¢vebvgq D‡`¨v³vMY bZzb wKQz Ki‡Z AvMÖn nvwi‡q †d‡j|

evsjv‡`‡k eëmvq D‡`¨vM Dbœq‡b evav `~ixKi‡Yi Dcvq (Ways to Overcome the Obstacles to

Entrepreneurship Development)

evsjv‡`‡ki eëmvq D‡`¨vM Dbœq‡b weivRgvb evavmg~n ~ixKi‡Y wbgœwjwLZ c`‡¶cmg~n MªnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i-

• Kvh©Ki I ev¯ÍewfwËK cwiKíbv MªnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

• e¨vcK cÖwk¶Y Kg©m~wP MªnY Ki‡Z n‡e|

• †`ke¨vcx e¨vcK cÖPvi-cÖPviYvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

• KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK wk¶vi cÖmvi evov‡Z n‡e|

• D‡`¨v³v‡ì wewb‡qvM-civgk© cÖ v‡bi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

• cÖ‡qvRbxq A_©ms¯’v‡bi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

• gva¨wgK I D”Pgva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wk¶vµ‡g wk‡ív‡`¨vM Dbœqb welqwU e¨vcKfv‡e Aš—f©y³ Ki‡Z n‡e|

• ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

Dc‡iv³ eë¯’vw` MªnY Ki‡Z cvi‡j †`‡ki eëmvq D‡`¨vM Dbœq‡bi e¨vcK m¤¢vebvi Øvi Db¥y³ n‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq|

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

21

Abykxjbx eûwbev©Pwb cÖkœ

1. wb‡Pi †KvbwU eëmvq D‡`¨v³vi êwkó¨ bq? K. AvZ¥wek¦vm L. D™¢vebx ¶gZv M. cywuR msMÖ‡ni `¶Zv N. SzuwK Gov‡bvi gvbwmKZv

2. eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi cÖwZ hyeK‡ì AvMÖn e„w× Kiv hvqÑ

i. KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK wk¶vi cÖmvi NwU‡q|

ii. MYgva¨‡g e¨vcK cÖPvi-cÖPviYvi gva¨‡g| iii. GwU eva¨Zvg~jK welq wn‡m‡e Pvjy K‡i| wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK

K. i I ii. L. i I iii

M. ii I iii. N. i, ii I iii.

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI

Gbv‡qZ ¯’vbxq hye cÖwk¶Y †K›`ª †_‡K grm¨ Pv‡li Dci cÖwk¶Y MÖnY K‡i| †m I Zvi eofvB wg‡j cvwievwiK cyKz‡i grm¨ Pvl ïi“ Kivi wm×vš— †bq| wKš—y wKQz eÜz-evÜe SzuwKi K_v e‡j Zv‡ì‡K wbi“rmvwnZ Kivi †Póv K‡i| G‡Z Zviv †gv‡UI †_‡g hvqwb|

3. Gbv‡qZ‡ì grm¨ Pvl ïi“ Kivi KvR‡K Kx ejv hvq?

K. D‡`¨vM L. eëmvq D‡`¨vM

M. eëmvq N. kL

4. eÜz-evÜe‡ì civgk© bv ï‡b Kv‡R GwM‡q hvIqvq Gbv‡q‡Zi g‡a¨ D‡`¨v³vi †Kvb ¸YwU cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q-

K. âh©kxjZv L. mvnwmKZv

M. D`viZv N. P¨v‡jÄ MÖnY Kivi gvbwmKZv

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. †gn`v` I bynvm yB eÜz `k eQi we‡`‡k Ae¯’vb K‡i m¤úªwZ †`‡k wd‡i‡Qb| Zv‡ì Avi we‡`k hvevi B”Qv †bB| †gn`v`‡ì GjvKv wPov-gywo ˆZwii Rb¨ weL¨vZ| †m Rb¨ †gn`v` MÖv‡gi `¶ KvwiMi‡ì GKwÎZ K‡i e„nr AvKv‡i gvbm¤§Z wPov-gywo ˆZwii wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡jb| G‡Z †gn`v‡ì DbœwZi cvkvcvwk KvwiMi‡ìI m”QjZv e„w× †cj| Ab¨w`‡K bynvm MÖv‡gi HwZn¨‡K jvj‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Zvi wbR evwo‡Z GKwU cvVvMvi I msMÖnkvjv cÖwZôvi wm×vš— wb‡jb| GjvKvevmx Zv‡ì Kg©Kv‡Ê Lywk|

K. g¨vUmywmUv †Kvb †`‡ki †Kv¤úvwb?

L. eëmvq D‡`¨v³v ej‡Z Kx eySvq? e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. bynv‡mi MÖv‡g cvVvMvi I msMÖnkvjv cÖwZôv †Kvb ai‡bi wPš—v? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Ô†gn`v‡ì D‡`¨vM Ab¨‡ì Rb¨ AbyKiYxq n‡Z cv‡iÕ- Dw³wU g~j¨vqb Ki|


22

2. KvRj †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB Qwe Auv‡K| ¯‹z‡ji wewfbœ Abyôv‡b †m Qwe I e¨vbvi wj‡L _v‡K| Zvi wbLyuZ I AvKl©Yxq KvR †`‡L wk¶K I eÜz-evÜe mevB cÖksmv K‡i| cix¶vi ci KvRj GKwU GbwRIi Aby‡iv‡a wKQz †cv÷vi I e¨vbvi ˆZwi K‡i †`q| G‡Z Zvi nv‡Z †ek wKQz A_©I Av‡m| Zvi Drmvn AviI †e‡o hvq| wKš—y wKQz mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y e„nr cwim‡i KvRj Zvi Kg©‡K GwM‡q wb‡Z cvi‡Q bv| KvRj ¯^cœ †`‡L GKw`b Zvi ÔKvRj AvU©Õ-Gi mybvg I cwiwPwZ GjvKvi evB‡iI Qwo‡q co‡e|

K. D‡`¨v‡Mi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã Kx?

L. D‡`¨vM I eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kx?

M. DÏxc‡Ki KvR‡ji g‡a¨ D‡`¨v³vi †Kvb ¸YwU cwijw¶Z n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. KvRj‡ì g‡Zv m¤¢vebvgq D‡`¨v³v‡ì AbycÖvwYZ Kivi gva¨‡g †`‡k wekvj D‡`¨v³v †kÖwY ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e| g~j¨vqb Ki|

Z…Zxq Aa¨vq

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb Self-employment

evsjv‡`k GKwU Dbœqbkxj †`k| Av`gïgvwi I M„n MYbv 2011-Gi wnmve Abyhvqx, 2012 mv‡ji 16 RyjvB †`‡ki AbywgZ †jvK msL¨v 15 †KvwU 25 j¶ 18 nvRvi 15 Rb| †gvU RbmsL¨vi cÖvq 80 fvM gvbyl MÖv‡g evm K‡i| Ôevsjv‡`k A_©‰bwZK wiwfD 2011Õ-Gi cwimsL¨vb Abyhvqx RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z K…wlLv‡Zi Ae`vb 20%, wkíLv‡Zi 30% I †mevLv‡Zi Ae`vb 50%| wKš—y RbmsL¨vi `ª“Z nv‡i e„w×i cÖeYZv, A_©‰bwZK AbMÖmiZv I Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq Kg©ms¯’v‡bi mxwgZ my‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ †`‡ki †eKvi mgm¨v w`b w`b †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey ‡ivi cÖwZ‡e`b-2010-Gi g‡Z, evsjv‡`‡k †gvU Kg©nxb †jv‡Ki msL¨v 26 j¶| †`‡ki †gvU kÖg kw³i cwigvY 5 †KvwU 67 j¶, hv‡`i GK-Z…Zxqvsk n‡”Q hyeK-hyeZx| wekvj Kg©¶g †eKvi Rb‡Mvôx‡K gRywi I †eZbwfwËK PvKwii gva¨‡g Kv‡R jvMv‡bv m¤¢e bq| cÖ‡qvRb AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb| G Aa¨v‡q Avgiv AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi wewfbœ w`K m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvie|

G Aa¨vq †k‡l Avgiv • AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie| • AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb I D‡`¨v‡Mi g‡a¨ m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie| • AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie| • evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v we‡ePbvq AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Dchy³ I jvfRbK †¶Î¸‡jv wPwýZ

Ki‡Z cvie| • AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b mnvqZvKvix cÖwk¶Y cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Kvh©µg I ¸i“Z¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie| • AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b DØy×Ki‡Yi Dcvq¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb 24

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi aviYv (Concept of Self-employment)

Kijv Pv‡l `vwi`ª¨ Rq fvÊvwiqvi nvwd‡Ri

GmGmwm cvm nvwdRyi ingvb 2000 mv‡j Rvnv‡R KvR ïi“ K‡ib| †QvU PvKwi, LvUzwb A‡bK| wKš—y †eZb A‡bK Kg| msmvi PjwQj bv| eva¨ n‡q Zv‡K Rvnv‡Ri PvKwi‡Z B¯Ídv w`‡q MÖvg wd‡i Avm‡Z nq| Jla †Kv¤úvwb‡Z PvKwi †bqvi A‡bK †Póv K‡i wZwb e¨_© nb| wWwMÖ cv‡mi mb` bv _vKvq PvKwi †g‡jwb| Z‡e cwikªgx nvwdRyi `‡g hvbwb| evwoi Avkcv‡k cwZZ Rwg wb‡q wKQy GKUv Kivi K_v fve‡Z _v‡Kb| Dc‡Rjv K…wl Awd‡mi civg‡k© ïi“ K‡ib cwZZ Rwg‡Z Kijv Pvl| mßv‡n GLb Zvi †¶‡Z 7 gY Kijv d‡j| Kijvi Avq w`‡qB nvwdRy‡ii Qq m`‡mï cwiev‡ii fiY‡cvlY Pj‡Q ¯^v”Q‡›`¨| wc‡ivRcy‡ii fvÊvwiqvi gvwUfv½v MÖv‡gi wkw¶Z Pvwl nvwdRyi ingvb Kijvi cvkvcvwk bvbv iKg mewR Avev` K‡i †eKviZ¡ NywP‡q GLb ¯^vej¤^x, `vwi ª ‡K K‡i‡Qb Rq|

nvwdRyi Rvbvb, Gevi wZwb 2 GKi Rwg‡Z bvbv ai‡bi mewRi Avev` K‡i‡Qb| A‡a©K Rwg‡Z nvBweªW wUqv cÖRvwZi Kijv Pvl K‡i‡Qb| Ab¨ Rwg‡Z cuyBkvK, eiewU, Kzgov, †e¸b, wPwP½v, †Xuommn bvbv mewRi Avev` K‡i‡Qb| cÖwZgY 12k UvKv `‡i ¯’vbxq cvBKvi‡ì Kv‡Q wZwb Kijv wewµ K‡i Avm‡Qb| cvBKvwi †µZviv Zvi †¶‡Z G‡m Kijv wKb‡Qb| G eQi Kijv wewµ K‡i wZwb cÖvq 3 jvL UvKv Avq Ki‡eb e‡j Avkvev`x| Z‡e Kijv Avev‡` 55 nvRvi UvKv e¨q n‡q‡Q| nvwdRyi GKRb D`¨gx K…lK ZvB †m mdj n‡q‡Q| G e¨vcv‡i K…wl Awd‡mi bvivqY P› ª gRyg`vi e‡jb, nvwdRy‡ii mvd‡j¨ DØy× n‡q A‡b‡KB mewR Avev‡` g‡bvwb‡ek Ki‡Qb| †h †Kv‡bv †eKvi hye‡Ki Rb¨ welqwU AbyKiYxq|

GB †h Rbve nvwdRyi ingvb wb‡Ri `¶Zv I ¸Yvewj Øviv wb‡RB wb‡Ri Kg©ms¯’vb K‡i‡Qb GUvB AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb| GLb Avgiv eyS‡Z cviwQ †h, wbR¯^ cyuwR A_ev FY Kiv ¯^í m¤ú`, wbR¯^ wPš—v, Ávb, eyw×gËv I `¶Zv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q b~ bZg SuywK wb‡q AvZ¥ cÖ‡Póvq RxweKv AR©‡bi eë¯’v‡K AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb e‡j| RxweKv AR©‡bi wewfbœ †ckvi g‡a¨ AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb GKwU RbwcÖq †ckv| wewfbœ LyPiv weµq, †iwWI I †Uwjwfkb †givgZ, nuvm-gyiwM cvjb, †gŠgvwQ Pvl BZ¨vw` AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi AvIZvfy³|

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

25

eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi mv‡_ AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi m¤úK© Lye wbweo| AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi †¶‡Î GKRb e¨w³ wb‡Ri Kg©ms¯’v‡bi wPš—v K‡i Kv‡R nvZ †`b| GKRb AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vbKvix e¨w³ ZLbB GKRb D‡`¨v³vq cwiYZ n‡eb, hLb wZwb wb‡Ri Kg©ms¯’v‡bi cvkvcvwk mgv‡Ri AviI K‡qKR‡bi Kg©ms¯’v‡bi wPš—v wb‡q KvR ïi“ K‡ib, SzwuK Av‡Q †R‡bI GwM‡q hvb Ges GKwU cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zv‡jb| †m †¶‡Î mKj eëmvq D‡`¨v³v‡K AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vbKvix ejv †M‡jI mKj AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vbKvix‡K eëmvq D‡`¨v³v ejv hvq bv|

Kg©cÎ 1 : †Zvgv‡ì ¯‹zj ev evwoi Av‡k cv‡k †`Lv hvq Ggb 10wU AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vbg~jK †ckvi bvg Lyu‡R †ei Ki

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv (Necessity of Self-employment)

†bvqvLvjxi mvbwR`v Bmjvg ¯’vbxq K‡jR †_‡K mœvZK cvm K‡iI †hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx PvKwi jv‡f e¨_© nb| †ek wKQy w`b †eKvi _vKvi ci wZwb ¯’vbxq hye Dbœqb Kvh©vjq †_‡K dzj Pv‡li Dci cÖwk¶Y †bIqvi wm×vš— †bb| cÖwk¶Y †k‡l GK GKi Rwg‡Z dzj Pvl K‡ib| cÖ_g †gŠmy‡g Zvi Avq n‡jv 50 nvRvi UvKv| jv‡fi UvKv †c‡q Zvi AvMÖn eû¸‡Y †e‡o †Mj| Gici wZwb XvKvq wM‡q dzj Pv‡li Dci w`be¨vcx Kg©kvjvq †hvM w`‡jb I cy®ú‡gjv Ny‡i †`L‡jb| GLvb †_‡K wZwb bZzb †`wk we‡`wk Rv‡Zi dz‡ji exR wb‡q Pvl K‡i A‡bK Avq Ki‡jb| K‡Vvi cwikªg Avi my‡hv‡Mi mwVK eënv‡ii Kvi‡Y Zvi eëmvq 5 eQ‡i A‡bK eo AvKvi aviY K‡i| wZwb m¤úÖwZ Zvi †Rjvi †miv bvix D‡`¨v³vi cyi¯‹vi cvb| cyi¯‹vi MÖnYKv‡j wZwb AvMZ mevB‡K AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi wb‡gœv³ cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© AeMZ K‡ib-

• Kg©ms¯’vb‡K cÖavbZ wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq- gRywi ev †eZbwfwËK PvKwi, AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb I eëmvq|

• Kg©ms¯’v‡bi cÖavb Drm miKvwi I †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb| RbmsL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ kªgRxex I PvKwiRxex †jv‡Ki msL¨v e„w× cvq| Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Pvwn`v †h nv‡i e„w× cvq †m nv‡i Kg©ms¯’v‡bi msL¨v e„w× cvq bv|

• Ab¨vb¨ †ckvq Av‡qi m¤¢vebv mxwgZ| wKš—y AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb †_‡K cÖvß Avq cÖ_gw`‡K mxwgZ I AwbwðZ n‡jI cieZ©x‡Z G †ckv †_‡K Avq e„w×i m¤¢vebv Amxg|


• eZ©gv‡b AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi AvIZv e¨vcKfv‡e e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Av‡Mi Zzjbvq eZ©gv‡b AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³‡ì mvgvwRK gh©v`v e„w× †c‡q‡Q|

• AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi me‡P‡q eo g~jab n‡jv wb‡Ri `¶Zv| Kg© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ †h hš¿cvwZ I KuvPvgvj cÖ‡qvRb Zvi A_©ms¯’vb KivI A‡bKUv mnR|

• AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb GKwU ¯^vaxb †ckv| Avi G eëmvq †h‡nZz A‡bK mgq wb‡Ri evwo‡Z ev Rwg‡Z Kiv hvq †m‡nZz Avjv`v LiP nq bv|

• AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b wb‡qvwRZ _vK‡j Zi“Y mgvR bvbv mgvR we‡ivax Kv‡R wjß bv †_‡K mgvR I †`‡ki Dbœq‡b Ae`vb ivL‡Z cvi‡e|

• evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v †ewk nIqvq GLv‡b gRywi A‡bK Kg| Avevi Avgv‡ì †`‡k †gŠmywg †eKvi‡Z¡i mgm¨vI cÖKU| GmKj mgm¨v mgvav‡b AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i|

• AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g knigyLx Rb‡mªvZ wbqš¿Y I MÖvgxY mgvR I A_©bxwZi Dbœqb wbwðZ Kiv hvq|

• AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi gvbwmKZv hyemgvR‡K †`k‡cÖ‡g DØy× K‡i Ges †¯^”Qvg~jK Kv‡R DrmvwnZ K‡i|

• AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨ eqm †Kv‡bv mgm¨v bq| Gi gva¨‡g †h †Kv‡bv eq‡mi gvbyl Zvi `¶Zv Abyyhvqx A_© DcvR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|

mvbwR`v Bmjv‡gi G Av‡jvPbv †_‡K AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi †Kvb †Kvb ¸i“Z¡ Zzwg Abyaveb Ki‡Z †c‡iQ? GQvovI Avi †hme Kvi‡Y AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb ¸i“Z¡c~Y© e‡j †Zvgvi g‡b nq Zv †_‡K 5wU KviY wb‡gœ wjL :

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v we‡ePbvq AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Dchy³ I jvfRbK †¶Î (Suitable and

Profitable Areas of Self-employment in Socio-economic Context of Bangladesh)

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Aby‡cÖiYvq wbR gvwjKvbv I eë¯’vcbvq PvwjZ †h †Kv‡bv ¶z ª eëmvq wb‡qvwRZ †_‡K †hgb m¤§vbRbK RxweKv DcvR©b Kiv hvq, †Zgwb †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bI Ae`vb ivLv hvq| Pvwn`v Av‡Q Ggb cY¨ Drcv`b I weµq K‡i ev †mev`vb K‡i A_© DcvR©b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| memgq †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e, Avgv‡ì †h mKj m¤ú` i‡q‡Q Zvi mwVK eënvi K‡i Kxfv‡e m¤§vbRbK RxweKv DcvR©b Kiv hvq| G me welq we‡k−lY K‡i Avgiv AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi †ek wKQy Dchy³ I jvfRbK †¶Î wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvwi|

e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

27

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Dchy³ I jvfRbK †¶Î-

• n¯ÍPvwjZ ZuvZ • gv`yi ev g¨vU ˆZwi • g„rwkí • euvkRvZ ªe¨ cÖ ‘ZKiY • jeY Drcv`b • †UBjvwis • †cvkvK cÖ¯‘ZKiY • gv‡Qi Rvj ˆZwi • Kv‡Vi AvmevecÎ ˆZwi • w÷‡ji AvmevecÎ ˆZwi • gvwUi evmb cÖ¯‘ZKiY • Kvgv‡ii KvR • †mwiKvjPvi • †bŠKv ˆZwi • gvQ ïKv‡bv • †Mvj Avjyi gq`v ˆZwi • cv‡Ui g¨vU ˆZwi • Avjyi wPcm ˆZwi • M„n¯’vwji ªe¨vw` ˆZwi • evBmvB‡Kj †givgZ • †Ljbv ˆZwi • ivev‡ii ªe¨ I ej ˆZwi • ivevi Pvl • gvLb ˆZwi • ej‡cb I Kjg ˆZwi • av‡bi Lo cÖwµqvRvZKiY • KbwµU eÈb • wcbm& ˆZwi • evBmvB‡Kj wbg©vY • mewR Pvl • wcKm& GÊ c¨vW wcbm& ˆZwi

• Mevw` cï I nuvmgyiwMi Lvgvi • †e‡Zi mvgMÖx ˆZwi • Kuv‡Pi ˆZRmcÎ ˆZwi • cvU ˆZwi • wcZj I Kuvmvi ªe¨vw` cÖ ‘Z • cv‡Ui †kŠwLb `ªe¨vw` ˆZwi • †MwÄ ˆZwi • PvgovRvZ ªe¨vw` Drcv`b • wSbyK ªe¨vw` cÖ ‘Z • †eKvwi • AvUv gq`v cÖ ‘Z • †fvR¨ †Zj Drcv`b • Lv`¨RvZ ªe¨vw` Drcv`b • wbwUs ªe¨ cÖ ‘Z • GgeªqWvwi • myZv KvUv • Kv‡Vi †Ljvi miÄvg ˆZwi • wcÖw›Us GÊ cvewjwks • c−vw÷K `ªe¨vw` cÖ¯‘Z • ZvgvK cÖwµqvRvZKiY • †gv‡gi ªe¨vw` ˆZwi • Ry‡qjvwi • ¯§¨vKm& • wcVv ˆZwi • Kb©‡d¬Km ˆZwi • Kv‡Vi I euv‡ki Uz_ wcK ˆZwi • AvBmwµg PvgP ˆZwi • c¨vW †_ªmvi • K…wl miÄvg cÖ ‘Z • d‡Uv †d«g ˆZwi • †dweª‡K‡UW †gUvj cÖWvKkb • d‡Uv÷¨vU e¨emvq


Dc‡i Dwj−wLZ †¶Î †_‡K †Zvgvi cQ‡›ì 10wU †¶Î µg Abyhvqx D‡j−L Ki :

1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 10

¯^wb‡qvwRZ †ckv MÖn‡Yi c~‡e© j¶¨ wba©vi‡Yi cÖwµqv

AvZ¥cÖwµqv wnmv‡e AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb †e‡Q †bIqvi c~‡e© wb‡Ri j¶¨ h_vh_fv‡e wba©viY Kiv Avek¨K| j¶¨ wba©vi‡Y wbgœwjwLZ cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi Luy‡R †ei Kiv cÖ‡qvRb :

†Zvgvi `xN© †gqvw` j¶¨ Kx? Kxfv‡e Zzwg Zv AR©b Ki‡Z PvI? †Kvb wbw ©ó Zvwi‡L G j¶¨ AR©b Ki‡Z PvI? †Zvgvi ¯^í †gqvw` j¶¨ Kx? ¯^í †gqv`x j¶¨ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© †Kb? Zv AR©b Kivi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡iQ wK? j¶¨ AR©‡b Kx Kx evav _vK‡Z cv‡i? evav¸‡jv Kxfv‡e AwZµg Ki‡e? mgm¨v mgvav‡bi e¨vcv‡i †Zvgvi cwiKíbv Kx? mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Kx Kx mvnvh¨ cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i? mvnvh¨Kvix wnmv‡e Kv‡K cQ›` Ki‡e?

cÖ‡kœi DËi †LuvRvi g‡a¨ mwVK j¶¨ wba©vi‡Yi c_ Luy‡R cvIqv hv‡e|

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Dchy³ †¶Î wbe©vP‡b we‡eP¨ welq (Factors Considered for Selecting Suitable

Field for Self-employment)

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vbg~jK eëmvq cwiPvjbvi †¶‡Î mvdj¨ I e¨_©Zv A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Dchy³ †¶Î wbe©vP‡bi Dci| ZvB AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Dchy³ †¶Î wbe©vP‡bi mgq wb‡gœv³ welq¸‡jvi w`‡K j¶ ivLv cÖ‡qvRb|

• mwVK cY¨ wbe©vPb eëmvi Rb¨ mwVK cY¨ wbe©vPb mvdj¨ jv‡fi Ab¨Zg c~e©kZ©| cY¨ wbe©vP‡bi c~‡e© evRv‡i cY¨wUi Pvwn`v I MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv h_vh_fv‡e wbi~cY Ki‡Z n‡e|

• cÖv_wgK g~jab eëmv mdjZvi mv‡_ cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ ¯’vqx I PjwZ g~jab ch©vß nIqv evÃbxq| cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jab wbav©iY I msMÖn Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡j eëmv‡qi c~Y© ¶gZv eënvi Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| PjwZ cuywRi Afv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki A‡bK wkí-KviLvbv Drcv`b ¶gZvi gvÎv Abyhvqx cwiPvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i bv|

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

29

• c‡Yï Pvwn`v wba©viY evRvi Rwic I Ab¨vb¨ c×wZi gva¨‡g c‡Yï mwVK Pvwn`v wbi~cY eëmv‡q mvd‡jï ¸i“Z¡c~Y© kZ©| ZvQvov c‡Yï evRv‡ii cwiwa Ges evRviRvZKi‡Yi †KŠkj c~‡e©B h_v_©fv‡e wbi~cY Ki‡Z n‡e|

• AwfÁZv I wk¶v D‡`¨v³vi eëmv m¤ú‡K© c~e©-AwfÁZv Ges eë¯’vcbv wel‡q Dchy³ wk¶v eëmvq mdj n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| M‡elYvi dj †_‡K †`Lv †M‡Q †h, †Kv‡bv eëmv‡qi e¨_©Zvi cÖavb KviY n‡”Q gvwjK‡ì c~e©-AwfÁZv I eë¯’vcbv Kjv‡KŠkj m¤^‡Ü Áv‡bi Afve|

• wb‡Ri `ye©jZv m¤ú‡K© mRvM _vKv wk‡ív‡`¨v³v hw` Zvi wb‡Ri kw³gËv I ye©jZv m¤^‡Ü mRvM _v‡Kb Z‡e eëmv cwiPvjbvi †¶‡Î msKU Gov‡bv hvq|

• †hŠ_ D‡`¨vM cvwievwiK mn‡hvwMZv I †hŠ_ D‡`¨vM eëmv‡qi mdjZv, AR©‡bi Rb¨ GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| †h mKj eëmvq †hŠ_ D‡`¨v‡M cwiPvwjZ Av‡Q †m mKj eëmvq †ewk mdj n‡Z †`Lv hvq|

• mwVK Kgx© wbe©vPb eëmv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †h me Kg©x wb‡qvM Kiv n‡e Zv‡ì‡K Aek¨B †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ Ges ¯^xq Kv‡R `¶ n‡Z n‡e| Kv‡RB Kg©x wb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv, †ckvMZ `¶Zv, wek¦ ÍZv cÖf„wZ gvb`‡Êi wfwË‡Z hvPvB K‡i wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| wb‡qvMK…Z Kg©©x‡K mswk−ó wel‡q cÖwk¶Y †Ìqvi eë¯’v ivL‡Z n‡e| Av‡eM Øviv ZvwoZ n‡q †Kv‡bv Kg©x wb‡qvM Kiv DwPZ bq|

• eëmv‡qi ¯’vb wbe©vPb eëmv‡qi ¯’vb wbe©vP‡bi †¶‡Î KuvPvgv‡ji mnRjf¨Zv, evRviRvZKi‡Yi myweav, AeKvVv‡gvMZ myweav cÖf…wZ wel‡qi cÖwZ j¶ ivLv cÖ‡qvRb|

• mwVK cÖhyw³ eënvi Drcv`b cÖwµqvq mwVK cÖhyw³ eënvi Ges cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a ¯’vbxq I Avg`vwbK…Z cÖhyw³i mswgkªY eëmvi mvdj¨ AR©‡bi c_ myMg K‡i| eëmv ïi“ Kivi c~‡e© D‡`¨v³v‡ì G welqwUi Dci we‡kl ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

• †`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© AewnZ _vKv †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v eëmv‡qi mvdj¨‡K cªfvweZ K‡i| ¶y ª eëmvqx‡ì †`‡ki Pjgvb Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v mg¨Kfv‡e AewnZ †_‡K †m Av‡jv‡K eëmvwqK wm×vš— wb‡q eëmvq avivevwnKZv i¶v Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| AwaKš—y eëmvq mvdj¨ jvf Ki‡Z n‡j †h me welq eëmvq Kvh©vewj‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i †m me welq m¤^‡Ü AewnZ _vK‡Z n‡e|

• eëmvq Su©ywK †gvKv‡ejvq Dcvq Aej¤^b eëmv msµvš— SzuwK Av‡MB wbi~cY K‡i Zvi †gvKv‡ejv Kivi †KŠkj w¯’i K‡i ivL‡j AwbðqZvRwbZ ¶wZi nvZ †_‡K eëmv‡K i¶v Kiv hvq| Kv‡RB Dchy³ c×wZi gva¨‡g eëmvq SuywK wbi~cY I Zv †gvKv‡ejvi Dcvq wba©viY eëmvq mvdj¨ jv‡fi Ab¨Zg kZ©|


• e¨_©Zv †_‡K wk¶v MÖnY eëmvq GKevi e¨_© n‡j e¨_©Zvi KviY¸‡jv cy•Lvbycy•Li~‡c we‡k−lY K‡i nZvk nIqvi cwie‡Z© wk¶v MÖnY K‡i bZzbfv‡e KvR ïi“ Kivi g‡a¨ eëmv‡qi mvdj¨ wbwnZ|

• myôz eëmv cwiKíbv cÖYqb eëmvq mdjZv AR©‡bi Avi GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq n‡jv mwVK eëmv cwiKíbv cÖYqb| eëmv‡q nvZ †Ìqvi c~‡e©B eëmvi KvR KLb Ges Kxfv‡e Kiv n‡e Zv AwMªg wPš—v K‡i wVK KivB n‡”Q cwiKíbv| eëmv cwiPvjbvi †¶‡Î cwiKíbv n‡”Q w`Kwb‡`©kbv `wjj| cwiKíbv cÖYqb hZ †ewk mg„× n‡e eëmv‡q mdj nIqvi wbðqZvI ZZ †ewk n‡e|

Gevi wgwj‡q †`L Zywg †h †¶Î¸‡jv wbe©vPb K‡iQ Zv‡Z GB welq¸‡jv i‡q‡Q wKbv| GB welq¸‡jv we‡ePbv K‡i †Zvgvi wbe©vwPZ 10wU †¶Î †_‡K 5wU †¶Î wbe©vPb Ki Ges wbe©vPb Kivi KviY D‡j −L Ki :

†¶‡Îi bvg wbe©vP‡bi KviY

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b DØy×Ki‡Y KiYxq (Requisits to Motivate for Self-employment)

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb e¨w³MZ `¶Zv I ¯^wbf©i †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ †_‡K RxweKv AR©‡bi cÖej B”Qv kw³| †h‡nZz †`‡k PvKwii my‡hvM mxwgZ Ges B”Qv Ki‡jB miKvwi ev †emiKvwi D‡`¨v‡M GZ AwaK Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó Kiv m¤¢e bq ZvB GKgvÎ weKí n‡”Q wb‡RB wb‡Ri Kg©ms¯’vb Kiv| wKš—y G †`‡ki hyemgv‡Ri wbKU AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi aviYv ¯^”Q I h‡_ó bq| Ab¨w`‡K `xN©w`‡bi mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva I cyuw_MZ covïbvi Kvi‡Y hyemgvR RxweKv ej‡Z PvKwi‡K ey‡S _v‡K| d‡j wkw¶Z-Awkw¶Z wbwe©‡k‡l †eKv‡ii msL¨v w`b w`b †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| eZ©gv‡bi hye I Zi“YmgvR I AvMvgx cÖRb¥‡K AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b DØy× Ki‡Z wewfbœ c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv Ri“wi| †hgb-

• wk¶v_x©‡ì AbycÖvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e G e‡j †h, †Kv‡bv †ckv ev KvRB †QvU I Acgv‡bi bq|

• ¯^ ¯^ GjvKvq AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g hviv ¯^vej¤^x I mdj n‡q‡Q Zv‡ì‡K we`¨vj‡qi G‡b wk¶v_x©‡ì‡K Zv‡ì RxebKvwnbx †kvbv‡Z n‡e|

• ¯^ ¯^ GjvKvi AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Dchy³ †¶Î¸‡jvi ZvwjKv cÖYqb K‡i we`¨vjq I BDwbqb cwil‡ì †`qv‡j cÖPv‡ii eë¯’v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

31

• we`¨vjq ev K‡jR †_‡K †h mKj wk¶v_x© S‡i c‡o wKsev wbqwgZ we`¨vj‡q Avmvi my‡hvM cvq bv Zv‡ì‡K wewfbœ Dchy³ †¶‡Î cÖwk¶Y I FY`v‡bi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

• beg I `kg †kÖwYi wk¶vµ‡g e„w³g~jK, KvwiMwi I Kg©gyLx wk¶v‡K chv©ßfv‡e Aš—f©z³ Ki‡Z n‡e|

• AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb‡K mvg‡b †i‡L hye Dbœqb e¨vsK I wk¶v e¨vsK cÖwZôv K‡i mnR k‡Z© FY`v‡bi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

• we`¨vj‡qi cÖv³b wk¶v_x©‡ì g‡a¨ hviv eZ©gv‡b mdj D‡`¨v³v I eëmvqx wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv jvf K‡i‡Q Zv‡ì‡K we`¨vjq ch©v‡q msea©bv I m¤§vbbv †Ìqvi D‡`¨vM wb‡Z n‡e|

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b cÖwk¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv (Necessity of Training in Self-employment)

†Kv‡bv we‡kl KvR h_v_©fv‡e m¤úv`b Kivi ¯^v‡_© Ges Ávb I `¶Zv e„w×i Rb¨ cÖwk¶Y GKvš— cÖ‡qvRb| cÖwk¶Y Kg©`¶Zv I †hvM¨Zv e„w× K‡i| eo cÖwZôv‡bi b¨vq ¶z ªvqZb cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Kg©x‡ì `¶Zv e„w×i Rb¨ cÖwk¶Y eë¯’v Kiv DwPZ| wb‡qvM c×wZ I cÖwk¶‡Yi GKwU my¯úó Kg©m~wP _vK‡j AwfÁ I †hvM¨ Kg©xi Rb¨ evB‡i †_‡K Kg©x wb‡qv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv| cÖwk¶Y n‡jv me©¯Í‡ii Kgx©‡ì Ávb I `¶Zv e„w× Ges gvbwmKZv weKv‡ki Aweivg I wbqwgZ cÖ‡Póv hv‡Z Zv‡ì †hvM¨Zv µgk e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K Ges cÖwZôvbwUI jvfevb nq| †Kv‡bv Kgx©‡K mwVK Kv‡R wb‡qvM Kivi c~‡e© Zv‡K cÖwk¶Y ev †Uªwbs †Ìqvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| G cÖwk¶Y cÖwZôv‡bi D‡`¨v³vmn bZzb I cyivZb mKj Kgx©i Rb¨B Acwinvh©| wb‡gœ cÖwk¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv :

• Kvh© cÖK…wZ I cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ cwiwPwZ cÖwZôv‡bi K‡g©i cÖK…wZ I Kg© cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ cwiwPZ nIqv bewbhy³ Kg©x‡ì Rb¨ Avek¨K| cÖwk¶Y eë¯’v bZzb Kg©x‡ì Kg© cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ cwiPq Kwi‡q †`q|

• `¶ I AwfÁ Kg©x‡ì AcÖZzjZv `~ixKiY cÖwZôv‡bi c‡¶ memgq Dchy³ wk¶vcÖvß I AwfÁ e¨w³ msMÖn Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| †mRb¨ wb‡qv‡Mi ci Kg©x‡ì‡K cÖwk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g †m cÖ‡qvRb c~iY Kiv nq|

• Kg©xi `¶Zv e„w× cÖwk¶Y Kg©xi Kg© ¶Zv e„w× K‡i| ZvB bZzb cyivZb mKj Kg©xi Rb¨ cÖwk¶Y †Ìqvi cÖ‡qvRb nq|

• m¤ú‡ì mØënvi cÖwk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g Kgx©‡ì Kg©`¶Zv †e‡o hvq| d‡j D‡`¨v³v ev Kg©x KZ©„K cÖwZôv‡bi hš¿cvwZ, mvR-miÄvg I Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú‡ì DrK…ó eënvi m¤¢e nq|

• ˆbwZK ej e„w× cÖwk¶Y D‡`¨v³v ev Kg©Pvix‡ì g‡bvfv‡ei DbœwZ mvab K‡i| d‡j Zv‡ì ˆbwZK ej e„w× cvq| cÖwk¶Y Kg©x‡ì g‡a¨ mn‡hvwMZv I mgš^q Avbq‡b mnvqZv K‡i| d‡j cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh© Kvg¨ MwZ‡Z Pj‡Z cv‡i|


• AcPq I yN©Ubv n«vm cÖwkw¶Z Kg©xMY AwaKZi `¶Zv I wgZe¨wqZvi mv‡_ Kvh© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi †¶‡Î AcPq n«vm cvq| cÖwk¶Y Kgx©‡ì‡K wbivcËvg~jK eë¯’v MÖn‡Yi wewea Kjv-†KŠkj m¤ú‡K© Ávb `vb K‡i| d‡j KviLvbvi hš¿cvwZ eënvimn Ab¨vb¨ yN©Ubv Gov‡bvI mnR nq|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, Kg©xi `¶Zv I †hvM¨Zv e„w×i gva¨‡g myôyfv‡e eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh© wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ cÖwk¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwimxg| bZzb I cyivZb Dfq cÖKvi Kg©x‡KB Dchy³ cÖwk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g `¶ K‡i Zzj‡Z bv cvi‡j Zv‡ì w`‡q fv‡jv KvR Avkv Kiv hvq bv| ZvB Kg©x‡ì‡K cÖwk¶Y w`‡q Dchy³ K‡i M‡o †Zvjv cÖwZôv‡bi Avek¨Kxq KZ©e¨|

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v†b mnvqK cÖwk¶Y cª`vbKvix cÖwZôvb (Training Institutes for Helping Self-

employment)

†h mgvR I †`‡k D‡`¨v³vi msL¨v hZ †ewk, †m mgvR ev †`k A_©‰bwZKfv‡e ZZ DbœZ| evsjv‡`‡k AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b mnvqZvKvix †ek wKQz cÖwZôvb Av‡Q| G mKj ms¯’v f~wgnxb, weËnxb RbMY‡K AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vbg~jK KvR MÖn‡Y DØy×KiY, `¶Zv Dbœq‡bi cÖwk¶Y `vb, ¶z ª eëmvq ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ ¶z ª FY cÖ vb, FY eënvi ZË¡veavb cÖf„wZ Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g `y¯’ †jvK‡ì Av‡qi m~‡hvM m„wó K‡i‡Q| GMy‡jvi g‡a¨ evsjv‡`k Bbw÷wUDU Ae g¨v‡bR‡g›U, gwnjv welqK gš¿Yvjq, evsjv‡`k cwj− Dbœqb †evW©, MÖvgxY gwnjv‡ì Kg©ms¯’v‡bi cÖKí, hye cÖwk¶Y †K› ª, bUªvgm D‡j −L‡hvM¨| wb‡gœ G¸‡jvi Kvh©µg e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv-

1. evsjv‡`k Bbw÷wUDU Ae g¨v‡bRg¨v›U (Bangladesh Institute of Management)

evsjv‡`k eë¯’vcbv Bbw÷wUDU wkí gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb GKwU ¯^vqËkvwmZ cÖwZôvb| wbw ©ó wd-Gi wewbg‡q GwU AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb I D‡`¨vM Dbœq‡bi wewfbœ wel‡q cÖwk¶Y w`‡q _v‡K| cÖavb cÖavb Kg©m~wPi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q ¶z ª wkí ¯’vcb cÖwµqv I eë¯’vcbv, bZzb wkí cÖwZôvKiY, gwnjv D‡`¨v³v Dbœqb cÖf„wZ|

2. gwnjv welqK gš¿Yvjq (Ministry of Women Affairs) gwnjv welqK gš¿Yvjq g~jZ gwnjv‡ì Rb¨ Dbœqb Kg©m~wP MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| we‡kl K‡i MÖv‡gi `y¯’, wkw¶Z, Aa©-wkw¶Z gwnjv‡ì‡K ¯^Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM K‡i †Ìqv Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨| GwU D‡`¨vMx gwnjv‡ì KvwiMwi `¶Zv Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ AbvbyôvwbK KvwiMwi I cÖhyw³MZ cÖwk¶‡Yi eë¯’v K‡i|

3. evsjv‡`k cwj − Dbœqb †evW© (Bangladesh Rural Development Board) evsjv‡`k cwj− Dbœqb †evW© ev weAviwWwe MÖv‡gi `y¯’ I f~wgnxb bvix-cyi“l‡ì AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ e„wËg~jK cÖwk¶Y w`‡q _v‡K hv‡Z cÖwk¶Y MÖn‡Yi ci Zviv ¯^vaxbfv‡e GKwU †ckv †e‡Q wb‡q DcvR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| †`‡ki mKj †Rjv I Dc‡Rjvq weAviwWwei Kvh©µg we¯Í…Z|

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

33

weAviwWwe †_‡K FY wb‡q ¯^vej¤^x bvix

4. MÖvgxY gwnjv‡ì Kg©ms¯’vb cÖKí (Employment Generation Project of Rural women) G cÖK‡íi gva¨‡g cwj− AÂ‡ji gwnjv‡ì‡K wewfbœ †ckvq cÖwk¶Y †Ìqv nq Ges cÖwk¶Y †k‡l Zv‡ì g‡a¨ FY weZiY Kiv nq| ïaygvÎ cÖwk¶YcÖvßivB FY cvIqvi †hvM¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ nq|

5. hye cÖwk¶Y †K›`ª (Youth training

centre)

hye cÖwk¶Y †K›` ª, hye I µxov gš¿Yvjq KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ cÖwk¶Y †K›`ª| †`‡ki cÖwZwU _vbvq Gi †K› ª i‡q‡Q| G mKj †K‡› ªi gva¨‡g †eKvi hyeK-hy&eZx‡ì‡K wewfbœ †ckvq cÖwk¶Y †Ìqv nq, †hgb- nuvm gyiwMi Lvgvi ˆZwi, grm¨ Pvl,mewR evMvb, bvm©vwi Kiv, †mjvB‡qi KvR, KzwUi wk‡íi KvR, Kw¤úDUvi Pvjbv cÖf„wZ| G mKj wel‡q cÖwk¶Y wb‡q cÖwk¶Yv_x©iv AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM cvq|

5. bUªvgm (Notrams): bUªvgm wk¶v gš¿Yvjq KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ GKwU cÖwZôvb| wewfbœ ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs I Kw¤úDUvi Pvjbv wk¶v †ÌqvB G cÖwZôv‡bi cÖavb KvR| G cÖwZôvb †_‡K cÖwk¶Y MªnY K‡iI eû wkw¶Z †eKvi hyeK-hyeZx AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM K‡i wb‡q‡Q|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, Av‡jvP¨ cÖwZôvbmg~n wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖwk¶Y Kg©m~wP MÖnY K‡i AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó‡Z mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| Zv‡ì G Kvh©µ‡gi djkÖywZ‡Z †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb mvwaZ n‡”Q|

AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b wb‡qvwRZ GKRb e„×v


Abykxjbx eûwbev©Pwb cÖkœ 1. evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey ‡ivi cÖwZ‡e`b-2010 Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k †gvU Kg©nxb †jv‡Ki msL¨v n‡”Q-

K. 6 j¶ L. 16 j¶

M. 26 j¶ N. 36 j¶

2. AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Dchy³ †¶Î wbe©vP‡b we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nqÑ

i. mwVK cY¨

ii. gybvdvi wbðqZv

iii. c‡Yï Pvwn`v

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK

K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii.

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI

GmGmwm cvm wkLv Kw¤úDUv‡i cvi`kx©| evwo‡Z †m K‡qKwU †g‡q‡K Kw¤úDUvi †kLvq| w`b w`b wk¶v_x©i msL¨v evo‡Q| Zvi B”Qv Kw¤úDUv‡i AviI cÖwk¶Y MÖnY Kiv hv‡Z †m G †¶ÎwU‡K Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Dcvq wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|

3. wb‡Pi †Kvb ms¯’v †_‡K wkLv cÖwk¶Y MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i?

K. weAviwWwe L. weAvBGg M. weAvBweGg N. bUªvgm

4. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z KvRwU‡K fwel¨‡Z wkLvi Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Dcvq wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kivi †hŠw³K KviY †KvbwU?

K. mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb fv‡jv L. evRvi Pvwn`v fv‡jv

M. wk¶v_x©‡ì Aby‡iva N. Kw¤úDUv‡i AwaK cvi`kx© nIqv

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1. Hkx, mv`x I mvgx wZb eÜz m¤úªwZ we Kg cvm K‡i‡Q| Zviv Zv‡ì fwel¨r cwiKíbv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv KiwQj| Hkx I mv`x Gg Kg-G fwZ©i wPš—v Ki‡Q| mvgx GLbI wm×vš— Pzovš— Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| KviY Zvi evevi B”Qv †m ga¨cÖv‡Pï †Kvb †`‡k P‡j hvK| wKš—y †gavex mvgx Pvq †`‡kB wKQz Ki‡Z| G Rb¨ †m nuvm-gyiwM cvj‡bi Dci `yÕgv‡mi cÖwk¶Y MÖnY K‡i| G‡Z Zvi g‡bvej †e‡o hvq| we‡`k hvevi UvKv w`‡q †m evwo‡Z nuvm-gyiwMi Lvgvi cÖwZôv K‡i| cÖwk¶Yjä Ávb cÖ‡qvM K‡i wb‡Ri †Póvq AvR †m ¯^vej¤^x|

K. RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z K…wl Lv‡Zi Ae`vb kZKiv KZfvM?

L. evsjv‡`‡k †eKvi mgm¨v w`b w`b †e‡o hv‡”Q †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki|

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

35

M. mvgxi nuvm-gyiwMi Lvgvi cÖwZôv †Kvb ai‡bi Kv‡Ri Aš—f©z³? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. ¯^vej¤^x nevi †cQ‡b †Kvb ¸YwU mvgx‡K †ewk cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki| we‡k−lY Ki|

1. iv½vgvwUi ¯‹zj wk¶K gvgvcÖy gvigv ¯’vbxq ZuvZx †gwibv gvigv‡K Zuv‡Z †evbv cY¨-mvgMÖxi e¨vcK Pvwn`v I fwel¨r m¤¢vebv m¤ú‡K© aviYv †`b| e¨vcK Pvwn`vi K_v wPš—v K‡i †gwibv cvnvwo †g‡q‡ì †cvkvK Ò_vwgÓ ˆZwi K‡i wewµ Kiv ïiy K‡i Ges ª“Z DbœwZ jvf K‡i| †gwibvi Kvi‡Y †ek K‡qKwU †g‡qi Kg©ms¯’vb n‡q‡Q| Zvi †Rjvq weMZ wZb eQi hveZ wZwb †miv bvix D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡q‡Qb|

K. †`‡ki †gvU kªgkw³i KZ Ask hyeK-hyeZx?

L. AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bi GKwU êwkó¨ eY©bv Ki|

M. †gwibvi ª“Z DbœwZ‡Z †Kvb welqwU f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. ÔgvgvcÖ“ gvigvi civgk© cÖwZcvjbB †gwibv PvKgvi Rxe‡b GZ ¯^xK…wZ G‡b w`‡q‡QÕ Dw³wU e¨vL¨v Ki|

PZz_© Aa¨vq

gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z eëmvq Business Based on Ownership

Avgiv B‡Zvg‡a¨B †R‡bwQ eëmvq n‡jv cÖavbZ gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ wewfbœ cÖKvi cY¨- ªe¨ I †mevK‡g©i Drcv`b, eÈb Ges G‡ì mnvqK hveZxq êa A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Êi mgwó| †fv³v‡ì wewfbœgyLx Pvwn`v, gvwjKvbv, eëmvqx‡ì wbR¯^ g‡bvfve I AvKvi I êwk‡óï Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖKvi eëmvq msMV‡bi m„wó nq| Avgiv G Aa¨v‡q gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi eëmvq msMVb Ges G¸‡jvi wewfbœ w`K m¤ú‡K© we —vwiZ Rvb‡Z cvie|

G Aa¨vq †k‡l Avgiv • eëmv‡qi wewfbœ cÖKvi‡f` I AvBbMZ êwkó¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie| • GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi msÁv, êwkó¨ I myweav-Amyweav e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie| • GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi Dchy³ †¶Îmg~n I RbwcÖqZvi KviY¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie| • Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi aviYv, êwkó¨ I myweav-Amyweav e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie| • Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi MVb cÖYvwj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie| • Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi Pzw³c‡Îi welqe —y e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie| • Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wbeÜb I Gi myweav e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie| • Askx`vwi eëmvq †f‡½ hvIqvi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie| • †hŠ_ g~jabx eëmv‡qi msÁv, êwkó¨ I myweav-Amyweav eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie| • †hŠ_ g~jabx eëmv‡qi MVb cÖYvwj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie| • cvewjK I cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie| • mgevq mwgwZi aviYv I êwkó¨¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie| • mgevq mwgwZi MVb I bxwZgvjv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie| • evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK †cÖ¶vc‡U mgevq mwgwZi ¸i“Z¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie| • ivóªxq Kviev‡ii aviYv, êwk‡óï D`vniY w`‡Z cvie|

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

37

gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z eëmv‡qi cÖKvi‡f` (Different Types of Business on the Basis of Ownership)

gvby‡li wewfbœgyLx Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ hy‡M hy‡M gvwjKvbv I wewfbœ êwk‡‡óï Kvi‡Y wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii eëmvq msMVb M‡o D‡V‡Q| gybvdv AR©‡bi mvaviY D‡Ï‡kï g‡a¨ wgj _vK‡jI cÖK…wZ, êwkó¨, AvIZv, AvqZb I Kvh©‡¶‡Îi wfwË‡Z G‡ì g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ cwijw¶Z nq| gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z eëmvq msMVb¸‡jv‡K wb‡gœv³fv‡e fvM Kiv hvq :

1. GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq 2. Askx`vwi eëmvq 3. †hŠ_ g~jabx eëmvq ev †Kv¤úvwb msMVb 4. mgevq mwgwZ 5. ivóªxq eëmvq

GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi aviYv (Concept of Sole Proprietorship Business) mvaviYfv‡e GKRb e¨w³i gvwjKvbvq cÖwZwôZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z eëmvq‡K GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq e‡j| GKK gvwjKvbvq c„w_ex‡Z me©cÖ_g eëmvq Kvh©µg ïi“ n‡qwQj| G Rb¨ GwU‡K me‡‡P‡q cÖvPxbZg eëmvq msMVb ejv nq| eZ©gvb †cÖ¶vc‡U ejv hvq, gybvdv AR©‡bi j¶¨ wb‡q hLb †Kv‡bv e¨w³ wbR `vwq‡Z¡ g~jab †hvMvo K‡i †Kv‡bv eëmv MVb I cwiPvjbv K‡i Ges D³ eëmv‡q AwR©Z mKj jvf wb‡R †fvM K‡i ev ¶wZ n‡j wb‡RB Zv enb K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq e‡j| GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq MVb AZ¨š— mnR| †h †Kv‡bv e¨w³ wb‡Ri D‡`¨v‡M ¯^í A_© wb‡q G RvZxq Kvievi ïi“ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| mvaviYZ G RvZxq eëmv‡qi AvqZb †QvU nq| Z‡e cÖ‡qvR‡b gvwjK GKvwaK Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges AwaK A_©I wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib| AvB‡bi †Pv‡L GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi †Zgb †Kv‡bv evaëvaKZv †bB| MÖv‡g-M‡Ä, nvU-evRvi ev iv¯Ívi cv‡k wKsev wbR evwo‡Z †h †KD †QvU-Lv‡Uv eëmv ïi“ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e kn‡i ev †cŠimfv GjvKvq D‡`¨v³v‡K †UªW jvB‡mÝ msMÖn K‡i eëmv Avi¤¢ Ki‡Z nq| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki AwaKvsk eëmvq msMVb GKgvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z MwVZ| ïay ZvB bq BD‡ivc I Av‡gwiKvi cÖvq 80% eëmvq GK gvwjKvbvwfwËK| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki mvaviY gyw` †`vKvb, Pv‡qi †`vKvb, mewR †`vKvb, AwaKvsk LyPiv †`vKvb GKK gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z cÖwZwôZ|

GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi êwkó¨ (Characteristics of Sole Proprietorship Business) GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq n‡jv Ggb GK ai‡bi eëmvq hvi D‡`¨v³v, gvwjK, cwiPvjK I A‡_©i †hvMvb`vZv GKB e¨w³ Ges wZwb wb‡RB GKKfv‡e eëmv‡qi mKj SzuwK, `vq, jvf I †jvKmvb enb K‡ib| wb‡gœ GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi êwkó¨¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiv n‡jv-

• GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi gvwjK me mgq GKRb e¨w³ whwb wbR D‡`¨v‡M cuywRi ms¯’vb K‡ib, eëmvq cwiPvjbv K‡ib I SuzwK enb K‡ib |

• G RvZxq eëmv‡qi MVb †ek mnR| AvBbMZ Sv‡gjv bv _vKvq †h †KD B”Qv Ki‡j I D‡`¨vM wb‡j G eëmvq ïi“ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z eëmvq 38

• ¯^í g~jab wb‡q G RvZxq eëmvq MVb Kiv hvq| gvwjK wb‡RB G g~jab †hvMvb †`b| mvaviYZ wbR¯^ mÂq I cÖ‡qvR‡b eÜzy-evÜe, AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb Ges e¨vsK †_‡K FY wb‡q eëmvq cwiPvjbv K‡ib|

• AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq ¶y ª AvKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| g~ja‡bi l¦íZv I GKRb e¨w³i gvwjKvbvi Rb¨ Gi AvqZb mvaviYZ †QvU n‡q _v‡K|

• GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi mKj SuzwK gvwjK‡K GKKfv‡e enb Ki‡Z nq| • AvB‡bi †Pv‡L GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi c„_K †Kv‡bv mËv †bB| gvwjK I eëmvq Awfbœ| • G RvZxq eëmv‡qi m¤ú~Y© `vq-`vwqZ¡ gvwj‡Ki| d‡j Zvi `vq Amxg| cÖ‡qvR‡b e¨w³MZ m¤úwË weµq

K‡i eëmv‡qi `vq cwi‡kva Ki‡Z nq| • cy‡iv eëmv‡qi GKK gvwjKvbvi Rb¨ jv‡fi meUv gvwjK GKv †fvM K‡ib| Avevi †jvKmv‡bi m¤§yLxb

n‡j gvwjK‡KB GKKfv‡M Zv enb Ki‡Z nq| • GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi ¯’vwqZ¡ gvwj‡Ki B”Qvi Dci wbf©ikxj| KviY eëmvq Pvjy ivLv ev eÜ Kiv

gvwj‡Ki AvMÖ‡ni Dci wbf©i K‡i|

Kg©cÎ-1 : GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi êwkó¨¸‡jv we‡k −lY K‡i G eëmv‡qi myweav I Amyweav¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi myweavmg~n GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi Amyweavmg~n • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • •

GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi Dchy³ †¶Îmg~n (Suitable Areas for Sole-proprietorship Business)

GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq cÖvPxbZg eëmvq wn‡m‡e we‡k¦i AbybœZ, Dbœqbkxj I DbœZ mKj †`‡kB ¯^xK…Z| cÖvPxbZg eëmvq n‡jI eZ©gvb e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv K‡i GLbI me‡P‡q RbwcÖq eëmvq wn‡m‡e wU‡K Av‡Q| GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡q Ggb wKQz êwkó¨ I myweav Av‡Q †h Kvi‡Y G RvZxq eëmvq mK‡ji wbKU RbwcÖq| GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi Dchy³ †¶Îmg~n eY©bv Kiv n‡jv :

1. A‡b‡K Av‡Qb hv‡ì nv‡Z ch©vß A_© †bB A_P eëmvq ïi“ Ki‡Z AvMÖnx| AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡b D‡`¨vMx Ggb nvRvi nvRvi †jv‡Ki Rb¨ GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq me‡P‡q Dchy³| †hgb- Pv‡qi †`vKvb, †QvU Lvev‡ii †`vKvb, KzwUi wk‡íi †`vKvb, g„r wk‡íi †`vKvb|

2. Ggb wKQz eëmvq Av‡Q †h¸‡jvi Rb¨ †ewk A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv| †m RvZxq eëmv‡qi Rb¨ GKgvwjKvbv eëmvqB me‡P‡q †ewk Dc‡hvMx we‡ewPZ nq| †hgb- cv‡bi †`vKvb, mewRi †`vKvb|

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

39

3. †h mKj eëmv‡q SuzwK G‡Kev‡iB Kg †m¸‡jvi Rb¨ GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq †ewk Dchy³| †Kbbv Kg Av‡qi e¨w³iv mvaviYZ SzwuK Gwo‡q Pj‡Z Pvb, d‡j Zviv Ggb eëmvqB †ewk cQ›` K‡ib| †hgb- Pv‡ji †`vKvb, Jl‡ai †`vKvb|

4. wKQz wKQz eëmvq Av‡Q †h¸‡jvi cÖ`Ë cY¨ ev †mevi Pvwn`v we‡kl we‡kl GjvKv ev wbw ©ó †kÖwYi MÖvnK‡ì wbKU mxgve×| †m me cY¨ ev †mevi †¶‡Î GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq †ewk Dchy³| †hgb- ¯‹z‡ji mvg‡b eB-LvZvi †`vKvb, †Kv‡bv wkí KviLvbvi mvg‡b †i÷y‡i›U|

5. cuPbkxj RvZxq cY¨ †hgb dj-g~j, kvK-mewR, gvQ-gvsm BZ¨vwì eëmvq mvaviYZ GKgvwjKvbv wfwË‡Z cÖwZwôZ n‡q _v‡K|

6. Wv³vwi, cÖ‡KŠkj I AvBb eëmv‡qi g‡Zv ¶z ª AvKv‡ii †ckvwfwËK eëmvq Ges cÖZ¨¶ †mevagx© eëmvq †hgb jwÛª, †mjyb, weDwU cvj©vi BZ¨vw` mvaviYZ GKgvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z cÖwZwôZ n‡q _v‡K|

7. A‡bK cY¨ Av‡Q †h¸‡jvi Pvwn`v †µZv‡ì cwieZ©bkxj i“wP, AvMÖn I d¨vk‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj| †m mKj c‡Yï eëmv‡qi †¶‡ÎI GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq †ewk Dchy³| †hgb-ìwRi †`vKvb|

8. †h me eëmvq cÖ Ë cY¨-`ªe¨ I †mevi mv‡_ e¨w³i ev gvwj‡Ki ˆbcyY¨, wkíKg© I mybvg RwoZ _v‡K †m¸‡jvi Rb¨ GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq †ewk Dchy³| †hgb-wPÎK‡g©i †`vKvb, Qwe †Zvjvi †`vKvb, ¯^Y©Kv‡ii †`vKvb, dvwb©Pv‡ii †`vKvb, wgwói †`vKvb|

9. K…wlRvZ cY¨ I mnvqK c‡Yï eëmvi RbÏ GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq †ewk Dchy³| †hgb- avb eëmvq, Avjy eëmvq I KuvPvgv‡ji eëmvq|

10. ¯’vbxq ev RvZxq ch©v‡qi eB, LvZv-cÎ, cwÎKv BZ¨vw` cÖKvkbv eëmv‡qi Rb¨ GKK gvwjKvbvwfwËK eëmvq †ewk Dchy³|

Dc‡iv³ we‡k−lY †_‡K †evSv hv‡”Q †h, e¨w³MZ D‡`¨vM, ¯^vaxb‡PZv g‡bvfve, ¯^í cuywR I ¯^í kÖg wewb‡qvM K‡i GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq †h †Kv‡bv mgq †h †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b ïi“ Kiv hvq| G eëmvq AvBwb RwUjZvgy³ Ges G‡Z SzuwKI Kg| Ab¨w`‡K GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq †fv³v‡ì AZ¨š— wbK‡U †_‡K Zv‡ì cQ›` I i“wP Abyhvqx cY¨ ev †mev cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j cÖvPxb eëmvq msMVb nIqv m‡Ë¡I GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi Dchy³ †¶Î †hgb e¨vcK, †Zgwb mK‡ji wbKU G eëmv‡qi RbwcÖqZvI †ewk| evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK Ae¯’v we‡ePbvq GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq me‡P‡q †ewk Dc‡hvMx| hvi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb †gvU eëmvq msMV‡bi kZKiv Avwk fv‡MiI †ewk GKgvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z cÖwZwôZ| Z‡e †`‡k weivRgvb †eKviZ¡ ~ixKi‡Y Kg©ms¯’v‡bi bZyb †¶Î ˆZwii j‡¶¨ hyemgvR‡K GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡q DØy× Ki‡Z FY cvIqv mnR

Kivmn Av‡iv miKvwi mn‡hvwMZv cÖ‡qvRb|


Kg©cÎ-2 : GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi êwkó¨, myweav I Dchy³ †¶Îmg~n we‡k−lY K‡i Gi RbwcÖqZvi KviY¸‡jv Luy‡R †ei Ki

GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi RbwcÖqZvi KviY • • • • • • •

• • • • • • •

Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi aviYv (Concept of Partnership Business)

eëmvq RM‡Z GKgvwjKvbv me‡P‡q cÖvPxb I RbwcÖq n‡jI GKK gvwj‡Ki g~ja‡bi ¯^íZv, Amxg `vq, eëmv‡qi ¶z ª AvIZv BZ¨vw` mxgve×Zvi Rb¨ eëmv‡qi cwiwa Av‡iv e„w× I SzuwK Kwg‡q Askx`vwi‡Z¡i wfwË‡Z eëmvq Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv †`q| d‡j GKvwaK e¨w³ wg‡j wb‡R‡ì cyuwR I mvg_© GKwÎZ K‡i †h bZyb ai‡bi eëmvq msMVb M‡o D‡V Zv‡KB Askx`vwi eëmvq e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq| g~jZ GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi Amyweav¸‡jv ~i Kivi cÖ‡qvR‡bB Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi D™¢e nq| Z‡e Askx`vwi eëmv‡q wKQz wKQy mgm¨vI †`Lv †`q| we‡kl K‡i gybvdv eÈb, wm×vš— MÖnY, `vwqZ¡ I Kg© wefvRb, m`m¨‡ì cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wba©viY BZ¨vw` wel‡q m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ Ø›Ø I Av¯’vi msKU †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| d‡j Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ I Askx`vwi AvBb cÖYqb Ki‡Z nq| evsjv‡`‡ki Askx`vwi eëmvq Ô1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvBbÕ Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq| mvaviYZ yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³ †¯^”Qvq wgwjZ n‡q Askx`vwi Pzw³i wfwË‡Z †h eëmvq MVb K‡i Zv‡K Askx`vwi eëmvq e‡j| G‡Ki AwaK ej‡Z 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvBb Abyhvqx me©wbgœ 2 Rb Ges m‡ev”©P 20 Rb Askx`vi‡K eySvq| Z‡e Askx`vwi eëmvqwU hw` e¨vswKs eëmvq nq ZLb m‡e©v”P m`m¨ msL¨v 10-Gi †ewk n‡e bv| evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 4 bs aviv g‡Z ÔmK‡ji Øviv A_ev mK‡ji c‡¶ GKR‡bi Øviv cwiPvwjZÕ eëmv‡qi gybvdv wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ eÈ‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ e¨w³e‡M©i ga¨Kvi Pzw³e× m¤úK©‡K Askx`vwi eëmvq e‡j| hviv Gi~c m¤úK© m„wó K‡i Zv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨K‡K ÔAskx`viÕ Ges mw¤§wjZfv‡e Zv‡ì eëmvq‡K Askx`vwi eëmvq e‡j|

Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi MVb (Formation of Partnership Business)

Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi êwkó¨ (Characteristics of Partnership Business)

eZ©gvb †cÖ¶vc‡U Askx`vwi eëmvq GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi g‡ZvB cÖvPxb eëmvq msMVb| Z‡e GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi wKQz mxgve×Zv ~i Kivi cÖ‡qvR‡b Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi D™¢e nq| GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi mv‡_ G eëmv‡qi wKQz wKQy wgj _vK‡jI Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi Ggb wKQz êwkó¨ Av‡Q †h¸‡jv G‡K GKgvwvjKvbv I Ab¨vb¨ †hŠ_ D‡`¨vMx eëmvq †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i‡Q| wb‡P Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi êwkó¨¸‡jv we‡k−lY Kiv n‡jv-

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

41

1. AvBbMZ Sv‡gjv bv _vKvq Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi MVbI †ek mnR| Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ †hvM¨ GKvwaK e¨w³ †gŠwLK ev wjwLZ Pzw³i gva¨‡g G eëmvq ïi“ Ki‡Z cv‡i| GKvwaK e¨w³ ej‡Z me©wbgœ 2 Rb Ges m‡e©v”P 20 Rb‡K †evSvq| eëmvqwU hw` e¨vswKs msµvšÍ nq ZLb m`m¨ msL¨v 10 R‡bi †ewk n‡Z cvi‡e bv|

2. Askx`vi‡ì g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z Pzw³ Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wfwË wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Pzw³e× m¤ú‡K©i Av‡jv‡KB G eëmvq MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z nq| Gi~c Pzw³ n‡Z cv‡i †gŠwLK ev wjwLZ, wbewÜZ ev AwbewÜZ|

3. G eëmv‡qi Askx`viMY Pzw³‡Z ewY©Z wbqgvbyhvqx g~jab mieivn K‡i _v‡K| eëmv‡qi jvf-†jvKmvbI Pzw³ Abyhvqx ewÈZ nq| Pzw³‡Z wKQz D‡j−L bv _vK‡j mgvb nv‡i jvf-†jvKmvb ewÈZ n‡e| Avevi Pzw³‡Z D‡j−L _vK‡j †KD g~jab bv w`‡qI Askx`vi n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`v‡ii `vq e¨w³MZ I mvgwóKfv‡e Amxg| A_©vr †Kv‡bv †`bv cwi‡kv‡ai Rb¨ eëmvwqK m¤ú` h‡_ó bv n‡j Askx`viM‡Yi e¨w³MZ m¤ú` †mRb¨ `vqe× _v‡K| †Kv‡bv Askx`vi †`Dwjqv n‡jI Zvi `vq Aewkó Askx`viMY‡K enb Ki‡Z nq|

4. cvi¯úwiK Av¯’v I wek¦v‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i G eëmvq M‡o D‡V Ges G eëmv‡qi mdjZv Gi Dci wbf©ikxj| Ab¨w`‡K Askx`viM‡Yi g‡a¨ Av¯’vnxbZv, wek¦v‡mi Afve I we‡iva †`Lv w`‡j eëmv‡qi we‡jvc N‡U|

5. Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK bq| Z‡e †h mKj Askx`vwi eëmvq wbewÜZ nq, †m¸‡jv AwbewÜZ eëmvq †_‡K †ek wKQz †ewk myweav †fvM K‡i _v‡K| wbewÜZ n‡jI G eëmv‡q †Kv‡bv AvBbMZ mËvi m„wó nq bv| d‡j eëmvq wbR¯^ bv‡g cwiPvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| eëmv‡qi mKj †jb‡`bI Askx`vi‡ì mv‡_ e¨w³MZfv‡e n‡q‡Q e‡j aiv nq| c„_K AvBbMZ mËv bv _vKvq G eëmv‡qi ¯’vwqZ¡ Askx`vi‡ì B”Qv-Awb”Qvi Dci wbf©ikxj|

Kg©cÎ- 3 : Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi aviYv I êwkó¨¸‡jv we‡k −lY K‡i D³ eëmv‡qi myweav I Amyweav¸‡jv †ei Ki

Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi myweav/ mej w`K Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi Amyweav/ ye©j w`K • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • •

Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi Pzw³cÎ (Deed of Partnership Business) yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z Pzw³i gva¨‡g Askx`vwi eëmvq MwVZ nq| Pzw³ †gŠwLK n‡Z cv‡i|

Avevi Pzw³ wjwLZ I wbewÜZ n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e †gŠwLK, wjwLZ I wbewÜZ †hfv‡eB †nvK, Askx`vwi eëmvq ïi“


Kivi Rb¨ Pzw³ Kiv ev Pzw³ _vKv eva¨Zvg~jK| GRb¨B Pzw³‡K Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi g~j wfwË ejv nq| 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡b ejv n‡q‡Q ÔAskx`vwi m¤úK© m„wó nq Pzw³ †_‡K, ghv© v †_‡K bqÕ| wjwLZ Pzw³‡K Pzw³cÎ e‡j| Askx`vwi Pzw³cÎ n‡jv Ggb GKwU `wjj hv‡Z D³ eëmv‡qi D‡Ïk¨, cwiPvjbv c×wZ, Askx`vi‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Ae¯’vb, `vwqZ¡, KZ©e¨ I AwaKvi Ges fwel¨‡Z we‡iva gxgvsmv Kivi c×wZ my¯úófv‡e Zz‡j aiv nq| Pzw³cÎ mKj Askx`vi KZ…©K ¯^v¶wiZ n‡Z nq| G K_v g‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb †h, Pzw³ Qvov gybvdv AR©b I eÈ‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ eëmvq cwiPvjbv Ki‡jI Zv Askx`vwi eëmvq e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e bv| †hgb- wcZvi g„Zz i ci mš—v‡biv hw` Zvi Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi DËivwaKvix nb Ges wb‡Riv D³ eëmvq cwiPvjbv K‡ib I AwR©Z gybvdv eÈb K‡i †bb, Zvn‡jI GwU Askx`vwi eëmvq e‡j MY¨ n‡e bv hw` Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv Pzw³ bv _v‡K|

Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi Pzw³c‡Îi welqe¯‘ (Contents of Deed of Partnership Business) Pzw³cÎ Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi w`Kwb‡ ©kK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| fwel¨‡Z Askx`vi‡ì g‡a¨ hv‡Z †Kv‡bv we‡f` ev gZwe‡iva m„wó bv nq Ges eëmvq cwiPvjbvq †Kv‡b RwUjZv bv N‡U †mRb¨ Pzw³c‡Î wewfbœ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq D‡j−L _v‡K| mvaviYZ Pzw³c‡Î wb‡gœv³ welq¸‡jv D‡j −L _v‡K :

1. Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi bvg I wVKvbv

2. eëmv‡qi cÖK…wZ, D‡Ïk¨ I AvIZv

3. eëmv‡qi Kvh©Kvj ev ¯’vwqZ¡

4. Askx`vi‡ì bvg, wVKvbv I †ckv

5. eëmv‡qi †gvU g~ja‡bi cwigvY

6. cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`v‡ii cÖ Ë g~ja‡bi cwigvY I cwi‡kva c×wZ

7. eëmvq cwiPvjbvi wbqgvewj

8. †h mKj Askx`vi cÖZ¨¶fv‡e eëmvq cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb Zv‡ì cwiwPwZ

9. eëmv‡q jvf-†jvKmvb eÈb c×wZ

10. Askx`vi‡ì `vwqZ¡, ¶gZv I AwaKvi

11. †h e¨vs‡K wnmve †Lvjv n‡e Zvi bvg, wVKvbv I wnmv‡ei aib|

12. e¨vs‡Ki wnmve cwiPvjbvKvix e¨w³M‡Yi bvg

13. bZyb Askx`vi MÖnY I cyivZb Askx`v‡ii we`v‡qi wbqgvewj

14. Askx`v‡ii g„Zy ‡Z Zvi Ask wba©viY, msi¶Y I cwi‡kva c×wZ

15. Askx`vi‡ì AemiMÖnY I ewn®‹v‡ii c×wZ

16. fwel¨‡Z we‡iva †`Lv w`‡j Zvi gxgvsmv c×wZ

17. we‡jvc mva‡bi c×wZ

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

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Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wbeÜb (Registration of Partnership Business)

Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wbeÜb ej‡Z miKvi KZ©„K wb‡qvwRZ wbeÜK Awd‡m eëmv‡qi bvg ZvwjKvfy³KiY‡K †evSvq| evsjv‡`‡ki Askx`vwi AvB‡b eëmv‡qi wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv nqwb| Z‡e wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK bv n‡jI AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi eëmvq †_‡K wbewÜZ eëmvq¸‡jv †ek wKQz AwZwi³ myweav †fvM K‡i| wbewÜZ Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi †h †Kv‡bv Askx`viB Aci †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii wei“‡× Pzw³‡Z Dwj−wLZ AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i hv AwbewÜZ eëmvq cv‡i bv| wbewÜZ bv n‡j Pzw³‡Z Dwj−wLZ AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ Aci †Kv‡bv Z…Zxq c‡¶i wei“‡×I gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Ab¨w`‡K Z…Zxq †Kv‡bv c¶ hw` AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi cÖwZôvb ev Askx`vi‡ì wei“‡× gvgjv `v‡qi K‡i, ïay AwbewÜZ nevi Kvi‡Y ev`xc‡¶i wei“‡× cvëv cvIbv `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvQvov AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi cÖwZôvb Z…Zxq †Kv‡bv c‡¶i wei“‡× 100 UvKvi †ewk cvIbv Av`v‡qi Rb¨ gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| myZivs ejv hvq wbewÜZ Askx`vwi eëmvq †h‡nZz AwbewÜZ eëmvq †_‡K wKQz †ewk myweav †fvM K‡i, †m‡nZz Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wbeÜb KivUvB †ewk †hŠw³K| Askx`vwi eëmvq wbeÜb Kivi Rb¨ Av‡e`bc‡Îi mv‡_ †h mKj welq D‡j −L Ki‡Z nq †m¸‡jv n‡jv-

• Askx`vwi cÖwZôv‡bi bvg

• cÖavb Kvh©vj‡qi wVKvbv

• kvLv Kvh©vjq _vK‡j †m¸‡jvi wVKvbv

• eëmv‡qi D‡Ïk¨

• eëmvq ïi“i ZvwiL

• eëmvq †gvU Kvh©Kvj ev ¯’vwqZ¡ Kvj

• Askx`vi‡ì bvg, wVKvbv I †ckv

• Askx`vi wn‡m‡e eëmv‡q †hvM`v‡bi ZvwiL

mKj Askx`v‡ii ¯^v¶imn Av‡e`bcÎwU wbeÜb Awd‡m Rgv w`‡j wbeÜK Zv cix¶v-wbix¶v Ki‡eb| Dc‡iv³ wel‡q mš—yó n‡j D³ eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi bvg ZvwjKvfy³ Ki‡eb Ges cÎ Øviv Zv Rvwb‡q w`‡eb| cÎ cÖvwßi ga¨ w`‡q wbeÜb cÖwµqv †kl nq|

Kg©cÎ-4 : AwbewÜZ Askx`vwi eëmvq †h †h Amyweavi m¤§yLxb nq †m¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki

1.

2.

3.

4.


Askx`v‡ii cÖKvi‡f` (Classification of Partners)

Askx`vwi eëmv‡q Askx`viMY eëmv‡qi wewfbœ ai‡bi Ae¯’v, my‡hvM-myweav I `vwqZ¡-KZ©e¨ we‡ePbv K‡i cQ›`g‡Zv Askx`vi n‡Z cv‡ib| wewfbœ cÖKvi Askx`v‡ii aviYv I êwkó¨ D‡j−L Kiv n‡jv-

wewfbœ cÖKvi Askx`vi aviYv I êwkó¨ mvaviY Askx`vi

(Ordinary Partner) • Askx`viMY eëmv‡q g~jab wewb‡qvM Ges ¯^wµqfv‡e eëmvq cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY

K‡i| • Askx`vi‡ì `vq Amxg| • Pzw³ Abyhvqx jvf ev ¶wZi Ask cvq| • Pzw³‡Z D‡j−L _vK‡j eëmvq cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cvwikÖwgK cvq|

NygšÍ Askx`vi

(Sleeping Partner) • Askx`viMY eëmv‡q g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡i| • Pzw³ Abyhvqx jv‡fi Ask cvq| • AwaKvi _vKv m‡Ë¡I ¯^wµqfv‡e eëmvq cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY K‡i bv| • Askx`vi‡ì `vq mmxg| • eëmv‡qi †Kv‡bv Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Z…Zxq c‡¶i wbKU `vqeè× bq|

bvggvÎ Askx`vi (Nominal Partner)

• Askx`viMY eëmv‡q g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡i bv| • eëmvq cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY K‡i bv| • Pzw³ Abyhvqx jv‡fi Ask ev wbw ©ó A‡_©i wewbg‡q wb‡Ri mybvg eënv‡ii AbygwZ

†`q| • Askx`vi‡ì `vq mvaviY Askx`vi‡ì g‡Zv Amxg bq| • Z‡e †Kv‡bv Z…Zxq c¶ hw` Zv‡K Askx`vi g‡b K‡i FY †`q Ges Zv cÖgvY Ki‡Z

cv‡i Zvn‡j †m F‡Yi Rb¨ mvaviY Askx`v‡ii b¨vq `vqe×| AvcvZ „wó‡Z Askx`vi (Quasi Partner)

• G RvZxq Askx`viMY eëmvq †_‡K Aemi MÖnY Kivi ciI g~jab D‡Ëvjb bv K‡i Zv FY wn‡m‡e eëmv‡q Rgv iv‡L|

• cÖK…Zc‡¶ G RvZxq e¨w³MY eëmv‡qi cvIbv`vi| • Z‡e †Kv‡bv mvaviY Askx`vi MYweÁwß bv w`‡q eëmv‡q Gfv‡e †_‡K †M‡j

eëmv‡qi †Kv‡bv Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Z…Zxq c‡¶i wbKU `vqx n‡e| mxwgZ Askx`vi

(Limited Partner) • Pzw³ Abyhvqx †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii `vq mxgve× n‡j ev AvBb Abyhvqx mKj Askx`v‡ii

m¤§wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv bvevjK‡K myweav cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ Askx`vi Kiv n‡j Zv‡K mxwgZ Askx`vi ejv nq|

• Askx`vi‡ì `vq eëmv‡q wb‡qwRZ g~ja‡bi cwigvY Øviv mxgve×| • eëmvq cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY K‡i bv| • Pzw³ Abyhvqx †Kv‡bv mvevjK e¨w³I Gi~c Askx`vi n‡Z cv‡i|

AvPi‡Y AbywgZ Askx`vi

(Partner by holding out)

• †Kv‡bv e¨w³ hw` eëmv‡qi Askx`vi bv n‡qI †gŠwLK K_vevZ©v, †jLv ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv AvPi‡Yi Øviv wb‡R‡K eëmv‡qi Askx`vi wn‡m‡e cwiPq †`b, Z‡e AvPi‡Y AbywgZ Askx`vi ejv nq|

• hw` †KD Zvi AvPi‡Y cÖfvweZ n‡q FY †`q ev Pzw³ K‡i Zvn‡j †m Askx`vi `vqx _vK‡e|

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

45

Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi we‡jvcmvab (Dissolution of Partnership Business) Askx`vwi eëmvq wbw ©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ ev wbw ©ó KvR m¤úv`‡bi j‡¶¨ cÖwZwôZ nq| 1932 mv‡ji Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 39 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q, mKj Askx`vi‡ì ga¨Kvi Askx`vwi m¤ú‡K©i we‡jvc mvabB n‡”Q Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi we‡jvcmvab| Askx`vwi AvB‡bi weavb Abymv‡i wewfbœ cÖwµqvq Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wejywß n‡Z cv‡i:

1. mK‡j GKgZ n‡q we‡jvcmvab : Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 40 bs aviv Abymv‡i mKj Askx`v‡ii m¤§wZµ‡g G eëmv‡qi we‡jvcmvab n‡Z cv‡i|

2. eva¨Zvg~jK we‡jvcmvab : Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 41 aviv Abymv‡i wb‡gœv³ `ywU Kvi‡Y eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e we‡jvc mvab n‡Z cv‡i-

K. GKRb e¨ZxZ mKj Askx`vi A_ev mKj Askx`vi e¨ZxZ GKRb †`Dwjqv e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡j; wKsev

L. †Kv‡bv Kvh© Øviv eëmvqwU AvBb wei“× ev A‰ea n‡q co‡j|

3. we‡kl NUbvmv‡c‡¶ we‡jvcmvab : Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 42 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Askx`vwi Pzw³‡Z Dwj −wLZ wb‡gœv³ †h †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y we‡jvc mvab n‡Z cv‡i:

K. eëmv‡qi wbw ©ó mgq †kl n‡q †M‡j;

L. eëmv‡qi wbw ©ó KvR †kl n‡q †M‡j;

M. †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii g„Zz n‡j;

N. Av`vjZ KZ…©K †Kv‡bv Askx`vi †`Dwjqv †NvwlZ n‡j| 4. weÁwßi Øviv we‡jvcmvab : Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 43 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Hw”QK Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi

†¶‡Î †Kv‡bv Askx`vi wjwLZ weÁwßi Øviv Ab¨ Askx`v‡ii Kv‡Q eëmvq we‡jv‡ci B”Qv cÖKvk Ki‡j G ai‡bi eëmv‡qi wejywß nq|

6. Av`vj‡Zi wb‡`©‡k we‡jvcmvab : Askx`vwi AvB‡bi 44 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, wb‡gœv³ †h †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y Av`vjZ Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wejywß NUv‡Z cv‡i- K. †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii gw¯Í®‹ weK…wZ NU‡j;

L. †Kv‡bv Askx`vi `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b wPiZ‡i Amg_© n‡j;

M. †Kv‡bv Askx`v‡ii Am`vPi‡Yi Rb¨ Askx`vi‡ì g‡a¨ Av¯’v I wek¦vm ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡j;

N. †Kv‡bv Askx`vi Zvi cÖvc¨ Ask Z…Zxq c¶‡K n¯Ívš—i Kivi gva¨‡g Pzw³ f½ Ki‡j;

O. eëmv‡q µgvMZ †jvKmvb n‡Z _vK‡j Ges †jvKmvb e¨ZxZ eëmvq cwiPvjbv Am¤¢e n‡j;

Dwj −wLZ KviY QvovI Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv hyw³m½Z Kvi‡Y Av`vjZ Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi wejywßi wb‡`©k w`‡Z cv‡ib|

†hŠ_ g~jabx eëmv‡qi aviYv (Concept of Joint Stock Companies) GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi gva¨‡g we‡k¦i ey‡K eëmv‡qi †h AvbyôvwbK hvÎv ïi“ n‡qwQj Kvjµ‡g Zv Avi GKgvwjKvbvi g‡a¨ mxgve× _v‡Kwb| GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi †ek wKQz mxgve×Zv we‡kl K‡i g~ja‡bi l¦íZv I GKK cwiPvjbv I ¶z`ª AvqZ‡bi Rb¨ Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi DrcwË nq| wKš—y Askx`vwi eëmvqI g~ja‡bi


mxgve×Zv, AvBbMZ mxgve×Zv, ¯’vwqZ¡nxbZv I Amxg `v‡qi fvi †_‡K gy³ n‡Z cv‡iwb| GK mgq gvby‡li Pvwn`v, cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I eëmv‡qi AvIZv AviI e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| djkÖ“wZ‡Z AvB‡bi wfwË‡Z m„wó nq AwaK g~jab I e„n`vqZ‡bi †hŠ_ g~jabx eëmvq hv †Kv¤úvwb msMVb bv‡gI cwiwPZ| g~jZ wkí wec −‡ei Kvi‡Y Drcv`b eë¯’vq †h e¨vcK cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq Zvi mv‡_ mv‡_ eëmvq msMV‡bi cÖK…wZ I AvIZvq e¨vcK cwieZ©b Av‡m| Drcv`b, eÈb eë¯’v cvwievwiK MwÊ †_‡K †ewi‡q G‡m KviLvbv‡Z ¯’vb †bq| d‡j Rb¥ nq AwaK g~jab, mxwgZ `vq, †hŠ_ eë¯’vcbv Ges AvBbMZ mËv I c„_K Aw¯ÍZ¡ wewkó †hŠ_ g~jabx eëmvq msMV‡bi| D‡j−L¨, Aóv`k I Ebwesk kZvãxi gvSvgvwS (1750-1850) mg‡q BD‡iv‡ci K…wl‡Z, wkíKviLvbvq, Kqjv D‡Ëvj‡b I cwienb eë¯’vq †h cÖhyw³MZ cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq Zv‡K wkí wec−e (Industrial Revolution) bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq|

†hŠ_ g~jabx eëmvq AvB‡bi gva¨‡g m„ó I cwiPvwjZ nq| me©cÖ_g †Kv¤úvwb AvBb cvm nq weª‡U‡b 1844 mv‡j hv ‘The Joint stock Company Act 1844’ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| weªwUk kvwmZ fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g †Kv¤úvwb AvBb cvm nq 1850 mv‡j| 1913 mv‡j fviZxq †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Avevi bZyb K‡i cvm nq| ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡kI A‡bK eQi hveZ 1913 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb Pvjy wQj| †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi e¨vcK ms¯‹vi K‡i 1994 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k bZyb †Kv¤úvwb AvBb cÖeZ©b Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki mKj †Kv¤úvwb eëmvq 1994 mv‡ji AvBb Abyhvqx cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡b †Kv¤úvwb ej‡Z ÔAÎ AvB‡bi Aax‡b MwVZ I wbewÜZ †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwb A_ev we`¨gvb †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwb‡K eySvqÕ| g~jZ †Kv¤úvwb msMVb n‡jv AvBb Øviv m„ó, c„_K Aw¯ÍZ¡m¤úbœ, K…wÎg e¨w³ mËvi AwaKvix Ges mxwgZ `v‡qi Ggb GK ai‡bi cÖwZôvb †hLv‡b KwZcq e¨w³ gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ †hŠ_fv‡e g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡i|

†Rgm Iqv‡Ui ev®úxq BwÄb : wkí wec−‡ei ¯§viK

†hŠ_ g~jabx eëmv‡qi êwkó¨ (Features of Joint Stock Company) eZ©gv‡bi e„n`vqZb eëmvq RM‡Z G RvZxq eëmv‡qi ¸i“Z¡ AwaK| G RvZxq eëmv‡qi Ggb wKQz êwkó¨ Av‡Q hv Zv‡K Ab¨vb¨ eëmvq msMVb †_‡K Avjv`v ghv© v w`‡q‡Q| wb‡P †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi êwkó¨¸‡jv we‡k−lY Kiv n‡jv-

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

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1. †hŠ_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwb GKwU AvBbm„ó eëmvq msMVb| †`‡ki cÖPwjZ †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi AvIZvq G eëmvq MwVZ nq| AvBwb cÖwµqvi Aax‡b nq e‡j Gi MVb †ek RwUj I AvbyôvwbKZvc~Y©| AvBb Abyhvqx Gi m`m¨ msL¨v wba©vwiZ| cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi †¶‡Î me©wbgœ 2 Rb Ges m‡e©v”P 50 Rb Ges cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi †¶‡Î me©wbgœ m`m¨ 7 Rb Ges m‡e©v”P msL¨v †kqvi msL¨v Øviv mxgve×|

2. †Kv¤úvwb eëmvq GKwU †¯^”Qvg~jK cÖwZôvb| †Kv¤úvwb eëmvq Ki‡Z AvMÖnx wKQz msL¨K e¨w³ †¯^”Qvq msNe× n‡q †Kv¤úvwb MVb K‡i| Z‡e m`m¨‡ì †KD B”Qv Ki‡j †kqvi n¯Ívš—‡ii gva¨‡g mn‡RB eëmvq †_‡K we`vq wb‡Z cv‡i| Avevi †KD B”Qv Ki‡j †kqvi µ‡qi gva¨‡g Gi m`m¨ cÌ jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i|

3. AvB‡bi Øviv m„ó e‡j G eëmvqwU K…wÎg e¨w³ mËvi AwaKvix| K…wÎg e¨w³ mËv ej‡Z †evSvq, e¨w³ bv n‡qI e¨w³i b¨vq AvBbMZ gh©v`v I AwaKvi AR©b Kiv| †Kv¤úvwb †h †Kv‡bv ¯^vaxb e¨w³i g‡Zv wbR bv‡g A‡bï mv‡_ Pzw³ I †jb‡`b Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b gvgjvI Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avevi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv c¶I †Kv¤úvwbi wei“‡× gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡i|

4. †Kv¤úvwb eëmvq †h‡nZz AvB‡bi gva¨‡g m„ó ZvB Gi wejywß NUv‡Z PvB‡j Zv Ki‡Z n‡e AvB‡bi AvbyôvwbK cÖwµqvq| Gfv‡e †m wPiš—b Aw¯Í‡Z¡i gh©v`v jvf K‡i| †Kv‡bv †kqvi †nvìv‡ii g„Zz¨, †`DwjqvZ¡ ev †kqvi n¯Ívš—‡ii gva¨‡g †Kv¤úvwbi we‡jvc mvab nq bv|

5. K…wÎg e¨w³ nIqvi Kvi‡Y †Kv¤úvwb‡K GKwU wmj eënvi Ki‡Z nq| †Kv¤úvwbi mKj Kv‡R I KvMRc‡Î G wm‡ji eënvi eva¨Zvg~jK|

6. AvBbMZfv‡eB †Kv¤úvwbi g~jab‡K KZK¸‡jv mgvb A‡¼i ¶z ª GK‡K fvM Kiv nq| Gi~c cÖ‡Z¨KwU GKK‡K GKwU K‡i †kqvi e‡j| †kqvi wewµi gva¨‡g †Kv¤úvwb g~jab msMÖn K‡i| GRb¨ G¸‡jv‡K †kqvi g~jab e‡j| 18 eQ‡ii E‡aŸ© †h †Kv‡bv e¨w³ Ges †h †Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb †kqvi wK‡b Gi m`m¨c` jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i| m`m¨ msL¨v †ewk nIqvi Kvi‡Y Ges †kqvi wewµ K‡i g~jab msMÖn Kivi my‡hvM _vKvi Kvi‡Y †Kv¤úvwb eëmv‡q AwaK g~ja‡bi mgv‡ek N‡U|

7. †Kv¤úvwb eëmv‡qi †¶‡Î †Kv¤úvwbi gvwjKvbv †_‡K eë¯’vcbv m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v| GKgvwjKvbv ev Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi g‡Zv gvwj‡Kiv mivmwi eë¯’vcbvq AskMÖnY K‡i bv| eë¯’vcbvi `vwqZ¡ _v‡K †eZbfy³ Ab¨ GKwU c‡¶i Dci| cwiPvjK ev gvwjKMY bxwZ wba©viY Kv‡R AskMÖnY K‡i _v‡Kb|

8. †Kv¤úvwb eëmv‡qi m`m¨M‡Yi `vq mxwgZ| GKgvwjKvbv ev Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi g‡Zv Amxg bq| m`m¨M‡Yi `vq mvaviYZ †kqvi g~j¨ I cÖwZkÖ“wZ Øviv mxgve×| †kqvi g~j¨ Øviv mxgve× ej‡Z †evSvq GKRb †kqvi gvwjK †h g~j¨gv‡bi †kqvi †K‡b wZwb ïay †m cwigvY A‡_©i Rb¨ `vqx| A_©vr hw` †Kv‡bv †kqvi gvwjK †Kv‡bv †Kv¤úvwbi 100 UvKv g~‡jï 100 UvKvi †kqvi µq K‡ib Zvn‡j Zvi `vq ïay 10,000 UvKvi g‡a¨ mxgve× _vK‡e| Ab¨w`‡K cÖwZkÖ“wZ Øviv mxgve× †Kv¤úvwb‡Z GKRb †kqvigvwjK †h cwigvY †kqvi µ‡qi Rb¨ cÖwZkÖ“wZ †`b †m cwigvY A‡_©i Rb¨ `vqe× _vK‡eb|

9. †Kv¤úvwb eëmv‡qi cwiPvjbv I eë¯’vcbvq MYZvwš¿K ixwZ-bxwZ I g~j¨‡eva AbymiY Kiv nq| †kqvigvwjKMY cÖZ¨¶fv‡e †fvU w`‡q cwiPvjbv cwil` wb‡qvM K‡ib Ges cwiPvjbv cwil‡ì wm×vš— †gvZv‡eK eëmvq cwiPvwjZ nq|


Kg©cÎ-1 : †hŠ_ g~jabx eëmvq ev †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi êwkó¨¸‡jv we‡k−lY K‡i Gi myweav I Amyweav¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki

†Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi myweav †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi Amyweav

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†hŠ_ g~jabx eëmvq ev †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡bi cÖKvi‡f` (Classification of Join Stock Company) wek¦ mgvR eë¯’vi Av_©-mvgvwRK w`‡Ki eûwea cwieZ©b I Dbœq‡bi †Quvqv eëmvq RMr‡K ¯úk© K‡i| hvi Kvi‡Y GKgvwjKvbv I Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi mxgve×Zv‡K KvwU‡q e„n`vqZb eëmvq wn‡m‡e †hŠ_ g~jabx eëmv‡qi DrcwË nq| †hŠ_ gvwjKvbvaxb hZ iK‡gi eëmvq msMVb Av‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ †Kv¤úvwbi msMVb me‡P‡q †ewk cwiwPZ| evsjv‡`‡ki †Kv¤úvwb msMVb¸‡jv‡K cÖavbZ yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡h‡Q K. cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb I L. cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb|

K. cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb (Private Limited Company) †h †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨ msL¨v me©wbgœ 2 Rb Ges m‡e©v”P 50 R‡b mxgve× Ges hvi †kqvi Aev‡a n¯Ívš—i‡hvM¨ bq Zv‡K cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb e‡j| evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡b ejv n‡q‡Q, ÔcÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb ej‡Z Ggb †Kv¤úvwb‡K †evSvq hvi m`m¨ msL¨v 50 R‡b mxgve×, m`m¨‡ì †kqvi n¯Ívš—i AwaKvi mxwgZ Ges †kqvi I FYcÎ µ‡qi Rb¨ RbM‡Yi wbKU Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡bv wbwl×Õ A_©vr †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨MY ïay wb‡RivB †kqvi µq Ki‡Z cv‡ib| m`m¨ msL¨v I g~ja‡bi cwigvY mxwgZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y G RvZxq †Kv¤úvwbi AvqZb Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e ¶z ª n‡q _v‡K| AvBb Abyhvqx G †Kv¤úvwbi cwiPvj‡Ki msL¨v b~ bZg 2 Rb n‡Z n‡e| evsjv‡`‡k cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi msL¨v w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q|

L. cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb (Public Limited Company) †h †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨ msL¨v me©wbgœ 7 Rb I m‡e©v”P m`m¨ msL¨v †Kv¤úvwbi ¯§viKwjwc‡Z Dwj −wLZ †kqvi msL¨v Øviv mxgve× Ges †kqvi I FYcÎ RbM‡Yi wbKU wewµ Kiv hvq Ges †kqvi Aev‡a n¯Ívš—i‡hvM¨ Zv‡K cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb e‡j| cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb cÖ‡qvR‡b ¯§viKwjwc‡Z ms‡kvabx G‡b †kqvi msL¨v evwo‡q m`m¨ msL¨v e„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i| AvBb Abyhvqx G †Kv¤úvwbi b~ bZg 3 Rb cwiPvjK _vK‡Z n‡e|

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Kg©cÎ-2 : cÖvB‡fU I cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi g‡a¨ 5wU cv_©K¨ †ei Ki

cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb • • • • •

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†hŠ_ g~jabx eëmv‡qi ¸i“Z¡ (Importance of Joint Stock Company) eZ©gvb eëmvq RM‡Z GKgvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi g‡Zv †hŠ_ gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z cÖwZwôZ †Kv¤úvwb eëmvqI †`‡k †`‡k Lye RbwcÖq| ZvQvov e„n`vqZ‡bi eëmvq cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g wecyj msL¨K gvby‡li Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wói Rb¨ †Kv¤úvwb msMVb me‡P‡q †ewk Dc‡hvMx| Kg©ms¯’v‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ ïay †eKviZ¡B `~i nq bv, RxebhvÎvi gv‡biI DbœwZ nq Ges gv_vwcQz Avq ev‡o| Avevi GKgvwjKvbv I Askx`vwi eëmv‡q SuzwK Ges `vq Amxg nIqvi Kvi‡Y eo AvKv‡ii SzwuKc~Y© wewb‡qvM m¤¢e nq bv hv m¤¢e nq †Kv¤úvwb msMV‡b| ZvQvov DbœZ cªhyw³ mg„× wkíKviLvbv M‡o Zzj‡Z †Kv¤úvwb msMVbB †ewk Dchy³| KviY G ai‡bi eëmvq msMVb I wkíKviLvbv cÖwZôvi Rb¨ †h wekvj cwigvY g~jab I A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv †kqvi wewµi gva¨‡g cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv RbM‡Yi wbKU †_‡K msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j †`‡ki wkí Dbœqb weKv‡k m¤ú„³Zv e„w× cvq| †Kv¤úvwb msMVb cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g Avš—R©vwZK A½‡b eëmv‡qi cÖmvi e„w× cvq I wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©I my „p nq| eZ©gv‡b eûRvwZK wewfbœ †Kv¤úvwb wek¦e¨vcx Zv‡ì eëmvq cwiPvjbv K‡i| Avgv‡ì †`‡kI evUv my wjwg‡UW, BDwbwjfvi BZ¨vw` eûRvwZK cÖwZôvb KvR Ki‡Q| Gfv‡e GK †`‡ki †Kv¤úvwb Ab¨ †`‡k kvLv Ly‡j KvR Kivi gva¨‡g AvšÍ©RvwZK m¤úK©I M‡o D‡V| evsjv‡`‡k weMZ yB `kK hveZ A‡bK¸‡jv cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb I Kg©ms¯’vb e„w×‡Z Ae`vb ivL‡Q|

Kg©cÎ-3

evsjv‡`‡k Kg©iZ eûRvwZK cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki

evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b †hŠ_ g~jabx eëmv‡qi ¸i“Z¡ wPwýZ Ki

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†Kv¤úvwbi MVb cÖwµqv (Process of Formation of a Company) evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Abymv‡i KZK¸‡jv avivevwnK cÖwµqv AbymiY K‡i †Kv¤úvwb MVb Ki‡Z nq| †Kv¤úvwb MVb cÖwµqvwU mvaviYZ PviwU avivevwnK ch©v‡q m¤úbœ nq| †m¸‡jv n‡jv-

K. D‡`¨vM MÖnY ch©vq G ch©v‡q †Kv¤úvwb MV‡b AvMÖnx e¨w³MY wb‡Riv GKwÎZ n‡q †Kv¤úvwbi m¤¢ve¨ bvg, †Kv¤úvwbi aib, g~ja‡bi cwigvY, g~jab msMÖ‡ni Dcvq, †Kv¤úvwbi wVKvbv BZ¨vw` wel‡q wm×vš— MÖnY K‡ib| D‡`¨v³vMY eëmvq msMV‡bi m¤¢ve¨ bvg w¯’i K‡i wbeÜ‡Ki Awdm †_‡K †m bv‡g QvocÎ msMÖn Kivi †Póv K‡ib |

L. `wjjcÎ cÖYqb ch©vq G ch©v‡q †Kv¤úvwbi cwiPvjKMY †Kv¤úvwb eëmv‡qi `ywU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© `wjj cÖYqb K‡ib| GKwU n‡jv ¯§viKwjwc Ges Ab¨wU n‡jv cwi‡gj wbqgvewj| ¯§viKwjwc‡K †Kv¤úvwbi g~j `wjj, mb` ev msweavb ejv nq| G‡Z †Kv¤úvwbi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq †hgb †Kv¤úvwbi bvg, wbewÜZ Kvhv©j‡qi wVKvbv, D‡Ïk¨, g~ja‡bi cwigvY, †kqvigvwjK‡ì `vq-`vwqZ¡, b~¨bZg Puv`v BZ¨vw` welq wjwce× Kiv nq| Ab¨w`‡K cwi‡gj wbqgvewj‡Z †Kv¤úvwbi Af¨š—ixY cwiPvjbv msµvš— cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj welq wjwce× Kiv nq|

M. wbeÜbcÎ msMÖn ch©vq G ch©v‡q †Kv¤úvwb wbeÜ‡bi Rb¨ wbeÜ‡Ki Awdm †_‡K wd w`‡q Av‡e`bcÎ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq| Av‡e`bcÎ h_vh_fv‡e c~iY K‡i wba©vwiZ wd I cÖ‡qvRbxq `wjjcÎ wbeÜ‡Ki wbKU Rgv w`‡Z nq| wbeÜK wba©vwiZ Av‡e`bcÎ, mKj `wjjcÎ I wd cvIqvi ci hw` mKj wel‡q mš—yó nb Z‡e wbeÜb eB‡Z †Kv¤úvwbi bvg ZvwjKvfy³ K‡ib Ges wbeÜbcÎ cÖ`vb K‡ib| G cÎ cvIqvi ci cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb KvR ïi“ Ki‡Z cv‡i Z‡e cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb‡K KvR ïi“ Kivi Rb¨ wbeÜ‡Ki wbKU †_‡K Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq|

N. Kvh©vi¤¢ ch©vq cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb‡K Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ cvIqvi Rb¨ b~ bZg Puv`v (Minimum Subscription)

msMÖ‡ni †NvlYvcÎ Ges Rbmvavi‡Yi wbKU †kqvi weµ‡qi †NvlYvcÎmn wKQz ¸i“Z¡c~Y© `wjjcÎmn Av‡e`b Ki‡Z nq| me KvMRcÎ wVK _vK‡j Ges mš—yó n‡j wbeÜK cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb‡K Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ cÖ vb K‡ib| G cÎ cvIqvi c‡iB cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb eëmvq ïi“ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

mgevq mwgwZi aviYv (Concept of Cooperative Society) mgev‡qi kvwãK A_© n‡jv mw¤§wjZ D‡`¨v‡M ev cÖ‡Póvq KvR Kiv| mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póvq GwM‡q hvIqvi Aby‡cÖiYv I wPš—v †_‡KB mgev‡qi DrcwË| wkíwec−e I cÖhyw³wbf©i e„n`vqZb eëmvq msMV‡bi weKv‡ki d‡j cuywRev`x mgvR eë¯’vi wfZ hZ gReyZ n‡Z _v‡K, Gi cÖfv‡e mgv‡Ri A_©‰bwZK êlgÏ †`Lv w`‡Z _v‡K| ¯^íweË I ga¨weË †kÖwYi †ckvRxex I eëmvqxiv Avw_©Kfv‡e ~ie¯’vi m¤§yLxb n‡Z _v‡K| cuywRev`x mgv‡Ri m„ó G RvZxq A_©‰bwZK êlg¨ I `~ie¯’v †_‡K gyw³i cÖqv‡m we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k mgevq msMVb M‡o D‡V| me©cÖ_g mgevq Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv nq cwðg BD‡ivc, DËi Av‡gwiKv I Rvcv‡b| Z‡e mgevq mwgwZ cÖwZôvi c‡_ AMÖcw_K msMVb n‡”Q 1844 mv‡j DËi Bsj¨v‡Ûi iP‡Wj bvgK ¯’v‡b cÖwZwôZ iP‡Wj mgevq mwgwZ (Rochdale

Equitable Pioneers Society)| 28 Rb ZuvZ kÖwg‡Ki 28 ÷vwj©s cvDÊ cyuwR wb‡q cÖwZwôZ G mgevq mwgwZ‡K we‡k¦i me©cÖ_g mgevq eëmvq wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| G mwgwZi m`m¨‡ì Avw_©K Ae¯’v fv‡jv wQj

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bv| Zviv Zv‡ì ¯^í †eZb w`‡q D”Pg~‡jï Lv`¨mvgMxÖ I wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨vw` µq Ki‡Z m¶g wQj bv| mgevq mwgwZi gva¨‡g Zviv Zv‡ì wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq gq`v, wPwb RvZxq Lv`¨-mvgMÖx msMÖn K‡i Kg `v‡g wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ µq-weµ‡qi eë¯’v K‡ib|

we‡k¦i me©cÖ_g mgevq mwgwZ iP‡Wj mwgwZ ÔThe Rochdale Pioneers Equitable Society’ cÖwZwôZ nq 1844 mv‡j Bsj¨v‡Êi iP‡Wj bvgK ¯’v‡b |

wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ MYZvwš¿K gvbwmKZv, cvi¯úwiK Av¯’v I kÖ×v‡eva Ges mZZv‡K Zviv G eëmvq cwiPvjbvi bxwZ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib| Gfv‡eB mgevq mwgwZi hvÎv ïi“ nq|

Avgv‡ì G Dcgnv‡`‡k me©cÖ_g 1904 mv‡j miKvwifv‡e mgev‡qi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv nq| 1918 mv‡j KjKvZvq †e½j †Kv-Acv‡iwUf †dWv‡ikb cÖwZôv nq| 1959 mv‡j cÖL¨vZ wmwfj mvwf©m Kg©KZ©v W. Av³vi nvwg` Lv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ Kzwgj−vq cj −x Dbœqb GKv‡Wwg (BARD) cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g mgevq mwgwZ Av‡›`vjb e¨vcK RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i| ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k 1972 mv‡j RvZxq mgevq e¨vsK wjwg‡UW Kvh©µg ïi“ K‡i| cieZ©xKv‡j evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ cªKvi mgevq mwgwZ M‡o D‡V‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU D‡j−L‡hvM¨ mgevq mwgwZ n‡”Q y» Drcv`bKvix‡ì mgevq msMVb Ôevsjv‡`k y» Drcv`bKvix mgevq BDwbqb wjtÕ hv Ôwgé wfUvÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| GQvov RvZxq ch©v‡q evsjv‡`k grm¨Rxex mgevq mwgwZ wjt, evsjv‡`k A‡Uvwi·vPvjK mgevq †dWv‡ikb wjt, Kzwgj−v wkí mgevq mwgwZ wjt, evsjv‡`k RvZxq gwnjv mgevq mwgwZ wjwg‡UWmn A‡bK mgevq mwgwZ KvR Ki‡Q| 2009 mv‡ji wnmve g‡Z, evsjv‡`‡k 1,63,408wU cÖv_wgK mgevq mwgwZ i‡q‡Q hvi †gvU m`m¨ msL¨v n‡”Q 85,05,038 Rb| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki mKj mgevq mwgwZ 2001 mv‡ji mgevq AvBb Ges 2004 mv‡ji mgevq wewagvjv Abyhvqx cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| evsjv‡`kmn Dbœqbkxj I DbœZ wewfbœ †`‡k mgevq GKwU RbwcÖq eëmvq msMVb wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i‡Q|


evsjv‡`‡k mgev‡qi kZe‡l©i ¯§viK Lvg

mgevq msMV‡bi êwkó¨ (Characteristics of Cooperative Organization) mvaviYfv‡e KwZcq wbgœ I ga¨we‡Ëi mggbv e¨w³ wb‡R‡ì Avw_©K D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ †¯^”Qvq wgwjZ n‡q GKwU mgevq mwgwZ MVb K‡i| Zviv mgZvi wfwË‡Z g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡i, MYZvwš¿Kfv‡e D³ msMVbwU cwiPvjbv K‡i Ges b¨vqm½Zfv‡e D³ msMV‡bi SzuwK I m~‡hvM-myweav fvM K‡i wb‡Z m¤§Z nq| mgevq mwgwZi †ek wKQz êwkó¨ i‡q‡Q| wb‡gœ †m¸‡jv we‡k −lY Kiv n‡jv-

1. mvaviYZ wbgœweË I weËnxb mggbv I †ckvi e¨w³eM© †¯^”Qvg~jKfv‡e G RvZxq msMVb M‡o †Zv‡j| mwgwZi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q êa Dcv‡q mwgwZi m`m¨‡ì Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi Dbœqb mvab| eëmv‡qi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q AvZ¥wbf©ikxjZv AR©b, gybvdv AR©b bq|

2. 2001 mgevq AvB‡b wZb ai‡bi mgevq mwgwZi D‡j−L Av‡Q| †m¸‡jv n‡jv-

(K) cÖv_wgK mgevq mwgwZ, hvi m`m¨ msL¨v n‡e by bZg 20 Rb GKK e¨w³ Ges hvnvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡e êa Dcv‡q mwgwZi m`m¨‡ì Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi Dbœqb| me©vwaK m`‡mï msL¨v wbw`©ó K‡i ejv nqwb|

(L) †K›`ªxq mgevq mwgwZ, hvi m`m¨ n‡e Aš—Z 10wU cÖv_wgK mgevq mwgwZ Ges D‡Ïk¨ n‡e D³ m`m¨ mwgwZ¸‡jvi KvR-Kg© myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbvq mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ges mgš^q mvab|

(M) RvZxq mgevq mwgwZ, hvi m`m¨ n‡e 10wU †K› ªxq mgevq mwgwZ, Ges D‡Ïk¨ n‡e †`ke¨vcx D³ m`m¨ mwgwZ¸‡jvi KvR-Kg© myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbvq mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ges mgš^q mvab|

3. mgevq mwgwZ mgevq AvB‡b MwVZ GKwU K…wÎg I ¯^Zš¿ mËvwewkó msMVb hvi ¯’vqx avivevwnKZv _vK‡e, D‡Ïk¨ c~i‡Y †h †Kv‡bv ai‡bi m¤c` AR©b, aviY, n¯Ívš—i Kivi Ges Pzw³ Kivi AwaKvi _vK‡e| mwgwZi GKwU mvaviY wmj‡gvni _vK‡e Ges wbR bv‡g gvgjv `v‡qi Ki‡Z cvi‡e Ges mwgwZi bv‡gI Ab¨ †KD gvgjv `v‡qi Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

4. mgevq mwgwZi g~jab mgg~‡jï KZK¸‡jv †kqv‡i wef³ _v‡K| mgevq mwgwZi cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨ Aš—Z GKwU †kqvi µq K‡i mwgwZi m`m¨ n‡Z cvi‡eb Z‡e †Kv‡bv m`m¨ mwgwZi †gvU †kqvi g~ja‡bi GK-cÂgvs‡ki AwaK †kqvi µq Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| m`m¨M‡Yi `vq mvaviYZ mxwgZ I †kqvi g~j¨ Øviv mxgve×|

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5. eë¯’vcbv I cwiPvjbvi mKj ¯Í‡i mgevq mwgwZ‡K m¤ú~Y© MYZvwš¿K ixwZ-bxwZ AbymiY K‡i eëmvq cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z nq| mKj †kªwYi mgevq mwgwZi cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨ mwgwZi †Kv‡bv wm×vš— MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î GKwU gvÎ †fvU cÖ‡qv‡Mi AwaKvix| D³ †fvU e¨w³MZfv‡e Dcw¯’Z n‡q cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq, cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv †fvU †Ìqv hvq bv|

6. mgevq AvBb 2001 Abyhvqx mgevq mwgwZ wn‡m‡e wbewÜZ ev Aby‡gvw`Z bv n‡j †Kv‡bv e¨w³, e¨w³msN, msMVb ev mwgwZ Zvi bv‡gi Ask wn‡m‡e mgevq ev Cooperative kãwU eënvi Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| A_©vr wbeÜb e¨ZxZ ÔmgevqÕ kã eënvi wbwl×|

Ab¨vb¨ Kviev‡ii mv‡_ mgev‡qi †ek wgj _vK‡jI wKQz Avjv`v êwkóÏ i‡q‡Q |

mgevq mwgwZi cÖKvi‡f` (Classification of Cooperative Society) mgevq g~jZ ¯^íweË, wbgœweË I weËnxb †jvK‡ì msMVb| hwÌ eZ©gv‡b mgv‡Ri wewfbœ †kÖwY I †ckvi gvbyl wb‡R‡ì D‡`¨v‡M I miKvwi c„ô‡cvlKZvq Avw_©K I mvgvwRKfv‡e ¯^wbf©iZv Avbq‡bi j‡¶¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi mgevq mwgwZ MVb Ki‡Q| mgevq wewagvjv 2004-G †ckvwfwËK wb‡gœv³ mgevq mwgwZmg~‡ni bvg D‡j −L Kiv n‡q‡Q-

1. K…wl ev K…lK mgevq mwgwZ

2. grm¨Rxex ev grm¨Pvlx mgevq mwgwZ

3. kªgRxex mgevq mwgwZ

4. g„rwkíx mgevq mwgwZ

5. ZuvwZ mgevq mwgwZ

7. f‚wgnxb mgevq mwgwZ (m`m¨M‡Yi m‡e©v”P Rwgi cwigvY n‡e 40 kZK)

7. weËnxb mgevq mwgwZ

8. gwnjv mgevq mwgwZ

9. A‡Uvwi·v, A‡Uv‡U‡¤cv, U¨vw·K¨ve, gUi, UªvK, U¨v¼-jwi PvjK mgevq mwgwZ

10. nKvm© mgevq mwgwZ

11. cwienb gvwjK ev kªwgK mgevq mwgwZ

12. Kg©Pvix mgevq mwgwZ

13. y» mgevq mwgwZ

14. gyw³‡hv×v mgevq mwgwZ

15. hye mgevq mwgwZ (18 n‡Z 35 eQi eqmx hye I hye-gwnjv‡ì Rb¨)

18. M„nvqb (nvDwRs) mgevq mwgwZ

19. d¬¨vU ev GcvU©‡g›U gvwjK mgevq mwgwZ

20. †`vKvb gvwjK ev eëmvqx ev gv‡K©U mgevq mwgwZ


mKj ai‡bi mgevq mwgwZi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv m`m¨M‡Yi Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi Dbœqb| Z‡e ¯^íweË I wbgœweË‡ì Rb¨ mgev‡qi D™¢e n‡jI eZ©gv‡b wewfbœ †kÖwY I †ckvi weËkvjx e¨w³I mgevq mwgwZ MVb Kivi m~‡hvM cv‡”Q| d‡j Avkv Kiv hvq †h, ¯^Kg©ms¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g ¯^vej¤^x nevi B”QzK †`‡ki j¶ j¶ wkw¶Z I Aa©wkw¶Z hyeK mgevq mwgwZ MV‡b DØy× n‡e Ges †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Z m¶g n‡e|

mgevq mwgwZi MVb cÖwµqv (Formation Process of Cooperative Society) AvB‡bi gva¨‡g MwVZ e‡j AvBbMZ wbqg cvj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q mwgwZ MVb I cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z nq| evsjv‡`‡k 2001 mv‡ji mgevq AvB‡b mgevq msMVb MVb Ki‡Z PvB‡j wZbwU ch©v‡q mgevq mwgwZi MVb cÖwµqv m¤úbœ nq|

K. D‡`¨vM MÖnY ch©vq : cÖv_wgK mgevq mwgwZ MVb Ki‡Z PvB‡j mggbv, mg‡kÖwY, mg‡ckv I mggh©v`vi cÖvß eq¯‹ b~ bZg 20 Rb gvbyl †¯^”Qvq GKwÎZ n‡q D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| G mKj D‡`¨v³v wb‡R‡ì ga¨ †_‡K 6 Rb‡K wb‡q GKwU eë¯’vcbv KwgwU MVb K‡i| D³ KwgwU wbeÜbmn mgevq mwgwZ MV‡bi Rb¨ GKwU Dcwewa ˆZwi K‡i| Dcwewa‡Z mgevq mwgwZi bvg, wVKvbv, D‡Ïk¨, g~ja‡bi c~Y© weeiY, †kqv‡ii g~j¨gvb I msL¨v, †kqvi weµq c×wZ, D‡`¨v³v‡ì bvg, wVKvbv I c`we Ges mwgwZ cwiPvjbvi wbqg D‡j−L _v‡K| mwgwZi Rb¨ GKwU wmj‡gvniI ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq| mwgwZ mmxg `vqwewkó n‡j bv‡gi †k‡l wjt K_vwU wjL‡Z nq|

L. wbeÜb ch©vq : G ch©v‡q wbeÜ‡bi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| mwgwZwU †h GjvKvq Aew¯’Z †m GjvKvq miKvi KZ©©„K g‡bvbxZ wbeÜ‡Ki Awdm †_‡K wbeÜ‡bi Av‡e`b dig-1 msMÖn K‡i, h_vh_fv‡e c~iY K‡i wba©vwiZ wdmn cÖ¯ÍvweZ Dc AvB‡bi 3 (wZb) Kwcmn wbeÜ‡Ki wbKU Rgv w`‡Z nq| miKvwi Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq weËnxb, f~wgnxb Ges AvkÖqnxb‡ì `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡bi j‡¶¨ MwVZ cÖv_wgK mgevq mwgwZ wbeÜ‡bi Rb¨ 50 (cÂvk) UvKvi †UªRvwi Pvjvb, Ab¨vb¨ cÖv_wgK mgevq mwgwZ wbeÜ‡bi Rb¨ 300 (wZb kZ) UvKvi †UªRvwi Pvjvb, †K›`ªxq mgevq mwgwZ wbeÜ‡bi Rb¨ 1,000 (GK nvRvi) UvKvi †UªRvwi Pvjvb Ges RvZxq mgevq mwgwZi wbeÜ‡bi Rb¨ 5,000 (cuvP nvRvi) UvKvi †UªRvwi Pvjvb Av‡e`bc‡Îi mwnZ Rgv w`‡Z nq| wbeÜ‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ mgevq mwgwZi †kqvi g~ja†bi cwigvY wbw ©ó Kiv Av‡Q| `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡bi j‡¶¨ †m¦”Qvq ev miKvwi Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq MwVZ cÖv_wgK mgevq mwgwZ wbeÜ‡bi Rb¨ Kgc‡¶ 3,000 (wZb nvRvi) UvKv, †µwWU †Kv-Acv‡iwUf †mvmvBwU e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ cÖv_wgK mwgwZ wbeÜ‡bi Rb¨ Kgc‡¶ 20,000 (wek nvRvi) UvKv, †µwWU †Kv-Acv‡iwUf †mvmvBwU wbeÜ‡bi Rb¨ Kgc‡¶ 1,00,00,000 (GK †KvwU) UvKvi Ges †K›`ªxq mwgwZ I RvZxq mwgwZ wbeÜ‡bi Rb¨ Kgc‡¶ 1,00,000 (GK j¶) UvKv cwi‡kvwaZ †kqvi g~jab _vK‡Z n‡e| Av‡e`bcÎwU cix¶v-wbix¶v K‡i KvMRcÎ I wbqgvewjmn mKj welq mwVKfv‡e cvIqv †M‡j wbeÜK mgevq mwgwZi bvg Zvi wbeÜb eB‡Z ZvwjKvfy³ K‡ib Ges mwgwZ‡K wmjhy³ `yBKwc Dcwewa I wbeÜb b¤î cÖ vb K‡ib| Gfv‡e wbeÜ‡bi cÖwµqv m¤úbœ nq|

M. Kvh©vi¤¢ ch©vq : wbeÜbcÎ cvIqvi ci mgevq mwgwZ AvBbMZfv‡e Aw¯ÍZ¡ jvf K‡i| wbewÜZ bv n‡j †Kv‡bv msMVb mgevq K_vwU eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wbeÜb cÖvwßi ci D³ mwgwZi D‡`¨v³vMY wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv ïi“ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

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Kg©cÎ-5 : GKgvwjKvbv, Askx`vwi I †hŠ_g~jabx eëmv‡qi mv‡_ mgevq mwgwZi wgj I Awgj¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki wgj Awgj

• • • • •

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mgevq mwgwZi g~jbxwZ (Basic Principles of Cooperative Society)

Ab¨vb¨ eëmvq msMVb †_‡K wfbœ Av`k© I D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q mgevq msMVb M‡o D‡V| mvaviYZ mg‡kªwY I mg‡ckvfy³ wbgœweË, ga¨weË I weËnxb mgv‡Ri gvby‡liv cÖ_gZ wb‡R‡ì Av_©-mvgvwRK Kj¨v‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ †ek K‡qKwU g~jbxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i G ai‡bi msMVb M‡o †Zv‡j| wb‡P mgev‡qi bxwZ¸‡jv we‡k −lY Kiv n‡jv-

1. mgev‡qi cÖavb bxwZB n‡”Q mggbv, mg‡ckv I A_©‰bwZK w`K †_‡K mg‡kªwYi †jvK‡ì GKZv| g~jZ GKZvB ej (Unity is strength) bxwZi wfwË‡Z G eëmv‡qi DrcwË n‡q‡Q|

2. mgev‡qi Av‡iKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© bxwZ n‡jv mvg¨ ev mK‡ji mgvb Ae¯’vb I AskMÖnY| Gi m`m¨MY A_©‰bwZK-mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK I agx©qfv‡e †hgbB †nvK bv †Kb mevB mgvb gh©v`vi AwaKvix|

3. mgev‡qi Av‡iKwU bxwZ I g~j¨‡eva n‡jv mK‡ji Z‡i mK‡j Avgiv cÖ‡Z¨‡K Avgiv c‡ii Z‡i A_©vr cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv| m`m¨‡ì cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve I mnvbyf~wZ mgev‡qi Dbœq‡b ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡L| cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv, mngwg©Zv I mgev‡qi mvd‡jï PvweKvwV|

4. m`m¨‡ì cvi¯úwiK Av¯’v I wek¦vm mgev‡qi mvd‡jï Av‡iKKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© bxwZ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| m`m¨‡ì cvi¯úwiK Av¯’v I wek¦vm Zv‡ì‡K D`¨gx, AvMÖnx I AvZ¥wek¦vmx K‡i †Zv‡j|

5. mgev‡qi Av‡iKwU †gŠwjK Av`k© n‡jv Gi MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva I †PZbv| mgevq mwgwZ‡Z mK‡ji †fvU cÖ‡qv‡Mi AwaKvi Av‡Q Ges cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki GKwU †fvU _v‡K| †kqvi g~ja‡bi cwigvY m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ Kg-†ewk _vK‡jI †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qvM I gZvgZ cÖKv‡k mK‡ji mgvb my‡hvM Av‡Q|

evsjv‡`‡k mgevq eëmv‡qi mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv (Problems and Prospects of Cooperative Society in Bangladesh) evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v we‡ePbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, GLbI G †`‡ki kZKiv Avwk fvM gvbyl K…wl I MÖvgwfwËK wewfbœ †ckvq †hgb- K…lK, kÖwgK, ZuvwZ, grm Pvwl, Kvgvi, Kzgvi, †R‡j I wewfbœ ai‡bi ¶z ª I KzwUi wkí †hgb- euvk I †eZ wkí, g„rwkí, wSubyK wkí, n¯Í wkí Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq †hgb- gyw` †`vKvb, ìwR †`vKvb, Jla wewµi †`vKvb, mewR wewµi †`vKvb, †mjyb, Pv wewµi †`vKvb BZ¨vwì Dci wbf©i K‡i RxweKv wbe©vn Ki‡Q| A_P Zv‡ì †ewki fvMB ¯^í I wbgœ Av‡qi| d‡j Zviv wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK my‡hvM-myweav †hgb- wk¶v, wPwKrmv BZ¨vw` †_‡K ewÂZ| wKš—y Zv‡ì GKvi c‡¶ wb‡R‡ì DbœwZ Kiv m¤¢e bq| Ab¨w`‡K cÖvPxb Pvlvev` c×wZ, g~ja‡bi ¯^íZv, DbœZ mvi, exR I KxUbvk‡Ki Afve, LÊ LÊ K…wl Rwg BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y G †`‡ki A_©bxwZi cÖvY K…lK I K…wl Zv‡ì h_vh_ Ae`vb ivL‡Z cvi‡Q bv| Avevi


wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ GKZv, mn‡hvwMZv I Av¯’v bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y wewfbœ `vjvj †kÖwYi †jvK‡ì Øviv bvbv ai‡bi eÂbvi wkKvi n‡”Q| G mKj ¯^í I wbgœwe‡Ëi K…wlRxex, kÖgRxex I ¶z ª eëmvqx‡ì Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ me‡P‡q Dchy³ †¶Î n‡”Q mgevq msMVb| mggbv I mg‡kÖwYi H mKj †Mvôx wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ mgevq mwgwZ MVb K‡i wb‡R‡ì Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ †`‡ki Dbœq‡bI Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i| ¯^vaxbZvi ci †_‡K †`‡k A‡bK mgevq msMVb cÖwZôv n‡q‡Q hviv wb‡R‡ì fvM¨ Dbœq‡bi cvkvcvwk RvZxq Dbœq‡bI Ae`vb ivL‡Q| wKš—y †`‡ki Ges mgv‡Ri Zzjbvq Zv h‡_ó bq| miKvwi c„ô‡cvlKZv, Dchy³ cÖwk¶Y, MYgva¨‡g e¨vcK cÖPviYv BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g mKj‡K we‡kl K‡i hyemgvR‡K mgev‡qi w`‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

Kg©cÎ-6

†Zvgv‡ì GjvKvi K…lK‡ì‡K mgevq msMVb Kivi Rb¨ †Zvgiv Kxfv‡e DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z cvi?

covïbv †kl K‡i Zzwg Kxfv‡e wb‡R‡K mgevq msMVb Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ Ki‡e?

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ivóªxq eëmv‡qi aviYv (Concept of the State enterprise)

mvaviY A‡_© miKvi KZ©„K MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z eëmvq‡K ivóªxq eëmvq e‡j| Gi~c eëmvq ivóª KZ„©©K cÖwZwôZ n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb †h †Kv‡bv eëmvq‡K iv‡óªi cÖ‡qvR‡bi RvZxqKi‡Yi gva¨‡g ivóªxq eëmv‡q i~cvš—wiZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ †`‡k AwaK wkívqb, AwaK Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó, gy ªv I e¨vswKs eëmvq wbqš¿Y, cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`mn mKj m¤ú‡ì mylg eÈb I eënv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ Ges we‡kl wKQz RbKj¨vYg~jK †¶‡Î ivóxqfv‡e eëmvq cÖwZwôZ n‡q _v‡K| ZvQvov †`ki¶v I wbivcËvi Rb¨ A¯¿ wbg©vY wk‡íi Dci wbqš¿Y ivLvi D‡Ï‡kÏ ivóªxq eëmvq cÖwZôv I cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b we‡k¦i cÖvq me †`‡kB ivóªxq cwiPvjbvq †ek wKQz eëmvq cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K|

ivóªxq eëmv‡qi êwkó¨ (Charecteristis of the State Enterprise)

Ab¨vb¨ eëmv‡qi †P‡q ivóªxq eëmv‡qi †ekwKQy ¯^Zš¿ êwkó¨ i‡q‡Q| wb‡gœ †m¸‡jv we‡k −lY Kiv n‡jv|

• ivóªxq eëmvq mvaviYZ ivóª cÖav‡bi Aa¨v‡`k ev RvZxq msm‡` wej cv‡mi gva¨‡g MwVZ nq| ZvQvov miKvwi Aa¨v‡`‡ki gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb‡K RvZxqKi‡bi gva¨‡gI Gi~c eëmvq MVb Kiv hvq|

• ivóªxq eëmv‡qi gvwjKvbv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e iv‡óªi Dci b¨¯Í _v‡K I mKj g~jab miKviB mieivn K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e miKvi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Ae¯’vq RbM‡Yi wbKU AvswkK †kqvi wewµ Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î g~jab †hvMvb`vZv miKvi I RbMY|

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

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• we‡kl AvBb Øviv MwVZ nq e‡j G RvZxq eëmvq K…wÎg I ¯^Zš¿ e¨w³mËvi AwaKvix| ¯^Zš¿ e¨w³mËvi AwaKvix nIqvi Kvi‡Y ivóªxq eëmvq wPiš—b Aw¯Í‡Z¡i AwaKvix|

• Ab¨vb¨ eëmv‡qi g‡Zv gybvdv AR©b ev e„w× ivóªxq eëmv‡qi g~j D‡Ïk¨ bq| Rb‡mev ev RbKj¨vYB G RvZxq eëmv‡qi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨|

• G RvZxq eëmv‡q jvf n‡j Zv miKvwi Znwe‡j Rgv nq Ges RbKj¨v‡Y e¨q nq| Avevi †jvKmvb n‡j Zv miKvi‡KB enb Ki‡Z nq|

• G RvZxq eëmv‡qi mvdj¨ I e¨_©Zvi Rb¨ miKvi‡K RvZxq msm‡ì wbKU Revew`wn Ki‡Z nq|

Kg©cÎ-7 : aviYv I êwkó¨ we‡k−lY K‡i ivóªxq eëmv‡qi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wPwýZ Ki • • • • • • • • •

evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªxq eëmvq (State Enterprises of Bangladesh)

1971 mv‡ji 16B wW‡m¤î ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi ci bZzb miKvi RbKj¨vYgyLx, mylg I b¨vqwfwËK ivóª cÖwZôvi j‡¶¨ A‡bK¸‡jv e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb wkí KviLvbv, evwYwR¨K, Avw_©K I wegv cÖwZôvb‡K RvZxqKiY K‡i| mv‡_ mv‡_ ivóªxq gvwjKvbvqI †ekwKQz cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zv‡j| cieZx©‡Z A‡bK cÖwZôvb e¨w³ gvwjKvbvq †Q‡o w`‡jI GLbI A‡bK¸‡jv ivóªxq eëmvq cÖwZôvb i‡h‡Q| wb‡gœ evsjv‡`‡ki †ek wKQz ivóªxq eëmv‡qi bvg, aib I †m¸‡jvi wbqš¿YvaxY gš¿Yvj‡qi bvg GKwU ZvwjKvq †Ìqv n‡jv-

evsjv‡`k e¨vsK


ivóªxq e¨emv‡qi bvg e¨emv‡qi aib wbqš¿YKvix gš¿Yvj‡qi bvg • evsjv‡`k ivmvqwbK wkí ms¯’v wkí wkí

• evsjv‡`k cvUKj wkí ms¯’v wkí wkí

• evsjv‡`k we y r Dbœqb †evW© †mev wkí R¡vjvwb I LwbR

• evsjv‡`k e¨vsK e¨vswKs A_©

• evsjv‡`k moK cwienb ms¯’v cwienb †hvMv‡hvM

• evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q cwienb †hvMv‡hvM

• evsjv‡`k ch©Ub ms¯’v †mev wegvb I ch©Ub

• evsjv‡`k wegvb cwienb wegvb I ch©Ub

• evsjv‡`k Af¨šÍixY Rj cwienY ms¯’v cwienb †hvMv‡hvM

• evsjv‡`k e¯¿Kj ms¯’v wkí wkí

• evsjv‡`k †Uwj‡dvb wkí ms¯’v †mev †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM

• evsjv‡`k †gwkb Uzjm d¨v±wi, MvRxcyi wkí evsjv‡`k †mbvevwnbx

• evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb †mev Z_¨

• evsjv‡`k †eZvi †mev Z_¨

• wZZvm M¨vm UªvÝwgkb GÛ wWw÷ªweDkb †Kv¤úvwb wj: †mev R¡vjvwb I LwbR gš¿Yvjq

• Rxeb wegv K‡cv©‡ikb Rxeb wegv A_©

wZZvm M¨vm UªvÝwgkb GÛ wWw÷ªweDkb †Kv¤úvwb wjt

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

59

Abykxjbx eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| me‡P‡q cÖvPxb I RbwcÖq msMVb †KvbwU? K. Askx`vwi L. GKgvwjKvbv M. mgevq N. †hŠ_ g~jabx 2| Askx`vwi eëmv‡q KLb Av¯’v msKU †`Lv †`q? K. wm×vš— MÖn‡Y wej¤^ n‡j L. Pzw³ wjwLZ bv n‡j M. gybvdv Kg n‡j N. cvi¯úwiK wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv nviv‡j|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : imyjcyi MÖv‡gi `wi ª M„nea~iv wb‡R‡ì fv‡M¨vbœq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU mwgwZ MVb K‡ib| ¯’vbxq GbwRI †_‡K wKQz FY wb‡q wewfbœ n¯Íwkí ˆZwi K‡i kn‡i weµq K‡ib| GKw`b Zv‡ìB GKRb m`m¨ kn‡i cY¨ wb‡q hvIqvi mgq yN©Ubvq co‡j m¤ú~Y© cY¨ ¶wZMÖ — nq| d‡j Zviv weivU ¶wZi m¤§yLxb n‡jI cieZ©x‡Z mK‡j GKwbôfv‡e KvR K‡i Zv‡ì Dbœq‡bi aviv eRvq iv‡Lb| 3| DÏxc‡K Dwj−wLZ mwgwZwU †Kvb mwgwZi Aš—f©y³? K. weËnxb L. f~wgnxb M. eëmvqx N. K…wl 4| Dwj −wLZ mwgwZwU mdj nIqvi KviY- i. cvi¯úwiK Av ’v ii. mn‡hvwMZvc~Y© g‡bvfve

iii. MYZvwš¿K g‡bvfve wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 1| wbgœweË cwiev‡ii eo mš—vb Avwei hLb GmGmwm cvm K‡i †m mg‡q nVvr Zvi evev gviv hvq| d‡j

msmv‡ii `vwqZ¡ Zvi Dci G‡m c‡o| G‡Z Zvi †jLvcovi mgvwß N‡U| djkÖ“wZ‡Z Avwei wKQz UvKv avi K‡i KvjxMÄ evm÷¨v‡Êi Kv‡Q †QvU GKwU Pv‡qi †`vKvb Ly‡j Kg©Rxeb ïi“ K‡ib| K. ivóªxq eëmv‡qi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ Kx? L. GKgvwjKvbv I Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi 1wU cv_©K¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| M. Avwe‡ii eëmv‡qi ¯’vwqZ¡ †Kgb n‡e? e¨vL¨v Ki| N. mvsMVwbK aib we‡ePbvq Avwe‡ii eëmvqwU ÔKg SuywKc~Y©Õ A_P Amxg `vqm¤úbœÑ DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI|


2| bvwdR I Zvi Pvi eÜz Pzw³i wfwË‡Z GKwU Lv`¨ cÖwµqvRvZKiY KviLvbv ¯’vcb K‡ib| Drcvw`Z c‡Yï ¸YMZ gvb fv‡jv nIqvq w`b w`b Pvwn`v e„w× cv‡”Q| wKš—y Avw_©K mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y eëmvq m¤úÖmviY I AvaywbKvq‡b mgm¨v n‡”Q| ZvB Zviv msMV‡bi aib cwieZ©b K‡i 1994 mv‡ji AvBbvbyhvqx ÔbvwdR GÛ †d«ÛmÕ †Kvs wjt bv‡g cÖwZôvbwU wbeÜb K‡i e„nr cwim‡i KvR ïi“ K‡ib| 2 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ Zviv `yBwU wefvMxq kn‡i Zv‡ì kvLv Ly‡j eëmvq m¤úªmviY K‡ib|

K. eëmvq msMVb KZ cÖKvi? L. GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq Ôgvwj‡Ki `vq AmxgÕ K_vwU e¨vL¨v Ki| M. bvwdR I Zvi eÜz‡ì 1g ch©v‡qi eëmvq msMVbwU Kx wQj? e¨vL¨v Ki| N. mvsMVwbK aib cwieZ©b Kivq bvwdR‡ì cÖwZôvbwU †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z AviI †ewk f~wgKv ivL‡e-

welqwU g~j¨vqb Ki|

cÂg Aa¨vq

eëmv‡qi AvBbMZ w`K Legal Aspects of Business

RxweKv AR©b I gybvdv AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ †h †Kv‡bv eëmvq Kivi AwaKvi mK‡ji i‡q‡Q| Z‡e mKj eëmvq †`‡ki cÖPwjZ AvBb Øviv ¯^xK…Z I êa n‡Z nq| G Aa¨v‡q eëmv‡qi wewfbœ AvBbMZ w`K †hgb jvB‡mÝ, †UªW gvK©m, d« vbmvBR BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvie|


• eëmv‡qi AvBbMZ w`‡Ki aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie|

• jvB‡m‡Ýi aviYv I GwU cvIqvi Dcvq eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

• d«¨vbmvB‡Ri aviYv I GwU cvIqvi Dcvq eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

• †c‡U‡›Ui aviYv, wbeÜbKiY I myweavewj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

• †UªªW gv‡K©©i aviYv I aib e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie|

• †UªªW gvK© wbeÜb Kivi c×wZ avivevwnKfv‡e eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

• KwcivB‡Ui aviYv I wbeÜb cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie|

• KwcivBU wbeÜb Kivi myweav eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

• KwcivBU f½ Kivi cwiYwZ we‡k −lY Ki‡Z cvie|

• wegvi aviYv I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie|

• wegvi cÖKvi‡f` I wegv Kivi cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie|

eëmv‡qi AvBbMZ w`K 62

eëmv‡qi AvBbMZ w`K (Legal Aspects of Business) 1998 wk¶vel© †_‡K eëmvq D‡`¨vM †Kvm©wU gva¨wgK ch©v‡q Hw”QK welq wn‡m‡e eëmvq wk¶v kvLvq Aš—fy©³ Kiv nq| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi eëmvq D‡`¨vM wel‡qi GKRb wk¶‡Ki D‡`¨v‡M cvV¨cy ÍKwU iwPZ nq Ges wZwb GwU evRviRvZ K‡ib| GB wel‡qi wk¶v_x©iv eBwU nv‡Z cvIqvi Rb¨ A‡c¶v KiwQj| d‡j 3q ms¯‹i‡Y Qvcv‡bv eBwU 8000 Kwc AwZ ¯^í mg‡qi g‡a¨ wewµ n‡q hvq| 4_© ms¯‹i‡Y †jLK 4000 Kwc eB Qvwc‡q evRv‡i Qv‡ob wKš—y eBwUi weµq AvKw¯§Kfv‡e eÜ n‡q hvq| †LuvR wb‡q †`Lv †Mj, evRv‡i bKj eB G‡m †M‡Q hvi `vg A‡c¶vK…Z Kg| eBwUi †jLK Dcvqvš—i bv †`‡L wbKUeZ©x _vbvq †M‡jb| _vbv KZ©„c¶ eBwUi KwcivBU wbewÜZ Av‡Q wKbv Rvb‡Z PvB‡jb| hwÌ wbeÜ‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© †jLK AeMZ wQ‡jb, wKš—y G wel‡qi cÖwZ ¸i“Z¡ bv w`‡q KwcivBU Kiv †_‡K weiZ wQ‡jb| _vbv KZ©„c¶ G K_v †R‡b †Kv‡bv mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z AcviM e‡j ytL cÖKvk K‡i| cwiYv‡g †jLK Avw_©Kfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡jb Ges cieZ©x‡Z eBwU cybtcÖKv‡ki AvMÖn nvwi‡q †d‡jb|

Dc‡ivD³ MíwU cvV K‡i †Zvgiv Kx eyS‡j?

†jLK hw` KwcivBU mswk−ó KZ©„c‡¶i Kv‡Q eBwUi KwcivBU wbeÜb K‡i ivL‡Zb Zvn‡j wZwb †Kv‡bv ¶wZi m¤§yLxb n‡Zb bv| eëmvq D‡`¨v³v‡ì wKQy eyw×e„wËK m¤ú` _v‡K †hgb KwcivBU, †c‡U›U, †UªWgvK© BZ¨vw`| G¸‡jv eëmvq D‡`¨v‡Mi M‡elYvi dmj Ges eëmv‡qi AwZg~jëvb m¤ú`| Gme m¤ú` msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ me †`‡kB AvBbMZ wewa weavb i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© eëmvq D‡`¨v³v‡ì cÖv_wgK Ávb _vKv Avek¨K| AvBb Kvbyb m¤ú‡K© aviYv eëmv‡qi AvBbMZ mgm¨v †_‡K i¶v †c‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

1. jvB‡mÝ (License) †h †Kv‡bv eëmvq ïiy Kivi Av‡M mswk−ó KZ…©c‡¶i KvQ †_‡K Aby‡gv`b wb‡Z nq ev wbeÜb Ki‡Z nq| Aby‡gv`b ev wbeÜb Kivi c×wZ wewfbœ iK‡gi| GKK gvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi †¶‡Î hw` Gi Ae¯’vb †cŠi GjvKvi wfZ‡i nq Zvn‡j †cŠi KZ…©c‡¶i Ges †cŠi GjvKvi evB‡i n‡j mswk−ó †Rjv cÖkvm‡bi KvQ †_‡K †UªD jvB‡mÝ msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e| evsjv‡`‡k Askx`vwi eëmvq wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK bq| Z‡e Askx`viMY B”Qv Ki‡j Askx`vwi AvB‡b Dwj −wLZ wbqgvbymv‡i wbeÜb dig c~iY K‡i wbeÜ‡bi R‡b¨ ¯’vbxq wbeÜ‡Ki Kv‡Q A‡e`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| Av‡e`‡bi di‡gi mv‡_ wbw`ó nv‡i wbeÜb wd Rgv w`‡Z nq|

†hŠ_ g~jabx †Kv¤úvwb wbeÜb

†Kv¤úvwb AvBb Abymv‡i evsjv‡`‡k †hŠ_ g~jabx eëmv‡qi wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK| G †¶‡Î †Kv¤úvwbi wbeÜ‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib †iwR÷ªvi Ae R‡q›U ÷K †Kv¤úvwb| cÖeZ©KMY †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Abymv‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq `wjjmn wd cÖ vb K‡i wbeÜ‡Ki wbKU Av‡e`b K‡ib| `wjjvw` I cÖgvYcÎ cix¶v-wbix¶v K‡i mš—yó n‡j wbeÜK wbeÜbcÎ Bmy K‡ib| wbeÜbcÎ cvIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ †Kv¤úvwb Rb¥ jvf K‡i| cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi †¶‡Î b~ bZg yBRb cÖeZ©K‡K Ges cvewjK †Kv¤úvwbi †ejvq mvZRb cÖeZ©K‡K wbeÜ‡bi Rb¨ Av‡e`b Ki‡Z nq| cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb wbeÜbcÎ cvIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ eëmvq ïiy Ki‡Z cv‡i, wKš—y cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb‡K eëmv ïiy Kivi Rb¨ Kvh©vi‡¤¢i AbygwZcÎ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq|

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1. d«vbmvBwRs (Franchising)

eZ©gv‡b d«vbmvBwRs c×wZ‡Z eëmvq ¯’vcb I cwiPvjb RbwcÖq n‡q D‡V‡Q| †Kv‡bv L¨vZbvgv †Kv¤úvwbi bvg eënvi Ges Gi cY¨ ˆZwi, wewµ ev weZiY Kivi AwaKvi‡K d«vbmvBwRs e‡j| G ai‡bi eëmvi D`vniY n‡jv e¨vÛ eK&m †Kv¤úvwb, wc¾vnvU, †KGdwm BZ¨vw`| d«vbmvBwRs eëmvq `ywU c¶ _v‡K, d«vbmvBRi I d«vbmvBwR| D`vniY¯î~c ejv hvq, Av‡gwiKvi †KGdwm n‡”Q d«vbmvBRi Ges evsjv‡`‡ki ÷ªvÝKg wjt n‡”Q d«vbmvBwR| d«vbmvBwRs eëmv‡qi cÖavb êwkó¨ n‡jv :

1) d«vbmvBRi I d«vbmvBwR-Gi g‡a¨ Pzw³cÎ|

2) eª v‡ÛW cY¨ ev †mev

3) cY¨ ev †mev ¯^xK„Z gvb I cÖwµqv Abyhvqx n‡”Q wKbv Zv hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ d«vbmvBRvi KZ©„K gwbUwis|

d«vbmvBR Pzw³

d«vbmvBwRs eëmv‡qi cÖavb êwkó¨ n‡jv d«vbmvBwRs Pzw³ hv d«vbmvBwR I d«vbmvBRv‡ii g‡a¨ ¯^v¶wiZ nq| cyuwRi cwigvY, cÖwk¶‡Yi eë¯’v, eë¯’vcbvq mvnvh¨, d«vbmvBR GjvKv BZ¨vw` †f‡` Pzw³i aviv¸‡jv wewfbœ iKg n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e mKj d«vbmvBwRs Pzw³i g‡a¨ wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jv Aš—f©y³ _v‡K :

K. d«vbmvBwR cÖ_‡g wbw ©ó A‡¼i wd Ges c‡i weµ‡qi Dci wbw`©ó nv‡i gvwmK wd cÖ vb K‡i| cÖwZw`‡bi wn‡m‡e d¬vbmvBwR d«vbmvBRv‡ii cY¨ ev †mev weµ‡qi AwaKvi cvq|

L. d¬vbmvBwR Aek¨B cÖ‡qvRbxq cwigvY wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z ivwR _vK‡eb|

M. Dfq c‡¶i cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ _vK‡e eëmv †_‡K A_© DcvR©b| AvqB n‡e eëmvi mvdj¨ wba©vi‡Yi gvcKvwV | mdj n‡Z n‡j eë¯’vcbv n‡Z n‡e `¶, cY¨ ev †mev n‡Z n‡e DËg |

N. wd cÖvwßi w`b †_‡KB d«vbmvBRvi Avq Ki‡Z _vK‡e| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq d«vbmvBwRi Kvh© AwaKvi †Ìqvi Av‡MB d«vbmvBRvi wd `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i|

O. Pzw³‡Z †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq d¬vbmvBRvi wb‡RB eëmv GjvKv wba©viY, AeKvVv‡gv wbg©vY Ges Gm‡ei gvwjKvbv wb‡Ri Kv‡Q ivL‡Z cv‡i|

P. eëmv hw` d«vbmvBR‡ii gvb`Ê Abyhvqx mdj bv nq Zvn‡j †h †Kv‡bv mgq Pzw³cÎ evwZj K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i|

Q) d«vbmvBwR ïay H AvB‡Ugmg~n weµq Ki‡Z cvi‡e hv d«vbmvBRi MÖnY‡hvM¨ g‡b K‡i|


Pzw³c‡Îi kZ©vewj hw` Df‡qi Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ nq Zvn‡j Pzw³cÎ ¯^v¶wiZ n‡e|

d«vbmvBwRs cÖwZôv‡bi AvBbMZ aviYv Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k mswk−ó KZ©…c‡¶i wbqg Abyhvqx wbeÜb K‡i eëmv ïi“ Ki‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY¯î~c ejv hvq hw` cÖwZôvbwU cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb nq Zvn‡j †iwRóªvi Ae R‡q›U ÷K †Kv¤úvwbi KvQ †_‡K wbeÜb K‡i evsjv‡`‡k eëmv ïi“ Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

d«vbmvBwRs ev jvB‡mbwms-Gi gva¨‡g eëmvq ïiy Kivi A‡bK¸‡jv myweav Av‡Q| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ eª v‡Ûi cY¨ evRviRvZKiY myweav, Kg©Pvix‡ì cÖwk¶‡Yi eë¯’v, d«vbmvBR‡ii KvQ †_‡K eëmvq msµvšÍ civgk© †bIqv Ges †h †Kv‡bv mgq A_©vq‡bi eë¯’v Ab¨Zg| Amyweav¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Kov gwbUwis, Pzw³c‡Îi Dwj−wLZ kZ© f‡½i Rb¨ Pzw³ evwZ‡ji m¤¢vebv Ges †ewk cwigvY wewb‡qvM Ab¨Zg| Gm‡Ë¡I d«vbmvBwRs eë¯’v bZzb bZyb eëmvq cÖwZôv Kivi †¶‡Î mnvqZv Ki‡Q| we‡`‡k G RvZxq eëmvq RbwcÖqZv jvf Ki‡jI evsjv‡`‡k GLbI †Zgb RbwcÖqZv I cwiwPwZ jvf K‡iwb| eo eo kn‡ii cvkvcvwk †Rjv kni¸‡jv‡Z G¸‡jvi kvLv e„w× Ki‡j ax‡i ax‡i Gi cÖmvi evo‡e|

1. †gavm¤ú` (Intellectual Property)

gbb I †gav Øviv m„ó KvRB †gavm¤ú`| eëmvq, wk‡í ev evwY‡R¨ cÖ‡qvM Dc‡hvMx Avwe®‹vi, mvwnZ¨ I wkíKg©, bKkv, cÖZxK, bvg BZ¨vw` †gavm¤ú‡ì Aš—f©y³| wkí ev eëmvq D‡`¨v³vi †gavm¤ú` ej‡Z Hme g~jëvb m¤ú`‡K †evSvq hv †m `xN©w`b cÖ‡Póv Pvwj‡q D™¢veb K‡i‡Q| me D™¢veb I m„Rbkxj Kg©Kv‡Êi g~‡j i‡q‡Q †gavm¤ú`| †gavm¤ú`‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q gvbyl Rq K‡i‡Q m„wói A‡bK ARvbv inm¨| m¤¢e K‡i Zy‡j‡Q A‡bK Am¤¢e‡K| Gme m¤ú‡ì g‡a¨ †c‡U›U, †UªWgvK© Ges KwcivBU Ab¨Zg| mviv we‡k¦i g‡Zv evsjv‡`‡kI 26 GwcÖj wek¦ †gavm¤ú` wèm cvwjZ nq|

2. †c‡U›U (Patents)

†c‡U›U n‡jv GK ai‡bi †gavm¤ú`| †c‡U‡›Ui gva¨‡g Gi~c Avwe®‹v‡ii Rb¨ Avwe®‹viK‡K Zvi ¯^xK…wZ¯î~c GKwU wbw`ó© mg‡qi Rb¨ GK‡PwUqv gvwjKvbv cÖ`vb Kiv nq| G‡¶‡Î cY¨ ev †mevi D™¢veK ev Avwe®‹viK I miKv‡ii g‡a¨ Pzw³ nq| Avwe®‹viK‡K †c‡U›UwU cÖ v‡bi A_© n‡jv GB wbw ©ó mg‡q Ab¨ †KD GwU ˆZwi, eënvi Ges weµq Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| A‡bK mgq †Kvb Amvay eëmvqx ev cÖwZ‡hvMx wewa j•Nb K‡i bKj cY¨ evRv‡i weµq K‡i D™¢vebKvix‡K Avw_©Kfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯— K‡i| †c‡U›U Kivi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi cwikÖgjä D™¢veb bKj ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Dcv‡q ˆZwi ev wewµ K‡i hv‡Z Avw_©K myweav AR©b bv Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi eë¯’v Kiv| eëmvq RM‡Z cÖK…Z D™¢veK Gfv‡e ¶wZMÖ — n‡q‡Q e‡j †c‡U›U aviYvi DrcwË n‡q‡Q| e¯‘Z G wel‡q wk‡ív‡`¨v³v m‡PZbZvi Afve ev Ae‡njvi Kvi‡Y A‡bK mgq cÖZvwiZ n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k 1911 mv‡ji †c‡U›U I wWRvBb AvBb Pvjy Av‡Q|

3. cY¨ cÖZxK/†UªWgvK© (Trademark)

eëmvi †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv cY¨‡K A‡bï Abyi~c ev Awfbœ cY¨ n‡Z ¯^Zš¿ Kivi j‡¶¨ eëüZ cÖZxK‡K †UªWgvK© e‡j| wVK GKB D‡Ï‡k¨ †mevi †¶‡Î eëüZ cÖZxK‡K mvwf©m gvK© e‡j| ¯^vZš¿ ZvB gvK© ev cÖZx‡Ki g~j welq| wWfvBm (device), eªvÛ (brand), wk‡ivbvg (Heading), †j‡ej (label), wU‡KU, bvg, ¯^v¶i, kã,

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

65

A¶i, cÖZxK, msL¨v hy³ Dcv`vb, i‡Oi Gi mgš^q ev G¸‡jvi †h †Kv‡bv i~c mgšq cÖZx‡Ki Aš—fy©³ n‡e| †gvoK cÖZx‡Ki g‡a¨ Aš—fy©³ bq|

†UªWgvK© †iwR‡÷ªk‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv (Necessity of Trademark Registration) †Kv‡bv cÖZxK ev gv‡K©i †iwR‡÷ªkb H cY¨ ev †mevi †¶‡Î cÖZxKwU eënv‡ii wel‡q †iwR÷vW© gvwjK‡K GK”QÎ ¯^Ë¡ ev AwaKvi cÖ vb K‡i| †iwR÷vW© gvwj‡Ki AbygwZ Qvov †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb H cÖZxKwU eënvi Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| †iwR÷vW© gvK©wU mycwiwPZ n‡j Ab¨vb¨ cY¨ ev †mevi †¶‡ÎI gvwj‡Ki G AwaKvi cÖwZwôZ n‡e| AvBb Øviv G AwaKvi myiw¶Z| G AwaKvi jw•NZ n‡j Av`vj‡Z gvgjv K‡i cÖwZKvi cvIqv hv‡e|

†UªW gvK© †iwR‡÷ªk‡bi mgqmxgv (Time-limit of Trademark Registration) †iwR÷vW© †UªW gv‡K©i gvwjK gvK©wU eënv‡ii GK”QÎ AwaKvi msi¶Y K‡ib| †iwR‡÷ªkb †Ìqv nq 7 eQ‡ii Rb¨| †gqv` DËxY© nIqvi Av‡M Av‡e`b Ki‡j 10 eQ‡ii Rb¨ bevqb Kiv hvq| Awbw ©óKvj ch©š— cybt cybt bevqb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| bevqb bv Ki‡j, kZ© jw•NZ n‡j ev †Kv‡bv Awf‡hvM cÖgvwYZ n‡j †iwR‡÷ªkb evwZj Kiv nq| Dcgnv‡`‡k 1940 mv‡j †UªWgvK©m AvBb cÖYqb Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k †UªWgvK©m AvBb 2009 Pvjy Av‡Q|

1. KwcivBU (Copyright) KwcivBUI GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© eyw×e„wËK m¤ú` hv i¶v Kivi eë¯’v bv Ki‡j Gi ¯^Z¡vwaKvix ev gvwjK ¶wZMÖ —nq| KwcivB‡Ui gva¨‡g mvwnZ¨, wkíKg© I Ab¨vb¨ wkíKjv m„wóKvix‡K Zvi m„ó †gavm¤ú` eënv‡ii GK”QÎ AwaKvi cÖ vb Kiv nq| Mí, bvUK, cÖeÜ, KweZv RvZxq mvwnZ¨Kg©, wPÎKg©, Pjw”PÎ, m½xZ, hš¿ ms½xZ, fv¯‹h©, ¯’vcZ¨Kjv KwcivBU Øviv msiw¶Z nq| eZ©gv‡b Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨viI KwcivBU Øviv msiw¶Z nq| D`vniY¯î~c ejv hvq hLb †Kv‡bv cy¯Í‡Ki †jLK Ges cÖKvk‡Ki g‡a¨ eBwU gy ªY I evRviRvZKi‡Yi Rb¨ wbw ©ó mg‡qi Pzw³ nq G‡KB KwcivBU Pzw³cÎ ejv nq| Pzw³c‡Î mgq, i‡qjwUi cwigvY cÖf„wZ D‡j−L _v‡K| Pzw³cÎ †iwRwóª Kiv _vK‡j Pzw³ f‡½i Rb¨ †jLK †Kv‡U© cÖwZKvi PvB‡Z cv‡i| eª v‡Ûi cY¨, †Ljv, ZviKv‡ì bvg cÖf„wZ KwcivBU Pzw³i gva¨‡g wecYb Kiv hvq| cÖK…Z c‡¶ KwcivBU Pzw³ cY¨ evRviRvZKi‡Yi GKwU RbwcÖq Dcvq| Dcgnv‡`‡k 1912 mv‡j cÖ_g KwcivBU AvBb cÖYxZ nq| evsjv‡`‡k KwcivBU AvBb 2000 cÖPwjZ Av‡Q hv me©‡kl 2005 mv‡j ms‡kvab Kiv nq| †gvU K_v †gavm¤ú` msi¶‡Yi Dcvq¸‡jv h_vh_fv‡e eënvi Ki‡j eëmvq D‡`¨v³v A‡bKvs‡k ¶wZMÖ — nIqv †_‡K i¶v cv‡e| KwcivBU AvBb 2005 Abyhvqx †jLK ev wkíxi RxebKvjxb I g„Zy i ci 60 eQi ch©š— KwcivBU msiw¶Z _v‡K|


2. evsjv‡`k ÷¨vÛvW©m GÛ †Uw÷s Bbw÷wUDkb (Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution-BSTI)

†Kv‡bv we‡kl cY¨ Drcv`b I wecYb Ki‡Z PvB‡j ev †mB we‡kl cY¨wU‡K evRv‡i cÖPwjZ Abyi~c Ab¨vb¨ cY¨ †_‡K Avjv`v wn‡m‡e cªwZwôZ Ki‡Z PvB‡j cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a †mB c‡Yï cÖZxK †iwR‡÷ªkb ev wbewÜKiY Ki‡Z nq| Gi Rb¨ `vwqZ¡cÖvß cÖwZôvb n‡”Q evsjv‡`k ÷¨vÛvW©m GÛ †Uw÷s Bbw÷wUDkb ev weGmwUAvB| GwU wkí gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb GKwU ms¯’v| wba©vwiZ di‡g Av‡e`b K‡i Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq wd Rgv w`‡q cY¨ cÖZxK ev †UªW gvK© wbewÜKiY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z ycwi KwZcq wba©vwiZ c‡Yï gvb wbwðZ Kivi j‡¶¨ wba©vwiZ gvb Abyhvqx †mB mKj cY¨ Drcv`b K‡i weGmwUAvB †_‡K eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e mb`cÎ ev mvwU©wd‡KU wb‡Z nq| weGmwUAvB eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e mvwU©wd‡K‡Ui AvIZvaxb c‡Yï ZvwjKv msi¶Y K‡i| wba©vwiZ gvb Abyhvqx cY¨ Drcv`b bv Ki‡j mswk−ó cÖwZôv‡bi weGmwUAvB KZ©„K cÖ Ë mvwU©wd‡Kkb ev jvB‡mÝ evwZj n‡q hv‡e| †Kvb †Kvb cY¨ weGmwUAvB Gi eva¨Zvg~jK mvwU©wd‡Kkb gvK©-Gi AvIZvaxb Ges †mB mKj c‡Yï wba©vwiZ gvb †Kgb Zv weGmwUAvB †_‡K Rvbv hvq| Drcvw`Z c‡Yï gvb wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ weGmwUAvB cÖ‡qvRbxq mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|

3. wegv (Insurance) †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y eëmvq ¶wZi m¤¢vebv‡K eëmvq SzuwK e‡j| SuywK Qvov †Kv‡bv eëmvq nq bv| cÖvK…wZK I AcÖvK…wZK Kvi‡Y eëmv cÖwZôvb SzuwKi m¤§yLxb nq| cÖvK…wZK KviY¸‡jvi g‡a¨ So, eb¨v, mvB‡K¬vb, AwZe„wócvZ Ab¨Zg| GQvov Pzwi-WvKvwZ, AcniY, AwMœ, †bŠ, †ij I gUi yN©Ubvi Kvi‡Y eëmv cÖwZôvb e¨vcK ¶q¶wZi m¤§yLxb nq| Gme SuywK cwinvi ev Kgv‡bvi †¶‡Î wegvKiY GKwU DËg Dcvq| wegv GKwU eëmvqI e‡U|

†h Pzw³i gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb ev †Kv¤úvwb KZ©„K wbw`©ó wcÖwgqv‡gi wewbg‡q †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó e¨w³ ev welq m¤úwË m¤úwK©Z †Kv‡bv NUbvRwbZ ¶wZi ev NUbvi Rb¨ wbw`©ó cwigvY A_© cÖ`vb Kiv nq Zv‡K wegvPzw³ e‡j| D³ ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ ev wbw ©ó A_© cÖ v‡bi Rb¨ †h c¶ ¯^xK…Z nq Zv‡K wegvKvwi Ges hvi ¶wZc~i‡Yi Rb¨ ev hv‡K A_© cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ D³ Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z nq Zv‡K wegvMÖnxZv e‡j| Pzw³ Abyhvqx wegvMÖnxZv GKKvjxb ev wbqwgZ wKw¯Í‡Z †h wbw ©ó cwigvY A_© wegvKvix‡K cÖ vb K‡i Zv‡K wcÖwgqvg ejv nq| wegvPzw³ †h `wjj Øviv m¤úvw`Z nq Zv‡K wegvcÎ ejv nq| wegvc‡Î wegvi hveZxq kZ© wjwLZ _v‡K| wegv‡K ¶wZc~i‡Yi Pzw³ ejv nq| Z‡e Rxeb wegvi †¶‡Î Zv cÖ‡hvR¨ bq|

we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡Zv evsjv‡`‡kI wegv eë¯’v Pvjy Av‡Q| 1938 mv‡j Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖewZ©Z wegv AvBb GZw`b evsjv‡`‡k Pvjy wQj| D³ AvB‡bi cwieZ©b, cwigvR©b I ms‡kvab K‡i 2010 mv‡j bZzb AvBb cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q hv wegv AvBb 2010 bv‡g cwiwPZ|

eëmv‡q wegvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv (Necessity of Insurance in Business) GKRb eëmvqxi Rb¨ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© KvR n‡”Q SuywK wbi~cY| cY¨ Drcv`b I weµ‡q eûwea SuywK we`¨gvb| †hgb †Kv‡bv wRwb‡mi †fŠwZK ¶wZ, Pzwi, Kg©Pvix‡ì cxov, AvKw¯§K yN©Ubv, Av¸b, RvnvR Wywe BZ¨vw` NUbvi Kvi‡Y eëmvwqK cÖwZôvb †h †Kv‡bv gyn~‡Z© ¶wZi m¤§yLxb n‡Z cv‡i| wegvKvwi cÖwZôvb wegvK…Z e¨w³ ev eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi m‡½ Pzw³‡Z Dwj−wLZ cÖ Ë wcÖwgqv‡gi wewbg‡q GB RvZxq ¶wZi Rb¨ ¶wZc~iY w`‡q _v‡K| eëmvi Rb¨ ZvB wegv AZ¨š— mnvqK| wegv wegvKvix cÖwZôvb bv _vK‡j SuywKi Avk¼vq A‡bK eëmvqx‡KB

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

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cÖv_wgK ch©v‡qB Zv‡ì eëmv eÜ K‡i w`‡Z n‡Zv| ZvB eëmv‡qi SzuwKMZ cÖwZeÜKZv I weivRgvb AwbðqZv `yi K‡i eëmvq‡K wbiew”Qbœfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wegvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Lye †ewk|

wegvi cÖKvi‡f` (Classification of Insurance) eZ©gv‡b wewfbœ cÖKvi wegvi cÖPjb n‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ Pvi cÖKvi wegv me©vwaK cÖPwjZ| 1. Rxeb wegv, 2. †bŠ wegv, 3. AwMœ wegv Ges 4. `yN©Ubv wegv| eZ©gvbKv‡j gvbyl µgkB wegvi myweav Dcjwä Kivq Dc‡iv³ Pvi cªKvi wegv QvovI Av‡iv K‡qK †kªwYi wegvi cÖPjb n‡q‡Q, †hgb †PŠh© wegv, wek¦ ÍZv wegv, `v½v wegv, `vq wegv, †gvUi Mvwo wegv, km¨ wegv BZ¨vw`| wb‡P K‡qKwU wegvi Dci Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv-

Rxeb wegv (Life Insurance) wegv eëmv‡q me‡P‡q RbwcÖq n‡”Q Rxeb wegv| †h wegv Pzw³i gva¨‡g wegvKvix wegv wKw —i wewbg‡q wegv MÖnYKvix e¨w³‡K ev Zvi wbe©vwPZ e¨w³ ev DËivwaKvix‡K GKwU we‡kl mg‡qi c‡i ev wegvMÖnxZvi g„Zz¨‡Z wegvK…Z A_© cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K †mB wegv Pzw³‡KB Rxeb wegv e‡j| G wegvi welqe ‘ n‡”Q gvby‡li Rxeb| †h‡nZz gvby‡li Rxe‡bi ¶wZc~i‡Yi wbðqZv †KD w`‡Z cv‡i bv, ZvB Rxeb wegv‡K ¶wZc~i‡Yi Pzw³ ejv nq bv|

AwMœ wegv (Fire Insurance) †h wegv Pzw³i gva¨‡g wegv MÖnxZv e¨w³‡K AwMœRwbZ ¶wZi Rb¨ ¶wZc~iY `vb Kiv nq Zv‡K AwMœ wegv e‡j| mvaviYZ cY¨, Nievwo, ¸`vg, KviLvbv, hš¿cvwZ BZ¨vw` Av¸‡b cy‡o hvIqv †_‡K myi¶vi Rb¨ AwMÖ wegv Kiv nq|


†bŠ wegv (Marine Insurance) †h wegvq b`x I mvgyw`ªK hvÎv †_‡K m„ó SuywKi Rb¨ ¶wZc~iY †`qvi cÖwZkÖywZ †Ìqv nq Zv‡K †bŠ wegv ejv nq| mviv c„w_exi eëmvq-evwY‡Rï AwaKvsk cY¨B †bŠc‡_ cwievwnZ nq| ZvB †bŠc‡_ weivRgvb So-SÅv, †XD, mybvwg, `my Zv, hy×-weMÖnmn mKj cÖKvi SzuwK Gov‡Z †bŠ wegv Kiv nq|

`yN©Ubv wegv (Accident Insurance): e¨w³i Rxeb ev m¤úwË webv‡ki SuywK yN©Ubv wegvi AvIZvfy³| G RvZxq wegvi kZ©vbymv‡i wbw ©ó wcÖwgqv‡gi cwie‡Z© Avkw¼Z `yN©UbvRwbZ ¶wZ msNwUZ n‡j wegvKvix wegvMÖnxZv‡K ¶wZc~iY cÖ vb K‡i|

Dc‡iv³ eëmv msµvš— AvBbMZ Kvh©µg Qvov AviI †ek wKQy AvBb i‡q‡Q hv GKRb eëmvq D‡`¨v³vi Rvbv _vK‡j eëmv cwiPvjbv mnRZi nq| we‡kl K‡i kªwgK wb‡qvMmsµvš— AvBb, KviLvbv AvBb, eëmvq SuywK †gvKv‡ejv AvBb Ges e¨vswKs AvBb m¤ú‡K© Ávb eëmv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ AbyK~j|

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

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Abykxjbx eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1| d«vbmvBwRs eëmv‡qi cÖavb êwkó¨ Kx? K. Drcv`b L. evRviRvZKiY M. gybvdv AR©b N. Pzw³ 2| eëmv‡q c‡Yï †UªWgvK© †iwR‡÷ªkb Kiv nq †Kb? K. gvwj‡Ki AwaKvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ L. c‡Yï evRvi m¤úÖmvi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ M. SuywK Gov‡bvi Rb¨ N. cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †gvKv‡ejv Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : XvKvi kwbi AvLovi evwm›`v Rbve nvwee GKwU B‡jKUªwb· cY¨mvgMÖx Drcv`bKvix cÖwZôv‡bi gvwjK| G Qvov wZwb we‡`k †_‡K GKwU mieivnKvix cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g bvbv iKg B‡jKUªwb· cY¨mvgMÖx Avg`vwb K‡ib| mieivnKvix cÖwZôvb D³ cY¨ evsjv‡`‡ki mgy ª e›ì PÆMÖvg ch©š— †cŠu‡Q †`b| gvj Avbq‡bi SuzwK Gov‡bvi Rb¨ GKwU wegv Kiv nq| 1. DÏxc‡K †K wegvMÖnxZv n‡eb?

K. Drcv`bKvix L. mieivnKvix M. Avg`vwbKviK N. e›ì KZ©„c¶

4. DÏxc‡Ki eëmvqwU wegv Kivi d‡jÑ i. wbw`©ó SzuwK `~i n‡e| ii. mvgyw ªK yN©Ubv nªvm cv‡e| iii. ¶wZc~iY cvevi wbðqZv _vK‡e|

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK

K. i I ii L. i I iii. M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 1| evwl©K cix¶vi ci Bmgvg nvwZqv †_‡K XvKvq †eov‡Z G‡jv| K‡jR co–qv gvgvZ fvB‡qi mv‡_

wPwoqvLvbv, b‡fvw_‡qUvi, RvZxq Rv yNimn wewfbœ `k©bxq GjvKv Ny‡i †eovj| Bmgvg j¶ Kij Zvi fvB †hLv‡b hvq, †mLv‡b GKB bv‡g GKwU †i÷z‡i‡›U LvIqv-`vIqv K‡i| KviY wRÁvmv K‡i †m Rvb‡Z cvij GwU GKwU we‡`wk †i÷z‡i›U| evsjv‡`‡ki eo kni¸‡jv‡Z GwUi kvLv Av‡Q| Z‡e G RvZxq eëmvq GLbI evsjv‡`‡k RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡iwb| K. KZ mv‡ji †UªWgvK©m AvBb eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k Pvjy Av‡Q? L. KwcivBU ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? e¨vL¨v Ki| M. DÏxc‡Ki †i÷z‡i›U eëmvqwU †Kvb ai‡bi? e¨vL¨v Ki| N. G RvZxq eëmv‡qi RbwcÖqZv evov‡Z KiYxq m¤ú‡K© †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI|


2| Rbve meyR GKRb D™¢veK| wZwb `xN©w`b M‡elYv K‡i Ggb GKwU †mŠikw³ PvwjZ cvwb †m‡Pi hš¿ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib †hwU evRv‡i cÖPwjZ Ab¨vb¨ †mP hš¿ †_‡K Avjv`v| RvZxq weÁvb †gjvq AskMÖnY K‡i GwU cÖ_g ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i| wZwb GwU evwYwR¨K wfwË‡Z Drcv`b K‡i evRv‡i Qv‡ob Ges e¨vcK mvov cvb| wKQzw`‡bi g‡a¨B Ab¨ GKwU cÖwZwôZ †Kv¤úvwb Zvi G hš¿ bKj K‡i evRviRvZ K‡i| wKšy— wZwb H †Kv¤úvwbi wei“‡× gvgjv K‡iI AvBbMZ †Kv‡bv e¨e¯’v wb‡Z cv‡ibwb| K. cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwbi b~ bZg cÖeZ©K KZ Rb? L. jvB‡mÝ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? eY©bv Ki| M. Rbve mey‡Ri cvwb †mP hš¿wU †Kvb m¤ú‡`i Aš—f©y³? e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Rbve meyR †Kv‡bv AvBwb mnvqZv bv cvIqvi KviY we‡k−lY Ki|

lô Aa¨vq

eëmvq cwiKíbv Business Plan

eëmv‡qi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ gybvdv AR©b| cwiKíbv Abyhvqx eëmvq Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡j mvdj¨ mnRZi nq Ges e¨_© nevi m¤¢vebv K‡g Av‡m| A‡b‡K Drmv‡ni mv‡_ eëmvq ïi“ Ki‡jI myôz eëmvq cwiKíbvi Afv‡e A‡bK mgq mdj n‡Z cv‡i bv| G Aa¨v‡q Avgiv g~jZ eëmvq cwiKíbvi wewfbœ w`K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie|

G Aa¨vq †k‡l Avgiv • eëmvq cwiKíbvi aviYv I ¸i“Z¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie|

• eëmvq cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie|

• AvZ¥-we‡k−l‡Yi aviYv I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie|

• AvZ¥-we‡k−lY c×wZwU avivevwnKfv‡e eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

• cÖKí cwiKíbvi aviYv I ¸i“Z¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie|

• cÖKí cÖYq‡bi avç‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

• cÖK‡íi Avw_©K jvfRbKZv we‡k −lY Ki‡Z cvie|

• eëmvq D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Yi evQvB c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g mwVK eëmvqwU wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cvie|

• cÖKí cwiKíbvi KvVv‡gv QK ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvie|

eëmvq cwiKíbv 72

eëmvq cwiKíbvi aviYv (Concept of Business Plan)

eëmvq cwiKíbv n‡jv eëmv‡qi fwel¨r Kvh©µ‡gi cÖwZ”Qwe| GwU GKwU wjwLZ `wjj hvi g‡a¨ eëmv‡qi j¶¨, cÖK…wZ, eë¯’vcbvi aviv, A_©vq‡bi Dcvq, eZ©gvb Ae¯’v I fwel¨Z Dbœq‡bi m¤ú~Y© wPÎ Zz‡j aiv nq| †Kvb eëmvq †Kvb w`‡K AMÖmi n‡e I Kxfv‡e eëmv‡qi mvdj¨ AR©b Kiv hv‡e Zvi mywbw© ó w`K-wb‡`©kbv eëmvq cwiKíbvq cvIqv hvq| RvnvR ev D‡ovRvnv‡Ri †¶‡Î ivWvi †hgb PvjK‡K c_ Pjvi wb‡ ©kbv w`‡q Mš—‡e¨ †cuŠQ‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i, †Zgwb eëmvq cwiKíbv †Kv‡bv eëmvqx‡K Zvi KvswLZ j‡¶¨ †cuŠQ‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| bZzb eëmvq ïi“ Kiv A_ev eZ©gvb eëmvq m¤úªmviY Dfq †¶‡ÎB eëmvq cwiKíbvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| eëmvq cwiKíbv‡K ågYKvixi Rb¨ †ivW g¨vc Ges GKRb `vjvb wbg©vZvi bxj-bKkvi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

eëmvq cwiKíbvi ¸i“Z¡ (Importance of Business Plan) eëmvq ïi“, myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbv I Gi Afxó j¶¨ AR©‡b eëmvq cwiKíbvi ¸i“Z¡ Acwimxg| eëmvq cwiKíbvi cÖavb cÖavb ¸i“Z¡ wbgœi~c-

1. eëmvq cwiPvjbvi w`K-wb‡ ©kbv : eëmvq cwiKíbvq eëmv‡qi j¶¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ KLb, Kx KvR, Kxfv‡e Ges KZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ m¤úbœ Kiv n‡e, †m wel‡q w`Kwb‡`©kbv _v‡K| d‡j GwU eëmvqx ev D‡`¨v³vi Kv‡Q GKwU w`Kwb‡`©kK `wjj wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

2| g~jab msMÖn I wewb‡qvM : †Kv‡bv eëmv‡qi hLb AwaK g~ja‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv †`q Ges D‡`¨v³vi c‡¶ wbR¯^ Znwej †_‡K G g~jab †hvMvo Kiv m¤¢e nq bv, ZLb Zv‡K e¨vsK FY ev Ab¨vb¨ evwn¨K Drm †_‡K g~jab msMÖn Ki‡Z nq| G †¶‡Î FY`vZv I wewb‡qvMKvix g~jab mieivn Kivi c~‡e© mswk−ó eëmvq cwiKíbvwU we‡k −lY K‡i wm×vš— MÖnY K‡i|

3. miKvwi m~‡hvM-myweavi mØënvi : ¶y`ª I gvSvwi eëmvqMy‡jv miKv‡ii wbKU †_‡K A‡bK my‡hvM-myweav †c‡q _v‡K| eëmvq cwiKíbv H mKj my‡hvM-myweav †c‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

4. wm×vš— MÖn‡Y mnvqZv : eëmv‡qi cÖwZ‡hvMx m¤ú‡K© aviYv Kiv, AvMvgx w`‡b eëmv‡q †Kvb w`‡K m¤cÖmviY Kiv DwPZ n‡e Ges †Kvb eëmvqwU AwaKZi jvfRbK n‡e Ges fwel¨‡Z Kx cY¨ D™¢veb Kiv DwPZ BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î wm×vš— wb‡Z eëmvq cwiKíbv mnvqZv K‡i|

Dc‡iv³ welqMy‡jv Qvov eëmv‡qi mv‡_ RwoZ Ab¨vb¨ c¶ cÖ‡qvR‡b eëmvq cwiKíbv Aa¨qb K‡i eëmvq cÖwZôvb m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i|

eëmvq cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi cÖwµqv (Process of Business Plan)

eëmv‡qi mvdj¨ A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i mwVK cÖKí wbe©vP‡bi Dci| cÖKí n‡”Q †Kv‡bv GKwU wbw ©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨, wbw ©ó j¶¨ ev¯Íevq‡b cÖYxZ cwiKwíZ I mywPwš—Z Kg© c×wZ| cÖKí GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q ïi“ n‡q c~e© wba©vwiZ mgq Abyhvqx cwimgvß nq| GKwU cÖKí n‡Z cv‡i m¤ú~Y© bZzb wewb‡qvM wm×vš— A_ev cyivZb eëmv‡qi m¤úªmviY| eëmvq cÖKí cÖYq‡bi †¶‡Î cÖ_g c`‡¶c n‡jv aviYv wPwýZKiY Ges aviYv¸‡jv g~j¨vqb K‡i GKwU‡K wbe©vPb Kiv|

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

73

1. cÖKí aviYv wPwýZKiY

GKRb m¤¢vebvgq D‡`¨v³vi cÖKí wPwýZKiY cÖwµqvi m~ÎcvZ nq Zvi cÖKí aviYv Abyfe Kivi mgq †_‡KB| wZwb Zvi cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v we‡ePbv K‡i †Kv‡bv cY¨ ev †mevi Pvwn`v m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GB Pvwn`vi Dci cÖKí wbe©vPb wbf©i K‡i| mvaviYZ cY¨ ev †mev mvgMÖxi Pvwn`v cÖKí aviYvi Rb¥ †`q| c‡Yï aviYv †_‡KB cÖK‡íi m~ÎcvZ nq| cÖKí aviYv wPwýZ Kivi mgq D‡`¨v³vi wb‡Ri kL ev AvMÖn Av‡Q Ggb cY¨, cÖK„Z Pvwn`v Av‡Q Ggb cY¨, we`¨gvb c‡Yï Amyweav, bZzb cÖhyw³ eënv‡ii my‡hvM BZ¨vw` w`‡K „wó ivLv cÖ‡qvRb| bZzb cÖKí aviYv¸‡jvi Drmmg~n n‡jv mvaviYZ wb‡Ri Kíbv, wewfbœ miKvwi I †emiKvwi cÖKvkbv, A_©‰bwZK I wkí Rwic cÖwZ‡e`b, M‡elYvg~jK cÖwZ‡e`b BZ¨vw`|

2. aviYv g~j¨vqb I cÖKí wbe©vPb GKRb D‡`¨v³v wewfbœ Drm †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨ we‡k−lY K‡i K‡qKwU m¤¢ve¨ aviYv wPwýZ K‡i GKwU ZvwjKv Ki‡eb| G ZvwjKve× aviYv¸‡jv wewfbœ c×wZi gva¨‡g g~j¨vqb K‡i eëmvq cÖKí wbev©Pb Ki‡eb| `yBwU c×wZi gva¨‡g wPwýZ aviYv¸‡jv g~j¨vqb K‡i cÖKí wbe©vPb Kiv hvq| Gi GKwU n‡jv g¨v‡µvw¯Œwbs Ges Ab¨wU n‡jv gvB‡µvw¯Œwbs|

K. g¨v‡µvw¯Œwbs (Macro-Screening) g¨v‡µvw¯Œwbs n‡jv Ggb GKwU c×wZ hv KZK¸‡jv cÖfveK ev Dcv`v‡bi wfwË‡Z eëmv‡qi aviYv¸‡jv g~j¨vqb K‡i GKwU cÖKí aviYv wbe©vPb Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| mKj eëmvq ev wkí cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©vewj D‡`¨v³vi wbqš¿Y ewnf©~Z KwZcq Dcv`vb Øviv Kg-†ewk cÖfvweZ nq| G cÖfveK¸‡jv n‡jv RbmsL¨v, A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK I AvBbMZ cwi‡ek|

• RbmsL¨v : GKwU eëmv‡qi Aw¯Í¡Z¡, cÖe„w× I AMÖMwZ †h GjvKvq eëmvqwU Aew¯’Z †m GjvKvi Rb‡Mvôxi Dci wbf©i K‡i| eëmvq KZ©„K cÖ —yZK…Z cY¨ ev †mev mvgMÖxi evRv‡ii AvKvi, eZ©gvb RbmsL¨v, RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi I Rb¥-g„Zy Øviv cÖfvweZ nq|

• A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek : cY¨ ev †mevi Pvwn`v eëmvqwUi Pviw`‡K emevmKvix †fv³v‡ì Avq, mÂq, LiP Kivi cÖeYZv, Rxeb hvÎvi gvb BZ¨vw` Øviv cÖfvweZ| cÖKí evQvB‡qi †¶‡Î G¸‡jvi cÖfve h_vh_fv‡e we‡ePbv K‡i wm×vš— wb‡Z nq|

• cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek : mwVK eëmvq evQvB‡qi †¶‡Î cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek weivU f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| wk‡íi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq KuvPvgvj cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek †_‡K Av‡m| Z‡e †h me wkí KviLvbvv cwi‡ek‡K ~lY K‡i †m me eëmvq cwiZ¨vR¨|

• ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek : ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv, cÖavb cÖavb ivR‰bwZK `‡ji `k©b I ivRbxwZwe`‡ì AvPiY eëmvq Kvh©µg‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|

• mvs¯‹…wZK cwi‡ek : wk¶vi nvi, KvwiMwi wk¶vi cÖmvi, mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva I agx©q Abyf~wZ eëmvq cÖKí wbe©vP‡b ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

• AvBbMZ cwi‡ek : †`‡ki cÖPwjZ AvBb, eëmvq I wkíbxwZ eëmvq-evwYR¨ cÖmv‡i ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

eëmvq cwiKíbv 74

g¨v‡µvw¯Œwbs-Gi gva¨‡g cÖKí wbe©vPb GKwU cÖv_wgK c`‡¶c| P~ovš—fv‡e cÖKí wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ cÖKíwUi h_v_©Zv Av‡iv wbweofv‡e cix¶v-wbix¶v Kivi Rb¨ gvB‡µvw¯Œwbs-Gi mvnvh¨ †bqv cÖ‡qvRb nq|

L. gvB‡µvw¯Œwbs (Micro-Screening) gvB‡µvw¯Œwbs n‡jv evRvi Pvwn`v, KvwiMwi, evwYwR¨K I Avw_©K w`K Ges RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z Ae`vb BZ¨vw` w`K we‡ePbv K‡i cÖK‡íi m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB Kivi we¯ÍvwiZ cÖwµqv| wb‡P gvB‡µvw¯Œwbs-Gi Dcv`vb¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv|

• evRvi Pvwn`v : evRvi Rwic I M‡elYvi gva¨‡g c‡Yï Pvwn`v, †µZv‡ì „wófw½ I AvMÖn, evRv‡i cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì msL¨v Ges cY¨ ev †mevi my‡hvM-myweav h_v_©fv‡e hvPvB Kiv nq|

• KvwiMwi w`K : cÖK‡íi KvwiMwi w`K hvPvB Kiv nq cÖhyw³MZ I hvwš¿K „wó‡KvY †_‡K| G ai‡bi Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Drcv`b cÖwµqv, cÖhyw³ wba©viY, hš¿cvwZ wbe©vPb, cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡bi mnRmva¨Zv BZ¨vw`|

• evwYwR¨K w`K : cÖKí evQvB‡qi †¶‡Î D³ cÖK‡íi evwYwR¨K jvfRbKZv wba©viY mev©waK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© KvR| G †¶‡Î Drcv`b Li‡Pi Dcv`vb, weµq g~j¨, AvbygvwbK jvf BZ¨vw` welq Lye mZK©Zvi mv‡_ we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq|

• Avw_©K w`K : G †¶‡Î cÖK‡íi e¨q wbi~cY, A_v©q‡bi Dcvq, g~jab wewb‡qvM †_‡K cÖvß m¤¢ve¨ jvf BZ¨vw` wn‡me K‡i cÖKí evQvB Ki‡Z nq|

• RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z Ae`vbt RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z cÖKíwU Kxfv‡e Ae`vb ivL‡e ZvI cix¶v Kiv evÃbxq| A_©bxwZ‡Z Ae`vb hvPvB Kivi gvcKvwV n‡jv Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM, RvZxq †KvlvMv‡i Ki cÖ`v‡bi cwigvY BZ¨vw`|

Av‡jvP¨ „wó‡KvY †_‡K †h cÖKíwU me‡P‡q ev¯Íem¤§Z I jvfRbK ZvB wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ wba©viY Kiv nq| GLv‡b D‡j−L Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h, ¶z ª †mevg~jK eëmvq, †Kbv-†ePv I Ab¨vb¨ LyPiv eëmvq cÖKí wbe©vP‡bi †¶‡Î RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z Ae`vb we‡ePbv ZZUv ¸i“Z¡c~Y© bq| Z‡e gvSvwi I e„nr eëmvq, †hgb g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis ev Drcv`bgyLx eëmv‡qi cÖKí wbe©vP‡bi †¶‡Î g¨v‡µv I gvB‡µv Dfq cÖKvi w¯‹ªwbs Avek¨K|

3. eëmvq cÖKí cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb eëmvq cÖKí cÖYq‡bi †kl avc n‡jv GKwU my›ì cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Kiv| wbe©vwPZ cÖKíwUi m¤¢vebv hvPvB‡qi Z_¨¸‡jvi Dci wfwË K‡iB cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq|

¶z`ª eëmvq cwiKíbvi MvBWjvBb (Guideline for Small Business Plan) GKwU eëmvq cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kivi mgq hZœkxj nIqv Avek¨K| wk‡ív‡`¨v³v wb‡R A_ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv we‡kl‡Ái mvnvh¨ wb‡q eëmvq cwiKíbv cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cv‡i| GKwU mylg eëmvq cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi mgq wb‡gœ ewY©Z MvBWjvBb¸‡jv AbymiY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

• eëmvq cwiKíbv hZUzKz m¤¢e msw¶ß Ges kã-evûj¨ ewR©Z nIqv evÃbxq| • cY¨ I evRv‡ii †¶‡Î eëmv‡qi j¶¨ y-GKwU cY¨ ev AÂ‡ji cÖwZ `„wó wbe× ivLv DwPZ| • eëmv‡qi eë¯’vcbv `‡j AcwiwPZ e¨w³†K Aš—f©y³ Kiv DwPZ bq|

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

75

• †Kv‡bv cY¨‡K Ggb †UKwbK¨vj kã Øviv eY©bv Kiv DwPZ bq hv †Kej we‡klÁiv eyS‡Z cv‡ib wKš—y Ab¨‡ì c‡¶ †evSv KwVb nq|

• ev¯Íem¤§Z Drcv`‡bi cwigv‡Yi Dci wfwË K‡i weµ‡qi cwigvY wnmve Ki‡Z n‡e| AZ¨š— mveavbZvi mv‡_ weµq wnmve ivLv DwPZ|

• A¯úó Z‡_ï Dci wfwË K‡i eëmvq cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kiv DwPZ bq|

• eëmvq msµvš— †h †Kv‡bv mgm¨v eZ©gvb I fwel¨‡Z D™¢e n‡Z cv‡i, Ggb mgm¨vi Av‡jvPbv eëmvq cwiKíbvq _vKv Avek¨K|

• eëmvq cwiKíbv cÖYqbKv‡j eë¯’vcbv wU‡gi mKj m`m¨‡K RwoZ Kiv Ges cª‡qvRb‡ev‡a we‡kl‡Ái civgk© †bIqv DwPZ|

¶z`ª eëmvq cwiKíbvi welqe¯‘ (Contents of Small Business Plan) eëmv‡qi AvKvi, cÖK…wZ, aib †f‡` eëmvq cwiKíbvi welqe¯‘ wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e GKwU eëmvq cwiKíbvq wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jv _v‡K|

1. eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi bvg|

2. eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi wVKvbv|

3. D‡`¨v³v ev D‡`¨v³vM‡Yi bvg|

4. D‡`¨v³v ev cwiPvjKe„‡›ì cwiwPwZ|

5. eëmv‡qi aib (GKgvwjKvbv, Askx`vwi ev †hŠ_ g~jabx eëmvq)

6. eëmvq cwiPvjbvi aib (GKK eë¯’vcbv, Askx`vwi eë ’vcbv ev †hŠ_ eë ’vcbv)

7. g~ja‡bi cwigvY

8. evRvi Rwi‡ci msw¶ß weeiY (evRv‡ii AvKvi, fwel¨r AMÖMwZi m¤¢vebv, evRvi cÖ‡e‡ki †KŠkj, c‡Yï g~j¨ wba©viY)

9. gybvdv AR©‡bi m¤¢vebv (gybvdv AR©‡bi eZ©gvb j¶¨, fwel¨r j¶¨ AR©‡bi w`K-wb‡ ©kbv)

10. cÖv°wjZ Avw_©K weeiYxi mshyw³ :

K. †gvU cÖKí e¨q

L. cÖv°wjZ Avq

M. cÖv°wjZ e¨qmg~n

N. cÖv°wjZ Avq-e¨q weeiYx

O. cÖv°wjZ DØ„ËcÎ

P. cÖv°wjZ bM`vbcÖevn weeiYx

Q. mg-Avq e¨q weeiYx|

eëmvq cwiKíbv 76

wb‡gœ GKgvwjKvbvwfwËK GKwU gyw` †`vKvb cÖK‡íi AbywgZ cÖv°wjZ Avw_©K weeiYx QK Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv- 1. cÖK‡íi e¨‡qi cwigvY

¯’vqx g~jab UvKv (G RvZxq LiP eëmvq ïi“i mg‡q GKeviB Ki‡Z nq) †`vKvb fvov AwMÖg 2,00,000 KjKâv I hš¿cvwZ 1,00,000 AvmevecÎ I mvRm¾v 2,00,000 Ab¨vb¨ 50,000 †gvU 5,50,000 PjwZ g~jab (eëmvq Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ mviv eQ‡iB Ki‡Z nq) wewfbœ iKg cY¨ mvgMÖx µq 3,00,000 Kg©Pvixi †eZb 48,000 we`y¨r LiP 12,000 †`vKvb fvov 36,000 Ab¨vb¨ 54,000 †gvU 4,50,000 cÖK‡íi †gvU e¨q ¯’vqx g~jab 5,50,000 PjwZ g~jab 4,50,000 †gvU ------------- 10,00,000 cÖK‡íi A_©vqb c×wZ wbR¯^ Znwej 6,00,000 AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb †_‡K FY 2,00,000 e¨vsK †_‡K FY 2,00,000 †gvU cÖKí e¨q 10,00,000 cÖv°wjZ Avq-e¨q weeiYx (evrmwiK) cÖv°wjZ Avq (weµq †_‡K jä) 5,00,000 cÖv°wjZ e¨q Kg©Pvixi †eZb 48,000 we`y¨r wej 12,000 †`vKvb fvov 36,000 gvwj‡Ki e¨w³MZ LiP 1,20,000 Ab¨vb¨ 4,000

----------------- †gvU 2,20,000 cÖv°wjZ jvf (evrmwiK) 2,80,000

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

77

cÖv°wjZ bM`vbcÖevn weeiYx (Estimated Cashflow Analysis)

myôzfv‡e eëmvq cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ eëmvq D‡`¨v³vi bM`vbcÖevn weeiYx cÖv°jb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| GB weeiYx ˆ`wbK, mvßvwnK I gvwmK wfwË‡Z msi¶Y Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G weeiYx‡Z wbw©`ó mg‡q Kx cwigvY bM` Avm‡Q Ges Kx cwigvY e¨q n‡”Q Zv msi¶Y Kiv nq| bM`vbcÖevn weeiYx ˆZwi Kivi d‡j D‡`¨v³v Zvi eëmv‡qi bM‡ì cÖK…Z Ae¯’v Rvb‡Z cv‡i|

mg Avq-e¨q we‡k−lY (Break Even Analysis) mg Avq-e¨q we‡k−lY eëmv‡qi Ggb GKwU Ae ’v‡K †evSvq hLb Avq-e¨q mgvb nq| Ab¨ K_vq ejv hvq, GwU eëmv‡qi Ggb iKg ch©vq hLb jvfI nq bv, ¶wZI nq bv| Av‡iv cwi®‹vifv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, †h cwigvY cY¨ weµq Ki‡j †gvU weKªqg~j¨, †gvU e¨‡qi mgcwigvY nq Zv‡K mg Avq-e¨q e‡j| †h we› y‡Z cY¨ weµq Ki‡j Avq-e¨q mgvb nq Zv‡K mg Avq-e¨q we› y (Break Even point) e‡j| mg Avq-e¨q we› y Rvbv _vK‡j Kvw•¶Z gybvdv AR©‡bi Avkvq c‡Yï mwVK g~j¨ wba©viY, weµ‡qi cwigvY e„w×, gybvdv cwiKíbv cÖYqb I gybvdv e„w×i Kvh©µg MÖnY Kiv hvq|

AvZ¥we‡k −lY c×wZi aviYv I cÖwµqv (Concept and Process of Self-Analysis) †h †Kv‡bv e¨w³i eëmvq ïi“ Kivi c~‡e© Zvi eëmv Kivi m¶gZv Av‡Q wKbv hvPvB Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| Gi cÖavb KviY n‡jv eëmv‡q mvdj¨ jvf ev AK…ZKvh© nIqvi SzuwK Av‡Q| d‡j eëmvq ïi“ Kivi c~‡e© m¶gZv hvPvB K‡i †bIqvB eyw×gv‡bi KvR| eëmvq m¶gZv hvPvB GKwU RwUj welq|

wb‡gœi Kg©cÎwU mZZvi mv‡_ c~Y© Ki‡j GKRb bZzb D‡`¨v³v Abyaveb Ki‡Z cvi‡e Zvi g‡a¨ D‡`¨v³v nIqvi ¸Yvewj Av‡Q wKbv|

µwgK cÖkœ nu v (1) bv (0) 1 Zzwg Kx GKwU eëmvq cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡Z cvi? 2 Zzwg Kx †h‡Kv‡bv wel‡q mn‡R wm×vš— wb‡Z cvi Ges cÖwZK~j

cwiw¯’wZ m‡Ë¡I †m wm×v‡š— w¯’i _vK‡Z cvi?

3 Zzwg wK `vwqZ¡ wb‡Z Ges †bZ…Z¡ w`‡Z AvMÖnx? 4 Zzwg hv‡ì mv‡_ _vK Zviv wK †Zvgv‡K wek¦vm I m¤§vb K‡i? 5 †Zvgvi wK cwic~Y© kvixwiK my ’Zv i‡q‡Q? 6 Zzwg wK GKbvMv‡o `xN©¶Y KvR Ki‡Z cvi`k©x? 7 Zzwg wK Ab¨‡ì mv‡_ wgk‡Z I KvR Ki‡Z ¯^v”Q›`¨ †eva Ki? 8 Zzwg wK Kvh©Kifv‡e Ab¨‡ì mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z Ges †Zvgvi j¶¨

c~i‡Y Zv‡ì‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cvi?

9 Abïv wK mn‡RB †Zvgvi wPš—v †PZbv I aviYv eyS‡Z cv‡i? 10 †h ai‡bi eëmv Zzwg ïi“ Ki‡Z PvI, †m eëmv m¤ú‡K© †Zvgvi wK

e¨vcK aviYv Av‡Q?

11 eëmvi Avbylw½K e¨vcvi †hgb wnmve i¶Y, AvqKi BZ¨vw` e¨vcv‡i †Zvgvi wK aviYv i‡q‡Q?

eëmvq cwiKíbv 78

12 wecYb I A_©vq‡b †Zvgvi wK AwfÁZv Ges aviYv i‡q‡Q? 13 eëmvq ïi“ Kivi Rb¨ ch©vß A‡_©i †hvMvb wK †Zvgvi i‡q‡Q? 14 eëmvq ïi“ Ki‡Z †h gvjvgvj cÖ‡qvRb †m e¨vcv‡i wK †Zvgvi aviYv

i‡q‡Q?

15 Zzwg wK me wKQyi E‡aŸ© †_‡K eëmvq ïi“ Ki‡Z PvI?

Dc‡ii cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi †Ìqvi ci cÖ‡Z¨K nu¨v †evaK DË‡ii Rb¨ 1 b¤î Ges bv †evaK DË‡ii Rb¨ 0 b¤î w`‡e| Gici †gvU KZ b¤î n‡jv Zv †ei Ki‡e| †Zvgvi †gvU cÖvß b¤î hw` nq:

12 ev Zvi †ewk Zvn‡j : D‡`¨v³v nIqvi Rb¨ h‡_ó m¤¢vebv Av‡Q|

7-11 Zvn‡j : †Zvgvi m¤¢vebv GL‡bv cwic~Y© bq wKš—y †Póv Ki‡j Zzwg cvi‡e|

7 Gi wb‡P, Zvn‡j : D‡`¨v³v nIqvi e¨vcv‡i †Zvgvi B”Qvkw³ †Zgb Zxeª bq|

A‡bK e¨w³ D‡`¨v³v n‡Z PvB‡jI ev¯Íe †¶‡Î Zv‡ì ch©vß †hvM¨Zv, `¶Zv I Zxeª evmbv _v‡K bv, wKš—y Avkvi K_v cieZ©x‡Z G Ae¯’vi cwie©Zb n‡ZI cv‡i| ZLb ZzwgI GKRb D‡`¨v³v n‡Z cvi‡e|

Dc‡ii AvZ¥-we‡k −lY cÖwµqvwU we‡ePbv K‡i GKRb bZzb D‡`¨v³vi Rb¨ AvZ¥-we‡k −l‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki-

Kg©cÎ -1 : AvZ¥-we‡k−l‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv • • • • • •

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

79

Abykxjbx

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| †KvbwU eëmvqx‡K Kvw•¶Z j¶¨ AR©‡b mnvqZv K‡i? K. g~jab L. cwiKíbv M. †fv³vi Avq N. c‡Yï Pvwn`v 2| Kxfv‡e cÖK‡íi m~Pbv nq? K. c‡Yï Pvwn`v †_‡K L. D‡`¨v³vi AvMÖn Øviv M. KvwiMwi wk¶v Øviv N. bZzb cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : Rbve kvgxg `xN©w`b we‡`‡k wQ‡jb| m¤úÖwZ †`‡k wd‡i AwZ ¯^í mg‡qi g‡a¨ wbR GjvKvq AvaywbK

mv‡R mw¾Z GKwU dv÷ dz‡Wi †`vKvb †`b| GjvKvwU Rbeûj n‡jI A_©‰bwZKfv‡e AbMÖmi| d‡j Zvi cÖZ¨vwkZ gvÎvq gybvdv AwR©Z nqwb|

3| Rbve kvgxg eëmvq ïiyi c~‡e© †Kvb w`KwU we‡ePbv K‡ibwb? K. evRv‡ii AvKvi L. c‡Yï Pvwn`v M. wk¶vi nvi N. c‡Yï gvb 4| Rbve kvgx‡gi eëmv‡q cÖZ¨vwkZ mdjZv bv Avmvi KviY-

i. †fv³vi Avq Kg ii. mwVK cY¨ wbe©vPb bv Kiv iii. evRv‡ii AvKvi †QvU|

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ

1| eZ©gv‡b Avgv‡ì †`‡k wbg©vY I nvDwRs wk‡íi e¨vcK Pvwn`vi K_v gv_vq †i‡L ey‡qU †_‡K m`¨ cvm Kiv Rbve Avwid AviI K‡qKRb‡K mv‡_ wb‡q GKwU wm‡g›U d¨v±wi ¯’vc‡bi cÖKí MÖnY K‡ib| cÖKí MÖn‡Yi c~‡e© Zviv cy‡iv Kg©Kv‡Êi `xN©‡gqvw` GKwU QK cÖYqb K‡ib| cÖv_wgK e¨q wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ h‡_ó g~jab wb‡R‡ì bv _vKvq g~jab msMÖ‡ni weKí DrmI wba©viY K‡ib| K. c‡Yï evRvi Pvwn`v Rvbvi Dcvq‡K Kx e‡j? L. eëmv‡qi hvwš¿K w`KwU eY©bv Ki| M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Rbve Avwid‡ì cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡b †Kvb ai‡bi g~jab cÖ‡qvRb? e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Rbve Avwid I Zvi eÜziv cÖKí cÖYq‡b h_v_© c_ AbymiY K‡i‡Qb-G wel‡q †Zvgvi gZvgZ vI|

eëmvq cwiKíbv 80

2| Rbve kv‡n` Avb›` Kb‡dKkbvwii gvwjK| wb‡P Zvi †`vKv‡bi eQi †k‡li Avq-e¨‡qi Z_¨ Q‡K Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv-

e¨q UvKv Avq UvKv † vKvb fvovi GKKvjxb AwMÖg AvmevecÎ I mvRm¾v †`vKvb fvov Kg©Pvixi †eZb we`y¨r wej Ab¨vb¨ LiP

2,00,000.002,00,000.00

60,000.0036,000.0012,000.008,000.00

cY¨ weµq 5,16,000.00

K. wk‡íi KuvPvgvj †Kvb cwi‡ek †_‡K Av‡m? L. PjwZ g~jab ej‡Z Kx eySvq| eY©bv Ki| M. Rbve kv‡n‡ì eëmv‡q cÖv°wjZ jvf †ei Ki|

N. eZ©gv‡b Rbve kv‡n‡ì eëmv‡qi Ae¯’v wK m‡š—vlRbK? †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI|

mßg Aa¨vq

evsjv‡`‡ki wkí Industries of Bangladesh

bvwd‡mi eo PvPv QvZK wm‡g›U KviLvbvi GKRb BwÄwbqvi| ¯‹z‡ji QzwU‡Z bvwdm Zvi wcZv-gvZv I fvB‡ev‡bi mv‡_ PvPvi Kv‡Q †eov‡Z †Mj| PvPv Zv‡K Ges Zvi PvPvZ fvB-†evb‡ì‡K wm‡g›U Kxfv‡e ˆZwi nq †`Lv‡Z wb‡q †M‡jb| bvwdm †`Lj †mLv‡b nvRvi nvRvi cv_‡ii mgv‡ek| Zvi PvPv Rvbvj cÖwZw`b fviZ mxgvš— †_‡K AMwYZ cv_i GLv‡b Avm‡Q| G mKj cv_iB n‡”Q wm‡g›U ˆZwii KuvPvgvj| wewfbœ cÖwµqvq G cv_i‡K wm‡g‡›U i~cvš—wiZ Kiv nq| QvZK wm‡g›U Lye gvbm¤úbœ|

bvwd‡mi †`Lv QvZK wm‡g›U KviLvbv evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© wkí| G Aa¨v‡q evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii wkí, Gi ¸i“Z¡ Ges G¸‡jvi mgm¨v I m¤¢vebv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie|

G Aa¨vqwU †k‡l Avgiv

• KzwUi wk‡íi aviYv, êwkó¨ I ¸i“Z¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie| • evsjv‡`‡ki KzwUi wk‡íi Dchy³ †¶Î¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvie| • evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖ¶vc‡U KzwUi wk‡íi Dbœq‡bi c‡_ evav¸‡jv kbv³ Ki‡Z cvie| • KzwUi wkí weKv‡ki Rb¨ KiYxq wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvie| • ¶z`ª I gvSvwi wk‡íi aviYv, êwkó¨ I Myi“Z¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie| • ¶z`ª I gvSvwi wk‡íi MVb cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie| • †`‡ki Ges wb‡R‡ì GjvKvi Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v we‡ePbvq ¶z ª I gvSvwi wk‡íi Dchy³ †¶Î¸‡jv

wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvie| • evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖ¶vc‡U ¶z ª I gvSvwi wk‡íi mgm¨v¸‡jv kbv³ Ki‡Z cvie| • e„nr wk‡íi aviYv I êwkó¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie| • evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v we‡ePbvq e„nr wk‡íi ¸i“Z¡ we‡k−lY Ki‡Z cvie| • wewfbœ ¶z`ª I gvSvwi wkí Ges KzwUi wkí ¯’vc‡b AbycÖvwYZ ne|

evsjv‡`‡ki wkí 82

wk‡íi cÖKvi‡f` (Classification of Industry)

mvaviYZ e¨vcK g~jab mvgMÖx eënvi K‡i KviLvbv‡Z KuvPvgvj ev cÖv_wgK ªe¨‡K gva¨wgK ev P~ovš— ª‡e¨ i~cvš—i Kivi cÖwµqv‡K wkí ejv nq| wk‡íi Drcv`b mvaviYZ KviLvbvwfwËK nq Ges wbw`©ó `ª‡eï KviLvbvmg~n‡K GK‡Î wkí ejv nq| †hgb- cvU wkí, e ¿ wkí| evsjv‡`k K…wl cÖavb n‡jI †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z wk‡íi f~wgKv Kg bq| A_©bxwZ‡Z wk‡íi f~wgKv µ‡gB e„w× cv‡”Q| G †¶‡Î miKvwi I †emiKvwi c„ô‡cvlKZv I D‡`¨vMI e„w× cv‡”Q| wkí KviLvbv cÖwZôv K‡i †m¸‡jv‡K jvfRbKfv‡e cwiPvjbv K‡i A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb e„w×B cÖavb D‡Ïk¨| RvZxq wkíbxwZ-2010 Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki wkí‡K e¨vcK A‡_© Drcv`b wkí I †mevg~jK wkí G `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|

K. Drcv`bgyLx wkí (Manufacturing Industry)

cY¨ Drcv`b, cªwµqvRvZKiY, ms‡hvRb Ges cieZx©‡Z Drcvw`Z c‡Yï cyYtmvgÄm¨KiY I cÖwµqvKiY welqK mKj cÖKvi wkí Drcv`bgyLx wk‡íi Aš—M©Z| Drcv`b wk‡í kÖg I h‡š¿i eënv‡ii gva¨‡g KuvPvgvj‡K cÖwµqvRvZ K‡i cwiYZ c‡Y¨ i~cvš—i Kiv nq| e ¿ wkí, wPwb wkí, cvU I cvURvZ wkí, mvi wkí, wm‡g›U wkí, Pvgov wkí, RvnvR wbgv©Y wkí Ges †ij I BwÄwbqvwis wkí Drcv`bgyLx wk‡íi D`vniY|

D`xqgvb RvnvR wbg©vY wkí

L. †mev wkí (Service industry)

hš¿cvwZ wKsev ¯’vqx m¤ú` ev †gav m¤ú‡ì eënv‡ii gva¨‡g †h mKj †mevg~jK Kg© m¤úvw`Z nq †mme wkí cÖwZôvb †mevg~jK wk‡íi Aš—fy©³ | grm¨ AvniY, wbg©vY wkí I nvDwRs, A‡Uv †gvevBj mvwf©wms, we‡bv`b wkí, nwU©KvjPvi, †d¬vwiKvjPvi, dyjPvl I dzj evRviRvZKiY, `y» I †cvwëª Drcv`b Ges wecYb, nvmcvZvj I wK¬wbK, ch©Ub I †mev, cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM BZ¨vw` †mev wk‡íi D`vniY|

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

83

evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q : miKvwi cwienb Lv‡Zi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© gva¨g

wewb‡qv‡Mi gvcKvwV‡Z Drcv`bgyLx wkí I †mev wkí‡K Pvifv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv KzwUi wkí, ¶z`ª wkí, gvSvwi wkí, e„nr wkí| wb‡gœ G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

KzwUi wkí (Cottage Industry)

KzwUi wkí ej‡Z cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì cÖvavb¨ wewkó †mme wkí cÖwZôvb‡K eySvq †hme cÖwZôv‡b Rwg Ges KviLvbv feb e¨wZ‡i‡K ¯’vqx m¤ú‡ì g~j¨ cÖwZ¯’vcb e¨qmn 5 j¶ UvKvi wb‡P Ges cvwievwiK m`m¨ mgb¡‡q m‡ev©”P Rbej 10-Gi AwaK bq| mvaviYZ ¯^vgx- ¿x, cyÎ-Kb¨v, fvB-†evb I cwiev‡ii Ab¨ m`m¨‡ì mnvqZvq KzwUi wkí cwiPvwjZ nq| Zviv c~Y©Kvjxb I LÊKvjxb mg‡q Drcv`b ev †mev Kv‡R RwoZ _v‡K|

KzwUi wk‡íi wewfbœ mvgMÖx

evsjv‡`‡ki KzwUi wk‡íi Dchy³ †¶Î

†QvU RvqMv, ¯^í g~jab, e¨w³MZ ˆbcyY¨ I m„RbkxjZv, KvwiMwi Ávb Ges cvwievwiK mn‡hvwMZvi Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o D‡V KywUi wkí| bvbv iK‡gi KzwUi wkí Avgv‡ì †`k‡K K‡i‡Q mg„×| wewfbœ AÂ‡ji KzwUi wkí


GZ †ewk mybvg AR©b K‡i‡Q, hvi Kvi‡Y †`‡ki wewfbœ AÂj †m AÂ‡ji KzwUi wk‡íi bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i‡Q| †hgb- iv½vgvwU KzwUi wkí, gwbcywi KzwUi wkí, Kywgj−vi LÏi BZ¨vw`| wb‡gœ evsjv‡`‡ki KzwUi wk‡íi Dchy³ †¶‡Îi GKwU ZvwjKv †`qv n‡jvÑ

KzwUi wk‡íi aib Drcvw`Z ªe¨vw` cvURvZ wkí ¯‹zj e¨vM, wkKv, †`qvj gv`yi, cv‡Ui m¨v‡Ûj, Kv‡c©U euvk I †eZ wkí †e‡Zi Szwo, evj¦ †kW, Pv‡qi †Uª, †e‡Zi †Pqvi, †`vjbv, cyZzj, Szwo,

dzj`vwb, PvUvB, Wvjv, Kzjv, Pvjyb g„r wkí wewfbœ ai‡bi RxeRš—y, dj, dyj, ˆZRmcÎ, †kvwcm, cyZzj, dzj`vwb,

dz‡ji Uc, nuvwo, Kjwm I Ab¨vb¨ mvgMÖxÖ ZuvZ I e ¿ wkí kvwo, jyw½, †Uwej K¬_, †mvdvi K¬_, Rvg`vwb, †mv‡qUvi, e¨vM, gvdjvi,

myZvi Uzwc, Iqvjg¨vU, Pvì, MvgQv, kxZ e ¿, †iwW‡gW Mv‡g©›U, †nvwmqvix |

Lv`¨ I mnvqK wkí PvbvPzi, R¨vg‡Rwj, gay, ¸o, im‡Mvj−v, wgwó, `wa, wPcm, †mgvB, Kb‡dKkbvwi

n¯Í wkí nv‡Zi wkí Kv‡c©U, mZiwÂ, bKwkKuv_v, Awdm †÷kbvwi, I eyK evBwWs, gvQ aivi Rvj, gv`yi, wgwói c¨v‡KU

wSbyK wkí wSby‡Ki gvjv, AjsKvi, †Ljbv, †kvwcm, ¶z`ª B¯úvZ I cÖ‡KŠkj wkí `v, †Kv`vj, Lywš—, KuvwP, myigv`vwb, †iwWI-†Uwjwfkb I wd«R †givgZ,

I‡qwìs IqvK©kc, evjwZ-Uªv¼ ˆZwi, gUi mvB‡Kj, wRc, UªvK I evm †givgZ|

†KwgK¨vj, dvgv©wmDwUK¨vjm wkí eënvwiK ˆZj, AvZi, †MvjvcRj, AvMievwZ, †gvgevwZ, Iqvwks †mvc, wdbvBj

Kg©cÎ-1 : †Zvgv‡ì GjvKvq †h mKj KzwUi wkí M‡o D‡V‡Q Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki

• • • • • •

¶z`ª wkí (Small Industry) Drcv`bgyLx wk‡íi †¶‡Î Ô¶z`ª wkíÕ ej‡Z †mme wkí cÖwZôvb‡K eySvq †hme cÖwZôv‡b Rwg Ges KviLvbv feb e¨wZ‡i‡K ’vqx m¤ú‡ì g~j¨, cÖwZ ’vcb e¨qmn 50 j¶ UvKv †_‡K 10 †KvwU UvKv wKsev †hme wkí cÖwZôv‡b 25-99 Rb kªwgK KvR K‡i|

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

85

¶z ª wk‡‡íi Qwe

†mevg~jK wk‡íi †¶‡Î Ô¶z`ª wkíÕ ej‡Z †mme wkí cÖwZôvb‡K eySv‡e †hme cÖwZôv‡b Rwg Ges KviLvbv feb e¨wZ‡i‡K ¯’vqx m¤ú‡ì g~j¨ cÖwZ¯’vcb e¨qmn 5 j¶ UvKv †_‡K 1 †KvwU UvKv wKsev †hme wkí cÖwZôv‡b 10-25 Rb kªwgK KvR K‡i|

gvSvwi wkí (Medium Industry)

Drcv`bgyLx wk‡íi †¶‡Î ÔgvSvwi wkíÕ ej‡Z †mme wkí cÖwZôvb‡K eySvq †hme cÖwZôv‡b Rwg Ges KviLvbv feb e¨wZ‡i‡K ¯’vqx m¤ú‡ì g~j¨, cÖwZ¯’vcb e¨qmn 10 †KvwU UvKvi AwaK Ges 30 †KvwU UvKvi g‡a¨ wKsev †hme wkí cÖwZôv‡b 100-250 Rb kªwgK wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Q|

†mevg~jK wk‡íi †¶‡Î ÔgvSvwi wkíÕ ej‡Z †mme wkí cÖwZôvb‡K eySvq †hme cÖwZôv‡b Rwg Ges KviLvbv feb e¨wZ‡i‡K ¯’vqx m¤ú‡ì g~j¨, cÖwZ ’vcb e¨qmn 1 †KvwU UvKv †_‡K 15 †KvwU UvKv ch©š— wKsev †hme wkí cÖwZôv‡b 50-100 Rb kªwgK wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Q|

GKwU gvSvwi AvKv‡ii Mv‡g©›Um wkí


¶z ª I gvSvwi wk‡íi Dchy³ †¶Î

¶z`ª I gvSvwi wk‡íi aib Drcvw`Z wkí

Lv`¨ I Lv`¨RvZ wkí gq`v, AvUv, mywR, †mgvB, †eªW I we¯‹zU, jvj wPwb, gay †kvab, ïKbv I wUbRvZ gvQ, †Z‡ji wgj, P‡Kv‡jU, wmMv‡iU I wewo KviLvbv, Pvj, gywo, wPov, ˆL BZ¨vw` cÖš—yZKiY (¯^qswµq Pvj Kjmn)

e ¿ wkí _vb Kvco, †eWwkU, kvU©-c¨v‡›Ui Kvco, kvwo, MvgQv|

cvU I cvURvZ wkí myZv, my&Zwj, cv‡Ui e¨vM, Kvco, Kv‡c©U, cv‡Ui m¨v‡Ûj I mKj cvURvZ ªe¨

eb wkí KuvV, euvk I †e‡Zi ˆZwi wRwbmcÎ, KivZ Kj, Kv‡Vi †Ljbv I DbœZgv‡bi AvmevecÎ, µxov mvgMÖxÖ,

gy`ªY I cÖKvkbv wkí wewfbœ ai‡bi KvMR, c¨v‡KU, KvU©b ˆZwi

Pvgov I ivevi wkí Pvgov I ivev‡ii e¨vM, RyZv KviLvbv

¶z`ª B¯úvZ I cÖ‡KŠkj wkí nv¯—PvwjZ wUDeI‡qj, K…wl hš¿cvwZ, wgj KviLvbvi hš¿cvwZ, A‡Uv †gvevBj mvgMÖxÖ|

†KwgK¨vj, dvg©vwmDwUK¨vjm wkí wewfbœ ai‡bi is, †cB›U, c−vw÷K KviLvbv, Jla ˆZwii KviLvbv, ˆRe mvi, wgkª mvi, uwU BDwiqv ˆZwi

M −vm I wmivwgK wkí wewfbœ ai‡bi M −vm I wmivwgK mvgMÖxÖ, Pxbv gvwUi wRwbmcÎ

wngvMvi wkí wewfbœ ai‡bi wngvMvi evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z KzwUi, ¶z`ª I gvSvwi wk‡íi Ae`vb

evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki AMÖMwZi †¶‡Î KzwUi, ¶z`ª I gvSvwi wkí AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| `vwi ª we‡gvPb ¯^Kg©ms¯’v‡bi †¶‡Î Gi Ae`vb D‡j−L‡hvM¨| †`‡ki 96 fvM wkíB KzwUi, ¶z ª I gvSvwi wk‡íi AvIZvfy³| Kg©ms¯’v‡bi eo †¶Î n‡”Q G mKj wkí| †`‡ki j¶ j¶ gvbyl G wk‡íi mv‡_ RwoZ| ¯^í g~jab, ¯’vbxq KuvPvgvj, e¨w³MZ ˆbcyY¨, m„RbkxjZv, cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì we‡kl K‡i gwnjv‡ì Kg©kw³ eënvi K‡i G RvZxq wkí¸‡jv M‡o D‡V| d‡j jv‡Lv gvby‡li Kg©ms ’vb m„wó nq| we‡kl K‡i †`‡ki MÖvgxY gwnjv‡ì AvZ¥Kg©ms ’vb m„wó I †eKviZ¡ ~ixKi‡Y KzwUi I ¶z ª wk‡íi we‡kl f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| †`‡ki BwZnvm, HwZn¨ jvjb I weKv‡k Ges mviv we‡k¦ Zv Qwo‡q w`‡ZI ¶z`ª I KzwUi wkí ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡L P‡j‡Q|

†`‡ki ¶z ª I KzwUi wk‡íi cwimsL¨vb : Ryb 2011

†gvU ¶z ª wk‡íi msL¨v 93,660

†gvU KzwUi wk‡íi msL¨v 6,36,577

¶z`ª I KzwUi wk‡íi gva¨‡g Kg©ms¯’vb 33.37 j¶

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

87

KzwUi, ¶z`ª I gvSvwi wk‡íi weKv‡k KiYxq

KzwUi wkí cÖavbZ cwieviwfwËK| Z‡e ¶z ª I gvSwi wk‡í cwiev‡ii m`m¨MY QvovI evB‡ii kÖgkw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq| G RvZxq wk‡íi D‡`¨v³vMY wb‡Ri kÖg I †gav LvwU‡q Ges ¯’vbxq KuvPvgvj eënvi K‡i †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡L P‡j‡Q| Z‡e G wk‡íi weKv‡k AviI c`‡¶c MÖnY Ri“wi| †m¸‡jv n‡jv-

1. KuvPvgv‡ji mnRjf¨Zv wbwðZKiY : mvaviYZ †h RvZxq KuvPvgvj †hLv‡b †ewk †mLv‡bB G RvZxq wkí¸‡jv †ewk M‡o D‡V| Z‡e A‡bK mgq cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vM, †hvMv‡hvM Aeë¯’vmn Ab¨vb¨ Kvi‡Y KuvPvgvj cvIqv AwbwðZ n‡q co‡j wk‡íi weKvk evavMÖ — nq| G Rb¨ miKvwi c„ô‡cvlKZv cÖ‡qvRb|

2. evRv‡ii ˆbKU¨ : Drcvw`Z cY¨ weµq I wecY‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb evRv‡ii| Avevi KvuPvgvj µ‡qi evRviI KvQvKvwQ _vKv DwPZ| KuvPvgvj µq I Drcvw`Z mvgMÖxi evRvi wbwðZ Kiv †M‡j G RvZxq wk‡íi weKvk Z¡ivwš^Z n‡e|

3. kÖwg‡Ki ch©vß †hvMvb : ¶z ª, gvSvwi I KzwUi wkí g~jZ kÖgNb wkí| G‡ì weKv‡k `¶ Rbkw³ I ¯^í gRywi‡Z kÖwg‡Ki cÖvc¨Zv ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| KzwUi wk‡íi Pvwn`v w`b w`b e„w× cvIqvi d‡j wWRvBb I `¶ KvwiMwi Ávb Acwinvh© n‡q c‡o| ch©vß cÖwk¶‡Yi gva¨‡g kÖwgK‡ì `¶ Kivi my‡hvM _vK‡Z n‡e|

4. cwien‡bi m~‡hvM-myweav : cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq ¯’vbxq KuvPvgvj I evRv‡ii Dci wbf©i K‡i wkí cÖwZôv n‡jI c‡Yï evRvi we¯Í…Z n‡j Zvi weµq I wecY‡bi Rb¨ Ges KuvPvgvj hš¿cvwZ myôzfv‡e Avbv-†bqvi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myeë¯’v Avek¨K|

5. ¯’vbxq I ê‡`wkK Pvwn`vi Dci ¸i“Z¡v‡ivc : †h‡nZz ¶z`ª I KzwUi wkí ¯’vbxq Pvwn`vi Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o D‡V, ZvB ¯’vbxq Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q wkí ¯’vwcZ nq| Z‡e ïaygvÎ ¯’vbxq Pvwn`vi w`‡K j¶ ivL‡jB nq bv| ê‡`wkK evRv‡ii cÖmvi I GKB m‡½ Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi w`‡KI ¸i“Z¡ w`‡Z nq|

6. cyuwRi mnRjf¨Zv : ¶z ª I KzwUi wk‡íi Rb¨ ¯^í cuywRi cÖ‡qvRb n‡jI mKj mgq D‡`¨v³vi c‡¶ cyuwRi †hvMvb †Ìqv m¤¢e nq bv| ZvB e¨vsKmn wewfbœ Drm †_‡K A_© FY wn‡m‡e cvIqvi my‡hvM _vK‡Z n‡e|

7. miKvwi my‡hvM-myweavi mnRjf¨Zv : KzwUi wkí †`‡ki HwZn¨ I †MŠi‡ei cÖZxK| ZvB G weKvk I cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ miKvwi mKj ai‡bi mn‡hvwMZv I c„ô‡cvlKZv cÖ‡qvRb| Avkvi K_v †h, miKvi Ô¶z ª I KzwUi wkí ms¯’vÕ cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g G wk‡íi weKv‡k wewfbœ ai‡bi c„ô‡cvlKZv K‡i hv‡”Q| miKvi ¶z ª, gvSvwi I KzwUi wk‡íi weKv‡k mnvqZv`vb, ZuvZwkí i¶v, †ebviwm I Rvg`vwb cj−xi g‡Zv †ikg cj −x M‡o †Zvjvmn ZuvwZ, Kvgvi, Kzgvi, g„rwkí, euvk, †eZ, Zvgv, Kuvmv I cvwU wk‡í we‡kl cÖ‡Yv`bv †Ìqvi wm×vš— MÖnY K‡i‡Q|

e„nr wkí (Large Industry) Drcv`bgyLx wk‡íi †¶‡Î Ôe„nr wkíÕ ej‡Z †mme wkí cÖwZôvb‡K eySvq †hme cÖwZôv‡b Rwg Ges KviLvbv feb e¨wZ‡i‡K ’vqx m¤ú‡ì g~j¨ cÖwZ¯’vcb e¨qmn 30 †KvwU UvKvi AwaK wKsev †hme wkí cÖwZôv‡b 250 R‡bi AwaK kªwgK wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Q|

†mevg~jK wk‡íi †¶‡Î Ôe„nr wkíÕ ej‡Z †mme wkí cÖwZôvb‡K eySvq †hme cÖwZôv‡b Rwg Ges KviLvbv feb e¨wZ‡i‡K ’vqx m¤ú‡ì g~j¨ cÖwZ ’vcb e¨qmn 15 †KvwU UvKvi AwaK wKsev †hme wkí cÖwZôv‡b 100 R‡bi


AwaK kªwgK wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki e„nr wkí¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡j−L‡hvM¨ n‡jv mvi wkí, wm‡g›U wkí, KvMR wkí, we y r Drcv`b wkí, Mv‡g©›U wkí, B¯úvZ wkí, cÖ‡KŠkj wkí, Jla ˆZwi wkí, cvU I cvURvZ wkí I Pv wkí|

evsjv‡`‡ki m¤¢vebvgq e„nr wkí • Lv`¨ cÖwµqvRvZKiY wkí • Rbkw³ ißvwb • RvnvR wbg©vY I cwi‡ekm¤§Z RvnvR fv½v wkí • bevqb †hvM¨ kw³ (†mvjvi cvIqvi, DBÛ wgj) • ch©Ub wkí • AvBwmwU cY¨ I AvBwmwU wfwËK †mev

• ˆZwi †cvkvK wkí • †flR Jla wkí • Pvgov I PvgovRvZ cY¨ • nvmcvZvj I wK¬wbK • A‡Uv‡gvevBj

XvKv Bwc‡RW, mvfvi

†gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡b (wRwWwc‡Z) wkíLv‡Zi Ae`vb (kZKiv nvi %)

aib Avw_©K eQi 2005-06

Avw_©K eQi2006-07

Avw_©K eQi2007-08

Avw_©K eQi 2008-09

Avw_©K eQi 2009-10

Avw_©K eQi2010-11

wkí* 29.03 29.45 29.7 29.86 29.93 30.33 gvSvwi I e„nr wkí 12.14 12.47 12.63 12.71 12.68 13.12 ¶z ª I KzwUi wkí 4.94 5.08 5.14 5.18 5.26 5.29 †gvU wkí (Drcv`bgyLx) 17.08 17.55 17.77 17.9 17.94 18.41 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

(*wkí ej‡Z LwbR, Drcv`bgyLx, we`y r, M¨vm I cvwb I wbg©vY wkí‡K †evSvq)

DbœZ I AbybœZ wkí GjvKv

evsjv‡`k wk‡í AbMÖmi| KwZcq mgm¨v I evavi Kvi‡Y wk‡ívbœq‡bi MwZ GLbI gš’i| cÖavbZ AbybœZ Av_©- mvgvwRK AeKvVv‡gv †hgb- AbybœZ iv —v-NvU, Ach©vß we`y r I M¨vm mieivn, AbybœZ cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v, KvwiMwi Ávb I `¶ kÖwg‡Ki Afve, gvwjK-kÖwgK Ø›Ø I kÖwgK Am‡š—vl BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y wk‡ívbœq‡bi MwZaviv e¨vnZ n‡”Q| Avevi †`‡ki mKj GjvKv wk‡í mgvbfv‡e DbœZ bq| d‡j wk‡ívbœq‡bi †¶‡Î †`‡ki

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

89

wewfbœ †Rjv‡Z cv_©K¨ cwijw¶Z nq| 2010 mv‡ji wkíbxwZ‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki wk‡í AMÖmi I AbMÖmi †Rjvmg~‡ni GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ vb K‡i‡Q| D³ ZvwjKv wbgœi~c :

wefvM DbœZ †Rjv AbybœZ †Rjv XvKv wefvM XvKv, bvivqYMÄ, biwms`x I

MvRxcyi| Rvgvjcyi, †kicyi, †bÎ‡Kvbv, wK‡kviMÄ, gqgbwmsn, Uv½vBj, ivRevox, †MvcvjMÄ, kixqZcyi, gv`vixcyi, dwi`cyi, gvwbKMÄ I gyÝxMÄ|

PÆMÖvg wefvM PÆMÖvg, K·evRvi, eªvþYevwoqv, Pvu cyi, Kzwgj−v, †dbx, †bvqvLvjx I jþxcyi

LvMovQwo, iv½vgvwU I ev›ìevb

ivRkvnx wefvM

e¸ov| RqcyinvU,bIMuv, PvucvBbeveMÄ, ivRkvnx, bv‡Uvi, wmivRMÄ I cvebv|

iscyi wefvM iscyi, cÂMo, VvKziMvu, w`bvRcyi, bxjdvgvix, jvjgwbinvU, KzwoMÖvg I MvBevÜv|

Lyjbv wefvM

PyqvWv½v, †g‡nicyi, Kzwóqv, wSbvB`n, gv¸iv, bovBj, h‡kvi, mvZ¶xiv, Lyjbv I ev‡MinvU|

ewikvj wefvM ewikvj, SvjKvwV, wc‡ivRcyi, cUzqvLvjx, ei¸bv I †fvjv|

wm‡jU wefvM wm‡jU, mybvgMÄ, †gŠjfxevRvi I nweMÄ

Kg©cÎ-2 : †Zvgv‡ì wbR †Rjv wbe©vPb Ki Ges †m †Rjv wk‡íi Rb¨ DbœZ ev AbybœZ nevi KviY¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki

wbR †Rjvi bvg wkí GjvKv wn‡m‡e Ae¯’vb wk‡í DbœZ nevi ev AbybœZ _vKvi KviY


Abykxjbx

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| me©‡kl RvZxq ÔwkíbxwZÕ †NvwlZ nq KZ mv‡j?

K. 2009 L. 2010

M. 2011 N. 2012

2| ¶z`ªwkí ej‡Z wb‡gœi †KvbwU‡K †evSvq?

K. †h wkí cÖwZôv‡b 100 Rb kÖwgK wb‡qvwRZ

L. 10 †KvwU UvKvi †ewk wewb‡qvMK…Z cÖwZôvb

M. ¯’vqx m¤úwË cÖwZ¯’vcb eve` e¨q 5 j¶ †_‡K 1 †KvwU UvKv

N. cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i wb‡q MwVZ wkí cÖwZôvb|

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

Rbve mvw`d Zvi cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i wb‡q gvwU w`‡q wewfbœ ai‡bi †kv-wcm ˆZwi K‡i Zvi †`vKv‡b wewµ K‡ib Ges †ek jvfevb nb| Rbve mvw`‡di cÖwZ‡ekxivI DrmvwnZ n‡q G ai‡bi wkí M‡o Zz‡j‡Qb|

3| Rbve mvw`‡di wkíwU †Kvb ai‡bi?

K. ¶z ª wkí L. KzwUi wkí

M. gvSvwi wkí N. e„nr wkí

4| Rbve mvw`d Zvi Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z Ae`vb ivL‡eÑ

i. Kg©ms ’vb ˆZwi‡Z

ii. Rxeb hvÎvi gvb Dbœq‡b

iii. †`kxq HwZn¨ i¶vq

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K. i I ii L. i I iii

M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 1| ivwkK 11 †KvwU UvKv e¨‡q cvUPv‡li Rb¨ weL¨vZ XvKv wefv‡Mi gqgbwmsn †Rjvi dzjcyi MÖv‡g GKwU cvU

I cvURvZwkí ’vcb K‡ib| Zvi eÜz ivwd mgcwigvY wewb‡qvM K‡i GKB ai‡bi wkí ¯’vcb Ki‡jb ivRkvnx AÂ‡j †hLv‡b AvL Pvl †ewk nq| wbw ©ó mgq c‡i ivwk‡Ki wkí cÖwZôvbwU ivwdi cÖwZôv‡bi †P‡q †ewk gybvdv K‡i| K. e¨vcK A‡_© wkí‡K Kq fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q? L. †mev wkí ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? e¨vL¨v Ki|

e¨emvq D‡`¨vM

91

M. wewb‡qv‡Mi gvcKvwV‡Z ivwk‡Ki e¨emvqwU †Kvb ai‡bi? eY©bv Ki| N. ivwk‡Ki wkí cÖwZôvbwU‡Z AwaK gybvdv nIqvi KviY we‡k−lY Ki|

2| K·evRv‡ii †Rwib Zvmwbg we`y¨r‡Zi µgvMZ Pvwn`vi K_v we‡ePbv K‡i miKvwi AbygwZ wb‡q mgy ªZx‡i GKwU evqyPvwjZ we y r †K› ª ¯’vcb Ki‡jb| mgy‡ ªi evZvm‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q DBÛ wg‡ji gva¨‡g Drcvw`Z we`y¨r wewfbœ RvqMvq mieivn K‡ib| Zvi G wk‡í wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvY 3 †KvwU UvKvi AwaK|

K. wewb‡qv‡Mi gvcKvwV‡Z wkí‡K Kq fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q? L. KzwUi wkí ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? e¨vL¨v Ki| M. Rbve †Rwi‡bi wkíwU †Kvb ai‡bi? eY©bv Ki| N. Rbve †Rwib Zvmwb‡gi ¯’vwcZ wk‡íi gva¨‡g †`‡ki A_©bxwZi PvKv MwZkxj n‡e-g~j¨vqb Ki|

Aóg Aa¨vq

eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi eë ’vcbv Management of Business Organization

gvbe mf¨Zvi µgweKv‡ki mv‡_ eë¯’vcbvi DrcwËi mn-m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| ïi“‡Z eë ’vcbv wQj cwievi I `jwfwËK| mf¨Zvi weKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ mKj †¶‡Î eë ’vcbvi aviYv Qwo‡q c‡o| eë ’vcbvi aviYvwU e¨vcKfv‡e RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i eëmvqx mgv‡Ri eëmv cwiPvjbv c×wZ †_‡K| mvaviYfv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, †Kv‡bv wbw ©ó j¶¨ AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Ab¨‡ì Øviv cÖ‡qvRbxq KvR Kwi‡q †bIqvi †KŠkj‡K eë ’vcbv e‡j| Av‡jvP¨ Aa¨v‡q Avgiv eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi eë ’vcbvi aviYv, Kvh©vewj, Ges eë ’vcbvi wewfbœ Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvie|

G Aa¨vqwU cvV †k‡l Avgiv-

• eë ’vcbvi aviYv I Kvh©vewj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie|

• cwiKíbvi aviYv I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

• msMwVZKi‡Yi aviYv I ¸i“Z¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie|

• †bZ…‡Z¡i aviYv I cÖKvi‡f`¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

• fv‡jv †bZvi ¸Yvewj wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvie|

• eëmvq A_©vq‡bi aviYv I Drm¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

93

eë¯’vcbvi aviYv (Concept of Management)

Rbve ingvb MZ 5 eQi hveZ Kvc‡oi eëmvq cwiPvjbv K‡i Avm‡Qb| Zvi †`vKv‡b me cÖKv‡ii Kvco I ˆZwi †cvkvK cvIqv hvq| cÖwZw`b A‡bK †µZv †mLv‡b wfo K‡ib| wZwb wb‡RB eëmvq cwiPvjbv K‡ib| eëmv‡qi cÖmvi e„w× cvevi Kvi‡Y wZwb Kg©Pvix wb‡qv‡Mi wPš—v-fvebv Ki‡Z jvM‡jb| m¤úªwZ wZwb GKRb Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM Ki‡jb| d‡j Zvi Kv‡Ri Pvc wKQzUv Kgj| wKš—y wKQzw`b hvIqvi ci †µZviv Kg©Pvixi wei“‡× †`wi‡Z †`vKvb †Lvjv I ye©ënvi Kivi Awf‡hvM Av‡bb| ingvb mv‡ne †µZv‡ì Awf‡hvM g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q ï‡b Zvi Kg©Pvix‡K †W‡K eëmv‡qi mybvg i¶v‡_© cÖ‡qvRbxq civgk© w`‡jb| Kg©PvixwU Zvi fzj eyS‡Z cvij| †m fwel¨‡Z Av‡iv g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q KvR Ki‡Z DØy× n‡jv|

Dc‡ii M‡í eëmvqx ingvb mv‡n‡ei Kg©Pvix wb‡qv‡Mi wPš—v, Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM, Kg©Pvixi wei“‡× †µZv‡ì Awf‡‡hvM †kvbv Ges †m Abyhvqx eë ’v †bIqv mewKQzB Zvi eëmvq eë ’vcbvi Ask|

eë ’vcbv n‡”Q Ab¨ †jvK‡ì mvg_©¨‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q †Kv‡bv KvR Kwi‡q †bIqvi `¶Zv I †KŠkj| AvaywbK eë ’vcbvi RbK e‡j cwiwPZ †nbwi †dI‡qj (Henri Fayol)-Gi g‡Z Ôeë ’vcbv n‡jv c~e©vbygvb I cwiKíbv, msMwVZKiY, wb‡ ©kbv, mgš^qmvab I wbqš¿‡Yi mgwó|Õ eë ’vcbvi K‡qKwU êwkó¨ wbgœi~c-

• eë ’vcbv n‡jv KZK¸‡jv Kv‡Ri avivevwnK cÖwµqv|

• eë ’vcbv c~e© wba©vwiZ j¶¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ cwiPvwjZ nq|

• eë ’vcbv GKwU `jMZ cÖwµqv|

• eë ’vcbv GKwU Pjgvb cÖwµqv| mg‡qi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ wgj †i‡L eë ’vcbvi Kv‡Ri †¶‡ÎI bZyb bZyb †KŠkj MÖnY Ki‡Z nq|

eë¯’vcbvi Kvh©vewj (Functions of Management)

c~e©wba©vwiZ j¶¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ m¤úvw`Z Kvh©vewj‡K eë ’vcbv ejv nq| cÖwZôv‡bi mKj cÖKvi gvbweK I Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb‡K `¶Zvi mv‡_ cwiPvjbvi gva¨‡g j¶¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ eë ’vcbvi AvIZvq A‡bK¸‡jv KvR Ki‡Z nq| wb‡gœ eë ’vcbvi Kvh©vewj we‡k −lY Kiv n‡jv-

1. cwiKíbv cÖYqb (Planning) : cwiKíbv n‡jv fwel¨r Kvh©µ‡gi w`K-wb‡ ©kbv| †Kv‡bv eëmvq msMV‡bi c~e©wba©vwiZ j¶¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ fwel¨‡Z Kx KvR, †K, Kxfv‡e, KLb Ki‡e Zv wba©viY KivB n‡jv cwiKíbv| eë ’vcbvi cÖ_g KvR n‡”Q cwiKíbv cÖYqb|

2. msMwVZKiY (Organizing) : eëmv‡qi cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj gvbweK I e¯‘MZ DcKiY Ges m¤ú`‡K h_vh_fv‡e eënvi Kivi Rb¨ Kgx©‡ì g‡a¨ `vwqZ¡ I ¶gZv eÈb Ges Avš—tm¤úK© ˆZwii Kvh©vewj‡K msMwVZKiY ejv nq|

3. Kgx©ms¯’vb (Staffing) : cÖwZôv‡bi Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb n‡”Q Zvi Kgx© evwnbx| Kgx© evwnbx‡K eëmv‡qi Ab¨Zg gvbweK m¤ú` wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ Dchy³ Kgx© msMÖn, wbe©vPb, wb‡qvM I cÖwk¶Y cÖ`vb, c‡`vbœwZ, e`wj, QuvUvB cÖf…wZ KvR Kgx©ms ’v‡bi Aš—fy©³|

eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi eë¯’vcbv

94

4. wb‡`©kbv`vb (Directing) : cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Kgx©‡ì Av‡`k-wb‡ ©©k cÖ vb Kiv‡K wb‡ ©kbv e‡j| eë ’vcK Kgx©‡ì †Kvb KvR KLb, Kxfv‡e m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi wb‡ ©kbv cÖ vb K‡i _v‡Kb| h_v_© wb‡ ©kbv w`‡Z cvi‡j Kgx©iv me©vwaK `¶Zv cÖ k©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| A‡b‡K wb‡ ©kbv`vb‡K †bZ…Z¡`v‡bi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb|

5. †cÖlYv`vb (Motivating) : cÖwZôv‡bi Kgx©‡ì‡K Kv‡Ri cÖwZ AvMÖnx I Drmvnx Kivi cÖwµqv‡K †cÖlYv ejv nq| †cÖlYvi d‡j Kgx©iv AvMÖn wb‡q `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b DØy× nq Ges gvbm¤§Z KvR m¤úv`‡b m¶g nq|

6. mgš^qmvab (Co-ordinating) : mgš^q mvab cÖwµqvq eëmvq msMV‡bi Kgx©, wewfbœ wefvM I Dcwefv‡Mi g‡a¨ Kvh©Ki †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv nq| mgš^q mva‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi mK‡j wg‡j GKwU `‡j cwiYZ nq hv HKë×fv‡e KvR m¤úv`‡b mnvqZv K‡i|

7. wbqš¿Y (Controlling) : cwiKíbv Abyhvqx Kvh© m¤úvw`Z n‡”Q wKbv Zv Z`viK Kiv, Î“wU-wePy¨wZ wbY©q Kiv Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b ms‡kvabg~jK eë ’v MÖnY Kivi mvwe©K cÖwµqv‡K wbqš¿Y ejv nq| wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb mnRZi nq|

cwiKíbvi aviYv (Concept of Planning)

eëmvq wk¶v kvLvi wk¶K †Kvwnb~i Av³vi Zvi K¬v‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i ï‡f”Qv wewbgq Ki‡jb| wk¶v_x©ivI Avb‡›ì mv‡_ Zv‡K ¯^vMZ Rvbvj| wk‡íi cÖKvi‡f` wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi ïi“‡Z wZwb wk¶v_x©‡ì wbKU wkí KviLvbvi cwi`k©b Kivi AwfÁZv Rvb‡Z Pvb| †`Lv hvq †ewkifvM wk¶v_x©i wkí KviLvbv mivmwi †`Lvi †Kv‡bv AwfÁZv †bB| wZwb mevB‡K wb‡q †Rjvi wewmK wkí bMix cwi`k©b Kivi AvMÖn cÖKvk Ki‡j mKj wk¶v_x© Avb‡›` †d‡U c‡o| wZwb mevB‡K kvš— K‡ib Ges e‡jb Gi Rb¨ cÖavb wk¶‡Ki AbygwZ wb‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov Av‡iv hv wPš—v-fvebv K‡i wm×vš— wb‡Z n‡eÑZvÕn‡jv-

KLb hvIqv n‡e?

Kxfv‡e hvIqv n‡e?

KZRb wk¶v_x© I wk¶K hv‡eb?

†hLv‡b hv‡e Zv‡ì KZ©„c‡¶i mv‡_ Kxfv‡e †hvMv‡hvM Kiv n‡e?

me‡k‡l wk¶v_x©‡ì wbKU cÖkœ ivL‡jb : KviLvbv cwi`k©‡bi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì GmKj c~e©-aviYv ev wPš—v-fvebv‡K Avgiv Kx ej‡Z cvwi| wk¶v_x©iv mg¯^‡i Revi w`j : cwiKíbv| wZwb mevB‡K abëv` w`‡jb| wZwb Av‡iv ej‡jb, †Kv‡bv KvR ïi“ Kivi c~‡e© †m wel‡q we‡kl wPš—v-fvebv ev AvMvg wm×vš—B n‡jv cwiKíbv| Av‡iv cwi®‹vifv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, †Kv‡bv D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L Kx KvR Ki‡Z n‡e, KLb Ki‡Z n‡e, †Kv_vq Ki‡Z n‡e, KZ mg‡q KvR †kl n‡e, G m¤ú‡K© AwMÖg wm×vš— MÖn‡Yi cÖwµqv‡K cwiKíbv e‡j| mwVK cwiKíbv D‡Ïk¨ AR©b‡K mnR K‡i| cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi mKj DcKiY I m¤ú‡ì eënvi wbwðZ Kiv hvq| cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©KZv© Kg©Pvix‡ì `vwqZ¡ mwVKfv‡e eÈb Kiv hvq| d‡j Zv‡ì g‡a¨ `vwqZ¡‡eva m„wó nq Ges `¶Zv e„w× cvq|

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Kg©cÎ-1 : GKwU eëmvq cÖwZôv‡b cwiKíbvi cÖ‡qvRb †Kb?

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msMwVZKi‡Yi aviYv I ¸i“Z¡ (Concept and Importance of Organizing)

ÔAvkvi evYxÕ †÷v‡ii gvwjK cÖkvš— `vm Zvi wbR GjvKvq mybv‡gi mv‡_ eëmvq K‡i Avm‡Qb| wZwb XvKv I PÆMÖvg †_‡K ˆZwi †cvkvK, Km‡gwUKm, wkï‡ì Lv`¨-`ªe¨ I †Ljbvmn wewfbœ ai‡bi c‡Yï mgv‡ek NwU‡q‡Qb| Z‡e Zvi eëmv‡qi me‡P‡q AvKl©Yxq AvB‡Ug n‡”Q wb‡Ri ZË¡veav‡b ˆZwi wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii AvPvi| cÖwZ eQi wZwb ’vbxq evRvi †_‡K KuvPv Avg, Avgov, cvKv ei“B, RjcvB I AvgjwK wK‡b AvPvi ˆZwi K‡i wewµ K‡ib| †m Rb¨ wewfbœ †gŠmy‡g A¯’vqxfv‡e wKQz gwnjv‡K wb‡qvM †`b hviv wbw ©ó cvwikÖwg‡Ki wewbg‡q Zv‡K AvPvi evbv‡Z I †evZjRvZ Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡ib| w`‡b w`‡b Zvi AvPv‡ii L¨vwZ e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| wZwb AvPvi ˆZwi I wewµi Rb¨ GKwU Avjv`v wefvM †Lvjvi wm×vš— wb‡jb| †m Rb¨ AvPvi ˆZwiKvix gwnjvMY‡K ’vqxfv‡e wb‡qvM w`‡jb| GKRb‡K c„_K g¨v‡bRvi wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ w`‡jb| eQie¨vcx KuvPvgvj msMÖn, AvPvi ˆZwi I Zv msi¶Y Kivi Rb¨ `vwqZ¡ eÈb K‡i w`‡jb|

cÖkvš— `v‡mi m¤úvw`Z mKj KvR eëmvq eë ’vcbvi Ask| G mKj KvR‡K msMwVZKiY e‡j|

KviY cwiKíbv Abyhvqx k¨vgj `vm Zvi eëmv‡qi gvbweK I e¯‘MZ mKj cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY Ges m¤ú` msMÖn I mgwš^Z K‡i †m¸‡jv‡K h_vh_fv‡e eënvi Kivi Rb¨ Kgx©‡ì g‡a¨ `vwqZ¡ I ¶gZv eÈb K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| msMwVZKi‡Yi d‡j cÖwZôv‡bi j¶¨ AR©b mnRZi nq| cÖwZôv‡bi mKj m¤ú‡ì m‡e©v”P eënvi wbwðZ nq| cÖwZôv‡b Kg©iZ Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix‡ì wbqš¿Y I cwiPvjbv mnR nq| wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ Avš—tm¤úK© my „p nIqvi Kvi‡Y Kv‡Ri MwZ e„w× cvq|

Kg©cÎ-2 : GKwU eëmvq cÖwZôv‡b msMwVZKi‡Yi ¸i“Z¡ •

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†bZ…‡Z¡i aviYv (Concept of Leadership)

AvwLZviv dvwb©Pvm©-Gi gvwjK Rbve Avikv` mvgvb¨ cywuR wb‡q Zvi eëmvq ïi“ K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš—y K‡Vvi cwikÖg, mZZv, Kg©Pvix‡ì cwiPvjbv Kivi `¶Zv I eëmv‡qi DbœwZi cÖwZ cÖej AvMÖn Zv‡K AvR mgv‡Ri GKRb wewkó e¨w³‡Z¡ cwiYZ K‡i‡Q| AvR Zvi eëmv‡qi cuvPwU kvLv mybv‡gi mv‡_ cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| wZwb Kg©Pvix‡ì mKj Afve-Awf‡hvM g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q †kv‡bb Ges mva¨g‡Zv Zv‡ì `vwe-`vIqv c~iY Kivi †Póv K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K Kg©PvixivI eëmvqwU‡K wb‡R‡ì g‡b K‡i Avš—wiKZvi mv‡_ KvR K‡i, MÖvnK‡ì Pvwn`v c~iY K‡i eëmv‡qi mybvg e„w×i †Póv K‡i hv‡”Qb|

KvwnbxwU‡Z Avgiv Rbve Avikv‡ì †h ¸Y¸‡jv cvB †m¸‡jv :

• wZwb cwikÖgx

• wZwb mr

• Kg©Pvix‡ì cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z wZwb `¶

• eëmv‡qi DbœwZi Rb¨ wZwb AvMÖnx

• Kg©Pvix‡ì Afve-Awf‡hvM †kvbv I `~i Ki‡Z Avš—wiK|

Dc‡iv³ me¸‡jv ¸‡Yi mgwó‡K Avgiv Rbve Avikv‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Yvewj ej‡Z cvwi| eëmv‡qi †¶‡Î †bZ…Z¡ ej‡Z D‡Ïk¨ AR©b‡K mvg‡b †i‡L KvR m¤úv`‡b Kgx©‡ì DrmvwnZ Kivi ¸Y I †KŠkj‡K †evSvq|

†bZ…‡Z¡i cÖKvi‡f` (Classification of Leadership)

µwgK †bZ…‡Z¡i aib êwkó¨ 1. MYZvwš¿K †bZ…Z¡

(Democratic Leadership)

• †bZv Aa¯Íb‡ì mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| • Aa¯Íb‡ì civgk© MÖnY K‡ib| • Kgx©‡ì wbKU †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn K‡ib| • Kgx©‡ì cÖkœ Kivi my‡hvM †`b| • Kgx©iv cÖkœ Ki‡j Zvi Reve †`b| • Kgx©‡ì Revew`wnZv Avkv K‡ib| • Kgx©‡ì wbKU Revew`wn K‡ib| • Kgx©iv wb‡R‡ì cÖwZôv‡bi Ask g‡b K‡ib|

2. ˆ¯îZvwš¿K †bZ…Z¡ (Autocratic Leadership)

• †bZv ïay Av‡`k K‡ib, Revew`wn K‡ib bv| • m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wb‡Ri ¶gZv I mvg‡_© i Dci wbf©i

K‡ib| • Kgx©‡ì mvg‡_© i Dci Av¯’v iv‡Lb bv| • Kgx©‡ì gZvgZ ev civgk© MÖnY K‡ib bv| • Kgx©‡ì cÖwZ †bwZevPK g‡bvfve †cvlY K‡ib| • Kgx©‡ì memgq Pv‡ci gy‡L iv‡Lb| • Kgx©iv cÖwZôvb‡K wb‡R‡ì fve‡Z cv‡ib bv|

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

97

3. gy³ †bZ…Z¡ (Laissez Faire Leadership)

• †bZv-Kgx©‡ì Dci `vwqZ¡ w`‡q wbwðš— _v‡Kb| • wb‡R KvR Ki‡Z cQ›` K‡ib bv Ges AvMÖnx bb| • Kgx©‡ì Dci mywbw ©ó Av‡`k †`b bv| • Kgx©‡ì Revew`wnZv Av`vq K‡ib bv| • Kgx©iv wb‡R‡ì B”Qvg‡Zv KvR K‡i _v‡K| • wm×vš— MÖn‡Y mgq †ewk jv‡M| • cÖwZôv‡bi mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i fv‡jv Avš—te¨w³K m¤úK©

I `jxq Kv‡Ri Dci| 4. AvgjvZvwš¿K †bZ…Z¡

(Bureaucratic Leadership)

• †bZv-Kgx©‡ì Av‡`k w`‡q KvR Av`vq K‡i †bb| • Kgx©iv †bZvi †P‡q Av`k©‡K eo K‡i †`‡Lb Ges

cvjb Ki‡Z eva¨ _v‡Kb| • me© v wbqggvwdK `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z nq| • †bZvi †P‡q †bZvi Av‡`k Ges e¨w³MZ m¤ú‡K©i †P‡q

k„•Ljv †ewk ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|

Kg©cÎ-3 : wewfbœ ai‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡i êwkó¨¸‡jv we‡k −lY K‡i wb‡Pi Kg©cÎwU m¤úv`b Ki‡Z n‡e|

†bZ…‡Z¡i aib myweav Amyweav MYZvwš¿K †bZ…Z¡

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ˆ¯îZvwš¿K †bZ…Z¡

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gy³ †bZ…Z¡

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AvgjvZvwš¿K †bZ…Z¡

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98

Av`k© †bZvi ¸Yvewj (Qualities of Ideal Leaders)

whwb †bZ…Z¡ †`b Zv‡K †bZv ejv nq| †bZvi KvR n‡”Q D‡Ïk¨‡K ev¯ÍevwqZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZôv‡bi Kgx©‡ì DrmvwnZ I cwiPvjbv Kiv| †bZ…Z¡`v‡bi KwVb `vwqZ¡kxj KvRwU m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ GKRb †bZvi A‡bK¸‡jv ¸Y ev êwkó¨ _vK‡Z nq| †Kbbv Dchy³ †bZ…Z¡ †hgb GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi j¶¨ AR©b‡K mnRZi K‡i, †Zgwb †bZvi A‡hvM¨Zv cÖwZôvbwU‡K e¨_© K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| wb‡gœ GKRb Av`k© †bZvi ¸Y¸‡jv we‡k−lY Kiv n‡jv|

1. ˆ`wnK mvg_© I my ’Zv : †bZv‡K A‡bK ˆ`wnK I gvbwmK cwikÖg I Pvc enb Ki‡Z nq| G Rb¨ Zvi ˆ`wnK mvg_© _vKvi cvkvcvwk kvixwiK I gvbwmK my ’Zv _vKv Avek¨K| ZvQvov Zvi ˆ`wnK MVbI AvKl©©Yxq nIqv DwPZ|

2. cÖLi e¨w³Z¡ : †bZv‡K e¨w³MZfv‡e axi-w¯’i n‡Z nq| gvwR©Z eënvi, m‡¤§vnbx ¶gZv wgwkÖZ e¨w³‡Z¡i AwaKvix †bZv‡K Aa¯Íbiv m¤§vb K‡i|

3. wk¶v I AwfÁZv : AvbyôvwbK wk¶v gvbyl‡K A‡bK BwZevPK Ávb, `¶Zv I `„wófw½ AR©‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| mv‡_ mv‡_ AwfÁZvI Zv‡K mg„× K‡i| ZvB GKRb †bZvi wk¶v I AwfÁZv _vKv Kvg¨|

4. mvnm I mZZv : †bZv‡K memgq mvg‡b †_‡K †bZ…Z¡ w`‡Z nq| Zv‡K A‡bK SuzwKc~Y© I P¨v‡jwÄs Kv‡R nvZ w`‡Z nq| ZvB Zv‡K n‡Z nq mvnmx| mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv‡K mr I b¨vqwbô n‡Z nq | KviY mZZv I mvn‡mi Rb¨ †m A‡bï wek¦vm I kÖ×v AR©b K‡i|

5. cwikÖg I mnbkxjZv : cwikÖg †h †Kvb Kv‡Ri g~j| †bZv‡KI Zvi `vwq‡Z¡i Rb¨ A‡bK cwikÖg Ki‡Z nq| †bZv hw` Ajm nb, KvR bv K‡ib, Aí‡ZB K¬vš— n‡q hvb Zvn‡j Aat¯—b‡ì mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kiv KwVb n‡q co‡e| ZvQvov mnbkxjZv bv _vK‡j Zvi c‡¶ †bZ…Z¡ †Ìqv m¤¢e n‡e bv|

6. `vwqZ¡kxjZv I mn‡hvwMZv : `vwq‡Z¡i cÖwZ †bZvi GKvMÖZv Abymvix‡ì Rb¨ Aby‡cÖiYvi KviY nq| Ab¨w`‡K mK‡ji cÖwZ mn‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve cÖvwZôvwbK j¶¨ AR©b‡K mnRZi K‡i †Zv‡j|

7. mvsMVwbK `¶Zv : GKRb †bZvi cÖwZôv‡bi mKj wel‡q `¶Zv _vKv DwPZ, hv‡Z †Kvb `vwq‡Z¡i Rb¨ †K Dchy³ Zv evQvB Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges †m Abyhvqx `vwqZ¡ eÈb K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib|

8. gvbweK m¤úK© Abyavebt GKRb mdj †bZvi Aek¨B Zvi mv‡_i †jvK‡ì Avkv-AvKv•¶v, „wófw½, †hvM¨Zv, i“wP, e¨w³Z¡ Abyaveb Kivi †hvM¨Zv _vKv DwPZ| mnKgx©‡ì g‡bvfve Abyhvqx †bZ…Z¡ w`‡Z bv cvi‡j Kvh©Ki I my`~icÖmvix djvdj Avkv Kiv hvq bv|

9. wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi ¶gZv : h_vmg‡q h_vh_ wm×vš— MÖn‡Yi Dci cÖvwZôvwbK mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i| †bZv‡K Zvi cÖÁv I ~i`wk©Zv w`‡q mwVK wm×všÍ wb‡Z nq| †bZvi M„nxZ wm×vš— Aat¯Íb‡ì Av¯’v I g‡bvej evwo‡q †`q|

10. †RÛvi m‡PZbZv : GKRb †bZv wZwb bvix ev cyi“l †hB †nvb bv †Kb Zv‡K Aek¨B Zvi mnKgx© bvix-cyi“‡li cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj, mnvbyf~wZkxj n‡Z n‡e| Zv‡K Aek¨B c¶cvZnxb n‡Z n‡e| bvix-cyi“‡li wfbœ-wfbœ `„wófw½ I mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb †_‡K Zv‡K †bZ…Z¡ w`‡Z nq|

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99

Kg©cÎ-4 : AvZ¥we‡k−lY K‡i †Zvgvi g‡a¨ GKRb †bZvi †Kvb ¸Y¸‡jv Av‡Q Ges †Kvb¸‡jvi DbœwZ cÖ‡qvRb Zv †ei Ki

Av`k© †bZvi ¸Yvewj n¨v bv • ˆ`wnK mvg_©¨ I my¯’Zv • cÖLi e¨w³Z¡

• wk¶v I AwfÁZv • mvnm I mZZv • cwikÖg I mnbkxjZv • `vwqZ¡kxjZv I mn‡hvwMZv • mvsMVwbK `¶Zv • gvbweK m¤úK© Abyaveb • wm×vš— MÖn‡Yi ¶gZv

• †RÛvi m‡PZbZv

eëmv‡q A_©vq‡bi aviYv (Concept of Finance in Business)

iv½vgvwUi mgxi PvKgv PvKwii †Póv K‡i GKUv eQi bó Kij| eÜzevÜe‡ì A‡b‡KB covïbv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q| A‡b‡KB Avevi PvKwi I eëmvq Rwo‡q c‡o‡Q| †kl ch©š— †m eëmvq Ki‡e e‡j gbw¯’i Kij| Dc‡Rjvi miKvwi we`¨vj‡qi cv‡k Zv‡ì wbR¯^ †`vKvb Av‡Q| †mLv‡b GKwU †÷kbvwi †`vKvb w`‡q eëmvq ïi“ Ki‡Z AvMÖn cÖKvk Kij| Zvi wm×v‡š— wcZv-gvZv Lywk n‡jv| wKš—y †Kv_v †_‡K g~jab cv‡e wPš—v Ki‡Z jvMj| †kl ch©š— eëmvq ïi“ Kivi Rb¨ wcZvi wbKU †_‡K GK j¶ UvKv I wcwmi wbKU †_‡K cÂvk nvRvi UvKv †hvMvo Kij| cÖevmx gvgv GK j¶ UvKv w`‡Z ivwR n‡jv| wcZv Zv‡K UvKv-cqmv eënv‡ii †¶‡Î mveavbZv Aej¤^b Kivi civgk© w`‡jb| cÖ‡qvR‡b ¯’vbxq evwYwR¨K e¨vsK †_‡KI FY †bIqv hv‡e e‡j Rvbv‡jb| Dc‡ii M‡í mgxi PvKgvi eëmvq cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© msMÖ‡ni cwiKíbv, A_© msMª‡ni Drm AbymÜvb, A_© msMÖn I A_© eënv‡ii hveZxq Kvh©vewj‡K Avgiv A_©vqb ej‡Z cvwi|

mvaviY A‡_©, eëmv‡qi Rb¨ A_© msMÖn Kiv‡K A_©vqb e‡j| wKš—y e¨vcK A‡_©, eëmv‡qi Avw_©K cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ A_© msMÖn, A_© msi¶Y, msM„nxZ A‡_©i myôz eënvi msµvš— mKj Kvh©vewj‡K eëmvq A_©vqb ejv nq|

A_©vq‡bi Drm (Sources of Finance)

†h †Kv‡bv eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ A_© ev g~ja‡bi cÖ‡qvRb| G A_© cÖ‡qvRb nq eëmvq ïi“ Kivi Rb¨, eëmvq Kvh©µg mPj ivLvi Rb¨ Ges eëmvq m¤úªmvi‡Yi Rb¨| eëmv‡qi G g~jab wewfbœ Drm †_‡K msMÖn Kivi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| wb‡gœ †m¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-

1. wbR¯^ Znwej : ¶z`ª eëmvq †hgb GKgvwjKvbv wKsev Askx`vwi eëmv‡qi gvwjK wbR¯^ Znwej †_‡K A_© msMÖn K‡i|


100

2. AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb : gvwj‡Ki wbR¯^ Znwej Ach©vß n‡j eÜz-evÜe I AvZ¥xq-¯^R‡bi wbKU †_‡K FY MÖnY K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq g~ja‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡Z cv‡i|

3. evwYwR¨K e¨vsK : †mvbvjx e¨vsK, RbZv e¨vsK, i~cvjx e¨vsK, AMÖYx e¨vsKmn miKvwi I †emiKvwi evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv eëmvqx‡ì ¯^í, ga¨g I `xN©‡gqv‡` bM` A_© avi w`‡q _v‡K| mvaviYZ eëmv‡qi Rb¨ evwYwR¨K e¨vsKB A_© msMÖ‡ni cÖavb Drm|

4. mgevq e¨vsK : mgevq e¨vsK m`m¨‡ì‡K ¯^í‡gqvw` FY w`‡q _v‡K| m`m¨‡ì evB‡iI G e¨vsK FY w`‡q _v‡K|

5. MÖvgxY e¨vsK : MÖvgxY e¨vsK †QvU AvKv‡ii eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ ¯^í‡gqvw` FY †`q|

6. K„wl e¨vsK : evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vsK I ivRkvnx K…wl Dbœqb e¨vsK ¶z ª I gvSvwi wk‡íi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ¯^í I `xN©‡gqvw` FY mieivn K‡i _v‡K|

7. evsjv‡`k †W‡fjc‡g›U e¨vsK wjt : †`‡ki wkí Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ G e¨vsK ¯^í, ga¨ I `xN©‡gqvw` FY w`‡q _v‡K|

8. e¨vsK Ae ¯§j BÛvw÷ªR GÛ Kgvm© wjt : ¶z ª eëmvq I wk‡íi `xN©‡gqvw` A_©vq‡bi Ab¨Zg Drm n‡jv e¨vsK Ae ¯§j BÛvw÷ªR GÛ Kgvm© ev †ewmK e¨vsK |

9. †emiKvwi Dbœqb ms¯’v : A‡bK †emiKvwi ms¯’v ev GbwRI i‡q‡Q hviv my‡ì wewbg‡q ¶z ª eëmvqx‡ì FY w`‡q _v‡K|

Kg©cÎ-5 : †Zvgvi GjvKvq ¶z ª eëmvq Gi Rb¨ †Kvb †Kvb Drm †_‡K FY cvevi my‡hvM Av‡Q †m¸‡jv‡Z wUK Ges †h¸‡jv‡Z †bB †mLv‡b µm wPý `vI

A_©vq‡bi Drm †mvbvjx e¨vsK AMÖYx e¨vsK RbZv e¨vsK i~cvjx e¨vsK mgevq e¨vsK MÖvgxY e¨vsK K…wl e¨vsK evsjv‡`k †W‡fjc‡g›U e¨vsK e¨vsK Ae ¯§j BÛvw÷ªR GÛ Kgvm© †emiKvwi Dbœqb ms¯’v

Abykxjbx eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| †bZ…‡Z¡i cÖKvi‡f` KqwU? K. 2 L. 3 M. 4 N. 5

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

101

2| eë ’vcbv n‡jvÑ K. †µZv‡K cY¨ µ‡q DØy× Kivi †KŠkj| L. Drcv`bKvixi KvQ †_‡K †µZvi wbKU cY¨ †cuŠ‡Q †Ìqv| M. †KŠk‡j Ab¨‡ì w`‡q KvR Kwi‡q †bIqv| N. evRv‡ii Pvwn`v hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ c`‡¶c MÖnY| wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : Òavbwmwo wWcvU©‡g›Uvj †÷viÓ ¯’vc‡bi c~‡e© Rbve Zvnwmb KZK¸‡jv AwMÖg wm×vš— MÖnY K‡ib| †hgb- †Kv_vq GwU ¯’vcb Ki‡eb, Kv‡K w ‡q cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb, A_©ms¯’vb Kxfv‡e n‡e BZ vw | G‡Z Zvi wewfbœ Kg©Kv‡Ê mgq †¶cY Kg nq| eZ©gv‡b wZwb mybv‡gi mv‡_ eëmvq cwiPvjbv Ki‡Qb| 3| Òavbwmwo wWcvU©‡g›Uvj †÷viÓ ’vc‡bi c~‡e© Rbve Zvnwm‡bi KvRwU wb‡gœi †KvbwUi mv‡_ msMwZc~Y©? K. cwiKíbv L. evRvi Pvwn`v M. cÖKí wbe©vPb N. msMVb 4| eëmvq ’vc‡bi †¶‡Î Zvnwm‡bi c`‡¶cwUÑ i. j¶¨ AR©‡bi mnvqK n‡e ii. Kv‡Ri `¶Zv e„w×‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e

iii. e¨w³MZ B”Qvi cÖwZdjb NUv‡e wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 1| Ònvwm-Lywk bKkx NiÓ Rvgvjcy‡ii GKwU ¯^bvgab¨ cÖwZôvb| Gi ¯^Z¡vwaKvix Rbve gvwnb A‡bK

†f‡ewP‡š— cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY msMÖn K‡ib| cÖ‡qvR‡b Kg©x‡ì civgk© †`b| `xN© †gqv‡` mdjZv eRvq ivLvi wbwg‡Ë bKkx Kuv_v I Ab¨vb¨ mvgMÖx ˆZwii Rb¨ `¶ KvwiM‡ii ¸i“Z¡ we‡ePbv K‡i wZwb Kg©x wb‡qvM †`b Ges h_vh_ cÖwk¶‡Yi eë¯’v K‡ib| K. AvaywbK eë¯’vcbvi RbK †K? L. Ò†cÖlYv `vbÓ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? e¨vL¨v Ki| M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z Rbve gvwn‡bi KvRwU Kx eY©bv Ki| N. Ònvwm-Lywk bKkx NiÓ ¯^bvgab¨ cÖwZôvb nIqvi wcQ‡bi KviY-we‡k−lY Ki|

2| Bqvdx I kvdx yB eÜz| Zv‡ì eëmvq cÖwZôvb cvkvcvwk Aew¯’Z| Bqvdx eëmvq cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z wM‡q Kg©x‡ì mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡i Zv‡ì gZvgZ wb‡q wm×vš— MÖnY K‡ib| kvdx Kg©x‡ì Dci wm×vš— Pvwc‡q †`b Ges Gi cÖfve m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb bq| Kg©x‡ì Am‡š—v‡li Kvi‡Y kvdxi eëmvqwU e¨_©Zvi m¤§yLxb nq|

K. whwb †bZ…Z¡ †`b Zv‡K Kx e‡j? L. Ò†RÛvi m‡PZbZvÓ Kx? e¨vL¨v Ki| M. Bqvdx †Kvb ai‡bi †bZv? eY©bv Ki|

N. ÒKg©x‡ì Dci cÖfve we¯Ív‡ii A¶gZvwU kvdxi e¨_©Zvi KviYÕ-g~j¨vqb Ki|

beg Aa¨vq

wecYb Marketing

imyjcyi MÖv‡gi ivwdbv `kg †kÖwYi QvÎx| Zvi evev GjvKvi GKRb mycwiwPZ mewR Pvwl| wZwb wb‡Ri Rwg‡Z †Xuok, U‡g‡Uv, wkg, jvD, wgwó Kzgov, †e¸bmn wewfbœ ai‡bi mewR Pvl K‡ib| Rwg‡Z hLb mewR¸‡jv eo nq ZLb †`L‡Z †ek my›ì jv‡M| mewR¸‡jv hLb wewµi Rb¨ †Zv‡jb, MÖv‡gi A‡b‡K †mLvb †_‡KB mewR wK‡b †bb| evwK mewR¸‡jv wZwb fv‡jv K‡i ay‡q-gy‡Q eo Wvwj‡Z my›ì K‡i mvwR‡q evRv‡i wb‡q hvb| mewR¸‡jv hv‡Z bó bv nq †m w`‡KI wZwb †Lqvj iv‡Lb| ivwdbv my‡hvM †c‡j Ges QywUi w`‡b Zvi evev‡K mewR evMvb cwiPhv© I mewR D‡Ëvj‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| Av‡k-cv‡ki MÖv‡gi †jv‡KivI Zvi mewR cQ›` K‡i †K‡bb| Zvi evevi mybv‡gi Rb¨ †m Me©‡eva K‡i|

Dc‡i ewY©Z ivwdbvi evevi mewR Drcv`b, mewR msi¶Y, †µZv‡ì wbKU mewR wewµ ch©š— mKj KvR‡K wecYb ejv nq| G Aa¨v‡q Avgiv wecY‡bi aviYv, Kvh©vewj, weÁvcbmn wecY‡bi wewfbœ w`K m¤ú‡K© Rvbe|

Aa¨vqwU cvV †k‡l Avgiv • wecY‡bi aviYv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie| • wecY‡bi Kvh©vewj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie| • eÈb cÖYvjxi aviYv I cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie| • wewfbœ c‡Yï wecYb c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie| • weÁvc‡bi aviYv I ¸i“Z¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie| • weÁvc‡bi gva¨g¸‡jvi bvg ej‡Z cvie I Kvh©vewj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie| • weµwqKZvi aviYv I Av`k© weµqKgx©i ¸Y¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

103

• wecY‡bi aviYv (Concept of Marketing) mvaviY A‡_© cY¨- ªe¨ ev †mev mvgMÖx µq-weµ‡qi KvR‡K wecYb e‡j| wKšy— cÖK…Z A‡_© wecY‡bi aviYv Av‡iv e¨vcK| cY¨- ªe¨ ev †mev mvgMÖx Drcv`bKvix †_‡K †fv³v ev eënviKvixi wbKU †cuŠ‡Q †Ìqv ch©š— mKj KvR‡K wecYb ev evRviRvZKiY e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq| A_©vr µq-weµq, cwienb, ¸`vgRvZKiY, cÖwgZKiY, chv©wqZKiYmn hveZxq Kv‡Ri mgwó n‡jv wecYb|

AvaywbK eëmvq †¶‡Î wecY‡bi we‡kl ¸i“Z¡ i‡q‡Q| KviY c‡Yï Drcv`‡bi DciB ïay †Kv‡bv eëmvq msMV‡bi mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i bv, hw` bv †m cY¨ ev †mev h_vh_fv‡e †fv³vi Kv‡Q †cuŠQv‡bv hvq| wecY‡bi gva¨‡g †µZv I †fv³vMY gvbm¤§Z cY¨ ev †mev †c‡q _v‡K| Kvh©Ki wecYb Drcv`b e„w×‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| wecY‡bi Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ wkí, evwYR¨ I †mevi DbœwZ mvwaZ nq| Gi d‡j e¨vcK Kg©ms ’vb m„wó nq|

• wecY‡bi Kvh©vewj (Functions of Marketing) wecYb Drcv`bKvix Ges †fv³vi g‡a¨ †mZzeÜb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| wecY‡bi gva¨‡g cY¨ I †mevi gvwjKvbvMZ, ¯’vbMZ I mgqMZ Dc‡hvM m„wó nq| wb‡gœ wecY‡bi KvR¸‡jv we‡k −lY Kiv n‡jvÑ

1. µq (Buying) : µq wecY‡bi Ab¨Zg KvR| wbR¯^ eënvi ev cybtweµ‡qi Rb¨ cY¨- ªe¨ ev †mev mvgMÖx µq Ki‡Z nq| cY¨- ªe¨ ev †mev mvgMÖx µ‡qi gva¨‡g c‡Yï gvwjKvbv m„wó nq|

2. weµq (Selling) : wecY‡bi GKwU Avek¨Kxq KvR n‡”Q c‡Yï †µZv I we‡µZv‡K GKwÎZ Kiv| weµ‡qi gva¨‡g c‡Yï gvwjKvbv n¯Ívš—i nq| cY¨ ev †mevi Pvwn`v wba©viY, †µZv AbymÜvb, g~j¨wba©viY weµ‡qi mv‡_ RwoZ|

3. cwienb (Transportation) : cwienb cY¨ ev †mevi ¯’vbMZ Dc‡hvM I Pvwn`v m„wó K‡i| Gi gva¨‡g cY¨ GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b †cŠuQv‡bv nq| Gfv‡e cY¨ Drcv`bKvix †_‡K †kl ch©š— eënviKvixi wbKU †cuŠ‡Q| cwien‡bi Kvi‡YB Px‡bi ˆZwi wewfbœ B‡jKUªwbKm ªe¨-mvgMÖx Avgiv eënvi Ki‡Z cviwQ| Avevi Avgv‡ì †`‡ki wPswo gvQ I Pv we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡ki gvbyl †fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡Q|

4. ¸`vgRvZKiY (Warehousing) : ¸`vgRvZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g c‡Yï mgqMZ Dc‡hvM m„wó nq| wecY‡bi mKj chv©‡q cY¨mvgMÖx msi¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb nq| A‡bK cY¨ eQ‡ii GKwU wbw ©ó mg‡q Drcvw`Z nq wKš—y eënvi nq mviv eQi| eQie¨vcx Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ †m mKj cY¨ ¸`vgRvZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g mi¶Y Ki‡Z nq| †hgb kxZKv‡j Drcvw`Z †Mvj Avjy I U‡g‡Uv mviv eQi Avgiv ¸`vgRvZKi‡Yi d‡jB †c‡q _vwK|

5. cÖwgZKiY (Standardizing) : cÖwgZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g c‡Yï ¸Yv¸Y, AvKvi, is, ¯^v` BZ¨vwì Dci wfwË K‡i cY¨ g~j¨ w¯’i Kiv nq| d‡j c‡Yï wecYb cÖwµqv mnR nq Ges weµq Kv‡h©i MwZkxjZv e„w× cvq|

6. chv©wqZKiY (Grading) : gvb Abyhvqx cY¨‡K wewfbœ †kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv‡K chv©wqZKiY ejv nq| mvaviYZ IRb, AvKvi I ¸Yv¸Y Abyhvqx chv©wqZKiY Kiv nq| d‡j weµq mnR nq|

wecYb 104

7. †gvowKKiY (Packaging) : cY¨ mvgMÖx‡K my›ì I AvKl©Yxq Kiv Ges bó ev †f‡½ hvIqv †_‡K i¶vi D‡Ï‡k¨ wKQz Øviv Ave„Z Kiv‡K †gvowKKiY ejv nq| wkíRvZ cY¨ †hgb- wd«R, †Uwjwfkb, mvevb Ges K…wlRvZ cY¨ †hgb- cv¯‘wiZ `ya, gvQ, gvsm BZ¨vwì weµq I †µZv‡ì wbKU MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv †gvowKKi‡Yi Dci wbf©i K‡i|

8. Z_¨ msMÖn (Collection of Information) : cY¨ I evRvi msµvš— wewfbœ Z_¨ msMÖn KivI wecY‡bi KvR| evRv‡i †Kvb c‡Yï Pvwn`v I mieivn †Kgb, †µZv I †fv³v‡ì cQ›` I i“wP †Kgb †m m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq|

9. †fv³v we‡k −lY (Consumer Analysis) : wecY‡bi Av‡iKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© KvR n‡”Q †fv³v ev eënviKvixi i“wP, Pvwn`v, êwkó¨ I AvMÖn we‡k−lY I g~j¨vqb Kiv| KviY h_vh_fv‡e G KvRwU bv Ki‡Z cvi‡j eëmvwqK SzwuK †e‡o hvq Ges cÖmvi e¨vnZ nq|

Kg©cÎ-1 : Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K `jxq Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g eëmvq †¶‡Î wecY‡bi ¸i“Z¡ wPwýZ Ki

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

• eÈb cÖYvjxi aviYv (Concept of Distribution Channel)

Drcv`bKvix cY¨ Drcv`b Kivi ci KL‡bv KL‡bv mivmwi †fv³vi wbKU weµq K‡i| wKš—y me mgq Zvi c‡¶ mivmwi cY¨ weµq Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| cÖ‡qvRb nq ga¨ ’ eëmvqxi| ga¨¯’ eëmvqxMY Drcv`K I †fv³vi g‡a¨ †mZzeÜb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| wecY‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e cY¨ µq weµ‡qi †¶‡Î ga¨ ’ eëmvqx wn‡m‡e cvBKvi I LyPiv eëmvqxi mvnvh¨ wb‡Z nq| †h cÖwµqvq cY¨ ev †mev Drcv`bKvix †_‡K cÖK…Z †fv³v ev eënviKvixi nv‡Z †cuŠ‡Q Zv‡K eÈb cÖYvjx ejv nq| †hgb Pv evMv‡b Drcvw`Z Pv †fv³vMY mivmwi Drcv`bKvix †_‡K µq K‡i bv| Drcv`bKvix cÖwZôvb †_‡K cvBKvi Pv µq K‡i| cvBKvi †_‡K µq K‡i LyPiv eëmvqx| LyPiv eëmvqx †_‡K †fv³vMY Pv µq K‡i _v‡K| Gfv‡eB Drcv`bKvixi wbKU †_‡K cY¨ ev †mevi gvwjKvbv GKwU c_ a‡i Mgb K‡i †kl ch©š— †fv³vi wbKU †cuŠ‡Q|

• eÈb cÖYvjx I wewfbœ c‡Yï wecYb (Distribution Channel and Marketing of Different Goods) :

cY¨ ev †mevi aib I êwk‡óï Dci eÈb cÖYvjxi aib wbf©i K‡i| wb‡gœ wewfbœ cÖKvi c‡Yï eÈb cÖYvjx †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

105

1. mivmwi †fv³vi wbKU weµq : †Kv‡bv ai‡bi ga¨¯’ eëmvqxi mvnvh¨ QvovB Drcv`bKvix mivmwi †fv³vi wbKU cY¨ weµq Ki‡j Zv‡K mivmwi wecYb ejv nq| wKQz wKQz K…wlcY¨ †hgb- avb, djg~j, mewR Ges wkíRvZ ªe¨ †hgb- ¸o, wPwb BZ¨vw` mivmwi †fv³vi wbKU weµq Kiv nq|

2. LyPiv eëmqxi gva¨‡g weµq : A‡bK †¶‡Î cY¨ weµq ev eÈ‡b ga¨ ’ eëmvqx wn‡m‡e LyPiv eëmvqxi mvnvh¨ †bIqv nq| Drcv`bKvixiv Zv‡ì Drcvw`Z cY¨ wb‡Riv I LyPiv we‡µZvi wbKU weµq K‡i| LyPiv eëmvqxMY Zv‡ì †`vKv‡b cY¨ †i‡L †fv³v‡ì wbKU Pvwn`v Abyhvqx mieivn K‡i _v‡K| mvaviYZ avb, Pvj, †Mvj Avjy , mvevb, we¯‹zU, †mgvB BZ¨vw` G c×wZ‡Z weµq I eÈb Kiv nq| Drcv`bKvix ¯’vbxq nvU-evRv‡i LyPiv eëmvqx‡ì wbKU cY¨ weµq K‡i _v‡K|

3. cvBKvi I LyPiv eëmvqxi gva¨‡g weµq : G c×wZ‡Z Drcv`bKvix Zvi Drcvw`Z cY¨ cvBKv‡ii wbKU weµq K‡i Ges LyPiv eëmvqx †m cY¨ cvBKv‡ii wbKU †_‡K µq K‡i †fv³vi wbKU weµq K‡i| †h mKj RvqMvq cÖPzi cwigvY K…wlRvZ cY¨ Drcvw`Z nq †mLv‡b cvBKviMY Dcw¯’Z n‡q †m mKj cY¨mvgMÖx µq K‡i _v‡K| mvaviYZ avb, cvU, mwilv, Avg, Kjv, wewfbœ iKg mewR cvBKvwi eëmvqxMY µq K‡i _v‡K| Avevi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Drcvw`Z wkíRvZ ªe¨ mvgMÖx †hgb KvMR, Kjg BZ¨vw` cvBKvi µq K‡i _v‡Kb| †kl ch©š— Zv LyPiv we‡µZvi gva¨‡g †fv³v‡ì wbKU †cuŠQvq|

4. cÖwZwbwa ev G‡R‡›Ui gva¨‡g weµq : Drcv`bKvixMY A‡bK mgq †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b G‡R›U ev cÖwZwbwa wb‡qvM K‡i Zv‡ì gva¨‡g mivmwi †fv³v‡ì wbKU wkí mvgMÖx weµq K‡i _v‡K| wewfbœ cÖKvi B‡j±ªwbK mvgMÖx †hgb- wUwf, wd«R, d¨vb Ges K…wl DcKiY †hgb mvi, exR G c×wZ‡Z wecYb n‡q _v‡K|

5. cÖwZwbwa I LyPiv we‡µZvi gva¨‡g weµq : Drcv`bKvix †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b wb‡qvwRZ Zv‡ì cÖwZwbwa‡ì digv‡qk I Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wewfbœ mvgMÖx mieivn K‡i Ges G‡R›U ev cÖwZwbwaMY wbR¯^ cwien‡bi gva¨‡g Ny‡i Ny‡i †m mKj mvgMÖx LyPiv eëmvqx‡ì wbKU mieivn K‡i| †fv³vMY G mKj mvgMÖx LyPiv eëmvqx‡ì wbKU †_‡K wK‡b _v‡K| wewfbœ iKg †Kvgj cvbxq I cÖmvabx mvgMÖx Avgv‡ì †`‡k G RvZxq eÈb cÖYvjx‡Z weµq n‡q _v‡K|

cvBKviDrcv`bKvix LyPiv we‡µZv †fv³v

LyPiv we‡µZvDrcv`bKvix †fv³v

Drcv`bKvix †fv³v

Drcv`bKvix †fv³v cÖwZwbwa ev G‡R›U

cÖwZwbwa ev G‡R›UDrcv`bKvix LyPiv we‡µZv †fv³v

wecYb 106

Kg©cÎ-2: †Zvgv‡ì cwiev‡ii wbZ¨ eëýZ ªe¨-mvgMÖxi ZvwjKv cÖYqb Ki Ges †Kvb eÈb cÖYvjx‡Z †m¸‡jv µq Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv wPwýZ Ki|

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10

• weÁvc‡bi aviYv (Concept of Advertising)

QzwUi ci Bdivb ¯‹z‡ji †MB‡U GKRb †jvK‡K GKwU KvMR wewj Ki‡Z †`Lj| Zv‡KI GKwU w`j| †mwU‡Z †jLv wQj Zv‡ì evRv‡i bZyb GKwU †÷kbvwi †`vKvb Lyj‡Z hv‡”Q| †hLv‡b ¯‹zj K‡j‡Ri wk¶v_x©‡ì Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq meiK‡gi LvZv-cÎ, †cb-†cwÝj, e¨vMmn Ab¨vb¨ wRwbmcÎ myjfg~‡j¨ cvIqv hv‡e| D‡Øvab Dcj‡¶ mKj †µZv‡K GKwU K‡i iwOb K¨v‡jÛvi Dcnvi wn‡m‡e †Ìqv n‡e| evmvq †divi ci Zvi eo fvB‡K †`Lv‡j wZwb ej‡jb GwU n‡”Q GKwU wjd‡jU| eëmvwqK cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ G¸‡jv weZiY Kiv nq|

Dc‡ii NUbvq †÷kbvwi †`vKv‡bi Rb¨ †µZvmvavi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k cÖPvwiZ wjd‡jUwU weÁvc‡bi GKwU gva¨g| weÁvcb n‡”Q cY¨ ev †mev mvgMÖxi cÖwZ Rbmvavi‡Yi „wó AvKl©‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU Dcvq ev †KŠkj| cÖwZw`b Avgiv wUwf, †iwWI I cwÎKvq wewfbœ c‡Yï AvKl©Yxq weÁvcb †`wL I ï‡b _vwK| weÁvc‡bi gva¨‡g Lye mn‡RB †µZvmvaviY‡K cY¨ µ‡q DØy× Kiv hvq| weÁvc‡bi Ab¨vb¨ gva¨g n‡”Q wjd‡jU, g¨vMvwRb, cwienb, wej‡evW©, mvBb‡evW©, B›Uvi‡bU BZ¨vw`|

GKwU weÁvc‡bi wej‡evW©

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

107

weÁvc‡bi wewfbœ gva¨g (Different Types of Media of Advertising )

weÁvc‡bi wewfbœ gva¨g i‡q‡Q| me ai‡bi eëmvq Rb¨ wKsev me ai‡bi c‡Yï Rb¨ GKB weÁvcb gva¨g eënvi Kiv nq bv| c‡Yï Pvwn`v, ¸Yv¸Y, g~j¨ I †µZv‡ì K_v we‡ePbv K‡i weÁvc‡bi gva¨g wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq| wb‡gœ wewfbœ cÖKvi weÁvcb gva¨g I G‡ì cÖK…wZ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|

weÁvcb gva¨g aib msev`cÎ (Newspaper) wewfbœ cÖKvi ˆ`wbK I mvßvwnK msev`c‡Îi wewfbœ c„ôv I wba©vwiZ c„ôv

mvgwqKx (Periodicals)

mvßvwnK, cvw¶K, gvwmK I evrmwiK mvgwqKx, †fv³v mvgwqKx, K…wl mvgwqKx, gwnjv mvgwqKx, A_© mvgwqKx BZ¨vw`

cÖPvicÎ (Circular Letter) cY¨ mvgMÖxi ¸YvMyY, êwkó¨, g~j¨ I cÖvwß¯’vb D‡j −Lc~e©K gyw ªZ cÖPvicÎ weÁcbxdjK (Hoarding) ¸i“Z¡c~Y© ¯’vb I iv¯Ívi cv‡k KvV ev nvW©‡ev‡W©i weÁvcbx djK cÖvPxicÎ (Poster) Rbmvavi‡Yi Pjv‡div †hLv‡b †ewk, †mLv‡bi †`qv‡j my›ì my›ì Qwe I

†jLvhy³ cÖvPxicÎ †Uwjwfkb (Television) †Uwjwfk‡b wewfbœ c‡Yï AvKl©Yxq `k©b-kÖeY‡hvM¨ −vBW †iwWI (Radio) ¯úU weÁvcb, †mŠRb¨ weÁvcb, evwYwR¨K weÁvcb, wR‡½j, RvZxq

weÁvcb, AvÂwjK weÁvcb Pjw”PÎ (Cinema) wm‡bgv n‡j Qwe ïi“i Av‡M, ga¨ weiwZ‡Z Ges †k‡l ¯ −vBW cÖ`k©‡bi

gva¨‡g cÖ wk©Z weÁvcb cY¨m¾v (Window Display) mvaviYZ Kuv‡Pi M −vm Øviv wewfbœ iK‡gi cY¨ mvwR‡q ivLv †gjv ev cÖ`k©bx (Fair/Exhibition)

êkvLx †gjv, wkí †gjv, evwYR¨ †gjv, KzwUi wkí †gjv, gxbvevRvi BZ¨vw`‡Z AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g wewfbœ weÁvcb cÖPvi

bgybv (Sample) †µZv‡K wewfbœ iKg bgybv cÖ`vb| mvaviYZ Jla †Kv¤úvwb, cy ÍK we‡µZv I cÖmvab mvgMÖxi bgybv weZiY Kiv

wbqb Av‡jv (Neon sign) kn‡ii Kg© ’j I Rbeûj GjvKvq ê y wZK wbqb Av‡jvi gva¨‡g wewfbœ cY¨ ª‡eï Av‡jvKm¾v |

cwienb weÁvcb (Car Advertising)

wewfbœ hvÎxevnx ev cYëvnx Mvwo‡Z weÁvcb cÖPvi| Pjw”PÎ, mvevb, wmMv‡iU, †Kvgj cvbx‡qi Rb¨ cwienb weÁvcb eënvi|

Ab¨vb¨ e¨vbvi, d¨v÷zb, mvBb‡evW©, w÷Kvi, M¨vm †ejyb, AvKvk weÁvcb

weÁvc‡bi ¸i“Z¡ (Importance of Advertising)

eZ©gvb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK hy‡M †QvU, gvSvwi, eo †h †Kv‡bv eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi †¶‡Î cY¨ mvgMÖxi wecY‡bi Rb¨ weÁvcb LyeB Kvh©Ki gva¨g| wb‡gœ weÁvc‡bi ¸i“Z¡ we‡k −lY Kiv n‡jv :

1. weÁvc†bi gva¨‡g c‡Yï gvb, g~j¨ I eënviwewa †µZv ev Rbmvavi‡Yi Kv‡R Zz‡j aiv nq| d‡j Pvwn`v e„w× cvq, Drcv`b I weµ‡qi cwigvY ev‡o Ges gybvdv e„w× cvq|

wecYb 108

2. weÁvc‡bi gva¨‡g eëmv‡qi mybvg e„w× cvq hv eëmv‡qi GKwU eo m¤ú`| mybvg e„w×i Kvi‡Y eëmv‡qi cÖmvi nq| Avevi eëmv‡qi mybvg a‡i ivLvi †¶‡ÎI weÁvcb ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L|

3. weÁvcb c‡Yï cÖPv‡i MwZkxjZv Av‡b| c‡Yï Pvwn`v, weµq I †gvU Drcv`b e„w× cvq Ges †`‡ki RvZxq Avq ev‡o|

4. weÁvc‡b c‡Yï Pvwn`v m„wó nq Ges eëmvqxiv †m Pvwn`v Abyhvqx c‡Yï mieivn wbwðZ Kivi †Póv K‡i| Pvwn`v I mieiv‡ni g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ ¯’vwcZ nq Ges cY¨ ev †mevi g~‡jï w¯’wZkxjZv Av‡m|

5. weÁvc‡bi cÖfv‡e c‡Yï evRvi m¤úªmvwiZ nq Ges eëmvq-evwY‡Rï cÖmvi N‡U| d‡j Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM e„w× cvq I †eKvi mgm¨vi mgvavb nq|

6. weÁvc‡bi gva¨‡g RbmvaviY bZyb bZyb cY¨ I †mev mvgMÖx m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †fvM cÖeYZv e„w× cvq| gvbm¤§Z cY¨ †fvM Kivi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì RxebhvÎvi gvb DbœZ nq|

7. weÁvcb mvgvwRK I ˆbwZK m‡PZbZv m„wó K‡i hv mgvR Kj¨vY I Dbœq‡b mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| D`vniY ¯î~c-c‡Yï †`vl-¸Y m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv, a~gcv‡bi ¶wZKi w`K m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv, GBWm m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv m„wói †¶‡Î weÁvc‡bi f~wgKv i‡q‡Q|

8. weÁvcb Rbmvavi‡Yi RvZxqZv‡eva RvMÖZ K‡i †`kxq cY¨ eënvi I µ‡q f~wgKv iv‡L| Õ¯^‡`kx cY¨ wK‡b nDb ab¨Õ RvZxq weÁvcb †`k‡cÖg I RvZxqZv‡eva‡K jvjb Ki‡Z Drmvn †hvMvq|

Kg©cÎ-3 : †Zvgiv cÖwZw`b wewfbœ gva¨‡g †h mKj c‡Yï weÁvcb †`‡L _vK †m mKj c‡Yï GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki

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•

•

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•

•

•

•

•

•

• †Kvb †Kvb weÁvcb †Zvgv‡K Kxfv‡e AvK…ó K‡i‡Q Zvi KviY wjL

weÁvc‡bi bvg • AvK…ó nevi KviY •

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eëmvq D‡`¨vM

109

• weµwqKZvi aviYv (Concept of Salesmanship)

weµwqKZv ej‡Z weµqKgx©i †µZv AvKl©Y Kivi †KŠkj ev `¶Zv‡K †evSvq hvi gva¨‡g †m m¤¢ve¨ †µZvi wbKU cY¨ ev †mev mvgMÖx weµq Ki‡Z m¶g nq| weµwqKZvi ¸‡Y we‡µZv Zvi eëmvq I cY¨ m¤ú‡K© †µZv‡ì Av¯’v AR©b K‡i Zv‡ì‡K ¯’vqx MÖvn‡K cwiYZ K‡i|

• Av`k© weµqKg©xi ¸Yvewj (Qualities of a Good Salesman) eZ©gvb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK eëmvq-evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î weµq cÖmvi I mdjZv AR©‡b weµqKgx©i f~wgKv LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| A‡bK †¶‡Î eëmv‡qi mdjZv I e¨_©Zv GKRb weµqKgx© Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| †µZv I †fv³v‡ì AvK…ó I cÖfvweZ K‡i ¯’vqx MÖvn‡K cwiYZ Ki‡Z n‡j GKRb weµqKgx©‡K A‡bK¸‡jv ¸‡Yi AwaKvix n‡Z nq| wb‡gœ GKRb Av`k© weµqKg©xi ¸Yvewj we‡k−lY Kiv n‡jv|

kvixwiK ¸Yvewj

1. my k©b †Pnviv : GKRb weµqKgx© my›ì I AvKl©Yxq n‡j †m mn‡RB †µZv‡ì „wó AvKl©Y Ki‡Z cv‡i| 2. my ^v¯’¨ : GKRb weµqKgx©‡K Aek¨B my ^v‡¯’ï AwaKvix n‡Z nq| KviY my ^v¯’¨ MÖvnK‡ì‡K AvK…ó

K‡i| 3. my›ì nvwm : weµqKgx©i nvwmgvLv gyL †µZv‡ì‡K evowZ Aby‡cÖiYv †`q|

gvbwmK ¸Yvewj 4. AvMÖn I Avš—wiKZv : GKRb Av`k© weµqKgx©‡K Zvi Kv‡Ri cÖwZ cÖej AvMÖn _vK‡Z nq| †µZv‡ì cÖwZ

Avš—wiKZv I wbR †ckvi cÖwZ kÖ×v‡eva eëmv‡qi mybvg e„w× K‡i| 5. AvZ¥wek¦vm : weµqKgx©‡K Aek¨B AvZ¥wek¦vmx n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †m Zvi †`vKv‡bi cY¨ †µZv‡ì wbKU

MÖnYxq K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡i| 6. Zx¶è eyw×gËv : †µZv‡ì AvMÖn, g‡bvfve I AvPiY Abyaveb Kiv Ges †h †Kv‡bv AcÖxwZKi cwiw¯’wZ

mn‡R †gvKv‡ejv Kivi g‡Zv Zx¶è eyw×gËv GKRb Av`k© weµqKgxi _vKv evÃbxq| 7. âh©kxjZv : GKRb weµqKgx©‡K Aek¨B âh©kxj n‡Z n‡e|

ˆbwZK ¸Yvewj 8. mZZv I wek¦¯ÍZv : GKRb weµqKgx©‡K Aek¨B Zvi Kv‡R I MÖvnK‡ì mv‡_ †jb‡`‡b mZZv I

wek¦ ÍZvi cwiPq w`‡Z n‡e| mZZv I wek¦ ÍZv †µZv‡ì‡K ¯’vqx MÖvn‡K cwiYZ K‡i| 9. gvwR©Z eënvi : weµqKgx©‡K Aek¨B f ª, bgª, AgvwqK I gvwR©Z eënv‡ii AwaKvix n‡Z nq| 10. †gjv‡gkvi ¶gZv : GKRb weµqKgx©i g‡a¨ †µZv‡ì mv‡_ mn‡R †gkvi ¸Y _vKv DwPZ hv‡Z †m

mn‡RB †µZv‡ì Avcb K‡i wb‡Z cv‡i Ges ¯’vqx MÖvn‡K cwiYZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| 11. †RÛvi m‡PZbZv : bvix-cyi“l, †Q‡j-†g‡q Ges eq¯‹ †µZv‡ì mv‡_ †Kgb eënvi Kiv DwPZ †m

m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb weµqKg©xi m‡PZb _vKv DwPZ| 12. BwZevPK „wófw½ : GKRb Av`k© weµqKgx© †µZv‡ì mKj wel‡q BwZevPK „wófw½ †cvlY K‡i|

†µZv ev MÖvnKMY †Kvb c‡Yï gvb I g~j¨ m¤ú‡K© AcÖZ¨vwkZ gš—e¨ Ki‡jI Zv‡K nvwmgy‡L cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

wecYb 110

Ab¨vb¨ ¸Yvewj 13. wk¶v I AwfÁZv : GKRb Av`k© weµqKgx©i Aek¨B cÖ‡qvRbxq wk¶v I AwfÁZv _vKv DwPZ hv‡Z †m

eëmv‡qi wewfbœ Ávb cÖ‡qvR‡b Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cv‡i| 14. wecYb m¤ú‡K© Ávb : GKRb weµqKgx©i cY¨ wecY‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ wewfbœ KvR †hgb cY¨ wbe©vPb, cY¨

msMÖn, g~j¨ wba©viY, chv©wqZKiY, c¨vwKs m¤ú‡K© Ávb I `¶Zv _vKv DwPZ| 15. wnmv‡e cvi`wk©Zv : GKRb Av`k© weµqKgx©i Aek¨B c‡Yï g~j¨ wbav©iY I wnmvei¶‡Yi †KŠkj m¤ú‡K©

`¶Zv I Ávb _vKv evÃbxq|

Kg©cÎ-4 : GKRb Av`k© weµqKgx©i †Kvb ¸Y¸‡jv †Zvgvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q Ges †Kvb ¸Y¸‡jvi Av‡iv DbœwZ

cÖ‡qvRb AvZ¥we‡k −l‡Yi gva¨‡g Zv wPwýZ Ki weµqKg©xi ¸Y †h ¸Y¸‡jv Av‡Q (wUK `vI) †h ¸Y¸‡jvi Av‡iv DbœwZ cÖ‡qvRb (wUK `vI) AvKlYx©q e¨w³Z¡ my¯^v¯’¨ my›ì nvwm AvMÖn I Avš—wiKZv Zx¶è eyw×gËv âh©kxjZv mZZv I wek¦ ÍZv †gjv‡gkvi ¶gZv †RÛvi m‡PZbZv wk¶v I AwfÁZv wecYb m¤ú‡K© Ávb wnmv‡e cvi`wk©Zv BwZevPK `„wófw½

Abykxjbx eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1| wecY‡bi Ab¨Zg KvR Kx? K. µq L. weµq M. cwienb N. ¸`vgRvZKiY 2| c‡Yï weÁvcb †Kb Kiv nq? K. c‡Yï g~j¨ e„w×i D‡Ï‡k¨| L. cY¨ m¤ú‡K© †µZv‡ì aviYv w`‡Z| M. c‡Yï evRvi m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi Rb¨| N. D‡`¨v³v ˆZwii D‡Ï‡k¨|

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

111

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : Rbve i“‡ej GKRb ZigyR Drcv`bKvix| Drcvw`Z ZigyR wZwb wb‡RB enb K‡i ¯’vbxq evRv‡i wewµ K‡ib| Drcv`‡bi cwigvY e„w× cvIqvq wZwb cY¨ wewµi Rb¨ Ab¨ †KŠkj Aej¤^b Kivi wPš—v Ki‡Qb|

3| i“‡e‡ji †¶‡Î cY¨ eÈb cÖYvjxwU n‡jv- K. Drcv`bKvix-†fv³v L. Drcv`bKvix-LyPiv Kvievwi M. Drcv`bKvix-LyPiv eëmvqx-†fv³v N. cvBKvi-LyPiv eëmvqx

4| i“‡e‡ji mwVK eÈb cÖYvjx eënv‡ii d‡jÑ

i. †µZv I we‡µZvi g‡a¨ ~iZ¡ n«vm cvq|

ii. †µZv Kgg~‡j¨ cY¨ †c‡q _v‡K|

iii. wecYb Kvh© mnR nq|

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?



m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 1| ïfi †`vKv‡bi cv‡k GKB ai‡bi AviI GKwU †`vKvb M‡o DVvq wewµi cwigvY K‡g hvq| weµq

evov‡bvi †KŠkj wn‡m‡e ïf †`L‡Z fv‡jv, m`vjvcx GiKg GKRb weµqKg©x wb‡qvM †`b| wKQzw`b ci Zvi †`vKv‡b wewµi cwigvY Av‡Mi Ae¯’vq wd‡i Av‡m|

K. Kx Øviv cY¨‡K AvKl©Yxq Kiv hvq? L. cÖwgZKiY Kx? e¨vL¨v Ki| M. ïf weµqKg©x wb‡qv‡M †Kvb ai‡bi êwk‡óï K_v we‡ePbv K‡i‡Qb| N. weµq e„w×‡Z ïfi M„nxZ c`‡¶cwU g~j¨vqb Ki|

2. eo iv¯Ívi cv‡k ÔAvì †÷viÕ bv‡g bZzb GKwU †`vKvb Av‡Q| wKš—y †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y †`vKvbwUi wewµ fv‡jv bq| m¤úªwZ †`vKv‡bi gvwjK Zvi †`vKv‡bi cwiwPwZ, †mevi aib, c‡Yï gvb I wewfbœ cÖKvi c‡Yï bvg wjwLZ GKwU gyw ªZ KvMR cwÎKvi nKv‡ii gva¨‡g GjvKvi evmvq evmvq †cuŠu‡Q w`‡jb| wKQzw`b ci †`Lv †Mj Zvi †`vKv‡b †µZvi mgvMg I wewµi cwigvY e„w× cv‡”Q|

K. eÈb cÖYvjx‡Z me‡k‡l Kvi Ae¯’vb? L. chv©wqZKiY Kx? e¨vL¨v Ki| M. DÏxc‡K Avì †÷v‡ii gvwjK cÖPv‡ii †Kvb gva¨gwU †e‡Q wbj? e¨vL¨v Ki| N. Ôgvwj‡Ki M„nxZ c`‡¶c weµq e„w×i Ab¨Zg †KŠkjÕ gZvgZ `vI|

`kg Aa¨vq

eëmvq D‡`¨vM Dbœq‡b mnvqK †mev Assistance for Entrepreneurship Development

GKwU eëmvq cÖwZôvi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡Z A‡bK ai‡bi mnvqZvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| wewfbœ iKg mnvqZv GKRb D‡`¨v³v‡K eëmvq ev wkí ’vcb I mdjfv‡e cwiPvjbvq AbycÖvwYZ K‡i| G Aa¨v‡q Avgiv eëmvq D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki wkíbxwZ, wewfbœ miKvwi I †emiKvwi evwYwR¨K e¨vsK I †emiKvwi Dbœqb ms¯’v KZ…©K cÖ Ë wewfbœ ai‡bi mnvqK †mev m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvie|

G Aa¨vqwU cvV †k‡l Avgiv

• mnvqK †mevi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie|

• evsjv‡`‡k eëmv‡qi mnvqK †mevi aib I Drm¸‡jvi bvg ej‡Z cvie|

• wkíbxwZ‡Z Dwj −wLZ mnvqZvi aib¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

• evsjv‡`k ¶z ª I KzwUi wkí ms ’v cÖ`Ë mnvqK †mevi aib eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

• evwYwR¨K e¨vsKmg~n cÖ Ë mnvqK †mevi aib eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

• †emiKvwi Dbœqb ms¯’v cÖ Ë mnvqK †mevi aib eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

• Ab¨vb¨ Drm n‡Z cÖ`Ë mnvqK †mevi aib eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

113

• D‡`¨vM Dbœq‡b mnvqK †mevi aviYv (Concept of Assistance for Entrepreneurship)

bZzb eëmvq ev wkí ¯’vcb GKwU m„Rbkxj I MVbg~jK KvR| wKš—y Gi mv‡_ SzwuKI RwoZ| d‡j mn‡RB †KD G Kv‡R GwM‡q Avm‡Z Pvq bv| Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wewfbœ ai‡bi mnvqZv| D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Yi Gme mnvqZv GKRb m¤¢vebvgq D‡`¨v³v‡Z eëmvq ev wkí ¯’vcb I Zv mdjfv‡e cwiPvjbvq AbycÖvwYZ K‡i| cÖK…wZ Abyqvqx Gme mnvqZv‡K DÏxcbvg~jK, mg_©bg~jK I msi¶Yg~jK G wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| DÏxcbvg~jK mnvqZv ej‡Z †evSvq wewfbœ cÖKvi Aby‡cÖiYvg~jK cÖwk¶Y, wewb‡qvM my‡hvM-myweav m¤ú‡K© AewnZKiY, wkí ¯’vc‡b miKvwi mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv m¤ú‡K© e¨vcK cÖPvi, KvwiMwi I A_©‰bwZK Z_¨ mieivn I civgk© `vb‡K †evSvq| mg_©bg~jK mnvqZvi gva¨‡g D‡`¨v³v wkí ¯’vcb, cwiPvjbv, m¤ú` eënvi I wewfbœ ai‡bi my‡hvM-myweav †c‡q _v‡Kb| wkí cÖwZôv‡bi wbeÜxKiY, cuywRi ms ’vb, AeKvVv‡gvMZ mnvqZv, Ki AeKvk, fZ©ywK cÖ vb BZ¨vw` D‡j−L‡hvM¨ mg_©bg~jK mnvqZv| Ab¨w`‡K msi¶Yg~jK mnvqZvi gva¨‡g eëmv‡qi Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv I m¤úªmvi‡Yi c‡_ cÖwZeÜKZv¸‡jv yi Kiv nq|

mnvqZvi wewfbœ Drm c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki b¨vq evsjv‡`‡kI eëmvq D‡`¨vM MÖnY I ¯’vc‡b mnvqZvKvix wewfbœ miKvwi-†emiKvwi cÖwZôvb M‡o D‡V‡Q Ges eëmvq-evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î Ae`vb †i‡L P‡j‡Q| H mKj cÖwZôvb †`‡k eëmvq ev wkí ’vc‡b D‡`¨vM MÖnY, wkí ’vcb I cY¨-`ª‡eï wecY‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq w`K-wb‡ ©kbv I mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|

ZvQvov RvZxq wkíbxwZ‡Z eëmvq D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Y mnvqK wewfbœ w`K D‡j −L Kiv n‡q‡Q hv A‡b‡Ki Rb¨ Aby‡cÖiYvg~jK n‡Z cv‡i| wb‡gœ G¸‡jvi ZvwjKv cÖ vb Kiv n‡jv-

mnvqZvi wewfbœ Drm

1. evsjv‡`k ¶z ª I KzwUi wkí ms¯’v

2. evsjv‡`‡k †W‡fjc‡g›U e¨vsK

3. evwYwR¨K e¨vsK

4. evsjv‡`k wkí KvwiMwi mnvqZv ms¯’v

5. evsjv‡`k weÁvb I wkí M‡elYv cwil`

6. hye Awa`ßi

7. gwnjv Awa`ßi

8. †emiKvwi Dbœqb ms¯’v

evsjv‡`k ¶y`ª I KzwUi wkí ms¯’v (Bangladesh Small and Cottage Industries Corporation)

e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb 1957 mv‡j hy³d«›U miKv‡ii kÖg, evwYR¨ I wkígš¿xi `vwqZ¡ cvjbKv‡j MYcwil‡` GKwU ¶y ª I KzwUi wkí Ki‡cv‡ikb cÖwZôvi wej Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| GiB djkÖ“wZ‡Z 1957 mv‡ji 30 †g c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b ¶y ª I KzwUi wkí Ki‡cv‡ikb (BcwmK) cÖwZwôZ nq hv ¯^vaxbZvi ci evsjv‡`k ¶y ª I KzwUi wkí ms¯’v (wewmK) bvg aviY K‡i| 2012 mv‡j wewm‡Ki †MŠiegq 55Zg cÖwZôvevwl©Kx D &hvwcZ nq| eZ©gv‡b wkí

eëmvq D‡`¨vM Dbœq‡b mnvqK †mev 114

gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb evsjv‡`k ¶y`ª I KzwUi wkí ms¯’v (wewmK) †`‡ki ¶y ª I KzwUi wk‡íi m¤úªmvi‡Y wb‡qvwRZ miKvwi Lv‡Zi cÖavb mnvqZvKvix cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q| G ms ’vi cÖavb KvR n‡jv G RvZxq wkíLv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wewb‡qv‡M civgk©`vb| wewmK cÖ`Ë Ab¨ mnvqZv¸‡jv wbgœi~c-

• wkímsµvš— Z_¨ mieivn

• D‡`¨v³v wPwýZKiY

• wk‡ív‡`¨vM Dbœqb

• cÖKí wbe©vPb

• cÖKí g~j¨vqb

• AeKvVv‡gvMZ Dbœqb

• eë¯’vcbv I `¶Zv Dbœqb

• cY¨ wWRvBb

• KuvPvgvj mieiv‡n mvnvh¨

• Drcvw`Z ªe¨mvgMÖx wecY‡b mnvqZv

• ¶z`ª I KzwUi wk‡íi †iwR‡÷ªkb

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evsjv‡`k †W‡fjc‡g›U e¨vsK wjwg‡UW (Bangladesh Development Bank Limited) evsjv‡`k †W‡fjc‡g›U e¨vsK wjwg‡UW (wewWweGj) m¤ú~Y© ivóªxq gvwjKvbvaxb GKwU evwYwR¨K e¨vsK| evsjv‡`k wkí e¨vsK Ges evsjv‡`k wkí FY ms¯’v GKwÎZ n‡q 3iv Rvbyqvwi 2010 mvj n‡Z evsjv‡`k †W‡fjc‡g›U e¨vsK wjwg‡UW bv‡g bZzb K‡i Kvh©µg ïi“ K‡i| evwYwR¨K e¨vswKs QvovI wewWweGj miKvwi I †emiKvwi wk‡í Avw_©K I KvwiMwi mnvqZv cÖ vb K‡i _v‡K| `ª“Z wkívq‡bi j‡¶¨ bZzb wkí cÖKí ’vcb, Pvjy wkí cÖKí¸‡jvi AvaywbKxKiY, hš¿cvwZ cwieZ©b I m¤úªmvi‡Yi Rb¨ wkí D‡`¨v³v‡ì FY I civgk© vb I K…wlwfwËK wk‡íi c„ô‡cvlKZv Kiv evsjv‡`k †W‡fjc‡g›U e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb KvR| GQvov wewWweGj-Gi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ mnvqZv¸‡jv n‡jv-

K. ¶y ª D‡`¨v³v‡ì AMªvwaKvi

evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki mvwe©K A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b ¶y ª I gvSvwi wk‡íi (&GmGgB) f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©| G LvZwU kªgNb nIqvq RvZxq Avq e„w× I Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó‡Z ª“Z Ae`vb ivL‡Z m¶g|

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

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GmGgB‡K ÔEmployment Generating MachineÕ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| Avgv‡ì †`‡k ¶y`ª I gvSvwi D‡`¨vM I D‡`¨v³vi g‡a¨ ¶y ª D‡`¨v‡Mi gva¨‡gB Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó, †eKviZ¡ jvNe I A_©‰bwZK cªe„w× AR©‡bi m¤¢vebv †ewk| G †cªw¶‡Z evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki wb‡`©k Abyhvqx wewWweGj kvLv¸‡jv GmGgB Lv‡Z FY weZi‡Yi j¶¨gvÎvi Ab~¨b 40% ¶y`ª D‡`¨v³v‡ì gv‡S weZiY K‡i _v‡K| Aewkó Ask weZiY K‡i gvSvwi D‡`¨v³v‡ì gv‡S |

L. Drcv`b I †mev LvZ‡K AMªvwaKvi

†`‡k Kg©ms ’vb I Drcv`b e„w×‡Z mnvqK cwi‡ek m„wói j‡¶¨ miKvi I evsjv‡`k e¨vsK eëmv Lv‡Zi †P‡q wkí I †mev LvZ‡K AMªvwaKvi cª`vb K‡i‡Q| ZvB wewWweGj kvLvmg~n‡K Drcv`bgyLx wkí I K„wlwfwËK †mev Lv‡Z FY weZi‡Y m‡Pó _vK‡Z nq|

M. bvix D‡`¨v³v‡ì AMªvwaKvi

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• FYcÖv_x© D‡`¨v³v‡K b~ bZg 2 eQ‡ii eëmvwqK AwfÁZv _vK‡Z n‡e| • D‡`¨v³v‡K my ’, wkw¶Z Ges eqm 18 †_‡K 60 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ n‡Z n‡e| • FY‡Ljvcx, †`Dwjqv, Db¥v` I Roeyw×m¤úbœ e¨w³ F‡Yi Rb¨ Av‡e`b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| • D‡`¨v³v‡K evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK n‡Z n‡e|

• gwnjv D‡`¨v³v‡ì AMÖvwaKvi †Ìqv n‡e|


†ewmK e¨vsK wjwg‡UW (Bangladesh Small Industries and Commerce Bank Limited- BASIC)

†ewmK e¨vsK evsjv‡`‡k cªPwjZ 1913 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi Aaxb 1988 mv‡j wbewÜZ nq Ges 1989 mv‡ji 31 †k Rvbyqvwi †_‡K e¨vswKs Kvh©µg ïi“ K‡i| eZ©gv‡b GwU e¨vswKs †Kv¤úvwb AvBb 1991 Abyhvqx cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| ¶z ª wk‡íi A_©vq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjwä K‡i G e¨vsK cÖwZôv n‡jI eZ©gv‡b e¨vsKwU evwYwR¨K I Dbœqbg~jK e¨vswKs Kvh©µg DfqB cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e e¨vs‡Ki ¯§viKwjwc‡Z D‡j −L Abyhvqx e¨vsK Zvi †gvU FY‡hvM¨ Znwe‡ji 50% ¶z`ª I KzwUi wk‡í wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z cÖwZkÖ“wZe×| e¨vsK g~jZ ¶z`ª I gvSvwi wk‡íi D‡`¨v³v‡ì‡K wewfbœ †¶‡Î A_©vqb Ki‡Q| †¶Î¸‡jv n‡”Q ˆZwi †cvkvK, K…wlwfwËK wkí †hgb- †cvwëª, cÖ‡KŠkj, Lv`¨ I Lv`¨ RvZxq wkí, ivmvqwbK wkí, Jla wkí, KvMR, †evW© ˆZwi, cÖKvkbv I c¨v‡KwRs wkí, Pvgov I cvU wkí| †ewmK e¨vsK KZ…©K cÖ`Ë weMZ K‡qK eQ‡ii wkí F‡Yi LwZqvb wb‡gœ †Ìqv n‡jv-

eQi †KvwU UvKv 2005 998.75 2006 1224.35 2007 1390.14 2008 1722.64 2009 1782.54 2010 2777.79 2011 3332.31

m~Î : †ewmK e¨vsK|

evsjv‡`k wkí KvwiMwi mvnvh¨ †K›`ª (Bangladesh Industrial Technical Assistance Centre-BITAC)

†`‡ki wkívqb Ges A_©‰bwZK cwieZ©b cÖwµqvq we‡kl K‡i wkí‡¶‡Î Drcv`bkxjZv e„w×i j‡¶¨ ms¯’vwU cÖwZwôZ nq| G ms¯’vwU cÖ`Ë mnvqZv¸‡jv n‡jv KvwiMwi I eë¯’vcbv `¶Zv e„w×i Rb¨ cÖwk¶Y, bZzb wWRvBb I hš¿cvwZi mv‡_ cwiwPZ Kiv‡bv I hš¿cvwZ ¯’vc‡b D™¢~Z mgm¨v mgvav‡b Dc‡`k cÖ`vb| GQvov i‡q‡Q wewfbœ cÖKvkbv, †mwgbvi, `jMZ Av‡jvPbv, cÖ k©bx I Pjw”PÎ cÖ`k©‡bi gva¨‡g AvaywbK KvwiMwi I cÖhyw³MZ Ávb`vb| PviwU AvÂwjK †K‡› ªi gva¨‡g weUvK Zvi Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| †K› ª ‡jv n‡jv XvKv, PÆMÖvg, Puv`cyi I Lyjbvq Aew ’Z| eZ©gv‡b e¸ovq Av‡iKwU AvÂwjK †K› ª ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ GKwU cÖKí KvR Ki‡Q|

evsjv‡`k weÁvb I wkí M‡elYv cwil` (Bangladesh Council for Scientific and Industrial Research)

RvZxq wk‡ívbœq‡b ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ 1973 mv‡j evsjv‡`k weÁvb I wkí M‡elYv cwil` cÖwZwôZ nq| †`‡k wkí-KviLvbv cÖwZôv I Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ weÁvb, wkí I cÖhyw³ welqK mgm¨vewji Dci M‡elYv Kiv, M‡elYvq DrmvwnZ Kiv I M‡elYv cwiPvjbvq civgk© cÖ vb Kiv G cwil‡ì Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨| G cwil` wkí †¶‡Î wewfbœ ai‡bi bZzb Avwe®‹vi I D™¢veb, weÁvb I wkí M‡elYvi w`Kwb‡`©kbv, bZzb cY¨ I cÖwµqv D™¢veb K‡i _v‡K| GKRb eëmvq ev wkí D‡`¨v³v G cwil‡ì Avwe®‹…Z cY¨ ev cÖhyw³ evwYwR¨K wfwË‡Z eënvi K‡i Drcv`‡b Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i|

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gwnjv Awa`ßi (Directorate of Women Affairs) kni I MÖv‡gi gwnjv‡ì m„RbkxjZvi weKvk, AvZ¥Kg©ms ’vb I ¶gZvq‡bi j‡¶¨ gwnjv Awa`ßi bvix D‡`¨v³v‡ì wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖwk¶Y, FY cÖ vbmn wewfbœ ai‡bi mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| cÖwk¶‡Yi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q nuvm-gyiwM I Mevw`cï cvjb, n¯Í wkí, evwU‡Ki KvR, eybb wkí, †mjvB BZ¨vw`|

†emiKvwi ms¯’v (Non-government Organizations-NGOs) D‡`¨v³v Dbœq‡b †emiKvwi Dbœqb ms ’v¸‡jv ¸i“Z¡c~Y© fzwgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| G ms ’v¸‡jv g~jZ MÖvgxY weËnxb I ¯^íweË‡ì D‡`¨vMx nevi e¨vcv‡i mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv K‡i _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡k AmsL¨ GbwRIi g‡a¨ eª vK-Gi f~wgKv me‡P‡q †ewk ¸i“Z¡c~Y©|

eª vK (BRAC) 2010 mv‡ji wn‡me g‡Z evsjv‡`k Z_v c„w_exi me©e„nr GbwRI ev †emiKvwi Dbœqb ms ’v n‡”Q eª vK| ¯^vaxbZvi ci 1972 mv‡j Rbve dR‡j †nv‡mb Av‡e‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡ G ms¯’vwU cÖwZwôZ nq| ïi“‡Z ÎvY I cybev©mb wb‡q KvR Ki‡jI eZ©gv‡b `vwi ª we‡gvPb I bvixi ¶gZvq‡bi j¶¨ wb‡q G ms ’vwU wewfbœ Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki 64wU †Rjvq Gi Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| D‡`¨v³v Dbœq‡b eª¨vK †h mKj Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡jv-

1. ¶z`ª wkí Dbœqb Kvh©µg : Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Kvco eybb, nuvm-gyiwM cvjb, AvmevecÎ, ˆZj Drcv`b, ¸o, `wo, euvk I †e‡Zi mvgMÖx ˆZwi, avb fvbv|

2. mn‡hvMx cÖwZôvb Dbœqb : G Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq f~wgnxb †jvK‡ì‡K cÖKí cÖYqb, ev¯Íevqb, eë ’vcbv, wecYb cÖf…wZ Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g msMwVZ Kiv nq|

3. Drcv`b †K› ª Dbœqb : AvaywbK wWRvBb I cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g MÖvgxY wkíRvZ mvgMÖxi gvb Dbœqb I Drcv`b e„w× Kiv nq| GQvov †`‡ki HwZnëvnx Kvi“wkí †hgb wmé,Rvg`vwb, bKwkKuv_v Dbœq‡bI eª vK KvR Ki‡Q| eª¨v‡Ki wbR¯^ †WBwi dvg© I wbR¯^ wecwY‡K›`ª ÕAvosÕ i‡q‡Q|

eª¨vK cwiPvwjZ Avos-Gi mvgMÖx


gvBWvm (Micro Industries Development Assistance Services-MIDAS) †emiKvwi Dbœqb ms ’v wn‡m‡e gvBWvm ¶z ª I gvSvwi D‡`¨v³v‡ì Avw_©K, KvwiMwi, eë ’vcbv RvZxq mnvqZv cÖ vb K‡i| gvBWv‡mi mvgwMÖK Kvh©µg¸‡jv n‡jv-

1. ¶z ª I gvSvwi wkí‡K FY myweav cÖ vb|

2. RvZxq, eûRvwZK, miKvwi, †emiKvwi cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K cÖwk¶Y, Z_¨ I civgk© †mev cÖ vb|

3. eëmvq †¶Î AbymÜvb I M‡elYv cwiPvjbv|

4. eëmvq D‡`¨v³v‡ì g‡a¨ mn‡hvwMZvi †bUIqvK© evov‡bv|

5. ¶z ª I gvSvwi wk‡íi Drcvw`Z cY¨ ¯’vbxq I Avš—R©vwZK evRv‡i wecY‡b mnvqZv Kiv|

cÖwkKv (Proshika)

evsjv‡`‡ki ¶z ª eëmvq weKv‡k cÖwkKv ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Q| K…wl wkí, ZuvZ wkí, wmé Drcv`b n — wkí, Mevw`cï cvjb, †gŠgvwQ cvjb, Pviv Drcv`bmn A‡bK bZzb †ckv ˆZwi Ki‡Q cÖwkKv| Gme Kv‡R A‡bK D‡`¨v³v GwM‡q G‡m‡Qb Ges cÖwkKv Zv‡ì‡K FY I cÖwk¶Y cÖ vb Ki‡Q|

†V½vgviv gwnjv meyR msN (Thengamara Mohila Sabuj Sangha-TMSS) DËie‡½i †Rjv e¸ov‡K †K› ª K‡i 1980 mv‡j †V½vgviv gwnjv meyR msN KvR ïi“ Ki‡jI eZ©gv‡b mviv †`‡kB G Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| g~jZ `wi`ª I weËnxb gwnjv‡ì FY mnvqZv cÖ vb, cÖwk¶Y I AvZ¥Kg©ms ’v‡b mnvqZv Kivi cvkvcvwk wUGgGmGm †`vKvb cwiPvjbv, nuvm-gyiwMi Lvgvi cwiPvjbv, gvQ Pvl, bvm©vwi cwiPvjbv I KzwUi wkí cwiPvjbvmn ¶z`ª D‡`¨v³v‡ì FY Kg©m~wP cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K|

RvZxq wkíbxwZ 2010-G Dwj −wLZ wewfbœ ai‡bi mnvqZv

DÏxcbvg~jK • bvix I cyi“l eëmvqxiv hv‡Z mgv‡R A_©‰bwZK cwieZ©b msNU‡b mwµq G‡R›U wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡K wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ D‡`¨v³v ms¯‹…wZi cÖmv‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi Kg©m~wP MÖnY|

• Drcv`bkxj I †mev Lv‡Zi mdj D‡`¨v³v‡ì‡K ¯^xK…wZ, RvZxq D‡`¨v³v wèm cvjb, ¯‹zj, K‡jR I wek¦we`¨vj‡q D‡`¨v³v Dbœqb welqK wk¶vµ‡gi cÖeZ©b|

• gvbe cyuwR weKv‡ki †ewki fvM Kvh©µg cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i Ges †`ke¨vcx ïi“ Kiv hye-m¤cÖ`vq‡K RxebmsMÖv‡gi wewfbœ w`K m¤ú‡K©, †`‡ki Dbœqb I mdjZv Ges mxwgZ †fŠZ m¤ú‡ì wel‡q m‡PZb Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi wk¶vµ‡g RvwZ MVbg~jK I Dbœqb m¤úwK©Z wel‡qi Aš—f©yw³ I G ai‡bi wk¶v‡K DrmvwnZKiY|

mg_©bg~jK • wkí‡¶‡Î bZzb cªhyw³i mgš^q NwU‡q wkí c‡Yï AwaKZi Dbœq‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ †UKmB I bZzb cÖhyw³ D™¢veK‡ì cyi¯‹vi cÖ`v‡bi eë¯’v Kiv| KvwiMwi cÖwk¶Y, cªhyw³ D™¢veb, cÖhyw³ Dbœqb, cÖhyw³ n¯Ívš—i Ges jvMmB cÖhyw³ wbe©vPb I cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g ¯’vbxq wkí KviLvbvmg~n‡K mnvqZvi j‡¶¨ weUvKmn Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZôvb‡K kw³kvjxKiY|

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• †`kxq wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì we‡kl K‡i gvB‡µv, KzwUi I ¶z ª wk‡íi wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì Kv‡Q mnRjf¨ ’vbxq I h‡_vchy³ cÖhyw³ M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ miKvi †`kxq hš¿cvwZ cÖ¯‘ZKviK wkí‡K ¯’vbxq KvwiMwi I cÖhyw³ welqK cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ GK‡hv‡M KvR Ki‡Z my‡hvM cÖ`vb|

• 30/06/2011 mv‡ji g‡a¨ evwYwR¨K Drcv`‡b hv‡e Gi~c wkí cÖwZôv‡bi †¶‡Î wbgœi~c Ki AeKvk cÖ vb :

• wZb cve©Z¨ †Rjv e¨ZxZ XvKv I PÆMÖvg wefv‡M ’vwcZ wkí cÖwZôv‡bi †¶‡Î cÖ_g yÕeQi Av‡qi 100% fvM, cieZ©x yÕeQi 50% I †kl (5g) eQi 25% fvM Ki AeKvk|

• (L) ivRkvnx, Lyjbv, wm‡jU, ewikvj I iscyi wefvM Ges wZb cve©Z¨ †Rjvq ’vwcZ wkí cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Rb¨ 7 (mvZ) eQi †gqvw` Ki AeKv‡ki g‡a¨ cÖ_g wZb eQi Ki AeKv‡ki nvi 100%, cieZx© 3 eQi 50% I †kl eQ‡i (7g eQi) 25%|

msi¶Yg~jK • AvBwmwU, jwÛª, ch©Ub I †mev, weDwU cvijvi, weÁvcbx ms ’v BZ¨vw` †mevg~~jK LvZmn grm¨, K…wl I n¯Íwkí LvZ Ges Mevw` cï cÖwZcvjb Ges Lv`¨ cÖwµqvRvZKiY Lv‡Z bvix wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡ì AMÖvwaKvi †Ìqv|

• ¶z`ª, gvSvwi I KzwUi wk‡íi weKv‡k mnvqZv`vb, ZuvZwkí i¶v, †ebviwm I Rvg`vwb cj −xi gZ †ikg cj −x M‡o †Zvjvmn ZuvwZ, Kvgvi, Kzgvi, g„rwkí, euvk, †eZ, Zvgv, Kuvmv I cvwU wk‡í we‡kl cÖ‡Yv`bv †Ìqv|

Abykxjbx eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| mg_©bg~jK mnvqZv †KvbwU? K. civgk© `vb L. Z_¨ mieivn M. cuywRi ms¯’vb N. eëmvq AvaywbKvqb 2| wkí ’vc‡b mn‡R †KD GwM‡q Avm‡Z Pvq bv †Kb? K. G‡Z m„RbkxjZvi cÖ‡qvRb nq L. KvRwU MVbg~jK e‡j M. G Kv‡R SuywK wb‡Z nq e‡j N. wbR¯^ cuywRi cÖ‡qvRb nq

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : wm‡j‡Ui wbkvZ Avdwib 2011 mv‡j euvk I †eZ w`‡q wewfbœ ai‡bi M„n¯’vwj mvgMÖx ˆZwii GKwU cÖKí nv‡Z †bb| Drcv`b cÖwµqv ïiy Ki‡Z wM‡q Avw_©K msK‡U covq wZwb GKwU Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi kiYvcbœ nb Ges cÖwZôvb †_‡K wKQz FY †bb| Ki AeKvk myweav cvIqvi Kvi‡Y w`b w`b Zvi eëmv‡qi DbœwZ n‡Z jvMj|

3| wbkvZ Avdwib 2015 mv‡j AwR©Z Av‡qi Dci KZ fvM Ki AeKvk cv‡eb| K. 100% L. 75% M. 50% N. 25%


4| Avw_©K cÖwZôvbwUi mnvqZvi d‡j cÖavbZÑ i. †`‡k bvix D‡`¨v³vi Dbœqb n‡e ii. e„nr wk‡íi Dbœqb mvwaZ n‡e

iii. †`‡k A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AwR©Z n‡e wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 1| eëmvq ¯’vcb I cwiPvjbv msµvš— RwUjZv I SuywKi K_v wPš—v K‡i Rbve †gnivR G Kv‡R GwM‡q Avm‡Z

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2| mvqgv nK †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB P¨v‡jwÄs KvR Ki‡Z cQ›` Ki‡Zb| ZvB wek¦we`¨vj‡qi covïbv †kl K‡i

bvivqYMÄ wewmK wkí GjvKvq Ômvqgv dzW cÖWv±mÕ bv‡g GKwU DbœZgv‡bi I ißvwbgyLx KviLvbv ’vcb K‡ib| GRb¨ wZwb GKwU cÖwZôvb †_‡K Avw_©K I KvwiMwi mnvqZv wb‡q‡Qb| eZ©gv‡b Zvi cÖwZôv‡b 300 Rb Kg©Pvix wb‡qvwRZ Av‡Qb| K. wewm‡Ki c~Y©i~c Kx? M. gwnjv Awa`ß‡ii cÖavb KvRwU e¨vL¨v Ki| M. mvqgv n‡Ki g‡Zv D‡`¨v³v‡ì Dc‡iv³ mnvqZv `v‡b miKvwi †Kvb cÖwZôvb wb‡qvwRZ Av‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| N. †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©‡b mvqgv n‡Ki f~wgKv g~j¨vqb Ki|

GKv`k Aa¨vq

eëmv‡q ˆbwZKZv I mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv Ethics in Business and Social Responsibilities

hwÌ eëmv‡qi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ gybvdv AR©b Zey eëmvq cÖwZôvb‡K ˆbwZKZv I mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi welqwU †g‡b Pj‡Z nq| mgvR I eëmvq m¤úª`v‡qi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e eëmvqx I eëmvq D‡`¨v³v‡K mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva I ˆbwZKZv Ges BwZevPK `„wófw½ jvjb I cvjb Ki‡Z nq| G Aa¨v‡q Avgiv eëmv‡q ˆbwZKZv I mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi wewfbœ w`K m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvie|

cwi‡ek `~lY

G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l Avgiv

• eëmvwqK g~~j¨‡eva, mZZv I ˆbwZKZvi aviYv I Myi“Z¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie|

• eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie|

• ivóª, mgvR, †µZv I Kg©Pvix‡ì cÖwZ mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi ¯î~c e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie|

• eëmv‡qi Kvi‡Y evq~ ~lY, cvwb ~lY, kã ~lY I f~wg ~l‡Yi êwkó¨ I cÖfve we‡k−lY Ki‡Z cvie|

• cwi‡ek `~lY †iv‡a eëmvwqK `vqe×Zv¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvie|

• wewfbœ eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvg~jK Dbœqb Kvh©µg eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

eëmv‡q ˆbwZKZv I mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv 122

eëmvwqK g~j¨‡eva I ˆbwZKZvi aviYv (Concept of Business Values and Ethics)

g~j¨‡eva I ˆbwZKZv kã `ywUi aviYv cÖvq Awe‡”Q`¨| †h Ávb‡eva Ges AvPiY mgvR g~jëvb I AbyKiYxq g‡b

K‡i Zv‡KB g~j¨‡eva e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv hvq| g~j¨‡eva I ˆbwZKZv‡eva gvbyl‡K b¨vq-Ab¨vq, wVK-†ewVK,

fv‡jv-g‡›ì g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wPwýZ Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| GwU gvby‡li Rxe‡b BwZevPK, g½jgq I Kj¨vYgq

w`‡Ki wb‡ ©kbv †`q| Ab¨vq †_‡K b¨vq, Aag© †_‡K ag©, AmZ¨ †_‡K mZ¨, AbywPZ †_‡K DwPZ c„_KxKiY ev

wbi~c‡Yi ¶gZv ˆbwZK bxwZ‡eva †_‡K Av‡m| GKwU my›ì myLx mgvR MVb Ges †`‡ki RbM‡Yi Rb¨ ˆbwZK

AvPiYwewa AbymiY GKvš— Avek¨K|

ˆbwZKZv (Ethics)

ˆbwZKZv kãwU wMÖK kã B_m (Ethos) kã n‡Z D™¢e n‡q‡Q| hvi A_© gvbe AvPi‡Yi gvb`Ê| ˆbwZKZv gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b KvR-K‡g©i mv‡_ RwoZ| Avgiv Rvwb GKRb wk¶‡Ki cÖavb KvR n‡jv QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì myôz cvV `vb Kiv| wKš—y cvV `vbB †kl bq| Zv‡K †`L‡Z n‡e QvÎ-QvÎxiv cvV`vb eyS‡Z cvi‡Q wKbv| covïbvq g‡bv‡hvMx bv Ag‡bv‡hvMx, evwoi KvR wVKg‡Zv Ki‡Q wKbv Zv †`Lv Ges f~j ms‡kvab K‡i †Ìqv cÖf„wZ KvR¸‡jv wk¶‡Ki ˆbwZK `vwq‡Z¡i g‡a¨ c‡o| wk¶‡Ki b¨vq QvÎ-QvÎx‡ìI wKQy ˆbwZK `vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q †hgb- h_vmg‡q ¯‹z‡j hvIqv, evwoi KvR Kiv Ges wk¶‡Ki Av‡`k wb‡ ©k †g‡b Pjv BZ¨vw`| ˆbwZKZv ej‡Z gvby‡li fv‡jv g‡›ì wePvi-we‡k −lY K‡i mwVKwU MÖnY Kiv‡K eySvq| wk¶K I QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì h_vh_fv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb ˆbwZKZvi Ask|

eëmv‡q ˆbwZKZv (Business Ethics)

GKwU eëmv‡qi aviYv wPwýZ Kiv †_‡K ïi“ K‡i GwU mdjfv‡e cwiPvjbvi mv‡_ A‡bK KvR RwoZ| Gme KvR my›ì, myôz I mwVKfv‡e GwM‡q †bqvi †¶‡Î ˆbwZKZv w`K-wb‡ ©kbv wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| mv‡_ mv‡_ Ôeëmvq ˆbwZKZv ev ˆbwZK g~j¨‡evaÕ eëmvq RM‡Z Avgv‡ì AvPiY†K mwVK c‡_ cwiPvjbv K‡i|

eëmvq GKwU mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb| mgv‡R RbM‡Yi wewfbœ wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbm Ges Ab¨vb¨ ª‡eï Pvwn`v wgUv‡bvi Rb¨ GKwU eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¥ nq I Pjgvb _v‡K| GKRb eëmvqx ev eëmvq D‡`¨v³v RbM‡Yi Pvwn`v †gvZv‡eK cY¨- ªe¨ Drcv`b ev cÖ ‘Z K‡i Drcv`b Li‡Pi mv‡_ gybvdv †hvM K‡i ev Ab¨ eëmvqxi KvQ †_‡K µq K‡i µqg~‡jï m‡_ gybvdvi cwigvY †hvM K‡i †fv³v‡ì Kv‡Q weµq K‡i| µqg~j¨ I weµqg~‡jï eëavbB gybvdv| AwZwi³ jv‡fi Avkvq c‡Yï K…wÎg Afve m„wó K‡i †ewk `vg avh© Ki‡j Zv n‡e ˆbwZKZvi cwicš’x| eëmv cwiPvjbvi †¶‡Î wKQy ˆbwZKZv i‡q‡Q| †hgb c‡Yï `vg Ggbfv‡e wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Zvi jvf nq wKš—y g~j¨ RbM‡Yi µq ¶gZvi g‡a¨ _v‡K| eëmvqx Ggb cY¨- ªe¨ mieivn Ki‡e bv hv RbM‡Yi ¯^v‡ ’ i Rb¨ ¶wZKi| A_©vr RbMY Ges eëmvq Dfq c‡¶i ¯^v_© i¶v K‡iB eëmv cwiPvjbv Kiv evÃbxq| eëmv‡q Ab¨ ˆbwZKZv¸‡jv n‡jv-

• mZZv eRvq ivLv

• ¶wZKi cY¨ Drcv`b I wecYb bv Kiv

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

123

• MÖvnK‡ì mv‡_ cÖZviYv bv Kiv

• †gqv‡`vËxY© cY¨-`ªe¨ wewµ bv Kiv

• K…wÎg msKU m„wó bv Kiv

• wewfbœ eëmvwqK I wkí AvBb †g‡b Pjv

• cwi‡e‡ki ¶wZ mvab bv Kiv

• RbKj¨v‡Y Ae`vb ivLv

eëmvwqK g~j¨‡eva I ˆbwZKZvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv (Necessity of Business Values and Ethics)

AwZwi³ gybvdv AR©b ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Kvi‡YB †nvK eëmvq A‰bwZK Kvh©Kjvc w`b w`b †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k eëmvq ˆbwZKZvi cÖ‡qvM A‡bK †¶‡Î m‡š—vlRbK bq| cÖwZw`b Le‡ii KvM‡Ri cvZv Dëv‡j eëmvq msµvš— A‡bK †bwZevPK Lei I wPÎ †Pv‡L c‡o| giv gyiwM †Kbv-†ePv, Lv`¨ ª‡e¨ †fRvj, wbgœgv‡bi cY¨ ˆZwi ev weµq, IR‡b Kg, digvwjbhy³ gvQ I djg~j, cY¨ ª‡eï ¸Yv¸Y m¤ú‡K© wg_¨v I AwZwi³ Z_¨ `vb, wbg©vY Kv‡R wbgœgv‡bi `ªe¨ eënvi, Jl‡a †fRvj, PjvP‡ji A‡hvM¨ hvbevn‡bi iv¯Ívq PjvPj BZ¨vw` eëmv‡q A‰bwZK evh©Kjv‡ci D`vniY| Gme A‰bwZK Kvh©Kjv‡ci cÖwZwµqv fqven| †fRvj Jla †L‡q A‡bK wkï gviv †M‡Q Ges A‡bK wkï Amy ’ n‡”Q| †fRvj Lv`¨ †L‡q gvbyl bvbv iKg e¨vwa‡Z Avµvš— n‡”Q| eëmvqx‡ì Gme A‰bwZK Kvh©Kjvc †iva bv Kiv †M‡j †ivMvµvšÍ gvbyl‡ì GKwU Amy ’ mgvR eë¯’v M‡o DV‡e| hvi dj n‡e fqven| wb‡gœv³ Kvi‡Y eëmv‡q g~j¨‡eva I ˆbwZKZvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwimxg|

1| m„wóKZ©vi †kªô m„wó gvbyl| A‰bwZK Kvh©Kjvc I A‰bwZK AvPiY gvby‡li KvQ †_‡K Kvg¨ bq|

2| eëmvqx cÖ ‘ZK…Z ev mieivnK…Z cY¨ ev †mev weµq K‡i Rxeb aviY K‡i| Zv‡ì ˆbwZK `vwqZ¡ mwVK cY¨ ªe¨ ev †mev mieivn Kiv|

3| eZ©gv‡b †fRvj Lvevi †L‡q gvbyl KwVb I RwUj †iv‡M Avµvš— n‡”Q| hvi cÖwZwµqvI fqven| GKgvÎ eëmvq ˆbwZKZv †eva GB fqven cwiYwZ n‡Z i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡i|

4| Jlac‡Î †fRv‡ji cvk¦©cÖwZwµqv A‡bK‡¶‡Î g„Zyï KviY n‡q `vwo‡q‡Q| Jla cÖ¯‘ZKviK‡ì ˆbwZK AvPiYB GB wech©q †_‡K i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡i|

5| eëmvq GKvwU mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb| mgv‡Ri fv‡jv-g›`, Kj¨vY †`Lv GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡|

6| eëmv‡qi g~j j¶¨ gybvdv AR©b n‡jI mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvjbI GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y©© KvR| G Kv‡R Ae‡njv ev Abxnv eëmv‡qi Rb¨ g½jgq bq|

7| eëmvi DbœwZ I mg„w×i Rb¨ mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvjb Acwinvh©|

8| eëmvq my›ì I myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbvi †¶‡Î ˆbwZKZvi f~wgKv Acwimxg| ˆbwZKZvi mvaviY bxwZgvjv AbymiY Ki‡j eëmvq wm×všÍmg~n mwVK n‡e|

9| eëmv‡q A‰bwZK Kvh©vewji gva¨‡g Avw_©Kfv‡e jvfevb n‡jI Gi cwiYvg KLbI fv‡jv nq bv| A‡bK eëmvq cÖ_‡g fv‡jv djvdj K‡iI A‰bwZK Kvh©Kjv‡c wb‡qvwRZ n‡q aŸsm n‡q hvq|


10| A‰bwZK Kvh©Kjv‡c wjß eëmvqx‡K mevB N„Yv K‡i| mgv‡Ri m¤§vb I kª×v †c‡Z n‡j eëmvq ˆbwZK AvPiY ev mZ¨ c_ Aej¤^‡bi weKí †bB|

eëmvq mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi aviYv I ¸i“Z¡ (Concept of Social Responsibility and Its

Importance)

eëmvi mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv ej‡Z gybvdv AR©‡bi mv‡_ mgv‡Ri wKQy g½jgq ev Kj¨vYg~jK KvR Kiv‡K eySvq| cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K eëmv‡qi D‡Ïk¨ gybvdv AR©b‡K wN‡iB cwiPvwjZ n‡q Avm‡Q| wKš—y eZ©gv‡b G aviYvi cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| eëmvq GKwU mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb| mgvR‡K wN‡iB Gi Kvh©µg| mgv‡R emevmKvix RbM‡Yi wewfbœ ai‡bi †fvM¨ cY¨ Ges Ab¨vb¨ cY¨ ev †mevi Pvwn`v wbi~cY K‡i Zv cÖ ‘Z ev msMÖn K‡i RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q †Ìqv eëmvi cÖavb KvR¸‡jvi Ab¨Zg| Z‡e my›ì Rxeb hvc‡bi Rb¨ AviI wKQy Pvwn`v _v‡K †hgb wk¶v, ¯^v ’ , we‡bv`b cÖf„wZ| e¨qeûj weavq RbM‡Yi bvMv‡ji evB‡i Gme KvR mvaviYZ miKv‡ii `vwqZ¡ e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq| mv¤ú&ªwZKKv‡j wKQy wKQy eëmvq cÖwZôvb RbwnZKi KvR †hgb nvmcvZvj cÖwZôv, ¯‹zj ¯’vcb, `wi ª wk¶v_x©‡ì e„wË cÖ`vb BZ¨vw` Kv‡R GwM‡q G‡m‡Q| eëmv GKwU mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb Ges RbM‡Yi mg_©‡bi Dci Gi ¯’vwqZ¡ I gybvdv wbf©ikxj| cÖ‡Z¨K eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvjb GKwU ˆbwZK `vwqZ¡|

cÖK…Zc‡¶ GKRb eëmvqx mgv‡Ri GKRb m„Rbkxj Ges m‡PZb bvMwiK| †h †Kv‡bv eëmvqx GKRb m„Rbkxj, wPËkxj Ges Kg©¶g e¨w³| mgv‡Ri Kv‡Q †_‡K †hgb Zvi wKQy cvIqvi i‡q‡Q †Zgwb ZviI mgvR‡K wKQy †Ìqvi i‡q‡Q| Zvi AwR©Z gybvdvi wKQy Ask RbwnZKi Kv‡R e¨q Ki‡j mgvR †hgb DcK…Z n‡e †Zgwb Zvi m¤§vbI evo‡e |

Kg©cÎ 1 (`jxq KvR) : eëmvqx‡ì Kx Kx Kvi‡Y mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvjb Kiv DwPZ e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki| 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

†Km ÷vwW

Aveyj Kv‡kg GKRb eyw×gvb, mvnmx, wek¦ Í Ges mr hyeK| cvovi †h †Kv‡bv mvgvwRK Abyôvb Av‡qvRb Kivi †¶‡Î Zvi f~wgKv _v‡K| ¯‹z‡j covïbv Kivi gv‡S gv‡S GKwU dv‡g©wm‡Z hvZvqvZ KiZ| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq dv‡g©wmi gvwjK‡K Kv‡R mvnvh¨ KiZ| G‡Z †m dv‡g©wm eëmvq m¤ú‡K© wKQy AwfÁZv mÂq K‡i| GmGmwm cvm Kivi ci Avi covïbv Ki‡Z bv †c‡i Zvi gv‡qi wKQy AjsKvi weµq K‡i cyuwR msMÖn K‡i GKwU †QvU dv‡g©wm ’vcb K‡i| †QvU †ejvq evevi KvQ †_‡K ï‡b wQ‡jb gvbyl‡K VKv‡e bv, †KD civgk© PvB‡j mr civgk©

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

125

†`‡e Ges KL‡bv wg_¨v ej‡e bv, ¸i“Rb‡K kª×v Ki‡e, Amnvq‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| Aveyj Kv‡kg eëmv cwiPvjbvi †¶‡Î ˆbwZKZv AbymiY Ki‡Zb| †Kv‡bv e¨w³ wVKvbv m¤ú‡K© civgk© PvB‡j †Kv‡bv fvj Wv³v‡ii bvg e‡j w`‡Zb, mr civgk© w`‡Zb| A‡bK RwUj †iv‡M AvµvšÍ †ivMx Zvi civg‡k© fv‡jv Wv³v‡ii wPwKrmv wb‡q DcK„Z n‡q‡Q| GQvovI wZwb me©`v LuvwU Jla weµq Ki‡Zb| AwZ jv‡fi Rb¨ †ewk `v‡g ev bKj Jla weµq Ki‡Zb bv| Gme Kvi‡Y AwP‡iB Zvi gybvdv e„w× cvq Ges mgv‡R wZwb GKRb mr eëmvqx wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ jvf K‡ib| cvkvcvwk Zvi eëmvq mg„w×I jvf K‡i|

GK mgq Zvi †Q‡j Avãyi ingvb dv‡g©wmi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib| wKš—y †m AwZ †jv‡fi Avkvq bKj Jla weµq ïi“ K‡i| Zvi †`vKvb †_‡K Jla wK‡b A‡b‡Ki ¯^v¯’¨nvwb n‡q‡Q| bKj Jla weµq Kivq Aí mg‡qi wfZi ‡m Amr eëmvqx wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| ax‡i ax‡i eëmv‡qi mybvgnvwb N‡U I eëmv‡qi wejywß N‡U|

Kg©cÎ 2 (`jxq KvR) : Aveyj Kv‡kg I Avãyi ingv‡bi eëmvwqK Kvh©µ‡gi aib we‡ePbv K‡i Zv‡ì g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki

• • • • • • •

wewfbœ c‡¶i cÖwZ eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv eZ©gvb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK eëmvq RM‡Z eëmvqx‡K wb‡Ri gybvdv e„w×i D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi cvkvcvwk A‡bK c‡¶i cªwZ `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z nq| Giv n‡jv ivóª, mgvR, †µZv I Kg©Pvix| Gme c¶ †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv fv‡e eëmv‡qi mv‡_ mswk −ó|

iv‡óªi cÖwZ `vqe×Zv (Responsibility to State)

RbM‡Yi ¯^v_© i¶v K‡i eëmv cwiPvwjZ †nvK GUvB iv‡óªi j¶¨| eëmvq ¯’vcb I AMÖMwZi gva¨‡g Kg©ms ’vb m„wó K‡i RbM‡Yi Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv n‡j A_©vr cY¨ ev †mev cÖ`v‡bi cvkvcvwk wbqwgZ Ki cÖ`vb Kiv n‡j miKvi Lywk| eëmvq‡K iv‡óªi cÖwZ wb‡gœv³ `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z nq-

K. miKvi‡K wbqwgZ Ki I ivR¯^ cÖ vb Kiv|

L. miKv‡ii wbqgbxwZ h_vh_fv‡e cvjb Kiv|

M. Kg©msš’vb m„wó I A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b Ae`vb ivLv|

mgv‡Ri cÖwZ `vqe×Zv (Responsibility to Society) mgvR †_‡K wewfbœ my‡hvM-myweav MÖnY K‡iB eëmv‡qi DbœwZ I mg„w× N‡U| Z‡e eëmvq‡K mgv‡Ri cÖwZ wb‡gœv³ `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z nq|


K. mgv‡Ri cÖ‡qvRb gvwdK gvbm¤§Z cY¨ Drcv`b I mieivn Kiv|

L. Kg©ms ’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv|

M. wewfbœ RbwnZKi Kv‡R mnvqZv Kiv|

N. RvZxq y‡hv©‡M RbM‡Yi cv‡k uvov‡bv|

O. cwi‡ek ~lY †_‡K GjvKv‡K i¶v Kiv|

P. c‡Yï gRyZ`vwi bv Kiv|

†µZv I †fv³v‡ì cÖwZ `vqe×Zv (Responsibility to Customer and Consumer) †µZv I †fv³v‡ì Av¯’v I mn‡hvwMZvi Dci eëmv‡qi mdjZv wbf©i K‡i| ZvB eëmvqx‡K wb‡gœv³ `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z nq-

K. c‡Yï evRvi w¯’wZkxj ivLv|

L. gvbm¤§Z cY¨ mieivn Kiv|

M. cY¨ mvgMÖx cÖvwß mnRZi Kiv|

N. cY¨ I evRvimsµvš— wewfbœ Z_¨ mieivn Kiv|

kÖwgK-Kg©Pvix‡ì cÖwZ `vqe×Zv (Responsibility to Employees) kÖwgK I Kg©Pvix‡ì Ae¨vnZ cÖ‡Póvi d‡jB eëmv‡q gybvdv AwR©Z nq| ZvB Zv‡ì ¯^v_©‡K Ae‡njv K‡i eëmv cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq bv| eëmvq DbœwZi mv‡_ Zv‡ì †eZb-fvZv e„w× I †evbvm cÖ`vb Kiv Ges Zv‡ì Ae¯’vi DbœwZi †Póv Kiv DwPZ| GKRb eëmvqx‡K Zvi cÖwZôv‡bi kÖwgK I Kg©Pvix‡ì cÖwZ wb‡gœv³ `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z nq-

K. Dchy³ cvwikÖwgK I Avw_©K myweav `vb|

L. PvKwii wbivcËv weavb Kiv|

M. Kv‡Ri Dchy³ cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv|

N. cÖwk¶Y I c‡`vbœwZi eë¯’v Kiv|

O. evm¯’vb I wPwKrmvi eë¯’v Kiv|

wewfbœ eëmvqx cÖwZôv‡bi mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvg~jK Kvh©µg (Social Activities by Different

Business Organizations )

eëmv‡qi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ eûhyM a‡i Ae‡nwjZ n‡q Avm‡jI eZ©gv‡b †`‡k we‡`‡k A‡bK cÖwZôvb mvgvwRK Kvh©µ‡g GwM‡q G‡m‡Q| wewfbœ e¨vsK I †gvevBj †Kv¤úvwb Zv‡ì mvaviY eëmvq Kvh©µ‡gi mv‡_ wewfbœ mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Q| WvP-evsjv e¨vsK, cÖvBg e¨vsK, Bmjvgx e¨vsK I wewfbœ †gvevBj †dvb †Kv¤úvwb †hgb- †UwjUK, MÖvgxY †dvb, iwe, evsjv wjsK, wmwU‡mj, Gqvi‡Uj cÖf…wZ `vwi ª we‡gvPb, †gavex QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

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covïbvi LiP enb, e„wË cÖ vb I †Ljvayjvi Dbœq‡b Avw_©K c„ô‡cvlKZv cÖ vb K‡i mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b Ae`vb ivL‡Q| wKQy wKQy eëmv cÖwZôvb Zi“Y mgv‡Ri cÖwZfv AbymÜvb I weKv‡k GwM‡q G‡m‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k eëmvwqK cÖwZôv‡bi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi cÖeYZv †ewk w`‡bi bq| Avkv Kiv hvq, Avgv‡ì wk‡ív‡`¨v³v †kªwY gybvdvgyLx eëmvq cwiPvjbvi mv‡_ mv‡_ mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b Av‡iv GwM‡q Avm‡e|

cwi‡ek `~lY I eëmvq (Environmental Pollution and Business)

wkí KviLbvi eR©¨ †_‡K b`x `~lY

eëmv we‡kl K‡i wk‡ívbœq‡bi me‡P‡q eo mgm¨v cwi‡ek `~lY| wkí eR©¨ wbM©Z Zij c`v_© b`x-bvjvq c‡o

cvwb ~wlZ Ki‡Q| welv³ cvwb gvQmn RjR cÖvYx evm Kivi Abyc‡hvMx n‡q c‡o| Ab¨w`‡K hÎZÎ gqjv

wb‡¶c I hvb evn‡bi †auvqv evqy `~wlZ K‡i| KviLvbvi †gwkb I †Rbv‡iU‡ii weKU AvIqv‡R fqven kã `~lY

n‡”Q| GQvov wkí KviLvbv cÖwZôvi bv‡g Aev‡a MvQ wbab I cvnvo †K‡U cwi‡ek‡K ~lY Kiv n‡”Q|

Avevm‡bi bv‡g Pv‡li Rwg niY, Lvj wej fivU K‡i Avevmb ˆZwi, b`xfv½b, wbwe©Pv‡i Abychy³ hvbevnb

iv¯Ívq Pvjv‡bv I kxZvZc wbqwš¿Z h‡š¿i eënvi cwi‡ek ~l‡Yi Rb¨ `vqx| G‡Z gvby‡li ¯^v ’ nvwb †Zv n‡”QB

Z ycwi Rxe êwPÎ¨ gvivZ¥Kfv‡e ûgwKi gy‡L c‡o‡Q |

`~l‡Yi cÖfvegy³ n‡Z miKvi AvBb cÖYqb K‡i‡Q| wKš—y AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvM h_v_©fv‡e n‡”Q bv e‡j cwi‡ek `~lY

†e‡oB Pj‡Q| cwi‡ek ~l‡Yi Ab¨ KviY¸‡jvi g‡a¨ RbM‡Yi Am‡PZbZv, †hLv‡b †mLv‡b gqjv wb‡¶c I

Î“wUcyY© cqtwb®‹vkb eë ’vI `vqx|

cwi‡ek ~lY †_‡K i¶v †c‡Z n‡j MYgva¨‡gi mvnv‡h¨ m‡PZbZv e„w×, AvB‡bi h_v_© cª‡qvM, eR© eë ’vcbvi

DbœwZKiY Ges cvV¨m~wP‡Z cwi‡ek ~lY †Kvm© Aš—f©yw³ GKvš— Avek¨K|


Kg©cÎ-3 (`jxq KvR) : eëmv‡qi gva¨‡g evqy ~lY, cvwb ~lY, kã ~lY I f~wg ~l‡Yi KviY I cwi‡e‡ki Dci cÖfve

evqy `~l‡Yi KviY • • •

cwi‡e‡ki Dci cÖfve • • •

cvwb ~l‡Yi KviY • • •


kã ~l‡Yi KviY • • •


f~wg ~l‡Yi KviY • • •


Abykxjbx eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ:

1| eëmvq †Kvb ai‡bi cÖwZôvb? K. A_©‰bwZK L. mvgvwRK M. ivR‰bwZK N. cvwievwiK

2| eëmvqx‡K `xN©w`b eëmv‡q wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb- i. AwZwi³ gybvdv AR©b ii. c‡Yï b¨vh¨g~j¨ wba©viY iii. gvbm¤§Z cY¨ mieivn


eëmvq D‡`¨vM

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wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : Rbve dvwng wK‡kviM†Äi Rbeûj GjvKv AvMicy‡i ÒZvmwbg nvBW GÛ w¯‹bÓ bv‡g GKwU PvgovRvZ ªe¨ ˆZwii KviLvbv ¯’vcb K‡ib| G KviLvbvq eR© wb®‹vk‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v bv _vKvq †m¸wj Rjvk‡q wM‡q c‡o| Z‡e KviLvbvi wbK‡UB wZwb kÖwgK‡ì _vKvi eë¯’v K‡ib Ges wbqwgZ Ki cÖ vb K‡ib| 3| wbqwgZ Ki cÖ v‡bi gva¨‡g dvwng †Kvb c‡¶i cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib?

K. mgvR L. ivóª M. †µZv N. kÖwgK

4| ÔZvmwbg nvBW GÛ w¯‹bÕ wkíwU ’vc‡bi d‡j- i. †`‡ki RbM‡Yi Rxeb hvÎvi gvb e„w× cv‡e ii. GjvKvi K„wl Rwgi Dci weiƒc cÖfve co‡e iii. GjvKvi RjR cÖvYxi wejywß NU‡e


m„Rbkxj cÖkœ 1| mvwn` ¯^”QZvi mv‡_ eëmvq K‡i mxwgZ gybvdv K‡ib| Aciw`‡K Zvi eÜz bvw`g PvKwP‡Kï Avov‡j †fRvj I wbgœgv‡bi cY¨ weµq K‡i cÖPzi gybvdv AR©b K‡ib| c‡Yï evwn¨K PvKwP‡Kï Kvi‡Y †µZviv bvw`‡gi †`vKv‡b wfo K‡i| mvwn` bvw`‡gi †P‡q Kg A_© DcvR©b Ki‡jI gvbwmKfv‡e A‡bK myLx|

K. ÔB_mÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx ? L. Ôc‡Yï gRyZ`vwi bv KivÕ- †Kvb ai‡bi `vqe×Zv? e¨vL¨v Ki| M. mvwn‡ì gvbwmK cÖkvwš—i KviYwU e¨vL¨v Ki| N. bvw`g eZ©gv‡b cÖPzi gybvdv Ki‡jI fwel¨‡Z eëmv‡q wU‡K _vK‡e wK? G e¨vcv‡i †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI|

2| Rbve Avjx MvRxcy‡ii MRvwi eb GjvKvq MvQcvjv †K‡U 500 GKi Rwgi Dci ÔbvCg dvg©vÕ bv‡g Jla wkí ¯’vc‡bi wm×vš— wb‡jb| cieZx©‡Z cwi‡ekev`x eÜzi civg‡k© cvk©¦eZx© Lvwj RvqMvq cÖwZôvbwU ¯’vcb K‡ib| Zvi cÖwZôv‡b Drcvw`Z Jla †`‡ki Pvwn`v c~iY K‡i we‡`‡kI ißvwb nq| cÖwZôvbwU‡Z wewfbœ c‡` 2000 †jvK Kg©iZ i‡q‡Q| K. Kj-KviLvbvq wbM©Z Kv‡jv †auvqv cwi‡e‡ki Kx ~lY K‡i? L. eëmv‡qi ˆbwZKZv ej‡Z Kx eySvq-e¨vL¨v Ki| M. ÒbvCg dvg©vÓ cÖwZôvbwU RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœq‡b Kxfv‡e mnvqZv Ki‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| N. KviLvbv ’vc‡bi Rb¨ Rbve Avjxi cÖ_g wm×vš—wU g~j¨vqb Ki|

Øv`k Aa¨vq

mdj D‡`¨v³v‡ì Rxebx †_‡K wk¶Yxq Leassons Learned from the Lives of Successful

Entrepreneurs

¯§iYvZxZKvj †_‡K Avgv‡ì †`k wkí evwY‡R¨ HwZn¨ I †MŠie enb Ki‡jI †`‡ki mvgwMÖK Dbœq‡b wk‡íi Ae`vb †Zgb D¾¡j bq| ¯^vaxbZvi Av‡M gvÎ Aí K‡qKRb evOvwj eëmv‡q mdjZv AR©b K‡ib| g~jZ 1971 mv‡j gyw³hy‡×i ci evOvwjiv eëmv‡qi my‡hvM cvb| weMZ 40 eQ‡i †ek K‡qKRb D‡`¨v³v †QvU eëmvq w`‡q ïi“ K‡i †`‡ki †kªô eëmvq D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ nb Ges Zv‡ì cÖwZwôZ eëmvq †`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡L P‡j‡Q| G Aa¨v‡q †`‡ki yBRb ¯^bvgab¨ wkí D‡`¨v³v Rbve Rûi“j Bmjvg I Rbve m¨vgmb GBP †PŠayixmn †ek K‡qKRb D‡`¨v³vi Rxebx Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv hv‡ì Rxeb I Kg© †_‡K Avgiv mK‡jB AbycÖvwYZ n‡Z cvie|


• Rnyi“j Bmjvg I m¨vgmb GBP †PŠayixi Rxe‡bi D‡j−L‡hvM¨ w`K¸‡jv ej‡Z cvie|

• Rnyi“j Bmjvg I m¨vgmb GBP †PŠayixi cÖwZwôZ eëmvq msMVb¸‡jvi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

• Rnyi“j Bmjvg I m¨vgmb GBP †PŠayixi cÖwZwôZ mvgvwRK I RbKj¨vYg~jK Kg©KvÊ I cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi bvg ej‡Z cvie|

• Rnyi“j Bmjvg I m¨vgmb GBP †PŠayixi D‡`¨v³v nIqvi Kvwnbx ej‡Z cvie|

• D‡`¨v³vM‡Yi Rxebx †_‡K wk¶Yxq w`K¸‡jv kbv³ Ki‡Z cvie|

• ¯’vbxq chv‡©qi mdj D‡`¨v³v‡ì mdjZv cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvie|

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Rûi“j Bmjvg(1928-1995)

evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg mdj D‡`¨v³v n‡”Qb Rbve Rûi“j Bmjvg| eëmvq cÖwZfv, K‡Vvi cwikÖg, `yi`wk©Zv I m„RbkxjZvi mgš^‡q MwVZ G gvbylwU ¯^vaxbZv cieZx© evsjv‡`‡ki eëmvq-wkí-evwYR¨ RM‡Z GKwU AwZ cwiwPZ bvg| wZwb 1928 mv‡j wK‡kviMÄ †Rjvi evwRZcyi Dc‡Rjvi fvMjcy‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi wcZv giûg AvjnvR¡ AvdZve DwÏb wQ‡jb gqgbwmsn †Rjv †ev‡W©i GKRb mvaviY K›Uªv±i| Zvi gvZvi bvg †eMg iwngv Av³vi LvZzb| cuvP fvB I wZb †ev‡bi g‡a¨ Rûi“j Bmjvg wQ‡jb wØZxq| Zvi PvPv wQ‡jb KjKvZvi cvIqvi †W‡fjc‡g›U †ev‡W©i GKRb Ifviwkqvi| ’vbxq cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq †_‡K cÂg †kÖwYi cov †kl K‡i wZwb wKQzw`b miviPi wkebv_ D”P we`¨vj‡q covïbv K‡ib| Gici fwZ© nb evwRZcyi nvB¯‹z‡j| wKQzw`b ci wZwb PvPv gy‡k©` DÏx‡bi m‡½ P‡j hvb KjKvZvq| 1945 mv‡j wZwb KjKvZvi wicb nvB ¯‹zj †_‡K g¨vwUªK cvm K‡ib| 1948 mv‡j gyÝxM‡Äi niM½v K‡jR †_‡K AvBG cix¶vq AskMÖnY Ki‡jI DËxY© n‡Z cv‡ibwb| cÖwZK~j cwi‡ek I cvwievwiK `vq-`vwq‡Z¡i Pv‡c Zvi AvbyôvwbK covïbvi mgvwß N‡U| cwiev‡ii Avw_©K m”QjZvi Rb¨ 1948 mv‡j wm GÛ we wWcvU©g‡›Ui IqvK© miKvi c‡` gvÎ mvZvËi UvKv †eZ‡bi PvKwi †bb| wZwb wKQzw`b ci H wefv‡M wbgœgvb mnKvix ev †jvqvi wWwfkb K¬vK© c` jvf K‡ib| PvPvi PvKwi I wcZvi K›UªvKUwi eëmvi cÖfve Zvi Rxe‡bi Dci c‡owQj| AvovB eQi ci 1951 mv‡j wZwb PvKwi †Q‡o †`b Ges GKRb Z…Zxq †kÖwYi K›Uªv±i wn‡m‡e ZvwjKvfz³ nb| †e½j †W‡fjc‡g›U K‡cv©‡ikb wjwg‡UD bv‡g GKwU eëmvq cÖwZôv K‡i wZb-Pvi nvRvi UvKvi g‡Zv mvgvb¨ cuywR wb‡q wZwb m¤ú~Y©fv‡e eëmvq ïi“ K‡ib| K‡Vvi cwikÖg I eëmv‡qi cÖwZ GKvMÖZv I Avš—wiKZv Zv‡K ax‡i ax‡i GKRb mv_©K eëmvq D‡`¨v³v I Ab¨Zg abvX¨ e¨w³ wn‡m‡e cwiYZ K‡ib| wVKv`vwi Rxe‡bi ïi“‡ZB wZwb wK‡kviMÄ †cv÷ Awdm wbgv©‡Yi KvR K‡ib| c‡i XvKvi ¸wj —vb †_‡K wUKvUzjx mo‡Ki KvR| Kv‡Ri mZZv I ¸YMZ gv‡bi Kvi‡Y yB eQ‡ii g‡a¨B A_©vr 1953 mv‡j wZwb chv©qµ‡g wØZxq I cÖ_g †kÖwYi K›Uªv±i ev wVKv`vi wn‡m‡e cwiYZ nb| me ai‡bi wbgv©Y Kv‡R AvMÖn wQj| evwo, iv¯Ív, weªR, †mP eë¯’v, m¨vwb‡Ukb me wKQz‡ZB wZwb wewb‡qvM K‡iwQ‡jb| Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wZwb †h AwfÁZv mÂq Ki‡Zb Zv cieZx© Kv‡R eënvi Ki‡Zb| wZwb ~i`wk©Zv w`‡q eyS‡Z cvi‡jb XvKvi Av‡kcv‡k GK mgq emwZ evo‡e Ges GKB m‡½ evo‡e Rwgi Pvwn`v| ZvB wZwb XvKv kn‡ii wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Ges wgicyi, mvfvi, Rq‡ècyi, Kvwjq‰Ki AÂ‡j wecyj cwigvY Rwg µq K‡ib| †m Rwg¸‡jv‡Z wZwb wkí ¯’vcb I AvevwmK M„n wbgv©‡Yi Kv‡R jvMvb| w`‡b w`‡b Rwgi `vg evovi Kvi‡Y Rûi“j Bmjv‡gi wewb‡qvMK…Z g~ja‡bi g~jÏ evo‡Z _v‡K| wZwb 1960 mv‡ji w`‡K PÆMÖv‡g GKwU wU¤^vi KviLvbv I

mdj D‡`¨v³v‡ì Rxebx †_‡K wk¶Yxq 132

XvKvi wRwÄivq GKwU M−vm KviLvbv ¯’vcb K‡ib| XvKv kn‡ii RbmsL¨v e„w×i d‡j gvby‡li Avevmb Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z 1964 mv‡j B÷vb© nvDwRs wjwg‡UW bv‡g GKwU mn cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb K‡ib hv eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki Avevmb Lv‡Zi Ab¨Zg cÖwZôvb| eZ©gv‡b Zvi cÖwZwôZ mKj eëmvq cÖwZôvb Bmjvg MÖ“c Ae †Kv¤úvwbR bv‡g cwiwPZ hv 1965 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq| Gi AvIZvq i‡q‡Q B÷vb© nvDwRs wjt, bvfvbv wjt, wgjbvm© wjt, G‡mbwkqvj †cÖvWv± wjt, XvKv dvBevm© wjt, wµ‡m›U B›Uvib¨vkbvj wjt, bvfvbv †¯úvU©m wjt, XvKv wi-†ivwjs wgjm& wjt, AvdZve A‡Uv‡gvevBim wjt, AvdZve †WBwi BZ¨vw`| Zuvi cÖwZwôZ wkí I evwYwR¨K cÖwZôv‡b cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶fv‡e cÖvq j¶vwaK gvbyl wb‡qvwRZ Av‡Q|

cwikÖg, mZZv, wbôv Ges AvZ¥wek¦vm Zv‡K mdj gvby‡l cwiYZ K‡iwQj| GB AmvaviY evOvwj K…Zx mš—vb ïay wkícwZ cwiP‡q mxgve× _v‡Kbwb| GKRb mgvR ms¯‹viK, mdj msMVK, eë¯’vc‡Ki g‡Wj wZwb| Zvi me AR©bB m¤¢e n‡q‡Q K‡Vvi kÖg I Avš—wiKZvq| ïay wewb‡qvM I Kg©ms¯’v‡bB bq, mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvi Ask wn‡m‡e Zvi RbwnZKi nvZ cÖmvwiZ n‡q‡Q wk¶v, ¯^v¯’¨, Lv`¨, e¨vswKs, K„wl, µxovmn wewfbœ †¶‡Î| wZwb eû Abv_ AvkÖg, wkï cÖwZôvb, gvìvmv I ¯‹zj cÖwZôv K‡ib| Zvi D‡`¨v‡M evwRZcy‡i ’vwcZ 350 kh¨vi Rûi“j Bmjvg †gwW‡Kj K‡jR I nvmcvZvjwU †emiKvwi D‡`¨v‡M ’vwcZ †`‡ki me©e„nr †gwW‡Kj K‡jR| ZvQvov bvwm©s †Uªwbs Bbw÷wUDU I Rûi“j Bmjvg GWz‡Kkb Kg‡c−Ö· Zvi Ab¨Zg KxwZ©| 1971 mv‡ji gnvb gyw³hy‡×I wZwb bvbvfv‡e ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡Lb| 1995 mv‡ji 19 A‡±vei GB Kg©ex‡ii Rxebvemvb nq|

Rûi“j Bmjvg †gwW‡Kj K‡jR I nvmcvZvj, evwRZcyi, wK‡kviMÄ

Kg©cÎ-1: mdj eëmvq D‡`¨v³v Rbve Rûi“j Bmjv‡gi Rxe‡bi †h w`K¸‡jv †Zvgv‡K AvK…ó K‡i‡Q Zv wPwýZ Ki Ges †Zvgvi g‡a¨ †m ¸Y¸‡jv Kxfv‡e PP©v Ki‡e Zv e¨³ Ki

mdj D‡`¨v³v Rbve Rûi“j Bmjv‡gi we‡kl ¸Yvewj wbR Rxe‡b PP©v Kivi Dcvq

• • •

• • •

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

133

m¨vgmb GBP †PŠayix (1930-2012)

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mdj D‡`¨v³v m¨vgmb GBP †PŠayixi we‡kl ¸Yvewj

wbR Rxe‡b PP©v Kivi Dcvq

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kvwn`v †eMg M„nea~ †_‡K D‡`¨v³v

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AvRv` †cÖvWv±‡mi gvwjK Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv`

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jyrdv mvbwR`v : msMÖvggq Rxe‡b mdj D‡`¨v³v

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e¸ovi bv‡qe Avjx

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Kg©cÎ-3 : mdj D‡`¨v³vi †h¸‡jv ¸Y ev êwkó¨ PviRb e¨w³i g‡a¨ cwijw¶Z n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki kvwn`v †eMg Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv`

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jyrdv mvbwR`v bv‡qe Avjx • • • & • •

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¯’vbxq chv‡©qi mdj D‡`¨v³v‡ì Dci cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi (Preparing Report on Successful Entropreneurs at Local level)

†`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b D‡`¨v³vM‡Yi Ae`vb LyeB ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| mviv †`‡ki nvRv‡iv eëmvq ev wkí D‡`¨v³v mvgvb¨ eëmvq w`‡q Rxeb ïi“ K‡i K‡Vvi cwikÖg, Aaëmvq I m„RbkxjZvi gva¨‡g GKmgq eo eëmvqx wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| Zv‡ì A‡b‡Ki K_v Avgiv wewfbœfv‡e Rvb‡Z cvwi| A‡b‡Ki K_v Avgv‡ì Rvbv nq bv| wb‡gœv³ cÖwZ‡e`b Q‡Ki gva¨‡g ¯’vbxq chv©‡qi mdj D‡`¨v³v‡ì Dci cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi K‡i we`¨vj‡q Rgv w`‡Z n‡e Ges welq wk¶‡Ki mnvqZvq myweavg‡Zv mg‡q Zv‡ì‡K eëmvq D‡`¨vM K¬v‡m G‡b mdjZvi Kvwnbx kyb‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Avgiv mevB AbycÖvwYZ n‡Z cvwi|

cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwii QK D‡`¨v³vi bvg I wVKvbv : eëmvq ïi“ Kivi cUf~wg : (Kxfv‡e eëmvq ïi“ K‡ib, Zvi †cÖiYv †K wQj, Kx Kx euvav †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q) cÖ_g eëmvq : cÖv_wgK g~jab : M‡o †Zvjv cÖwZôv‡bi ZvwjKv (MV‡bi eQi Abymv‡i) mvdj¨ jv‡fi KviY : mvgvwRK Kg©Kv‡Ê AskMÖn‡Yi weeiY : AvMvgxw`‡bi D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e eëmvq wk¶vi wk¶v_x©‡ì Rb¨ civgk© :

eëmvq D‡`¨vM

139

Abykxjbx eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ 1| Ò†e½j †W‡fjc‡g›U K‡c©v‡ikb wj:Ó -Gi cÖwZôvZv †K? K. Rûi“j Bmjvg L. m¨vgmb GBP †PŠayix M. Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv` N. jyrdv mvbwR`v|

2| D‡`¨vM Kx?

K. †Kv‡bv KvR ïi“ Kivi cÖv_wgK cÖ‡Póv L. eëmvq ¯’vc‡bi Kvh©µg MÖnY M. cY¨ evRviRvZKi‡Yi Kvh©µg N. eëmvi Rb¨ A_© ms¯’vb

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

Rbve mv`gvb GKRb cÖwZwôZ eëmvqx| wk¶vi nvi evov‡bvi j‡¶¨ wZwb wbR MÖv‡g GKwU we`¨vjq ¯’vc‡b 10 j¶ UvKv e¨q K‡ib| D³ we`¨vj‡q 50 Rb wk¶K Kg©Pvix wb‡qvMcÖvß nq| G‡Z Zvi mybvg e„w× nq|

3| †Kvb ai‡bi `vqe×Zv †_‡K Rbve mv`gvb we`¨vjq ¯’vcb K‡ib?

K. mvgvwRK L. ivóªxq

M. e¨w³MZ N. cvwievwiK 4| †`k‡K GwM‡q wb‡Z Rbve mv`gv‡bi g‡Zv D‡`¨v³viv f~wgKv iv‡LbÑ

i. Kg©ms ’vb ˆZwii gva¨‡g

ii. Rxeb hvÎvi gvb Dbœq‡b

iii. MÖvgxY AeKvVv‡gv Dbœq‡b

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?



m„Rbkxj cÖkœ: 1| Gg. Kg cvm Kivi ci Rbve BkivK GKwU Jla †Kv¤úvwb‡Z weµq cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e KvR ïi“ K‡ib|

PvKwii wbqg Kvbyb, A‡bï Aax‡b KvR Kiv BZ¨vw` fv‡jv bv jvMvq PvKwi †Q‡o wb‡RB D‡`¨vM MÖnY

K‡i GKwU Jl‡ai eëmvq ïi“ K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z cwikªg, mZZv, wbôv BZ¨vw` cuywR K‡i ÒivR dvg©vÓ

bv‡g GKwU Jla cÖ¯‘ZKvix †Kv¤úvwb cÖwZôv K‡ib|

K. Ò¯‹qvi dvg©vwmDwUK¨vjmÓ-Gi cÖwZôvZv †K?

L. SuywK ej‡Z Kx eySvq? eY©bv Ki|

M. D‡`¨v³vi †Kvb ¸YwU BkivK‡K D‡`¨v³v n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q? eY©bv Ki|

N. ÒivR dvg©vÓ cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g Bkiv‡Ki wewfbœ PvwiwÎK êwkó¨ dz‡U D‡V‡Q| g~j¨vqb Ki|


2| KvwjK”Q MÖv‡gi k¨vgj mvgvb¨ Us †`vKvb w`‡q eëmvq ïi“ K‡iwQ‡jb| w`b-ivZ †L‡U wZ‡j wZ‡j wZwb

eëmvqwU cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Qb| m`v nvm¨gq k¨vgj KL‡bv K¬vwš—i Kv‡Q nvi gv‡bbwb| Zvi cÖwZw`‡bi Kv‡Ri

e¨¯ÍZv GjvKvi mevB‡K gy» KiZ| AvR wZwb GjvKvi ¯^bvgab¨ eëmvqx| agx©q I mvgvwRK Kg©Kv‡ÊI Zvi

nvZ cÖmvwiZ|

K. B÷vb© nvDwRs KZ mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq?

L. evwYwR¨Kfv‡e ¸i“Z¡c~Y© e¨w³ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq-e¨vL¨v Ki|

M. D‡`¨v³vi †Kvb ¸YwU _vKvq k¨vgj AvR cÖwZwôZ eëmvqx-we‡k−lY Ki|

N. Ôagx©q I mvgvwRK Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Ê AskMÖnY D‡`¨v³vi GKwU eo ¸YÕ DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡KÑDw³wU

g~j¨vqb Ki|

mgvß

rvzxq wk¶vµg i cvv¨cy¯—k †evw© kz…©k 2013 wk¶vel© … · 2013/03/09 · rvzxq...

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